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ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

Minnesota State Horticultural Society

FOR THE:Y BAR 1691,

EMBRACING THE

TRANSACTIONS OF THE SOCIETY FROM MARCH 31sT, 1890 TO-MARCH 31ST,
1891, ESSAYS, REPORTS, ETC., INCLUDING THE PROCEEDINGS
OF THE ANNUAL MEETING OF THE MINNESOTA
}, EE-KEEPERS’ ASSOCIATION.

LV BR ARS
NAW YORK
BOTANICAL
CARDEN:

PREPARED BY THE SECRETARY,
A. W. LATHAM, EXcELsrior, MINN.

MINNEAPOLIS:
HARRISON & SMITH, PRINTERS.
1891.

FARIBAULT, MINN.,

SECOND PRESIDENT OF THE MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

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LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL TO THE GOVERNOR.

OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY t
OF THE MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

‘a EXCELSIOR, MINN., March 31, 1891.

Io Hon. Wm. R. Merriam, Governor of Minnesota:
Str.—In compliance with the requirements of the law, I have the
honor to submit herewith the annual report of our society for the year 1891.
; Respectfully Yours,
A. W. LATHAM,
Secretary.

COMMUNICATION FROM THE SECRETARY.

EXCELSIOR, MINN., March 31, 1891.
Members of the Minnesota State Horticultural Society:

With the sanction of the executive committee, I have decided
to adopt a new plan in the arrangement of the material con-
tained in this annual report. The change consists in classify-
ing, under appropriate topics or heads, the various essays, re-
ports, communications, etc., which are embodied in the report.

In previous reports articles have been published in the order
in which they were presented at the annual meeting, but in this
volume the titles of the articles and names of the writers only
are given in the regular order, and the articles themselves and
any discussion following have been cut out and arranged to-
gether further on, under suitable heads.

A perfect classification under such a plan is, of course, im-
possible, but I trust it will be found approximately correct.

The greater part of the information contained in this report
on each branch of horticulture will be found grouped together
under that head. This will save the reader the trouble of run-
ning through the entire volume to sift out the matter pertain-
ing to any particular subject.

I hope this may be found a convenient arrangement and meet
your approval.

Yours Fraternally,
A. W. LATHARS
Secretary.

LIBRARY

NEW YORK

BOTANICAL
GARDEN

OFFICERS AND MEMBERS FOR 1891.

PRESIDENT.

onan Tey EAA ae ei Ar ean ,....Minneapolis.

VICE-PRESIDENTS.

CLARENCE WEDGE...... Pete” Ae ERE en he ae ey aa Lend Albert Lea.

TE SESTUNTES? * (QOYOT aR AEG ae Se Sie ieee are te ee, Windom.

=. TE. MIRTNADT SRS Att en On Ree AE TS a Montevideo.

Tn. TETRA TENG TO a Bae Ae Re I Ee Oe Ze ee eee Saye Seek ee Chowen

IE REET ESE es 505 5 Saco als shay aera seats Sac ata moves :asci mee? lare ofag hale Browns Valley.
SECRETARY

SPMD UMMLEPACTS IAC WAC ten nlp tote crc A <r ke coo wicte ide were ecu as ot emiaesaneee Excelsior
TREASURER

LUT DSL As ea ee eee Farmington.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.

won HN prEW OOD (Chairman)... ...c.c.-ccsrec ess ss eaceceee Lake City.
PIES PEWACED RT GS5 Son rye hd cine 2 sje wy eyelets Seem wae Seer La Crescent.
2 SO ee eee ae eee re ee ere, Faribault.
Tull, (OUUPTETE TOTES: SS Soa eos SR ae i ede Seen RP cn een ae a rc Sumter
MUEWERUEE CORI Wt en ac: Sa os sac eee va Fas saad PASM Hastings

President, Secretary and Treasurer, Ex-Officio Members.

ENTOMOLOGIST.
rata AW. OUSTIANIYs 2 2c. Soa 5 ccs Sa cans wean aleandauls x ae Minneapolis.
2
LIBRARIAN
PURPA BEVAME coisas ais Se Sete Oa ai ae Ca Fe Raia y ak aoe Les Excelsior
ee eb MT TEES (EA SSISUBING)® 6.020 .c 5- usa nc ois oss asin Reinecke os 00% Minneapolis

6 REPORT OF THE

SUPERINTENDENTS OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.
PROF. S. B. GREEN (CENTRAL STATION, UNIVERSITY FARM), ST. ANTHONY

PARK.
ES. DART. 2. ee eee ARE Se ee Owatonna.
BST | TD TR cas oo alee esis atalace oitie so sls'ae oe s/he Fergus Falls.
BSS SEGININIESS res s.o cheuieve wo wie 200 lsc lee Slovo c ie, eel ee eae nee Willmar.
IDB WAIN COOK: 2605 ded ou cis cxanties os oe -wals ci een eee Windom.
GUARENCE {WEDGE ss oced cae orec eb ae als onto e ae tes eee Albert Lea.
CHAS:, W.\ SAMPSON (STAMES) is. s< b:sexe:0) si «000 ca eersysee/'2. 0126 Excelsior.
OFM. LoRD (plums.and small fruits)..2.% - 2 6.2s. eee eee Minnesota City.
CW. H. HemDEMAN (plums and small fruits). 2-2. New Ulm.
DM WAM YERS? fo 62s oes eee. ae ee eee St. Cloud.
He M.Livwawn (apples); wis ceicgei dei ieee eee Excelsior.
COMMITTEE ON GENERAL FRUITS.
BO HIBLDER os )sc¢ sod ode eedi eel aos 50 he sain es eel acre cee Fergus Falls.
SUD NE WiCORP ie. so x bb nlotaca ote nre clarcia doseeveysh ojcuar 6) ct Ueto Hammond.
De Ki MICHENOR 2.023.268 Hes ae el hw OOM ha te een Etna.
TP AOPIKOR AWOBR 2 on Sevclos otras atau Wert oie qu ogh tires REI La Crescent.
GEE IKGEONINTBS Yio foo ov ceanlos Gye ieicosso ha yesles stone gocteayouseboyeseci pels Bars el aeons Morristown.
SAR IVDO Sete role sos slaeee re olen SO Eee I ees cc Faribault.
GUARENGE WEDGE. ! bs ccc. soc oss cen) eee Ee Albert Lea.
RAO MIGHEL Wooo elas Se Boks eee rk cas 3 eae eee eee Rochester.
TAB. SOMMER VILLE aes Secs ais Bcieais ivice Soa oo ne oe eee Viola
TERS WE ONGH Rass Seales heals ay ealsire abstadonees Ghesycroyetio aut ol aiea Ales are ae Montevideo.
1 Om 2309.85) 1 en Ee Ce i Pees les Sau dco oo sce Chowen.
rN sD TOW ar fave tirecess tenes)» pido. es Aust yee Worthington.
COMMITTEE ON SEEDLING FRUITS.
Diop ELPA ERIS estas ctelove.oysvole/a/otd sheen iaisiee ce mates aia tel a La Crescent.
COMMITTEE ON RUSSIAN APPLES.
WMS SOMERVILLE: <.¢ 5 sb cia steie c's 01 ca'ecs oe pc's cloveie oc elenee EE ere Viola.
SACI WIDHUR SOINI ies cc ciao aie nice Cee bie oon ble Sheard en eee nee . Waconia.
dS HU ACR RIS. Sie oc ard cere cide Bio ed bso aveeie alee oer o tema rate lele ta ec een La Crescent.
COMMITTEE ON GRAPES.
IM, Mew WRIGSHE TERS severe 2 055 eiaiced. srerenecebvaic ai cle 6 ate so, ejane es eee eee Excelsior.
Jee S, ATH RS TONE: 5ici3 sia bois, @ discale sinley'ivtesniny sae 5a eae Nininger.
PES BWV ASEE EA nto re pete intake suspen ts eiatenoterenie PP A A 3 St. Anthony Park.
COMMITTEE ON GRAPE INSECTS AND DISEASES.
BE SOO) E (YN 22) 2 fie ee hd EE RR OAL eM OS oo = .La Crescent.
A WV SUG ASSEE-ACME > 03." apps sia i is lioiese Ca lstairels wisie aelgateiath een .... Excelsior.
Vt MORQUIBT 2 haa o's b.dae oe sate dieg’ee caiclh cine ds 6 4 2a eee Red Wing.
COMMITTEE ON SMALL FRUITS.
VR AC Re CW co pera sere SSO cs ne RTE lie ee ee ee nls eee Chowen.
VIE @UPTTOR bic cors ccdiec shake 5 Ghorw ooh ey Seah ete AT let ba ana sere redelade Oo aes taaete nen Sumter.
SPE WEATN COOK s2 Scie ereracuscctanor a eietied ees aeiaea ate bora ekeyiol Mate teWokct Roe econ eared Windom.

A MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. rg
Bat’

. COMMITTEE ON NATIVE FRUITS.

‘ Ret rue VA Es HRMH ER yhec ng bie Sw eres wei e's) & Slate aed abnial a's a exe St. Anthony Park.
Tis SATS RT Rape at sy Me AN a aU Pa A .Browns Valley.
i PAP APICMNG SAS EOVVENTID RON isis! 2 Gieik sid ord. yd Site eeea ciace sa Sosa Gala wwe tig Fargo, N. D.
3 COMMITTEE ON FRUIT BLOSSOMS.

APM Me LE: CERT stite cys er ctehavot st tire reas eta ee oes ete eidisiarote Sues sie Uebreyelelaielere Minnesota City.
; Pi PLONE Rete yi Sheet ES ic Dice ile meer esas siete ede Siaele Place ree en La Crescent.
F

COMMITTEE ON VEGETABLE GARDENING.

; EOP ASLAN hs hen ans AUTRES ye ee Nn es eR, Red Wing.
4 RMI EAA ID DENTE ec scds oth Sissies Hoe HR Goro wee ene Miadteorete Wha rahe eitlore Minneapolis.
EPMA RONG ose cn wucste ei cate clit « aot el cvs Miata wt ovacd oer opal s Reap tensors Excelsior.
4 COMMITTEE ON MARKETING FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.
i

> Su SH RUS Ca oe osu eee Oe tek On eke ota Nepesre as Minneapolis.
aL MYLAN OPK ce oSeae. cab 3 a,c assays Sista aye ope alg. 6's, 1 scouaborsipple alesis Benepe S Hastings.
4 DY enero TASES PIS pe satavsysycveyarshatoraoi=iel shal artis: av aieia:iajirleis cola biateyoie 10, oLey abanech ate fexelattens Dover.
COMMITTEE ON FORESTRY.

F 0). 3, TRUST RTE at RS a eg ee Pe .Browns Valley.
IOI ASTI ATUEY YS «aia stevwt clots oval oh lols Lidl cis Daley araie ¢ocie she's Miaee olgiove sual tte sales Sumter.
RRS EDR Veh I i Sialic vas Wile 4s yay Salble SRle tee aala bates Minneapolis
% COMMITTEE ON EVERGREENS.

x SMB MIN LIREA ENE 070137200 auaieseths ieee ave My ok las aie olla MP i shorn pneavaly -s avaiaiteteesl svavensises Faribault.
Bs a TONS NEIL ESV SUNS TB cte cs sc ich arsslzasly to one lene dolce tapereeueta te Miatarlg ratte utaitarelm et Viola.
: SEPM V Mee RINNE LAT Ee, ts P's Sect ccaiais. w win oem laluunttatantrm a Are, Gea aaeat on oceite ae ee lices Litchfield.
4 COMMITTEE ON ORNAMENTAL DECIDUOUS TREES AND
‘ SHRUBS.

B, ISLA RUETO TOE? BMG 98 OF OTN IG ere iens eae ERISA SOREN ae eet ator ence a orek St. Anthony Park.
CGA) ST ETADNOAN 42 a ta:. waste cis os waits aislsvieseleinials a sielejcvoleaiels Rochester.
i COMMITTEE ON NATIVE FLOWERS.

4 OMS Sy SISAL IML» IMAC NUNDENT Gs 3,008 aia sl acd. g's, o'c v.slalpw otsieidie siecaaatomtiealeese Lake City.
A DEAN OVE Oe MLC MERIEIGAUNI a6 «<0 sce NE eee Lids ec otis Sera? St. Anthony Park.
“SRS RUC) go 1 MSU (610) 34 go A Sauk Rapids.
3 COMMITTEE ON HOUSE AND GREENHOUSE FLOWERING
9 PLANTS.

i, Pee ESIGN SENT 12.4 4.) Sores atte abc os Tees bce ROe eoad paclalci aes St. Paul.
BG, GOULD... eee eeeceeee eee ee e et eect eee et eee eens Excelsior.
‘ OMEN esr c8 ct ofa as< 5S ME alin & slap ial eins con araTane Rls slviagal esta Minneapolis.
aM COMMITTEE ON OUT DOOR FLOWERING PLANTS.

é See ATES (WAI OAKS) s:ocic Si ais ce Wie ate oe whe SiG Bij a Obisles sisi Minneapolis.
4 eA. UNDE WOOD. su. stn clos Jaan ome piogleelsabiew diane aes Lake City.

MEME eMTODNAN Ore, HEN UPA UE ADs les sor /stch oh cuS-eca rips 'eheyn palokec atoval stare’ ene St. Anthony Park.

8 REPORT OF THE
COMMITTEE ON NEW FLOWERING PLANTS.
WC. ADUISON. 20 ink Venues eae Db ee oe Minneapolis.
NB ob 770 ot ee) lias Sp eae trae Lae en esas teow eee «. Aen St. Paul.
5, AC SS oso 2 Dee alan w ac ote hak oe + oon'd pcs alse 9 oe Minneapolis
COMMITTEE ON SUGAR AND SYRUP.
POG. BABS of 2h Soihb Sie edie « dele 2¥sikc s alec s «6 > o's 4-2 potent het Hamline.
SH. NY 2 occnc acca da bs 5055ib0 es vse bGeees as + ge een Morristown.
OPE MTNOY: «.. 5. idem os Wee eat Dotes o cs oe bene: CEE haces Faribault.
COMMITTEE ON BREAD AND CAKE.
Mas OOC. GREGG. |. 10s os sacs os oo cas aie 5 oes pn Minneapolis.
Nite MOE ABA S. EVAYS. pie ci tte ane «nue 05s sapien St. Anthony Park.
Mrs:G. W. SHUMAN. 25 33..00se0ad6 cu eeted eeu Sep Minneapolis.

COMMITTEE ON PICKLES, PRESERVES AND CANNED GOODS.

Maes) SB. GREEN ou a8 oe asks owasd paced eee St. Anthony Park.
Miss MARY: GRIMES. .... i025 see cess mowous deme ox ei on Minneapolis.
MRS. A. BONNIWELL....-. 0000 -e cece eee eeeee eee ee cette cea Hutchinson.

COMMITTEE ON APICULTURE.

Se PWV ONT WR IBA Y co ioc ce cle eis ote. gcd a ba ele © oes 0 as ae ae ee Excelsior.
WE, DANFORTH | 1.0). 0'saicie's 8lee.a/eisiosias a's: 2 ate own mip Red Wing.
BARNETT TAY GOR: « «ccc ic «cco sie 0 0.0.0 « 0/o0'a's onrn®, 0 oie een Forestville.

COMMITTEE ON ENTOMOLOGY.

PRor, Oo LUGGER 0.4.5 3.08 «os dp beas so dee ee eee St. Anthony Park.
RR, J: MENDSNHALL...25 1.2 )ihsts..2502 6 18 AC Minneapolis.
W'S; LAR RIG: 2) cicte do eice a daiais Sate Dalat Ait melee ein oe eee La Crescent.

Sa AERIS... Scieoels gies 2 oo ye nessa dees =t olay ke La Crescent.
OER TRUS 2 » <.< si ee c's bi wie nor om Soe ae Ee eee 0 ae oe Winnebago City,
BURTON WILCOX |... oo cigs oes - cle d 0s «2 15'« ne 3 a ee Hastings.

COMMITTEE ON NOMENCLATURE AND CATALOGUE.

SOE ATI 5 wise cht sci eiks sb Se oie oni oh ere » ee ea La Crescent.
Wie SOMBPRV IGE «. cu no's Fels wc « occiertiate ote w.00'e © oe ose ele sek 5 er Viola.

Hea Ss ARID oo. Seas sa Do ath etblejela ojvvecs ole hale eo ieee Owatonna.

COMMITTEE ON LEGISLATION.

WO NOAN DEE TOT oc to:2 5.5 b/c cies hots obese As chsic &) +, 32 clbiehe ops tte Minneapolis.
Mesa WV EEO OS oc oot cid arete the iets nie a whe'd's sare sence ater Hastings.
Pe ATE AN SS TS 6 eis ces bya & cen ob waren s. 0) e's Gay 4 . Excelsior.

MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 9
MEMBERS.

PMUPMNT UME RAUDR SOE IIL at. n .6a)sswiza la he aps Se ooh, Bale wale Si ahw 4 v mney b dee eves >ajate Red Wing.
POORER tel SE EOD Urata nye tarts ateleaie sees wate Galen case ona om ee Faribault.
ee COT EOL chs Siac coe 6 5s Be acne Ge aye cle bas eee Hargee Minneapolis.
SISA LOO Miarrath Cosi RN cians lefties te se arp oat te miole oh Ae amote ewok eres Excelsior.
NASR SIO sc anteg! eile Uiduls cra wielBarMeie sea awhalnunae Ot Ree ae Excelsior.
HURL O rel Col crecstscisieits dives Meine einai aes wae Ate aioe cloere Browns Valley.
Fed MLO TN DD) DI LOO ters sees tole eied Sas Giles easbeltcn a sire aiePtore Foe eieimioler Mankato.
Prmanon, 9: 1. 1890 i ossec cc 2.8 No. 778 27th Ave. N. E., Minneapolis.
OMe Maes AMI Ovi SON! 2) oto diars cls acwlelets 25. thas clereereratties Hutchinson.
Brand. ATChie M, 1890.05.25. sees dees 5 atastecs Safes iajale cinia saeeieee cae Faribault.
MMC LONE ATIC: LOO. sec ccise custo aes Se 2) cob aw web a oe ele le hae Glenboro, Man.
an cre Bree TRO isc is shart ae Se Noone ec docin oe hacince oe adwuld Aes eee St. Peter.
Hoey ae er Leet OOOMe as vet mean tostere cctals Glew « 4188S. E. 4th St., Minneapolis.
Meme eeae SIME I Nc Mena SOO eh aka os hatte, oy chain, ses tais Stover a Osis Saeed hace Glee, aaeeene Newport.
amen TUN oe 1 oa fe aos sine Sau « eiciehe eats elvan # ew P Aaa Ua acs Memeaged Richfield.
ECO Ye ye RPEES 0, |. si chele cates quote enka ela ease wee eos ewe wemnee Excelsior.
eae Se A a ity” Meters (= cigs 's os eiLataclei fh eiaN eae selene enue Sees St. Louis Park.
EEPMLL a IO leary 02 han rie oe Cae arose heirs boats s bis oe Dane See IR RTOS Tracy.
MAGE GM At PETee lS Olu rnc bystrinin Meme hich ne gae Oi celoe euiee Minneapolis.
LEWES 3s clic AG pir toh UA aaa SIPC Caen ar Tee ree BM UA Hamline.
MEA er ESO Lvtces sicieaiest ed) sade cee evened s 808 S. Ist St., Stillwater.
ESTE METI ML VEN TIT Vy WLOOT) tctatere ate crelste ciate) sctoles ola v's tise @atnis oboe Minneapolis.
CUE NESS H UI aes a a hea CE ear NE Lo A Rochester.
Se MEUTPEN LIN COO. oss. o a peice weeklies eaedl a wa oelanat.cde cee aee Minneapolis.
Le HLS DOLEN VE OS ESL) Le eee ee ea CPanel Uae oA OR Windom.
Seaemrte mT tore LOU! Ga five eS shee ope eiele eee aperarh o Mee wpe ia tie peed Excelsior.
TRENT IOI TSO ls eso aie ois « wedon Geee waa te wate oes Rickie oh waa ee oe Sumter.
BatICr ie Ase NOON sh. ots hoks oebee ceases 214 State St. S. E., Minneapolis.
2 TBI gl Dall Oe il UCL, sa in, SR eer ee GRP Meena Ty rg gi FER 9 Sh Hastings.
OTT E OTRO Riad Reh ae race ees AEA ane Rego ger eee ee einer (a ar Watertown, 8. D.
ee A ATs TOON ode a cies led wap aie e siek odeh ae Meare tata aa deere Sumter.
CARDISS 5 JULES GM Bors STO) Ue eee eee ena aera: ier enna Tee mA a Sauk Rapids.
ud Se, (DG e UCR OE Be RA SAO Set oi See ake Ae WA Rey aA a OL aN! St. Paul.
Pee Ue LS nes oho se AMR. po Oe ROE ER ote ant ee ee Vermillion, 8. D.
PREM AT IOO Ne acres ahccdaess oe eeem eabalees eecaty Box 426, Minneapolis.
ammeter hyo TOOT a... too eS Sed. Pea. Gees 2212, 64 Av. S., Minneapolis.
Severe Mitse He be. SOL ees ou otk os ae rf ¢
RC TEMAS deere OO Meats iz kcorsrclarerd sete Moe pela ted cision Satie eee Eden Prairie.
CHIMES ALO LS US} Dar siearteas aleair ke Miers zene Prieta PRA RUG LI Howard Lake.
Ol bo SL Bagh Lee 1s 0 RR at i ae AE AR eS Os Oe ae indie LI Litchfield.
ABER! WIN SOs ae. aes Celanese Set EPR red ccc Red Wing.
IDENT Hila dae) Bete eht 4 Aa eat a tet Pee Seite aber Rite UA ee a ba Waukon, La.
emerReT Nera 1S) nis siete we RAR oor Co Ne Re Oe FE SE Ge Cedar Rapids, Ia.
ID Myer JENEGVINGNISE SO RolT) Neeeereem rey Rtcie soc eee pease nenCieaL ree era aust Poa WAR TE Afton.
IMAM COlES TBO Saas scene a coe pikes ORS Ee ea ts Lake City.
Lin Ue 77-9 (Gel) EG COC AS a Rae SL ar ek eed Fort Benton, Mont.
22 ER LEW RCNESS al UIA eA A Aa, Ue Rg de AL Richfield.
ra ua ioe vy Tits TO cou) 5 str) Niet ERs we oe ee Re Ree ame he oes Lake City.
Pete! SOUS s clcrs oie wie tole CRs alata e ieee es Sateen Me hakie ss Farmington.
Rarer ANT TOO Maas Satin Coke Se saw Oe SS te lg ae eh Minnetonka Mills.

" Qi. ae
\sieEp > ome etek
ce q oe pene } .
Seeman re

10 REPORT OF THE

Md Wards, JN 2, 1890s 8 0 ic. cara tele ough aeieele Ft. Atkinson, Wis.

UIPPS SRE) eR 3 ORs Ci EA iE Pi RRC RIE 6 FL jy Fergus Falls.
MTS AG. Wig VSOL ook vin a ewes ure, bat i oye ols pte eee Litchfield.
Molsons, 9: bs 1890s 2... tics vole cael tales ele ie ae er Minneapolis.
Rrisselle, Dr. IM. Mu, USO) 4. cise cee a1 oreceinie cio nic o)ah eter eae .Excelsior.
UTNE, de. Ts, LBOL. ois acute Vaiecw achetn + 0 ble bee's one cee tae eee - Madelia.
Meavherstone, J.7S., 1891... 2 cease soles «ere sine, peter tee Hastings.

EAL UROH. HS) 2 (Alc, LOOMS 2 oii ek ohiate pia natn oe ee 22 3d St. S., Minneapolis.

LOCK GEN, J HI, BOO. <i. sis Sacterese geietore ase’s ate avon elete ete ake ee Kandiyohi.
Gould, Mre: BH. G.; 1890 26... 04. seek oeae's asics oe obs oe Excelsior.

AVE eee tl So Unidas cic. tlle craeiiee tere giro + ainie'e es ee = Minneapolis.
GMINGTE Dio Wl BO ins esc pie sbedesrtee¥ecn tee Se. Richfield.
Greenws. i. 189). 25. 52: mie eats als fs ache ndl bate Cor onaleel ane St. Anthony Park.
Gordon, ©; W.5 1891. o. .j62sjsinnyrn’s, hs as oboe Sessa teen Long Lake.
Gustaison, Clias., 1891. ...2 05. nesses ati «see es es eee Worthington.
Gaillbert,. HA. W890 oi ss. .0%.2 w scosceieray erase. sic ale 5 cle xe ee eee ee Beardsley.
GTEC MENS Ss. 15. go LO O0 S35 hiavsctsa. vhs ee atoll one eee St. Anthony Park.

SL TIRIE veo OO @ Re oi] | are ee eee Pa ase ‘alee so tga «ais shes haee ee Morgan. |
EDGE Oe Bie UBM a o> 5 bcc: oeronlagelan amet elders see Brooklyn Centre.

a TRiS eH eH. SU SOM aps ag accis lasers clench cisrcieia’s yates eee eee La Crescent.
BAPTIST, PROM isso ei aecaie ttre sce a nvete'@) de geal 6s arr La Crescent.
Pea EN Clee USO ae ova avaicie w552- waist oof al gualg cio ate mae 414 3d Av. N. Minneapolis.
Ebiinvan: WOmocEks, S904 os ass. ais ieieid aie a << eraielm decent eee Forrestdale, Mass.
ote sy Gis We. BON oe con's nie's ain a'bie's » 0) ¥e loin oleate ma. = el her Glencoe.
VAT, See A TBO 2 os os ava nw’ vs a inistas a's Srabepeus’s 6 er . Minneapolis.
Hendrickson, W: G,, 189)... 5.02. eens ts os des co Hamline.
Heideman; Hon. 'C: W, H., 18912... 20.215... . 00 se 12 New UJm.

fall, Prot. We, 1801 ovis os wna 5b ele. ners noes’ On) er Minneapolis.
Howverstadt, Ts As, 1890).cte3 ccs canis ae neces once! cols ate mete in Holden.
AOR AO) ce LOO eset saatd oslo tee sao, Arelaen s,s /eine eee Hendrum, Norman Co.

FAVS TOT. Woy th BOL iis 3.5 5/5 clo. sicacehere ciate scien feat St. Anthony Park.

JER GE eG aw Cees (o.0 0 UME ee Rae ee NTL Hursfield, Island Lake, Lyon Co.
Hasricinson,, Chas, VOU; <:/oh¢ hs :ctres sis oF ois alee inane oe Box 495, Minneapolis.

MC Rs is Oyip VSM ais a: save S Pema lapatwtele Yernyatécotnro's nis abate sel Maple Glen.
Jessup, Ge cH., [SOL 0.52 vii wince sec cles cease tes +05 ie ek oe Tracy.
PeMIMESS, Do aih2 hes oo see ee'eis 2 cace ie odie pt > uinia,s ioe Gale a eer Willmar.

PUM OUING, Heo Ns USO dey s:ctei a5 oe ote ale aepalitcetsin are ofeine Lakeville, Dakota Co.
Kennedy, Mrs: AwA., 1891. oi. oi bes. os eas sys a. 2 pe Hutchinson.

MCC (On: ABOW. soe e-kidieieiescisie:5 6! gle vesaie Ne ald ojeig af0/0)aip et rr Rochester.
enNMeE YW, (Ss bgp SOM sce edecke «ete ale ose sub eseyatidre loseytva et otee eee Morristown. ‘
Heileore, W. Wig. 1890 ne. ce adacsgeeenc ssc ntese eee Murshall. ‘
Knapheide, J., 1890). 2 ves \ jet, oie bow'a\".b)p.0'8) 619» o ates aoe tole ar St. Paul.
EP AINE TY. Iie) TRON een. 32s sa astray uuevactehaterateteystaselo/siove ters oleate aeaeanam La Crescent.
Bongsdart, Wim. Hs. WSL. 2. ceca ews we sons ocele an Lake City.
pew, WAL SUSU Se cuca’. x cletsheta-aercguouate te caietat toacenn wiaite Sub Maple Ridge, Isanti Co.
GANIC keep (SOON: carcurereielemers 4th and Townsend Sts. San Francisvo, Cal.
SEES WP ONT NOOO sac. Simca okt b.mpeie%e aval the tele| hein n 0) tees Beets a Granton, Ont.
evens Cie WS TBO o5)12 25 Sacre cschebare otapeteveie karssaleile «ore Tach oxen OR oC eae Albert Lea. .
1 Dy yuna ove {oan CA. Wart? toh!) Uren s SeriSemI ara CAM See iene oe 6.00 arco cc Worthington.
OVE ESPN ict We Oo.) Cae a i a PIPE ays 2924 Clinton Av. Minneapolis. |
POT VAS Gi, MSO Mi co.cisrareietess 2, avers o,opers, Stovel aro olavers at oltnrerstepeietons seeketaeane baa Excelsior. -

em 4: Sy
m ea

MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. pa
Pe NMC SANGO ss oo iss boas Savsaklee cee an woieacs Chippewa Falls, Wis.
HIM CiWial le INEISORE MSO ay cos at retour sic a ge cattisatae le Zeta: Bozeman, Mont.
feeeCree TOL] GUO, 180055 occ ces ead. cec deeb date os St. Anthony Park.
1. OEY UG Td Sh) 22 2 ho CA aa ae ee ge Excelsior.
Levensconte, John, 1890............. UNREAD coketodctaotabeietoncts oe St. Anthony Park.
REPO N PESO Ae See SL atta meee k eke a bass sabe eee Minnesota City.
Mere OUaD Leds Mos Sik srk cos chase es 8s Sea Se dees eae St. Cloud.
Mackintosh, Wm., 1891......... sie len whl uses cioe rmeels tant ones Langdon.
RENE PS MIMICS IED MEDS SATO be fac hrs WR asad CE larw: wo ilctalcdaty Penh te Verne bc ieee las Langdon.
Bult vc Dis w Died ok ee Rae ae a ee ae Ae ee Wy Ur ee RE Oe St. Paul.
Peay REET EV Ms OU cts ent Poa otek bs leila lalate a trnoleds aslo semen Excelsior.
Pee ree AM Alc OW ORB Oe soc Mas atcrea qe sot oe banins te oes edad nee SLE
RB TO Ee LO OU) ren aah ad Cae dine SOND ab yale wa we Od oa Ma ak ..... Faribault.
meres LOOhe hs. Set eg te eS ecnas owed ae 1820 Nicollet Av. Minneapolis.
LE) Lae) Re hoi PE PA ae ee A ATL aT, aay ma Garden City.
oD MPLS N90 6 OT) Ga ee mee rear nay Ce ae Excelsior.
OSes AGO ems s casein ogc caeioak sos ewe ethan aetebiod auaee Montevideo.
MEM SPO ONT. NV MOPS Dron he. n ch cratic iiard aii eleeh Vern bi elaiisichend oats aie old aahetere meee Excelsior.
Mearcomaltan. -Prok*Connad, 1890... <0 cccisictecewce. dee c's Sas See vice Minneapolis.
Meee SHUN Ure LOOMS, connie ope sine ahiso ate au keen Se ose ebe RAe Ce em ee St. Paul.
Re MEN PEC AITAR Ce Cor UES OD Dass escyavs- cia wie wide eye Sborer cls Sta aise caie sie ieee Ae Minneapolis. *
PRE Wet OO neha nese cena) Wain hoes wc wganeee aaa aa Minneapolis.
eee PIR REISE 2h bays nen che wislancvovrnteinus b oaleers Sidhe 1118 W. Lake St., Minneapolis.
1 LIFE Ae AM Gi BRED (cl! As ee ee, See OTT Uc Holden.
Merannish OA. 18Ol ee. gees coidislece ces Oakland Cemetery, St. Paul.
Sewer ISO yi. cesdae-) ewe eded Sa RJ ag Oke R Os ee ozone Bratsberg.
erate UNETA ELEC Oe Ws) LODO) cicicis Vrs He wea we hate we | cic ee ee Minneapolis.
ee LEM NAT © TSO iso vcs crus stand eaacvadyd o covaschavayo-eleiota’Necoye ements de ae Beams Hamline.
ante Beas ls, OO 68 aaa. ngs Kaela naa wa ane Aves eee meee Minneapolis.
MeL As arte) Ws Wey L8OL scare gcse cieroure skin bie Ae ee St. Anthony Park.
eI WE as, Fused BOOK hey, oe: Allo lot so.4 decielasats is-cie is wie enonsheeyetelicleteabe Excelsior.
Repair Beeler BO co Selec e acdc ss 568d 0 ado ahca ley aes Bloomington.
EeMPRRA SE OE) MBO) oo. isc bc stag cle adicieis v0 a delerg, ict anda deed ape Excelsior.
RPMS RIVE HMI OOS oS.c brates aaiel ode ioe t Uoah ee wade face ee en eee Excelsior.
PUM LUMA SS LOOM ce sye.ce J Secia, bis oax 5 ce ahs on lcloone eee ae Farmington.
eI AO NON BON Sick os ond abc laie Aya pees OEM E Ee os Rate Lester.
LVDS 2) 0120S) ON Dae Ce oe MN 2S Bird Island.
Eeeeel Erol Ose se ISO bd eaiaves.s essa wc ie Pedals mee a code oboe St. Anthony Park.
ROD see Lape Re A TONNE 2 on eked cr ceva rare a crake c orion Rees teo ohx av cher eer Glenwood, Ia.
penned PTR R POO 5 sed on .08 kaa laid cs 0: 06-3 a 8s, RES .St. Peter.
ae OEY PE SO tas) ars scsi a eraroniclom asin Rios o attanee Ee ae Re Stillwater.
Peetpa Mr As Mr mhO OE. fos So oasis Sind Dige Was Dee gad ea om ck eee Faribault.
ROAD TAS, 5 OOM cn pains adele a eom cw ees dea gue 77S. 7th St., Minneapolis.
emeeea PFA EU MO AW =<) BONG oc. at crise, o/s.<icm,e ad KEARSE ve ome de eee Excelsior.
SeMIENP MATE eA NBO Bc 5. toi eee hose bas aiy isp whos oS Beata depen Excelsior.
EEE el BP ie io) eo oO a ees nN a mi PR Red Wing.
SLE TUS RULER) Sates (1 ROE ae ae Ue GS nO eed RS Winnipeg, Man.
METRE MESES CAM ESOT. aA Mile esc oe si oaeeccadacee oe hae oe Worthington.
Barnieets cNAMAES: USO ie iv. iat aie rcisiate len bial k Bie batelcle Meee Brookings, S. D.
PeeeGeH Se VG TEE NED yy DOOD can tiie ed Menta os tike edaiek waned Seon oe Viola.
PEEVE, VMI TOOT Holes Sele Sete 5 ass Sees che ss due hemeeeeneeeite Viola.

12 REPORT OF THE

Strand wold Ole sas liane says nauk Noo oeaiaiel seen Ge ee ee eee Trysil, N. D
PS OTA Pl anil Mois 5 pees, eis: So tics oblate wie eran 278. 4th St., Minneapolis.
SS WITSOM: ANS 6 1800 is iia wie! vie 5 asco o aie v8 eee ore 0 ties RIO eae ae St. Paul.
Somerville; Ta. Bi) W890 6. sb ec cde ee eeclet > de va ane rn Viola.
Suager, Mrs. Jennie, L890. es. <p iicic' ais bo cles «sets eiete,: See Sauk Rapids.
Sewall. Mrs. Margaret Li. 1890... si .05 2 s¢s.vieee ate alee St. Paul.
Sinead: bros 6 bie © Re ot) Peco os MPC PRIS RAR Fo SP UT . St. Anthony Park.
Smleaintneyes OA. NDR. BOI i cide los iolis Sop Gl vel coe ene Halstad, Norman Co.
SANGEES. d!. S1S9O Nice bs be a coe ee ven tees eee denn Appleton.
SAMA SHSM AHN STS OO Mel as cicfekcetast Sie tevelevets «oi erecershe cick terenetaes St. Anthony Park.
SEAS yvTS SID! Wir WSO ye cieieyeres amje/ate ers 1116 Hawthorne Av., Minneapolis.
Beret AE ., VEOV i. isis a6 ase ae 0 opamtve'e, 0 cies alle Siepe. eeletapeteta nea Alden.
SCMMMAUSS A: Tog TSO» ocscc saa v bic, de, c oreyalle aerate, 2a bbe eue © ania Lake City.
Mavens NOU, USOT iss is. i SG ew Sapo 6 ciepele dol Risara eee Shakopee.
Tibbetts; M. L., (Rev.) 1891.50. 28... oa see des oe olsen Dover.
TA VLOT GY JAS. V890 ov secedere sas, oad aces o: aie w esntdboredely! Waa alen eee Slayton.
Merry Adtred: 1891 and 792.636 cerccevse ec os ciceeanscolere erste ate eeneeenee Slayton.
(Miorndykke, David) 1890. . < eics soi: ale,sik cscs evecr sae ee Slayton.
FE OMIpson,) JOHN 1890. ../.4 eh veitacs slow d Sk ore ae eee St. Anthony Park.
MayloriBarneth, \USOD «<a lsiaie ive ois eislai-s « eteoetnrencpeleieetolenelelete ee Seen Forestville.
AAV OLE Wel], ASOT cc 2) os) cre ereie et ole © esceteils vtec castes lee OEE Forestville.
PLOLTHINS, Ji Jing V8OO 5 oi. oc dalere cic cs ave afelin.«.0i0s0'biete 6 snih of ate ola er Tracy.
Moda Arving, ABB0 si): less cietelals ws low a xasst aida eles loelesie | ee Hastings.
CANNOT BOCs, VOGT aca Ae.S as ciche as See, quaratore Fairviewand Lincoln Ave., St. Paul.
eR rayer, WL. Ae ABST Yn ick tc csdiesteedlnwum se tea an Sparta, Wis.
AVILA ET WAVITSS Pe PACe SOME transects ntact eval too. 2 40s role eee Sauk Rapids.
AP TEMA, ING Dis: LS OV sc er kve nls: o's teres ssascual orarone’.a1a as RISE oe eet Rene Alexandria.
AMA MM ETS IW Tis. W8O Ms Ue iis ores aiecess wa fore ara, ate © erase ncre oe el oun Cannon Falls.
Underwood} J. Ms, 189) .ci.4 seewsiver stetieearot anna oe ee Lake City.
Underwood, ‘Mrs..Anna B., 1891... 0.055. 00 30's oui ech Lake City.
Lae BVVEMA TSO Lie sii: teers cepeteieeioaaias Mawteters ¢ 2520 Bryant Av. N., Minneapolis.
Wios ers Os! OS, W890 ods gens Bu piciec Waele ofeha ent lonte oh ane ean Lake City.
ManrArmen, CoO5; W890 sone tlsdieverels tue se aratokeniels eis wi als alee ea Owatonna.
Miles EO 3 Acs T8ON iia cid cee tes athe ofa he rsreiataneecomene 2. eae Faribault.
Waltham (ArcTi., UBOU 5, 5 224 caressed cues a1c)a: she 'aceiah oye aren «P0005 ase Wabasha.
ramen; C.F, VSG). 's.5 oa hah ate xe wiocn wre(aie degre! é elas «ease wrelec sheen Excelsior.
Wane Penry, TBGL. sac... ..te)sek eins als Rieicsouatets ete wan ve cba eer Aspelund.
Mepamals et Wok PI BO DN sis ts a wl alela ob ne ol adiaaiewaiaislacn@ 50> 3,0h0 tO er rr Sumter.
WALEED ANT S9O soca sd. cians Seats wieieuaroas ate Gisele vere 1s @ oud eluate eee Minneapolis.
Nye es, Clarence, 189M" i us feslet Suda gana 2 iis sa dhe eee Albert Lea.
Weiland Theo.s TOM es se owes ahanae eavpeteltne sae neugeen eee Shakopee.
ARVAUN Grob. <j] Dre al B Hera ot) eae ane Caen in se d)8)shalie lal @iele: bh averdl eel tee eae Hastings.
PVC MeRSRelM) Wioidsy LOOM ey oa sik ale Keele en ners ahi ave mae Idlewild, Lincoln Co.
VME IS. LOOM, ci ti04hs nisin 3 eergviols tere Mins Shale uci 0's Wiehe eee Tona, Murray Co.
WWeaeiata Ws TBO «oes cect aise wimals etbia w © niente 2-0'sdpslarev nage Faribault.
AAGKOT SUOMI, te) 7s oH e2) ASOT sisal arora ierereneintetotereiscouscs isha vel eis Spencer Brook, Isanti Co.

HONORARY MEMBERS FOR FIVE YEARS.

De ue Conbeth, ClECtEd LSBT : jis.!n\c's sre, pavealerss/e.> ole ae Seem etece Farmersburg, Ia.
Bp. Hoxie, elected 1887s .6.1...a.<s%a0 10 Noi, late pea ee Evansville, Wis.
Pea enn beLT ClECbEG ABB Tc we crcrere cise Srnete ele Ge cee eae Sioux Falls, 8S. D.

MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 13

PME MISTOLE, CLECLER 1S Tel cita! ost a Nic a'cinis' ss ain a aco sea Viol geipie' elves Henry, S. D.
Jos. Bb. rhompson, elected! 1888... 2... oe ee ee eae ee Grundy Center, Ia.
Miss Edith A. Kellogg, elected 1888... 0.00. 5...0..60 0.006. Janesville, Wis.
ERG NG EL AP AITs CLCCECU NSO a'sia'sie'e.c.nta's elas) «ln'a s/aiele'eta/aie Greencastle, Ind.
Mirsve ies CamipWell weleCbedilSSOeec as clive wee) iii svete |e) Evansville, Wis.
Bem Philips, elected) 1889)... 6.04b Ch siete coh naire cole West Salem, Wis.
Wilmer Reeves, elected 1889... 2.2.5. 05 s5e cece eee e ee eee tees Waverly, Ia.
TOs braniklamd elec bedwlSSO\ oes. bas otek lotic stole Stonewall, Man.
mmr elected 188 Gta ae oes O2) ala oyh cope 6 oN a armiave ole died aia Booneville, Mo.
HrAnkeournetta CleetedslS9On s vad x o-ie cnc cytosine oetajc ic lot pers Glenboro, Man.
Mrs brank BMEnebb, elected 1890 M6 oi... Sc ce eee oka ace Glenboro, Man.
Bison Gay lords Cleched 189 Lc si, «cc. st eke cise siete elute a alee Nora Springs, Ia.
Eto ©. b: Waldron, elected 1S9b ii. c.- = atce accietete a wale elas Fargo, N. D.
Mim Amen HayerneleGbedr LOO sn). e eae wens tee ecu gota Cane ne nies anlese ys Sparta, Wis.
eC GOO ELECLGM MEO ai.) dacraigjsieaig 4% als eiete are inset min rierdln Janesville, Wis. *

HONORARY LIFE MEMBERS.

Drew Ace vewell. died Mayecor LGlS.ccacias ao ert cues els Lake City, Minn.
one ba Hodges, died Aprils; VS8o oi ci cieassieiaie «ava -peva ares daw eye St. Paul.
Dr John 2. Warder, died Jilly 14, 1883... 5... =... 2.-. = North Bend, Ohio.
Daw uum purey, died Oct. 13, 1885. i025 <2 eee s ane = 6 ore Faribault, Minn.
Hone Marshall Pe. Walder, died Dec: 16, 1886.2... 20. ose. Boston, Mass.
Pitas wEbOn ee CledtHe De 1 ESS ce exe ced clo case wesls sce ile St oretajaens Minneapolis.
MiseavviedltinyiGideons Gied S889) < 2.0. teicmcrecei<+ eres cueere were Excelsior, Minn.
Chas Giob, died: Manchy 8; 1890. «<0 s)-1. dip cise cieterove wele Abbotsford, Quebec.
Cotterell, R L., died April 19, 1891........ bis aris. asta Teele Satan erie Dover
Rape ST Oferel laty «Axe, 2 c's. 2s eorerdeaoe he ete atts see Wi wield «areas myc neatee Ames, Ia.
Sep ETL Sia ENS teres Sts sinus Sahel Sherer adel a oxerare eS eanle CL lecosbiohaegnscneretey Minneapolis.
are MIA MR CORSO asaes ages wid Sia e «Soogete ie wm mend Gi ela hsrolel aro sie “ce a OeS sainreeoa ems Faribault.
Gervais Elm Nise disie Sus aac eserolorees Seece ewer a aaa rere ere eatee St. Louis, Mo.
CLG ATALIE OG IHS EAS ae is oR at RS eR OD Minneapolis.
ORI SLMCMai veg Ge avs Seen) ape sind pinto Acai Mote, © beta Svante 5 earns Hammond
Ate et EL ik SEU ial Giwlers aermee Se eee acca ac pene ter yee en I) 5 Owatonna.
aE inet AV YAMIN 228% ose tah alaia wt Wats ha-Sate ere eats wae atte Go woth mee Minneapolis
as ert l M ep VMs ae ah cso Sim Sects sakes bow. ada ohn MUasacslavahartiv a caery, octallat Mets San Diego, Cal.
eas RSM ANA Ce toh ay PEM tbe SIG oaUlclss S'aveiete aie nla tietalevversipiave lo eretaus Seimavdiols octeaets Minneapolis.
CCrite chim VIP es eR Loe eve ta eere diene, cern Ua ciate, sieueteeatvauvetopate Excelsior.
EVD ESS BITE ee ae *...Ramsey, S. D.
SOTLl> IMG i Ra a Ee erat Seamer aban mony aes a) ch Excelsior.
1 EIGHTEAL Sac SRS IA eho am EG el ge RESTOR ME Re UE La Crescent.
PR eMEO TA ENGL INN e S 28s ose otha fe aha ane forgo ch slaneaciota:oiaSe uae bie, slol eras Lalo e ataete a Chowen.
eee ye CHG e Mose eh ead aides ¢ dale aatewo elie setia ae ate Fort Benton, Mon.
Me Oth ty OLAS emer eevee artie Sale sake eaeeo te Gat! SRE ak ciccatons cata Ae Carver.
Wer thranmmwAte Nie Sere hee Notte LARGE Ise ee end Aa rae lores ataneteeate Excelsior.
NAcANRROERNGE SU) WV. oe MUR gO aan Pits ths) a ah Waielardtalaviebane o'a wave tele sagen Boston, Mass.
POLAR UREN VET Seed CONV scissor tract eaicie lope </otstal as Setar Mina cue tide ap at aie ... Boston, Mass.
ENS T Maen IN aE as veh etx ocis .n) dlaietapena oraiay es mitotane el abysior a hers artes of ttnyava wat etal Minneapolis.
ARNE: PISS) SATA. MM wisiae cla cc 'ats ialeia toda al ois Siaieele nieve elite wists amare! s sare Lake City.
St CONE te copes los namibia cc Sacre ies Oona ee we aia see Pewaukee, Wis.
BReaaON Ti Nie a eteven oh eres chino Si sin aria ts aleda) e eretecblavalbiiarag ig sure Ae vere cstote ale ds Milton, Wis.
LETT STAN 6 Ca DE Ge Se a Peo er oe eo RTE Delavan, Wis.

14 REPORT OF THE

Praia, Mrs. “Ww... p= aes ope oo sisal o's psc a um nlale ina) plapene tae Hersey.
PARC. ME ooo eiiieed swine n dilate «wie. dove uie.s ow biggie heh Pelee eens oie Chowen.
PebeTSOe «A DUTOW <5 acs eos ass ss Pee nate tle eee apa fe pl Waconia.
foepertson, Cols D. Avt.6c0 esas wicc twaws cena b dale Eee ene St. Paul.
STRAT TAL y Oo Ms.s iow vinin sn ot 4 state, nah alee heikiae s [ne Os ee Green Bay, Wis.
Siprens,/Ool; Jv Hl... . ..sdees thes ansece's cine + ioe Se ee Minneapolis.
RTE, Le WM... 0c) s s 2 co auto elnino ole.sis/ av eetaa.c' seins roe eer San Diego, Cal.
tet Ala: WY assists se a emnescia ge pis pc ts ines 2+ oo.» sanded ar Pueblo, Cal.
BPG, Oy Masia) oes o:d-o are ste ois occas oie! ex's! <ia\nye.t =) ays aa Minneapolis.
Sargeant, Mrs. EH. 2Bo els. esc owners ona oe aclelt «pen Lake City.
resi Ly As Obs d's aeiecrayeo sniee'e So's dicle os OS d= teat oa Baraboo, Wis. ~
MV GOrie MTS. PAT oe oe a 0.0 2 fleas a nce oh ete sel en West Salem, Wis.
WarCleveMrsaG, O. 4e% 2 voles ones J sain oh Bieiate uu da ad hs Minneapolis.
VALCO Ren eine s,s io sieiwic wa, ole seine ks a's canleamiy ie ohn eee La Crosse, Wis

MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 15

OFFIGERS

OF THE

Minnesota State Agricultural Society,

FOR THE YEAR 1891.

PRESIDENT.
Lal Lely (COCO OCG 8 Uae See aan la ga eee Sn ME er Minneapolis.

EIEN RCS te RE et MR Aen aes Sette Be St. Paul.

Pena: COOK .s.o55.8 5 ess ae es whet ip serge eae Cottage Grove, Minn.

SECRETARY AND GENERAL MANAGER.

UL, TES TOL UO )S 1S ee SD se CT ae mm Se Red Wing, Minn.
TREASURER.
Mgt IN Ge ss WW TL OOLX ee ss Ae aieles Sa ctee vets ome ys eos Northfield, Minn.
BOARD OF MANAGERS.
oc LE edi 0.125] 2) 0] 3 DGS oR i gee eA a a Hastings, Minn.
Cle TS C18 WG 028 0 8S SE a ee aa Owatonna, Minn.
PC OOO NED NEY 231 0). hbase hs oo aN ot en eee St. Clond, Minn.
BE OUISEOV Bis? ..6 Soacdcc sont el see ees eee teen. Le Sueur, Minn.
OP Sifolyhuie 3) LU G7 Est Sil 8 DSRS tg ed Oa tad gi eg a Hamline, Minn.
eT UEC INOHIN Gre. ur Po SSA wr | Sooty Oe ae § POPS Ng ee Austin, Minn.

*,* The management pledge themselves to make, and invite the co-
operation of agriculturists, horticulturists, and others to help in making
this year’s fair the best ever held. Liberal premiums are offered in every
department. For any information address the Secretary, Hamline, Minn.

cel (OT i ah me
Se see
wv sy
'

16 REPORT OF THE

NURSERYMEN AND FLORISTS WHO ARE MEMBERS OF THE
MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

NURSERYMEN. ,
De Os Barrett = qj.) idiots: « die este ele ahs estecayedelore lei araierave reas Browns Valley.
OPS P BGA. : ¢i.~ 0d sisieib o.caveote le ste che take fe « etre) etait o.<75/ aan Faribault.
NE C2 Bunnell. - oi... a «sc cds can vei 0's elerdua tp .Newport.
PMG GiG@OMl.<...hecese betes ws piereicte eave Qrouenlel Ober oe eke ee Excelsior.
Jas. evarrissss.Som (Smialletruibs)eas see <i celeste are eee La Crescent.
J: M. Underwood (Jewell Nursery Co.)...... \...0> «> 4 eee Lake City.
AC Wie pata. sist bei. cou «oboe ine ieee eee ee Excelsior.
MMIC MP GATE: o.cis-o5ie a a'cteidcsyai ain s’eraieitto, ale ete cteloua tal gree roca hea ee Chowen.
Geo. Ps. Peer. hid wie is alg kh Soins ss ye hbo, 8 ete Pewaukee, Wis.
Mi: Ta: TUDDCttS: sess eas Veen e bale oan 0 We Galen Dover.
Ow SDATD Bs Sis Da hie poe disco yeiolens b osavd ameter belle ae eee Aohoee Minneapolis.
AIO Sates ak os fos See Se artes ohietscatian ease Cee eee Baraboo, Wis.
HAS AY BOSS occ iz ress cis, wie el witelele eave islelpi tia, d 3s Sotelo yates Sleker son okt eee er Excelsior.
Jee Oleg Geb 0s de ae are eee eMC RCE ONE cis). o.oo 2506554 La Crescent.
NE. ECT DOURN Ee Seay.) 5 ESA EAS Se ao ee on ree Lakeville, Dakota Co.
Mi." We: (Cook (Sniall fruits); $0522 4b ice ehcne see eee . Rochester.
Win. ‘Danner (Manner & Seager)... <..215-:0 s-\r1eieiee eee Cannon Falls.
Chas Hawkinson «25... s2dis'. Tas a's qetmrsie,-\-1s otter Reem Box 495, Minneapolis.
By SVs CUS 2 hee. etinh stale tal siotlecras,e\anoUsravac ove wlasove a4) Ras LoTR Tee Howard Lake.
Clarence) Wedg@! oo aie dcciwediy vo esle Phe se 04d) eee Albert Lea.
FLORISTS.
BiG? Goulds ois is cen che eegseceenes fo5 Uek Mahe Excelsior.
ad Memcenmiallh. .:.% action e-seiesteraiers 18th St. and Ist Av. S., Minneapolis.
eG ISt,-Malmguish, - 5.5 Pane txt etentee sale Ree eee .Fair Oaks, Minneapolis.
BH. Nagel, (E. Nagel & Co), 000... 22.0608. 1118 West LakeSt., Minneapolis.
DWV WCHL ITD io. oyeics «bce ace, eters, eile/sleielag yehe wreicreleejeyersece cra pee aa Faribault.
Cex omitn, (Siren Misra Colac. oun cmeene aces 77 S. 7th St., Minneapolis.
CLBEV ET OW Gis. s ese catenere cd enters, ain casa atatoie cern tele ee ate ere Brooklyn Center.
Apa VAG «:5.c py a ajc \ee a mere ie miciol Poe ene Fairview and Lincoln Ave., St. Paul.
Noe Mv OAS WELL sos <1c:2 8 saree) syeleopes aktoreteveraysroatelee tars ley alors es olen erento Me etg th Litchfield.
fy J. May, (a. ic May 8&8°C0) 6. i. ce) clea, (o's oes ects «2 St. Paul.
My EH Powells 0s.) 24.63).%e aint SOP oe Sila Lae St. Peter.
ChasyBennethi. 22 ae! Gola cee ....8). W. 4th St., St. Paul.
ANT TION CIOS. sia sissies dA, Wk Rea ble ey co cle ete ae Stillwater.
Henry Buckendorfe. 2.2085 6. ee es eee Minneapolis.
PA) ERO Seinia toes oie eisa[e.cvstavs ware: sietanie, te whee aiecer «n'est ia en Stillwater.
Te NOTA UNS Usincciemic s As kde wince Be meet wae Oakland Cemetery, St. Paul.

CONSTITUTION AIXD BY-LAWS V7

CONSTITUTION

OF THE

MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

ARTICLE I.
NAME.

This society shall be known as the Minnesota State Horti
cultural Society.
ARTICLE IL.

OBJECT OF THE SOCIETY.

The object of this society shall be to improve the condition
of pomology, horticulture and arboriculture, by collecting and
disseminating correct information concerning the culture
of such fruits, flowers, trees and other productions in hor-
ticulture as are adapted to the soil and climate of Minnesota.

ARTICLE III.
MEMBERSHIP.

Any person may become a member by paying to the secre-
tary or treasurer an annual fee of one dollar, or a life member
by the payment of ten dollars, provided that life members may
pay the fee of ten dollars in two equal annual payments of five
dollars each.

Local or county horticultural societies and kindred organi-
zations may become auxiliary to this society by sending three
delegates to the annual winter meeting, who shall be entitled
to all the rights and privileges of membership upon furnishing
to the secretary of this society a list of members of their so-
ciety and a report of the proceedings thereof.

Honorary members, for a time stated or for life, may be
elected at any annual meeting by a two-thirds vote of the So-
ciety.

=e

18 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ARTICLE IV.
OFFICERS.

Its officers shall consist of a president and one vice president
from each congressional district, a secretary, a treasurer, and
an executive committee of five, and a librarian.

ARTICLE V.
DUTIES OF PRESIDENT AND VICE-PRESIDENTS.

The president shall preside at and conduct all meetings of
the society, and deliver an annual address, and in his absence
the vice-presidents, in their order, shall perform the same
duties. They shall also have a general supervision of the
horticultural interests in their respective districts, and make a
written report to the society at its annual winter meeting; in
consideration of which the society shall pay their traveling ex-
penses to the same.

ARTICLE VI.
THE SECRETARY.

The secretary shall record all the doings of the society, col-
late and prepare all communications, etc., for the public press,
and pay over all moneys received from members or otherwise
to the treasurer on his receipt; receive and answer all com-
munications addressed to the secretary, establish and maintain
correspondence with all local, country, district and state horti-
cultural societies, and secure by exchange their transactions, as
far as possible; aid the president as an executive officer in
the dispatch of business relating to the meetings of the society,
take notice of horticultural and similar meetings of general in-
terest. and report to the annual meeting of the society an ab-
stract of the matter that has come into his possession, which,
with its approval, shall become part of its transactions of the
current year.

ARTICLE VII.
THE TREASURER.

The treasurer shall collect and hold all funds of the society,
and pay out the same only on the order of the president, count-
ersigned by the secretary. He shall make up a report of all
the receipts and disbursements of the society and present the
same at the annual winter meeting, or at any other time when

CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS. 19

called upon to do so by the executive committee. He shall
give bonds in such sums as the society may direct, to be ap-
proved by the president and secretary, and the bond when so
approved shall be filed with the state auditor.

ARTICLE VIII.
ELECTION OF OFFICERS.

The officers shall be elected separately and annually by ballot
and hold their offices until their successors are elected

ARTICLE IX.
MEETINGS OF THE SOCIETY.

The society shall hold annual sessions on the third Tuesday of
January, and other meetings at such time and place as the soci-
ety may direct.

ARTICLE X.
THE LIBRARIAN.

The librarian shall have charge of the library and report its
condition at each annual meeting.

ARTICLE XI
AMENDMENTS.

By-laws and alterations of the constitution for the purpose of
meeting the future wants of the society, may be enacted by a
vote of two-thirds of the members present at any regular annual
meeting, and on one day's notice of the same being given.

20 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

BY-LAWS.

1. The president, at each annual meeting of the society shall
appointa general fruit committee, consisting of two members
from each congressional district in the state, and it shall be the
duty of each member to make a written report annually upon
the fruit crop, and a limited list of fruits best adapted for gen-
eral cultivation in their respective districts.

2. The president, secretary and treasurer shall be members
ex-officio of the executive committee, who shall have charge of
all matters pertaining to the interest of the society.

3. The executive committee may call a meeting of the so-
ciety at any time they may deem advisable, giving at least
thirty days’ notice through the public press. 3

4, The executive committee shall appoint a committee on
seedlings, on nomenclature, on forestry, on fruit blossoms, on
Russian apples, on gardening, on small fruits and on floricul-
ture.

5 The five members of the executive committee, not includ-
ing the president, secretary or treasurer, shall be a committ
on finance, andit shall be their duty to audit all bills before they
shall be ordered paid by the president and secretary.

6. The executive committee shall see that a program is
issued for each meeting of the society, at least one month be-
fore the winter meeting and ten days before the summer meet-
ing.
7. Every member shall be entitled to one copy of the trans-
actions as often as published, on which postage shall be paid;
but in distribution of all other copies the party receiving the
same shall pay the postage. Where several copies are sent to
auxiliary societies it shall be discretionary with the secretary to
pay the freight.

8. QMuorwm.—A quorum shall consist of nine members of the
society, or a majority of the executive committee.

RECORDS OF EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. AlN

RECORD OF THE MEETINGS OF THE EXECUTIVE COM-
MITTEE FOR THE YEAR ENDING JAN. 22, 1891.

Record of meeting held at Excelsior at noon, Jan. 25, 1890.

Committee called to order by A. W. Latham, chairman; the
other members present being President Wyman Elliot, L. H.
Wilcox, J. L. Harris, and M. Cutler.

A motion was made and seconded, that a list of the nursery-
men and florists connected with the society be put in the forth-
coming annual report. Carried.

The following action was taken on the matter of a revision of
the premium list. On motion of Mr. Cutler, the president and
secretary and the chairman of the executive committee of the
Horticultural Society, together with the president of the Bee-
keepers Association, were appointed a committee to revise the
premium list, in the horticultural department of the State Ag-
ricultural Society. :

Pres. Wyman Elliot moved that the secretary be and is here-
by instructed to get out the annual report as soon as April first,
if practicable. Carried.

Mr. Cutler moved that Mrs. A. A. Kennedy be allowed apre-
mium of $2.00 on her display of sorghum syrup at the winter
meeting, 1890. Carried.

Mr. Wilcox movedthat the portrait of some ex-president of the
Horticultural Society be inserted in the forthcoming annual re-
port, and that the picture of ex-President Charles Hoag be se-
cured for this purpose if practicable. Carried.

The committee adjourned sine die.

SAMUEL B. GREEN, Secretary.

Record of meeting held at office of President Wyman Elliot,
March 17, 1890. Meeting was called to order at eleven o’clock
by the chairman, A. W. Latham. The members present were
as follows: J. M. Underwood, W. Elliot, J. L. Harris, M.
Cutler, D. Day, A. W. Latham, and S. B. Green. The
first business was the adoption of a fruit list for southern and
central Minnesota. As Mr. Probestfield had not reported a
fruit list for northern Minnesota, the secretary was notified to
instruct him of his appointment and get a list from him to go
in the report.

It was decided that the secretary ought to notify each ap
pointee on a committee of his appointment and at the same time
specify the work desired or expected of such appointee.

22 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

O. F. Brand’s report as member of committee of exploration
of fruits and flowers was accepted and his bill in connection
therewith was ordered paid. O. F’. Brand’s report as delegate
to the Wisconsin society’s winter meeting was accepted and his
vill for traveling expenses was ordered paid. It was moved
and carried that the secretary be paid his six months’ salary
April lst. This was done because of the stenographer’s bill
being then due and being more than one quarter’s salary. Mr.
Harris submitted a report on ‘‘Apples that have been or are
now grown in Minnesota.” This was amended so that in the
table the hardiness of the fruit for southern and central Minne
sota should be given, and was ordered published as amended.
It was decided that a membership in the Bee-keepers Associ-
ation did not entitle the payer to any rights or privileges in the
Horticultural Society, and members of the Bee-keepers Associ-
ation will not receive a report of the meeting unless they be-
come members of the M.S. H.S.

A list of committees were made up to goin the next annual
report.

It was decided to hold the summer meeting at the Experiment
Station at St. Anthony Park, the time to be determined by the
president and secretary. President Elliot and J.T.Grimes were
appointed a committee to obtain the $500 that the state was in
arrears to the society.

Action on Dr. M.M.Frisselle’s resolution in regard to offering
prizes was posponed on account of lack of funds.

The secretary was instructed to use his judgment as to pub-
lishing Mr. O. Gibbs’ paper. The committee then adjourned
to meet at the summer meeting.

S. B. GREEN, Secretary.

Record of meeting held at Experimental Station June 26,
1890. All members of the committee were present.

An order to the amount of $65, was passed, with which to
pay premiums awarded at summer meeting.

Committee adjourned sine die.

S. B. GREEN, Secretary.

Record of the meeting held in Horticultural Hall, September
12, 1890. State fair grounds. Meeting called to order by the
chairman, A. W. Latham, besides whom there was present
Messrs. Elliot, Harris, Wilcox, Day and the secretary.

The following business was transacted:

Voted to allow the secretary to expend $100 upon postage
for the reports.

RECORDS OF EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. 23

Mr. Wilcox and the secretary were appointed a committee to
inquire into the matter of the payment of the stenographer.

The following bills were presented for expenses incident to
the last executive committee meeting:

Mr. Harris, $7.20; Mr. Wilcox, $2.10.

Moved and carried that the next annual meeting of the So-
ciety be held in Minneapolis.

Moved and carried that the Messrs. Elliot, Green, Harris,
Latham and Wilcox be and are constituted a committee on pro-
gram for the next annual meeting.

Meeting adjourned sine die.

S. B. GREEN, Secretary.

Record of meeting held Nov. 13, 1890, at office of President
Elliot, corner Nicollet avenue and Fifth street, Minneapolis.

Messrs. Latham, Elliot, Wilcox, Cutler, Day, Harris and
the secretary present. Meeting called to order by the chair-
man. President Elliott acted as secretary until secretary ar-
rived.

The matter of working up a diploma to be awarded as a pre-
mium upon certain exhibits was left in the hands of the chair-
man of the committee. It was decided that in planning the
January meeting that the bee-keepers should meet with the so-
ciety and farther, that the time allotted to their business meet-
ing should not encroach upon the time of the whole session.
It was decided to announce that they should hold their busi-
ness meeting in a separate room from 9 a. m. to 12 p. m.,
Wednesday. Also to occupy Wednesday afternoon and eve-
ning of general session. Delegates appointed were as follows:
O. F. Brands, delegate to Iowa provided he pay his own ex-
penses; he to have credentials from the Society. President
Elliot was authorized to appoint a delegate if he declines.
Delegate to North Dakota, J. L. Harris, provided he can get
free transportation. Delegate to Wisconsin, L. H. Wilcox.
Adjourned for dinner.

Meeting called to order at 3 p. m. The matter of securing
legislation in aid of an exhibit to be made at the exposition in
1893 was considered. Upon motion it was decided that $20,-
000 should be asked for from the legislature the coming winter
for the purpose of making an exhibit of the horticultural pro-
ducts of the state, to include fruits, flowers, vegetables and
shrubs. Messrs. Latham, Elliot and Grines were appointed
a special committee to push this legislation. Moved and

24 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

adopted that the program for the coming winter meeting be

made out by topics, as last year.

Moved and adopted that all ladies who are invited to read
papers shall have their expenses paid to and from the meeting,

and also hotel bills, if any.
Meeting adjourned sine die.

SAMUEL B. GREEN, Secretary.

Report of Summer Meeting.
(NOTICE.)

MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

SUMMER MEETING TO BE HELD AT ST. ANTHONY PARK, MINNESOTA,
AT THE STATE CENTRAL EXPERIMENT STATION, JUNE 26, 1890.—EXx-

CURSION.

Arrangements are being made by the local committee for an excursion
on Friday, June 27th, when an opportunity will be afforded for visiting
some of the greenhouses and vegetable gardens in the vicinity, including

For

a drive upon the beautiful boulevards and parks of Minneapolis.

further particulars address

SAMUEL B. GREEN, WYMAN ELLIOT,

Secretary, St. Anthony Park. President, Minneapolis.

PREMIUM LIST.

STRAWBERRIES.
First Second
Prem. Prem.
Best general collection of not less than five named varieties,

ONE PING CAC 2s vireisiclsers aie 05s a pbiseleeeils 5%. oC a ee ee $5.CO $3.00
Best four varieties, one quart each’. 553-20... ..< 01-4. «cle sehtepetae 3.00 2.00
Best Minnesota seedling, not before exhibited............... 3.00 2.00
Best: quart Wilson’s Albany 0. scuba A... eee 2.00 1.00
Best quark Countess: vccic.cs ns sic ostawdise. nels e a + se so sttebaege eran 2.00 1.00
Best quart Charles Downing................. * las 8.500 aces ie ee 2.00 1.00
Best quart Crescent, seeding’... . <2... cece. cietieds Soye eam 2.00 1.00
Warges iriit of any variety~....o5 ve cwise) ol > n> +e eas 2.00 1.00

The same premiums will be awarded upon other varieties of merit new or old.
VEGETABLES. y
Best collection, not less than six varieties, grown by exhib-

MERON a 3 6; oye disse: phe wid Stabe shah <iekcmr dete Rete oe oto Oe cree eer $5.00 $3.00
Bestia DUNCHES Of ASPATAGUS, <4 wi. sseseore vie cid stale eo Stelle Aner 1.00 -50
SES OMICO UG 4 (ecco 3: S0ic, scla a iontraies shave test, aterays te gatne erale al Serene Sees eietene 1.00 -50
WATS CALLOUS. « sif ss beside Gods sldatdyi 0 Deira Mote ate ee 1.00 .50

Best 6 onions

SUMMER MEETING. 25

SCS AGRTA ISIE ever at sinc staeciore Ravens eosie o Risa d steele avciavee e sheckler 1.00 .50
esiiG GULE Sse se lene canker. aw ge Shee o yee feels Seats ems 1.00 50
es Stalks ploplint... atctn sete a shin ce bs Sak en ep eames 1.00 50
GMI OAS LGEEMOCL 25. OE orice ae ates widieS hes tahun ommiioe 1.00 .50
Best 3 heads of cabbage........... Baa ers aS tbian bh td ben ae 1.00 . 50
BES tread Some GA UMM O WN i, caiscnie cisteyeloun elec tejaie aietse ej ae cies eres 1.€0 50
Heshrs PCCM OGMETCEM PCBS 00. cee Sees sae dec ces cases 1.00 50
Bese eCCh SUTINE DOATIS ci i)2 iia cic oa eis!s iota w'nle o sle elev 'etle we we eee 1.00 .50
esis POCKs NeW PObALOES: =: ares 520) P36c4.c Qe cts Ye cienphe ss exiclen 1.00 50
SESE AG IECUTMI DEES ie omens ss td = psalms is atk > Sebdalderee deme bles. 1.00 50
ORE Ar AINAIPIE TS SUD UCAS EL ha octane fae ance wav aii cvete aaa mlaieieee eile 1.00 .50
FLOWERS
BES COlee LION. CUb NOWEDS, ac..ts dice na ke own ens ss auies eoa8 $5.00 $3.00
IBESEpCONECEEIOMREOSES!.. wisn ersrsiersta © siaveie seis acs cveashaiete © Gino sitters 5.00 3.00
CADE ON AMG CST OM. oie nisi aaree io < Palpicinds bgwiand s 3 toes dae etd a aera 5.00 3.00
SCS UICOMECTIONSDANST CS tre 305 oo. cics-(stetalose eisieiee ces eae aioe oie 3.00 2.00
[BOS oe LOG HANS le WYO EIS Baca oodo tens ado one tacue ee wad omens sone 2.00 1.00
RULES.

The awarding committee shall close their labor, and report
to the society at twelve o’clock M. They shall have power to
recommend special premiums for seedlings, and articles of
special merit, fruits, flowers or vegetables, not provided for in
the schedule of premiums. They shall not award premiums to
contributions unworthy of exhibition, even if there is no competi-
tion.

Competition shall be open to all, but the annual membership
fee of one dollar will be deducted from premiums awarded to
persons who are not members of the society.

AWARD OF PREMIUMS AT SUMMER MEETING OF THE
STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

STRAWBERRIES.
OSM eA I, TOME isa van SMe Pe Bos First, $3.00
J. G. Bass, Hamline, dit. CTESEOIN.. v.02 sue tt tae See First, 2.00
Wm. Lyons—
General collections i: 4.tee Ris Mah ht i eet eS First, 5.00
PRES © OWINUESR gE sty a cin s 3.6 siuean ths khnanrd saad a aoeee hg eee First, 2.00
RU EOE CHE OUE LEAN Stn FNM aig Re ncas ahouime ais eee ese eters Second, 1.00
Clie iar Ghrarenmee). fone els OPS Ree OR Ek f First. 2.00
JUGS SITPRO MC RET AA ny gi Second, 1.00
Beem H MMS OLN OBE L 2 shone av Nese chine dates de oad tae First, 2.00
J. K..Gilmore, Richfield, Bubach.: ...0.....000.045 Paes First, 2 00
VEGETABLES.
Joshua Allyn, Red Wing—
Collectionio£ veretables.t.az. sd 4s dca Sree et Se First, $5.00
SLT |) 23 a ee eT PIF DASE CC ESE EEE First, 1.00
SE SCA GIONS. Cyt cpa A Ms eee are Oh ney ier ea ge ted ete a First, 1.00
SES lid (1 1s pee nn Re PN CO PONT try eag First, 1.00
SVE CNS) 6 (S/S bt hag leak Feat Sop A ale NIT en Ce First, 1.00

Wm. Mackintosh, Langdon, 3 bu. asparagus............ Second, 50

26 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Win. Lyons—

SBHTee PU: ASPALAGUS. secs oorclene s aeiateve Me bat Saar First, 1.00
PQS plaNtbs os wesc tiie eo se sie oe ime D\ohat aie? (ete tenet tee ee First, 1.00
R. P. Lupton, Excelsior—
Collection of. Ve@etaDless<..c < eccs 75> wplen ope ieee Second, 3.00
Pie-Mlanb.,. -'sjeke =< 0'als cats newioe’ Gia ao'dce ae te Second, 50
PSCGUG. 5 «a's ve cee atau Rie Melee ee seen easels oiepe eee Second, 50
PE WAETLIDS,,« s-s ahs eal saie acts tee eee c Se ie Dare ee ane Second, 50
PeeGtUCe we. ia Ges Stages eA se ehaete ona keane tea First, 1 00
Extra Premiums Allowed.
J.¥F. Gilmore, Richfield, on collection of gooseberries
ANG CULTAMES ssh: 5, os sie alae pes eee eee Noel te eto) oynusic ten eh serene 2.00
FLOWERS.
Roger S. Mackintosh, pansieS...............-. sb coke see First, $3.00
EB. Nagel & Co., Minneapolis, floral design.............. First, 5.00
Martha Livons, cut fOwers:..:. 222442... sce ae arene Second, 3.00
HMandebouguets: . <<<... mens sion elaine Pp eee ~» second, 1.00
F. G. Gould, Excelsior—
Collection of-art flowers.: .60.00 2152795 dee First, 5.00
Collection Of TOBES.. «cs 02:0. /09 3 <2 oben +inpetee eee First, 5.00
Collection Of Pansies wre eciaiw« Li. we disde’ 'm atehoea eee Second, 2.00
Hand bouquets .)en oPoe Gk disp lein SL oe First, 2.00
J. G. Bass, Hamline, collection of roses......... a tas Second, 3.00

REPORT OF PROCEEDINGS AT THE SUMMER MEERTING
OF STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY HELD AT
STATE EXPERIMENTAL STATION, JUNE 26, ’90.

About twenty-five were present including Prof. J. L. Budd,
of Ames, lowa. There was a fair show of strawberries but the
general complaint was that the crop was light, especially on
old beds. New beds had fruited more abundantly than old
ones.

The exhibit of roses, by F. G. Gould, was exceptionally fine.

The show of vegetables was also very good.

The meeting was called to order by Pres. Elliot, at 1:30, and
was first addressed by Prof. Budd, who spoke of his increasing
belief in the value of Russian fruits, especially in cherries, and
said some of the Russian cherries would grow wherever the sand
cherry would. He spoke favorably also of the Russian apple,
and said some of them were valuable for low lands, while some
were especially adapted to high lands.

Mr. O. C. Gregg, being introduced by the president, made
some interesting remarks upon the relation of horticulture to
the Farmers’ Institute course. -

Col. J. H. Stevens next addressed the meeting as follows:—
Mr. President, I hardly know what to say when those great

SUMMER MEETING. 27

men have preceded me, especially a man with the experience
of Prof. Budd, a gentleman who has visited all parts of this
country and Europe, and has raised and imported successfully
very many plants from distant countries. I must confess un-
conditionally that it has been different with me, for I have failed
in horticulture. while I did make a success in agriculture,
though I do not give up.

Tam not like my friend Dr. , with cherries, peaches and
pears; but we can raise apples in Minnesota.

Now, in regard to Russian fruits I think, although we have
certainly some very nice fruits, if we can get better from
Russia, get them. And I only wish I was about twenty years
younger I would put my hand to the wheel again, and if we old
people take hold of the work and do, by and by the young
ones will take hold too.

Dr. Frisselle of Excelsior, being called upon spoke as
follows:

Mr. President, gentlemen and ladies: I think that I told you
last winter all that I know about currants, and I think it is
hardly fair for you to expect me to say anything more. I
happen to have a little patch that I should like to show all of
you if you would come out and look at them.

I think last year was especially adapted to fruit farms.

I am in hopes, off from one thousand bushes, to get close to
one hundred bushels of fruit, which will be good and command
a good price in the market.. A larger part of it will bring me
four dollars a bushel.

Farmers do not give room enough to their plants. I planted
mine four feet apart and I find that six or eight is better. A
neighbor of mine who has been looking through my patch has
planted his eight feet apart.

Why aman can’t get through them without trampling them
down is because sufficient room is not given, and perhaps an
other great reason is that they are not properly cared for.

President Elliot: We would like to hear from Mr. Underwood
on strawberries.

Mr. J. M. Underwood, Lake City: I willsay that my young
beds of strawberries passed through the winter very well, the
old beds not having done so well,and the dry weather has made
them suffer.

The berries are very nice on our young beds—we covered
our beds with dry mulch of rye straw.

28 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

_T have been twenty years trying to find out which is the best
variety, and it may be because I have not had as much experi
ence as other folks, but I have made a great many enquiries of
men who have had the experience, and when I have asked them
this question, ‘‘what two varieties would you plant?” they
would give me ten or fifteen kinds of berries.

I think for market as far as I have seen them the Crescent is
the best; marketmen seem to favor them.

We do not ship any berries, raise them only for our own use.

Now of course I am giving you other people’s ideas more than
Tam my own, but I am satisfied that Iam more interested in
strawberries now than ever before.

Pres. Elliot spoke about the Busch place and his great profit
from forced cucumbers.

Mr. Busch sold last year $12,000 worth from six acres of land,
mostly cucumbers, but some celery and cabbage. He stores
his celery in boxes and covers it with salted hay and brings the
boxes into the green house two weeks before it is needed.
Does not earth up in the field, and plants his celery very late.

Mr. President—I have purposely neglected to call for a speech
of welcome from Prof. N. W. McLain until the last.

Prof. McLain:—

Mr. President, ladies and gentlemen: If itis true that aman
can make the best speech upon a subject of which he knows
the least, I ought to make a good one on horticulture, although
I know a good many things about horticulturists.

I was brought up on afarm. I am surprised to hear that
there is only one bush in Minnesota, instead I think there
should be a good many trees equal to the man just referred to
by your president, and when you go away you must make up
yours minds that there is not going to be only one bush in
Minnesota.

Now then, it is no use for me to try to tell you anything
about horticulture, but you are welcome at the state farm and
there are many nice things we would like to have you see be-
fore you leave.

A motion was made and carried to have a short memorial for
the next annual report of Prof. C. Gibbs, a promoter’ of horti-
culture. 7

Meeting then adjourned sine die.

On Friday, Jan. 27, the members of the horticultural society,
through the courtesy of the Minneapolis resident members,
made the tour of the park system of the city of Minneapolis,

ANNUAL WINTER MEETING. 29.

passing a delightful day. Mr. Berry, superintendent of the
city parks, Prof. H. W.S. Cleveland and Prof. J. L. Budd
accompanied the party. A mid-day stop was made at the
Pavillion at Lake Harriet for lunch. In the afternoon the
party visited the greenhouses of Mr. Fred Busch in Richfield,
and his methods of forcing cucumbers and other early vegeta-
bles under glass were examined with great interest.

ANNOUNCEMENT OF ANNUAL MEETING

MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTUAL SOCIETY—TWENTY-FOURTH
ANNUAL MEETING.

The twenty-fourth annual winter meeting of the Minnesota
State Horticultural Society will be held in Minneapolis, January
20, 21, 22 and 238, 1891, in Guaranty Loan building.

It is very desirous that there should be a full attendance.

Horticulture is progressing, and the cultivation of the larger
fruits in this state has received a fresh impetus from the fact
that we have had a large crop of apples the past year while in
almost all of the so-called fruit growing districts of the country
the crop was a short one or an entire failure.

There will be ample opportunity to ask questions and to have
them answered by careful, successful cultivators. The discus
sion of new varieties and methods of culture will be a special
feature. We are expecting several prominent horticulturists
from other states. The subject of securing needed legislation
to aid in making a proper display of horticultural products at
“The World’s Columbian Fair” will be considered.

The exhibit of fruit will undoubtedly be larger than at any
previous meeting for many years.

All superintendents of experiment stations and members of
committees are expected to make reports. This is very im-
portant as it is to them that our members look for much of their
information.

A cordial invitation is extended to kindred organizations in
this and other states, as well as to local societies, to send dele-
gates to the meetings, which are free to all. Young people
and ladies are cordially invited to come and take part in these
meetings.

It is expected that the usual reduction in fares will be ob-
tained from the various railroads of this state. Delegates on

30 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

purchasing a full fare ticket going should at the same time se-
cure from the agent a delegate convention receipt specifying
that such ticket has been purchased, in order that the same
may be properly endorsed for the return trip.
WYMAN ELLIOT,
SAMUEL B. GREEN,. President, Minneapolis.
Secretary, St. Anthony Park.

PROGRAM.

The following order wiil be subject to change from time to time as the
Executive Committee of the Society may deem best.

FIRST DAY—TUESDAY, JANUARY 20th, 10a. m.

Opening Prayer.

Small Fruit Papers.

Blackberries west of the Big Woods. M. Cutler, Sumter.
Small Fruit in Otter Tail County. KF. H. Fiedler, Perham.
Discussion.

Strawberries. George J. Keliogg, Janesville, Wis.

Small Fruit. T.T. Lyon, Grand Haven, Mich.

M. Pearce. Chowen.
Report of Committee on Small Fruits.; Wm. Lyons. Minneapolis.
Dewain Cook. Windom.

Experience in Orchading. J. Wickershein, Idlewild.
Arrangement of Exhibits and Reception of Members.

AFTERNOON SESSION, 2 p. m.

Wild Fruits of Northern Minnesota. Dr.J.R.Walker, St. Anthony Park.

Discussion.

Forestry. Prof. B. E. Fernow, Washington, D.C.

What are the best Forest Trees for our Northern Prairies. J. O. Bar-
ret, Brown’s Valley.

REPORTS FROM LOCAL SOCIETIES.

Southern Minnesota Horticultural Society.
«Minnesota Valiey Horticultural Society.
Lakeside Horticultural Society.
McLeod County Horticultural Society.
Ramsey County Agricultural and Horticultural Society.
Correspondence. Question Box. Discussion.

EVENING SESSION, 7 p. m.
Music.
Address of Welcome. J.T. Grimes, Minneapolis.
Response to address of Welcome. Clarence Wedge, Albert Lea.
Music.
President’s Annual Address. Wyman Elliot, Minneapolis.
The First ‘‘Mum” Exhibition, Col. J. H. Stevens, Minneapolis.

ANNUAL WINTER MEETING. ot

Annual Report of Secretary.
Annual Report of Treasurer.
Report of Librarian.

Report of Committee on Library.

SECOND DAY—WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 2lst, 9 a. m.

Appointment of Committees. Committees on Fruit List, Award of
Premiums, Reports, Publications, Final Resolutions and Obituary.

Orchard Topics.

Protection of Fruit Trees from a farmer’s experience. Seth Kenney,
Morristown.

Protection of Fruit Trees from the nurseryman’s standpoint. O. F
Brand, Faribault.

Future of Orcharding. J. M. Underwood, Lake City.

Fruit Trees and Orcharding. M. Pearce, Chowen.

Discussion.

Report of Committee on Russian Apples, § W™, Somerville.

A. Peterson.
Discussion.
Influence of the Stocks on Development of Orchards. Prof. J. L. Budd,
Ames, Iowa.
Apple Growing Around Lake Minnetonka, A.W. Latham, Excelsior.
Report of Seedling Fruit Committee. J.S. Harris, La Cresent.
Business meeting of the Beekeepers Association, apart from Horticul-
tural Society, will meet at 9 a. m.

AFTERNOON SESSION.

Devoted to the Beekeepers Association.
President’s Address.
Preparing the Apiary for Winter. C.Thielman.
Extracted Honey. EH. R. Pond.
Management for Profit. N. P. Aspinwall.
Discussion. Letters. Reports and Question Box.

EVENING SESSION, 7 p. m.

Devoted to the Beekeepers Association.
Honey Plants. A. N. Wilcox.
Hives and Cases. Wm. Dyer.
Address. Prot. N. W. McLain.
Unfinished Business.

THIRD DAY—THURSDAY, JANUARY 22nd, 9 a. m.

Paper on Grapes. George Robinson, Minneapolis.

Paper on Grapes. J.S. Sewall, St. Anthony Park.

Treatment of Fungus Diseases of Grape Vines. A. W. Latham, Ex-
celsior.

Discussion.

Native Plums. C. W. H. Heideman, New Ulm.

Peach Growing in Minnesota. O.H. Modlin, Excelsior.

Report of Finance Committee.

32 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

AFTERNOON SESSION, 2 p. m.

( Alfred Terry, Slayton.
District Reports. , O. F. Brand, Faribault.
By Vice-Presidents of the Society. |} M. Pearce, Chowen.
(J. O. Barrett, Browns Valley.

Annual Election of Officers, by ballot.

Cultivation of Celery. L. H. Wilcox, Hastings.

Cultivation of Vegetables. Wayland Stedman, Rochester.

Subject to be selected. Chas. Leudloff, Carver.

Subject to be selected. Roger Mackintosh, Langdon.

Columbian Exposition. What should this State do for It? Hon. S. M.
Emery, Lake City.

EVENING SKSSION, 7 p.m

Music.

Geographical Formations as Related to Plant Growth. Prof. C. W.
Hall, Minneapolis.

Discussion.

Poem. ‘Johnnie Appleseed.”

Diseases of Fruit. Prof. C. McMillan, Minneapolis.

Insects injurious to Vegetables. Prof. Otto Lugger, St. Anthony Park.

Entomologist’s Report. Prof.O. W. Oestlund, Minneapolis.

Report of Committee on Entomology.

Paper on Ornithology. Dr. P. L. Hatch.

FOURTH DAY—FRIDAY, JANUARY 23, 9a. m.

Award of Premiums.

Elementary Principles of Manuring. Prof. Samuel B. Green, St. An-
thony Park.

Relation of Horticulture to Agriculture. Prof. W. N. Hayes, St. An-
thony Park.

Horticulture on the Farm. Clarence Wedge, Albert Lea.
AFTERNOON SESSION, 2 p. m.

Reports from Experiment Stations.

NOTE.—AI| Superintendents of Experiment Stations and members of Committees
are urgently requested to make reports.

Prot. SAME Bi GREON 2g 52 a sis usolsthoainethees ob rsront aa rae St. Anthony Park.
BES Dartt. 2 ee ee es Pe et Oe Owatonna.
heal (MBN) SH ete (GWE rarer Stele a, Mu ere mith eaner ee ee OE St ens Faribault.
Gr Wee HUD Ore ss ecesudeay oath Avera uiuet seal die Satta Doe Coa CE Litchfield
TUS G5 Get isis a sods acta aa nating aac aihe ctaset eee eae er Excelsior,
SSA VAT TIS ie: saus vatstaeeuaietlouredclegeneiat taker ares, ota: esas eee ee LaCrescent.
FHom.'C.W. EL. eldemiun cos eee ee based Sex Seek eee New Ulm
OM TOTO 5s aha otte co Ee ile As Stay Mean teks er clin aha aie Tape Minnesota City
Ohiarles Lewd lose... 7... )...,. sts \enrerer art ties opsteneitet acit ici Ghekte isk hee Carver
IME CATCE waciva tetas chet Holes digiclonldie sche rsedaat oe or Chowen
Andrew Beterson. .4: « lsechhcedilaet ee Gorell aetie eee Waconia.
BD LOS MEO OVE. 555 a ciaidiant areian nce erat Weeereiats Jone as Baal can aidiass leet . Farmington.
RRND ODS CHS Gs. aia leks vc eeliceene pyar more Sul hie “a ep oeu dices RNS Moorhead.
IAPMNV EE SIS 5 Wetcrese skvcte = napa ae fn sits arlene titaud S wuts eto gtae sam piece Rochester.
Wnderwood. & Wm e Lye. esisfes cara ko AS « Kote lav ceaaere ioe etek eee Lake City.

Honelired Von Bawmbachyoiik.ck cls is cin ae are Alexandria.

ANNUAL WINTER MEETING. oo

Report of General Fruit Committee:

RUSTIC OEI)'S Aether soe tose eo eae seb dkaiiasaaaeseadh sis . . Hammond,
bee EEA reo Sie of icgs (ope aoe Sue eats v ose gis wt aid dl wits aye) dae evA'd.a Sos Score mle SAVE Etna.
em ae eUTINE TS MET HL Bias Dele A Ae taie Lede wigiura ar Sl oNs ade afeitele Oe ges tae La Crescent.
George A. Claggett...... Dae VIEL Cts PERG BS LEA Montevideo:
ene AMI MNICI Te a Rie es saci clean da wnchitias dealuidtacdeb bain demas Newport.
PPE SES MOIS ee atelier ee es ais Sei dis bid DEES eC Long Lake.
WIANEN CEU CUR Osestsntajore taal sctalnce are cis seid asin tae hike aie ston Albert Lea.
LOTCE TITS he 9 UEC Ro Ba oe ga ea eee ve Garden City.
MENU oh chs cia: Jc te Set uelsimanlarars. Syeie Riage a MRIS esas oles Sele Loa EIA Solera d Sumpter.
NEONATE I igo) FEI ies, 013 ARIE Slats tava jarctalckele-s Ha wioeyy Matern Cause a ciae Farmington.
emer PUPA TENE eae tse. dict ane Stave co benints eins esate «en er tiehé the 4) Goan sae ae Hamline.
PER TCCLOW 0". 512\cae EER et ater oe aL a ae wee ee ela date ee ate Worthington.

Report of Special Committee on Fruit Lists and Revision of Same.
Report of Committee on Nomenclature.

Report of Special Committees.

Report of Committee on Legislation.

Report of Committee on Final Resolutions.

Place of Next Meeting.

Miscellaneous Business.

Final Adjournment.

PREMIUM LIST.

APPLES.
[All plates to consist of five specimens.]

1. Best collection of Minnesota apples, including hybrids, first prem-
ium, $5.00; second, $3.00; third $2.00.

2. Best display of Wealthy, one peck, first premium $5; second $3.

3. Best’ plate of Winter apples, any variety, first premium $2;
second, $1.

4. Best plate Winter varieties Russian apples, first premium $2;
second, $1.

5. Best new seedling, never before exhibited, first premium $5; second,
$3; third, $2. 'To be accompanied by description of tree, locality, soil and
surroundings,

6. Best new, long keeping seedling, hybrid or crab, first premium $3;
second, $1.

GRAPES.

1. Best display of native grapes in good condition, first premium $5;
second $3, third, $2.

2. Best plate, any variety, first premium $3; second, $2.

3. Best display of fruit in jars, (not preserves,) first premium $5;
second, $3.

Best cultivated cranberries, provided a history of their cultivation be
furnished, first premium $5; second, $3.

—3

ye

34 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

PLANTS AND FLOWERS.

1. Best display of ornamental and flowering plants, first premium $5;
second, $3.
Best display of roses in pots, first premium $2; second $1.
Best display of geraninms, first premium $2; second. $1.
Best display of single plant in bloom, first premium $2; second, $1.
Best display of begonias, first premium $2; second, $1.
Best display of carnations, first premium $2; second, $1.

oO why

CUT FLOWERS.

1. Best and most artistically arranged design, first premium $5;
second, $3.

2. Best collection roses, first premium $3; second, $2.

3. Best hand boquet, first premium $3; second $2.

VEGETABLES.

Best display, not less than ten sorts, first premium $5; second, $3.

Best half peck early ‘potatoes, first premium $2; second, $1.

Best half peck potatoes for winter and spring, first premium $2;
second, $1.

Best half peck onions, first premium $2; second, $1.

Best half peck turnips, first premium $2; second, $1.

Best half peck beets, first premium $1, second, 50 cts.

Best half peck parsnips, first premium $1; second, 50 cts.

Best half peck carrots, first premium $1, second, 50 cts.

Best Hubbard squash, first premium $1, second 50 cts.

Best six bunches celery, first premium $1; second 50 cts.

Best winter cabbage, first premium $1; second, 50 cts.

Best winter lettuce, first premium $1; second, 50 cts.

PANTRY STORES—PRODUCT OF 1890.

Best display of canned fruits, $3; second best $2.

Best display of jellies, $2: second best $1.

Best jar mixed pickles, $1; second best 50 cts.

Best exhibit home made vinegar, $1; second best 50 cts.

Best exhibit comb honey, $3; second best $2; third best $1.

Best exhibit extracted honey, $3; second $2; third $1.

Display of garden tools and horticultural implements. Certificate of
honorable mention.

lixhibitors are expected to make their entries the first day; all exhibits
must be in place by 2 o’clock p. m. of the first day.

Premiums will not be awarded to exhibits that the judges may think
unworthy.

Competition is open to all who join the society. The annual fee is $1
‘and all members are entitled to bound copies of the report.

ANNUAL WINTER MEETING.

35

LIST OF PREMIUMS AWARDED AT THE ANNUAL
MEETING OF THE MINNESOTA STATE HORTICUL-

TURAL SOCIETY.

APPLES.

isi Prem Uy, dy, CAUTKCC] 5 .:i80.6 creielete we errs RRA Ac cp Cs aE ERIN St cc
Edaprenaiuna, WIM: SOMEr Ville) cess, )p5/cieieinwisd.clse wit soc tel «das slecien
std» premium, J.S. Harris... 2.2. .2.0 2.2. esse ee eee e eee asec eee es

Best display of Wealthy, one peck.

emma MAT. Os Wie) GOTMOM sian bicie cna bie lech: cleo hale tindlos oaeesen
SI ePLe MAUI. SILOM COND. cedite aisles tine ethers Wials @ ea sisualetersreleiens, o'e,a'e bonny

Best plate of Winter Apples.

Pee TGE TAT IT bon, Oc INCCls aticays oan netoalnocles.c hte mitts sa Waste clad Se aPIAP
PRIMO VSIA. VV 15 SOMLET VALLE |.) .:sis:eic- sche eather Sted oi biereaia hia, date be

Best plate, Winter variety, Russian Apples.

PP ENOL COUT TOs, IRC. ealaie cr elercwnctnx avant oaete alee egasts aarvetatek
PRIMMALC TNE OH WY GOLGOM,, fina se lots terra atdatn a dos Saleen os ae oteye arses

Best new variety, never before exhibited.

Pee MMIRETIN Ilo iss MELATTUG, 1.1.2 are wie a d'eelnyere dis lates ahelns Seale bie ctotergiaetelehe

Best new long-keeping Seedlings, ete.

istepreminm, O.K. Brand... <j. .c2s.. BSI aS acs lore Ree etaaraete s Sheans
MAMET UAUMETIO Ne. ote TL AUTIS! sere cJe tt, tere siete sere ear tvem ate ore totais eres

GRAPES, ETC.

Best display of Native Grapes, etc.

PCT, AL. VW, CoG GMAT 2.274 versus Greve on see ao ctekiad a den aets

Best plate of any vareety.

SPROUL, A WW A GHAM .). 02 son caine ooo oe Owes sine occ oe ules
Pmrevmp URNA IIN le, Gre, GUILE 2 215 se cvecsAtieia arn ale’ siuigy el ebeders Sookie reeee

Best display of Fruit in Jars, ete.

PEM ES MMLUNTEN WWE, SEV ON: 2 ire vtech 2 cae old aleinlete tie tiea’e alas oi faacy ee Avs

PLANTS AND FLOWERS.

Best display of Ornamental and Flowering Plants.

PSeprematny,, Ei. Js Mendenhall’ ...ci.sss <0 stetaiel cndiehe lela stateve a Ya ats
Emo preriniina. Ny. NAGEL AGC ss tia. ok: 551s, Wiocsicve verted satelats Gite biome ely

Best display of Roses in Pots.

repre, Ey. Nagel: 65 Co cost s.c% ot eo ae. Mabe ea a caiee octal

Best display of Geraniums.

Pee Rprenaluinn. FF Men Genial, vies sien sie.s 9 oo aisle eedesr gees deiitalet
2nd premium, Wessling & Hartmann... ....ccciecasscclecs scutes

aw o

2.00

Leal \2)
oo
oS

36 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Best display of Single Plant in Bloom.
1st premium, BR. J. Mendenhall ....../.05°). 22-20 e 2. eee 2.00
2nd premium, E. Nagel & Co....... «.. 00-00 ees ae see 1.00
Best display of Begonias.
1st. premium, Wessling & Hartmann. ...........t..s+.sn.9 eee 2.00
2nd ‘premium, E. Nagel & Co - wiis.-- 000-2 oss 2+ =e ae eee 1.00
" _ Best display of Carnations.
ist premium, F. G..Gould’..<...0..25 2622. 22%... 00 ee 2.00
2nd premium, R. J. Mendenhall... . 2.0... 0.02 - oe oe eee 1.00
CUT FLOWERS.
Best Floral Design.
ist premium, EH. Nagel & (CO 5... 000.02+..52/00!s 5/0) 0 eee orn 5.00
2nd premium, BR. J. Mendenhall ............. iJ. sco idieeenee eee 3.00
. Best collection of Roses.
ist premium, BR. J. Mendenhall. .......5.0. <./-)0:s\0/05 eaten 3.00
Best hand Boquet.

Ist premium, Wessling & Hartmann. .....7. 2... 2 sim =e eee 3.00
2nd premium, EB. Nagel 8 Co... 6 2.602.662 + + 5ol icles uimalatenete seman 2.00
VEGETABLE AND PANTRY STORES.

Best Display of Vegetables, not Less than Ten Varieties.

Ist premium, R. ‘P. Lupton... 2... 022 a. swine are ee $5.00
2nd premium, J. Allyn. 0. scouted Gis. seek 2 oe anne 3.00
Early Potatoes, one-half peck.
ist, premium, Wim. by OW.) sys ck see dees res is oid owe 2.00
2nd premiums J'.:G. Basswien. tos esis sisrea ane sic else oe 1.00
Winter Potatoes, one-half peck.
ist premium, J. F. Gilmore...) . 2. c200s 6 osiccwis 5 vs ve ee 2.00
2nd premium, ‘R. P. Lap tons:-.i5.. 2:1 flats nieo'es od ace 1.06
Onions, one-half peck.
ist preminm, -J:: Gi Bass. secs tee as.nie os 00,010 20 ta yeelt eich 2.00
2nd premium, Wm. Dyons. i 7. see 9a 5) 6 ove worl 1.00
Turnips, one-half peck.
ist premium, BR. P. Lupton... ...cccisess. sss. des ie ee 2.00
Beets, one-half peck.

Ist. premium, J. G. Bags... < ic csicccce snes oes cas ols 1.00
Pus premMiwmM, WH. VON : «..5s62esnaiies sss crea e wee ile tec Sa 50
Parsnips, one-half peck.

TSsti premium, J. Aly oo. 56 oc 0's ales vn baie a a leitiebleim ole bie ke oh 1.00

2nd premium, R. P. Lupton............% ddl dae Oa aide oe hice ao .50

ANNUAL WINTER MEETING. 37

Carrots, one-half peck.

SEE CME LIE! Ene tre Pa UDP) UOMN fuy5-s\- ae < ajc) neater a <'s Dia siaici e's olere - lela ea spe lel 1.00
Sed CRS ECSTPTROV TIA es ANU LVIEL © chase Gkavuirets (elare\ leks, 4 eho aayeve wig ale S@ ve» ateieiw este ak 8 50
Hubbard Squash.
fio premium, G..Chandler GSOnss 223). i. e4s beige ice oe clea c seltie 1.00
Seed BATS TENNENARN Ala APEUTATN ie uct cn ay St on asaya Anis) ala sd s/alormislgltl aiele!s acer oe Matern .50
Celery, six bunches.
iScepremiumys J: Adibym.cc. 22s 5c BAS Rate SG Ose IRC eit 1.00
POM DECI. J. . BEAGHETSHOMEs:..it ic cic srel- 82S fal Sigs Siecle ns bie opeieale .50
Cabbage, Winter.

ES HRB PRE TNIV ePAUVThe ckon cleleteietcveis: since wieieleicyave,e: claVeieieltiv-atvio o/sieeis cold oe 1.00
See TAVEUIN 2ebe Gps ASS is Salts wie wie Aaictomuis as ce /ehinae a aetlag aves 50

PANTRY STORES, PRODUCT OF 1890.
Display of Canned Fruits.

Ist premium, R. P. Lupton ......... Fed Sark ey An CREE oar aE ee 3.00
AMOS OTe MMII, OVI TGs ALS IOI Welley stu. jojatney-iatepe ls eiclolsiaieyewiea = cls le toe 2.00
Display of Jellies.

SOC LUMN ULI VVC LV OME cs a. cici« osere Boers) a aavezsimaltiare erchaletent: Stjoe waits 2.00
papepnenmuitim, (Mirs, “A. Kennedy ii 2... .sinic da cbied ta dess apm ceeds 1.00

Jar of Mixed Pickles
EO TINUIT, Ps ALLY TE 85 SOW 5-2. <ate ieee ose teidine aogs eee esis eels 1.00
PHO premium, J. 5. MedtherstOne: <i... se ssi peeves ae cevenes 50
Home-made Vinegar.
ERARUETHAUPIITY. OV TN LGV OMe 5 cic 2ereiew say ea Sete, saat atasa a te eerdlcto sy areaveua 1.00
Comb Honey.
ieee Es EE: Wilcox Sons. sas cw sx, 02 icon alsterane en eayei-ae wes 3.00
POE PECIMU Nr Bres CITI AIT. e)ievens ste;ste,/e le eves, ee alsverciene cs ale =A eeua vate e emesis 2.00.
SEMORCOM MII J. S. PH CALHEIStONG. cic. us sfc es asnces ss cen cebiate oes 1.00
Extracted Honey.
SRE TEMA U I TE: <Nis Vins MEMTTAY «snc « aes sods teen > bey oe eae 3.00
MERC A A CAVING OMG Saks dia ac c's Wa -dale ds alge Wield le nineties 2.00
1.00

SEM TM MUTI Mewes VV COR: OTS. ars iccere.c Sikes ro oteltne elas ce wieiaten eraraneys

\ Cc ‘ Cn” Vb the Ee as

38 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

RECORD OF THE TWENTY-FOURTH ANNUAL MEET-
ING OF THE MINNESOTA STATE HORTICUL-
TURAL SOCIETY,

Held in the Northwestern Guaranty Loan building, Minne
apolis, Minn., Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday and Friday,
January 20, 21, 22 and 23, 1891.

FIRST DAY, TUESDAY, JANUARY 20.

MORNING SESSION.

The meeting was called to order at ten o’clock by President
Elliot, and Rev. Smith Baker, of the Park Avenue Congrega-
tional Church, opened the session with prayer.

President Elliot:—We will begin the program with a paper
on Blackberries West of the Big Woods, by M. Cutler, of
Sumpter. The following paper was then read by the author:
‘‘Blackberries West of the Big Woods,” by M. Cutler, Sumter.
(See index. )

An instructive discussion followed the reading.

The following paper was then read by the secretary: ‘‘Small
Fruits in Otter Tail County,” by F. H. Fiedler, Perham, Minn.
(See index. )

A discussion followed the reading. The secretary then read
the following reports: ‘‘ Report on Small Fruits,” by Dewain
Cook, Windom, Minn; and a ‘‘ Report,” by Sidney Corp, Ham-
mond, Minn. (See index.)

A discussion succeeded the reading of these reports.

President Elliot:—If you have nothing further to offer on
small fruits we will pass on to the paper of Mr. Wicker-
shein.

The secretary then read the following paper: ‘‘Fruit Growing
in Lincoln County,” by J. Wickershein, Idlewild, Minn. (See indea.)

A short discussion succeeded the reading.

President Elliot:—We will devote the rest of this forenoon
to reception of members, arrangement of exhibits, etc., and
we will meet again at half past one, sharp.

Adjournment.

ANNUAL WINTER MEETING. 39

AFTERNOON SESSION, TUESDAY, JAN. 20.

President Elliot:—Fellow members, I have the honor of in-
troducing to you Mr. George J. Kellogg, the noted small fruit
culturist of Janesville, Wisconsin.

George J. Kellogg:—Mr. President, ladies and gentlemen:
As I said to you this morning, Iam very happy to meet with
you at this annual gathering. I came prepared to almost
freeze to death, but one of your members says you are going
to grow oranges here; I do not know but what you may; you
certainly can grow small fruits.

Mr. Kellogg then read the following paper: ‘‘ Strawberries,”
by Geo. J. Kellogg, Janesville, Wis. (See index.)

A long and interesting discussion followed the reading of
this paper.

President Elliot—Before we pass on to the next topic I would
say we have a gentleman here who wishes to say a few words
in regard to the regulation of weights and measures in selling
fruits and produce, Ald. J. S. Gray.

Ald. J. S. Gray:— A communication came to the city
council some two weeks ago from the commission men
and from grocers asking that an ordinance be prepared
regulating weights and measures. When we came to look
up the state law we found this city had no authority
in this matter to regulate weights and measures, and
we found further that there is no state law. About the only
thing it says is this, that if a man sells more than sixty pounds
of potatoes for a bushel he shall be fined. (Laughter). Now
it occurred to me that this society was a representative body of
men from all over the state of Minnesota, and we simply held
off a few days until this society met to ask you, if the matter is
of sufficient importance, to appoint a committee to work with
us in getting up a general law covering this matter that would
require certain weights and measures to be used in the sale of
fruits and produce.

The city of Minneapolis has become a great shipping point;
a great many carloads are sent out every fall, especially pota-
toes and onions, but ifa man puts in a pound more than sixty
pounds in a bushel he is prosecuted; if fifty pounds it is all
right.

I should like you gentlemen to take the matter up, and if you
will appoint a committee to work with us we shall be very glad

40 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

to co-operate with you, and if not we shall have to do the work
our Own way,

M. Pearce:--I move to have a committee appointed to consist
of Mr. Elliot, Mr. Dartt and Mr. Grimes.

M. Cutler:—I think we should take this question up and discuss
it while we are together. This is a matter of greatimportance.
In the east everything is sold by the pound, whether it is pota-
toes, turnips oranything else. Apples are sold by the pound, and
I presume berries are; in fact, everything is sold by the pound;
and this is probably the fairest way in which any kind of pro-
duce can be sold. This is especially true in regard to fruit,
and [ think itis a proper matter for consideration here. On
going into our markets here we find a good many different
styles of packages and boxes. We find strawberry boxes that
do not begin to hold a quart, and yet there is no law to regulate
this, and I believe this is a subject in which all of us are inter-
ested who raise fruits and vegetables for the market, and I be-
lieve while the commission men wish regulation something
should be done to regulate the commission men. While there
are honorable and upright commission men, yet there is a great
deal of trickery practiced, and a large amount of fruit is lost
through carelessness in handling. If there was an arrange-
ment made so that fruit shipped in here from other states could
be sold previous toits arrival, at auction or otherwise, I believe
there would be a great saving. My idea may be wrong, but I
believe there would be a great saving made if some such ar-
rangement were carried out.

K. H. S. Dartt:— As I understand this matter there is to be
a committee appointed to confer with the city council, and I
would suggest as the best plan to appoint a committee from our
society who are residents of Minneapolis. They need not
confer with the council committee now, but at some future
time, and I think in that case our president would be just the
man to head that committee.

M.M.Frisselle:—I think this subject is of the utmost import-
ance and needs to be thoroughly discussed. Evidently there is a
great injustice done to consumers. The commission man, the
wholesaleman and the grocer buy their articles in the market by
weight. He buyshis potatoes by weight; he does not sell them by
weight. He buys abushel by weight, but when he sells, he sellsa
bushel and a peck by measure. I think this matter should be
carefully discussed by this society. Now I am in favor of sell-

ANNUAL WINTER MEETING. 41

ing eggs by weight. You buy them by the dozen and there is

no difference made in the price between large sized eggs and
small ones. Ihave weighed eggs to find what the actual money
difference was between one hundred large eggs and one hundred
small ones, and the actual difference between large ones and
small ones was sixty-five cents when I came to weigh them.
This is a damage to the consumer. He does not want to pay
two dollars for a dollar and fifty cents worth of eggs; he wants
two dollars worth.

President Elliot:—I will say inregard to my being on the com-
mittee, I think the proper way for our society to do this is to pass
it over to our committee on legislation, and that is the proper
place for it to go, and unless there is an objection made we
will consider it referred to our committee on legislation.

I do not think there is any necessity for further discussing
this question; I think we are all of one mind that something
ought to be done, and that pretty soon; the longer it is let run
the worse it is getting.

Ald. Gray:—I would like to ask when your committee on leg-
islation makes its report. Our legislative committee meets to-
night, and meets again some time during the week.

President Elliot:—I am chairman of that committee, but I
cannot meet with it tonight. The other members are Mr.
Grimes and Mr. Harris.

J. S. Harris: I do not know whether we have any time to
work on this before the society, but there are certain points in
legislation that ought to go further back than the state of Min-
nesota or the city of Minneapolis. Now we in the northwest feed
on the fruits of the south a long time before our fruit comes in to
the market. The commission men of Chicago send us up large
quantities of berries in small packages, and the people buy
them and without question and eat them long before our fruit
comes in, but when ours does come in they expect us to give
them full measure, thirty-two quarts to the bushel and make
the bushel run over. It seems to me that the government of
the United States ought to make a standard of weights and
measures, so that as long as Chicago is the hub of the universe
they cannot impose on us at all kinds of odds.

M. Pearce: Now so far as the regulation of fruit packages is
concerned, we have established what is called the short
weight; it is short measure, it is simply that the packages
are filled up without regard to actual measurement, but

42 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

the difference is certainly small. Now the difficulty about
making any change is this, nearly every fruit grower has
got his material on hand and is making or has made his
boxes for next year, and I do not think it would be
advisable to make any change at present. We never sell by
the quart, they are simply boxes. You will not get one cent
more for your fruit, and I do not think we canimprove on what
we have now; we are not cheating anybody, but selling a short
quart, and they know it is short. It is often the case that they
will often measure as much as full quarts. Not only this, but
the factories are cutting their material and I know I have all
my material on hand for next season.

Geo. J. Kellogg: I do not know how we can regulate this mat-
ter. The machines areall at work cutting their boxes in Michi-
gan and Illinois. We have got to make it a national question.
Thereis another trouble here with our localdealers. They take
your twenty-four box crate of berries and set them on the outside
of their stores and people come along and pick off a nice berry,
and every time a good berry goes off it reduces the quart, and
when you get your box home you go for the grower, but never
for the grocery dealers or commission men.

E. H. S. Dartt: Now there is another question: Do not
grocery men divide the boxes andimake them smaller?

President Elliot: We will have to draw this discussion to a
close. The next topic on the program is a paper on ‘‘Wild
Fruits in Northern Minnesota,” by Dr. Jas. R. Walker, St.
Anthony Park, Minn. (See index.)

A discussion on Wild Fruits succeeded.

President Elliot: If there are no other points in the paper that
need to be ventilated we will take up the next topic which
is a paper on Forestry, by Professor Fernow. of Washington.

The secretary then read the following paper: ‘* Forestry,”
by Prof. B. E. Fernow, Washington, D. C. (See index.)

President Elliot: We have another paper on this subject,
IT understand, by Mr. Folsom.

S.H. Folsom: It willtake about twenty minutes to read my
paper. Please excuse me from reading it and I will submit it
to the publication committee.

President Elliot: The next subject then is a paper on
Forestry in the Northwest, by Mr. Barrett, of Brown’s Valley.

Mr. J. O. Barrett then proceeded to read the following
paper, entitled: ‘‘ What Forest Trees are Best Adapted to Our

ANNUAL WINTER MEETING. 43

Northwestern Prairies,’ by J. O. Barrett, Brown’s Valley,
Minn. (See index.) !

President Elliot: Mr. Dartt informs me that he has a short
paper here on forest trees. While he is getting ready I want to
make an announcement. On our program you will see we have
a question box. Now we will have a box here on the table to
put them in, and if you will prepare any questions you wish to
ask between now and tomorrow morning and place them in this
box, they will be disposed of fifteen minutes before twelve
o’clock tomorrow morning; that is, we will take them up and go
as far as time will permit, and then each session after that we
will devote fifteen minutes to the question box.

Mr. Dartt then read the following paper: ‘‘Companionship
of Trees,” by E. H. S. Dratt, Owatonna, Minn. (See index.)

A long discussion on forestry ensued.

The meeting then adjourned to 7 o’clock p. m.

EVENING SESSION.
TUESDAY, JAN. 20:

President Elliot: The first thing on our program this even-
“g is music, but we did not succeed in getting any, so we will
pass that and now Mr. Grimes will give us the address of wel-
come.

ADDRESS OF WELCOME.
BY J. L. GRIMES, MINNEAPOLIS.
Ladies and Gentlemen of the Minnesota State Horticultural Society:

It is my pleasant privilege in the name and in behalf of the
good people of Minneapolis to extend unto you our cordial
greeting, and bid you welcome to all the privileges of our beloved
city and the hospitality of its citizens, trusting that we shall be
able to make you feel at home while here among us.

Today you meet in convention to represent the horticultural
interests of the state at large, and we feel honored by your
presence.

We meet as friends; we have met before, and we know the
object you have in view, which is to elevate and improve all our
moral surroundings and make our homes the most endearing
spot on earth, attractive and beautiful, by the planting of trees,
fruits and flowers, that our sons and our daughters may be edu-

t4 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

cated and brought up under the most sacred influences within
the family circle, and trained to all that is noble, true and
good.

And I know that the work which you have already accom-
plished has done much to influence our people in this direc-
tion, more perhaps, than we, on first reflection, would be
willing to allow.

When I look upon my old venerable friend, Col. Stevens,
who was a horticulturist from the beginning, and who also is
the founder of this city, built the first house and established
the first home therein, I need not tell you that he has always
been with us and with you, to direct, encourage and assist in
the pursuit of horticultural knowledge, and in its application.
There are other worthy disciples of Flora and Pomona among
us whom I should here delight to name, and whose footprints
are everywhere found throughout the length and breadth of the
city, within our lawns and private grounds, our parks and
cemeteries, along our boulevards, lake-shores and river-sides,
and even down (I had almost said) into the lap of our loving
twin.

©

How much is due to you ladies and gentlemen for the part
which you have taken in our development can never be known.

Long before the state had encircled you within her protective
embrace, and without material aid from any source you strug-
gled on alone! Was such perseverance ever known to fail?
We trust that your deliberations may be profitable alike to
yourselves and to those whom you represent, and the noble
work in which you are engaged may still be advanced, as the
light of experience and knowledge shall teach.

And when like the song birds that have been swept away by
the cold winds that come from the north, but soon to return
again with sunshine and flowers, to the same enchanted spot;
to the same friends; to the same sheltered bough; to build
their nests again and rear their young to fly; so likewise, as
the years roll on, and you meet in concourse together, to re-
pair the breach which time has made, and build your hopes
anew, you will return to us again, and we shall be glad to re-
ceive you, and extend unto you a still more hearty welcome.

ANNUAL WINTER MEETING. 45

RESPONSE TO ADDRESS OF WELCOME

BY CLARENCE WEDGE, ALBERT LEA.

In behalf of this society and of the horticulturists of Minne-
sota, I thank you for this kind and cordial welcome.

We have come from our cottages among our fields and gar-
dens, the orchards and vineyards of our state. We have come
from the quiet of farm homes and the simplicity of country
firesides, and we have entered a new world, borne by the hot
breath of the engines of commerce, carried along these streets
by the force of electric fires, we have arrived at the majestic
portals of this noble edifice. After a year of toil among the
works of nature, we are met today among the palaces of art,
and we enjoy and rejoice in them.

Your busy streets, high walled by the store rooms of trade,
the broad arches that span the mighty river, whose powers
have been harnessed to your use, your mills and factories,
your schools and churches, and that wilderness of roofs and
chimneys, domes and steeples, that is spread before us as we
look out from these lofty walls, are all to us a wonder and an
admiration.

Yes, we rejoice in this your magnificence, and the more for
we know that this is no foreign city, but Minneapolis, our me-
tropolis, our market place.

We hear much of the fight between labor and capital, of the
struggle between the farmer and the monopolist, but we trust
no feeling of envy stirs our breasts as we look upon the pro-
ducts of your enterprise and thrift. For we know that these
great works are not for you alone but for all of us. For we
know that you have helped us, that it is here our shares are
moulded, our reapers fashioned and the thousand implements of
husbandry perfected. For we know that our boasted indepen-
dence left us when we dropped the sickle for the harvester and
the flail for the bustling thresher.

"Tis but a few nights ago that we heard the anilas en’s merry
carol ‘‘Peace upon earth good will to men,” and the echoes and
the lessons of the happy Christmas time go sounding down the
year. Yes, the bands of brotherhood are growing stronger,
foreign lands are coming nearer, the days of clannishness are
passing.

We meet you then today as brother co-laborers for the com-

46 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

mon good, as representatives of an industry that would supply
you with the noblest of the fruits of the earth.

We do not come with the proud satisfaction of those who have
achieved success. The horticulturists of Minnesota have been
and still are a band of prophets, but we announce today that our
vision is clearer, our faith stronger, our hope brighter than at
any former time, and we declare with confidence that the child

@is born that will see this market abundantly supplied with
berries from our gardens, grapes from our vineyards, and ap-
ples from our orchards.

‘‘All things come to him who waits.” We have waited, we
have experimented, we have hoped, we have despaired, some of
us for a third of a century, and the foundation of northwestern
horticulture has been laid. Yes, it has been light work. In
laying this foundation many have grown old, some have grown
tired, and some warm noble hearts have ceased to beat. But
it has been with the effort, and the vision before us is still in-
spiring.

The neat farm house nestled among the warm, embracing
evergreens, orchards bending neath the weight of luscious red
cheeked apples, vineyards on the hillsides ripening their sweet
juices in our blazing August sun, groves and gardens, flowers
and vines and all the choice arboreal gifts of God, clustering
about the Minnesota homestead—this is the vision that has
led us, cheered us, and for the realization of which we labor.

And so, with thanks to you who have so kindly welcomed us,
with hearty appreciation of the comforts of your city, we meet
again, join hands and plans, and labor for the good time com-

ing.

President Elliot: I would say, ladies and gentlemen, that
what I have to say may not seem to you all that should come in
a president’s address. Some of it is statistical and some of it
is matter that pertains to our work, but such as it is I give it to
you.

PRESIDENT’S ANNUAL ADDRESS.
Ladies and Gentlemen and Fellow Members of the Minnesota State
Horticultural Society:
We meet once more to examine, debate and interchange ideas,

after the fruitage and ingathering of the year, and, if possible,
prepare for riper judgment in all our future plans or methods

ANNUAL WINTER MEETING. 47

of action. To say anything in an address of this kind that is
original, instructive and entertaining, that has not been said
before, when all are constantly receiving finely written essays
and admirably worded disquisitions, through the medium of the
agricultural and horticultural press, full of real, intellectual
worth, requires much effort, attention and ability. And when
we try to consider the great problem of the successful produc-
tion of trees, fruits, plants or flowers, in an economic sense, we
have taken in hand a subject of great possibilities and of im-
mense extension; also one of vast importance to the present
and future generations of this great North Star State.

When we undertake to examine this question in all its rela-
tions of theory and practice, it presents themes for contempla-
tion that are far reaching and offer grand opportunities for ex-
tending all our potential energies.

It is our province to consider the progress made during the
past year, and, if possible, present some new facts gleaned
from the practical truths elicited from actual experiences, or
knowledge gained by contact with our work and fellow co-work-
ers. The circumstances surrounding and governing the past
year are mostly the reflection of those that have preceded, and
with afew exceptions, caused by insects, disease, frosts and
drouths, the harvests have yielded fair returns. It is said,
‘‘Thase who endure to the end will be rewarded with successful
fruitage and they shall eat the fruit of their doings.”’

What is more pleasing in the sight of an intelligent, enter-
prising, industrious horticulturist than having all his trees,
bushes and vines full of ripe fruit, or, as Milton says, ‘‘Golden
trees laden with finest fruits waiting for the harvest,” the re-
sult of patient, unremitting toil? The first efforts of many a
man are often ineffectual, discouraging and fruitless; but con-
stant, unwavering perseverence brings us victory; and to those
weak, faithless ones who have doubts and fears about the suc-
cess of fruit growing in our state, I wish to say that the present
outlook is most hopeful and encouraging, and the prospect
bright for better returns than in years before, and those who
have kept their energies the most active after each disastrous
winter, are the ones that have the brightest, most hopeful pros-
pects today. I have faith far beyond any I have had for years
before, to believe that there are those who will succeed through
their wise, judicious judgment in selection of varieties, loca-
tion and management. Discouragements are met with in all

48 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

classes of industry, but by none more hopefully than the true
lovers of horticulture. ‘‘It is said that no virtueis acquired in
an instant, but step by step;’ so horticulture must win its way
where there are many combined elements turned against it.

‘Tn all right teaching, we learn principles which are to be
applied to facts; and facts from which experiments are to be
deduced. The principles, facts and experience which come to
us from daily application are full of significance, because they
show how nature’s laws deal with those who obey as well as
those who neglect them.”

This is of vital interest to the student in horticulture, and
applicable alike in allother professions in life. ‘‘Nature never
does any one an injustice;” she applies certain material ele-
ments, in abundance, and on our part requires conformity to
her demands, How much a slight difference in the manage-
ment and cultivation of our minds, our farms and gardens, may
make if we neglect or ignore her teachings.

Did you ever stop to think what a useless waste their is going
on all the time in the conduct of your business affairs? The
same general law of nature has been and will always be appli-
cable to the farmer, fruit-grower, florist or vegetable gardener,
and their success will always depend upon the intelligent care
exercised in the preparation, cultivation, harvesting and
marketing of whatever they undertake to produce. Did you
ever stop to think how much we owe to mother Harth and the
natural laws governing all the process of vegetable growth and
productions for the enjoyment and sustenance of mankind?
Or did you ever think how much or how little a large majority
of mankind know or try to know about conducting, regulating
or assisting the natural laws of production, and how to prevent
the useless, wasted, misguided efforts in their life endeavors?

The constant inclination of most of the tillers of the soil, to
practice extravagant, wasteful methods in the cultivation and
management of their farms and gardens, as well as domestic
and business affairs, is the cause of much of the dissatisfaction,
discontent and uneasiness that is continually springing up all
over our land. There seems to be a prevailing idea that some-
one or something is at fault, and opposed to our satisfactory
progress in business. It is the other fellow that is planning,
plotting and scheming against our prosperity, and we do not
think of placing the blame where it rightfully belongs. We
are too often prone to believe that the world owes us a living

ANNUAL WINTER MEETING. 49

without our using any effort, exertion or endeavor, and if we
do not succeed, there is someone else who is at fault.

The general tendency of mankind nowadays is to get the
best end of every bargain, or something for nothing, to be more
explicit. And is it not the tendency with nearly every one to do
as little in return for favors, benefits or services received from
mother earth, or his fellowman, as possible?

The sooner we tura our attention inward and come at a true
knowledge of ourselves, review our covetuous desires, and di-
rect our thoughts towards our own omissions and faults, the
sooner we shall find where much of the real cause of our dis-
satisfaction lies. The key note to every man’s success is his
reputation, character, responsibility, reliability, promptness
and thoroughness in the dispatch of whatever he undertakes;
this, with long continued active experience in any business, is
a great advantage, and helps fortify him for the smallest
venture as well as the greatest enterprise. Whatsoever the
employment, the person in charge must possess a high grade
of thoughtful intelligence and know his trade thoroughly from
the smallest plan of procedure to the largest affairs in his par-
ticular vocation. In other words he must be competent to
grapple courageously and with confidence all its requirements.
You must not only know how to produce, but the demand and
supply. the resources and outlets for your particular wares,
that you may make the most profitable sales and derive the best
possible returns obtainable. It is one of the first duties that
everyone owes to himself and his business, to have able and
competent assistants, over whom he should exercise personal
supervision; with constant care and attention to all the minute
details of his business; this will insure success; not more so
with the merchant prince than with the amateur or professional
gardener and horticulturist. No matter what the calling in
life, there must be untiring vigilance vested in each and every
action.

As much depends upon the man’s creative genius in any un-
dertaking in life as upon the material acted upon. No matter
how much or how little the capabilities of the business are, un-
less conducted by the right kind of intelligence, it is not a suc-
cess. Theory, no matter how good, unless based upon correct
principles, is of little value. Quickness of perception and ob-
servation, combined with extended experience, are some of the

best teachers to help men to great accomplishments. The
—3

50 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

greater the source of supply and ability to produce, the larger
will be the output. To the young man choosing a life of use-
fullness, I bring this thought: It is not so much what will be
your line of action, as the manner in which you go aboutit. There
are three things that govern all men more or less,—what to do;
when to do the right thing, and how to accomplish the greatest
results. Neglected opportunities never reach results. So the
man or woman, boy or girl, who has the greatest amount of
perception, backed by careful, painstaking thoughtfulness,
will be capable of originating and producing greater efficiency
than the ignorant and thoughtless. Skill and dexterity can
only come to those who have labored long and faithfully as
specialists in some particular line of work.

To be an expert in horticulture, requires prudent, practical
experience, accompanied by some genius or intuitive power for
grasping the every-day possibilities of our life work.

However much you think you know about your business,
there will always be something new to learn. Let us remem-
ber that there are none of us too old to learn something every
day, and that we should seek to have a store of knowledge laid
up from which to draw at pleasure.

The rapidly increased development of the fruit industries of
our state gives us great encouragement, and is a constant
source of surprise to all our investigators. Only a few years
since, it was thought, and by many predicted, that no fruits of
value could be grown here; but even now we have single
counties that have produced thirty to forty thousand bushels
of apples the past year. The unintelligent inquiries of the
novice and unskilled in fruit-growing shows no more surpris
ing ignorance of the fact than similar questions coming from
some of those at the head of large corporations, who are sup-
posed to keep abreast of the times in knowledge of the produc-
tive resources of our state. Not long since I received a line
from the secretary of a large corporation, who would be sup-
posed to know about the various productions grown here, ask-
ing, ‘‘Do apples ripen north of St. Paul?” and this after the
magnificent exhibition of fruits shown at the State Fair of 1890.
This is one instance showing how little interest there is mani-
fested by a large share of our people regarding their most use-
ful health-producing product! Of the larger fruits, we cannot
boast of as great success as we ought, north of the middle line
of the state; but all over the north, east, west and south, we

-

ANNUAL WINTER MEETING. 51

are today raising to a profit abundant crops of all the fine,
hardy varieties of small fruits, unsurpassed in richness of
color and sprightlimess of flavor.

WILD FRUITS.

We are very glad to report that there is concerted effort be-
ing made by some of our leading horticulturists in the north-
west, and Mr. VanDeman, pomologist at Washington, in seek-
ing information and giving close investigation to discover all
the finer species of wild fruits. Already many choice varieties
have been discovered, and these will be placed in the hands of
careful experimenters for further development. Prof. VanDe-
man thinks there is no field of pomology more promising of good
results than this, and I hope each and all interested in the pro-
gress of the great fruit industry, will give hearty co-operatien
by reporting any old or newly discovered varieties growing in
our state worthy of cultivation, thus rendering the much needed
aid to the work in which there are such large possibilities for
improvement.

SMALL FRUITS.

If there is any one industry that should be given greater en-
couragement and more thoughtful investigation, it is this—so
full of possibilities for increasing the prosperity of our rural
population all over the state. But some one will say, ‘‘Why not
let the fruit specialist raise the fruit, and the wheat specialist
the wheat, and the cattle, horses, swine and sheep all be pro-
duced by specialists? Some men can concentrate their brain
and brawn on one particular kind of work, while the larger
number of our well-to-do, enterprising citizens are only pos-
sessed of qualifications for a more diversified pursuit.

Nearly all varieties of small fruits have been fruitful the past
year, but the crop has been variable in quantity; some kinds,
in certain localities, have given very small returns, which in
others have yielded abundant harvests. The reason why there
has been so great a diversity in the crop yield should be a sub-
ject for our careful investigation, that this may in the future,
if possible, be avoided.

Prices for all varieties of fruits have been on the whole re-
munerative and this with an unusually large importation of all
kinds from abroad. Our markets on several occasions were
overstocked with shipped fruits, but home-grown, fair in
quality, nearly always maintained good average prices. A few
early strawberries appeared in the market, from the south,

52 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

early in February, but they made up in price what they lacked
in quantity. I see by my diary of June 26th, at the time of
our summer horticultural meeting, this note: ‘‘Owing to the
lateness of the season, it is early for strawberries;” and two
days later, another item, that shipped berries were very cheap,
retailing at 64 cents per box, while natives were wholesaling
at $2.50 to $3.75 per crate of 24 boxes. Our native fruits have
maintained unusually good prices throughout the year, and
this the banner year for shipped strawberries and other small
fruits from abroad.

There were received in this city alone through the commis-
sion houses, according to a daily compilation of reports taken
from the ‘‘Minneapolis Commercial Bulletin:”

FRUITS.

Apples, Darrels ns she. «2p «oc sce noes «ale ce aches oie ap) oe 69,849
Bananas, DUNCHES. .. csc. ewe est eee eon cee: bale Hn nt 77,607
California’ fruits, cars. S222 es I ee 69
Themons, WOXES. +i). KL. es. 2. A. Sad. Be 30,979
OFATIZES, DONCS), sais; sore so.05<:0 010) insw /0\eys ol 9:9:8 3 we ofa pokes la eta eer 52,518
Pineapples, COZENS)... o20+ «+ wsepinergs = ase 8 opie > + + en en 6,000
Watermelous. |... 065.0000. se seece esas cleesascnc et ee eee 348,717

SMALL FRUITS.

Blackberries; Crates.....- 0 .. jajo.+- ose ss esyt odes a ieee 8,051
Cranbetries, barrels... 00.) 222.8 Fs oe o eiene ote Sao wrote lena 4,813
Gooséberries,'cases !) 04 SO Sc oc A, 539
Grapes; baskets). i 0205.05. S08. Od nd er 570,379
Grapes, KeGB ws stow » bywt ge Qos bi¢iaiy» tee eshte - -2e I . ake ee 3,400
PMMS, DUISNEIS crass cies nceern + pemiocn'a's)4.~ eusis ain pin exci’ «| Sales ai 198
RASPDETTICS, CASES: . «poi. «je ne ne none) v's o's v2.0/60,0 0 hese 7,806
Straw DeIvrieS, CASCS.. 52 6. ec ws os ve vie elaesiee ed c's ts ent nn 47,190

Total amount of all classes of fruits received at Minneapolis
during 1890, in carload lots, is 45,842,726 pounds, or 2,292 carloads
of 20,000 pounds each, and this does not include parts of cases
which were in with other merchandise, or amounts received by
express, which would swell the total several hundred thous-
and pounds. Of strawberries alone there were 80 cars or
47,100 cases, or nearly 1,000,000 boxes received, and with black-
berries and raspberries added, we have over 108 carloads of
three varieties of small fruits, or 1,379,000 boxes, and accord
ing to estimates made by the St. Paul Journal of Commerce, there
were received in the city of St. Paul, re-shipped or consumed
in the city during the eleven months ending December Ist,
1890, by the fruit merchants of the city, by all methods of
transportation, 77,112,000 pounds of fruit. This showing

ANNUAL WINTER MEETING. 53

should cause many of the producers of small fruits to think of
our needs, and the increased opportunities for disposing of
home.grown productions. The need of energetic, industrious,
skilled small-fruit growers never was greater than at the pres-
ent time. There are plenty of fertile lands to be obtained,
adapted to the growing of all species of fruits that can be
grown in a northern climate, and for prices within the reach
of all that desire to purchase. Some of these lands are nicely
located contiguous to the many railroads that traverse our
state, and all that is needed to make them produce abundant,
remunerative crops of the finest fruits, is intelligent, judicious
cultivation and management, in tilling and marketing.

RASPBERRIES.

I wish to recite one or two instances of what can be dome with
this fruit when all conditions are favorable. The amount re
ceived from one-fourth of an acre of Marlborough red raspber-
ries in 1890 was $1380. The berries were so fine they netted the
grower, N. J. Stubbs, of Long Lake, 18 cents per quart. The
rows were 44 feet apart, the hills 3 feet, and 3 to 5 canes to the
hill. This is at the rate of 90 bushels per acre.

I have another item, gleaned at the State Fair. A man in
the Minnesota Valley, by the name of M. L. Lockerby, raised
the past year 105 bushels of red raspberries from one acre of
ground that brought 125 cents per quart. These are excep-
tional cases, but they prove what can be done, and what has
been done by two men can be done by others, if they have
equally good soil, prepare it as thoroughly and take the same
care in planting, cultivating, mulching, pruning, harvesting
and marketing as they did. I will venture the assertion that
this work was not undertaken without some experience and
thoughtful, careful consideration of every detail of the work.
Such results are not reached by heedless, unintelligent tnought-
less management.

VEGETABLES.

The demand for first-class vegetables in our markets is rap-
idly on the increase, and there has never been a year in our
past history when the producers of garden truck could find a
more ready sale for all well-grown specimens offered. The past
season, on the whole, has been propitious for a good yield, fine
in quality, and remunerative prices have, in nearly all instances,
been received.

54 {MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

I have another item that may be of interest to some of those
interested in vegetable gardening. The following list of vege-
tables was also taken from the ‘‘Commercial Bulletin,” showing
the amount shipped into this city for consumption and distribu-
tion:

VEGETABLES.
IBEans, STEEN; “DOKES. Was P5525 Salers a dp es se 5. «nie elles e eiclee reat 2,364
Cabbage, craves. 22 tian lec. out URS oe via w Wad shee ecw Chee e 2,401
Celery, nGASeS o.5)) hmbey. anlate eet eas tieee Lin's sie é(ele #6 9's 9 Sete ee 1,155
CUCTMADETS, \CVATES 6.0/5; «.¢injeca:40 - cin skye ibsnse'a, re Uae aol aye oh ee 715
DOGS, GOZEIIS ooo an oe: aie wre opa's:auniore wonjaiblerras «wio'opalgne adelepe ete aie ae 5,018
ONIONS VOUNE, GOZENS. .).. 2..::¢ = s-5.5,5, sri is wis 018 adres erieleiele ee eee 1,393
Peas; Green;*"DOKES eee. a. SA ee ee eer 891
adishesGOzZeNS 2: as cae HAS AG diva Gere Ween gas cee ee Oe eee ee 3,287
Bh barb, POUNdS... vi... eee ee ass es einic lore nee 147,405
Tomatogs, CT ATES oasiais;acoveidiaisr stage, a: vie cavers Byelaysle a neyerel pele ee eee eee 14.751

This showing should direct the minds of our most intelligent,
enterprising gardeners to the fact that there is a splendid op-
portunity for increased tillage and the raising of larger and
better crops of all classes of vegetables, which could be readily
disposed of at a profit.

We have one fruit grower and vegetable gardener, Hlmer
Chandler, of Richfield, Hennepin County, who planted 30 acres
of Hubbard squash, in 1890, which produced over 120 tons, or
at the rate of 4 tons per acre. You may ask what could he do
with so large a quantity. He has a squash house for storing
the best in quality, built in such a way that he can keep 60 tons
through the winter, or until the markets demand them at good
prices, and his intermediate qualities he ships to the Boston,
Mass., market, early in the fall, receiving a net price of $28 per
ton. Heis a specialist in squash raising and winter storing.
We have several other varieties of vegetables that can be
grown by specialists; for instance, Mr. Fred Busch, of Rich-
field, is a specialist in winter and early vegetable gardening,
having one of the largest plants for forcing winter vegetables
anywhere in the Northwest, over 40,000 square feet of glass.
Lettuce and cucumbers are his principal crops in winter. He
grew over 21,000 dozen cucumbers and over 250,000 dozen of
lettuce last year. The opportunities for a few specialists
in celery culture in Minnesota are the best to be found any-
where. Already our markets are demanding large supplies of
this vegetable, a large portion now used coming from Kalama-
zoo, Mich. There are hundreds of acres contiguous to these
two large cities that are the very best for this purpose. Some-

ANNUAL WINTER MEETING. 55

‘

one should come here and become a specialist in celery cul-
ture.

WASTED FERTILIZERS.

The disposition of city wastes and its rightful return to the soil
from which it was produced, is one of the most difficult and
unaccommodating problems that is perpetually presented to
municipalities and the state at large, and the preservation and
conservation of the wasted fertilizing constituent elements of
plant growth should receive the undivided attention of a mul-
titude of the most intelligent minds versed in specific economic
agricultural tillage.

This to the thoughtful, conservative, progressive agricultu-
rist is a very serious question, and one in which every tiller of
the soil and political economist should feel the deepest anxiety,
for on that depends largely the future prosperity of all classes
of society, and especially the farmers of our nation.

The true basis of our business success is an enlarged pro-
ductive, prosperous agriculture and the underlying foundation
and support of its future prosperity will be the zealous retain-
ing of all this wasted fertilizing material that is being con-
tinually transported away from the rural distrists into the large
consuming centers of trade and commerce. Year by year this
constant drain and waste is increasing, and unless there is
some economical method adopted for saving and returning
these valuable fertilizing elements to our farms and gardens,
our soils will soon lose their fertility and productive power and
the yield be lessened continually until our once rich and fertile
lands shall become worn out and sterile. This is one of the
most important economic questions of the day, and should have
immediate consideration, and ought to be impressed upon the
minds of every solicitous, meditative, considerate citizen who
has or should have anxiety for the future prosperity of all
tillers of the soil. Each year the area of our virgin fertile lands
is decreasing at arapid rate, and on the preservation or deteri-
oration of this fertility will be conditioned the future pros-
perity of our nation. Prof. Shaler, of Harvard university,
says: ‘‘In this, as in many other important matters concerning
man’s relation to earth, foresight has not yet been effectively
sustained. Men look upon the earth as in some fashion owing
them a living, and, in their brutal confidence, think it will con-
tinue to do in the future the part it has done by them in the
past.” Healsosays: ‘‘The present age is marked by astrong

56 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

conviction that man owes much consideration, not only to his
fellows, but to the generations to come.” With this increase
in the sense of duty which men set before their eyes, we may
hope in time for the most careful preservation of our soils
which is consistent with their utilization. We may soon expect
to see the law recognize the fact that a man has only the right
to use a portion of the earth’s surface in such a manner as is
necessary for his immediate needs, care being taken that the
reversions of the generations to come have been properly
guarded. When this view finds fit expression in our laws, we
may expect certain stern limits to be put to the present reck-
less waste in the heritage of life represeuted in our soils.

It is evident the soil problem, though perhaps the most seri-
ous of all the physical difficulties which beset the future of
man, is by no means beyond his control. He may find init a
new and nobler field for the exercise of his intelligence and
his prescience than he has yet secured by his careless relations
with the earth.. |

As population increases and the fertility of our soil de-
creases we shall find a necessity, yea an urgent demand for a
better class of tillage. We have only to direct our attention to
some of the most populous countries of the earth for an exam-
ple that teaches us the day is not far distant in the future
when we shall be compelled to husband in a better manner the
composing elements of productiveness in our soils.

The wasteful methods of sanitation pursued by all boards of
health and officers of public trust, in the smallest village as
well as the largest city, call for revision and correction. Here
is a question of vast importance not only to our state but to
our whole country, and it would be well for our whole country,
and it would be well for its wise counsellors to consider how
far the responsibility rests upon them as legal representatives
of the people. We are in a measure accountable to those who
come after, and it is expedient for us as thoughtful conser-
vators of this heritage given into our charge, that we accept
the responsibility placed upon this generation, and demean
ourselves not as prodigal, extravagant} wasters, ever absorb-
ing and never returning, but as just stewards, ever striving to
secure these accumulations from such wholesale destruction, .
that those to follow may derive their proper share of consid-
eration.

INSTITUTE WORK, ETC.

Some of the clearest thinkers and wisest educators are im™

ANNUAL WINTER MEETING. 57

pressed with the prevailing ignorance existing among many of
our agricultural classes, and the great disadvantage under
which these busy toilers labor in their attempts to keep pace
with the rapid progress of inventive genius as applied to the
new methods of cheaper production and distribution of all
classes of farm and garden products, and are properly inquir-
ing what will become of that part of the community who are
unthinking and heedless of the causation of plant growth and
fruitfulness, and how little they know about the prevention of
many diseases affecting the vegetable and animal kingdom, un-
less special effort is made in their behalf.

There are comparatively few, indeed, of our medium, intelli-
gent, would-be-progressive farmers and horticulturists who
are sufficiently informed to apply many of these useful discov-
eries and put them into practice. themselves without seeking
instruction from object lessons or from teachings of a special-
ist who has had advantage of practical experience in his par-
ticular profession.

Never in the history of agricultural and horticultural pursuits
was so much being done in our universities and agricultural
colleges, and through the medium of the agricultural and horti-
cultural press to improve the methods and disseminate useful
knowledge among the tillers of the soil. A new erais dawning
in the minds of the rural population of our state, and the farm-
ers as a class are growing eager for instruction and knowledge
of the first rudiments of general farming, tree planting and
fruit growing. You may be led to inquire why I think this so.
We point with exultant pride to the large number of farmers’
sons seeking admittance at our State Agricultural School, for
the purpose of receiving purely agricultural and horticultural
instruction such as is not given in any other state. Also the
increased interest manifested in the urgent request that more
plain, honest horticultural instruction be given to our Farmers’
Institutes. These two modern methods of giving helpful, use-
ful instruction where it is most needed, cannot be too highly ap-
preciated and should receive the fostering care of our present
legislators, by their wise and generous support, with liberal
appropriations for prosecuting this class of work with vigor in
every county and farming community in the whole length and
breadth of our state, if we expect to take what should be our
proper place and station in the agricultural world, as an enter-
prising, energetic, progressive people.

58 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Referring to the Farmers’ Institute work and the instruction
there given, I wish to congratulate the friends of pomology
and general horticulture upon the advance steps that have been
taken in this line of teaching within the past year. Heretofore
the friends of horticulture have not been altogether satisfied
with the time allotted to them for this subject or the methods
sometimes used in presenting it to those attending our insti-
tutes. If the often expressed desires of the people are any in-
dication of what is needed and demanded, we are on the thres-
hold of an advance movement in all kinds of horti-
cultural industries. The people all over our state
are growing more attentive to this useful hand-maiden
of agriculture, and if the proper means can be taken in
presenting the healthful pleasure and pecuniary gain to be de-
rived from enlisting in this useful occupation, the benefits
to our state will be widespread and far-reaching. With the
means at our disposal in the past, the efforts of the officers of
this society to secure some one with just the right qualifications
to teach the art of horticulture to the rural population of our
state in a faithful, straightforward manner has been nearly
futile. The difficulty has been to secure an instructor pos-
sessed of untarnished reputation, with distinguishing qualities
of character, skill in address, with persuasive expression of
thought and honesty of purpose, combined with years of suc-
cessful experience derived from practical observation in the
continuous occupation of agriculture and horticulture. I am
pleased to inform you that we have at last been able to secure
the services of a man possessing many if not all of these quali-
fications, in the person of William Somerville of Eyota, Olm-
sted county, who has been secured by our worthy superinten-
dent of institute work, to fill the position of horticultural lec-
turer and instructor. Also in this connection, I wish to state
that we have at last found a feasible plan for distributing in an
economical manner the accumulation of back numbers of
our horticultural reports, by placing them with our horticultu-
ral lecturer who will distribute to those who will read, appreci-
ate and be benefited by their teachings. The few thousand
copies we now have for disposal, will, we hope, plant a little
horticultural leaven here and there that may bear fruit in due
season. The time was, and not long ago, when the ordinary,
unobserving agriculturalist thought he had no use for science
or the scientific man, in the cultivation of trees, fruits, flowers
or vegetables, but we are glad to say that day has passed.

ANNUAL WINTER MEETING. 59

The many new discoveries brought to light and susceptible of
being put into daily, practical use, is attracting the attention
of our most enterprising cultivators; and the process of tran-
sition from the old methods and ways of cultivation and market-
ing to the new, is more and more visible. ‘Hach year new
inventions and wider spread intelligence have done much to
improve the condition and prosperity of a large class of pro-
ducers, but over and above all this, no one thing has done so
as the much steady decrease in freight rates, giving capable
produces and employers a wider market, and bringing local pro-
ducers into contact with more abler competitors than they had
known before.”

We owe much to railways and the facilities for rapid trans-
fer and wider distribution which they have provided. Hdward
Atkinson says; ‘“There have been single great inventions, like
the application of steam, which have greatly altered the condi-
tions of society; but there have probably never been so many
applications of science and invention to the common arts of life
as have been applied in the present generation, nor has any
single one ever been so patent in modifying and changing all
the conditions of society as the sinking of time and distance by
the railway system, in reducing the cost of moving farm and
garden products to a fraction of a cent per ton per mile, prac-
tically converting a wide area into a close neighborhood.”

‘There is but one element of life which all have in common,
and that is time,” and he who can teach us how to improve our
time to obtain the largest amount of pleasurable enjoyment
and beneficial usefulness to himself and his fellows should be
counted a benefactor of his race.

QUARTER CENTENNIAL.

The 3d of next October will be twenty-five years since the or
ganization of the Minnesota State Horticultural Society, and it
would be proper for our members to come together and cele-
brate its quarter centennial birthday in some appropriate
manner. I call your attention to this fact that you may take
such action as is deemed best. If the next twenty-five years of
investigation and experiment develop our horticultural in-
dustries as much as the past, and our society’s work extends
in width and length proportionately, we may expect as a pro-
gressive, industrious people to make great advancement in
horticultural art. If any of our members should be fortunate
enough to live to the half centennial of this society, they will

60 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

look back with a degree of satisfaction upon their efforts and
those of their fellow co-workers, which have been in a large
measure instrumental in the development of the various horti-
cultural industries of our state.

That horticulture may be put upon a more business-like,
comprehensive basis and be relieved from the great confusion
that now exists in the names of many varieties of fruits,
flowers and plants, it is thought wise by those giving this sub-
ject closest attention, that there should be established a nation-
al register that will give the description, history, etc. of plants
and fruits, which shall be official and authoritative, and secure
to the originator of new varieties, such protection as will justi-
fy him in devoting his time, thought and money to the work.
Then there would be more inducement than there is now to the
skilled horticulturist to devote more of their time to the secur-
ing of better varieties than we now have. These desired im-
provements can only be secured by the enactment of necessary
laws by the national government, sanctioned by the United
States Department of Agriculture at Washington.

I do not wish to submit any plan, but leave it with you for
thoughtful consideration, and weuld advise the appointment of
a committee of three to make some suitable recommendations
from this society.

I also call your attention to an extract from the annual mes-
sage of his excellency the governor of our state, referring to
the Columbian World’s Fair, to be held in Chicago, in 1895, an
event of great importance to our society and the state, if we
participate. He says, ‘‘No means should be omitted to have
the various advantages of Minnesota made known to the thou-
sands who will visit the greatest exposition of modern times.”
I consider this of special importance, and trust no means will
be omitted to provide for a full and complete exhibit, as the re-
sults that will accrue cannot fail to be of lasting benefit, and in
his suggestions as to expenditure of surplus revenues in the
next two years, he indicates to account of World’s Fair, $100, -
000; a considerable part of this amount should be divided
equitably among the agricultural, horticultural and other in-
dustries which are largely dependant upon their productions
from the soil. .

Already the people of Minnesota are agitating the question
of a fine display at the World's Columbian Exhibition, and the
legislature will be called upon to make a liberal appropriation
this winter. Minnesota cannot afford to be in the background,

ANNUAL WINTER MEETING. 61

but should be in the front rank of exhibitors in all the twelve
departments as now agreed upon by the directors. If we ex-
pect to make such an exhibition as should be made, especially
by our horticulturists, there is great need of regular organized
endeavor on the part of our society and every person in any ©
way interested in the development of fruits, flowers and veget-
ables, and a hearty co-operation requested from all citizens,
whether members of this society or not. There should be .
means taken at once to have a committee designated to repre-
sent the interests of this society to our World’s Fair state com-
missioners, and one of their duties should be to put themselves
in close communication with persons having charge of any
horticultural industry, that proper material may be collected,
collated and prepared for statistical information to be pub-
lished in a handbook of horticulture. This would be one of the
valuable indicators of our state revenues, in educating the
many thousand visitors who attend our World’s Fair horticul-
tural exhibition. It would be well to consider at this session,
who would be the most fitting person to recommend to our gov-
ernor for appointment on the World’s Fair commission as a
representative of the interests of this society.

HORTICULTURAL NEEDS.

What we ought to do, and what we can do, should be con-
sidered fairly, judiciously and wisely. All admit we have done
and are doing much for the cause of horticulture in our state.
Should we not seek to consider this question: ‘‘Are there any
particular lines of investigation that will give better results,
demanding our immediate attention?’ One thing presents it-
self for consideration. No doubt, there now exist many excel-
lent varieties of fruits, particularly of apples, of local reputa-
tion, which are not on record in our reports. We have done
much, but are not doing enough systematic work in searching
out and placing on record the merits of many of our native
seedling and other varieties of apples. There may be many of
these that have valuable qualities worthy of propagation and
wider dissemination, that could be secured if we had means to
put some one in the field to search out the varieties adapted to
certain localities.

FORESTRY.

I throw out this suggestion with regard to continuing the
work of foresty in our society. It seems almost futile for us

62 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

to undertake to carry on any part of this work as we are now
doing. We do not give the attention to it that the exigency of
the times demands. The question arises in my mind whether
we should not give this much needed question more consider-
- ation than we have been doing in the past. I am willing to
admit we, as a society, are not doing as much as we should;
neither do I wish to cast any reflections on the means and
methods pursued by the State Forestry Association, or criti-
cise any part of their former work, but I think the interests of
the people would be better served, and wider scope and under
standing given to forestry, if we were to unite our time, talents
and means, in giving greater breadth of thought and wise
management of this work so much needed upon our immense
prairies. As it is, the members of our society do not take the
deep interest in this question they should, and I am informed
that there are those among the promoters of forestry in our
state who think that the essential requirements due from a live
organization under the present management of either society,
are not being fulfilled to the best advantage, and it would be
better to have this work more closely united to that of the
' State Horticultural Society, and acting on that suggestion, I
would recommend appointing a committee to consult with a
like committee from the State Forestry Association, and con-
fer with its officers as to the feasibility of uniting their work
more closely with the Minnesota State Horticultural Society.
I have interviewed some of its officers, and they think the work
would be better accomplished if it was put under the directing
care of this society. There are considerations for this change
that will be presented at the proper time, to acommittee having
power toact. It seems to be apart of our legitimate work to
awaken deeper interest in proving new methods and giving a
healthful impetus to this question of forestry. If there is a
state in the Union where the people need practical, judicious in-
struction in the growing of trees and wind breaks, it is Min-
nesota. We have large areas where the small fruits even can-
not be successfully cultivated without first procuring some
kind of forest protection, and it seems to me the interests of
these two societies should be merged together and work under
one head, to derive the greatest benefits to our agricultural
classes.

I would recommend by resolution or otherwise that all dis-
trict or local horticultural societies should hold their annual
meeting previous to the annual meetings of the state horticul-

ANNUAL WINTER MEETING. 63

tural society, and be then represented by one or more delegates
with a full, but condensed report of the year’s progress in
horticultural investigation.

I wish to call your attention to one vital point in all our dis-
cussions; when we give an instance of success or failure in our
experimental work, we should state distinctly the location,
with the name of the varieties and address of the person cor-
rectly, that it all may goon record for future reference, and
all committee reports should state the county and town where
made.

INDEX.

I wish to suggest the propriety of printing with our coming
volume, a subject indicator index of all our previous annual
horticultural reports, the subjects of each year arranged
together in alphabetical order by sections, giving a short item-
ized account of what each volume contains. This would be not
only of use to the oldest members of our society, but would be
valuable information to our new members, citing topics which
had already been discussed and in which volume of our reports
they could be found.

There should be an individual responsibility resting with
each member of our society in securing increased membership‘
and where it is possible, giving a wider circulation to our
reports.

In closing I wish to leave this thought with you, if our
failures have been without number, our prospects for the
future were never brighter. ‘‘The highest achievements are
not attained without difficulty.”

DISCUSSION.

J. S. Harris: I will move that the chairman appoint a
committee of three to report day after tomorrow, the first
business in the afternoon on the president’s address.

Motion seconded and carried.

J4 (Se (Harris: While the chairman is making his
selection of the committee I would like to ask a
question for my own information and for the information
of a good many _ people in the state of Minnesota.
The question comes to me every little while: Have we
a state forestry association? J am not aware that we have any.
We know there was enough of it so that the legislature recog-

64 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

nized it by an appropriation, but if what we understand by a
state forestry association is an institution composed of live men,
imbued with a knowledge of the work they are engaged in, and
with a desire to get together all the information that properly
comes within its scope, and to disseminate that information to
the people of their state, there is no forestry asso-
ciation in the state of Minnesota, and there never has been, or
if there ever was it died a natural death. I claim that forestry
is even of more vital importance to the masses of people in the
state of Minnesota than horticulture. Without forests we might
soon fold up our hands, for greedy men and the wants of manu.
facture have commenced to devastate our forests and are fixing
a road for those northern winds to come down here, and in a
short time it will be impossible to raise any fruit except under
glass. With such winters as we have had for three years one
is apt to forget these things; but if we do not stop this devasta-
tion of the forests, and if we do not commence planting forests,
and that pretty soon, we might as well abandon horticultural
work and seek a place more congenial for man to live. Now if
there is no forestry association it seems to me that it is the
duty of us as horticulturists to lead the way and try to stir up
an interest and have a forestry association organized, and let
us go before the legislature, now in session at St. Paul, and ask
them to increase our appropriation to such an extent that we
can afford to hold a forestry convention once a year three or
four days and discuss the forestry question as we discuss the
fruit question. We ought to have an appropriation sufficient.
to pay the expenses of men who will devote their time to the
work.

Now one or the other we ought to do, and I hope when the
committee makes its report upon the address of the president.
they will bring in a resolution stating what we had better do,
whether we had better apply to the legislature for proper aid,
or whether we had better with our friends throughout the
country organize a society independent of us.

President Elliot: I will appoint as a committee on the
president's address, Clarence Wedge, L. H. Wilcox and J. T.
Grimes.

L. H. Wilcox: Our legislature seems to think that forestry
was amply provided for, for in 1883, they set aside a certain
fund to be devoted to forestry, and that fund amounts to six or
seven hundred dollars a year, and for the last six or seven

ANNUAL WINTER MEETING. 65

years that amount has been turned into the fund because
there was no use for it.

I offer a resolution and will send it up to the secretary to
read.

The secretary then read the following resolution presented
by Mr. Wilcox:

‘That a committee of three gentlemen be selected to go to
St. Paul and extend an invitation to His Excellency, the Gov-
ernor, Wm. R. Merriam, the state officers and the members of
the legislature to visit the twenty-fourth annual meeting of the
Minnesota State Horticultural Society, now in session at the
Guaranty Loan building in Minneapolis.

‘To come at their own convenience, morning, afternoon or
evening, Tuesday or Friday, and take part in the discussions
and examine the display of Minnesota grown products of the
orchard, garden and conservatory, and other objects of value
to the agriculturist, horticulturist and all other industries of
the state.”

President Elliot:—I will appoint on the committee L. H.
Wilcox, C. L. Smith and M. Cutler.

L. H. Wilcox:—The meeting of the Bee-keepers Association
will necessarily keep me very busy, so I think you will have to
appoint some one else on the committee.

M. Cutler:—I am in about the same position as Mr. Wilcox.
Tam on the executive commmittee of the Bee-keepers Asso-
ciation, and it will be impossible forme to leave to-morrow
morning.

President Elliot:—I will appoint in place of Mr. Cutler, Dr.
Moyer, and if Mr. Wilcox thinks he cannot serve I will put
Mr. Smith in his place as chairman of the committee.

C. L. Smith:—I regret the question has taken the form it has,
but I thinkit isonly just to myselfand those associated with me
to make justa littleexplanation. Atthe same time that the legis-
lature made an appropriation providing for a bounty for tree
planting in Minnesota, they also provided a second appropri
ation of five thousand dollars for this Minnesota State Forestry
Association, to be used in the collection and dissemination of in-
formation in regard to tree planting in the state of Minnesota.
About fifteen hundred dollars of that money was expended when
the secretary, Mr. Hodges, died. I was elected as secretary of
the association in his place. Meetings were held and about one

—4

66 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

hundred dollars more of that appropriation was expended in the
distribution of the Forest Tree Planter’s Manuals that were
then on hand, when the state auditor informed me that the ap-
propriation had lapsed on account of time, and no effort was
made to secure any further appropriation, inasmuch as it was
supposed by the members of the society, that that money was
available to be used at any time. The appropriation having
lapsed, there being something like three thousand copies of the
Tree Planter’s Manual still on hand, the work was carried on
until the next session of the legislature, the manual being sent
to all who made application for it, and they were distributed at
some of the farm institutes and fairs where they were given to
the people, and were also distributed from the ‘‘Farm, Stock
and Home” office. During the session of the legislature in 1887,
the forestry committee of the House recommended an appropri-
ation of three thousand dollars. The bill was exactly like the
bill of 1881, simply providing for the publication of the manual
of forest tree planting, to be prepared by some expert in for-
estry, to be distributed free to any citizen of Minnesota, and
for free distribution of seeds, cuttings, etc., in the interest
of the people. That bill passed the House and got to the
second reading in the Senate, but was lost the last night
of the session. Immediately after that there was a meet-
ing of the executive committee of the asssociation. They
requested me to do what I could without expense to the asso-
ciation until such time as the legislature should meet again,
when the matter would again be brought forward and we
would endeavor to secure money to carry on the work. I did
so, distributing largely through the medium of the Farmers
Institutes the balance of the manuals we had on hand. I sent
them to legislators calling attention to the matter from time to
time. The legislature of 1889 met. There was a meeting of
the Forestry Association, the bill was prepared and was pre-
sented to the forestry committee of the House, and I staid
there altogether something over three weeks looking after the
interests of the bill. The forestry committee cut down the
amount to two thousand dollars instead of three. Finally on
the 23rd day of April the bill was signed and became a law,
The members of the executive committee were immediately
notified and several of them met in St. Paul, and they voted to
have a manual prepared at once, revised and corrected accord-
ing to the best information at hand and the best that could be

ANNUAL WINTER MEETING. 67

procured, and as the Farmers Institute seemed to be the best
possible medium by which to get it to the farmers and bring
this question of forestry before them, they voted that I should
have this manual published in St. Paul, as cheaply as possible,
and then attend the farmers institutes, fairs, conventions and
places of that kind, wherever the question of forestry could be
brought to the attention of the people, but provided always,
as the bill provided, that as long as the supply of these books
lasted they should be freely distributed to everybody in the
state who wanted a copy. I immediately set about that work,
and to the best of my knowledge and the best knowledge of
those with whom I could correspond I prepared a manual, and
I am sorry it did not meet the approval of Brother Harris, as
it did meet the approval of the editors of agricultural papers
and tree planters throughout the country, very little criticism
being made in regard to the book. In every way that I possi-
bly could, by pen and word of mouth, I tried to stimulate an
interest in this matter, and I succeeded as well as expected. I
arranged with Mr. Gregg to give at least one lecture at each
Farmers Institute on the subject of forestry. To you who at-
tended the farmers institutes where I gave that lecture and ex-
hibited the chart in regard to the arrangement of trees around
the homestead I need not say that it was well received. Inad-
dition to that I prepared a pamphlet on forestry, of which I
had ten thousand copies printed. I also had circulars sent out
over the state regarding the planting of evergreens, as the ex
ecutive committee instructed me to use about two hundred
dollars of that money for the distribution of evergreens; that
plan was generally approved, aithough there was some very
severe criticism, but on my own responsibility, believing it
would meet the approval of the president of the association, I
distributed some three thousand. The entire first edition
being exhausted, I secured the printing of five thousand
more. Now I got that printing done so cheaply that the
entire ten thousand cost only a little more than ,half as much
as the first five thousand. What that book is, whether it
contains the information our people in the state would like,
I will not say anything about, but the book is here and will
speak for itself.

Now, so much as regards the forestry question. During
this time I have done the very best I could possibly do. Every
voucher, every amount of money expended has been thorough-
ly looked over by Governor Marshall and Auditor Braden

68 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

where the fullest approval has been given. I have consulted
with some of the men here in regard to calling a meeting of
the Forestry Association. Now, I certainly heartily approve of
any plan by which the matter can be made more effective.

J. S. Harris:—I have not said one word against the forestry
report.

Secretary Samuel B. Green then read his annual report.

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE SECRETARY, SAMUEL B.
GREEN, FOR THE YEAR ENDING JANUARY 20, 1891.

MEMBERS OF THE STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Ladies
and Gentlemen:—I recognize the fact that is generally expected
the secretary of such organizations as this will make a report
of considerable length touching upon the important horticultu-
ral events of the year. I would gladly do this, but the many
calls upon my time are such that I shall not be able to gratify
this asswmed desire on your part.

THE PAST YEAR.

The past year has been one of much advancement and inter-
est in horticultural lines of work. Every old orchard as well
as most young trees in this state, have borne astonishingly
large crops of apples, and this when throughout sections gen-
erally esteemed as the great fruit producing part of the coun-
try the crop has been very light, or a complete failure. This
has led to an increased interest in the planting of or-
chards and made the sale for nursery stock the past fall larger
than for many years. Many failures will undoubtedly result
from the planting of tender varieties and also from improper
care. Our society has done and is doing much to educate the
people of the state to a proper understanding of the essentials
for successful fruit growing. This requires constant care and
effort on our part and some of you have assured the success of
the work by your self-sacrifice and devotion. Itis an impor-
tant work and hashad given it in all times and in all civilized
countries the pains taking care of the brightest minds.

I congratulate you on the success thus far obtained and 1
believe after careful consideration that you are warranted in
the faith that apples can and will be grown successfully in
Minnesota. When I accepted my position in the university
now nearly three years ago, I knewof the general enterprising
character of the citizens of the state, but I had no intimation

ANNUAL WINTER MEETING. 69

that the horticultural society of a state so far north and noted
for its severe climate, could have so much enterprise, push and
perseverance as a careful study of your history will show to
the most casual observer. I want furthermore to congratulate
you on the perfect harmony manifested at our meetings and in
private among our members. It is in unity that our strength
lies; I trust it may long continue. Our membership is on the
increase and we can boast a larger membership and better
meetings than similar societies in most of the great fruit grow-
ing states.

FARMERS’ INSTITUTES.

It is in these institutes that our best opportunities le to do
the missionary work of recommending the proper varieties
of fruits to plant and the best method of caring for them. At
present the horticultural work with them is attracting much
attention, and I think that Supt. Gregg, whom we all highly
esteem, but whom we have never considered an enthusiastic
horticulturist, [ think even he is of the opinion that in Mr.
Wm. Somerville, with his practical helpful fruit talks, he has
secured an attraction of intrinsic merit. I was much pleased
to hear recently that Supt. Gregg had found the interest so
great in the fruit talks that he had a half hour cut off from the
consideration of pork and had it devoted to fruit growing.

LAST REPORT, VOL. XVII.

The last report was much delayed in print. This was owing
principally to the fact that by reason of a strike of journeymen
printers in the spring, the state printers were crowded with
work allsummer. On assuming the office of secretary I found
that there was a determination on the part of the state printing
commissioners to cut down our edition of reports. I was re-
ferred to the fact that there were numerous old reports in the
basement of the capitol building and that they did not want re-
ports printed that could not be used. I insisted upon the full
legal number and they were printed. After the reports were
printed it required a special hearing and urgent presentation of
our case before I secured the one thousand bindings which we
have received. This is a larger number than the state has fur
nished us for several years and is as many as I think was con-
templated by the law when it was passed. Another new fea-
ture in the report is its being printed with all the essays and
papers set in ‘‘solid” type and the discussions only ‘‘leaded,”

70 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

instead of as heretofore with the whole matter leaded which
makes a much neater page. This I objected to, but as the
state law requires 2,500 ems to the page and as all the other
state reports were similarly treated I could only submit to it as
the inevitable. This law in regard to state printing has not
been generally enforced for many years but the abuses which
have arisen on account of the laxity has brought about a strict
compliance with its letter. It seems to me it would be much
better for the society if we could have the cost of publishing
the report added to its annual appropriation and then let our
own printing contract. I am sure it would make the work of
the secretary much pleasanter and we would then be able to
push the work, but so long as the secretary must await the op-
tion of the state printer he can not be responsible for the time
of the issuance of the report.

TIME OF HOLDING OUR ANNUAL MEETING.

If we could change the time of our annual meeting so that it
would occur in December, we would then be sure of getting our
reports distributed by the first of March as is customary in
Illinois, where their meeting is held at that time. If the meet-
ings were held then, the copy could easily be in the hands of
the printer by the middle of January, and at a time when
ordinarily they have but little to do, they would then push it
through to completion in ashort time, while if the meeting is
held in January the copy comes into the printer’s hands when
he is busy with other state printing.

FARM SCHOOL.

Our farm school is a great success; we have now over one
hundred students of a high class of boys, which is about as
many as can be accommodated. It is only within a few years,
perhaps in this state within the last six years, that the larger
part of the farmers have become convinced that any special
education was needed in order to pursue their avocation suc-
cessfully. I think too, that many of the states have made the
mistake of making the standard of admission to their agri-
cultural college too high, and they have thus excluded those
whom these institutions were designed especially to benefit. We
would, I think, have been the gainers had we begun with low
grade agricultural schools. At present all over the country
there is a loud call for agricultural education. The demand is
that it shall be helpful by being practical, painstaking, cheap

ANNUAL WINTER MEETING. TL

and accessible. In Minnesota we have the most successful of
these schools to be found in the country and educators in other
states are looking to us and wondering if we have solved the
problem. Only within a fortnight the professor of agriculture
of the Maine agricultural college was looking over our farm
school with the idea of profiting by what he might see that
would aid him in starting a low grade agricultural school in his
state. He remarked to me that he had twelve boys in his
classes of agriculture, while in the same institution over one
hundred were taking the course in engineering. He also said
that he had read about the success of our school, but felt it
necessary before believing the report true, to come and see it
himself.

It is not necessary for me to dwell on the importance of ag-
ricultural education to an audience composed of horticulturists
such as I see before me. You knowof its value. You are
confronted by many problems and have always shown your-
selves appreciative of any efforts that have been made to make
agriculture a rational science and to do away with the empiri-
cal formulas and quackery that have so often hindered its de-
velopment. I have been identified with agricultural educa-
tion for the last sixteen years, since when a boy with a love
for it, I entered the agricultural college in Massachusetts.

I thank God that I had a father who had a broad idea of the
possibilities in agricultural education and who encouraged his
son with the remark that it would yet be many years before
the market for educated farmers would be overstocked. I
love this work and believe it has great possibilities,
which are probabilities. I object now and have al-
ways objected to agricultural schools whose graduates
mostly become book-keepers, mierchants and engineers,
and I repeat now what I have often said in private to my
colleagues, that the success of the agricultural school of Min-
nesota lies not in graduating book-keepers, merchants, etc.,
but in having ten years hence an active, aggressive, earnest,
successful alumni on the farms of the state. The time is coming
when every legislature that convenes at our capitol will have
init some graduates of the state agricultural school. This
will not come because they prefer politics to honest business,
but because they will manage well in their own business; will
have clear cut, clean ideas of what is best for their occupation,
and the offices will be forced upon them. It will be a happy
day for our state when that time comes. Such young men are

72 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

needed today, and at this very moment, to prevent the great
victory of the farming element from being anything more than
a temporary affair, and its successes from being excesses.

REPORT AS LIBRARIAN.

At the last annual meeting of the Society the secretary was
made librarian, and I at once appointed our friend, Mr. EH. A.
Cuzner, as assistant, and he has practically done the same
work as heretofore, only he has done more of it on account of
the sending out of many more reports than heretofore. I am
sure that he has many times over earned his salary. Besides
sending the reports to the persons designated by law about 70
sets containing most of the issues since 1880 have been sent
out, besides about 1,600 reports have been distributed at the
farmers’ institutes.

BACK NUMBERS OF THE REPORTS.

All the reports of the past issues that were in the basement
of the capitol building were early in the summer transferred |
to the University where we have found good temporary quarters
for our library. Many of these reports have been distributed
at the farmers’ institutes and the remainder (excepting about
100 of each issue retained for exchange) will} be be distributed
at the present series of institutes where they are much sought
after.

FINANCIAL REPORT OF SECRETARY.

Receipts.

Membership’ 1468! on..0 25 fo. ec alee ees ste oe oie eee $74.00
BEAM PS! SOL | i. SuSE eis ok ielare wicte wt wie cle mits oateta elm iehcale ate aiee eee 50
Received from/treasurer on TEPOrts.. «<< 3<.«.n.\s02 selene 100.00

otal TOCOUPES é aoc ied ujs,cicaeceid pie ecm, © ohare ess syels:se)m ha eer $174.50

Disbursements.

Postage OM TEpOrts, “CC. . cee ccc wses cscs ons oe cee es eee $93.87
Miscellaneous @xpensSess <2 2 circe tic teers «ove c/o eis 0 ie\eleye eteratehe tet ene 16.84
PHPMGING As OE seals bce asset Whois aka oda le oie) ee ee 8.25
Plate of Chas. Hoag for frontispiece, Vol. XVIII.............. 10.00
Paid treasurer. to balance ACCOUDG in... 2.000 ccc eons sles eneeee 45.54

$174.50
IN CONCLUSION.

In conclusion I wish to thank the society for the honor they
have conferred upon me by electing me to this position. The
duties of the office are many and varied, and require much at-
tention. I leave particularly impressed by the ease with which

ANNUAL WINTER MEETING. 73

a conscientious secretary can increase his sphere of influence.
It is avery fruitful field of work, and its scope could be easily
and to advantage enlarged. I have enjoyed serving you. The
office has brought me into contact with the people of the state
more than any other occupation at which I could have spent my
time.

Owing to the increased interest and attendance at our farm
school the time which I must devote to teaching increases with
each year. I now find it will be quite impossible for me to oc-
cupy the position of secretary another year, and whosoever you
may select as my successor I shall be glad to aid in any way
that lam able. Before closing I wish to thank you for your
courtesy and uniform kindness in aiding me at all times in the
discharge of my official duties.

L. H. Wilcox;—As there are several suggestions in that re-
port that should receive consideration, I move that it be re-
ferred to the committee on the president’s address.

President Elliot:—It will be so considered unless objection is
made. We will now listen to the treasurer’s report.

ANNUAL REPORT OF TREASURER.
DITUS DAY, FARMINGTON.
TREASURER’S REPORT FOR THE YEAR ENDING JAN. 19, 1891.

Receipts.

1890.
Jan. 20, Received from State Treasurer................00eeeeeees $500.00
an 22, enilipierzog tite Members.) vse wee acteurs ateeeiaiele(s 10.00
Date 2d. MOEMUIDCISHIp TEES ss hs ince e gacie poe «eee, ce ee ee aie mei 44.00

July, Received from State Treasurer one-half year appropria-
GIOW Gg siecas donnie BS alka wid cota dle dies meg es meena 500.00
PRO tA AUTOM G PECEVVIEM es ois) d/s ccs dete, «2 sede « copy ete asa loyes oie sl slenmynareys $1,054.00
Disbursements,

1890.
Jan. 22, To balance due treasurer (overpaid on last year)........ $128.14
Jan, 22, J. M. Underwood, expenses as eX. COM..........----0-6- 3.00
Jan. 22, te H- PierBon, TY PC WGI. 1c. siecle acieealos)s'aiearie = re a SatO
Jan. 22, M. Cutler, expenses as Vice-President............--...- 2.50
‘Jan. 22, S. D. Hillman, balance on settlement..........-.....-- 6.73
Jan. 22, J. L. Harris, ex. as seedling com...... ........-0--.-0: 25.00
Jan.22, LH. Wileox, ex. to ex. com. meeting...3:.../...2..... 5.88
ianeeenO: He brands ravlnoadetaress .cnrcee sei serie ieee se cles oleteret 4.39

$179.34

74

MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Premiums at Winter Meeting of 1890.

Jan. 24, M. Pearce, best potatoes, Ist prem............ $2.00:

Jan. 24, R. P. Lupton, prem. on vegetables, canned
fruits, honey, eve: 42425 Seely see Sees e eee eee 13.50:

Jan. 24, J. A. Sampson, prem. on beets, potatoes, tur-
MIPS; \CADWAL CMa. a ieiscais create weteieteie Sekere rs oe ene 7.50

Jan. 24, Joshua Allen, prem. on beets, carrots, pars-
nips, etc., display of vegetables.............. 8.00
Jan. 24, Sidney Corp, prem. on apples..............06. 7.00
Jan. 24, Wm. Duffus, 2nd prem. on apples............ 4.00:
Jan. 24, Mrs. A. A. Kennedy, prem. on syrup.......... 2.00.

Jan. 24, J. S. Harris, prem. on three best collections of
Apples and. Win beri aApPles xc «ici wtets =, 1st exeleieeicle 3.00

Jan. 24, E. Wilcox, prem. on best display of apples and
plateiol winter apples. 20... so-% das tnos sores 5.00:

Jan. 24, F. G. Gould, best display of flowering plants
ANG IOSES).i ti2 a). b Aeissndeieph cla oa ereie oe cease EEE 10.00

Jan. 24, R. J. Mendenhall, best cut flowers, collection
OL TOSES! Fa Fy cGotins «5 oust 5. selene Sacks eee : 8.00
Jan. 24, Mrs.S. D. Perkins, best display of jellies..... 2.00

Jan. 24, L. H. Wilcox, best vinegar, 2nd comb honey,
EXtTach MON CY sews ecto. croeide sh otek erate 5.00
Jan. 24, J. W. Murray, best comb and extracted honey 6.00
Jan, 24, C. Thielman, 3rd best extract honey....... .. 1.00

Amount of premiums at winter meeting..........
March 17, M. Cutler, expenses at com. meeting........ 3.80
March 17, Ditus Day, expenses at com. meeting....... 1.79
March 17, J. M. Underwood, expenses at com. meeting 5.00
March 17, J. S. Harris, expenses at com. meeting...... 7.00

March 20, O. F. Brand, expenses as delegate to Wis-

CONSTI isco oeic wre ls Sievers ein yore ole wieieiats Seo Iee ete eee

March 20, E. A. Cuzner, salary aslibrarian..........
March 20, O. F. Brand, traveling expenses as member

COM: Ontruits and Mowers)... o- oe eos

April 12, Samuel B. Green, 1st quarter’s salary........
June 19, Samuel B. Green, on 2nd quarter’s salary....
July 17, Samuel B. Green, bal. on 2nd quarter’ssalary.

Premiums at Summer Meeting.

IE eidts eal OS PATRAS oo oc bis ote hia. ecto di ie Disratd a ste aaataaneete $12.00

Pets Ben. LIB UOD isin} nicie:stois nye cet pus acne cc emets 5.50
vie WV; MACKIN DOS, ic. os s'os ss name sines > ete ae 3.50
UY ua) WV, ASV OWS s aie a's.0e s'ositie ee ae sg p msec eevee 15.00
SOCMNN eg ih a ig, ESASG & bx 'o.'s ja ‘sta veists occa Waltaat Mp ace Raipinns mae 5.00
Sneaks Gr. GALMOLEG:...\:.1 .<capinebice mee cede leaner 4.00
UM ya, iG. UN AO! ae OOS 3's ais 5 Os sae bin Sieh Bisiel © onal prea e IE 5.00
HUVEZo ATCA TIVON, |. <.5 sckhicreeleneiesisic. -eieiee tion 4.00
ST cy a yes GOULEs :.:.tmus 0 <\svinan a natal cded ce eeeeiaeten 14.00

Amount of premiums at summer meeting ........

$84.00

17.59

14.34
10.00

20.00
125.00
100.00

25.00

$68.00

ANNUAL WINTER MEETING. 75

Sept. 12, L. H. Wilcox, executive com. meeting ex.... 2.10

Sept. 12, J. S. Harris, executive com. meeting ex...... 7.20 A A
we 9.3

Sept. 18, Samuel B. Green, postage on reports......... 100.00

Oct. 10, Samuel B. Green, 3rd quarter’s salary......... 125.00

Nov. 14, M. Cutler, expenses to ex. com. meeting.. ... 4.00

Nov. 14, J. S. Harris, expenses to ex. com. meeting.... 6.90

Nov. 14, L. H. Wilcox, expenses to ex. com. meeting .. 2.00 ane
os -90

Dec. 23, Samuel B. Green, fourth quarter’s salary. .... 125.00

1891.

Jan. 15, Samuel B. Green, salary as librarian......... 10.00

Wholeamount paid out....... Bea anes Mera krarciatn a ee oes sce $1,025.47

ALINE tl ULCASITY.n Fe crane este cass Selon on sles heme cs 28.53

$1,054 .00

Respectfully submitted,
DITUS DAY, Treasurer.

It was moved by Mr. Brand that the report be referred to the
auditing committee, and was so ordered.

President Elliot:—That constitutes the program of the eve-
ning. All that we have passed is the paper by Col. Stevens
on the chrysanthemum, and the reports of the local societies
were passed this afternoon for want of time, and if we do not
get time to take them up in detail we may be able to sandwich
them in sometime. We have avery full program, a program
that will cause a great deal of discussion, and whatever any-
one has to say on whatever topic, they will have to say it in as
few words as possible; if not we will drop behind a good deal
tomorrow.

The meeting will now stand adjourned until tomorrow morn-
ing at nine o’clock.

WEDNESDAY MORNING,

JANUARY 22.

The meeting was called to order at 9:30 o’clock by President
Elliot.

President Elliot: The first order of business is the announce-
ment of committees.

The following committees were then announced by the chair-
man:

Committees on award of premiums on apples and grapes:
M. M Frisselle, Edson Gaylord and J. T. Grimes.

76 - MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

On vegetables and pantry stores: M. Pearce, J. F. Gilmore
and G. W. Fuller.

On plants and cut flowers: J. M. Underwood, W. Lyons and
J. S. Harris.

On honey: Wm. Urie, J. M, Doudnaand C. Thielmann.
Publication: A. W. Latham, S. B. Green and J. H. Stevens.

Final resolutions: C. L. Smith, A. W. Latham and Clar-
ence Wedge.

Obituary: E. H.S. Dartt, J. H. Stevens and J. S. Harris.

President Elliot:—The next thing on the program is Orchard
Topics, and we will have a paper on that subject by Mr. Brand.

Mr. Brand then read the following paper: ‘‘ Protection of
Fruit Trees, from a Nurseryman’s Standpoint,” by O. F. Brand,
Faribault, Minn. (See indez. )

The secretary then read the following paper: ‘‘ Protection
of Fruit Trees, from a Farmer’s Experience,” by Seth Kenney,
Morristown, Minn. (See index. )

The subject of these two papers was then fully discussed.

President Elliot:—We have a short paper that Mr. Smith
will read; perhaps it will give us some light on this subject.

Mr. C. L. Smith then read the following article, written by
Mr. Gaylord and clipped from the Western Rural: ‘‘Shall we
Gather from the Ruins,” by Edson Gaylord, Nora Springs, Ia.
(See index. )

The secretary then read the following paper: ‘‘ Experience
in Orcharding in Minnesota,” by H. L. Gordon, Long Lake.
(See index. )

J. O. Barrett:—If there is nothing special, I want to submit
something for future debate. I have some resolutions here
I would like to read.

President Elliot:—What is the nature of those resolutions?

J. O. Barrett:-—In reference to forestry.

President Elliott:—Forestry has been passed, and unless
they vote to take it up again we cannot take it up, because our
program will not admit of it.

J. O. Barrett:—Mr. President, if you will permit me to read
these resolutions I am satisfied the members will be prepared
to take up the matter and handle it as it deserves.

President Elliot:—Unless objection is made you can proceed
to read the resolutions.

Mr. Barrett then read the following resolutions:

‘‘WHEREAS, Our natural forests have been well-nigh ruined

ANNUAL WINTER. MEETING. ie

by syndicates and other speculators, and their reconstruction
on the prairies does not equal their destruction, and

‘‘WHEREAS, The people of Minnesota and contiguous states
are reaping the effects of such disaster by a change of climate
to a more fickle and rigorous one, largely drying up our once
numerous springs, lakes and rivers, thus lessening our crops
and otherwise retarding all our business interests; therefore,

‘‘Resolved, that this society as the guardian of forestry and
‘fruit raising in Minnesota hereby declares it its purpose to
“vive this matter special attention.

“That while co-operating with the Farmers Institutes as a
‘powerful ally of enlightenment, we regard the organization of
‘horticultural societies in all parts of the state as auxiliaries,
‘and thus making forestry a specialty to complete our work
‘preparatory to fruit raising.

“That a committee of three, including the secretary, be
“elected from our members, placed under the control and man-
‘“‘agement of the executive committee, whose duties shall be to
‘collect all facts relative to damages done by disafforestation
‘‘and report the same, and by agreed methods of co-operation
‘with Farmers Institutes endeavor to reach the masses on a
“large scale in their horticultural instruction, organizing a
‘‘Northern Horticultural Association as a counterpart of the
‘Southern, and the eventual establishment of an experiment
‘‘station in the Northern central portion of the state.

“That said committee be authorized to assist the legislative
“committee in formulating a suitable appeal to be submitted
‘to the present legislature, especially designed to save the
‘‘balance of our northern forests and encourage the raising of
‘new ones among our farmers.

“That said committee make an earnest effort to procure an
‘apportionment sufficient for this society to accomplish this
‘most needed enterprise.”’

President Elliot:—You have heard the resolutions, what will
you do with them?

Prof. Green:—I do not want see these resolutions adopted
until they have been discussed. I move they be laid on the table
until some future time when they can be discussed.

This motion was seconded and carried.

President Elliot:—The next paper on the program is by
Mr. Underwood on the future of orcharding.

J. M. Underwood:—In regard to protection, it has been sug-
gested that we should follow the teachings of nature, and it re-

78 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

minded me of an experience that I have been familiar with. Ihad
some very handsome hard maples that I planted on the road-
side, and they were beauties as I thought, and were the best
trees that I could plant. Now I can say this of the row of
trees that were planted on the north side of the road running
east and west, I think they must have been from four to six
inches in diameter, and they were good sized, handsome trees;
these trees were every one destroyed by the bark bursting: It
was done late in the winter and early in the spring. Then on
the south side of the road the hard maples were badly injured,
but where the trees protected each other they were not hurt so
much. Now this seemed to indicate that they needed protec-
tion, and where they were protected they were benefited by it.
They were as handsome small trees as I ever saw, but the bark
would burst so far around that there would be no more than
an inch on the north side, and one tree was so badly hurt that
it blew over the next season—a tree twenty-five to thirty feet
high. j

Mr. Underwood then read the following paper: ‘‘ Future of
Orcharding in Minnesota,” by J. M. Underwood, Lake City,
Minn. (See indez. )

A short discussion ensued.

The secretary then read the following paper: ‘‘ Influence of
the Stocks on Development of Orchards,” by J. L. Budd, Ames,
Iowa. (See index.)

A few remarks were made on this paper.

The secretary then read another short paper by Mr. M.
Pearce of Chowen.

Pres. Elliot:—We have with us here today a gentleman who
has done a great deal for Minneapolis in the way of parks, and
I wouldlike to introduce him to you. I refer to the Hon. C. M.
Loring.

Fellow members, ladies and getlemen, I have the pleasure of
introducing to you the Hon. C. M. Loring.

REMARKS OF MR. LORING.

Mr President, ladies and gentlemen: I am very glad to
meet you. Iam sure thisis avery unexpected attack. I came
in here to hear something and to see the flowers, and I can
assure you I amnot prepared to make aspeech. Our friend has
taken me entirely unawares, but I will say, gentlemen, that I
have been very much interested in the work you are doing, and

ANNUAL WINTER MEETING. 79

for a good many years I was a member of your association.
‘Other duties have taken my time so that I have not been able
to attend your deliberations as I used to do; in fact, I have
been away somuch in the winter time, and your winter session
has been held about the timeI usually leave the city.

Every time I come to a meeting of this kind and see the
progress made in the growing of fruits and flowers, I assure
you that I take more and more pride in the State Horticultural
Society of Minnesota. I never go to Boston that Ido not visit
the horticultural society rooms. Every month they have an
exhibition of flowers or fruits there, one or the other. I vis-
ited the exhibit in the New York Life Insurance building this
fall in this city, and I never was more surprised in my life than
I was to see such a fine display of flowers. Icame directly from
Boston, where I had visited the rooms of the State Horticult-
ural society, where I had seen an exhibition of flowers, espec-
ially of azaleas and chrysanthemums, and when I saw this
exhibit here in this city of Minneapolis, I said we are going to
beat Boston by and by. (Applause.) It was positively sur-
prising; we had a better exhibition of chrysanthemums than
they had in Boston. It would not be possible to get up a finer
exhibit than we had here last fall.

Now as I look about the room today and see the exhibit of
flowers we have here, my mind goes back to the time when I
believe that I pretty nearly alone started the first floral exhi-
bition in Minneapolis. It was held in Harrison hall on the 4th
day of July, about 1872, I think. Wehad a great many com-
mittees, and we had agreat many more members of committees
than we had flowers, but we got the ladies interested and went
to work witha will. On the day before the 4th of July the old
Harrison hall did not look much like a flower garden, I assure
you. I employed an old German friend of mine, Mike Smith,
(most of you know him) to trim the room with evergreens, and
we piled in all the evergreens we could get, we thought
we would have something anyway, but no flowers came;
so I engaged all the expressmen I could press into service
to go about among the ladies of the town and get what
flowers they had, and that kind of interested the ladies a little,
and by 10 o’clock the morning of the fourth of July they began
to come in and help to arrange the hall and flowers, and when
twelve o’clock arrived we had quite a flower show. Wehad no
such display as you see on that table down there; we had no
loxinias and agaleas, none of the rare flowers; we had plenty

80 ‘MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

of begonias, geraniums, pinks, etc., no rare flowers at all, and
yet that meeting was a great success. We paid our premiums
just as we agreed to, and we had money in the treasury, and
the next year we had better success. Friend Elliot has been
here all the time; he has the same color in his hair I have; he
was then with us. We had then in our treasury seven hundred
dollars, and I do not suppose we have had that amount in the
treasury since. We afterwards joined in the fair project with
Col. King and our seven hundred dollars were swallowed up
and we have not seen it since.

I have now in my possession a list of the ladies who served
on those committees, and the work they commenced then, you
see the results of here to-day.

I have been quite a traveler since then. I never fail to visit
anything like a flower or fruit show, and I never come home to
Minneapolis but what Iam more proud of our city than ever,
and as I said, we are going on until we reach Massachusetts.
They have had their floral and horticultural exhibitions for the
last fifty years, and when we reach them our young state will
have reason enough to feel proud.

Now, gentlemen, you have been doing a work that is of more
importance to the state of Minnesota than any of you realize
yourselves. You not only educate people in their aesthetic
tastes, but you are bringing here dollars by reason of these
fruits and flowers, and the flower trade of Minneapolis to-day
is much larger than any of you realize. If I had had any idea
that I was to be called upon to say a word when I came in here,
I would have taken pains to get some statistics. My friend
here just tells me that one firm alone sold fifty thousand dol-
lars worth of flowers last year. Just think of it. I do not
suppose that all the flowers and shrubs we had in our exhibit,
and we had everything we could find in Minneapolis worth hav-
ing, I do not suppose the whole arrangement we had there
was worth a thousand dollars. Now think of it; one concern
alone sold over fifty thousand dollars worth in one year.

Now as far as fruit is concerned, we are laboring under some
disadvantages with some of our fruit. I have almost become
discouraged myself, but I suppose it is because I have not,
had anything to do with them for the last ten years, but
your small fruits you grow are finer than are grown any
where else in the world. I go to California every year; they
do not begin to have any such grapes in California as you have
here, or within a few miles from here. A gentleman who

ANNUAL WINTER MEETING. 81

raises grapes for the market told me that nowhere else are
grapes raised as profitably as they are here. We do not get
the quantity of grapes here they do there, but the quality
is better, and I think the little Delaware is the finest grape
raised. (Applause.) That is only one of your fruits.

You cannot go to California, neither can you go to Italy and
sit down to the table today and bring on such grapes as you
have here. Youcannot see such a sight in California. They
have no grapes in California in winter They have some half-
dried raisins; that is the only thing I saw in the shape of grapes.
You cannot get them.

Gentlemen, Ido not intend to take up more of your time. I
am glad to meet you. You are doing a great work, and youare
entitled to the thanks of every man, woman and child in the
state of Minnesota. (Applause).

Col. Stevens:—I will simply add a word to what Mr. Loring
has said. He helped to organize this State Horticultural So-
ciety, but he got so wealthy that he abandoned us; but he says
he is going to become a member again.

President Elliot:—We feel very much encouraged by these
remarks of President Loring, and I hope you will take better
courage and seeif you cannot improve on what you have been
doing.

Now if Col. Stevens will come forward and read his paper it
will conclude the program for this morning.

Col. Stevens then read the following paper: ‘The First
‘Mum’ Exhibition,” by Col. J. H. Stevens, Minneapolis. (See
index. )

President Elliot:—I will say that the Colonel has touched off
our chrysanthemum exhibition we had here in November, which
was thought by those who took part in getting it up was doing
pretty well for their first effort, and I wish to say to the friends
here that next year the florists expect to excel what they did
last November. Already many of them have got their plants
started for this year’s exhibition, and they expect to have a
show here that will exceed anything west of the Atlantic coast.

, We have only ten minutes left to twelve o’clock. We have a
question box to which I promised we would devote fifteen
minutes, and we shall probably have to run‘a little over time.

(The replies to these questions will be found under the proper
heads. )

—5

82 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

President Elliot:—This closes our program for this morning.
We will now adjourn to half past one. The beekeepers will be
in session here this afternoon and evening.

WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION.
JANUARY 21.

The meeting was called to order by President Elliot.

President Elliot:—There are one or two things we passed
over this morning that perhaps we had better take up and dis-
pose of before the beekeepers go into session.

I wish to call the attention of the members to the maps that
are on the wall here. These are maps that have been loaned
tous from the geological survey of Prof. Winchell, and they
will come up later in our discussions, but I just want to make
this little explanation in regard to them so you can be studying
them before the discussion comes on.

Prof. Green:—Our idea in bringing these maps here was to
show you what an important work had been done. Last year
there was considerable discussion as to the advisability of pub-
lishing a map showing the various features of the country.
There are twenty of these maps and each one shows some dif-
ferent feature. Thus one map shows the general outline of the
state, another shows the geological features, another gives the
forest area, another the water area, and the prairie area, and
they are all worth studying. These maps were gotten up at a
great expense to take to the New Orleans Exposition, and they
are well worth studying, and we propose to draw some lessons
from them when we reach that part of our business.

President Elliot: In reference to this hall; it was donated to
us free by the Guaranty Loan Company on the condition that
we are not to deface or injure it in any way, and weare to use it
as long as we want it, or until we get through with it this
week.

Then there is the matter of an amendment to the constitu-
tion. I believe that has not been taken up yet and it would be
well to consider it now. An amendment has been Pa up
here, perhaps it will cover the point.

The secretary then read the following proposed amendment
to article III of the constitution:

‘‘Local or county horticultural societies and kindred organ-
izations may become auxiliary to this society by sending three

* ANNUAL WINTER MEETING 83

delegates to the annual winter meeting, who shall be entitled
to all the rights and privileges of membership, upon furnishing
to the secretary of the society alist of members of their society
and a report of the proceedings thereof.”

Referred to the committee on constitution.

J. S. Harris:—I wish to make one statement. We have been
requested to change the date of our annual meeting, so as not
to conflict with the state of Iowa. Iwas notified that Mr Lyon
would be here, but he is not here, and I will give notice to
change the date of our annual meeting so as not to conflict with
the state of Iowa.

President Elliot:—We will now vacate and the beekeepers
will step in and use the program-until our turn comes again.

THURSDAY MORNING SESSION, JAN. 22.

The meeting was called to order by President Elliot.

President Elliot:—As none of the gentlemen who are down
on the program are present, we will have to fall back on Mr.
Harris with his report of the seedling fruit committee. Mr.
Harris has received a commission from the secretary of agri-
culture to visit various parts of the state and examine varieties
of apples, and afterwards to visit the seedlings and report, and
what he has found will be a surprise to the society. He is not
at liberty to give the report, because they want to incorporate
it in their annual report.

Mr. A. W. Latham then read the following paper: ‘‘ Apple
Growing Around Lake Minnetonka,” by A. W. Latham, Excel-
sior, Minn. (See index.)

A spirited discussion followed the reading.

President Elliot:—All the committees are at work now, and
will no doubt be ready to report at the proper time.

H.L.Gordon:—Mr.N.J.Stubbs told me to give the members of
the society his respects and tell them he felt as much interested
in the work as he ever did, but he would not be able to make
out his report this year.

President Elliot:—Ladies and gentlemen: I have the honor
of introducing to you Mr. George Robinson. He is quite a
noted grape grower, rather on the amateur order, He grows
his grapes at Minnetonka and lives in Minneapolis. He is con-
siderably interested in horticulture. He promised to give us
this same paper last year, but for some reason we did not getit.

84 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. °

Mr. Robinson then read the following paper: ‘‘Grapes,” by
George Robinson, Minneapolis. (See indez.)

A discussion followed the reading.

Mr. C. L. Smith then read the following paper: ‘‘ Grapes,”
by J. S. Sewall, St. Anthony Park, Minn. (See indez.)

The following paper was then read by the author: ‘‘Treat-
ment of Fungus Diseases of Grape Vines,” by A. W. Latham,
Excelsior, Minn = (See indez.)

Next Mr. J. S. Harris read the following: ‘‘Grape Insects
and Diseases,” by J. S. Harris, La Crescent, Minn. (See index.)

A discussion ensued on the subject of these papers.

Col. Stevens:—There is a very important matter here that
should be considered, and that is in regard to the timber
brought here from Iowa, by Mr. Gaylord. He has taken a
’ great deal of pains and trouble to get it here, and if we had a
time set to examine it I think we could derive a great deal of
information from it,

President Elliot:—We will have to take that up as we can
catch it. -I wish to callon Mr. Somerville. He is our horti-
cultural lecturer in the field this winter, with the farmer’s in-
stitutes, and he will explain to you what they are doing.

Mr. Wm. Somerville than addressed the society as follows:

Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen:—I feel really somewhat
embarrassed to get up before a crowd of men and women like I
see before me today, who for years have been toiling along in
horticulture with their failures and successes. Ian limited for
time, hence I have got to get through what I have to say in
the shortest and most condensed form that I can get it into.

We have been meeting together here as horticulturists for a
number of years. We talk about raising fruit and cultivating
it and all that kind of things. A year ago the question came
up whether we were doing anything for the farmers, or for the
benefit of the farmers at large. I think I started the point
that there must be a missionary put in the field in order to in-
struct and enlighten the farmers in this state in the works of
the Horticultural Society. It was agreed that that was the
true plan, but I little expected when I made the suggestion
that that missionary would be a young man like myself.

I am a farmer, have lived on a farm all my life, with hay-
seed in my hair, and I represent that class of men. I am glad
to see the farmers taking such an interest in horticultural
work. Now I ama farmer that lives on my farm and spend
my money in town. The agriculturist really lives in town and

ANNUAL WINTER MEETING. 85

spends his money on the farm. That is simply the difference
between the two classes of farmers.

Now for the institute work. I have attended some eight in-
stitutes, and I will say to you that if ever there was a plan de-
vised by this Horticultural Society for the education of farm-
ers, it is through this medium, and never has there been such
attention paid to any set of teachers as there is at these insti-
tutes. I want to say right here that we have not had an insti-
tute where there have not been from two hundred and fifty to
five hundred people in attendance. I have made it reasonable.
Up at St. Cloud we had a room not as big as this, but at
least one-half, and there were many who could not get into the
house to hear us. We have represented each branch of farm-
ing. There isthe horse man, there is the cow man, there
is the sheep man, there is the pig man, and there is the Hon-
orable ‘‘Me” of the horticultural class. We hold a two days’
session, and many have come a distance of thirty miles to hear
us, and they have all been attentive listeners, and I think
every place we have been they have not been disappointed
with the instruction they have received. Now as for our time,
it is divided. Each one has a certain time allotted to his sub-
ject. We could take ina great many more subjects, but we
should have to have a good deal more time.

Now I will tell my work, which is allotted tome. The opening
session of the first day they put me on talking about small fruits.
I take all the pains possible in telling them how to cultivate
small fruits, how to prepare the ground, how to set the plants,
how to cultivate strawberries and the profits derived from
them. I also tell them how to cover them up, and all those
necessary points, just as those people here have been talking
about since we met together. Then in the afternoon they put
me down to talk to the ladies in the cooking school. I am a
great hand to have something good to eat, and I like a good
cook to get it ready. They send me down to talk to those la-
dies, but for a person as young as I am it is rather embarrass-
ing, yet I face the music and do the best I can. I tell the la-
dies they must punch up their husbands in this work, and if I
get the ladies interested and they say it must be brought about,
things generally go right. Thisis my part of the work for
the first day, except in the evening we hold a kind of an extra
meeting, and they sometimes get us to tell some little stories
just for the benefit of the city.

86 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Then my next day’s work is to talk on apples. I get up the
next day, and talk about the cultivation of apples, and the pros-
pect of apples in Minnesota. I tell them what we have done,
and what we may expect in future. I try to get every person
to set out a few trees, but I do not advise setting them out by
the hundred; that is too soon yet. I talk on that subject and
they appear well satisfied with my talk.

Then again I must say a word in regard to our books. Now
our horticultural works have been lying in the state house.
Our friend here has taken the pains of sending these books
wherever we have held institutes. You would be surprised to
see how hungry the people are for those books. And I will say
right here that we have never had one-half enough to go round,
yet we have had two hundred to hand round at each session. Now
we want a book and we want a medium to get that book to the
farmer. There is little use to come here and talk over horticul-
ture from year to year, unless we can make a practice of get-
ting our books into the hands of farmers.

Now while I talk on these subjects our friend, Mr. Gregg,
has been very liberal with me regarding time, and has also
frequently called me up to discuss the question of forestry
planting, which I have done on several occasions, because this
thing of seeing men live on the bleak prairie with but one
board between them and the north pole, I have a very poor
opinion of, (applause) and I recommend planting evergreens
round the house, and tell them what they may expect if they
do it, and where Mr. Gregg has given me the privilege of talk- -
ing on this subject, I have never heard such an inquiry for
trees as has been made where I have been.

This is the institute work, and it is one of the best works that
has ever been accomplished with the farmers, and they are a
people that want teaching. (Applause.)

Mr. Thayer:—I would like to ask the gentleman whether he
is employed by the Horticultural Society or by the institute
proper, and do they allow him to take his time at every
session?

Mr. Somerville:—Every time. Iam employed by the insti-
tute.

Mr. Thayer:—Your people are more generous than ours are
in Wisconsin.

Mr. Somerville:—I would say right here, friends, our friend,

ANNUAL WINTER MEETING. _ 87

Mr. Gregg, is one of the best men to run this thing I ever saw,
and when he sees that people are interested in horticulture he
will lengthen my time to three-fourths of an hour and cut some
one else off.

R. P. Lupton:—I attended the institute at Excelsior and I
was very agreeably surprised at the time allowed horticultural
subjects.

Pres. Elliot:—I would state that I have been on the institute
board for the last three years, and we have been feeling our
way very carefully in regard to horticultural work. The time
three years ago was all given to the hog, the horse, etc., and
you could not get a word in edgewise about horticulture; they
did not want to hear anything about that, but the demand now
seems to be reaching out toward horticulture, and we have now
got to that point where we can have at least one-half hour each
session to devote to horticulture, and I am in hopes that the
time is coming, as has been suggested, when there will be two
institutes at work in our state at the same time. I think this
is the true plan for doing this work.

J. O. Barrett:—I want to ask Mr. Somerville what, in his
idea, can be done to get our books out. We ought to have them
at all our institutes.

Prof. Green:—We have not half enough to go around.

J. O. Barrett:—I receive the books every year, fifty I think.
I paid the bill myself one year to get these books distributed
They are very highly appreciated. Some come back to me
and express their gratitude for giving them that book.

Pres. Elliot:—There is a plan on foot now, if we can effect it,
to issue a hand book on horticulture in connection with our in-
stitute work, and we want from fifteen to twenty thousand a
year. When wecome to hold forty institutes, as we did last
year, we can distribute and should have at least twenty thous-
and books, and take that with forestry and all the different
lines of work we are carrying on here it seems to me we would
be making pretty fair progress.

L. H. Wilcox:—There are some very important resolutions
prepared for the committee on _ resolutions to act
upon, in which this society and the Farmers Institute are
very much interested, and I move that Mr. Somerville be ap-
pointed to appear before that committee to present this work
to their consideration at that time.

Col. J. H. Stevens:—Our institute work is copied from Wis-
consin. Wisconsin is the pioneer in that work. Gov. Hoard,

88 MINNESOTA STATEHORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Rusk and my friend Smith inaugurated that work, and I feel
proud, although I was not born in Wisconsin, I was brought up
there from boyhood, I feel proud of that state and what it has
done to favor this institute work. There is no one thing of
more importance to the farmer, and of so much benefit, as that
very self same institute work, which was inaugurated by Hoard,
Rusk and Smith at Menominie.

J. S. Harris: I never like to take sides against Col. Stevens,
because we are old Mexican veterans, but Wisconsin got its
ideas from Minnesota, because Minnesota had started this work
long before there ever was such a thing as institutes in Wis-
consin.

Pres. Elliot:—I wish to introduce to you, fellow members,
the vice-president of the Wisconsin State Horticultural So-
ciety, Mr. M. A. Thayer.

Mr. Thayer then addressed the society as follows:

Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen:—I am not here to talk,
but I am deeply interested in the farmer institute work, and
especially the horticultural part of it. I have been doing some
work in that line myself, and I find our people in Wisconsin
very much interested in horticulture. We had very large
meetings day before yesterday at Lake Mills; we had a room
as large as this and it was crowded to the utmost, and on all
horticultural topics that came up the people were very deeply
interested. Now I came here yesterday for the purpose of
getting some information on the subject that you have just had
before you. We realize the necessity of getting this horticul-
tural information before the people, also the best way in which
we may place our literature before the farmers of the country.
In my work in that direction I have prepared a map which I
entitled ‘‘The Farmer’s Quarter Acre.” I first lay out my
garden four rods wide and one hundred and ten feet long, with
the first row for plums and Transcendant crab apples of thir-
teen trees; the next row I lay out in blackberries; the next in
black raspberries; the next in red raspberries; the next in
currants, and so on untill complete the garden and have a suc-
cession of fruit throughout the season. We recommend what
different varieties of fruit should be planted and make the in-
struction as clear aS we can, and after that comes the discus-
sion. ;

It seems to me that the great need of our horticulturists and
farmers in Wisconsin, and I presume it is so in Minnesota, is

ANNUAL WINTER MEETING. 89

organization. It seems to me there should be a good horticult-
ural society in every county, and if it could be, in every town,
and if such societies would subscribe for the leading agricult-
ural and horticultural papers, and if they would apply to the
different state authorities for their reports, and have other
reading matter circulating among the farmers or the members,
it would certainly be a great benefit. By organization a great
many benefits might bederived. Let me give youone. In an
organization of that kind the farmers or others who were de-
termined to plant small fruits for their own use could order
their plants for that purpose as asociety; they could ask a nur-
seryman or small fruit dealer to furnish them at thousand rates.
They would be glad todo it. I havea price list from eastern
nurserymen, from which, to set the quarter acre that I recom- .
mend, it would cost $52.50, while under the plan I proposed
any leading nurseryman of your state would furnish that garden
for $12.00, a saving to every individual of $40.50, and to ten
persons who would join in such a society, it would represent a
saving of over four hundred dollars. That is only one of the
benefits you would receive from organization.

The question of how we can best do the work, or best get this
horticultural information before the people is something I want
to know, and at our meeting the first week in February we
shall try in Wisconsin to devise some means by which that
work can best be done, and we would be very glad, indeed, to
receive any information on that point from our friends in Min-
nesota. Wealso wish to follow you in your plans for legisla
tion, or anything else that may be useful tous. Iam here to
learn these things at this time. (Applause.)

J. S. Harris:—I want to say that the people in Wisconsin are
just as hungry for horticultural information as they are in Min-
nesota, and I hope that institute will get around and give it to
them. I was a short time ago called, expecting to give them a
talk on the small fruit garden, but the hog and the horse
monopolized the whole thing and I did not get a chance on the
floor.

The Committee on Constitution then reported in favor of the
adoption of the following amendment to Article III of the con-
stitution:

‘‘Local or county horticultural societies and kindred organi-
zations may become auxiliary to this society by sending three
delegates to the annual winter meeting, who shall be entitled
to all the rights and privileges of membership upon furnishing

90 MINNESTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

to thesecretary of the society a list of members of their society
and a report of the proceedings thereof.”

On motion of Prof. Green the amendment was adopted.

L. H. Wilcox:—I was perhaps the mover in securing that
amendment to the constitution, and I did it believing that we
should extend a hand to local societies, and by making their
members hold membership in this society, had hoped to see
this society largely increased in membership. This is a thing
that is very desirable to do. Two years have passed since that
amendment was put in the constitution, and outside of a single
society, the Beekeepers’ Association, which has been formed
since that amendment was passed, the outside horticultural
societies have not responded to our overtures. I say this
simply in explanation, and I have no objection to make to this
amendment. —

The meeting then adjourned to two o'clock.

AFTERNOON SESSION.

THURSDAY, JAN. 22, 2 P. M.

The meeting was called to order by the president.

President Elliot: We have with us here this afternoon a gen-
tleman who makes a business of raising vegetables for the
market in winter. His place is just a little beyond the Wash-
burn Home. I want to introduce to you Mr. Fred Busch.

Mr. Busch then spoke as follows:

Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: Four or five years
ago I thought it would be a good thing to raise vegetables in
the greenhouse, and as it was rather a doubtful scheme with
me I first tried itin one small house. I saw there was an
opportunity to make a fair profit out of it, but still 1 used my
hot beds. The next year I built three houses and tried it in
that way, and I found I could do it better than with hot beds,
and I kept on all that year and the next year I doubled my
plant. I now have forty thousand feet under glass. I find
there is quite a demand for vegetables, and sometimes I run
short. Four or five years ago there were times when I was
hardly able to sell lettuce, but now there isa steady demand
for it. The crop I raise there at present is almost exclusively
lettuce. JI intended to raise cabbage this year, but we got the
plant finished so late that I did not get at it. This year I made

s ANNUAL WINTER MEETING 91
an attempt to raise spinach, but it was not very successful. I
have also tried some onions. I have put in old onions that
were considered worthless and got a few barrels, and I think
that is something thatcan be grown very successfully if started
in the winter, but still itis a matter of experiment, and as I
am only a short time in this special business, I cannot tell how
far I shall be successful.

Col. Stevens:—Have you lettuce in market now?

Mr. Busch:—O, yes; we have cut something like seventy
thousand heads. Perhaps some of you gentlemen would like
to go out there and see what is being done. I should be glad
to see you at any time. That is all I have to say.

Pres. Elliot:—The electric line runs to Washburn Home,
and from that point it is only a short distance to Mr. Busch’s
place. We are much obliged to Mr. Busch for his remarks.

Mr. Bass is here and has a paper on maple sugar, and un-
less objection is made we will listen to that now.

Mr. Bass read a paper on:—‘‘Production of Maple Sugar in
Minnesota,” by J. G. Bass, Hamline, Minn.

President Elliot: We will next proceed to the election of
officers.

Sec’y Green: I wish to say that only those have the privilege
of voting that are members of this society, as membership in
the Bee-keepers Association has been confounded with mem-
bership in the Horticultural Society. That membership is en-
tirely different. That was a mistake made atthe last meeting.

The following officers were then elected:

President, Wyman Elliot, Minneapolis.

First Vice-President, Clarence Wedge, Albert Lea.

Second Vice-President, Dewain Cook, Windom.

Third Vice-President, L. R. Moyer, Montevideo.

Fourth Vice-President, M. Pearce, Chowen.

Fifth Vice-President, J. O. Barrett, Brown’s Valley.

Treasurer, Ditus Day, Farmington.

Secretary, A. W. Latham, Excelsior.

Executive Committee, O. F. Brand, Faribault; J. S. Harris,
La Crescent; J. M. Underwood, Lake City; L. H. Wilcox, Hast-
ings; M. Cutler, Sumter.

Entomologist, O. W. Oestlund, Minneapolis.

Librarian, A. W. Latham, Excelsior.

92 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL fees

Mr. J. S. Harris then read the following sketch of the life of
Mr. A. W. Sias, to the time of his late removal from the state:

Members and friends of the Minnesota State Horticultural Society:

President Elliot has requested me to announce to you that our worthy
first vice president, A. W. Sias, of Rochester, has removed from our state
to the new state of Colorado, there to make his future home. I have
thought that it might be of interest to the younger members of our
society to give here a brief biographical sketch of the man who has been
so closely identified with the interests of horticulture in our state during
the last quarter of a century.

Mr. Sias was born at Derby, Orleans county, Vermont, May 3d, 1838.
His youthful days were spent on his father’s farm, the old homestead that
descended from his grandfather, which was located in the midst of some
of the finest views and most beautiful forest and mountain scenes in all
New England; and there is no doubt but this scenery and the surround-
ings of his earlier years, gave him that love for trees which has been a
characteristic of his after life, and of late years has been his ruling passion:
In the spring of 1851 he accompanied his parents to western New York,
where they located on a farm situated in the midst of the greatest nursery
district and the then best fruit region in the United States, near the city
of Rochester. Fora few years he divided his time between assisting a corps
of engineers in surveying railroad’ lines from Rochester to Niagara Falls,
and later on the Toledo, Wabash and Western road; attending the Gene-
see Wesleyan Seminary, and asa traveling agent for the nursery firm of
Nelson & Barker, near Rochester. He came to Minnesota in 1859, and for
a time made his headquarters at St. Charles, in Winona county. Some
time in 1863 he removed to Rochester, Olmsted county, and immediately
started the College Hill Nurseries, making a specialty of apple trees and
evergreens. I first made his acquaintance at the state fair held at Roch-
ester in October, 1866,where he rendered me valuable assistance in arrang-
ing my show of fruits, flowers and vegetables, so that the display should
make the most favorable impression upon the many visitors on that occa-
sion. My first impressions of him were that he was a man possessed of
sterling integrity and good ability, and from that hour we became fast
friends. The objective points I found in his character was that he was
too modest and unassuming where only his own interests were concerned,
and that he would permit others and less worthy men to push him aside,
and step in ahead; and too conscientiously honest to compete with that
class of unscrupulous tree venders who at that period were working the
tree business for all there was in it, selling unknown auction stocks of
trees at 50 cts., $1.00 and upwards each, while much of his carefully grown
stock remained on his hands unsold. I am glad to know that the young
man, after long association with me, has to a certain extent been able to
overcome this modesty, and is now aggressive and even pugnacious in de-
fending his rights, while his reputation for honesty remains untarnished.

On the morning of October 4th, 1866, when the venerable D. A. Robert-
son broached the question of organizing a ‘‘State Fruit Growers’ Associa-
tion,” our friend Sias was one of the first to second the proposition, and
with Wm. Somerville, R. S. Cotterell, I. W. Rollins, and several others,

ANNUAL WINTER MEETING. 93

rendered valuable assistance in organizing the society which has become
the State Horticultural Society of to-day, and ever since he has remained
a steadfast friend and faithful worker in our ranks,

My impression is that he acted as secretary of the preliminary meeting
of organization. He has since served the society as treasurer five years
and as first vice-president about eleven years and has always been found
promptly at the post of duty. He has always been an earnest advocate of
the planting of ornamental shade trees, and to-day the city of Rochester
owes much of the beauty of its streets, lawns and homestead surroundings
to the precepts and example of our worthy friend. At his home on Col-
lege Hill are growing forty varieties of the pine family and almost every
variety of native and foreign deciduous tree that is hardy enough to en-
dure this climate. The grounds have been well kept and the arrangement
shows skillful landscape gardening and successful tree planting. Many
of the most successful orchards of Southern Minnesota have been planted
with trees from his nursery. Asan orchardist his work has been largely
experimental. His orchard contains over 50 varieties of Russian apples, a
still greater number of American and their seedlings, and something like
40 of the Siberians and their hybrids, besides pears, plums and cherries, in
numerous varieties. In 1882, 103 varieties produced fruit. What the
final result of the experiments carried to completion would have been it
is impossible to tell. On August 21st, 1883, the great tornado that swept
over Rochester and its vicinity, leaving desolation, ruin and death in its
track, uprooted one half of the trees in this promising experimental or-
chard and left the remainder in a sorry plight. Ina moment, as it were,
the treasures he had been years in collecting were almost annihilated and
the most thorough experimental work that had at that time been under-
taken in the state with all its hopes of success was lost or set back for
many years and the financial loss to him was one from which he has
never fully recovered. Our society has always found him at the front
whenever any aggressive work was to be done. We shall miss him.in our
councils and we hope that he may be most abundantly prospered in his
new home, and the horticulturists of Colorado may appreciate his worth.

J. S. HARRIS.

EK. H. S. Dartt:—Mr. Harris has stolen the thunder of the
obituary committee.

J. S. Harris:—Mr. Sias has been a valuable member. He is
a man of sterling worth, and I would like to see resolutions
adopted by this society deploring his loss and expressing our
good wishes for his future.

The Secretary then read a letter from A. W. Sias, Pueblo,
Colorado.
Mr. President, and Members of the Horticultural Society: A residence of

thirty-one years in Minnesota, and a small portion of that time happily
and profitably spent in convention with you, dating back to your first

94 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

meeting at Rochester, in October 1866, all goes to prove to my mind that
your mission on earth is a most glorious one, and that your society should
be more generally patronized by the good people of Minnesota than it has
been in the past. You have been able, and have fairly and squarely
proven by many of your most trusty members, that the common apple—
“the king of all fruits” can be successfully grown in Minnesota. And
what is very important to orchardists, you have shown that apples
grown in Minnesota are of a better quality than those grown further
south in a milder climate. It has required considerable lung power, as
well asa small amount of capital to convince the people of Minnesota
that the above conclusions were actual facts, but it is worth to the state
all that it has cost, and vastly more. Now that this great question of
Minnesota fruit, is settled in our favor, it is much easier for me to tear
myself away from this old pet association, that has shown me so many
acts of kindness, and courtesies, than it otherwise would have been. We
recall to mind how two or three years ago R. C. Keel, of our county, pro-
duced about a thousand bushel of fine apples. The croakers then said
that it would be his last crop, and his trees would now succumb to the
effects of the past severe winters. Well, as good management (not luck)
would have it, this year he produced over 2,000 bushels of very fine fruit—
better indeed than most anything we could find coming from Michigan
or New York. Some may say, perhaps, that he will never be able to pro-
duce another such crop, but I can see nothing to hinder him from beating
all former records, as his orchard is still young, and he is prepared to add
500 or 1,000 trees to it in the spring. We think it about time for croakers
to beat an inglorious retreat. Mr. President, you say that you expect a
very full meeting and one of great interest to all horticulturalists in Min-
nesota. I hope, and trust, that this will be fully realised, and will add
that your proceedings will also be of great interest to at least one member
in the state of Colorado who happens to be reluctantly absent. You also
tell me that iniatory steps will be taken looking to an exhibit of fruits at
the Columbian exhibition. I am glad to know this, and hope you will meet
with a grand success in the undertaking. Mr. President, please to excuse
me from performing the committee work assigned me for the past season,
as our time has been so completely taken up of late in moving and in get-
ting settled in our new home in Colorado that we really have had no time
to attend to it. Hoping that your sessions may all be pleasant and har-
monious, I remain, Yours very cordially,
A. W. SIAS.

J. O. Barrett:—I have a very little to say. J introduced a
question laid upon the* table, which I think, perhaps, I had
better withdraw. It was in reference to forestry. Our people
who live on the open prairie are a great deal interested in rais-
ing forest trees, but I have an impression that forestry has _
been somewhat neglected during this season. I see there is so
much on the program that it seems inadvisable to me to bring
up this matter, and that it may not encumber the report, I ask
the privilege of withdrawing those resolutions.

Prof. Green: I think they should receive consideration, and

ANNUAL WINTER MEETING. 95

it would be a good plan to discuss them now. We shall be
short of a paper on celery and it is my idea that we should take
these resolutions from the table and discussthem. It will open
the way to place them in the hands of the committee.

M. Cutler: We have had no discussion on vegetables, and I
should like to hear the subject of celery discussed if we have
no paper.

L. R. Moyer: I would like to givea notice. The fourth sec-
tion of the by-laws provides for several committees, and I wish
to give notice, if it is in order, that there should be appointed a
committee on ornamental trees and shrubs. I think the reason
so few have been planted is because the people do not know
what trees can be planted.

Referred to the committee on forestry.

J. O. Barrett: Just a word or two. I am specially interested
in this matter, because I represent the people of the open prai-
rie. Now we have, according to the statement of the state ge-
ologist, or did have in 1872, ten thousand lakes in our state.
These lakes have dwindled down until to-day there are not over
one thousand. Our vast territory of woodland has been de-
stroyed and there is remaining now but a small remnant of
what it was in 1872. Take it in my own locality: our lake which
was originally brim full, has dwindled down so low that we can
wade to any part of it. Our locality was so dry this season, on
account of the denuding of our forests, that I did not raise but
about four bushels of wheat to the acre. The chances of rais-
ing crops there are constantly diminishing year after year, and
our farmers are much discouraged. Now it seems to me it is
impossible for us to raise small fruit, apples and the like, until
we commence to restore our forests in Minnesota. The pur-
pose of this resolution is to appoint a committee who shall for-
mulate a bill to be presented to the legislature, and the object
of drawing up these resolutions is that all this work may be
under the supervision of this society. I am not in favor of hav-
ing men on the forestry commission that are not adepts in this
work; we know more about it than anyone else, and I hope
that point will be kept in view, that if anything be done by the
legislature that the work assigned to the parties concerned
shall be under the supervision of this society.

President Elliot: I wish to call your attention to that green
map; part green and part white, the green portion representing
the forests and white the prairie.

96 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Col. Stevens: Ido not think Minnesotais going to suffer for
want of water. Now, if you can grow forests that brings rain
fall; they retain the moisture in the ground. A year ago last
summer it was my pleasure to travel over a portion of the
prairies of Minnesota. Forty years ago I traveled over the
same prairie, and except on the banks of the Minnesota river
there was no timber. When I went over that country a year
ago I was surprised at the timber that was raised by the farm-
ers. Nearly every house had trees on the west side to protect
it. Mr. Smith during the last few years has been distributing
trees and evergreens all over the state and the result is very
encouraging. A friend of mine from west of the Big Woods
told me to-day that Mr. Smith’s trees nearly all grew. That is
very encouraging. Our farmers must be educated to raise
forest trees It is just as much a nack to raise forest
trees as it is to raise apples. You plant a tree out on
the prairie itis going to die if you pay no attention toit. Itis
useless to plant forest trees and expect them to grow without
cultivation. Keep the plow in motion and that will be sufficient
to make forest trees grow. I think we need have no fears for
Minnesota, but I have some doubts about Dakota, and unless
some plan is devised to avoid it, Dakota will go back to what it
was forty years ago. You may raise a good wheat crop with-
out rain, but you cannot grow forest trees without rain.

E. H. S. Dartt: It is undoubtedly an unfortunate fact for us
thatthe country is growing dryer and dryer with time. In Wiscon-
sin itcommenced to grow dry and it continued to grow dry as long
as Istaid there. Now the gentleman says we may escape the
calamity in Minnesota, but Dakota is going to catch it. Now I
think we are catching it in Minnesota every year, and it is
those dry, hot winds that come in from the southwest that
wither our trees.

M. Cutler: In the northeast we have our greatest extent of
water surface, and when our winds are in that direction they
are moist and damp usually, and from that direction we invaria-
bly get our snow storms, and from the opposite direction we
get our hot winds. Now, what injured friend Barrett's wheat
crop last year was not the winds from the north, from the pine
woods, but the winds from the southwest, from the desert
region. Now, the winds that did us the greatest damage last
summer were those hot, dry winds.

Dr. Frisselle: It has been said that the cutting away of the
forests has caused our lakes and rivers to dry up. I wish to

ANNUAL WINTER MEETING. 97

say. that it is no such thing. There is no place in all the world
where the evaporation is so great as in the forest. You dig
down a little ways in the forest and it is ashes. The rainfall
and amount of snow we have is what fills our ponds and streams.

President Elliot: I do not think these resolutions have been
disposed of. I think a motion was made to refer them to the
committee on forestry, and unless objection is made they will
be. so referred.

Mr. Latham then read the following paper: Celery on the
Prairie, by Sydney Corp, Hammond. (See J/ndex.) <A discuss-
ion then followed.

Mr. Latham read the following papers: ‘‘Cultivation of
Asparagus,” by Wm. Lyons, of Minneapolis. «(See index.)
‘Report on Vegetables,” by Joshua Allyn, Red Wing, Minn,
(See index. )

A short discussion followed.

E. H. S. Dartt: I have a resolution here which I would like
to have adopted without discussion, if you think best.

‘* Resolved, That it is the sense of this society that no premiums should
be awarded by our State Agricultural Society on fruits not grown by the
exhibitor.”

The resolution was unanimously adopted.

President Elliot: We have with us here Senator Grafe, of
Polk county, and we shall be very glad to hear a few words
from him.

Senator Grafe: Mr. Probstfield suggested my coming up
here, andl am very glad I came. I am very agreeably dis-
appointed at the grand display of fruits, and also in seeing so
many men interested in this work. In my own locality we
have become rather discouraged in trying to do anything with
fruit. I have become discouraged in trying to do anything
with apples of any kind. I am trying to raise some small
fruits. I was like a good many other people; my hindsight
was better than my foresight. I got my timber belt too close
to my house; it is too close to my apple and plum trees. It
has not been practicable for farmers to branch out, Of the
results of my experiments the last two or three years I cannot
say anything. My Transcendents all did very well until the
last two or three years they have blighted some: The Hyslop
has died out, and as far as apples are concerned I have about
given up trying to raise any.

—6

~

98 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

President Elliot: JI would like to call on Senator Probstfield,
of Moorhead.

Senator R. M. Probstfield: Myr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen:
I do not know that I can give you any more information than
what isin my last report. For the last sixteen years I have
been experimenting with apples, and I had good success with
Transcendents. Ido not suppose I had over forty trees that
bore, and I had sixty, fifty and forty-five bushels of apples, and
sold them all the way from $1.50 to $3.00 per bushel. I did
think at one time I would make some cider, but I thought as
long as I could get from a dollar and a half to two dollars a
bushel for them, I could not afford to make cider. Now 1 have
not got a tree left today. I went to work myself and cut them
off two years ago; I think it spoils the looks of a place to leave
them standing. I had a lot of trees sent me by Mr. Luedloff, of
Carver, nearly all varieties of Russians, and there are quite a
number of trees that are very promising. I also had quite a
number sent me by Professor Budd, and some from Mr. Sias
and Mr. Tuttle. This is not acomplete report. I did not have
time to make a complete report, and did not have time to find
out what was in first class condition and what was not. While
I do not expect much from the apples, I think they are doing
well enough to spur me on in trying to do the best I can with
them on a small scale. I want to say to all those who are
making experiments with fruits and trying to do good to their
fellow men, keep right on with your experiments. Don’t be
discouraged if your trees die out. What is half hardy in this
locality may not be hardy in our country. I also made the mis-
take Mr. Grafe did. My timber is too close to my fruit trees.
When I first planted I thought they should have shelter, but I
had a slope to the northeast and I came to the conclusion that I
would set my trees on that slope which had no shelter. Those
trees that stood nearest the timber and got the full benefit of
the sun and were protected from the wind did not amount to
much, while those that were not protected did the best.

Senator H. A. Grafe: I want to say a word about those tree
agents. I want to put out the beacon light of warning and I want
youto keep itup. I must say that I never got poor stock from
any nurseryman that I applied to, but have tried these traveling
agents that have had high sounding names for their fruits and
Ihave been swindled abominably every time, but I have not
been swindled the last ten years.

ANNUAL WINTER MEETING. 99

President Elliot: We also have with us Senator Orrin Mott,
from Lincoln county, from whom we should like to hear a few
words.

Senator Orrir Mott: Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen:—1
came here by chance. Iam agreeably surprised to see the fine
exhibit of flowers, fruit and men that I find here; yes, and
ladies too.

I came from way out west, on the Dakota slope toward the
Missouri river; and we are suffering under great disadvantages
from drouth. Iplanted some fruit. I commenced four years
ago with apple trees of different varieties. These trees all died
except a few crabs; they are there still, some of them bearing
fruit. I planted a tree claim, and in that I planted a lot of apple
trees, quite a number of varieties, but there is none that is
doing anything but crabs; they are doing nicely, and are as
hardy as oak.

Where I located first I found the premises got so dry I could
not get water at all; so 1 moved from that place to another por-
tion of the farm, where there was plenty of water, and I carried
on my experiments of planting fruit trees there. Every tree I
planted there has died. They have died since the commence-
ment of this dry season. Even cottonwood trees that I planted
last spring have withered and died. I am in hopes, if we get
some rain, the people will be able to grow small fruits, but now
itis too dry; everything is drying up, and it is very discouraging.

Pres. Elliot: Senator Probstfield. comes from Moorhead, way
up north. We are very glad that he has not become discour-
aged, as long as he is able to plant a tree.

Now in regard to the Columbian Exposition, I would like to
inquire if anything has been received from Mr. Emery? If not,
I would like to have Mr. Underwood, his partner, state some-
thing to us in regard to that.

J. M. Underwood: I would say, Mr. President, that I can
offer apologies for Mr Emery, and I know you will gladly ac.
cept them, as he is sick; not sick abed, but too indisposed to be
here. However, he is improving, and was in hopes to be here
personally, or send some communication on this subject. I
have not received anything from him up to this time; I know,
however, that he will be ready to codéperate with the society,
and to help to put this matter on a proper basis. Now, we all
know how well our efforts have succeeded at New Orleans and
Philadelphia, in everything we have done, and all it needs is
some energetic and intelligent action to put this matter of the

100 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Columbian exposition in such shape that it will work credit to
our society and state. I think it is very proper that this
society should recommend that the executive committee should
take suitable action in arranging and providing for an exhibit.
Some suitable legislation, perhaps, should be asked for, some
appropriation on the part of the state, to make a proper dis-
play there, and I do not know any better way than to refer this
matter to the executive committee, recommending that they
give it the necessary and prompt attention. I would make a
motion to the effect that it be so referred.

President Elliot: We were in hopes that Mr. Emery would
give us some outline or some plan, perhaps, that we could work
up, but as we have got a good executive committee, perhaps
with their efforts we may be able to bring the matter before
our people in sucha way that they will become enthusiastic over
it. Ido not know of any one thing that we as a society can do
that will be of more importance to the interest of our state than
to place an exhibit of fruit down at Chicago, and in order to do
that we have got to have the co-operation of every member of
this society and of all auxiliary societies in the state. We must
not overlook the fact that thousands and thousands of people
will come to that exposition who are looking for homes, and
looking for pointers there in order to know where they shall
locate, and we should have some kind of literature there that
will give them some indication of what our resources are, and
we have a little matter in the hands of the committee now in
regard to some points that are connected with this. Now in
regard to our map, I do not know of anything we could publish
that would give better or clearer information than that. We
are at work on a fruit map now which, if we can get proper aid
to publish it in connection with the book on horticulture, will
be of great benefit. It will be distributed all over the state so
our farmers may know how to plant and when to plant, and it
will be of valuable service to them. There were some recom-
mendations in the president’s annual address in regard to this
matter, and I would ask that committee if they are ready to re-
port.

Clarence Wedge: Mr. President, as chairman of that com-
mittee I would say that Mr. Grimes, the secretary, has pre-
pared a report which meets the approval of the committee.

Mr Grimes then read the following report:

ANNUAL WINTER MEETING. - 101

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS.

Your committee, to whom was referred the president’s address, ask
leave to make the following report: After giving the matter careful con-
sideration we conclude that the points made are well taken and we have
no occasion to critisize or differ in judgment from the wise counsels of
our worthy president, whose motto is, to let nothing fail for lack of pro-
per attention. If we could all live up to that standard, we should have
less cause to find fault with Providence.

A very important point, and one which demands our first attention,
a problem difficuit to solve, is how to save the wasted energies of the
soil and return an equivalent for the crops which have been taken there-
from. This certainly is worthy of our careful attention, and he who shall
master the problem would be one of the greatest benefactors of mankind.

Another, to which our attention is called, is the education of the
masses, especially the youth, through the means of the kindergarten and
common school work of the farmers institute and especially the more
complete and scientific knowledge to be acquired at our agricultural col-
leges. Weshall always want the very best men for the best work, and
there is no danger of an over supply. Daniel Webster once said, ‘‘there
is always room on the top shelf.”

In regard to the World’s Columbian fair you will probably take some
action before you adjourn. As the matter has not yet been acted upon
by our legistature we would recommend that the legislative committee
of this society be instructed to correspond with the members of the legis-
lature as to the best way and means by which to secure a proper represen-
tation.

Another thought is the subject of forestry. Your committee think
that Pres. Elliot has laid that matter fairly and squarely before you and
it behooves you and indeed every one that has any concern for the future
welfare of our land and posterity, to devise some means by which our
forests can be preserved at least from open and wanton destruction.

We are also reminded that as a society we shall soon reach the twenty-
fifth anniversary of our existence. Our books show that we commenced
without any capital, but like most stock companies, we issued bonds and
purchased them ourselves and our dividends have been large in experience,
and we think that the time has come, as our worthy president suggests,
that we should take an inventory of stock, liquidate our floating indebted-
ness and begin anew upon a broader and more solid basis, in all of which
your committee heartily concur.

Signed: CLARENCE WEDGE,
QO: Il) WILCOX,
J.T. GRIMES.

On motion the report was adopted and referred to the publi-
cation committee.

M. Cutler: I believe Mr. Underwood made a motion.

J.M. Underwood: Mr. Emery, representing the nursery-
men and the tree growers at the Columbian Exposition, will
do everything in his power to facilitate the working of the ex-
ecutive committee, and undoubtedly will be able to meet with
them and will be glad to meet with them to take the necessary
steps to make our society prominent in that exhibit. My
motion was that this question of the Columbian Exposition be
referred to the executive committee with power to act.

M. Cutler: As a member of the executive committee I should
like to hear general expression from the members as to how

102 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

many are in favor of making a good, grand display at the Ex-
position.

Senator Probstfield: I believe it would be more proper to find
out who is opposed to it, instead of who isin favor. Ido not
believe there will be any opposition to it. I think the motion
made by the gentleman here is the proper one. I think the
executive committee is able to handle that matter.

Geo. J. Kellogg: The only thing we are afraid of is that you
have got the inside track and are going to beat us.

The matter of a display at the Columbian : Exposition was
then referred to the executive committee with power to act.

Pres. Elliot: There is another matter in regard to the
American Nurserymens Associai‘on. The American Nursery-
mens Association is a body of men representing the whole of
the United States. They are the enterprising, progressive,
pushing men, who have sent their tree agents so plentifully
among us in the past, and they are coming out here to see
what kind of a country this is. We rather shut them off with
our nursery laws and they want to come here and look around
a little and see what there is here. There will be a body of
from four to six hundred of them so I aminformed. ‘The pres-
ident of that association, Mr. Emery, of Lake City, wrote to
me and wished me to interest myself in behalf of their associa-
tion in securing a place of meeting for them here next June.
They wish to remain here some eight or ten days, in the city
and in the state, and they want our society as a society to
heartily co-operate with them, and furthermore, they wish us
to become honorary members of the association. I will have
the secretary read a communication from their secretary.

The secretary then read the following letter from Chas. A.
Green, Rochester, N. Y., Secretary of the American Nursery-
mens Association.

ROcHESTER, N. Y., Jan. 17th 1891.

Minnesota Horticultural Society, Minneapolis, Minn.

GENTLEMEN: President Emery and our executive committee are in
favor of making the members of your association honorary members of the
American association, for the coming year, their names appearing in our
badge book on a page by themselves, so as not to conflict with the num-
bers of nurserymen. It is understood that the society is to furnish their
own badges, if they desire them, yeu to get up such designs as you deem
4 should not think it would be necessary for them to be numbered
at all.

Mr. Emery informs me that you propose to furnish us with the hall,
free of charge. Allow me to suggest that our meeting cannot be success-
ful unless the hall is absolutely quiet, and that is very difficult to secure
in any city, but thisis the main thing to be looked after. Will you kindly
write me, stating whether it is possible to get a quiet hall, where the

ANNUAL WINTER MEETING. 103

noise of the street will not make the voice of the speaker indistinctly
heard. We anticipate a grand meeting in your city, and shall be very
glad to meet you all and get better acquainted.

Yours Respectfully,
CHAS. A. GREEN, Sec’y.

Prof. Green: The idea is that all the members of this society
should have abadge to represent them, and in talking this over
we thought this society should act as entertainers.

Pres. Elliot: JI would say that I have sent a communication
to our park board to get them interested, and we are also tak-
ing steps to get the chamber of commerce interested, and our
mayor here, I think, can be interested in the meeting of this
association, and I think there will be no trouble about sending
them an invitation, and it will not be of any cost to our society.
I think our citizens are public spirited enough to provide for
the hall, and I think there will be measures taken soon to do
that.

M. Cutler: Is there such a hall that can be obtained here in
the city?

President Elliot: I think there will be no trouble in securing
a suitable hall, even if we should have to get them to go to the
Coliseum. They prefer, however, to have their hall in the im-
mediate vicinity of the hotels.

Wm. Somerville: Do they expect to make an exhibit?

President Elliot: None that I understand.

J. M. Underwood: At their last meeting in New York, their
rooms were right in the hotel. They found it very convenient
and satisfactory to have quiet rooms in the hotel. Then their
members do not;become scattered. This is a gathering of nur-
serymen from all over the United States. They are a wide-
awake, enthusiastic body of men, and their meeting will be a
very important one. They discuss topics of great interest, and
the whole meeting will be a very interesting one. They have
auxiliary societies, but the main society is the one that has been
mentioned, and I think our members will find pleasure in meet-
ing these nurserymen from all over the United States—Ohio,
Illinois, Missouri, lowa, Wisconsin, in fact, from almost every
state in the Union.

Geo. J. Kellogg: Not only from the United States, but from
Canada and Europe.

President Elliot: I would suggest that a committee of three
be appointed to take this matter in hand and act for the society.

Mr. Cutler made a motion to this effect which was seconded
and carried.

Et gel 2 dh Ce ia

104 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The president appointed on that committee J. M. Underwood,
0. L. Smith and A. W. Latham.
The society adjourned until 7 o’clock in the evening.

EVENING SESSION.
THURSDAY, JAN. 22, 7 P. M.

President Elliot: I would say in regard to the paper on
ornithology, that Dr. Hatch was sick the 21st of October, the
time the secretary wrote to him, and soon after his recovery
he commenced the preparation of his paper, and we are in
hopes he will yet be able to complete it so we will have it for
publication.

Secretary Green then read a letter from H. E. Van Deman,
Pomologist, Washington, D. C.

WASHINGTON, D. C., January 5, 1891.
Mr. Samuel B. Green, St. Anthony’s Park., Minnesota:

DEAR Str—Your recent favor accompanying the program of the next
meeting of your State Horticultural Society has been received lately. 1t
would be a great pleasure to me if I could accept your very kind and urgent
invitation to be present on that occasion, but as you presume, it will be
impossible fer me to do so. I have made three official trips recently, and
have another to make soon and my work is so pressing here in the office
that it will be impossible for me to leave here on so long a trip as would
be necessary in attending your meeting without doing injustice to my
work.

Of course I feel it a part of my duty to visit your state and I shall cer-
tainly do so on the first possible occasion. It may perhaps be best for me
to attend one of your summer meetings and see the small fruits and such
things in the summer. My present plan is to go there next June or July.

As toa paper, I am absolutely unable to perpare it, owing to the great
amount of work to do here, and the serious illness of my first assistant.
Wishing you and the society abundant prosperity, I am

Very respectfully,
H. E. VAN DEMAN, Pomologist.

The secretary also read a communication from Frank
Burnett, of Belmont, Man.

BELMONT, MAN., January 16, 1891.
Professor Green, Secretary Minnesota State Horticultural Society, St. Anthony

Park, Minn.

My DEAR Srr:—I have been looking forward to again having the
pleasure of being in attendance at the annual meeting to be held on Jan-
uary 20, but, unfortunately, press of business will prevent me from being
there. IfI had anticipated this I should have endeavored to have given
my experiences in the horticultural line during the past season, but it is j
too late to attempt a paper on the subject. I may say, however, that on
the whole they have been satisfactory and encouraging. For instance I
think I may claim the credit of being the first who has succeeded in fruit-
ing anything in the shape of a plum in Manitoba, outside of our wild
varieties. My DeSotosfruited this season and ripened in good shape.
As regards hardiness they without exception open this spring from the
terminal buds.

Trusting that the meeting may be well attended and that the proceed-
ings may in a large measure be conducive to the advancement of horti-
cultural interests. I am yours truly,

FRANK BURNETT.

ANNUAL WINTER MEETING. 105

The Cecilian Quartette then favored the society with a vocal
selection, entitled ‘‘My Rose.”

Prof. C. H. Hall, of the State University, read a very inter-
esting paper, entitled ‘‘Geological Formations as Related to
Plant Growth.” (On account of frequent reference to a series of
maps vt is found impracticable to publish this paper.)

On motion of Mr. Barrett, a vote of thanks was tendered
Prof. Hall for his very able paper,

Miss Gertie Hooker, of Minneapolis, very kindly entertained
the audience with a recitation, entitled ‘‘Johnnie Appleseed.”

Prof. McMillan, of the State University, read the following
paper; ‘‘Diseases of Fruit.” (This paper is not published, as
continual reference to charts would render it unintelligtble without
them.)

President Elliot: We thank the professor very much for his
valuable paper.

Prof. Pendergast has something to say I believe.

Prof. Pendergast: Professor Green has asked me for two
selections, and he also asked me if I would write a few words
about the buckthorn hedge. Ido not know what you mean to:
call for now. Now professor, what do you want, the selection
or the article on the buckthorn?

Prof. Green: You know well enough what I want.

Prof. Pendergast then read a selection entitled ‘‘How Ruby
Played,” which was very highly appreciated by the audience.

Prof. Lugger, of the State Univessity, read the following
paper:

Insects Injurious to Fruit Trees. By Prof. Otto Lugger, St.
Anthony Park, Minn. (See indez.)

President Elliot: Is there any question you wish to ask
Prof. Lugger in regard to points brought out in this paper?

This is the last paper of the evening, and I would say that
the executive committee is in session in the other room, and if
anyone has a matter to present to them, if they will make it
known it will be considered.

Prof.. Pendergast, being called on for his article on the buck-
thorn, read the following: ‘*The Buckthorn,” by Prof. W. W.
Pendergast, Hutchinson, Minn. (See index).

This closing the business of the evening, the meeting ad-
journed to Friday morning at 9 o’clock.

106 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

FRIDAY MORNING SESSION.

JANUARY 23, 9 A. M.

The meeting was called to order by the president.
President Elliott: We have with us here today Prof. C. B. Wal-
dron, or the North Dakota Agricultural College, of Fargo, who
has prepared a report on wild fruits which he will now read.

Prof. Waldron: There is no report about it. I cannot tell
you people of Minnesota anything new in regard to wild fruits.
You have about the same as we have, only I want to show you
that we are as well off as you are.

Prof. Waldron read the following paper: ‘‘Fruits of North
Dakota,” by Prof. C. B. Waldron, Fargo, N. D. (See indez.)

A short discussion followed.

Pres. Elliot:—We have some resolutions that Prof. Green
will read.

Prof. Green then read the following resolutions inviting the
American Nurserymens Association to Minneapolis:

Resolved, That we, the members of the Minnesota State Horticultural
Society, hereby extend to the American Nurserymens Association a cor-
dial invitation to hold their next annual convention in the city of Min-
neapolis, and pledge the best efforts of our society to make the meeting a
pleasant and entertaining one.

Resolved, That a committee of twenty-five from this society beappointed
to act as areception committee to act with representatives of the city
council, park board and other organizations to make the necessary ar-
rangements for the above meeting.

On motion the resolutions were adopted.

The president then appointed J. M. Underwood, C. L. Smith
and A. W. Latham a committee to consider the subject of this
resolution and to recommend twenty-five members to be ap-
pointed as delegates.

Pres. Elliot: Ladies and gentlemen, I have the pleasure
of introducing to you the Mayor of Minneapolis, Mr. F. G.
Winston. He will now address a few words to you.

Mayor Winston: Mr. President and gentlemen of the State
Horticultural Society: I did not come in here this morning to
address you, but I came here to pay my respects to your so-
ciety and to see the fruits you have on exhibition. I do not
believe I could talk on the subject of horticulture; I am not
familiar with the business. Anything in the agricultural line,
like cattle, horses, corn, wheat or potatoes, I am more familiar
with. Having been born and raised on the farm, I know some-

ANNUAL WINTER MEETING 107

thing about it, but very little about raising fruit, except the
way the farmers raise it, plant a tree and trust it to take care
of itself. I have tried that plan, but it does not work very well.
Iam glad to see you gentlemen so much interested in raising
fruit, especially in this state, and I am glad to see the progress
made in this direction. In your meetings annually I suppose
you exchange ideas, go back home with new plans and come
back next season to show the results of your experience. I
understand there is to be a meeting of the American Nursery-
mens Association in this city, and I have been requested by
the park board to confer with your president with a view to
entertaining these gentlemen when they come here, and I shall
take pleasure in doing all I can to make it pleasant and agreea-
ble for them while in the city of Minneapolis. Ladies and gen-
tlemen, I thank you. (Applause.)

Pres. Elliot: We have just passed a set of resolutions
inviting them to come to Minneapolis, and providing for the
appointment of a committee of twenty-five from our society to
act as entertainers with a like committee from the city. We
have a paper that we have passed on forestry. It is by Mr.
Chas. Luedloff, and we had to have it translated, and have no
time to take it up to-day, but I would suggest that it be re-
ferred to the publication committee to revise and put into our
record. It will be so referred unless objection is made.

The committees on awarding of premiums then presented
their reports. (See indez.)

Pres. Elliot: The treasurer is ready at any time to pay off
these awards whenever you find him.

The following paper was then read: ‘‘Elementary Principles
of Manuring,” by Prof. Samuel B. Green, St. Anthony Park,
Minn. (See index.)

A very interesting discussion ensued upon the reading.

Pres. Elliot: If there is no further discussion on this sub-
ject we will take up the next topic on the program, which is a
paper by Prof. Hayes.

Prof. Hayes: Prof. Green asked me to prepare a paper on
the relation of horticulture to agriculuture, but in connection
with our maps here I want to say a little about our winds and
what they are doing for our farmers.

Prof. Hayes then read the following paper: ‘‘Relation of
Horticulture to Agriculture,” by Prof. W. M. Hayes, St.
Anthony Park, Minn. (See indez.)

' Ta od tie Oe
i a et

108 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Pres. Elliot: If there is no discussion, we will next have a
paper by Mr. Wedge.

Mr. Wedge responded with the following: ‘‘Horticulture
on the Farm,” by Clarence Wedge, Albert Lea, Minn. (See
index .)

The reading was followed by a discussion of the paper.

Pres. Elliot: I want to make this proposition to you. We
have now reached the end of our program this morning, except
the question box is yet to be considered, and if we stay right
here for an hour and a half we can get through so we can go
out to Mr. Mendenhall's, also to Mr. Busch’s place; one grow-
ing flowers and the other vegetables, and I think the friends
will be exceedingly well pleased with the trip. When we made
up the program we had nothing of that kind in view, but I
have been talking with some of the members and they would
very much like to make the trip.

J. S. Harris: It strikes me we might hold an evening
session.

HK. H. S. Dartt: It occurs to me that the most important
work of the session is now before us, and I would rather go on
with the business than goon a junket. We have yet to hear
the reports from the experiment stations and I think all the
members should hear those reports and they should be dis-
cussed. Now I havea report that I want to present, and I
want it discussed, and I want some instruction from the society,
and if you leave those reports you leave the most important
work of the session.

Pres. Elliot: he most important thing we have on hand
now is the reports from experiment stations, and I have been
talking with Secretary Green and we thought we could take up
those reports now and dispose of them.

HK. H. S. Dartt: It has been my opinion always that experi-
ment stations were of little value unless the work was recorded,
and I have secured the printing of one thousand copies, and
will distribute them as far as I am able to those whom they will
do the most good. I believe in getting to the attention of the
people anything that will be of benefit to them.

Mr. Dartt then read the following report: ‘‘Report from
Owatonna Experiment Station,” by E. H. S. Dartt, Owatonna,
Minn. (See index). ;

Pres. Elliot: Mr. Benner, the president of the Minnesota
Poultry Association, is here and would like to say a few words
to you

ANNUAL WINTER MEETING 109

Franklin Benner: Ladies and Gentlemen: In order to give
you'an opportunity to study the trees which produce this fruit
we propose to hold an exhibition at 128 Washington Avenue
North. Through the liberality of our business men here we
have the best premium list of any ever offered in the state. I
think it is ten years since we had an exhibition in Minneapolis.
IT hope all of you that have poultry will bring it and show it,
and we will be very glad to give a premium to those who de-
serve one. If any of you have friends who are raising poultry
we would be very glad to give them our premium list. I will
leave sixty here, and if any of you wish any more I will gladly
furnish them. We have issued seventeen hundred copies and .
wish them freely distributed. I give you all a cordial invita-
tion to attend.

Prof. Green read the following report: ‘‘Report from
Central Experiment Station,” by Prof. Samuel B. Green, St.
Anthony Park, Minn. (See indez.)

President Elliot: If there is anything in either one of these
reports that needs discussion, I hope you will take it up.

L. H. Wilcox: Iam so happy to agree with my friend, Prof.
Green, for once, that I move they be referred to the executive
committee without recommendation.

The reports were so referred. A short discussion then fol-
lowed, on the report of E. H. S. Dartt.

The following reports were then read: ‘‘La Crescent
Experiment Station,” by J. S. Harris, La Crescent. (See inde.)
‘New Ulm Experimental Station,” by C. W. H. Heideman,
New Ulm. (See indez.)

J.S. Harris: It is proposed by this society to cut the exper-
imental stations down to seven, and | may not be among the
lucky or unlucky seven, but I shall continue the experiments,
just the same, as lam very deeply interested in getting together
all the native plums of the northwest, and I want to extend an
invitation to you, and that is, that every man who has a good
quality of native plums, or one that he esteems more than
another, would correspond with me, and if he can do so, send
me a root plant of the variety, and anything I see that is desira-
ble, I will respect the owner's rights. Ido not want them for
sale, but am only interested in getting them together and hav-
ing them proved, so that out of the whole number we get a
profitable variety. Also in regard to seedling apples I would
make the same request.

110 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The secretary read the following report: ‘‘Minnesota City
Experiment Station,” by O. M. Lord, (See indez. )

President Elliot: If all the friends will come forward we
will decide what we are going todo this afternoon. I would
like to know how many there are who can stay to an evening
session. We can do one of two things,—visit Mr. Mendenhall’s
greenhouses and Mr. Busch’s place, and finish up this evening,
or we can forego the pleasure of going out there, and finish up
now.

J.S. Harris: I believe we should not forego such a treat,
and we should come back here this evening. Jam in favor of
having an evening session.

J. O. Barrett: The committee on forestry wants some points
before they are able to report. We hada session this forenoon
and came to this conclusion: That the wisest course for us to
take is to resurrect the Forestry Association. Our reason for
coming to this conclusion is that there is so much business on
hand at our annual meeting, covering so large a territory and
increasing every year, that it is impossible to give forestry the
attention it deserves and requires. Now, under the circum-
stances, we would like to recommend as a committee, that we
reconstruct the Forestry Association, and with the understand-
ing that we co-operate just as earnestly with this body as
before. Now, as our president has recommended, either the
Forestry Association must be suspended or it must be recon-
structed. We are not disposed to act unless this society will
approve. Such is the conclusion we have come to, and we
think it is the wisest course.

J. S. Harris: I suggest it would be better to have the For-
estry Association reconstructed, put upon a firm basis, come
together every year and do such work as we are doing here
now. Ido not mean to find any fault with what was done, but
I would rather have five hundred dollars expended in getting
up a meeting to learn the wants and and views of foresters than
to have twenty thousand expended in any other way. As far
as the work goes it is good, but the experience of men, and the
wants of men and the ideas they get in coming together here
will do more in one year for reforestation than ten or fifteen
years of any other course.

Prof. Green: I rather think the subject of forestry is of
such great importance that it should be considered apart from
horticulture, and I would like to see this Forestry Association
reconstructed, and upon a firm basis, and take steps to have

ANNUAL WINTER MEETING. Gt

the next national convention held in Minneapolis, and I think
in that way a sentiment can be worked up that will do some
good.

Pres. Elliot: So far as I am concerned I am heartily in favor
of the Forestry Association being reconstructed, but I am not
in favor of our society going ahead and doing the work, as we
have been doing it, taking it up piecemeal, and if the Forestry
Association will come forward and do the work as they ought,
the Horticultural Society will drop that work entirely and turn
their attention to something else just as important, and we will
most heartily work in connection with the Forestry Associa-
tion. ;

Mr. C. L. Smith then read the report of the committee on
final resolutions.

Resolved, That we hereby express our hearty approval and appreciation
of the work of the U.S. Agricultural Department in collecting informa-
tion regarding the fruits of the Northwest.

Resolved, That our thanks are hereby tendered the ‘‘Cecillian Quartette”
for their contribution to our entertainment.

. Resolved, That our thanks and hearty appreciation are hereby expressed
to the florists of the city for the largeand beautiful floral display that has
contributed so much to the pleasure and interest of this meeting.

Resolved, That our thanks be given the fruit and vegetable exhibitors
for their liberal and excellent exhibit.

Resolved, That the thanks of the members of the Minnesota State Hor
ticultural Society are hereby tendered to the Guaranty Loan Company for

their courtesy and generosity in furnishing us an elegant hall warmed and
lighted free of charge.
ftesolved, That our thanks are returned to the Chicago, Milwaukee & St.
Paul, Chicago & Kansas City, Minneapolis & St. Louis, Chicago & North-
Western, the Burlington, St. Paul & Duluth, and Soo Railroads for re-
duced rates to delegates.
Resolved, That our thanks are returned to the press of the city for their
fair and liberal reports of our proceedings.
Respectfully submitted,
C. L. SMITH,
A. W. LATHAM,
CLARENCE WEDGE,
Committee.
On motion the report was adopted.

C. L. Smith: Mr. President, we have with us Mr. Kellogg
and Mr. Thayer of Wisconsin; you all know them. We also
have Mr. Gaylord of Iowa. We also have a new face here,
Prof. Waldron, of the North Dakota Agricultural College, and
I move that these gentlemen be made honorary members of
this society for five years.

The motion was seconded and carried.

-. i i: a ieee ad ae te
‘ r ‘ F

112 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Mr. Thayer: I wish to state that I have got the best thing.
I paid my dollar to the secretary and lam one of your mem-
bers, entitled to all the rights and privileges.

President Elliot: I think Mr. Thayer was too smart for us.

Now we will adjourn to two o’clock; then we will decide what
we will do this afternoon.

The meeting was then adjourned to two o’clock P. M.

FRIDAY AFTERNOON SESSION.
JAN. 23, 2 P. M.

The meeting was called to order by President Elliot.

Secretary Green read the following report: ‘‘Carver
Experiment Station,” by Chas. Leudloff, Carver, Minn. (See
index. )

The following report was also read: ‘‘Report of Willows
and Poplars,” by L. R. Moyer, Montivedo, Minn. (See indezw.)

Pres. Elliot: If there are no questions to be asked on those
reports we will take up the question box.

QUESTION BOX.

( These questions and answers willbe found arranged under the
topics where they belong.)

Pres. Elliot: Here is a letter from our auditor of state, Mr
Braden, which the secretary will read.

Prof. Green then read the following communication:

St. PAUL, Septemper 23, 1890.
Mr. Wyman Elliot, Pres. State Horticultural Society, Minneapolis, Minn.

DEAR Sir: Some two or three years ago, aS you are aware, my atten-
tion was called to the fact that your society had offered a premium for the
propagation of certain hardy varieties of winter apples and were setting
apart a portion of the yearly appropriation, accumulating a fund for the
purpose of paying such premium whenever the fruits designated should
be produced and their hardihood and adaptability to our climate demon-
strated. This accumulation, it seemed to me, was not in accord with the
spirit of the law and on referring the matter to General Hahn, he en-
dorsed my view. I stated to your society that the better way would be
to allow that money to remain here in possession of the state, and should
any person succeed in propagating such fruits and become entitled to the
premium, that the money would be retained here subject to the order of
the society for such purpose.

I write this letter at this time, on the eve of my departure from this
office that you may hold it in your society’s archives to be presented to
my successor, in order that he may know what was the intention of the
office at the time the reserve of the fund was made.

Yours truly, W. H. BRADEN, Auditor.

ANNUAL WINTER MEETING. 113

President Elliot: A committee went to St. Paul, waited
upon the State Auditor, and after talking the matter over he
wrote that letter to me, and wished me to put it in our report;
so the letter will be turned over to our publication committee.

In regard to the committee on legislation, of which I am
chairman: Now we have not done anything in the way of leg-
islation the past year. We thought we could get better results
by keeping quiet. We asked for no appropriations; we
thought we would be doing better service than if we asked for
an appropriation, and we have nothing further to report so far
as legislation is concerned. The executive committee has the
appointment of the next committee on legislation and so all
matters will be referred to that committee.

M. Cutler: There is another matter that should be looked
after, and that is the printing of our reports should be placed
in the hands of the society, and it should be fixed so they can
have the printing done wherever they can do the best, and we
could have that part of the appropriation placed in our hands.
The principal reason is that this printing is in the hands of the
state printer, and in connection with legislative work they can-
not do our printing until sometime in the summer, and when
the legislature is in session our reports do not come out till
summer or fall. Now if this was placed in our hands the print-
ing would be done by some firm and the report would be out
sooner.

On motion of Mr. Wilcox the whole matter was referred to
the legislative committee with power to act.

Secretary Green read a letter from the Goodhue County Far-
mers’ Association, extending an invitation to the society to
hold its next annual meeting at Red Wing.

Mrs. Jennie Stager: Mr. President, we should like to have
the summer meeting of the society held at St. Cloud. I live
near St. Cloud and I would like to have you come there. I can
put six or seven in my house, and if we could not find places
for the rest I could put up tents on the lawn. There is not
much fruit grown there except what I grow, and I think it
would give our people a stimulus to grow more of it.

On motion of Secretary Green the executive committee was
appointed a special committee to consider the matter of the
next place of meeting of the society.

Prof. Green: I wish to say that the American Nurserymen’s
Association holds its meeting here about the 10th of June,

= U6

114 MINNESTA STATE HORTICULTURAL ‘SOCIETY.

which is some time previous to the time we usually hold our
summer meeting, but it seems to me it would be a good plan to
hold our summer meeting the same time.

Mr. Harris offered the following resolution, which was
adopted:

Resolved, That the salaries of the officers of this society for the ensuing
year be as follows: President, $25, secretary $500, treasurer $25, librarian
$10, and that the actual expenses of the executive committee in attend-
ance on meetings when called together shall be paid.

Pres. Elliot: The committee on fruit list recommends the
Duchess, Hibernal, Tetofsky and Peach as apples for general
cultivation. On motion the Peach was taken off the list.

Prof. Green: President Elliot and myself were put on a com-
mittee to get up a fruit map of the state. We have considered
the matter at some considerable length, and we have decided
itis a good thing todo. I would suggest that this map also
contain other features of the state. I would also say that this
committee has found a way by which this map may be publish-
ed at no expense to the society.

On motion the report was accepted and the committee con-
tinued.

C. L. Smith: The committee on Nurserymens Convention
would like to report in favor of all the members of this society
acting as delegates, and reporting to the secretary if they will
be present.

President Elliot: It is understood that the committee on
American Nurserymens Association desires all members to
act as a committee of representation, and they will be furnish-
ed with badges if they will give their names to the secretary,
notifying him that they will be present on that occasion.

All papers that have been presented will be put in the hands
of the publication committee and will appear in our annual
report.

On motion of Judge Moyer the society adjourned sine die.

HORTICULTURE 115

HORTICULTURE.

WOMEN AS HORTICULTURISTS.
BY MRS. A. A. KENNEDY, HUTCHINSON.

If it be necessary for a woman to work to earn a livelihood, there is no
work she can engage in that is more healthful, more pleasant or more re-
numerative than horticulture.

It not only fills our tables with luscious fruit but supplies our pockets
with shining silver.

In the garden she can find ample scope for her ingenuity and skill, of
which most women have a plenty, if they are placed in a position to bring
it out. When we talk of gardening, it looks very simple. Why, I verily
thought, when I visited Mr. Baldwin’s garden and saw what he was doing
in this line of work, and what he had accomplished, that I could make
my fortune in a very short time. But after six years of hard labor I have
learned this much—that I knew nothing. There is something more
required of us than simply to sow the seed and pluck the fruit. O, what
a study this is! Some of my friends call me a horticultural enthusiast,
but this I know: The more I study nature, the more I comprehend what
heights there are to scale, what depths there are to penetrate, what
breadths there are to compass, the more enthusiastic I become.

It was force of circumstances that first led me to take lessons in this
particular branch of industry. You know it is an old saying “‘pigs must
root or die,’ and as it was necessary I should do something to avert this
dreadful calamity, I could think of nothing else that would pay as well
as rooting—plants. But it was not long ere I learned to love this occupa-
tion. It aroused faculties that had hitherto lain dormant; that I did not
know or realize that I possessed. In studying nature we become more
intimately acquainted with nature’s God, and at every step as we advance
new beauties unfold until we become lost in wonder and admiration at
the attributes of this Great Being, whose greatness fills immensity, and
whose handiwork we can trace in the minutest particles of soil, in the
tiniest bud, in the full grown leaf, in the fully developed fruit, in the
ripening wood, in the withering leaf, and in the restful attitude they
assume preparatory to a reawakening on the resurrection morn, when
they will come forth invigorated with new life, thus showing forth the
wisdom of this all-wise Being.

But I have found the horticulturist is not always carried ‘‘on flowery
beds of ease” to success, but, like all other mortals, they have their trials
but there are so many sweets to one bitter that we can well afford to put
up with all the unpleasantness for the enjoyment we get. If I were
worth my thousands I would still be a horticulturist, and strive to make
it asuccess. I want to do a little better than Moses did; I shall not be
satisfied with getting a glimpse of the ‘‘land where they raise such large
fruit,” but shall try to press onward and upward till I can raise them my-
self—perhaps not as large as the spies found—but intend to come just as
near it as I can.

116 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

RELATION OF HORTICULTURE TO AGRICULTURE.

BY PROF. W. M. HAYS, ST. ANTHONY PARK, MINN,

In our agricultural schools and newspapers we make a Clearer distinc-
tion between the terms agriculture and horticulture than could be found
in dictionaries. In its broader sense the term agriculture covers the en
tire range of farm business. In a narrower sense it covers all that per-
tains to live stock husbandry, in all its manifold divisions, including the
production of feeding stuffs, the raising of field crops, and the art of cul-
tivation in so far as it applies to these larger field crops: Horticulture,
on the other hand, is sometimes used to designate all the art of cultiva-
tion outdoors and in, but in its ordinary use it applies principally to the
orchard, the garden, the greenhouse, the forests, and to beautifying the
landscape. When thus viewed separately we have two wonderful lines of
industry asseciated most intimately, though each branches out into its
own special lines, and in their extremes they seem very farapart. Grow-
ing roses under glass, for example, is far removed from wheat raising or
the production of ranch cattle. The agriculturist and the horticulturist,
be he practical only or professional, needs a knowledge of chemistry,
physics, botany, entomology and many of the other sciences, if he would
best be able to solve the innumerable problems constantly confronting
the observant mind. Both alike need to know the science and art of
keeping up the fertility of the land, of cultivation, of drainage, etc.

In our great state agriculture, as above defined, is the source of the
greater production of food. Its principles apply to far more of the indus-
try of the state. Through it we get the bread and meat and the larger
part of the dollars wherewith to procure raiment, to build houses and
provide other necessaries and comforts. Horticulture gives us the sauce
to go with our hog and hominy rations; and it gives a most respectably
increasing part of our food and ready cash as well. As an art and sci-
ence, if you please, it is filled with detail more than agriculture. Whileits
principles may not cover as wide arange of operation, it includes a greater
variety of materials and processes. Horticulture follows with its nicer
cultivation after the frontier agriculturist has tried to spread himself over
the earth trying to farm ‘‘all outdoors.” In a new country horticulture
is a weakling which merely stands while the wheat craze is on top, and
thrives when poor crops and poor prices force the farmer to raise his veg-
etables, berries and larger fruits. It thrives to protect by means of groves
the stock that necessity compels the farmer to raise in a more diversified
system of husbandry.

Horticulturists in a new country are truly missionaries. They best
master the underlying principles of farming and illustrate to their neigh-
bor agriculturists how to better concentrate, how to prepare and use
fertilizers—how to look out for the details of agriculture.

Time permits only reference to the intellectual, moral, as well as sub-
stantial benefits arising to our farmers from their cultivation of flowers,
gardens and trees. The stimulus to general intelligence among our farm-
ers which is exerted by getting them interested in studying the laws of
plant growth and allied subjects related to the real things they have in
hand is very great. 'The more horticulture we have the more will our
farmers be drawn in contact with each other, to be profited by association

HORTICULTURE. 117
e
and discussion. Horticulture has such a recognized moral influence that
homes are not considered complete without trees and flowers and a natur
ally developed love for them. Farm boys, for example, will not be nearly
as liable to wander and drift into bad paths if they are brought up under
the influence of homes which have been properly laid out and gradually
developed, into which the coldest winds can not reach, where sunshine
has full power to develop all upon which it may fall. The young man
who can leave a home surrounded by a neat lawn, decorated with flowers
and protected and made beautiful by trees as he passes out into the un-
tried world, without deep emotion and strong resolutions to build well his
own fortune, is very rare. The immediate substantial benefits of farm
horticulture to the farmer are many: In health, in saving of bills for food,
in lumber or wood, in doctors’ bills, and last but not least, in comfort.
But the question most needing discussion is the relation of forests to
climate and how agriculture is assisted by the presence of alarge percent-
age of forest-planted lands in all farming regions.

MANURING.

ELEMENTARY PRINCIPLES OF MANURING,
BY PROF. SAMUEL B, GREEN, STATE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.

It is very difficult to define in a few lines and in exact language, the
full significance of the term manure. Its etymological meaning is from
main, hand and ouvrer,to work. Originally manuring was regarded as the
working of the land, by which the soil was exposed to the action of the
atmosphere, and plant food was produced from the insoluble food already
in the land.

Perhaps Joseph Harris’ definition of amanure is as complete as any,i. ¢.:
‘Manure is anything containing an element or the elements of plants,
which, if the soil needed it, would, if supplied in sufficient quantity and
in an available condition, produce according to soil, season, climate and
variety, a maximum crop.”

WHAT THE PLANT NEEDS.

Having thus defined manure, let us glance at the plant and its needs.
Plant growth may be defined as the transformation of inorganic into
organic substances.

All plants require certain elements for their growth, but not all in the
Same proportion. The combustible parts of agricultural plants contain
the elements, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, carbon; and these with the
exception of the nitrogen in some plants is 111 received from the atmos-
phere—practically then, all the heat producing parts of all fuel and of all
plants comes from the air.

The ash of agricultural plants contains lime, potash, soda, phosphoric
acid, chlorine, silica, iron and sulphur—these elements are the non-com-
bustible parts and are received by the plants entirely from the soil.

118 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
©

The materials which all agricultural plants obtain from the air are to
be had in abundance, and are not the necessary constituents of a perfect
manure. But all plants do not have the power of taking nitrogen from
the air, and because many soils do not contain it in sufficient quantity
for plant growth, it is generally a necessity in perfect manure, and is the
only one of the combustible elements that is, commonly speaking, a
manure. In other words the addition of the others, would not, in vany
known instance, be followed by increased crops.

The material which plants obtain from the land are present in most
agricultural soils in abundance. Lime, silica, chlorine, soda, iron and
sulphur are seldom if ever necessary in a manure. If elements are lacking
in the ash of soils, they are, almost without exception, either potash or
phosphoric acid and sometimes magnesia. We find therefore practically,
that a complete manure for any soil must contain nitrogen, potash and
phosphoric acid and sometimes, though very seldom, magnesia.

SOILS.

Soils vary much in composition and of course are made up of the ma-
terial from the rocks which by disintegration have formed them. They
have most of the necessary elements in abundance. Soils from feldspatic
rocks are especially rich in potash while those from apatitic rocks are es-
pecially rich in phosphoric acid. Again many soils contain much carbon-
aceous matter (humus), which of itself is not a plant food, but acts phys-
ically in the soil to promote the best condition for plant growth. It re-
tains moisture aud by its decomposition throws off carbonic acid and
starts chemical action in the soil, by which plant food is set free. Itis
largely present in stable manure.

The elements of the soil act one upon the other, in connection with the
atmosphere, so that in point of fact the soil is like a great chemical lab-
oratory, in which some plant food is being formed and some small
amounts are becoming inert all the time. The amount of plant food set
loose each year undoubtedly varies greatly. It has been estimated that
after a New England pasture once becomes so exhausted that it will only
produce green moss, that it will take thirty years of nature’s care to re-
store it to its original fertility.

In experiments on a stiff chalk clay in England for thirty years, it has
been found possible by extended cultivation and working of the soil to
produce an average of 15 bushels of wheat per acre without any manure
_whatever, which would show that sufficient plant food was set free in an
acre each year in that particular soil to produce that much wheat each
year.

CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF THE SOIL.

Not many years ago it was claimed by a class of agriculturists that a
chemical examination of the soil would show what was lacking and that
when it was found out, the thing to do, was to add that element only.
Without going into the reasons, I will say that this has proved of but
little practical value. There may be an immense amount of plant food
in the soil, but the plant may starve for it, because it may be in an in-
soluble form. A plant may starve for phosphoric acid in a soil composed
of ground apatite, or for nitrogen when immense amounts are present in

MANURING. 119

the form of leather scrap. But chemical analysis has done much for the
science of manuring and is a great aid to the development of special fer-
tilization of crops, but especially by the study of the crops themselves,
rather than the soil.

MANURIAL VALUE OF A CROP OF CORN,

The manurial values of different crops varies greatly, but the constitu-
ents of plants of the same natural order are about the same. For an ex-
ample I will mention corn. A crop of 60 bushels of Indian corn would
proportionately have about 6,000 pounds of dry stalks, cobs and leaves.
The whole crop would remove from the land 76 pounds nitrogen, 38
pounds potash, 41 pounds phosphoric acid, besides a large quantity of
silica and magnesia, and smaller quantities of soda, sulphur and iron;
these must be present in the soil, while practically all the rest of the crop
comes from the atmosphere.

It has been often claimed that if the material contained in the twenty
bushels of corn is known, then it is only necessary to apply just that
amount of material and get the twenty bushels increase. In some ex-
periments tried this has proven true, but in ordinary practical work it is
not of much value for several reasons:

ist. The material must be supplied in a known quantity and in a
soluble form. This is quite impossible under ordinary circumstances, for
in the application of home made manure we can not calculate exactly.

2d. There are limits to production due to drought, or to too much
water, which may hinder chemical action and the consequent forming
of plant food.

3d. Some plants have a much greater power of obtaining their food
from soils than others, and by chemical analysis of the plant we can not
tell anything about this power, nor how much of the nitrogen present
comes from the soil, nor how much from the air.

It may be of interest to note how much valuable manurial material is
contained in a load of average manure; calling a wagon load one ton it
would contain 1,323 lbs. water, 111 lbs. ashand 13 lbs. nitrogen. The ash
would contain 24 lbs. potash and 7 lbs. phosphoric acid, and in this con-
nection it should be understood that all of this material is not plant
food that is available to plants the first year, but much of it is insoluble
and only becomes plant food perhaps after several years.

DEFINITIONS.

Nitrogen. This is found in nature as a gas in the atmosphere we
breathe, where it is combined with oxygen in the proportion of seven
parts nitrogen to one oxygen. We meet it in nitric acid, in ammonia,
saltpeter, etc. It enters largely into such foods as eggs, leap meat,
cheese, etc., where it is largely the muscle-forming portion.

Phosphoric acid is a combination of phosphorous, oxygen and hydrogen.
It forms in combination with lime almost all the bony framework of our
bodies.

Potash is an alkali, and is met with under many familiar forms. The
potash of commerce is a combination of it With oxygen. In its metallic
state it cannot be kept in the presence of oxygen.

Agricultural plants can be divided into nitrogen increasers and nitro-

) ’ ee ee
. .

.

120 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

gen consumers, and a thorough knowledge of each class is necessary for
the most economical manuring of crops.

Nitrogen increasers are all found in the great natural order Leguminoisee,
and are represented by clover, peas, beans, alfalfa, &c. These plants
have the power of taking nitrogen from the air through their roots, and
consequently leave the soil richer for having grown there. They are
used as gatherers of nitrugen for other crops. The chemical analysis of
clover shows that it contains a large quantity of nitrogen, but it would
be a waste of nitrogen under ordinary conditions to apply it for this crop
while for a crop of wheat which contains relatively a much smaller
amount of nitrogen it would be a very necessary constituent. For very
many years it has been known that clover was an improver of soils and all
of our national systems of rotation of crops included it as a most import-
ant factor, but it is only within a few years that we have learned that
nitrogen was obtained by clover by the action of bacteria in the tuber-
cules of the roots. Leguminous crops then, may be used as gatherers of
nitrogen for other crops which have not the power to take this element
from the atmosphere.

By nitrogen consumers is meant all our agricultural plants other than
the legumes. These plants ure dependent for their nitrogen on the
supply of this material available in the soil, so that while they do not
hold in their mature structures so much nitrogen as the legumes, yet
they require more nitrogen in the soil. It isan old saying that “It is
poor land that will not grow white beans.” And this is accounted for by
the fact that white beans, which is a legume, have a far greater power
than most agricultural crops of gathering nitrogen, which is more apt to
be wanting in sterile soil than any other constituents of the crop.

The action of manures can be and is generally both direct and indirect.
They act directly when they contain actual available plant food or when

by their decay they yield the same. They act indirectly when they start.

chemical action in the soil, and set free soluble plant food. Almost all
manures act in this way. Stable manure by its decomposition, which is
chemical action in the soil has been known to increase the temperature
of the latter by three degrees. Lime in itself is a plant food and is largely
used by some crops. Most soils contain it in great abundance, yet if
quick lime be added to a soil already rich in lime stone, in a soluble
form, it generally serves to increase the growth, which is not due to the
plant taking up more lime but rather to the fact that the caustic lime
starts chemical action in the soil by which some of the locked up stores
of plant food are made available. The same may be said of unleached
wood ashes, though it is a much more valuable fertilizing material than
lime.

For my present purpose manures may be classed as commercial and
home made. This is an arbitrary distinction so far as scientific classifi-
cation goes, but it is a division which every practical farmer has, or soon
will have, to consider.

COMMERCIAL MANURES.

At the present time the farmers of this state have no need to buy much
if any of the so-cailed commercial manures, for if any farm in the state is
put under a systematic rotation of crops, and with a careful husbanding

MANURING. 121

of its manurial resources, it has all the necessary manures for successful
farming or fruit growing. But under this head it may be well to mention
the following fertilizers, which are cheap and most of them products
of our manufacturing interests. They can sometimes be used to supple-
ment home made manures.

Tankage. This is the name given to a product of rendering establish-
ments; it consists of meat, bones, hair, gristle, blood, etc., from which
the fat has been taken, brought to dryness and ground. It is very rich
in nitrogen and phosphoric acid, and is a most admirable manure for gar-
den and fruitcrops. I have found it to give good results wherever tried
in the garden, but it is especially valuable on lawnsand in the green-
house. I am inclined to think that for greenhouses and pot plants gen-
erally it should be used in connection with a small amount of some potash
salt. In the open field I have used it at the rate of 1,000 pounds per acre
without any injury, and this is probably as large a quantity as could be
applied at one time economically. A much smaller quantity, from 400 to
600 pounds, would be enough for an ordinary application to a lawn or field
in grass. To the lawn it would be well to apply it several times in the
course of the growing season, and if possible just before arain. Also on
garden crops it should be applied several times at intervals of three or
four weeks during the growing season. On plants in pots I used it at the
rate of one teaspoonful to a five-inch pot, applied to the surface soil. The
price at which it is sold at the present time varies from $10 to $15 per ton
f. o. b. in South St. Paul. This material is at present our cheapest com-
mercial source of phosphoric acid and nitrogen.

Wheat bran. The use of this as a fertilizer is of some extent, but the
same material may be had much more cheaply for a fertilizer by first feed-
ing it toanimals. It is much cheaper however to use the tankage if the
bran is not first to be fed out.

Wood ashes. The use of wood ashes as a fertilizer should be more gen-
erally understood. Hard wood ashes is much richer in potash than soft
wood ashes and is relatively more valuable. Leached wood ashes are
hardly worth more than the labor of spreading on the land as a rule, but
on a light sandy soil they have a tendency to compact, which is an aid to
its physical condition, but it does not act as a manure. Unbleached
wood ashes is almost a special fertilizer for all fruit crops and only needs
the addition of a little nitrogenous manure to make it complete. They
should never be mixed with such nitrogenous manures as hen manure and
other animal excrements, for they start chemical action and in conse-
quence the nitrogen is thrown off in the form of ammonia and is wasted.
Unbleached ashes form often a cheap sourceof potash. Canadasoft wood
ashes from the mills is sold in the eastern and middle states at twenty-
two to twenty-five cents per bushel of forty-five pounds.

Tobacco stems. At times these are to be had near cigar factories for the
asking. They are very rich in potash and nitrogen and almost a special
fertilizer for fruit, potatoes and root crops. They rot quickly, and in
using them a handful of stems may be thrown on each hill, but a better
way is to mix them in the manure pile, where they soon soften down and
form with the manure a very rich dressing for any crop.

Bones. These may frequently be bought very cheap. They vary much
in composition according to whether they arefresh or old. If fresh they

122 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

are very rich in phosphoric acid and nitrogen. If burned the nitrogen,
thé best part, is wasted. They should be ground or pulverized in some
way before being used in a clean state. They are much more readily sol-
uble if the grease is extracted, for the grease prevents chemical action.
They may also be softened by being somewhat broken, piled up in layers
of wood ashes, bones and hot stable manure and covered over with earth
after being well watered. The use of the earth is to retain the ammonia
that may be volatilized by the violent chemical action resulting from the
action of the ashes on the manure and on the bones. It is a good plan to
mix ground bone in the manure piles as its plant food is made more avail-
able.

Bones are Often called lasting manures because the effect of their appli-
cation is seen for a long time; this is because they are not at once decom-
posed into soluble plant food, but plant food is forming from them for a
longtime. They do not come under the head of quick acting manures,
but are often rendered so by treating with sulphuric acid, by which the
phosphoric acid is made soluble. This is a disagreeable and expensive
operation, and should not be attempted at home or on a small scale,
where it is more practicable and almost as well to mix them after grind-
ing in heating manure.

Marl. This material varies in composition, but generally is entirely or
largely composed of carbonate of lime, which is useless asa plant food in
our soils.

Some of them contain a little phosphoric acid and nitrogen, which is of
some value. All marls must be bought at an exceedingly low price to
have it pay to use them at all while many are valueless. There is a very
common opinion at present that they are all good fertilizers.

Nitrate of soda. This is composed of nitric acid and soda. It comes
from Chili, where it is found on the surface of dry soils. It is known in the
market as Chili saltpeter. This is a very quick acting fertilizer. It con-
tains nitrogen in the form of nitric acid, which is the form in which it is
taken up by the plant. On this account it has proved to be an almost
special fertilizer for early spring garden crops, because it furnishes plant
food at once available to the plant, while in stable manure and other fer-
tilizers the nitrogen must be changed into the form of nitric acid first.
Stable manure then contains but little real soluble plant food, and conse-
quently it is best adapted to late crops, for which it has a supply of free
plant food formed during the growing season by chemical action.

HOME MADE MANURE.

By home made manure I mean all the excrements of all animals on the
place and all material that will decay and make manure when added toa
compost heap.

These should be looked upon by gardeners and farmers as the most im-
portant source of manure, and if any are bought it should be with a view
of using them to supplement these.

In the stables, pig pens, sheep yards and hen houses sufficient absorbing
material should be used to take up all the liquid portion of the excre-
ments, as this contains much more plant food than the solid portion.

The manure pile should generally be under cover for it may lose much
of its value by leaching in rains, but it may also be toodry. Also remem-

MANURING. - d (hae

ber that the most valuable portion of manure is the soluble part and is
the portion to be carefully husbanded. Asa general rule it is cheaper for
a gardener or farmer to improve the quantity and quality of his manure
pile by buying extra feed than by buying commercial fertilizers.

In many gardening operations it is necessary to have the manure act
quickly. Perhaps I might define market gardening as the using of the
soil as a machine to turn manures into crops, and farming as the use of
manure to supplement the annual amount of plant food set free in the
soil. On this account manure for early garden crops should be thoroughly
rotted before being applied to the land. The manure from our various
classes of farm animals varies very much, and the manure from the same
class of animals also varies, according to the food from which it has been
made and the age of the animals from which it came. The manure from
a well fed, full grown fatting steer is much richer than that from a grow-
ing, well fed calf or two year old, because in the case of the steer, there
is no material used for building up bone and muscle. Again, the manure
from a horse fed on oats and good hay is far superior to that from the
same horse fed on bog hay alone.

But this subject is of too vast an extent to be more than just touched
upon in such a paper as this. But there is one very prolific source of
home-made manure and that is the compost heap.

COMPOST HEAP.

Every farm should have one of sufficiently large proportion to take care
of all refuse organic material. It should be made about as follows:
Select a place handy to get at, put down first a bed one foot deep of old
sods or muck, and on this pile all the refuse material as it collects in
various places; it may consist of old straw, leaves, an occasional ioad of
heating manure, rotten vegetables. etc. This should be turned over
occasionally, by hand if necessary, but the best plan is to have the com-
post heap in the hog yardgand to it haul manure as it collects near the
stables. If manure is piled up on a good bed of rotten sod, it will not
lose much by leaching nor will it lose by heating if hogs have the run
of it.

DISCUSSION.

Pres. Elliot: Any questions to be asked on this paper?

C. H. Gordon: What kind of manure we have on the farm
would be best to use on a marsh strawberry patch?

Prof. Green: If you use the bed of an old pond it is about
as rich as you can make it.

C. H. Gordon: If I was to plow it up for a year or two would
you advise manuring before planting again?

Prof. Green: If I had the manure I do not know but what I
would use it. Ido not know that it should need any manure at
all. There is an immense amount of available manure in it,
but if you do use manure, wood ashes are better than stable
manure.

124 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Clarence Wedge: Would peat be a good addition to our
manure pile?

Prof. Green: It isan excellent addition. If it is dry itisa
very good absorbent and a man cannot do any better than to
haul it into his stable yard.

Joshua Allyn: What do you think of hauling it out in the
winter, and working ashes in with the muck?

Prof. Green: That would do very well. It would work
nicely on light soil; it would make ita little more retentive of
moisture.

Joshua Allyn: Where you can get plenty of ashes for haul-
ing them, would you pile them by themselves or spread them
right on the land?

Prof. Green: I should not put it on when the ground is
frozen. It would be all right on plowed land or on rough land,
but not on a smooth surface. I should prefer to keep it dry in
winter and use it in the spring.

Joshua Allyn: What do you think of working it in the earth
in the spring where you are going to raise melons?

Prof. Green: I would work it in the earth. I should work
it right into the hill.

Joshua Allyn: What proportion would you work in?

Prof. Green: I would puta pint of it to the hill. I would
spread it over three or four feet. I would spread it on the sur-
face and work it in when I hoed it. Ido not think it would be
a good plan to put it on when you plant the seed. I should
prefer when the melons are up to spread it around about two
feet on each side of the hill. |

Joshua Allyn: Did you ever put it in a trench for potatoes?

Prof. Green: It is a very good fertilizer for potatoes.

Dr. Frisselle: Can any fertilizer go into the plants through
the leaves?

Prof. Green: No, sir. J think there is no experiment show-
ing that nitrogen has been taken into the leaves of plants.

Mr. Thayer: What is the value of clover cut in blossom and
spread on the ground compared with the plowing under of the
same clover?

Prof. Green: It is better, of course, to plow it under, be-
cause if left on the surface it does not decay so soon, but even-
tually it will be just as good. If plowed under the material
would decay and the action would be quicker.

Mr. Thayer: It seems to me the growers of small fruit do

MANURING. 125

not realize the advantage of growing clover for use on their
fruit. For two or three years I have been in the habit of
mulching my raspberries and blackberries heavily with green
clover cut in blossom, and I learned several very important
lessons from it, aside from its manurial value, which I consider
very great and cheaper applied in that way than I can draw the
manure from the village a mile distant. It retains the moisture
during the dryest season, brings it to the surface; it keeps the
weeds down, it keeps your fruit clean, and to my mind it is the
best thing we can use for our small fruits.

C. H. Gordon: How would it do to sow clover in an orchard,
mow it down and let it lay a year or two and then plow it
down?

Prof. Green: It would be all right, but it would be better to
plow it in, and better to feed the clover to animals and use the
manure.

Mr. Thayer: I can get the manure for its hauling, a mile
and a half distant, but I make it a practice to raise as much
clover as I have fruit land. I have forty acres of clover and
thirty-five acres of small fruit. I cut an acre of clover and put
it on an acre of small fruit, and I believe it is cheaper than to
haul manure a mile and a half distant. The proper time to cut
the clover is when it arrives at blossom, and when you put it
down it lies there and makes a close, compact mass.

Dr. Frisselle: How long will it remain moist?

Mr. Thayer: It remains moist a good part of the season.
During the dryest portion of last season I would push the
clover aside and the ground would be moist as if it had rained
a day or two before.

Prof Green: You simply make manure of the clover without
passing it through the animal?

Mr. Thayer: That is the idea. As you lay your plants down
in the fall of the year, this clover holds together and makes a
very nice covering, and then in the spring of the year as you
raise the plants the clover breaks to pieces and you see nothing
of it, and by the time you are ready to mulch your plants again
there is not a particle of the old clover left. It all works into
the ground in spring.

R. P. Lupton: In mulching your raspberries do you put it
all over the ground?

Mr. Thayer: No, sir. My raspberries are planted seven
feet apart. I place the mulch two feet on each side and then
run the cultivator through.

126 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

C. H. Bragdon: In avery wet season would you not have to
remove that?

Mr. Thayer: Nosir. That is not necessary.

C. H. Bragdon: What if you have a regular Minnesota rain?

Mr. Thayer: We have them in Wisconsin.

Dr. Frisselle: What kind do you use?

Mr. Thayer: I use mammoth and medium in order to pro-
long the season of mulching. You take a medium clover, and
for alarge plantation it requires a large force of men to use it
before it matures too much. By using amammoth clover I can
prolong the season. ‘

C. H. Gordon: How many times do you cut the clover?

Mr. Thayer: Only once; the second crop you can cut for
hay.

R. P. Lupton: How thick do you put it around your plants?

Mr. Thayer: About three or four inches. Along in the fall
of the year about the time you are ready for covering it will be
a compact mass and about rotten.

Judge Moyer: How do you put it on?

Mr. Thayer: My grounds are laid out in alleys. My rows
across the entire field are eighty rods long. JI dump the
clover on each side of the alleys; then I have my stone boats,
as we used to call them, and load it on those and go through
the row until I reach the alleys, and in this way go clear
through all the rows.

Mr. Cutler: Have you ever tried it on strawberries. ?

Mr. Thayer: No sir, I have never tried it on strawberries.
It comes immediately after strawberries are marketed. I ro-
tate it every two or three years.

R. P. Lupton: Do you use any other fertilizer excepting
clover?

Mr. Thayer: Notmuch. I gather up some during the win-
ter when my teams are not doing much else.

C. H. Bragdon: Do the mice ever get under it?

Mr. Thayer: They never have to my knowledge.

Mr. Cutler: {Has anyone ever noticed mice working in clover?

Mr. Thayer: I cannot say that Lhave. Ido not think they
do, because it decays very rapidly.

Joshua Allyn: Ihave seen mice work in stacks of clover.

TREES FOR SHADE AND SHELTER. $27

QUESTION BOX.

‘‘What is the relative value, considering the labor, of green manure
hauled from the stable and spread on the land, or thrown in the open
yard and hauled out after it is rotted?”

Prof. Green: It depends altogether for what crop you are going to use
it. If you are going to use it for an early crop it must be rotten; if for a
late crop it need not be.

“What fruits or vegetables are poultry manure and ashes best adapted
for?” é

Prof. Green: In the first place, poultry manure is rich in nitrogen, and
should be used for early crops. For cabbage and fruit crops I should pre-
fer to use wood ashes, and perhaps some poultry manure.

TREES FOR SHADE AND SHELTER.

WHAT TREES ARE BEST ADAPTED TO OUR NORTHERN
PRAIRIES.

BY J. O. BARRETT, BROWNS VALLEY.

The practical test of tree raising is experimentation. Our calculation
has weight as to latitude and elevation, humidity or dryness of the
atmosphere, quality of the soil, the configuration of the country, and the
treatment of the plants. We need to be vigilant in these particulars for
the ends of success. And yet we may be thwarted in ourselection of trees.
Because elms, oaks, poplars, basswoods, cottonwoods and ironwoods are
indigenous in some localities of the northwest, more especially along the
shores and in the valleys of the lakes and rivers, we are apt to conclude
that any or all of these can be successfully raised on the open prairie.
And here is where so many failures occur with unskilled planters.
Valley soils are very unlike those of the prairie, and the moisture consid-
erably greater. What specially imperil our young trees are the hot,
cold, and drying winds. Our prairie soil is of a black loam, porous, and
therefore readily absorbs every element that touches it. Heat and cold
penetrates into it as through a fine sieve. I have had fresh, green grow-
ing strawberries, set out for a week or more, promising so largely for next
year, burned down to their very roots in a single day under one of our fierce
southern winds. A like experience has been mine with some other smal}
fruitsand young apple and forest trees. Elms, white or red, cannot be safely
warranted as fit for the’prairie there. Oaks cannot survive transplanted to
the open prairie. It is difficult to raise them there from planting scions
Cottonwoods and willows from cuttings are not reliable to develop into

128 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

substantial roots except in a moist season. The white willow is a com-
mendable tree with us to mix with other trees and help form a windbreak.
The native black cherry is a failure unless specially protected. The
hickory, black walnut and butternut may yet live with us under right
environment, but it is useless to plant them here and expect paying
success. The poplars are short lived. The hackberry will do close by the
river companionated in a forest. The balm of gilead is a tough, un-
shapely thing. The soft maple does reasonably well when numerous other
arms closely encircle it. The sugar maple signally fails us thus far. The
basswood is promising, but costs too much for forest planting. The
birches have generally failed. The mulberry is non compos mentis. The
catalpa ditto. The european larch does not give us hope on the open
prairie. The red cedar, too costly, is one of the survivals. The
box elder does quite well when forest planted, four to eight feet apart,
and well cultivated during its early stages of growth. It is not, however,
the most valuable tree. It is a good pioneer, and fills the letter ofthe
law on a timber claim. Where properly treated it is to be credited as a
success. The cottonwood, whether white or yellow, does well in deep
alluvial soil, but on most of our prairies it has to take a third or forth
rate position. Its roots are surface spreading; when it has grown ten to
sixteen feet high, it often shows signs of giving up the ghost, besides no
tree with us is so easily blighted in the hot winds just after a rain, and
then an ocean of bacteria eats up its leaves. These common expe-
riences have led us to the conclusion that the best trees indigenous to the
climate for our northern prairies are the tap rooted. The box elder may
be considered semi-tap rooted, and passes as a success; but all things con-
sidered the ash is our tree, the white and the green ash; the white more
valuable for size and timber. It has atap root that goes down, down,
down even into the crevices of the clays below the soil, and is sure to steal
the moisture if any is there. Fora few years it grows slow, but all this
while it understands its business out of sight. After it has got wel! seated,
in the third and fourth year, it towers up solid and beautiful. In the
sixth or seventh year it competes with the box elder, in the eighth year,
it beats the box elder; outlines the cottonwood, and is master of the situ-
ation. The ash is growing popular and is most sought now by forest
planters in our part of the northwest. For a timber claim I advise that
the majority of the trees be ash, planted properly in deep well pulverized
soil, and interspersed promiscuously with box elders and willows, with
some soft maples if you like. With right care in culture and protection
against fires, in ten years you have a young natural forest—a blessing to
yourself, your neighbors and your country.

Nor should we forget the evergreens for wind-breaks, health and beauty.
No trees are more to be desired. Put them in belts of ten or more rows.
Use the scotch and white pines, the norway and native white spruces.
Set them among apple trees, around the barn, in front and around the
dwelling house; and they will be ‘‘a thing of beauty and a joy forever.”

FORESTRY. 129

FORESTRY.

FORESTRY.
BY CHAS. LEUDLOFF, CARVER.

Forests not only furnish the necessary wood and lumber but also protect
against the scorching rays of the sun, maintain the springs, favor the
producing of rain, the moisture of air and soil and thereby the fertility of
the soil; further, they ward off the extremes of temperature and help to
keep the soil warm by protecting from too great a radiation. From the
leaves not only water is exuded but also oxygen during the day. The for-
ests therefore provide the necessary oxygen for all life. The forest has
great influence on the climate as has long been known. In the forests the
state has not only great lumber resources but also a great meteorological
factor to protect. It is not to be forgotten that the forests have certain
influences on the character and industry of the inhabitants. Also the
fauna of the forest should not be overlooked, the gay birds, especially the
songster, delight all who visit the forests, and if any game appears every-
one is glad to notice it, even if he has not tasted the joys of a hunter.
Therefore protect and foster the useful birds and squirrels of the forests
and prepare habitations for them by hanging up small boxes. The care
of the forests and game does not always go hand in hand, but the poetry
of the forests loses much if the woods and game are not properly cared for.
The best that the forests possess are their ancient and all-inspiring trees,
their permanence, and the imposing architecture of silent nature, which
is not easily forgotten. The high trees with their arching foliage and
their ancient, giant branches, with their wild scenery are more to the
lover of nature than the architecture that science worships. Everything
has its time and the ancient tree must finally give away, but spare it
where its rare appearance warrants it, until necessity demands its removal.
But the old hermit, the witness to the power of natnre, and who has seen
centuries and whole generations with their history pass away, who among
millions of trees has his peculiar name, and who long ago has seen many
of the sons of the forest fall, allow him his place until the storm reaches
him and his last leaf has fallen. Then place in memory of him a young
tree, a memorial to him in the great forest. From the foregoing state-
ment the importance of the forest as the storehouse of nature and man-
kind is easily understood, and therefore we should desist our warfare
against it. The history of all civilized people teaches us that after de-
vastating the forests they found that they were losing ground in all their
industrial branches and they were comfelled to replace their destroyed
forests, whereupon all branches of industry again became more prosperous.
It is to be noticed that where nature has placed her forests it is well not
to destroy them, but they should be fostered and protected, then the
otherwise barren heights and rocky slopes will then add prosperity to the
valleys and agricultural districts. Therefore we must be aware that we
do not follow in the footsteps of those nations who have devastated their

130 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

forests and felt the evil effects of the devastation, but come to the help of
the forests and commence in earnest with great energy to replant them
for the benefit of ourselyes and our descendants.

Our greatly devastated forests may be improved and their former thick-
nessreplaced. 1. By natural propagation. 2. By the artificial cultivation
from seed and planting.

The replanting lies largely in the hands of the nurserymen. The natural
propagation by self-seeding and suckering stands opposed to the artificial
propagation by hand seeding and cuttings. It depends upon certain con-
ditions, as for instance; the trees must be old enough and in condition to~
bear seed, furthermore the suckers or shoots must not be over a certain
age; if these conditions are not fulfilled natural propagation will not be
successful.

In raising new varieties, where the soil is not fitted for these trees, nat-
ural propagation will be unprofitable; on the other hand it is necessary
or to be recommended with varieties that cannot be grown without the
protection of the parent trees, as the beech and white pine; also when
they are to be grown on elevated spots, on steep hill sides with rocky soil,
or other places where cultivation is made difficult by ravines, gullies, or
rockiness of the soil and where the results are endangered by insects, or
the soil is insuch condition that the seeds germinate freely.

On the other hand, artificial cultivation is necessary when large, bare
places are to be planted, new varieties are to be grown, or where trees are
to be grown, which do not as yet or will not bear seed enough, or where
trees have lost the power to sucker, or where natural propagation from
other causes is not certain.

\ Propagation can take place by surrounding with timber protection ,
seeding on such places where no natural seed can be expected, or where
a certain species under, timber protection is not in sufficient number or
not at the right age. As, for instance, seeding large clearings and bare
places with species that in their youth have little to suffer from frost and.
weeds, and which are not easily and cheaply transplanted, as beech, oak,

alder, etc. ;

The seed is adapted to soils that are not wet or swampy but also not too
dry, poor or stony; good results cannot be expected on raw highlands, on
sunny sides, or too loose, swampy, or soil highly impregnated with lime;
on the last two because frost on leaving heaves the plants and therefore
growth from seed is very uncertain.

The want of sufficient seed or its high priee are often drawbacks for
propagating from seed. Planting is the next resort when the requirements
for seeding are not favorable, or where the seeds in germinating are en-
dangered by birds, mice, etc., as in replanting in the underbrush or other-
wise when the surrounding plants have the start. Planting is also —
resorted to in restoring certaim peculiar varieties or in raising tender
varieties.

Natural propagation is generally preferred by owners of small pieces of
timber land because it is easier and costs less. This is done as follows:

If the prospects for a seed crop are good a part of the trees are felled
and those with good crowns are selected, those that are not easily blown
down by the storms. All branches, moss and leaves must be removed, as
otherwise the seed could not germinate, because the seed would lodge in
the moss, germinate and then die during the dry weather.

FORESTRY. 1381

With the so called shaded seed-bed the remaining trees are allowed to
touch each other with the extremities of their branches or they may be
separated from three to nine feet or even more, according to the soil, situ-
ation, climate or variety.

In the course of a few years the plants will have grown so much that
they will need more light which is essential to their growth; thinning out
is not done all at once, but at different periods and with regard to the
development of the growth of young wood. The thinning is generally done
in winter during deep snows and mild weather, as it thus protects the
plants better; in thinning the last wood is removed after the plant has
become strong enough to dispense with protection.

The time of cultivation varies from 10 to 20 years, according to circum-
stances.

All thinning out which is undertaken at the different times should be,
as already mentioned, in winter with deep snows and mild weather. The
wide spreading limbs should first have their large limbs removed and the
ground should also be cleared of all branches, leaves, etc.

The trees should be felled in the direction in which they would do the
least harm and several trees should never be felled in the same direction
so as to fall upon each other.

The further care which the forest should yet receive is the warding off
of harm, as fire, grazing of cattle and insects.

Through fire the greatest destruction has taken place; millions of acres
of the best pine forests have been ruined by this element. Our greatest
attention should therefore be directed to prevent this as much as possi-
ble, and should a forest fire break out we should try with all our power to
master it, before its dimensions become too great.

The cause of forest fires is generally the negligence or malignancy of
man, seldom lightning; the loss caused is more or less, according to the
growth of the trees and the intensity of the fire. The fire may also do
great damage in the clearings by heatingthe surface soil to so great an
extent as to burn the humus therein contained. As long as it remains
here it is called undergrowth fire, also if it attacks the wood growth;
here it may run along the foot of the trunks and burn the attached
moss and lichens; by great intensity alsothe bark—and if the last is not
well protected by a very thick bark against the effects of the heat the
burnt part will die off, and if very large the whole tree will sicken and
may eventually die. Generally the greatest loss is on the windward side
and affects the larger trunks less. The tall, young, slender trees and the
younger growth are generally hurt so much as to kill them. In younger
plantings in which some of the branches of the trees reach to the ground
the heat of the undergrowth fire first dries the needles and then immedi-
ately sets them on fire, which spreads to the rest of the planting and is
then called a ‘forest fire’ and if the intensity is great and the woods
thick it not only devours the leaves but also the branches and trunks.

The danger of a fire differs greatly, according to the time of the year,
the growth, the thickness of the forest and the variety of timber.

The most dangerous time is the dry time in spring and late summer,
while after long rains and in winter hardly any danger is to be feared.

Where the ground is covered with dry grass, moss, etc., the danger is
very great, especially on south slopes and hot sands.

432 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The pine trees are generally the most threatened; in leafy woods the loss
is least as the trunks are always capable of throwing out suckers.

The preventive means (in Germany) are lawsand police surveillance, and
should also be practiced here; to these belongs the law: Preventing the
building of a house within a forest or within a certain distance; further,
the distance is fixed for lime and plaster ovens as well as_ brick-
kilns, and the law against the building of a fire in or near the woods with-
out necessary precautions for the means of prevention at the dangerous
times of the year.

To these the following laws also belong: The selection of a place for
building of a fire on ground free from weeds and not near any ground

covered with them or young trees; surrounding the fires with stones and -

completely putting it out before leaving it.

In dry, windy weather fires are not to be built in the woods; the same
is to be noticed in building fires near the forests as, for instance, building
fire in the stubble.

Along the railroads at certain distances (bare) strips are also to be
burned in order to prevent the sparks from the locomotives from origin-
ating fires.

Those who smoke tobacco, especially those who use cigars, breed them-
selves to have especial care, and also the hunters, in regard to the use of
their weapons.

In order to put out fires that have already started, it is of the greatest
importance to bind the inhabitants of the neighborhood by law to help
extinguish it.

Tn large timbered districts it is absolutely necessary to have what are
called fire streets or snares. with which the forest is perforated at certain
distances from each other, according to the situation of the district, and
at both sides of these roads ditches are dug and Boswellia Senata are
planted to bar the progress of the fire. The middle of the way should be
kept clean and the broader the roads the better.

It is further of great importance, in warding off the danger of fire, that
plantings should be kept clean early in the year, especially is it necessary
to remove broken limbs, bush heaps and the dead leaves as early as
possible; this is especially necessary near railroads and much frequented
highways where carelessness or malignancy can very easily do great
harm.

It is best to extinguish an undergrowth fire by throwing earth on it.
Where the dimensions of the fires are not very great it can oft-times be
extinguished by the use of brooms, spades, green leafy branches, etc., if
the dimensions are great it is not possible to approach the fire in order to.
use these means, in that case, according to the strength of the wind, a
a strip of land 10 or 12 feet wide running parallel with the fire anda
short distance from it, should carefully be cleaned of all combustibles
and watched by a sufficient number of people until the fire has reached
it, in case it should spring over.

If the number helping are not sufficient in order to clear such a strip
early enough, it is recommended to effect this by starting a backfire; but
this is only possible in quiet still weather and eventually requires as
much help to watch the fire as it took to make the clearing.

In places where much decayed wood and dried humus is present and

FORESTRY. 3a

where fine earth or sand is not to be had in sufficient quantities, water
must be used for extinguishing, as the fire remains for a very long time
in them and is easily spread from them.

After the work of extinguishing has stopped a sufficient number of men
should be left to watch the place until no more danger is to be feared.

It is impossible to calculate the loss caused by a fire running through
a pine forest, whose needles or the most of them were destroyed; it is
best to cut them down, as the majority die. In case of a fire running
through a grove of leafy trees, it is best immediately to cut down the
trees, in order that they may start suckers from which trees equal to the
first may be quickly grown.

We have yet to consider the pastures in the forest and to see what
damage pasturing does to the forests.

The forest pastures are damaging to the timber, by having the cattle
browse off and tread them down; the heavy cattle compact the earth;
especially is this damaging in clay soils, where the atmosphere cannot
peretrate the compact surface.

On steep hillsides the surface of the soil is not compact by the feet of
animals, and therefore is not disturbed on the surface; its looseness thus —
offers a good place for the water to work, so that the humus is easily car-
ried off.

The browsing off of the tops, breaking down, tramping, barking off
young and old trees, and the inevitable damages done to the drain
ditches, sum up to a good deal.

The leafy trees recover much sooner and easier from browsing, tramp-
ing or barking than the needle trees or the conifere.°

In cultivating in rows the cattle do not do as much damage as other-
wise, but this is not always the case, as on steep hillsides where they use
the furrows for paths.

The repeated browsing of the tips of trees is very damaging.

PRESERVATION OF THE FOREST.
P. P. SCHOTZKA, MINNEAPOLIS.
Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen:

If I, in the presence of so learned a body as here present, humbly under-
take to say a few words in behalf of a subject which should form a main
link in the chain of agricultural and horticultural discussions, so, believe
me, that this is done out of pure patriotism to the country and her people
and for the benefit of the subject itself, which is, ‘‘The Preservation of
the Forests.”

While agriculture and horticulture receive the benefits of science and
assistance from states and have wonderfully improved, arboriculture or
forestry, as the third link in the chain, has been sadly neglected.

From year to year the advertisement of the lumber dealer informs us
how many hundred million feet they have harvested, but do we ever see
a statement in which a lumber dealer informs us how many trees he has

OS US Ore eee ier ba

134 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

planted? No. What must be the result? An entire devastation of
our forests, a treeless country, and what that means is well known to all
members of your association.

The time in this state is not far distant when the grave song to the last
extensive forest will sound through the land, which song will also be the
grave song to the prosperity of the farmers and horticulturists; it will be the
signal for the disappearance of the water in our lakes and in our great Mis-
Sissippi; it will mean the most fearful electrical storms at one time, while
at other times long, lasting drought will visit the country; and all these
the more as our neighbor state, Wisconsin, will have followed our exam-
ple and will have silenced the echo of the woodman’s axe. Dakota and
Iowa, in despite of their efforts to plant trees, will be treeless states.

Gentlemen, this is no exaggeration, it is history, told in all those coun-
tries where the forests have disappeared, and it will take place in our
state as certainly as night follows day. Then equal causes produce equal
effects and equal consequences, and to the observer of nature the fact can
not be denied that the danger signals are already making their appear-
ance, and cannot have escaped the sharp eye of Minnesota horticulturists

‘for meteorological occurrences.

In the face of such disastrous results that follow the destruction of
forests in a country, naturally the question arises: Is there no remedy?
The discouraging answer ‘‘No”’ meets our question, not as long as the
present practice is upheld. Not talk shall replace and preserve the forests;
it requires action, immediate action, united, determined action.

Will preservation of the still existing forests serve as remedy against .
total destruction?

We may just as well forbid one of the here present gentlemen to har-
vest his ripe crop of strawberries as to say to the lumberman, preserve
these forests even if they are ripe for harvesting, until the best trees of
the same are rotten and decayed, consequently unfit for the market.
Forest trees as well as other crops come to maturity at certain age and if
not Larvested at the proper time valuable capital is lost and nobody has a
benefit of it except woodpeckers and coons. The most natural and finan-
cially most profitable time for harvesting timber is at maturity and if
another harvest is the object to replace the same by three year old plants
as soon as possible, so as to give the young plants the benefit of using the
deposited substances by the cut down trees before the sun or atmospheric
influences send the same into the universe.

Now, Mr. President and gentlemen of the convention, please allow me
to recommend to you one way by whicha great gain to success may be
realized, and if an earnest effort is made and an unanimous action on your
part is taken, failure in this instance is, in my opinion, impossible.

As the last big extended forest in the extreme northern part of our state
is in danger to be soon divided into homesteads, and thereby the exist-
ence ofothe same becomes questionable,the reservoir for the Mississippi
river destroyed, an entrance to the full blast of the north wind to the
state opened, and the great benefits of this present forest to agriculture
lost, it becomes the duty of your influential body as well as the duty of
every citizen in this state, to petition the present legislature to send an
appeal to congress against the division of this forest to settlers, but give
to the state the privilege to save this forest for all future time as state

FORESTRY. 185

property under the promise to treat the same in accordance with the best
scientific and practical rules for the tenefit of the country, as well as for
the state.

As the United States give new settlers tree claims, with almost a cer-
tainty that no trees will be the result, why not give a responsible state
which is willing and able to fulfill her promise, this so important area as
a total tree claim?

It is thus the more proper as the father of the rivers receives a great
supply of water from this source, which would be stopped by the destruc-
tion of the forest in question.

The state will not have any expense which will not be covered from the
sale of wood, but will realize a surplus and a cash income, besides the
great benefits derived for agriculture and commerce.

A gradual renewing of the trees may take place in dividing the whole
in forty or eighty parts or sections, and every second or every year a sec-
tion may be renewed, so as to have a ciclus of eighty years for the whole,
after which the first cut down and rejuvenized will be again ready for the
woodman’s axe, with far more material upon it than for the first cut.

God’s speed and best luck for a beginning in the right direction, the
good example will encourage followers in the same or other directions
with the aim of possessing forests.

Hoping that this earnest and well meant request will find willing ears
and a strong will, which does not shirk before obstacles, I am gentlemen,
Yours very respectfully,

iPS Poy SCHATLZKGAS
German Graduated Forester.
Minneapolis, Jan. 19, 1891, 611 25th av. S.

FORESTRY.

BY B, E. FERNOW, CHIEF OF FORESTRY DIVISION, DEP’T. AGRICULTURE.

For more than twenty years forestry has been talked abeut in this
country; but in proportion to the efforts of those who would have our
present attitude as a people toward our forest resources changed, there
has been but little accomplished practically.

One reason for this slow progress in forestry reform is the fact that not
even the friends of this reform are fully aware what is meant by it. But
few of them understand exactly what the aims and advantages, what the
methods and practices of forestry are; and hence they have not been able
to effectually influence those who are expected to practice forestry.

The lumberman has been led to believe that the movement for forest
preservation was inimical to his trade; the owner of woodlands was kept
in fear that an unreasonable control of his property might be attempted,
while the planter in the treeless plains was led to expect more from his
efforts than is reasonable, and tree planting was made to appear equiva-
lent with forest planting. The methods and practices of the nursery-
man or orchardist were believed to satisfy the forester.

In Minnesota both branches of forestry, namely the management of

136 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

natural forests and the creation of artificial forests, claim almost equal
attention.

With an area estimated variously from 20,0000,000 to 30,000,000 acres of
virgin forest, largely on non-agricultural land, a resource, which at pres-
ent yields in annual values not less than $20,000,000, and employs at tim-
ber cutting in the woods alone 20,000 men, every citizen of the state must
be concerned in its rational use and continuity; while the southern and
western areas of prairie invite the attention of the forest planter.

As far as the natural forest resource is concerned, I believe there is
practically nothing done to protect itagainst useless and reckless devasta-
tion by fire, or to so utilize it, that it may recuperate itself with desirable
growth.

There is, to be sure, on the statutes, a law prescribing a fine against
any one willfully or negligently setting fires, but without any organized
effort to enforce the law, it is probably entirely useless.

The efforts in the direction of forest planting have been perhaps more
effectual than in the care and rational use of the existing forest area,
thanks largely to the interest and enthusiasm of the late Leonard Hodges,
and the subsequent exertions of the State Forestry Association. Judging
from a distance this movement for the extension of forest areas is pro-
gressing much more satisfactorily than that for the rational use of the
existing woodlands.

The need for windbreaks on the prairie has stimulated tree planting,
but the planting of windbreaks, consisting of single rows of trees, to sift
the cold northwesters, break their fury and temper their iciness, can be
improved by substituting timber-belts of sufficient breadth to more
effectually and for a greater distance break the fury and also to alter the
moisture conditions of the prairie winds; for these injure crops and
orchards not only by their cold but by their excessive dryness.

In planting to forest, it must not be overlooked, that the methods
should differ from those practiced in park and orchard planting. In the
latter case we have to do with individual trees; each one is an object of
our care. In forest planting we have to do with masses of trees, the in-
dividual being only of account as far as it forms part of the mass. Hence
to get the mass effect, by which forest conditions alone become influen-
tial, we must practice mass planting and dense planting.

In the selection, then, of trees for forest planting, we must first look
out for a cheap, easily grown kind, that will cover, and keep covered, the
ground. When, by the aid of such, we have created forest conditions,
then we may introduce a sufficient number of the better classes of timber
trees, which would do well under the protection of the nurse-cover.

This latter should be of a densely foliaged kind, which protects the soil
against evaporation, by its shade, kills out weeds and renders cultivation
unnecessary. Evergreens, any kind that can be most readily and cheaply
grown, should form part of this firstcover. I should advise to use at first
no other kinds than those which belong to your region naturally and
have shown their capacity to withstand the ills of the climate.

That mixed planting is preferable to planting of each kind by itself is
not only alesson to be learned from nature itself, but is so well estab-
lished in the better practice, that it needs no discussion. For the con-
siderations and rules that should be followed in chosing mixtures, I refer

—

FORESTRY. 137

to my reports, as I may not take the time here to enlarge upon this most
important theme.

While the efforts to enlarge the forest area, especially for protective
purposes, naturally interest the horticulturist foremost, he must not
overlook that the manner in which the natural forest cover is treated,
concerns him as much, both in his capacity as a citizen and as an or-
chardist.

It has been shown repeatedly that horticulture has suffered by opening
up large sections of country to unfavorable winds. The receding culti-
vation of the olive in northern France is a familiar example.

In Michigan, I believe, the cultivation of the peach has been hazarded
by forest destruction.

In another place I have shown that many of the insect pests which in-
jure our orchards, can be traced to the improper treatment of our forest
areas, the dead timber from the burnings furnishing a favorable breeding
place for hosts of orchard destroyers.

I have called your attention to the fact that the forest resource of Min-
nesota yields a product worth twenty millions ayear. That means em-
ployment to many men and material development of the state. Is it not
desirable to keep in perpetuity such aresource? This can only be done by
not wasting the forest area with the scourge of fires, and by using it in
such a manner that it may re-cover itself with desirable timber. Hence
some knowledge of forestry principles is necessary. -

Now let it be understood that in a wooded country, forestry is carried
on by the use of the axe. There is only this difference between the lum-
berman and the forester; that the former cuts for present gain without
regard of the future, while the latter, without losing sight of the present
gain, cuts in such a manner, that instead of leaving a waste of brush for
nature to do with as it pleases, reforestation with desirable kinds will
take place under man’s direction and will.

How is this reproduction secured? To understand this it is necessary
to realize that, as in the animal world, so in the vegetable there is a con-
stant struggle for existence and supremacy going on among the different
species as well as among the individuals of the same species. All struggle
for the occupancy of the soil. The weapons with which this struggle is car-
ried on are various, offensive and defensive. This species seeks to gain
foothold by prolific annual seed production, aided perhaps by the light-
ness of the seed, which is wafted by the winds for miles in all directions;
the ubiquitousness of the aspen wherever an open space affords light is
accounted for by this capacity.

Another species, by its dense foliage, shades the ground so that no rival
can find favorable conditions of existence underneath, such as firs and
spruces. Others, again, maintain themselves by developing a vigorous
root system, which enables them to endure the shade of the superior
growth, vegetating poorly, but biding their time until other agencies
have decimated the enemy, ready then to occupy the field. The oak is an
example of this kind.

The alternation in forest growths, so often looked upon as a mystery, is
thus accounted for. Man, by fire and axe, nature, by tempests and insect
pests, removing the superior growth, the species which persisted under the

138 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

shade of the former and escaped or resisted the destructive agencies will
occupy the ground.

Especially the different requirements in regard to light conditions and
the relative rate of height growth, by which the species or individual
may or may not escape suppression by its neighbors, influence the tempo-
rary local distribution of plants and are of the greatest interest to the
forest manager.

Light is one of the essential factors of tree growth, and alm)st the only
one which man can regulate. Forest management, then, could be defined
in the main as management of light conditions. The leaves functionate
under the influence of light and feed the tree by assimilating the carbon
of theair. Such thinly foliaged trees as the aspen and some of the birches
and others can only exist under a full complement of sunlight; they are,
therefore, endowed with a rapid rate of height growth to enable them to
grow quickly out of the danger of being overshadowed by their neighbors.
Other species, like the firs, and in less degree the spruces, with a dense
foliage and a large number of leaves to functionate, can be satisfied with
less light and are as a rule slower growers; other kinds again, like theoak,
while dependent for their full development ona large amount of light,
probably by virtue of specially vigorous root action can persist in the
shade for a long time until more favorable light conditions allow thrifty
growth.

Especially the young seedlings of most kinds are very sensitive in regard
to light conditions, and some have such a small range of light and shade
endurance that, while there may be millions of little seedlings sprouted,
they will all perish if some of the mother trees are not removed and more
light given; and they will perish equally, if the old growth is removed at
once and the delicate leaf structure under the infiuence of the direct sun-
light and heat is made to functionate beyond its powers,

Wecan, then, understand that not only the different species, but the
same Srecies at different periods of life, make varying demands in regard
to light conditions, and the art of the forest manager in securing repro-
duction, as well as in other operations, thinning, etc , consists mainly in
a proper regulation of light conditions by proper and timely use of the
axe.

The composition of the forest, climatic, soil and moisture conditions
modify again the requirements, so that all general rules of management
need to be modified according to local conditions, and it will appear at
once that a considerable exercise of judgment, born from experience and
knowledge, is expected of the forest manager.

The practice of the forest manager then is to assist the desirable species
in the struggle for existence and supremacy, to antagonize the undesirable
ones, and to create proper conditions of soil, light and composition of
species for adesirable reproduction.

The practice of thinning is based on similar principles. Regard to the
danger of windfalls, of fires, of frosts to the young plants, etc., will also
infiuence the management.

So much for the technical part of forest management.

Before concluding I want to call your attention to the improper clearing
of lands for agricultural use; cold, thin, stony and rocky sites and de-
clivities are devoted to farming, yielding only a precarious living to the

FORESTRY. 139

planter, which should never have been used for anything but tree growth
The relegation of soils to proper uses, is a problem, which you should
help to solve and one in which forestry is involved.

Let me end these few remarks on a large and important subject, with the
admonition to each one of the members of your association to imbue himself
with a proper conception of its importance to his own interests as well as
the interests of his state and to become an active missionary, not only for
forest extension, but for rational forest utilization.

REPORT ON FORESTRY.
BY J. J. SANDERS, APPLETON, MINN.

The question of tree planting and cultivation is a very important one
to the prairie farmer, and one that cannot receive too much attention.

I came to this part of the state when tree planting was yet in its in-
fancy, and have watched its growth with considerable interest.

A little experience is sometimes valuable, and cheap if we are only
willing to take it second hand; and we may often derive profit from
mistakes as well as from successes.

There are two mistakes I have noticed, which, if avoided, greatly lessen
the trials of the tree planter. The first is a poorly prepared soil, and the
second is an improper selection of varieties.

If the soil is not well prepared and kept cultivated, tue weeds and grass
soon become so tall and thick that it takes the little trees years to strug-
gle through, only to become scraggly bushes.

In the second place, if, after years of patient care, the planter finds his
trees do not answer the purpose for which they were planted, he is apt to
feel that there is some things in this world that make a man “‘tired”
besides hard work.

For rapid growing trees the white willow, red maple and yellow cotton-
wood are good. For more permanent varieties the ash and butternut do
well here. Some year-old black walnuts look well, but their ultimate
hardiness remains to be proven. The box elder is a great favorite with
some planters, but to me their only recommendation as a forest tree is
their extreme hardiness.

THE COMPANIONSHIP OF TREES.
BY E. H. S. DARTT, OWATONNA.

Read before the Northern Iowa Horticultural Society.

The stars seem gathered together in clusters, minerals are usually found
in beds, beasts in herds, birds in flocks, and bees in swarms, and men
thrive best in communities.

This all pervading law seems based upon the fact that each individual
is capable of affording partial protection to its neighbor; and perhaps this
principle is nowhere illustrated with greater force than when applied to
trees.

We cannot tell why stars cluster most in the milky way or just how
each individual star contributes to the balancing up of the comparatively

140 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

unknown universe; but we know why trees abound in certain sections.
It is because conditions there are favorable to their growth. We know
too that the same conditions will always produce the same results. And
it matters not whether these conditions are secured by natural or artificial
means. The grower of evergreen trees from seed finds little trouble in
modifying the atmosphere to suit his necessities.

If we plant an apple tree away out on the wind swept and sun scorched
prairie it will be so very lonesome that it is likely to die of a broken heart.
But if we will first plant other more robust trees, to partially shade the
ground and check the withering south-west winds, we may have rendered
such assistance as will enable the apple tree to grow, and in the growing
assist other trees weaker than itself. Thuseachadded tree helps to create
conditions favorable to the growth of other trees, and gradually a diver_
sified forest may be made to exist where at first only trees of the most
robust habits could be made to grow.

Many people believe that when our prairies are well dotted over with
tree plantations our rainfall will be materially increased. Certain knowl-
edge that tree plantations had increased our average annual rainfall but
one inch would be the key to unlock to future generations cumulative
blessings of great magnitude. Then wecould steadily encroach upon now
desert places with the certainty of making them fit places for the abode
of civilized man.

Those who fully realize the situation are very solicitous about the de-
struction of our native forests and are anxiously watching the feeble efforts
now being made for the preservation of what still remains. The strong
probability now is that nearly all must go, and that new growth and plan-
tations must be entirely depended upon in the near future., This gives to
tree planting an unappreciated importance, and we should use every
means in our power to push forward the good work. Whilst we would be
eminently practical, we must not ignore sentiment. Many a grand old
tree now owes its existence to the sentiment expressed in the lines

Woodman, spare that tree,
Touch not a single bough,
In youth it sheltered me
And I'll protect it now.

If the principle of life in one tree helps to prolong life in another tree,
and if there is an intimate relationship existing between the vegetable and
animal kingdoms, then the health, happiness and longevity of man may
be due far more than he realizes to his companionship with trees.

Certainly if we would build most wisely for the future we must teach
the young, by precept and example to plant, love and protect trees.

Dame Nature’s laws may we unfold
Asif the world depended

On our weak powers. to grasp and hold
The blessings God intended.

FORESTRY. 141

WILLOWS, POPLARS AND EVERGREENS.

By L. R. Moyer.
NOTES FROM CHIPPEWA COUNTY.

It seems proper to put on record some notes on the Russian willows and
poplars sent out by Prof. Green. The trees I received were planted in the
spring of 1889 and so have made two seasons’ growth. The past two sea-
sons in western Minnesota have been extremely dry, 1nd very unfavorable
to young trees.

At the head of the list I would place the Wabsky Poplar (Populus Wabski).
This poplar made a growth during the present season of 44 feet and during
the two years a growth of 8 feet. The tree is healthy and stocky with
bright shining leaves, and full of promise for the future. I understand that
in its native home it becomes a large tree. I believe it to be full of prom-
ise for prairie planting. It is very hardy.

The Certinensis Poplar (P. Certinensis) made a growth of six feet this
year, and would probably have made a growth of ten feet during the two
years had not a small boy broken off the first year’s growth. This is an
upright poplar of great beauty. It starts from the terminal buds and
seems to be entirely hardy.

The Laurel Leaved Poplar (P. Laurifolia), a thick leaved poplar, a na-
tive of arid regions, is a tree of great beauty. It made a growth this year
of thre® feet, and during the two years a growth of six feet. It is accus-
tomed to drought in its native habitat, is hardy to its terminal bud and
full of promise.

The Siberian Pyramid Poplar (P. Siberica Pyramidalis) closely resembles
the Laurel Leaved Poplar when young, and is perhaps of a little slower
growth. It, too, is accustomed to a cold, arid climate, but it is fullof life
and vigor, and is a beautiful tree.

The Dudley Poplar (P. Dudleyi) has narrow leaves and resembles a wil-
low in its general appearance. It seems to be entirely hardy, and this last
season it made a growth of 44 feet.

All these poplars were planted on extremely dry western Minnesota
land. They all grew readily from spring made hard wood cuttings. The
cuttings made an average growth of 2 feet, although last season was ex-
tremely unfavorable.

The red willow (Salix fragilis) made a growth of three feet each year.
It is hardy to terminal bud, and will evidently grow upintoatree. In
Europe it is said to be a large and valuable timber tree. I found no diffi-
culty in getting it to grow from cuttings, although many farmers had
trouble last spring in getting their white willows to grow. The cuttings
made an average growth of three feet. They were planted on a dry bluff,

Salix rosmarinifolia is a shrubby willow with beautiful blue foliage. It
is a fine ornament on the lawn, and very hardy, but probably will not grow
up into a tree.

Saliz villelina is not hardy, nor is the willow sent out as No. 14 Vor
which greatly resembles it.

The Napoleon*willow, (S. Napoleonensis) is also tender.

Among conifers I regard the dwarf mountain pine (Pinus pumilo, or P.
pumilo Mugo) as our greatest acquisition. This pine is a native of the
high mountain regions of Europe. In western Minnesota it seems to be
the only evergreen that is able to retain its green color unimpaired
through our dry and cold winters, although the Colorado blue spruce
(Picea pungens) promises well.

142 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

TREES WILL HELP OUR CROPS.
BY PROF. W. M. HAYS, ST. ANTHONY PARK, MINN.

While the culture of trees and plants is ennobling, and the products of
the forest, the orchard and the garden are of very great value, the horti-
cultural matter most needing agitation now is that of forests, to modify
the extremes of our climate. We look upon the extreme cold of winter,
the periodic summer extreme of drouth, and the dryness of the summer
air, as our worst climatic disadvantages. We know that cutting off
forests in numerous older countries has changed the humidity of the air,
increased the extent of summer drouth, and evea made more severe the
storms of winter. But few look at the situation in this great valley of the
Mississippi calmly and contemplate the wide area which is affected. A
lessening of a few per cent. of the days of summer drouth alone would be
worth many millions to the ceuntry. Only the men who study forestry
as a science, realize that the raising of our needed supplies of lumber and
other wood in a systematic manner could have beneficial effect on the cli-
mate of so vast a region. When the nation does realize the fact, asa
shortage of lumber must soon compel it todo, our people will act, and it
is our duty to keep on agitating the question and bring action as soon
as possible.

I have here a drawing illustrating a few things regarding the moisture
of the center of this continent and how we might better utilize it by
keeping it in our soils and in the air for all crops, and for making the cli-
mate more comfortable as well. Inthe central part of the Mississippi
yalley running north and south is a wide level basin in the very center of
the continent, whichis little more than a thousand feet above sea level at
any point. From this low part a branch of low land swings off across the

FORESTRY. 1438

great lakes and down the St. Lawrence river between the Alleghanies to
the south and the Canadian hills to the north thus reaching the Atlantic
ocean. This broad lower land in the center of the continent, designated
by parallel lines, is highest at the head of the great father of waters, de-
scending gently across the broad expanse, northward to the Artic ocean
as well as southward to the mouth of the great river. To the west of
this central lower strip the plains rise gently but considerably toward the
Rockies, while the land to the east rises toward the foot of the Alleghan-
ies. So far as the moisture bearing winds of this entire valley between
the two systems of mountains are concerned, they flow up this central
trough from the Gulf of Mexico as into the lower end of a funnel. Che
great trade winds of the central Atlantic ocean pour in the Gulf of Mex-
ico and are deflected northward by the rib of elevated land along the
western part of both Americas. These great winds bring inte this valley
nearly all the moisture they get from the ocean coming in just where the
Mississippi returns the surplus water to the ocean. The winds coming
from the west have their surplus moisture all taken out by rising up over
the cold Rockies and the small amount of air coming into the valley from
that direction is only made warmer by passing over the plains and become
absorbers rather than suppliers of moisture. The winds which might
come from the east over the Alleghanies likewise cannot bring a surplus
of moisture from the Atlantic. The winds coming from the north are
warmed as they flow southward over this broad intercontinental region.

Practically the two sources of the moisture in the atmosphere, in this
eutire region, seem to be that brought in from the gulf and that evapor-
ated back into the air from the soil, from lakes or other water surfaces. or
through plants from the soil. Some one has estimated that only enough
water runs out of the Mississippi valley, through rivers each year, to
equal one-fifth of the rainfall, and we can then assume that only
one-fifth of the amount annually precipitated is brought into this region
by winds from the ocean, otherwise water would be stored up here,
and our soils and air would become moister. This we know is not true.
The other four-fifths must be supplied to the atmosphere by evaporation,
the same water being re-precipitated and re-evaporated often. There are
many factors operating to cause precipitation from the air. To roughly
illustrate, we may say that the moisture-laden winds from the gulf flow
northward meeting the cold winds, flowing from the north, and that a
mixture of these two is cool enough to cause the southern wind to give
up moisture. In summer the wind from the south seems to have the
mastery, while in winter the great sheets of wind from the northward
sweep down carrying the gulf wind back. There are a few things which
illustrate how these two winds mix or combat each other. Both are di-
rected to the eastward, (see map N. W.—S. W.) and as they meet the two
combatting winds form a resultant of their combined force. This
resultant, of course, flows eastward and finds its escape across‘the lakes
and down the St. Lawrence river to the ocean. That there is something
of such a resultant wind is shown by the fact brought out by meterolo-
gists, that most cyclonic storms of this valley pass from the west toward
the northeast, having, as some one has said, their focal center in the
vicinity of Iceland. The flowing of this air toward the eastward carries
most of the moister air to the region east of the Mississippi, there giving

144 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

up enough moisture to have fostered the primitive forests with which all
that region was covered. The moist air flowing away from the more
elevated plain to the west, left that region supplied with air largely
from the north, west and south-west. This air, not containing a great
amount of moisture, is warmed up and made to absorb rather than pre-
cipitate moisture, hence the low humidity of the air, the small rainfall,
and the consequent absence of trees on the plains and prairies. The mix-
ture of cold and moist winds was facilitated in the eastern part of the
valley while in the western part the air was “‘rarified” so far as humidity is
concerned. Of course, | have illustrated the workings of the winds in the
most general way. As the settlement of this country has crossed the valley
of the Mississippi, from the east to the west, considerable change has been
wrought in the surface of the land and in the amount of moisture held in
reserve to be evaporated into the air. Forests which are great water
conservers have been destroyed, especially in the eastern part where most
forests existed. In those forests which have been allowed to stand, much
of: the old-time forest conditions have been destroyed by clearing out and
pasturing the lands, thus giving the water of rains, formerly held by
the decaying leaves, a chance to run off over the surface of the closely
packed sod. Sloughs, ponds and even lakes have been drained, and
streams also have been relieved of most materials which formerly clogged
their rapid flow. The thick matted grass of our prairie has given way to
cultivated fields and closely cropped meadows and pastures. The con-
dition of the soil in our corn fields, for example, is in such condition as
to thoroughly take in the waters of rainfall, because acting like a sponge
it draws the water into itself. But these crops are mostly very leafy,
usually evaporating it rapidly back into the air, not allowing it to be
stored up in the soil and subsoil. The closely shaven and hard soil in our
pastures does not readily absorb water, but allows the rainfall to largely
run off and eventually reach the great rivers. This is especially facili-
tated by systems of artificial drainage.

Explain it in whatever way we may there is no disputing the fact that
the cultivation of new sections of country, prairie as well as wooded lands,
immediately lessens the amount of water in the soil and subsoil. Sloughs
go dry, ponds and lakes become shallower, or dry up entirely, the ground
water sinks as is Shown by our being compelled to dig wells deeper ten to
twenty ‘years after settlement begins, in every neighborhood. Eyen
many of the hillside springs which were perennial during the first years
the country was occupied dry up, and not a single new one is observed to
burst forth. That there is a lessened supply of surplus ground water as
the years go on, no intelligent western farmer who has passed twenty or
more years in intimate acquaintance with the land in any neighborhood
during its complete settlement will deny. Most meteorologists run
squarely against a very important fact when they claim that the annual
rainfall in the upper Mississippi valley is not being modified by man.
While I believe that the main effect on our water supply is in the lessened
humidity of the air in the warmer parts of our summers, thus causing
more severe drouths, I suspect also that our rainfall is slightly decreasing
in the warmer summer months. The supply of conserved moisture nearly
gives out and there is not enough to keep up the supply in the air when
the atmosphere is warm and able to hold its maximum amount before

FORESTRY. 145

becoming saturated. Moisture being a great equalizer of temperatures
an unnatural condition is engendered in our summers from a lack of the
normal amount of it to be evaporated. Rain can not descend upon great
plains that have become warm. The heat in radiating from the earth
warms the atmosphere, only dissipating the forming clouds, and there is
not enough moisture being evaporatea to keep the warmer air supplied
with the increased moisture it is able to hold.

Some one asks, how will trees remedy this evil in this vast country?
In two ways. By planting large forests and making in them true forest
conditions, considerable moisture is stored up in the soil, anda large
part of it held until the drouthy summer period is far advanced, and thus
given out when the air is most in need of it. Also by cooling the air and
acting as centers of precipitation, thus starting rainfall, which in turn
cools the surface on which it falls and makes it easier for rain to fall
from the wind next blowing that way.

Capital, in this country, finds such great opportunities for quickly turn-
ing over and doubling itself, that individuals and corporations will not
plant forests. Farmers will plant windbreaks and patches of trees, but
not large forests. Capital will not even go into the work largely, of
caring forthe second growth of our timber lands, because as yet, far
greater and quicker returns are realized from cutting down and making
into lumber the primitive forests. The only way to start trees now which
will make our future lumber supplies and at the same time be useful to
our other farming operations by ameliorating the, conditions of climate,
is to establish an immense system of government forests. If ‘one-twen-
tieth of the area between the Mississippi river and the Rocky mountains
could be planted to forests it would pay the country. In thirty or forty
years the wood which could be taken out annually for use would repay
all cost including the rent of the land, and the benefit to the country
through having the summer rainfall and air moisture more evenly dis-
tributed, would more than doubly repay the total cost. Anything the
State of Minnesota can do to incite the United States government to
vigorously take hold of the building up of a system of national forestry,
will be energy well spent. We must give especial attention to educating
the people in general upon this subject, and in educating young men to
be professional foresters.

(DISCUSSION).

Pres. Elliot: Now are there any points brought out in these
papers you wish to discuss?

J. O. Barrett: I would like to make a little explanation
about the difference between the two kinds of ash. Now the
green ash, growing around the river bottoms and lakes, is not
a fast grower compared with the white ash, but it is a smaller
tree and in a few years the white ash will excel it.

=)

146 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Member: What is green ash and what is black ash?

E. H. S. Dartt: There seems to be a little confusion in re-
gard to these varieties of green ash and white ash. I think,
if I recollect right, the white ash has a rough root, whilst the
green ash has a smooth root. I just want to say that I had five
hundred ash trees set in the nursery a few years ago, and one
of those very severe winters followed and they most all killed
down; I do not know whether it was the green ash or the white
ash, so it seems that the ash under some circumstances is not
quite as hardy as it ought to be.

Pres. Elliot: That is not the Duchess, you know.

C. L. Smith: I was very much interested in the paper of
Prof. Fernow, because it is exactly along the line that I have
been at work on for along time, and if you will look at the
back numbers of our horticultural reports and our agricultural
papers you will find that I have had a good many disputes in
regard to this matter, and that I have always contended for
the close planting of trees. I have urged it in season and out
of season for years. During the year 1889 I distributed over
the state over twenty thousand pamphlets, urging the necess-
ity of action along the line of this paper. Now in the matter
of forest fires; to be sure we have a law on our statute books
covering that subject, and the very same legislature that en-
acted that law provided for the appointment of a state officer
who should look after the enforcement of that law, and he has
been from that day to this a clerk in the state auditor’s office
and he has never prosecuted or attempted to prosecute a man
for burning up our state timber. Our people are universally
blind in regard to the importance of this question, and it does
not receive the attention it ought to receive, either in town or
in the country. It has been brought before the legislature,
but they pay very little attention to it, and there is no oppor-
tunity to discuss the importance of this question.

In regard to the kind of trees to be planted; for twenty years
I have insisted that the willow was and should be the pioneer
tree for tree planters. Now Mr. Barrett contends for two or
more kinds; Prof. Fernow suggests that one or two rows of
trees do not fill the requirements of forest planting; that there
should be numerous rows of different kinds of trees mixed to-
gether. So far as the varieties of trees are concerned, I fully
agree with Mr. Barrett that the willow and the ash give the
best timber for the money of anything that ever was planted

Oe,

FORESTRY. 147

on the prairie. One of the mistakes of our Timber Culture
Act was that it provided for trees planted too far apart. Now
so far as the evergreen is concerned I believe if properly
planted and handled they will grow anywhere on the prairies
of Minnesota, but I do not believe that a man can afford to set
out a forest of evergreens if it is necessary to go to a nursery
and pay out from eighty cents to one dollar apiece for the
trees, but the nursery must be started on the farm. Although
our state has been doing well in regard to this matter, it has
not done what it ought to have done and we will suffer the con-
sequences of that neglect. I memorialized the legislature of
the state of Minnesota in regard to the opening of the Red
Lake reservation, that it would be followed by the cutting off
of millions and millions of feet of timber, but there was not a
man in that legislature that would raise his voice against the
opening of that reservation.

Year by year this thing goes‘on and these timber belts to the
north of us are being wantonly destroyed, and I believe it is
time for the people of Minnesota to rise up and say that no
more of that timber which shelters us from the winds of the
frigid north shall be cut away. I preached this all over the
state of Minnesota last winter, but itis necessary that we should
continue to preach it, and we should have an organized move-
ment in favor of such legislation as will permit no further de-
struction of our forests.

I do not want to talk any longer; we could talk twenty-four
hours on this subject and not exhaust it.

Now as to the matter of planting young trees; I have over
there on the table a few copies of the Forest Tree Planter’s
Manual, and it has in it all the minute details for starting a
a nursery on the farm.

S.H. Folsom: Mr. President, the gentleman has struck
the key note of this question. It cannot be discussed in ten,
sixteen or twenty-four hours; it is too big a subject to under-
take to do anything with it at all with the time we have at
our command. The gentleman said he could talk twenty-four
hours. I had prepared an article, and incidentally I came
across his report, and I found [had used some of his arguments,
and the more I examine the subject the more important it seems
to become, and it requires more time than a few hours to
state the matter asitshould be stated. Thereis no use, asI see
it, to read a few papers and then let the matter go at that. It
seems to me that every society in the state should take it up,

148 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

and not only in this state, but in the Dakotas, Kansas and Ne-
braska, to cover the whole ground. I could talk a long time
upon this subject, but I do not wish to take up your time.

One thing in regard to windbreaks. Only a few weeks ago I
was in Richland county. The gentleman whom I visited there
has timber on three sides of his farm. I was there when they
had a blizzard. There was no storm there at all. I looked in
the distance and there seemed to be clouds of sand and debris
flying in the air so that you could not see the timber one-half
mile away, but inside of this enclosure, ten acres only, every-
thing was quiet. The trees had only a growth of six or eight
years, there were no leaves, but still the protection was com-
plete. I was surprised myself to see what protection these
trees afforded; they were not evergreens, simply cottonwood.

This is a question that looks to me too large and too import-
ant for us to undertake to do anything like justice to it at a
meeting like this where such a short time only can be devoted
to its discussion; if we could have a day we could accomplish
something.

QUESTION BOX.

(1). ‘‘Pinus Murrayana grows on the Rocky mountains and
is plentiful in the Yellowstone Park at high elevations. Has
this pine been tried in Minnesota? Might it not succeed on
the western Minnesota prairies where white pine is tender
without shelter?”

Pres. Elliot: That is the kind of pine they saw into lumber
in the mountains.

(2). ‘Is the red pine (so called Norway) suitable for
prairie planting?”

Pres. Elliot: It can be grown on the prairie.

Prof. Green: It is the best pine in the state next to Scotch.

HEDGES. : 149

HEDGES.

A BUCKTHORN HEDGE.

BY PROF. W. W. PENDERGAST, ST. ANTHONY PARK.

As far as my individual observation has extended there are but few or-
namental trees and shrubs that are in the most exposed situation, abso-
lutely hardy and reliable in this state. Scores of varieties like the soft
maple, ash, box elder and cottonwood are usually reckoned among the
ironclads, but in trying situations they are frequently injured and some-
times killed outright by our cold, dry winters, but there is probably not an
acre of good arable land in Minnesota upon which the English buckthorn
will not fiourish ’mid all vicissitudes of weather, bidding defiance alike to
the severest frosts of winter and the parching, dissolving heats of summer.
When everything else in the garden and on the lawn is suffering from the
touch of an unkind season, the buckthorn hedge, with the lilac for its
almost sole companion, stands out fresh and unscathed, sound and bright
to the very tip of every lithe and graceful twig. If it were not as beauti-

Wul as it is, its perfect hardiness and vigor should recommend it and cause
it to be sought for by those—and ‘‘their name is legion’—who, in the past,
thinking to adorn their homes with trees which the most inclement season
could not scar, have been disappointed and found their hopes withering
with the branches to which they had been looking for shade and pro-
tection.

While attending Phillip’s Academy at Exeter, N. H., more than forty
years ago, my attention was constantly attracted to the elegant hedge
rows that bordered the sidewalks fencing the beautiful gardens with
which that dreamy old New England village abounded. Nothing that I
had seen in the way of ornamentation of gardens and grounds made so
marked and enduring an impression as these neat and well trimmed
hedges, and then and there I resolved that sometime in the dim and
shadowy future if the ‘‘ fates” should prove propitious, I would have a
garden fenced in by a buckthorn hedge, little dreaming at the time that
the garden and hedge would be on the sunset side of the Falls of St.
Anthony, which my boy’s eye had discovered marked upon my Malte
Bruner Atlas in the ‘‘northwest territory”, far beyond the confines of civili-
zation. But the unexpected is what usually happens, and twenty years
from the time my good resolution was formed in Exeter, I was planting a
buckthorn hedge in front of my garden in Hutchinson, Minnesota. It
may be well to remark here, that this work was done with much fear and
misgiving. I had met with so many reverses before, where much had
been expected that there seemed to be small reason for hope or encourage-

_ ment, but unlike many previous ventures in arboriculture this was a most
gratifying and complete success. Cor trary to expectation the seeds germi-
nated well; not a tree was lost in transplanting and but one has died in
the twenty years that the hedge has been set, and that was in some way
injured at the root. Aside from that one tree, not a branch has ever with-
ered nor has the outmost bud ever failed to grow. It is more vigorous
and hardy than the wild plum and bears pruning better. No matter how
severely cut back it soon puts forth new branches and is as green and
thrifty as before it felt the shears. It smiles with equal serenity upon
the most savage blizzard of January and the fiercest heats of July. The

150 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

alternate freezings and thawings of March and April do not affect it, and
the earliest winter finds it prepared for his coming.

Unlike the wild plum, no shoot is ever thrown up from its roots, and
the gardener is spared the trouble and annoyance of constantly fighting
sprouts, as he is obliged to do with many other hedges. It knows ifs
place and steadfastly keeps it. It does not encroach upon the domain of
anything else and permits nothing else to kill it out and usurp its place.
A well set, well kept buckthorn hedge is not only a most desirable orna-
ment to the garden or lawn, but is a complete and satisfactory fence as
well. It is but little trouble to start one and still less to take care of it
afterward, and it is passing strange that so few of the otherwise beauti-
ful grounds in this enterprising state, owned by men of taste and means,
are not further adorned and protected by a border which would cost so
little and add so much to their attractions.

For the benefit of such as would like to grow a hedge of this kind, but
are without experience and want directions, I will say buy a pound of
buckthorn seed of James J. H. Gregory, of Marblehead, Mass—that is
where I got mine—or some other responsible dealer, and, as soon as the
frost is out of the ground in the spring to the depth of three“or four
inches, mix the seed well with about two quarts of finely pulverized
sandy soil, and having rubbed it well with the hands in a pan of water to
separate the three seeds which grow in each pocket, place the mix-
ture in a box six inches square and six inches deep, in the bottom of
which several holes have been previously bored for drainage, and cover the
whole with half an inch of fine soil. Sink the box in loose soil in some
sunny spot and occasionally sprinkle with soft water slightly warmed.
Be careful not to water too frequently or too abundantly as in such case
the seed will rot. If the season be rainy it will not need watering at all.
The ground should be kept somewhat moist but not wet. About the ~
first of May begin to examine the seed to see if it hassprouted. Do this
at first every three days and oftener as the season advances and the soil
becomes warmer. When the little white roots begin to protrude from
the seeds make a garden bed about a rod square and sow the seeds half
an inch apart and half an inch deep, making fourteen rows and sowing
about four hundred seeds to the row. The plants should grow two years
in the bed before being set in the hedge row. Cut back to half their
length and set in parallel rows one foot apart, and plant one foot apart
in the row breaking joint so that each shall be opposite the midway
point between the nearest two in the other row.

Prune severely for the first few years soas to make the hedge thicken
up well at the bottom. Here I made a mistake with mine in my anxiety
to have a full grown hedge as soon as possible. I let it grow up too fast

and as a result I have a hedge very thick and compact near the top but a
little too open just above the surface of the ground. If it were to do over
again I should not permit it to gain more than four inches in height each
year till it reaches four feet and would keep it there ever after.

Where the hedge is tiimmed the ends of the limbs do not show at all,
but the leaves completely cover them and present to the eye a smooth
and glassy wall of living green of whatever shape the taste of the owner
may dictate.

To trim a hedge twenty-five rods long and keep it in good, form
through a season requires about three days work of a man equipped with
a good pair of hedge shears.

A pound of seed should make 180 rods of hedge.

GENERAL FRUITS. 151

GENERAL FRUITS.

INFLUENCE OF STOCK ON THE LIFE OF TREES.

BY PROF. J. L. BUDD, AMES, IA.

Mr. President:—I am informed that Iam down on your program for a
paper on the above subject. Ina very brief way I will only at this time
call attention to the popular belieftin the parts of Europe where horticul-
ture was old before America was discovered, which is that all orchard
fruits should be on their own roots or top-worked on indigenous wild
stocks. What we know as root grafting has long been known but never
practiced. Indeed this belief at this time is being narrowed down by
many experts to the exclusive use of trees on their own roots.

Recently the noted author of *‘Propagation and Improvement of Culti-
vated Plants,” Mr. F. W. Burbridge, wrote these significant words:
“Looking at grafting from all points of view I am convinced that we
should have had better fruit trees, and better and healthier and more
prolific varieties in our gardens today, had grafting never been invented.”
Yet when compared with the general writings of this gifted author we
find that he does not denounce the use of congenial hardy stocks. His
Sweeping statement was predicated on the fact that in Europe and Amer-
ica certain fruitstocks have come into general use which are not congenial
to the varieties worked upon them, such as the use in this country com-
mercially of French crab apple stocks, tender seedlings grown from scrub
apples taken to the cider mills, French pear stocks, Myrobalan and St.
Julian plum stocks, and Mazzard and Mahaleb cherry stocks.

TREES FROM ROOT CUTTINGS.

Mr. Burbridge, Mr. Robinson, and others, have called attention to the
fact that in parts of France, Germany, Bohemia, North Silesia, and
Russia, are found many sections where trees have been grown for the past
one hundred years exclusively from sprouts or root cuttings. In such
places the trees are healthy, long lived, and fruitful. On the other hand
they eall attention to the sections in which grafting on commercial stocks
has been long practiced, where varieties once thought valuable seem to
be running out, and where disease and the attacks of the fungi, are
each year becoming more general. In such neighborhoods a change
to trees grown from root cuttings would not be easy for the reason that
the material for root cuttings is lacking as with us. The inducement for
a change of policy is less urgent than with us as the climate is more
eguable and the orchard troubles are trifling compared with ours.

If our people can only be convinced that trees grown from root cuttings
are best we can soon have an abundant stock of roots that will bring
trees true to name. By the use of short roots and long scions we can
cause the apple, pear, cherry, plum, prune and apricot, to root from the
scion in nursery, and when set in orchard the seedling part can be cut
away. At Ames we now have many trees on their own roots, and we are
new starting trees in this way. The cuttings can be made and treated in
the common way adopted with the blackberry and red raspberry, but

152 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

with the orchard fruits the cuttings should be made four inches long,
and stuck like other cuttings, but with the top about three-fourths of an
inch below the earth’s surface. As the available material is yet scarce we
are now growing the cherry, plum, vosa rugosa, and other things, under
glass. In this way we can use short cuttings of smaller size, and secure
an even growth with less than one per cent of loss.

The cuttings are planted thickly, in rows, in boxes eighteen inches wide,
six feet long, and five inches deep. Holes are bored in the bottom for
drainage, the bottom covered with a layer of moss which is covered with
about three inches of common garden earth. The cuttings are stuck with
the tops even with the surface and tightly packed. An inch of very rich
earth is then sifted over the whole surface.

The boxes are set away in the cellar until the middle of November, when
they are set under the sashes not over one foot below the glass. At this
date the plants are from one to three inches above the surface, and by the
middle of May they will run from six inches to a foot in height. Prior to
planting in nursery the plants are hardened by exposure to the air and
scant watering. We put them out after the hurry of spring’s work is over,
selecting a cloudy day if possible. But last year we had no cloudy days at
the proper time, yet we lost very few plants. Our hot bed for this use is
about forty feet in length, is covered with old hot bed sash. and is heated
by hot water pipes. We use for the water heating a very small base burn-
ing conical boiler made by Hitchens & Co., for laundries and parlor con-
servatories It consumes very little coal and has proven ample for heat-
ing the bed in the most extreme weather.

HARDY STOCKS.

For the Apple: We have no congenial native species of the apple for use
as stocks such as are found in all parts of Europe. The wood of our native
crab is hard and close grained and does not unite properly with one variety
out of a hundred of those noted in our fruit books. ‘The Siberian crab
also differs in wood and its use must be confined to very few varieties. So
far as known at this time the best available stock for topworking at the
north are some of the Russian varieties such as the Anis, Hibernal, Re-
cumbent, Bergamot and Silken Leaf. If worked with short root and long
scion so as to start roots from the scion, such varieties will, I believe, be
extensively used for top-working in the near future. In Iowa the use of
very hardy summer varieties such as Whitney’s No. 20, Duchess, and Ani-
sette, is not advisable for winter varieties. At Dubuque, Iowa, the Ben
Davis on Whitney’s No. 20 and Duchess becomes a fall apple, and the
same effect is reported in other parts of the state. But at the north the
use of varieties as late in season of fruit as the Anis or Hibernal has not
resulted in hastening the maturity of winter sorts worked on them.

For the Pear: We have no suitable stock on which to crown graft or bud ~

the pear which at present is obtainable in quantity. But the hardiest
Russian varieties may be compelled to root from the scion as worked on
common French stocks, and can be used as stocks on which to work var-
ieties slightly less hardy in tree with a better grade of fruit.

For the Plum: Weare fortunate in having strong growing native vari-
eties of the plum on which the hardy Russians and the best native vari-
eties do well when crown grafted, budded or top worked. The Russian
prunes and apricots we also find to do well on our native species.

a

GENERAL FRUITS. 153

For the Cherry: That we now have varieties of the cherry from east
Europe hardy enough for the north is beyond all doubt or dispute, but
worked on the commercial stocks they are liable to be lost by root killing.
That it will prove best to grow them from root cuttings does not admit
of a doubt, but at present trees on their own roots are scarce, and I believe
we can profitably use two of our native species for root grafting and bud-
ding. The Wild Red Cherry (Prunus Pennsylvanica) has proven an excel-
lent stock for budding. Trees now several years old have not outgrown
the stock and the union seems perfect. The Dwarf Mountain Cherry
(Prunus pumilla), as seen in its native haunts, does not appear to be well
adapted for use asa stock. But we find the seedlings to be upright in
habit and to bud as well as the Mahaleb. The plants can be grown thickly
in nursery and set out the succeeding spring in rows for budding, precisely
as practiced with the Mahaleb. At present I believe this will prove the
favorite stock for the whole north and extreme northwest for the dwarf
varieties of the Vladimir race which unite perfectly with its wood.

The conclusions so hastily and briefly outlined are the results of twenty-
five years of experience and observation on both continents.

J.S. Harris: Now there area great many things in that paper
of Mr. Budd’s that make me feel rather glad that he has written
it. I had intended to write a paper on those points for this
meeting, but have not had time to do it. The observations I
have made in several places convince me that there are some
varieties of apples that are being propagated by suckers and
sprouts that are doing well, but that are a failure as grafted
trees, and I do not know but what that gentleman is right when
he says we would have been better off if grafting had never
been discovered. There is a variety of apples that is propa-
gated over in Wisconsin I know of, an orchard of perhaps one
hundred trees, and there is not a grafted tree in the whole or-
‘ chard. The oldest is forty-five years old, and the youngest six-
teen or eighteen, and the man told us he had not lost a tree.
The original tree looks as though it was still good for twenty
years to come.

Pres. Elliot: I am well aware that there are several
points in Prof. Budd’s paper that we would like to discuss and
bring out, but we are going to print that, and we can think it
over, and when we come here next winter we can discuss it.
We will try then, perhaps, to have something in that line.

154 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

AGRICULTURAL AND HORTICULTURAL TOPICS.
BY M. PEARCE, CHOWEN, MINN.

My paper will be on a few little things much neglected pertaining to
horticulture and agriculture.

It is admitted by all who have had experience that top grafting the
apple on the crab makes a poor union; nor is the crab on the apple any
improvement. We have still another class of fruit that has sprung up
during the last few years, and which is rapidly on the increase. It is
known as the hybrid. It makes a poor union when top worked with
either the crab or the apple. Now it stands to reason if those varieties
as Stated above are a failure, in the end the result must be the same when
the crabs or hybrids are grafted on the apple root, or the apple or hybrid
on the crab root. When this matter is carefully investigated it is plain
why such grafting fails.

It is a well known fact that all trees and plants of the same species take
from the soil the same food in the same proportion. If the ash of the
different species of trees and plants be carefully analyzed, it will be
found that no two species contain the same inorganic substances in like
proportion. The apple root never takes from the soil food in proper pro-
portion for the crab or hybrid; neither do crab roots take from the soil
food in right proportion for the apple or hybrid. The same rule ap-
plies to the food taken by the root of the hybrid. It is not in the right
proportion for the apple or crab. Hence the union and the whole struc-
ture of the trees must be abnormal and liable to root killing, overbearing,
blight and being short lived. Nature demands that all trees to make a
perfect success must be grown on their own roots, or on those of the same
species. In Minnesota we have about ten or twenty hybrid or crab va-
rieties to one of apple. Under these circumstances it is not advisable to
plant the seed to grow roots to graft, or with the expectation of getting
good fruit or hardy trees. The chances are that from 90 to 100 per cent.
will be hybrids of the second crossing, possessing but little vitality.

The seed of the cherry crab fertilized by the standard apple will make

a true hybrid—hardy and vigorous—a perfect stock on which all true hy- .

brids may be worked.

To grow good nursery trees—well rooted and stocky—they must have
space to grow at least from 12 to 15 inches apart in the row. Cheap and
slender trees from 5 to 6 feet high, grown in crowded rows a few inches
apart, when transplanted to the orchard, can be made a success by cutting
them back close to the ground, and allowing three sprouts to grow above
the splice. One of the best and most productive orchards we know of in
the state was grown in this way. This subject we will again allude to in
its proper place.

As soil and manure are two of the great essentials in growing fruit and

all other crops, a little more space than usual appropriated to these sub- ©

jects will not be out of place. The soil which we cultivate is composed
almost entirely of pulverized rock and stone with all their minerals.

The balance of the soil is decayed matter, animal and vegetable.

Soil is divided into two parts, organic and inorganic. When it is ex-
posed to fire the organic part passes off as gas or smoke. The inorganic
remains as ashes.

—

GENERAL FRUITS. 155

There is a great difference between a fertile soiland a-rich one. A fer-
tile soil contains all the plant food in a soluble form, ready for imme-
diate use. A rich soil contains all the plant food, but most of it is in an
unprepared condition for present use. It is an easy matter to exhausta
fertile soil. A few crops of the same kind in succession will do it. Bad
cultivation exhausts the fertility of the soil. Dairy cows and growing
stock of all kinds are exhaustive to the fertility of the soil. They both
require a large amount of lime and phosphoric acid for the growing and
replenishing of their bones. This is also required for the milk of the
cows. These substances are taken from the green pasture at the expense
of the soil. The manure from such stock is of but little value for fertiliz-
ing.

In all cases where the land is cultivated and crops taken from it, the
manufacturing of plant food becomes a case of necessity to keep up the
fertility of the soil, by returning the same amount or more plant food than
-was taken from it. To do this we must bring to our aid stock of all
kinds and make the saving and composting of all raw or green manure as
much of an object as that of growing the various crops. This should be
done in a scientific way, and so as to get the whole contents of the
manure, and not lose from the half to two-thirds of its most valuable
qualities, which is too often the case.

Those who keep horses, cattle, hogs and other stock will have all of the
material to make the very best fertiHzers. This should be done by com-
posting in the following way: Level off a piece of ground as near your
stable as possible. First put down a layer of horse manure, then build
up with all kinds of mixed manures, also bones, carcasses and occasion-
ally a load of peat. On this throw all the liquors from the drains, soap
suds, ete.

The agents which produce fermentation are airand water. The heap
should be moist, if allowed to become hot and dry, the decomposition of
the nitrogenous matter, results in the formation of carbonate of ammo-
nia, which escapes into the air. This is a great loss. If the heap is suffi-
ciently moist the fermentation is slow and instead of carbonic acid being
formed and combining with ammonia, it will stop at the formation of
ulmic and humic acid, and these acids with ammonia will form ulmate
and humate of ammonia, and compounds of potash and soda.

By the application of water the heat can be controlled and should not
be allowed to exceed 70° or 80°.

Steaming and the escaping of gas indicates over heat. Care must be
taken not to supply water in too large quantities so as to cause a loss of
liquor. :

A compost heap should always be undercover. Such a heap as we have
described when well rotted, will contain every variety of plant food in
_ concentrated form. Such manure when applied to the moist soil dilutes,
and is ready for immediate use if applied at the proper time, and it is of
more value to the growing crop than ten times its amount of green man-
ure. This kind of manure will be noticed in connection with soils, which
follow. Soils are of several kinds, and are classified and known under
their proper headings. A sandy loam contains from 60 to 80 per cent.
sand, the balance being clay. There is a large amount of this kind of
soil in Minnesota. It is usually rich in all the mineral substan-es, and is

156 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

always very fertile. It is loose and easily worked, stands excessive moist-
ure and drought, with as little injury to the growing crops as any other
soil. It is adapted to all agricultural crops and is the first to mature
them. Some varieties of strawberries, such as Crescent, Warfield,
Countess, Windsor Chief and many others do well on this soil.

Where a sandy loam contains 60 per cent. sand, apples, grapes and cur-
rants do well, and this is probably the best for growing nursery stock and
cuttings of all kinds. On such soil trees and plants are always well
rooted, much better than those that growon clay. A sandy loam is not
the best to hold plant food, especially if the season is wet. Compost
should always be used and applied to the soil just before the ground is
seeded, planted, or set to plants.

Intermediate or loam contains from 40 to 60 per cent. sand, the balance
clay. It is usually very rich and fertile and is adapted to the growing of
all grainsand fruit. The soil should be frequently ploughed and stirred,
which will greatly increase the fertility. On the lighter portions of this
soil compost should always be applied as on the sandy loam. When the
soil contains from 30 to 40 per cent. sand, and the balance clay, it has the
power of fixing and holding all kinds of manure and soluble plant food
both for present and future use. We consider this soil the best for apples
and all kinds of fruit. It is rich in all the mineral substances which are
essential in growing fruit. This soil is found in large quantities in Min-
nesota. There are thousands of acres of it around Lake Minnetonka,
which in time will become large commercial orchards and vineyards.
The fruic lands around Lake Minnetonka have natural advantages over
other parts of the state, being situated on a large lake and near to two
large cities, with railroads to ship to all points.

Growing apples in Minnesota is not by any means an experiment. The
age of some fruit trees and the amount of good fruit they have produced
are conclusive evidences of what can be done by intelligent growers.

Eastern ideas of growing apple trees with trimmed up trunks has been
discontinued by experienced growers in Minnesota. Their trees are all ,
grown with low tops, and are allowed to branch at or near the ground.

In conclusion on this subject our mode of growing permanent and fruitful
orchards is as follows: Root-graft each variety on its own root or specie.
Give them in the nursery plenty of space, sun and air. Allow them to
take their own formand head low. Transplant to the orchard when two
years old. Set them in the same position with regard to the points of the
compass, as they stood in the nursery, placing them one rod apart each
way. Give them good cultivation, and allow no grass to establish itself
in the orchard. .

Each spring or fall all young orchards should have a light dressing of
well rotted compost, and this should be increased each year as the trees
attain size and come into bearing.

We consider this of vital importance to the health and life of the trees.
The manure contains all the elements that combine with the minerals
in the soil and produce plant foods for the trees, which the roots take in
various proportions. If any of the foods are not present in the soil, or are
not in sufficient quantities, defective fruit and wood must be the result.

It is very necessary that we should know what kind of soil we have.
This can be determined in the following way: Take about two pounds

GENERAL FRUITS. 157

of average soil, and separate the coarse from the fine with a sieve. Then
weigh out a pound of the soil which passed through the sieve and place it
ina fruit jar or some other vessei. Add water until it becomes quite
thin. Give ita good shaking and allow it to settle for a moment, then
pour off the top. Repeat the application of water and the shaking until
nothing is left but the sand.

Dry and weigh the sand. The percentage of sand in the original soil
will then be easily determined.

WILD FRUITS NATIVE IN NORTHERN MINNESOTA.

BY DR. JAS. R. WALKER, ST. ANTHONY PARK.

I presume that this paper is asked for to assist in estimating possibilities
in production of domestic fruits, and that relative facts, such as the mod-
ifying conditions of elevation, climate, soil and the character of the vege-
tation, are acceptable.

The only part of northern Minnesota that I have a personal knowledge
of is Cass county, and the adjacent parts of Beltrami and Itasca counties,
which, because of its physical features, may be called the Itasca region.

It has an area of 4,000 square miles, nearly one-fourth of which is water,
for it is a lacustrine region and has within its borders some of the finest
lakes and rivers of Minnesota. ;

Its average elevation above sea level is 1,500 feet. That this elevation
may be more readily compared I will state that Lake Itasca, in this region,
is 1,500 feet, while Lake Pepin is but 664 feet above sea level, and the Mis-
Sissippi river at its source is 1,592 feet, while where it leaves the state it is
but 620 feet above sea level.

This region has the coldest climate in the United States, outside of Al-
aska, the mean annual temperature being 34 degrees above zero, which is
8 degrees colder than St. Paul, and one degree colder than St. Vincent,
while it is 10 degrees colder than Sitka in Alaska.

The maximum temperature usually occurs near the first of July, the
highest observed being 103 degrees, and the minimum usually occurs about
the middle of January, the lowest observed being 52 degrees beiow zero,
making the range of temperature 155 degrees.

The mean temperature of the latter half of May, of June, July, August
and September, the months when vegetation is growing and ripening, is
60 degrees, with a mean daily range of 29 degrees.

The earliest killing frost observed occurred on the 25th day of Septem-
ber, and the latest on the 28th day of May. This gives of time free from
frost about a month longer than at St. Vincent or Moorhead in the Red
River Valley, which is probably due to the large amount of water surface.

The annual rainfall is about 27 inches, June, July and August each
having an average of about 3 inches, while September and October are
the dryest months of the year. Thunder showers are frequent, while long
rainy spells are rare, and hail storms very rare. The first heavy snow usu-
ally remains on the ground until April. The ice leaves the larger lakes
about the 15th of May.

158 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

There is an average of 170 clear days during the year while St. Paul has
but 100. The average of clear and fair days is 300, while St. Paul has 292.
There are more days when the sky is brilliant and the air clear, dry and
bracing, than there are in the southerly part of the state.

The prevailing winds are westerly and are generally mild, but in the
forests there are well marked paths of destructive winds, which generally
blow in straight lines, some, however, were the whirling winds called cy-
clones.

The geological formation of this region is drift overlaying archaean
rock. The lower stratum of the drift is a blue-grey clay, from a few
inches to many feet thick. Over this clay is a thick stratum of sand,
gravel, boulders and yellow clay in a confused mixture, which forms the
subsoil of this region. This is covered by a loamy black soil, varying
from an almost imperceptible amount to a depth of a foot or more, being
thinnest on the sandy uplands and deepest on grass lands.

The land surface of this region is divided into uplands and lowlands.
The uplands are rolling, broken and interrupted by the lowlands. They
are covered by forests, the character of which appears to be determined by
the subsoil. A subsoil of sand produces principally black pine. If it is of
sand, gravel and boulders Norway pine predominates, while white pine
flourishes on a clayey subsoil. These are conveniently designated as
black pine, Norway pine or white pine lands. ‘They are not confined to
any part of this region, but the black pine lands are most abundant in
the southerly, Norway in the central and the white pine in the northerly
parts. Besides these lands there are limited tracts near the larger lakes
and rivers called hardwood points, that have a much richer and deeper
soil.

Where the native forests are undisturbed on the pine lands, besides the
pine, there are a few scrubby oaks and clumps or thickets of poplars, and
an occasional white birch. On black and Norway pine lands there is a
meager undergrowth which becomes luxuriant on the white pine lands
and hardwood points.

Where the native forests have been removed there springs up a dense
growth of oak, birch, linden, elm. poplar, hazel and young pine. But ap-
parently the young pine after a few years overtops the other growth and
Shades it to death.

Sugar maple, elm, linden, white and yellow birch, oak and iron-wood

grow on the hardwood points, rivaling the trees of the ‘‘big woods” about
Lake Minnetonka.
. Ferns are everywhere prominent among the herbaceous growth, while
forage plants are scanty, except the wild pea, which is plentiful on white
pine lands and hardwood points, and makes a fodder that horses and
cattle relish.

Flowering plants are many, varied and magnificent when in bloom.

The lowlands are divided into swamps and grass lands. There are tam-
arack, cedar, spruce and peat swamps; the most being tamarack, which
increase in number and extent from the southeasterly towards the north-
easterly part of this region.

The grass lands are the beds of former lakes, and the borders of receding
lakes, and savannas near rivers. The soil on these is usually deep and

GENERAL FRUITS. 159

rich, but damp. They are occupied by bluejoint and reed grasses, which
grow in astonishing luxuriance.

Many small lakes, and the shallow parts of many of the larger lakes are
almost filled with a slimy muck, in which wild rice grows producing
thousands of bushels of this very nutritious food.

The vernal growth of this region is so rapid and vigorous that itis be-
wildering to one accustomed to the spring changes of the latitude of
Illinois, for it is more like that which one would expect in the subtropics
rather than this northern region.

The native edible fruits growing wild in this region belong to the
heath, rose, honeysuckle, saxifrage, grape and nightshade families, named
in the order of their importance and quantity.

Vaccinium Pennsylvanicum, the blueberry, is found on the black and
Norway pine lands. It attains its greatest perfection in the northern
part of this region, where it is usually from six to ten inches high and
fruits abundantly, bearing large berries of fine flavor.

Vaccinium nigrum, the black blueberry, occurs sparingly among the
former, being conspicuous by its shining black fruit. It is inferior both
in fruitage and flavor to the blueberry.

Vaccinium Canadensis, the Canadian blueberry, is found in damp
shady places on Norway pine lands. It grows from eighteen inches to
two feet high, with a scanty fruitage, the berries being oblong and
smaller than the blueberry; they are sweet, but with little flavor.

Vaccinium caespitosum, the bilberry, is found on Norway pine lands
in the most northerly parts of this region. It is from two to four inches
high. Its fruitage is abundant, the berry being pear shape and about
the size of the smaller garden pea; they are subacid with a pleasant
flavor.

Oxycoccus palustris and macrocarpus, the small and large cranberry,
are found in the swamps that have a spring overflow, the former being
perhaps the most abundant. Thefruitage of both varieties is good in
favorable seasons, but a dry winter and spring reduces the crop very
much.

In some of the more northerly swamps there is a cranberry with a fruit
of a greater breadth than length, and of a grey color when ripe. The
fruitage is scanty, but the berries have a delicious flavor. I think this
berry has not been recognized or named by the authorities.

Prunus Americanus, the wild plum, is found on white pine lands and
hardwood points. It is rarely more than a shrubby bush. The fruitage
is fair, the plums generally being small, acid and unpleasant. But some
bushes bear plentifully of sweet and pleasant fruit. The fruit varies in
color from greenish yellow to light and dark red. The bushes are subject
to adisease which produces a knotty condition of the smaller branches;
and an insect deposits its eggs on the under sides of the leaves, which
results in numerous small elongated galls that destroy the leaves, and
the curculio destroys a large amount of the fruit.

Prunus pumula, the sand cherry, is found on black pine lands. Itisa
shrub usually about eighteen inches to two feet high, rarely branching.
The fruitage is abundant, the berries being almost as large as the small-
est plums, and when ripe, black and coated with a dark bloom; they are
sweet with an astringent taste.

160 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Prunus Pennsylvanicum, the red cherry, is found on white pine lands,
where it grows to the height of ten to fifteen feet. The fruitage is good,
the cherries being in umbels of from two to five, as large as the common
red currant, and much the same color when ripe; they are of a pleasant
acid flavor.

Prunus Virginica, the choke cherry, is found on white pine lands and
hardwood points. It is a shrub of three to six feet high. Its fruitage
is abundant. being clusters of berries as large as the marrow-fat pea;
which when ripe are a shiny black witha sweet, strongly astringent taste.

Rubus viilosus, the low blackberry, is found on white pine lands and
hardwood points. The plant is scarce and stunted, and the fruitage is
scanty, the berries being imperfect and bitter.

Rubus Nutkanis, the large flowered raspberry, is found on white and Nor-
way pine lands where the native forests have been removed. It is scarce
and of scanty fruitage, the berries being much like the red raspberry.

Rubus strigosis, the red raspberry, is found on all the uplands of this re-
gion, but it is most plentiful on the hardwood points, where its fruitage
is abundant. One variety of this berry found in this region has canes
without prickles; these grow erect, from two feet to thirty inches high
without branching the first year. The second year they branch and fruit
well; the berries are of a rich, sweet flavor. These three varieties of
raspberries are subject to a fungoid disease which appears as a rich brown
colored smut or rust on the leaves.

Rubus chamaemorus, the cloud-berry, is found on the northerly exposure
of shaded Norway pine ridges in the extreme northeasterly part of this
region. It isarare, herbaceous plant, bearing but two or three amber
colored berries about the size of the red raspberry, which are sweet and
have a peculiar pleasant flavor.

Rubus triflorus, the dwarf raspberry, is found on shaded portions of
Norway and white pine lands, which have a northerly exposure. It is a
solitary, herbaceous plant bearing usually but a single berry about as
large as the red raspberry, of a translucent red, without bloom; it is sweet
and has a faint raspberry flavor.

Rubus Articus, the Arctic raspberry, is found in peat swamps where it
grows independent of the soil, its roots penetrating but two or three inches
into the damp moss. It grows in patches, and is from one to two inches
high. It usually has a single leaf, and bears only one flower, which is an
inch and a half wide and of a rosy pink color, with a rich perfume resem-
bling that of plum blossoms. When in blooma patch looks as if it werea
lot of plucked roses scattered on the moss. The fruit is larger than the
red raspberry, and when ripening changes first to a milky white and then
to a waxy red color; it is sweet and has a flavor like the mulberry.

Fragaria Virginiana, the large round strawberry, is found on all of the
uplands and on the borders of the grass lands, but is most abundant and
fruits best on recent ice-formed sandy soil adjacent to sandy beaches of
lakes. The fruit is as large as the common cherry, sometimes larger, and
when ripened in the sun is highly colored, sweet and richly flavored.

There is another strawberry found mingled with the above, but distinctly
differing from it. Idid not learnits name. It bears a long and slender
berry, smaller but more numerous than the other, which hangs on the
stem until it dries up. It fruits best in shady places and is not easily

i?

GENERAL FRUITS. 161

affected by dry weather, or by the blight which infests the leaves of the
former quite badly at times.

Crotagus, the red haw, is found on hardwood points, where it grows ten
to twelve feet high.

Amelanchier Canadensis, the juneberry, is found on white pine lands
and hardwood points growing from six to ten feet high. It fruits abun-
dantly, bearing clusters of berries, which when ripe are as large as the
Delaware grape. They are black with a dark bloom, sweet, juicy and
with a pleasant flavor.

Ribes cynosbati, the prickly gooseberry, is found on white pine lands and
hardwood points. It has a vigorous growth, and fruits well; the berries
being apparently free from the rust or smut. When ripe the prickles on
the berries become hard and make them unfit for sauce.

Ribes gracilis, the smooth gooseberry, is found on white pine lands and

hardwood points. It is of a more slender growth and scantier fruitage

than the former, and its berries are subject to the rust.

Ribes Floridum, the black currant, is found in damp, sunny places on
white pine lands. The plant is scarce, the fruitage scanty, and the ber-
ries have a disagreeable flavor.

Ribes rubrum, the red currant, is found in the same localities as the
black. It is a rare plant with scanty fruitage, but the berries have a very
pleasant acid flavor much like the cultivated varieties.

Sambucus racemosa, the red berried elder, is found on hardwood points,
where it grows from eight to ten feet high, and fruits abundantly.

Vibernum lentago, the black haw, is found on damp richsoil on hard-
wood points where it fruits well.

Viburnum opulus, the high bush cranberry, is found in much the same
localities as the black haw, growing from four to six feet high, and fruit-
ing well. It is quite plentiful in the central part of this region.

Physilis grandiflora, the wild tomato, is found on the dry rich soil of
hardwood points, especially where there has recently been a fire. The
fruitage is scanty, the berries being about twice the diameter of the
ground cherry, of a reddish green color, and rather an insipid taste.

Physilis Virginicum, the ground cherry, is found in dry mellow soil of
sunny exposure on the hardwood points. The plant has arapid, vigorous
growth with an abundant fruitage. A fly deposits its eggson some of the
berries when quite small; the worms hatching from the eggs, penetrate
the berries and cause them to drop just before maturing, thus destroying
a large per cent of the fruit.

Vitis ripens, the winter grape, is found on hardwood points. . It has a
rapid and vigorous growth, but most of the recent canes are killed by the
frosts of winter, though some survive. A late spring without a late
killing frost is most favorable for fruitage, when it bears good clusters of
small black berries with a rich foxy and very acid flavor, which is mel-
lowed by the first autumnal frosts.

Vitis aestevalis, the summer grape, is found on sunny exposures of dry
hardwood points It is rarer than the winter grape, and apparently not
so hardy, for I have never seen an entire cane survive the winter. The
fruitage is scantier and the clusters more imperfect than the former.
This I think is due to its habitation, for owing to the dryness of the soil

to)

162 ’ MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

and the sunny exposure it is influenced to bloom so early that late frosts
are apt to injure the swelling buds. These grapes are subject to the
downy mildew, which sometimes destroys much of their foliage.

On the shore of Cass lake, west of the mouth of the Turtle river, near
where there was formerly a mission of the Roman Catholic Church, there
is growing a grape with a berry a little larger than the Delaware, flavored
like the Virginia Seedling, and colored like the Concord.

It grows on the light sandy soil that has been pushed up by the ice of
the lake. The vine appears vigorous and hardy, some canes surviving the
winter. The fruitage is good, but the clusters seldom perfect.

This I concluded was either an imported grape or one of the natives
developed by cultivation.

This concludes the list of native edible fruits growing in this region, so
far as observed by me. There may be others.

Mr. Schoolcraft, in his classical work on the exploration of the head-
waters of the Mississippi, says that the huckleberry is found in this
region. I doubt this, though it may be so.

In this paper I have endeavored to mention such matters as not only in-
dicate the native wild fruits, but the elements which would influence the
growth of domestic varieties in this region, and with this intention it is
respectfully submitted.

DISCUSSION.

M. M. Frisselle: Mr. President, I think it is in order togive
a hearty vote of thanks to the Doctor for his very able and in-
structive paper.

The motion was seconded and carried.

J. T. Grimes: In all that list of fruit you have named as
growing in the state is there anything that is worth transplant-
ing here for profit?

Dr. Walker: No, sir. I did not look at it in that way partic-
ularly. When I was investigating the matter it was simply to
find out what was there. In preparing this paper I simply pre-
pared it with an idea of perhaps being able to form an estimate
of what could be grown there in the line of domestic fruits.
The only thing I can think of of value is the cranberry that I
mentioned, which I think is not named, and the smaller blue-
berry that grows in the northern part. Those two and the
small cane raspberry I think would bear investigation very well.
I think I would put the raspberry first. It is a little raspberry
that grows about high with canes in proportion,
small, branching the first year and fruiting the second year,
growing a fruit that is deliciously sweet and highly flavored.

J.T. Grimes: Is that variety not found as a bush?

GENERAL FRUITS. 163

Dr. Walker: No, sir. Itis ashrub, nota bush. It growsas
the ordinary cultivated variety does, except that it has a single
straight cane which grows up and stands perfectly straight.

J. T. Grimes: The reason I ask that question is that a num-
ber of years ago I received a plant or two from Mr. Tenney that
was called a flowering raspberry, and it came very highly
recommended on account of its fruit, and I planted it and it has
grown ever since; I could not get it out of the ground. It is
simply a shrub and I have never yet seen any fruit, not even a
flower.

Dr. Walker: Although it does fruit, I do not think it would
pay to transplant it.

C. L. Smith: I have observed the small caned raspberry for
three different seasons, and I am certain it is worth experiment-
ing with down here. Its hardiness, its productiveness and its
quality of fruit make it desirable. I have twice made arrange-
ments with parties to send me some in the proper season, but
so far have failed to get them. I think it would be well to have
them tested at our experimentstation. It had the appearance to
me of being of value if cultivated. Its habit of growth is very
much like the old purple cane raspberry.

J. S. Harris: Of the fruits he has mentioned in that long list
those of the most value and interest I think are first the sand
cherry and then the juneberry. Ithink there are some varie-
ties of the juneberry that with proper culture could be improved
until it will give us a very valuable fruit. They have up in
Manitoba varieties of it that are very much esteemed, and from
reports I have had from there the fruit is larger than that
which grows here.

I believe there is something in the sand cherry that will some-
time make it a valuable fruit, and I think it would be well for
our experiment stations to get hold of the best they can and
give it cultivation, and by propagation through seeds and other
ways I think it could be improved. We have some native fruits
that it would pay us to take care of and cultivate, and we could
certainly make it a fruit of great value to us and to future gen-
erations. I think this society should take some action in re-
gard to preserving and improving its native fruits, and we can-
not too soon go to work. There area great many varieties that
were known here twenty years ago that are now lost forever,
and unless this matter is taken hold of very soon we will have
no material to start with. We ought to go into it at once, even
if it cost us considerable time and money.

164 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

C. L. Smith: In regard to this juneberry. Out in Montana
IT found the juneberry under the name of sand cherry. They
were brought in by wagon loads and sold for three dollars per
bushel. The bushes growing from four to six feet in height and
so loaded with berries that they would bend to the ground, and I
could not see any difference between them and those grown in
Minnesota. They are a dark purple, and out there they grow
quite large, sometimes one-half inch in diameter, and the bushes
are literally loaded with fruit.

A member: Do you know anything about the white rasp-
berry?

J. S. Harris: I have seen it in this state, but it is a very shy
fruiter, but I have not seen it for the last fifteen or twenty
years.

Dr. Walker: In regard to the Arctic raspberry I spoke to
you about, it is a very hardy plant indeed. The bushes stand
up over the snow looking like a stubble field, so they are not
protected by the snow and I think it does not winter kill. In
speaking of a disease that attacks the different varieties, 1 do
not know whether that variety was attacked as much as the
others or not. The place where it was most plenteously found
is near Leach lake. The only difference I could see between

those and the common wild red raspberry was that they did-

not have as much bloom on them as the wild raspberry and
were much sweeter.

Geo. J. Kellogg: There is one good point in this valuable
paper. We are glad to know that the curculio, black rot and
rust got up there before we did--downy mildew and everything
else.

Col. Stevens: In regard to blueberries, I would ask the
Doctor how many different varieties there are. The whortle-
berry and huckleberry belong to the same family. I was sur-
prised, last July, to read in the American Garden what I did in
regard to the whortleberry and huckleberry. I never knew
before that there were over eighty varieties. I got acquainted
with them all the way through the Pacific slope and I had no
idea that the varieties exceeded more than one fourth that
number.

Dr. Walker: Of the blueberry I think there are some twenty
varieties, andof the huckleberry there are three times as many,
and we have most of the varieties of blueberries in this state.
I understand tnere are some huckleberries west of Minneapolis
and some on the Mississippi river below here, according to

a a

GENERAL FRUITS. 165

Prof. Winchell. I did not think there were any huckleberries
in that part of the state. There are a number of varieties of
blueberries that Ispoke of. The best blueberry of all grows on
high, sandy points in the northwest part of the state. It grows
on little bushes, six to ten inches high, that fruit so well that at
times I have seen it, in looking as far as across the street, it
would look like a bed of blue flowers. I remember once an
Indian and myself sat down a half peck pail and picked it full
of berries without moving to pick, and the berries are much
larger than those we see here.

HORTICULTURE ON THE FARM.
BY CLARENCE WEDGE.

In considering the place that horticulture should take upon the farm,
we must keep in mind the general character and situation of the farmer.
Whatever may be the joys and blessedness of ideal farm life, the average
farm is a busy, practical, bread-winner’s workshop. Jam painfully im-
pressed as my acquaintance with the farmer increases, that his days are
long enough, his burdens heavy enough, and that horticulture when it
takes its place upon the farm must come in such a form, that it will be a
lift and not a weight, a help and not a hindrance to the general and
legitimate farm work.

It is in this spirit that I have prepared a few notes and suggestions
that have occurred to me in my own experience as a Soil tiller.

First, in regard to shelter. The desolate, forsaken, wind-swept con-
dition of the average farm home is one of thesaddest sights that meet my
eyes. Cruelty to animals is bad enough, but cruelty to wife and children,
stock and all by leaving their habitations exposed year after year to the
blasts of this icy wilderness, no amount of press of farm work will excuse.
Moreover the needs of the case, and the time, feed and labor saving sure
to follow the proper application of horticulture, demands that this work
be most thoughtfully and thoroughly undertaken.

While it is desirable that some protection should be had from all direc-
tions, the greatest care should be given to a thorough protection from the
west and north; upon these sides the shelter belt should not be less than
four rods wide. It goes without saying that the best material for such a
belt is some variety of evergreen, and its incomparable beauty and the
ease with which it can now be obtained should place it within the plans
of every self-respecting farmer. The willow, and in southern Minnesota
the Lombardy poplar will make a quicker temporary shelter, and they
may be used while the evergreens are growing. One of the most com-
plete and perfect wind breaks I have seen was made by planting willows
two feet apart in rows six feet apart, allowing them to grow to some size,
and then cutting them to within three feet of the ground; the dense
growth of sprouts that sprung from the stumps were almost as imper-
vious to wind as a belt of evergreens. It is with some hesitation that I

16€ MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

mention the Lombardy poplar. It is about as worthless as a permanent
tree as any that could be mentioned; but, out of gratitude for the protec-
tion it has given me for the past twelve years, I will state that for a tem-
porary wind break it is good and perhaps the quickest grown of any.

It must be remembered that one of the uses of a wind break is to catch
and hold the snow drifts away from our buildings, driveways and fruit
gardens, and that unless such wind break be at least six rods wide it
should be placed at a good distance from anything that will be injured
or obstructed by the drifts sure to be at the sides of a narrow belt of
trees. Thoughtlessness in this matter has cost many farmers of my ac-
quaintance needless labor and loss. I confess that I leave this branch of
the subject with reluctance. Our farmers may have wasted much time
and money in the orchard and garden, but I am confident that they have
received a better return for every hour of time and dollar of money put
into the shelter belt, than for the same amount spent in the common
routine of farm work.

A few matters in regard to the farm fruit garden will next be consid-
ered. In order that fruit may profitably be raised upon the farm the
first requisite is that the trees and bushes be so planted and arranged as
to admit of the largest possible use of horse cultivation, and that farm-
ers disabuse themselves of the idea that grapes, currants, strawberries,
young orchards, etc., can be profitably grown among weeds and bluegrass.
Everything from strawberries to apple trees should be planted in long
rows a liberal distance apart. I am especially impressed with the be-
lief that farmers will be more likely to give their orchards needed culti-
vation if the old system of planting in squares be abandoned and the
trees be set rather thickly in rows three rods apart. Among the advan-
tages of this method of planting I would mention—

Ist. The apple on many if not most of the farms of the state is of un-
certain hardiness, the land devoted to orchards planted in the usual way
is rendered almost worthless for crops from the inconvenience of working
horses among the trees; hence, if the trees dieor fail there results a complete
loss. While on the contrary, if the apple trees are planted in rows wide
apart the space between the rows can be profitably used for potatoes, gar-
den, squash or corn, and the land occupied by orchard be made to pay a
fair rental independent of the life or productiveness of the trees. 2nd.
A better circulation of air is allowed among the trees and healthier or-
chard conditions secured. 3rd. Where but few rows are to be looked af-
ter fewer trees will be injured by whiffletrees and cultivators. 4th. If
the rows run north and south and thick planting in the rows be made,
the top of one tree will shade the trunk of its next neighbor and danger
from sun scald be somewhat prevented.

The raspberry, blackberry and currant in most situations and in our
usual dry seasons will do much better if a heavy mulch instead of a culti-
vator be used to keep down the weeds. My experience in this matter has
been decisive. The straw or marsh hay needed for such a mulch is still
on the average Minnesota farm almost a waste product, and its applica-
tion to small fruits is the cheapest. method of securing the moisture
necessary to the best development of fruit. I cannot leave the consider-
ation of the fruit garden without taking the opportunity of recommend-
ing the De Soto plum, like the asparagus in the vegetable garden it is

GENERAL FRUITS. 167

grown with the least possible trouble, is as hardy, healthy and productive
as the currant, and in quality takes its place at the head of the list.

The ornamental plantation is the last to be considered. If the planting
for shelter and fruit has been thoughtfully done, but little will be needed
to complete the beauty of the farm premises. It isa great and common mis-
take to fill the space between the dwelling and the highway with a mixed
multitude of shrubs and trees, a clean lawn without a break would be far
preferable. This should be the grassy romping ground for the boys and
girls where ball, tennis and pullaway hold their summer carnival. This
open space also affords a view of the road with its passing teams to vary
the monotony of farm life. If the passion for planting everything that
comes to hand must be exercised, let it be at the rear of the dwelling
where a back ground of green and a cool retreat is very desirable. A few
high trimmed white elms scattered about the house and yard with some
heavy groups of evergreen flanking either side of the house, some shrubs
and vines about the doors will complete the adornment of the farm home.

With the advent of cheap and permanent iron fencing, it appears to me
that the days of usefulness for the willow hedge along the roadside have
come to an end, and that in the future we should use our hardiest forest
trees high trimmed and planted not less than forty feet apart for the
adornment of our highways.

In closing I will say that I can think of nothing we can do that will
assist the farmer more in making progress in the art of horticulture than
by publishing, what has already been proposed, a Manual of Horticulture;
and through the medium of our membership and the farmer’s institutes
securing its wide and general circulation.

DISCUSSION.

Pres. Elliot: Any questions to be asked on this paper?

Prof. Waldron: I would like to ask one question in regard to
construction of wind breaks. Would you have a solid wall of
evergreens or two or three broken rows?

ClarenceWedge: If the evergreens are planted row after row
say four to eight feet apart they will be tight enough to prevent
the wind sweeping through. My method of planting is to plant
a double row;it makes a more perfect break.

Pres. Elliot: I have not taken up much time at this meeting,
but I have an idea in regard to wind breaks. I think the rows
should be alternate; that is, I should start the rows far enough
apart so that each tree can grow and make aperfect tree. You
all know that when you put a tree out on the prairie it is a per-
fect tree. If you plant in alternate rows you can plant them
far enough apart so as to give each tree a chance to develop.
If you plant Norway spruce there should be not less than thirty
feet betweén the rows; forty feet would be better, then put them

168 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

far enough apart the other way, not exactly opposite, but set
them the half distance between, and they will make just as
effective a windbreak as can be grown. That would be my
method of planting a windbreak.

Clarence Wedge: That is my method, but I plant double
rows.

Dr. Frisselle: Why not plant some fruit taees along the
highway instead of maple. In some countries, in Spain, for
instance, they plant all the roadsides with fruit trees. They
grow an immense quantity of them. In some countries they
plant nut trees along the road. Why not plant those?

Wm. Somerville: I think the theory is good and the prac-
tice is good. In surrounding my orchard with a windbreak I
have simply planted evergreens eight feet apart, and they are
a solid row and now sixty-five feet high, and every tree is per-
fect from the ground up, and I think where they are set eight
feet apart in one row and well mulched, you can get as perfect
a break as witha double row. Mr. Harris was at my place and
I think he will say he never saw anything nicer, and in that
form I have got my orchard surrounded, and I cannot see any
difficulty in this circulation of air that is so much talked about,
and I know I have raised as many apples as any man in Minne-
sota. My enclosure is ten acres and itis cut right in the mid-
dle with Scotch pine, and no wind affects me on that open
prairie and the wind does not blow the apples off, and for that
reason I am decidedly in favor of protection for an orchard.

Pres. Elliot: How far back is your windbreak from your
trees?

Wm. Somerville: I should say from fifteen to eighteen feet.

Pres. Elliot: On our broad prairie where the wind has full
sweep how would it affect the trees in regard to breaking down
if the snow should blow in there?

Wm. Somerville: The fact is I have never had any trouble
inthat way. Iam not afraid of the drifts. I have a good
many trees around my place, but I have no drifts there. I
think he is hardly a good citizen that has only one board be-
tween himself and the north pole to keep away the wintry blast,
and I think every person as a farmer should plant out some
trees to shelter his house and his stock.

J. S. Harris: During the worst storm we had this winter I
was at Mr. Somerville’s place and he asked me to go out to his
barn. I wentout between two rows of evergreens. Isaid ‘“‘The
storm has stopped.” That walk from the house to the barn

hal

GENERAL FRUITS. 169

was so warm, free from snow and entirely free from wind that
I suggested the storm had stopped. When I got back to the
house I found it was not so. Every farmer should have a shel-
ter of this kind, and two rows of evergreens set like Mr. Som-
erville’s will soon afford that shelter.

C. H. Gordon: I presume no one knows better the advant-
ages of having windbreaks than we old settlers of the back-
woods, when it was all a large forest and we did not sup-
pose we ever would have big drifts and bad roads. But that
time has come.

In regard to these windbreaks. It isa very nice thing, in-
deed, to have plenty of windbreaks around our house and barn
and all our walks, but those tall sixty-five feet windbreaks
around our orchards I cannot understand how they work well:
My orchard is not sheltered with timber except on the south
and east, and where the trees come up to the edge of the timber
they are not bearing worth a cent, but back a little farther
they are much better. I have fully made up my mind to cut off
that timber for four rods for the benefit of the trees. Protec-
tion is one thing and high windbreaks another.

Prof. Waldron: Iwas just going to say that engineers in
making breakwaters, instead of putting in a solid wall, put in
rows of piles four to six feet apart, and where they make a solid
breakwater the waves go right over it, and it occurred to me
that that same theory might apply to windbreaks.

Pres. Elliott: That is the correct theory

FRUITS IN NORTH DAKOTA.
BY PROF. C. B. WALDRON, AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, FARGO, N D.

If North Dakota were to be known by her fruits alone (using the term
in a strictly pomological sense) she might not excite the admiration that
she now does, and yet she would not be wholly without honor.

Her native fruits that have promise of considerable value are six or
eight innumber, while the entire number will exceed a dozen.

As in most localities, the rose family heads the list, with one plum of
two or three marked varieties, one strawberry, two raspberries, one June-
berry, two thorn apples, three cherries and several roses. Aside from
these, the other orders give us the gooseberry, currant, buffalo berry, high
bush cranberry, grape and the acorn and hazelnut.

The hazelnut found in North Dakota is the Corylus Americana, though
probably the Corylus rostrata is also a native.

The Quercus bicolor and the Quercus macrocarpa—variety depressa mania

170 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

—these and the hazelnut are found along all the rivers and in the region
of Devils Lake and the Turtle Mountains.

The gooseberry, Ribes oxycanthoides, and the currant, Ribes prostratum,
are not very abundant and hence not very important. The gooseberry is
very fruitful, and could perhaps be grown to advantage in certain locali-
ties; itis gathered by the bushel. The currant is nearly valueless.

Of the thorn apple, I found only the Crataegus coccinea, though from de-
scriptions that I received I think that the variety mollis of this species is
to be found in the eastern part of the state. The fruit is very free from
insect pests, and is highly esteemed by many as adessert fruit. The fruit
of the variety mollis is aninch in diameter.

The roses that grow the most abundant and fruitful are the Rosa
blanda and the Rosa Engelmanni. The latter has a large fruit about two
and one-half times long as broad, is rather juicy and of a flavor much like
the thorn apple. The rose hips of bothspecies are eaten readily by the
prairie chicken, grouse, antelope and rabbit, the indian also comes in for
his share. I have seen this fruit in such quantities over large areas that
it would have furnished food for hundreds of sheep.

The juneberry, Amerlanchier alinfolia, is probably well known to all
that are present. So far south as this, it has a straggling habit, and is
such a shy bearer as to attract but little attention. In the northern part
of Dakota, especially in the Turtle Mountains, it is small and bushy, and
produces fruit in such quantities as to be of considerable importance.
Its chief value is as a dessert fruit. Cooking makes it taste like the
cherry.

The cherries of the state are represented by the Prunus pumila, Prunus
Virginia and Prunus demissa.

The first, Prunus pumila, or sand cherry, does not vary much from the
same fruit found further south and east. The fruit is large and tart, and
has about the same use that the tame cherry would have, except that it
is used largely in making jellies. Its greatest value by far is its use asa
stock on which to graft the tame sorts. From experiment already made,
it promises to stand very high in this respect.

The Prunus Virginia, or choke-cherry, dwarfs rapidly as we approach
the north, at the same time becoming much more fruitful. The fruit
changes greatly in quality toward the north, being larger, juicier, and less
astringent, so as to closely resemble the Prunus demissa with which it is
associated. The Prunus dessima fruits very abundantly, when fully ripe
it is but slightly astringent and is really a valuable fruit. Its height in
the northern part of the state corresponds with the choke-cherry, being
about six feet.

The plum, Prunus Americana, is represented by two well marked sorts,
one being large and yellowish and the other small and red. The first is
by far the most valuable, being sweeter and having a lessacerbskin. The
quality of the fruit does not differ from the same species found in Other
states. It isused for making marmalades and jellies, but for stewing and
cooking it is nearly valueless. It is valuable as a dessert fruit in some
localities, especially the yellow variety.

The high bush cranberry, or Viburnum opulus, grows very abundantly in
some localities. The fruit is of no better quality than when found fur-
ther south. It is used extensively by some people, but with the unin-

GENERAL FRUITS. ava |

itiated its quality is very forbidding and its bitter, unpleasant taste long
to be remembered. It is used chiefly by the frontier hotel in making pie.

The wild grape, or Vitis riparia, grows abundantly along all the streams,
and seems to fruit alternate years. The fruit from individual plants varies
greatly. It is used in making wines and jellies.

Thestrawberry, Fragaria Virginiana and Fragaria Virginiana Lllinoensis,
grows in all parts of the state where the prairie is broken, along the edges
of the ravines, along thickets, and in the so-called timber country. Its
productiveness varies greatly in different years, and, while fairly abun-
dant, it is not found in such quantities as to make it valuable as a market
berry. The readiness with which it grows would indicate that the hardy
cultivated varieties could be grown with success in nearly all localities.

The common redraspberry, Rubus strigosus, is found everywhere east of
the Missouri. It grows in all places except in the open prairies. It is no
less delicious and fruitful in North Dakota than I have found it in the
most favored localities elsewhere. It finds its way freely into the mark-
ets of the western towns and a citizen who does not go raspberrying two
or three times a year does not live up to his luscious privileges.

The black raspberry, Rubus occidentalis, is more restricted as to local-
ity. It was reported from but one place, that being in Richland Co.,
though there is no apparent reason why its range could not be greatly
extended.

Perhaps the fruit that is of the greatest value is the Shepherdia argenta,
commonly known as the buffalo berry or bull berry. It grows every-
where, along streams, and so far back as timber of any kind is found. It
grows readily in: yards, and would probably endure cultivation almost
anywhere in the state. As we approach the northern part of the state,
it becomes lower in habit, bushier, and we find the same increase in
fruitfulness that accompanies all dwarfing. The fruit is borne in irregu-
lar clusters at the side of the stem, and in such quantities as to give it a
strikingly red appearance. The foliage is of a bright silvery color, the
oblong leaves being covered with brownish scales. The fruit is very
juicy and, when first tasted, has a pleasant acid flavor, but, if retained
in the mouth, it imparts a sensation of sweetness. The uses of the fruit
correspond very nearly with that of the cultivated currant. It is not in-
ferior to this last named fruit in the making of jellies or any of that
class of condiments.

There are: many features of the North Dakota soil and climate that
would seem to foretell success in the production of many kinds of fruit.
The soil is easily cared for and very retentive of moisture. The dwarfing
that the high latitude causes insures a large production of fruit, in case
the plants can be grown at all. Mildew and rust are seldom seen, while
the insect enemies are not yet instructed as to the large fruitful area
that lies open to them.

The actual amount of wild fruit consumed is almost great enough to
excite the wonder of one used to depending almost entirely upon cultiva-
ted fruits, and although the fruit capacity of the state can and must be
much enlarged, yet the van of North Dakota settlers enjoys many of the
pomological blessings of nature without leaving a train of tin fruitcans
in its rear.

172 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

DISCUSSION.

Geo. J. Kellogg: What has been done in the cultivation of
the strawberry? Has it been a success?

Prof. Waldron: Yes, sir; it has been a success. One man
has grown them for years. Ido not know in what quantity
they are grown, but they send to Minneapolis for their straw-
berries.

C. L. Smith: Currants do just as well at Fargo as at Min-
neapolis; in fact, if there is any difference it is rather in favor
of the Red River valley than of Minneapolis. Strawberries as
a rule do not do so well. The difficulty has been the new soil
is too light and too loose, and they are severely affected by
those hot winds that come in July. At one place where they
used slough hay to mulch the plants as soon as they were set
out in the spring they did better than by any other process
that had been tried. Set plants in the spring and mulch heay-
ily as soon as set out. At Jamestown and Steele and one or
two other places out there they have been quite successful.

Dr. Frisselle: I have a little acquaintance in the Red River
valley. I have a daughter living there. Last year I was there
in August. She was just then getting a few red raspberries
from her bushes after the middle of August, and the currants
in her garden did well; she had plenty of them; but the trouble
there is that in the spring of the year there is a strong wind
that blows and blows and does great injury to all young plants
and absorbs the moisture, and they cannot do well unless
mulched.

FRUIT GROWING IN LINCOLN COUNTY.
By W. J. WICKERSHEIM, Idlewild, Minn.

My father’s orchard consists of about 75 trees of Duchess, Wealthy,
Tetofsky, Early Strawberry, Prices, Winter Sweet Beachs Sweet, Meaders
Winter and a few other crabs and a variety of winter hybrids.

The orchard is situated in the central part of the county on a high
rolling prairie. The site slopes toward the north and west. It is pro-
tected on the south side by a_young grove of cottonwood, ash, box elder,
choke cherry and wild plum, and on the remaining sides, with the ex-
ception of a narrow opening on the southeast, there isa hedge of cotton-
woods and white and gray willows. The soil is a black sandy loam 20 to
36 inches deep over a clay subsoil.

The trees were planted nine years ago, two dozen being from four to
five feet tall and the remaining one year old transplanted trees.

Crops of corn, beans, tomatoes, cabbages,fraspberries, gooseberries, cur-
rants and strawberries are grown in the orchard every year.

GENERAL FRUITS. 173

In addition to these apple trees there are nine in front of the farm
buildings on a southern slope. Last spring 28 were loaded with blossoms,
and abouta dozen more had some blossoms. The heavy frost during the
latter part of May destroyed much of the fruit; the fruit on a dozen trees
being entirely destroyed. Yet the few young trees that remained bore 17
bushels of ripe crabs and apples. If it had not been for the late frost,
the yield would have been three times as large.

The extremes of temperature during the year were —30° Farenheit, and
+105° Farenheit.

Although those trees in front of the house were well loaded with fruit
during the early part of June, the hot, plutocratic, southwest winds ex-
acted for tribute all of the Duchess, most of the crabs and a good share of
the Wealthy before they had ripened. Of the nine trees two are Duchess,
four Wealthy, two Prices and one Beachs Sweet. About all the apples
that remained on the trees until ripe were on one Wealthy and the Beachs
Sweet—about + bushel each.

Those protected in the orchard, at the back of the house, received far
less injury from the hot, southwest blasts. If they had been well pro-
tected on all sides the yield would have been considerably larger—probably
40 bushels instead of 17. In southwestern Minnesota and South Dakota,
an orchard without protection from the hot south and southwest winds
is worthless. A southwest blast will create as great a havoc in an unpro-
tected orchard asacyclone. The temperature of these blasts is from
+80° Farenheit to +98° Farenheit.

The best trees yielded as follows: 1 Early Strawberry, 24 bushels; 3
Meaders Winter, 4 bushels; 2 Prices Sweet, 4 bushels; 2 Duchess, 14 bush-
els; 1 Transcendent, + bushel.

The trees that seem best adapted to Lincoln Co., and consequently for
southwestern Minnesota and South Dakota, are the Duchess, and among
crabs, I would name first, Meaders Winter and Early Strawberry, and
second, Prices and Beachs Sweet. The Tetofsky is worthless. Although
the Wealthy is hardy and healthy, it is a slow grower and a very light
bearer. Where the Wealthy vields one bushel, the Duchess, under similar
conditions, will yield five bushels.

Before leaving home in September to teach, I planted seed of the Duch-
ess, Early Strawberry and a few others. The trees in my prospective or-
chard will be chiefly from these seeds. I have a strong faith in the apple
and firmly believe that apples and crabs and small fruits can be success-
fully grown in southwestern Minnesota and South Dakota.

The past three years the strawberry yield has been light on account of
the drouths. The cultivated and native gooseberries, and of raspberries,
the Turner, yielded heavily in ’88 and ’90. Last spring I planted 30 black-
berries of which all but a few grew nicely and vigorously. We have 20
mulberry trees—red, and a few white—from 5 to 11 feet high, which were
well loaded with fruit the past two years, during which time but from
two to five buds of the ends of the branches have “winter killed.”

So comparatively few farmers take any interest in tree culture and fruit
growing in southwestern Minnesota as to give it a bad repute. The ma-
jority of them appear to think that a farmer should confine himself to
growing wheat, oats, flax, potatoes, some corn, and to raising stock. These
“grad grind” farmers are not aware that they are depriving themselves

174 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

and their families of one of the most pleasant, beautiful, and profitable
features of farming. We must educate the farmer to love the true, the
good, and the beautiful—to love nature—before he will grow fruits, and
protect his crops with belts of forest trees, and beautify his home by sur-
rounding it with all kinds of hardy forest and ornamental trees, and
shrubs and flowers.

I have learned by experience that small fruits can be grown with very
little trouble, and therefore every farmer ought to have his table well sup-
plied with these delicacies.

DISCUSSION.

Col. Stevens: I would like to inquire if this farm is not on
what is called the Coteau de Bois, hilly woods?

Judge Moyer: Itisall prairie. It is right on the Coteau.

President Elliott: It is about 1,700 feet above sea level.

Col. Stevens: Now just on top of the hills out there they can
raise apples better than on the prairies.

REPORT OF GENERAL FRUIT COMMITTEE.
BY CLARENCE WEDGE, ALBERT LEA.

Freeborn county this year rejoices in the largest crop of apples ever
harvested within her borders. Indeed, for a new thing under the sun, we
had a surplus, and some thousands of bushels of summer apples were
actually shipped out of Albert Lea. Many orchards have furnished their
owners with an abundance of summer fruit and enough for sale to pur-
chase a winter supply.

The Duchess and Transcendent furnished the bulk of this fruit, but
some of the hybrids that have been planted so generally, helped to supply
the home market. No variety of standard apple has appeared upon the
market besides the Duchess, and I am safe in saying that no tree of the
apple kind is proving so generally hardy, productive and profitable. The
best orchard in our county, a half acre planted exclusively to this variety
twenty-two years ago, has stood in blue grass sod without any care or at-
tention whatever,and has yielded the owner an annual income of from $100
to $150. The Wealthy has been planted extensively for many years, but I
have yet to find a healthy tree of any great age. Still, I think it may be
well] to plant this variety sparingly for home use. It has fruited heavily
this year, and appears to keep much better than usual. The Whitney I
am almost inclined to class with the standard apples, and place it next to
the Duchess. In size it will rank as asmall apple, but its quality, both
for kitchen and dessert, is excellent, and the tree is doing well wherever I
have foundit. The oldest I have seen measured two feet in circumference
of trunk.

Of the crabs and hybrids the Early Strawberry, Orange, and an endless
variety of Blushes and Sweets have been largely planted, and on the farm

GENERAL FRUITS. 175

are the delight of the small boy’s heart, but on the market they are not
appreciated, and their small size should limit their planting to the family
fruit garden, unless some of the winter varieties shall prove hardy enough
to fill the demand for a winter crab.

The Russian apples have had but a short trial with me, and no trial at
all in this vicinity that I can learn of, outside my ownorchard. Trees
procured from Prof. Budd and A. G. Tuttle, planted from three to five
years ago, fruited generally this season, but a severe hailstorm occurring
when the fruit had set, and another when it had begun to turn, destroyed
my hopes of giving the fruit a fair test.

I notice that Mr. J.S. Harris, in his description of the Hibernal, inour
- last report, has put it down as a tardy bearer. It has not so proved with
me. Trees set three years ago were wel! loaded this season, and now have
well developed fruit;buds for another crop. The apples have a peculiar crab-
like flavor that unfits them for dessert, but for cooking purposes they are
excellent. ‘The tree has not shown blight or been injured by cold, and its

turdy growth, extra early and heavy bearing, large size and beauty of
fruit, its keeping and cooking qualities, have greatly pleased me. Vere-
riesh Reinette (282) of Budd, five years planted, bore a fair crop for first
time, and has not been injured by cold or blight; fruit a good sized hand-
some apple that may keep better than Wealthy. Varguland Long Arcad,
three years planted, are perfect in tree, and set a little fruit for the hail-
storm to destroy. Czar’s Thorn and Barloff nearly ripened a few very
beautiful apples. Trees not quite perfect. Charlanuff, five years planted,
bore well and is a perfect tree; fruit better than Duchess, hangs better to
tree, and ripens a little later. I am much pleased with it. The Long-
field, Repka Malenka, White Transparent, Blue Anis, Nos. 284, 252 and
984 are not hardy.

Of pears, Kurskaya (392) five years planted, about twelve feet high, is
looking finely, and gives promise of fruit next season. I have also the
Chinese sand pear and the Bessemianka, both too young to deserve at-
tention.

No fruit planted at my place has given better satisfaction than the De
Soto plum. Their season is later than the wild plum, and their years of
heavy bearing do not appear to correspond to the ‘‘plum years” of the
wild varieties, which serves to make them profitable for market and very
acceptable for the home garden. The Forest Garden is not so good a
bearer and the fruit is softer, but being earlier than De Soto, is good to
plant with it. The Weaver was quite generally planted in our county
about eight years ago, but I have yet to find a place where it has given
satisfaction.

Grapes are steadily gaining ground with our planters. Concord has
again failed to ripen up sweet and fine, and I still think Warden and
Moores Early better varieties for general planting. Cottage, Lindley,
Agawam, and Lady are among my favorites.

The Orthiem cherry, five years planted, has thus far been perfectly
healthy, and this year for the first time furnished the birdsa few cherries.

For the past three years I have given red raspberries, black caps and black-
berries thorough cultivation instead of mulch, and have had perfect fail-
ures, canes make strong growth, set wonderfully with fruit, that dried up
when half grown. I have manured the ground liberally, cultivated faith-

176 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

fully, trimmed, pinched, covered, tied to wires; all for a wilderness of bloom
and.a few quarts of inferior fruit. If such experience is good for any-
thing I hope it will be made use of, it is certainly costly enough.

In the southeastern part of our county, on the farm of Mr. Budlery, I
have found some fine specimens of the Douglas spruce of Colorado. They
have been planted fourteen years and are bearing cones. They are not
such rapid growers as the Norway spruce, but their beautiful, fresh green
appearance presents a strange contrast to the dull, faded color of the
Norways in the same yard. Mr. Budlery assured me that they always
preserved the same good color even when the common evergreens were
badly burned. In the same collection were some cedars from the Rocky
Mountains, that were very ornamental. They resemble the red cedar,
but have no spines; their berries are round, and I think the trees are of a
brighter color.

I find the laurel leaved willow quite ornamental, and the young growth
very tough and excellent in tieing corn fodder, grape vines, etc.

The dry seasons of ’88 and ’89 killed or seriously injured a large share of
the old established shade trees in the city of Albert Lea. The hard and soft
maple, box elders, butternuts and cut-leafed birch fared the worst, while I
have not found an elm or ash injured in the least. ‘The soil of the city
is a sandy loam on a sand and gravel subsoil. In planting on such soils I
would avoid the above five varieties and plant largely of the latter two.
Nothing is more disheartening than to plant a tree in hope, care for it with
pride, have it grow in your affections for half a lifetime, and then have it
wither and die over the very home it had grown to protect. There is
nothing merry in the sound of the axe as it strikes at the dead roots of
our favorites. The cherished apple trees upon the wood pile, and the
family tree lying at full length across the lawn, are sights that bring
weariness to the heart of the true horticulturist.

Let us hope that the hard experience of the past, the bitter disappoint-
ments, the hopes deferred, may prove but the solid stepping stones to an
era of prosperity for our art which shall be a blessing to our children’s
children in this our chosen Northland.

FRUIT REPORT.
BY M. C. BUNNELL, NEWPORT, MINN.

Mr. President and Members of the Minnesota State Horticultral Society:

I find that the interest in horticulture in Washington and Dakota
counties is still being kept up, and that the year 1890 has been quite fa-
vorable to the fruit grower towards bringing him in a remuneration for
the labor and money expended.

For instance, the Duchess, the leading standard variety as regards
hardiness of tree, has fruited so well in many locations that farmers say
they must have some more Duchess. If we could only get a late variety
that would stand like the Duchess and of good quality, Minnesota in a
short time would produce apples enough for home consumption.

The Wealthy is very well liked, especially for its productiveness and

GENERAL FRUITS. 177

quality. Its flavor and keeping qualities surpass the Duchess; no better
for cooking, but a pleasanterapple to eat out of hand, thuogh not as hardy
a tree. Some like a few Tetofskys on account of earliness and quality of
fruit. Itis not as good a bearer as the Duchess and not as profitable a tree
to the orchardist. The Whitneys No. 20 is coming into favor more every
year, as planters find what the hardiness of the tree is, beauty of the
growth and quality of fruit. The last year I noticed the blight amongst
the trees, at the same time the fruitseemed to be of full size. The Tran-
scendent seems to take the lead among the market gardeners as the best
crab for all purposes. And I think more of these trees are bought than
any other crab, notwithstanding the ravages of blight they are subject
to. They do not buy as largely of Hyslop, but the prices in St. Paul
market range from $1.50 to $2.00 per bushel. The Early Strawberry crab
and Orange crab do well. I find in my travels Orange crab trees 4 to 5
inches in diameter fruiting well, also Minnesotas. A Mr. Frost, of Tower
Grove township, Dakota county, reports to me that he picked ten bushels
from five trees, also gathered 50 bushels of Duchess. which he sold in St.
Paul market at an average price of $1.35 per bushel. The Transcendent he
sold from $1.00 to $1.25 per bushel. He raised two thousand pounds Con-
cord grapes at an average price of four cents, and sold forty bushels of
currants at $1.75 per bushel.

Mr. Bole, of the town of Woodbury, Washington Co., showed tne Duchess
trees that he planted twenty-three years ago. They apparently looked
healthy and are productive. The plums that are principally planted are
De Soto, Weaver, and the Forest Garden for the early plum. What fruit
there was brought a good price, though the blossom buds were injured by
spring frosts. A few pay attention to raising grapes, and where they do
they makea success. The grapes shipped from below keep the price down.
Currants and raspberries were a paying crop. The currants planted princi-
pally are Red Dutch, some Cherry, Victoria and a sprinkling of white and
black. Raspberries planted are Turner and Cuthbert for red, Mammoth
Cluster, Gregg and Shaffer’s Colossal for black. More attention is being
paid to the planting of blackberries. I would recommend Stone’s Hardy
and Ancient Briton with winter protection. Strawberries wete al-
most a failure though considerable better than in the year 1889. The
gardeners still stick to the old reliable Wilson for shipping. For produc-
tiveness on all kinds of soil the Crescent excels it. I haven’t had much
chance to see what the Jessie would do, but I think where they are well
cared for they make runners fast, and the fruit grows large. As to the
Bubach and Warfield No. 2, I don’t find many of them plentiful where I
travel. In fact the berry growers around this city I don’t think have tried
them much.

A limited amount of gooseberries are planted, Houghton and Downing.
But little is known about the Industry. Some of the farmers are paying
attention to planting of evergreens, which is a wise plan. Itis one of the
best protections a farmer can have to shield him from the sever e storms.
The Norway spruce is my favorite tree. White spruce, Scotch and white.
pine are good. I find it difficult to make evergreens do well in the city,,
owing, perhaps, to the gas and smoke which arise.

Now for planting an orchard I would select a high location north

soe et

178 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIBTY.

slope, and if I could get it, a clay soil. Planta tree from two to three
years old and two to three inches deeper than when taken up. Mulch
thoroughly after planting and protect the trees from stock. In locations
where the orchard is exposed to the sun I would have my trees headed
low. Some recommend leaning them a little to the southwest when
they are planted. I can see no reason why, if trees and small fruits are
properly planted and properly cared for, the grower cannot be well
paid for his expense and trouble, and enjoy these luxuries of which many
deprive themselves by not giving the necessary attention they should to
horticulture in Minnesota.

REPORT OF M. PEARCE, CHAIRMAN OF THE GENERAL FRUIT
: COMMITTEE.

To the Officers and Members of the S. H. S. of Minnesota:

Early in the spring I received a notice from Secretary Green, stating I
had been ‘appointed chairman of the General Fruit Committee. As my
name as such did not appear in our report I supposed it was a mistake
and gaveit'no thought. Late in the fall I received another notice from
the secretary requesting me as chairman to look after thesfruit reports
for our winter meeting. I wrote about two hundred letters to the mem-
bers of the fruit commission and other parties over the state, requesting
a report on the various kinds of fruit from all. I received numerous let-
ters and some reports, the most of them were of but little interest to the
society. From the contents of the letters received it is very apparent
that there are large portions of the state where there is but little or no
fruit grown, especially in the western part of the state. The great fruit
belt at present is west of the Mississippi river, extending about 150 miles
west. From this belt the apple reports are very satisfactory. ‘The crop
was unusually good. Some parties grew over 1,000 bushels of the best of
apples, which they disposed of in many instances at $2.00 per bushel.
Apple growing in Minnesota has taken a big boom.

The grape crop, as far as I can learn, was good. From reports around
Lake Minnetonka, not less than 150,000 lbs were grown last season.

The strawberry crop was nearly a failure last season, owing to excessive
wet during the time they were in bloom. The raspberry crop was in-
jured some by drought. About 75 per cent. of a full crop was harvested.
Blackberries were also injured about 50 per cent. by drouth. Currants
very good.

REPORT OF J. C. KRAMER OF GENERAL FRUIT COMMITTEE
FOR HOUSTON COUNTY.

Mr. President and Members of Minnesota State Horticultural Society:

My brothers, I herewith send you my feeble report hoping that the
society will accept it. I do not have a good report for last year (1890).
The strawberry plants came through the previous winter all right, but

GENERAL FRUITS. 179

in May we had a hard frost that killed all the blossoms and the fruit that
was set, and nearly destroyed the whole crop.

Raspberries were a little better and in some places very good, especially
the black caps. The Ohio did the best.

Blackberries were generally a very good crop. J have a white black-
berry that is hardy, and is so thorny that women and girls cannot pick
them.

Apples with me were a poor crop except the Tetofsky. The Duchess
bore pretty well but they were not worth picking; all the apples were ill-
shaped and knotty with hard spots in them. Insome partsof this county
the apple crop was large and good, and a great many Duchess apples were
shipped to market. I have some Seedlings that I think of great value.
One of them is a seedling of the Transcendent. It is a sweet, winter
apple, color white and yellow with red cheeks; good to eat and cook. The
seedlings received from the experiment station at Excelsior are doing well.

Seedling strawberries did not bear well last year but they look very
promising for next summer. I would like to say to the members that the
Princess strawberry plants are doing excellently and Iam able to supply
all who want them with good, healthy, strong plants.

I should like to be with you but I do my own work daily and find that I
am growing old (am 73 years); but I cannot sit still, it would be harder
than werk. If you have any other burdens you wish me to bear I will try
to do your will, and will keep on the watch for your interests. Please
keep my name on the roll of members.

Yours truly, J.C. KRAMER.

REPORT ON FRUITS.

BY SIDNEY CORP, HAMMOND.

Last season was a total failure for strawberries in this section, caused
by late frost in the spring, and red raspberries were a short crop. Black
caps and other small fruit were good. Apple blossoms were killed on low
ground, and there was a light crop generally. There were some places on
high ground where the crop was good. My small orchard enabled me to
supply the local demand and ship seventy-two barrels to other markets.
My standard apples were Duchess of Oldenburg, Wealthy, McMahon,
White and Yellow Annis, and of hybrids, Beechers Sweet, Hyslop,
Meaders Winter and Whitneys No. 20. There was more blight this year
on the apple trees than ever before, and I look for a light crop of fruit
next year on account of so much of the young wood being killed by the
blight.

VICE PRESIDENT’S REPORT.
M. PEARCE, CHOWEN, MINN.

The first part of the season was unusually wet, and more than three-
fourths of the strawberry blossoms were destroyed. The raspberries and
blackberries were also injured by the wet, and again by the drought
which followed, so that only 75 per cent. of a good crop was obtained.
There was a full crop of currants and grapes. The apple and crab crops

180 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

were very good. The Duchess and Wealthy are doing well, and will be
largely planted during the coming season.

Of Russians, Charlamoff, Autumn Streak and Hibernal are doing extra
well. Other varieties of Russians are sent out under the names of those
mentioned. This is misleading to the grower.

Ancient Briton and Snyder blackberries are considered the best in this
locality. Windom dewberry and Lucretia are not up to expectations.
Hansel, Cuthbert, Marlborough and Turner are the best red raspberries.
Souhegan and Gregg are the best black raspberries.

We are fruiting the following strawberries; those mentioned first we
consider the best: Warfield, Crescent, Bubach No. 5, Wilson, Jessie and
Windsor Chief. The following are grown more especially for fertilizers:
Pioneer and Glendale. We set last season for trial the following: Haver-
land, Cloud, Michaels Early, Daisy, Lady Rust, Crawford and Gandy

In experimental work we are making progress in apples and hybrids. In
our last report we stated that (No. 1) Tonky (hydrid) was very promising.
Beyond any doubt this variety will stand as far north as any known var-
iety. A beautiful grower, the fruit handsome and good.

Nos. 2and 3 apples, Victor and Unknown, are both more hardy than
the Duchess—free from blight. Fruit of excellent quality, both for eat-
ing and cooking. Those varieties are all fair keepers. We are propagat-
ing them largely. In addition to those we can say we have a new Minne-
sota, strictly winter apple of the best quality. A cut and description of
this apple was taken by J. S. Harris at our state fair, where the fruit for
the first time was on exhibition. We are much pleased with a new hy-
brid which we call Arctic. The tree is 14 years old. It has never blighted,
neither have any of the trees propagated from this variety. So far the
trees have been perfectly hardy, annual bearers, and the most prolific of
any variety we have ever known. Fruit larger and better than the Tran-
scendant.

The following grapes take the lead: Concord, Worden, Delaware and
Moores Early. The latter for early.

REPORT ON NATIVE PLUMS.

J. S. HARRIS, LA CRESCENT.

It is encouraging to note that there is a growing interest in our native
plums of the family Prunus Americana; that plum literature is eagerly
sought for, together with a manifest disposition to hunt up and test the
varieties that have a local reputation. I repeat what I have said many
times before, viz: There is no wild fruit of this age that presents so
promising a field for experiment as our own native plum. I have now
made it a study for a number of years and am falling into the belief that
in some past age it has been cultivated by man but has deteriorated or
gone back to the wild state, corresponding to the barbarians who inhab-
ited this continent just before us, and that it remains for us to restore it
to its primitive conditions and enjoy a fruit in every particular equal to
the peach, apricot or nectarine. The last season was not favorable for
prosecuting investigations owing to the severe freezing in May after the
trees had bloomed and set their fruit. A few more varieties have come to

GENERAL FRUITS. 181

my notice which I will report as an addition to the list presented at the
last annual meeting and published on pages 125-28 of report for 1890.

1. Wood’s plum: size, large; form. round oblique; diameter, 1%, (said to
be larger in favorable seasons); color, deep brownish red; flesh, yellow;
flavor, peachy, good; season, Aug. 20th to 30th; a clingstone; originated
from seed by Joseph Wood, Windom, Cottonwood County. Minn.

2. Seedling: medium large; form, round oval; color, pale red; flesh, yel-
low, rather soft; flavor, good; skin, thick; pit rather large. The fruit
may have been affected by drouth. It isa plum of very fine appearance,
originated from seed by Mr. Lilly, of New Ulm, Minn.

38. Cotterell plum: large; oval; deep red, blotched purple and covered
with light bluish bloom; flesh, medium meaty; flavor, sweet and rich;
nearly freestone; origin, Dover, Olmsted Co., Minn: tree a strong grower.

4. Harrisons Peach: large; round oval; ground color, yellow covered
with light and dark red; flesh, deep orange, juicy, good; tree good but too
shy a bearer; originated at Minneapolis, Minn.

5. Ocheeda plum: large round; yellow blotched with deep red on sun
side; flesh, orange yellow, meaty, sweet, apricot flavor; pit, small, oval,
thick, nearly freestone; tree, vigorous and stocky; leaf, large; origin,
Nobles Co., Minn.

6. Woolf plum: size, large; form, round; color, deep red finely dotted
with gray specks, covered with white bloom; fiesh, firm, greenish yellow;
flavor, good; freestone. This variety is fruiting with O. M. Lord, Andrew
Peterson and Dewain Cook, and is promising. It originated in eastern
Iowa.

7. Quaker plum: size, large; form, round; color, brownish red, thickly
covered with gray dots and over all a bluish bloom; flesh, deep orange,
juicy, good; tree hardy, upright grower with Mr. Sias; origin, eastern
Iowa.

8. F. A. Neil, Hamilton, Minn., showed at the S. M. faira fine looking
plum: size, large; form, round; color, yellow with splashes of carmine or
pink; pulp, greenish yellow, meaty, good flavor. He reports the tree of a
spreading habit, hardy and productive; diameter of fruit, 14 to 1% inches.

9. Leonard plums from Washington, Fillmore Co.: twoseedlings from
wild native do not differ very materially; size, medium; form, round oval;
color, purplish red, blue bloom; flesh, deep orange; flavor, good; said to be
immensely productive.

We have now got track of so many good varieties of native plums that
we would call the attention of this society to the importance of having at
least the best of them catalogued for future reference and recommend
that a committee be appointed with that end in view, and instructed to
report at the annual meeting of 1892. All of which is respectfully sub-
mitted.

REPORT OF THE SEEDLING FRUIT COMMISSION.
BY J. 8S. HARRIS, LA CRESCENT.
Mr. President and Members of the Minnesota State Horticultural Society:
I do fully realize the arduous work that is required of this commission
and the importance of having the work done carefully and well, and I

182 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

have the honor to report to you that I have performed it conscientiously
and as thoroughly as circumstances would permit. I started outon August
22 and spent three days in Fillmore county. We found here the largest
and best crop of apples that has been raised since 1884. The orchards are
composed too largely of crabs and hybrids to be profitable to their owners in
a commercial point of view; but we should estimate from what we saw that
the whole apple crop of the county would represent a value of thirty thou-
sand dollars. AtAugust Krigel’s, near Forestville, we found an orchard con-
taining several seedlings grown from seeds taken from the Duchess apple.
I should estimate their age to beabout li years. Five of them produce fruit
of fair size and in season somewhat later than the Duchess. Noneof them
were in eating condition when seen. The trees appear to be healthy ex-
cept that one of them has received injury from sun scald, which is not
surprising, as the trunks of all of them have been pruned up to five feet
and some of them lean toward the northeast. The five varieties are said
to cover the season from September to past mid-winter. In their vicinity
and over the higher lands of this county the Duchess, Tetofsky, Whitneys
No. 20, Orange and Minnesota are a success, and the Wealthy, Haas,
Fameuse and some other varieties have so far recovered from injuries that
they are bearing considerable fruit this year. At Carmoniaa few of the
once famous Picket’s Seedlings yet remain. They have become large trees
producing heavy crops, but most of them are subject to blight and their
size and quality do not recommend them for commerciai er

At Etna, D. K. Michenor has one of the most profitable orchards in this
state. The paying part of the orchard is planted to Duchess and Wealthy.
He is engaged, to some extent, in raising seedlings from selected northern
seed and has three in bearing that produce excellent late autumn fruit.
After the close of the state fair, Sept. 15, I visited the orchard of J. G.
Miller, Richland township, Rice county, for the purpose of examining the
original Peerless apple tree. The tree was laden with fruit at that date.
It stands nearly erect, but leaning slightly toward the northeast. It has
a clean trunk of about 44 feet that supports a round, compact head, al-
most perfect in form. Some fruit had been picked for showing at the
state fair, but I should estimate what remained upon the tree at about
three barrels. I found the tree in really good condition, which is re-
markable when we take into account that for the last three years it has
been closely cut for scions. In that time it has been multiplied into Over
fifteen thousand trees, and a plenty of good scions could be cut this year.
The tree is now twenty-three years ofage. Mr. Miller states that it origi-
nated from Duchess of Oldenburg seed. The fruit is of medium size and
handsome in appearance, and in quality equal to the Wealthy. Its real
season is mid-winter, but probably with careful handling may be kept
later. Another seedling produced from the same source, of same age, is
Miller’s Jeniton. The tree is larger than the Peerless, a strong grower,
and apparently hardy. The fruit is smaller, of fair quality, and is in sea-
son through October. The trees are free from blight, and productive.
The George Miller tree, the same age is one of the best autumn apples
I have ever met with, but the tree is subject to blight, and is a shy
bearer. Mr. Miller has a considerable number of younger seedlings from
select seeds, of the hardiest variety, and will probably be heard from
again inthe nearfuture. At Medford, Rice county, Mr. Wolford has origi-

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GENERAL FRUITS. 1838

nated several varieties of grapes from seed. Some of the varieties are as
good as numbers that are found in the catalogues. One variety that he
has, named Medford Prolific, and believed to be a cross between the Dela-
ware and Northern Muscatine, he claims is two weeks earlier than the
Concord and fully as hardy. The berry hangs to the stem much longer
than the Muscatine; it is a sweet grape with foxy flavor, and may prove
very valuable for localities where the Concord willnot ripen. Mr. W. has .
some seedlings from Siberians that aregood and prolific. Sept. 18th we
spent at Smith’s mill, in Blue Earth county. Here we find more seed-
lings. Alexander Douglass has some half a dozen trees. One variety is
about of the size and season of the Duchess. Another variety is of me
dium size, a smooth apple in appearance, some like the Peerless, but not
so highly colored. Ithastheappearance of being a good keeper. Another
variety is much like a Siberian; the fruit would average 24 inches in di-
ameter, and thetree, as I saw it, loaded to its fullest capacity with highly
colored fruit, was a beautiful sight. It is excellent for cooking and keeps
well into January, perhaps longer. Three other varieties are equally as
productive and beautiful, but the fruit is smaller.

In this vicinity cranberries grow to great perfection, and it would seem
to me that some attention ought to be given to their cultivation. Our
next objective point was Worthington, Nobles county. The Okobena
tree we pronounce allright. The Daisy has a patch of sun scald on the
southwest side. The young wood of three or four years’ growth is not
discolored. Should these two varieties survive our next test winter, I
shall believe that we have got something good in them. Mr. Ludlow is
experimenting with the Russian Mulberry, as a hedge plant. He showed
us a row that had been cut back to three feet high, and is kept in a trim
and artistic shape by clipping the ends of the shoots twice during the
summer. It makes a pleasing and very efficient line or garden fence.
From Worthington, Sept. 25, we goto Windom. The county fair is in
progress at this place. The display of fruit is fine, but limited in varie-
ties—Duchess, Wealthy, Transcendent, Hyslop, Orange, Minnesota, and
two or three other varieties of crabs, and a collection of native plums.

The Wealthy apple is reported as doing even better than the Duchess,
here. The greatest losses to trees, of late years, has occurred from root
killing. After night we drove out to Dewain Cook’s place, 14 miles from
Windom. Mr. Cook is engaged in experimental horticulture more exten-
sively than any other man in western Minnesota. He has planted on his
grounds almost every variety of apple and crab that has gained any noto-
riety for hardiness or other meritorious qualities, and including a great
number of the newer Russians, and is keeping them labeled and recorded,
so that if any of them show merit,. he knows the variety, and where it
came from. He has a fine collection of native plums and some Russian
seedlings that are thriving and brought some extra fine fruit this year.
He has also some cherry trees, and five varieties of Russian pear that are
looking well. He is showing true heroism on the fruit question. He
began the work and has continued it thus far under very discouraging
circumstances, but he is bound to succeed, and we trust that his name
will yet be enrolled among Minnesota’s greatest benefactors.

We spent about five days in our researches in Cottonwood county and
saw much that was interesting. It was reported a few years since that

184 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

some of the Memnonites had bearing orchards of trees from seeds brought
over from Russia; with the apples we have not been able to get any such.
We found many fine looking cherry trees, a few plums and pears. The
pears, of which some trees are sixteen feet high, appear to be of a wild
sort, are undoubtedly hardy, but unfortunately are not blight proof.
The fruit we saw, was small, and only valuable for cooking. This people
- are great lovers of fruit and take good care of their fruit and forest trees,
and whenever they can get adapted varieties, will succeed with them.

At Joseph Wood’s place, six miles from Windom, are some seedling
plums that promise well, and seedling gooseberries free from mildew,
and that he describes as bearing fruit of very largesize. His large fruited
Russian mulberry is proving more tender than the common varieties.
He reports the Dwarf Juneberry as doing well and producing fruit of
superior quality. Our next visit is made with C. G. Patten, Charles
City, Iowa.

Mr. Patten isa director of an experimental station for the Iowa State
Horticultural Society, and is making a specialty of testing the newer
Russians and northwestern seedlings, and is also engaged in originating
varieties from selected seed. We saw at his place eight varieties grown
from seed of Duchess, all possessing some merit. His Duchess No. 3 (also
called Patten’s Greening) is the best of all. The original tree is twenty-
one years old, so that it has survived through two of the most trying win-
ters that have ever visited the Northwest. The tree is nearly perfect; it
stands in arow with seven Duchess of the same age and looks better
than any one of them. Asa nursery tree it is unsurpassed. It isan early
and free bearer. The fruit in size is from medium to large, the form is
flat round; the color greenish yellow, with dull to deep blush on the sun
side. The flavor isa good acid, extra for cooking. The season is Nov-
ember and December; with careful handling it may be kept until Febru-
ary. There is another variety of the lot that produces a fruit of medium
size, and of superior quality for eating, we have lost the number. The
season is November. We took a great fancy to a tree of the Iowa Beauty.
The tree is a vigorous, heaJthy, symmetrical grower; fruit, medium size,
beautifully striped with red and covered with whitish blooms; flavor, a
mild subacid, good; season, September and October. He has a considera-
ble number of eight year old seedlings crossed between Duchess and some
of the longest keeping American varieties, set alternately in rows with
the best known Russians, with the view of testing their adaptability and
comparative hardness. They have been transplanted twice so as pot to
give them the advantage over root graft Russians, which are of the same
age. Several of the seedlings showed some fruit, while but one of the
Russians, the Beautiful Arcade, has borne any.

In Houston county the old tree, Kleine No. 1, is doing well and matures
a heavy crop of fruit. The variety has been named after the wife of Mr.
Kleine, (Catherine) and will hereafter be known by that name. Several
of the seedlings of E. Wilcox, La Crosse, Wis., are doing well as top grafts,
worked on crab stocks. The variety exhibited at our last winter meet-
ing, under the name of Wilcox Red Winter, is believed to be Scott’s Win-
ter, of Vermont. Steps have been taken to decide the matter, and the
result will be announced in proper time. A. J. Phillips, of West Salem,
has a seedling tree that promises to be of great value for western Wiscon-

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GENERAL FRUITS. 185

sin and southeastern Minnesota. Tree, 30 years old; fruit large, form
round, conical; color, light green, striped, with pale red; flesh greenish
white, solid, fine grained, sub-acid, good. Season, until March. We
called upon friend Gideon in November. He reports ten more seedlings
as fruiting. Most of the fruit was gone at the time. None of the varie-
ties will keep longer than the Wealthy, and those we saw were not equal
to it in other respects. He has a great number yet to fruit, and we may
reasonably hope for a long keeper among them.

Andrew Peterson has a variety named Wolff seedling. It seems to be .
fully more hardy than the Wealthy. The fruit is of medium size, fine
appearance and a good keeper.

In our travels we have seen many varieties of the Siberian hybrids that
seem to be well worth looking after, for trial in those sections where the
apple will not succeed.

In conclusion, we would report that the outlook is hopeful. The interest
in fruit culture is growing, and everywhere we find more attention given
to planting seeds with the view of originating new and better varieties.

REPORT UPON FRUIT BLOSSOMS FOR THE YEAR 1890.

BY O. M. LORD, MINNESOTA CITY.

The first fruit blossoms appeared upon wild plum seedlings May 1,
nearly one month later than the year before. The Cheney is usually the
first to show blossoms, and were in full bloom on May 9, while nearly
all other northern plums were just beginning to show. , The Chicksaws
were slightly starting. The Ostheim cherry was in full bloom on the
12th, also currants. The Wilson was the first strawberry to bloom, but
only a few were observed on the 12th. Apple trees showed bloom on the
15th, and blackberries and raspberries were full on the 20th. The princi-
pal object of the inquiry in regard to date of blossoming is to determine
the adaptability of the different fruits to our climatic conditions.

Leaving out the consideration of drouth, the time of maturity after
blossoming does not greatly vary, and though there was a month’s differ-
ence in time of blossoming, the last two years were both fruitful. Ob-
servations should be made and records kept for a series of years, to be of
practical value.

APPLES.

THE ORCHARD.
BY E. H. S. DART, OF OWATONNA.

(Read before the Steele County Agricultural and Industrial Society.)
Mr. President and Gentlemen:

The best location for the orchard is found to bea high northern slope
tipping down to the north or northeast, the more the better, provided it
is not so steep as to interfere with cultivation. Why is this best? Because
our trees are killed by drouth and on this slope the hot sun and drying
winds do not absorb moisture as rapidly as on level land ora southern slope.

The worst location is a low sheltered nook where the cooling breeze is

186 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

excluded and the sun has free access. Why? Because it is the hottest
place in the day time and the coldest place at night, consequently the
greatest and most sudden changes occur.

Many farmers surround their buildings and orchard with a dense wind-
break on all sides and they wonder why the orchard does not thrive. Ex-
cept so far as the ground is partially shaded this isa hard spot for fruit
trees, and the good of the orchard requires the removal of the wind-break
on the north and the trimming up or thinning out in other directions so
as to secure a rather free circulation of air, the wind-break being only
useful to the orchard by partially shading the ground and preventing
fruit from being blown off.

The best treatment seems to be cultivation; shallow near trees and
mulching with manure at the rate of 30 loads to the acre each and every
fall or early winter. Cultivation protects against drouth, mulching pre-
vents root-killing and manure keeps up vitality. The bearing orchard
that is not well manured will soon starve to death.

The Transcendent and some other crabs subjected to this treatment
might blight to death.

Prune early and lightly in such a way as to secure a low top with center

stem and moderately sized side branches.

If trees like the Wealthy kill down, allow sprouts to grow up from the
ground without pruning and they will soon make bearing trees. But we
must be on the lookout that such trees are not eaten by rabbits, or crushed
by settling snow drifts.

What shall we plant? After our experiment stations have had a little

more time they will be good authority, but for the present read the reports
of our State Horticultural Society or apply to an orchardist in your own
locality. If you find an honest nurseryman (there are many such) take
his advice. It will besafest never to take the word of a canvasser whether
he sells trees or anything else.

Where shall we buy? Buy of the nearest nurseryman who has the rep-
utation of being honest.

The far fetched and dear bought theory is the biggest humbug in the
world when applied to trees.

Beware of the man who sells wonderful new things at extravagant
prices, unless you kave plenty of money and love to be sold.

OUR HITS AND MISSES IN ORCHARDING.
BY EDSON GAYLORD, NORAH SPRINGS, IA.

It is but too true we have hit little and missed much. What little we
have hit has come to us more by accident or incident than from any sys_
tem or devised plans. Up to 1884 and 1885 we have most persistently fol-
lowed the plans our fathers taught-us in other climes. It is needless to
add that this course brought us to one general wreck in 1885. In short,
we were then absolutely forced to stop and look over the wreck and learn,
if possible, what were the causes that have led us on to such glaring
mistakes.

Our first great mistake was in what has proved a very unwise selection
of orchard sites. We selected first the warmest, coziest places we could,

APPLES. 187

and the more thoroughly protected, we thought, the better, particularly
on the north and west. We should have selected the highest location
and the one most e€xPosed; a heavy clay loam for soil, and anything but
sand or gravel for sub-soil; a northern exposure in place of south or south-
west. We cancite hundreds of cases to prove this thoroughly, but all
see and admit this now.

We set trees grown too much on tender roots. This is now admitted.
We have set our trees too shallow for our warm, deep soil. Our dry win-
ters and extreme freezing and sudden thawings in winter, have killed
these tender roots, and our trees have succumbed to the inevitable. Not
_all from freezing and thawing, but this shallow setting has left the trees
loose and has let them grow over to the north-east, and going that way,
nearly every tree, as it got age, has gone up by ‘‘sun scald.”

We have listened to and patronized the tree peddler to an alarming ex-
tent when we ought to have had sense enough to have bought of the
nearest reliable home nurseryman.

We have missed when we put our calves and other stock into our or-
chards, and shut the pig out. I will suggest here, to all who have made
a tight fence around the orchard to keep the pig out, to use your better
sense and put your pig on the inside. He is the most effectual insect de-
stroyer and orchard renovator known. He will stir up every foot of old
grass, brush, and the neglected fence corners which are the hiding and
breeding places of most insects. He will clean up all wormy apples and
destroy untold numbers of orchard enemies. The pig has too long had
the name of being a dull, lazy, worthless animal. Thisisa great error; he
is one of the most constant and industrious workers known, in his place,
which is in the orchard. The calf will climb a small tree every time, and
_ brouse off its top, and when this is done in midsummer the tree is ruined.
I would as soon have an apple tree girdled by mice as broused off by calves.

We have missed in setting our trees too far apart, and insquares. This
course has let the sun in on the trunks and made fearful ruin. Set trees
on the line of the sun’s shadow at half-past one o’clock. Set three trees
in a hole and set these clumps not over eleven feet apart in northern Iowa
and Minnesota. Set them in ‘‘A” form first, one at the head and one on
each side back eighteen inches, but set the head of the A on the same
line. This plan will surprise you by its superior advantages in not only
protecting its own clump, but in the double protection it gives it neigh-
bors. The rows should be fifteen or twenty feet apart, east and west, to
admit teams. Closely set trees have succeeded much the best. Trees
found on the north side of a tall wind-break or grove have proved much
more successful than those on the south. Three of the most successful
orchards I know of, in Iowa, are set very close, ten and fifteen feet. One
of these is near Nora Springs, one near Cedar Falls, and one near Shell
Rock. Mr. Dart, of Minnesota, has some two acres set very close and has
been very successful. The best orchard now in the state of Minnesota,
grown by William Somerville, is set very close. Hundreds of others could
be cited to sustain this evidence, found among the wrecks of our old
orchards.

Two styles of trees furnish strong evidence in favor of the form in which
they are found; the first are found leaning toward the sun with principal
branches on sunny side. These are very few, but are in good condition.

Pie | ag TS eR Beds ny Bas
1 Re

ft

188 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The next are much more numerous. They have grown up from the
ground, or very near, and have divided into three or four distinct trunks.
These are the largest and most productive trees we have, and are very
often found healthy and sound when hundreds of the same varieties have
died, in the same orchards, under the selfsame management, and with
the same surroundings. We find from one to five of this style of trees in
nearly every old orchard in Iowa. I know of but one very large Plumb
Cider tree near here; it bears a number of barrels of apples in a year. |
This is grown with three trunks. The only large Talman Sweet left in
this part of the state has branched out near the ground with three
large branches; hundreds of others all over here have died out entirely.
The oldest and largest and most productive Haas tree I know of is thus .
grown.

All this living testimony goes to show very plainly that we must have
some more reliable and systematic system to protect each individual tree
from the steady, direct rays of the sun. While we find this to be abso-
lutely necessary we find that collectively our trees need no protection.
We have found many very promising new seedling apples that have given
us many hopes that have entirely failed when an attempt has been made
to grow them in other places even in the same orchards. There must be
some cause for this curious freak of nature. One of the largest and best
seedling apple trees in this locality, that outlived everything and bore
barrels of good winter apples nearly every season, grows up with three
trunks. This tree has been grafted into roots and top worked by many,
but has signally failed in every instance. These are some of the many
items we have gathered from the wreck and should go on record for future
usefulness. E

ORCHARD EXPERIENCE.
By C. M. GorDON, LONG LAKE.

I will endeavor to comply with your request that I write you my ex-

perience in growing orchards and apples in Minnesota. I presume you
are aware that any man that has planted apple trees from time to time :
for nearly thirty years in this state has experienced anxiety, disappoint- 4
ment and pleasure. We generally value things of this world very much
in proportion to what they have cost us, so if I place a high value on my
orchard it is but natural. My orchard has cost me some money, a great
deal of labor and no small amount of anxiety of a very cold evening.
When the wind is in the northwest and a prospect of a much colder night,
I feel very anxious about my eight hundred trees that I have growing in
orchard, but I console myself as best I can with the thought that I never
had but two little orchards swept clean from the face of the earth by
Minnesota winters.

I bought the first apple trees that I ever planted in Minnesota in the
fall of 1857. I took them to the western part of Carver county and
planted them in orchard that fall. In the spring of 58 my trees were
sound asleep and they are sleeping yet. This was very discouraging to
me for at that time I did not suppose there had ever been an apple ©

—. = an ee

dt ae

APPLES. 189

grown in Minnesota and I began to fear there never would be. I never
made another attempt until after the close of the war. While I wasa
soldier in Tennessee I resolved that if I lived to get home I would raise
an orchard if it was in my power todoso. Soon after I arrived home in
July, 1865, I heard of a man that was selling out to leave the country and
had an orchard for sale. I bought the trees, dug them up and hauled
them to my present home, on section 32, town 118, range 23, and planted
them in orchard that fall. They were a fine looking lot of trees. All
lived and grew very fast and bore a few apples the summer of 72. After
the severe cold winter of ’72 and ’73 not a living tree was left to mark the
spot where they stood. What prevented me from surrendering to the
hard winters I cannot tell, unless it was the endless amount of energy
and perseverance it takes to make a fruit crank of aman. I had some
young trees of Duchess, and crabs that I had raised from the seed and
grafted. I planted them in orchard and soon had bearing trees. From
that time to the present I have never failed to raise apples. Have had
but very few partial failures except with some varieties too tender for
our climate. Since my orchard commenced bearing I have marketed
nearly three thousand bushels of apples, principally Duchess, Wealthy and
crabs. I have grown a few bushels of Fall Stripe, Fameuse, Tetofsky and
Talman Sweet and have fruited Golden and Perry Russet, Sops of Wine,
Haas. Ben Davis and Pewaukee in asmall way. Planted largely at one
time of Wine Sap, Yellow Bellflower,'Northern Spy and others, that never
produced an apple. I have Fall Stripe in bearing now. It is my inten-
tion to try the Fameuse and Talman Sweet again. At the time I was
testing those varieties I did not realize the importance of short bodied
apple trees as I now do. I am thoroughly convinced that the best trees
I have on my grounds are those that start their branches at or very near
the ground. My plan now is to train them in the nursery to branch out
ten or twelve inches from the ground, transplant in orchard three or four
fmcehes deeper than they grew in the nursery, plow between the rows
throwing the soil towards the trees, and cross plow in the same way.
The cultivation of crops will level it down to some extent but following
it up year after year we will raise the soil to the limbs of the trees and
form a gradual slope back to the center between the rows. Such training
and cultivation is of benefit to trees in all extremes of weather, whether
it is wet, dry, cold, hot or windy. A great many hardy roots will start
above the graft which increases the strength and endurance of the tree.

You may think me away off to advocate the raising of bushes in the
place of trees, but I was forced to this conclusion by long experience. I
have fruited a few seedlings but nothing of special value and have a few
others that will probably fruit in the near future. I have great faith in
the hardy seedlings and Russian apples. My experience with Russians is
quite limited as my oldest trees are only seven years old. They all seem
to be good apples. The Longfield and Lieby are among the best. My
orchard is on a high ridge of land extending east and west, it covers the
top and both north and south sides. I have watched very closely for the
great advantages of northern slope so often spoken of, but have failed to
see much difference. I believe that high land with a good clay subsoil
that comes near the surface is the most important of anything in select-
ing a site for an orchard. I have on hand over thirty choice varieties of

190 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

scions for grafting this winter that I have selected from some of the best
orchards of this and adjoining counties. Thereare afew seedlings among
them that have never been grafted and quite a number of Russians. I
do not claim that my old trees are sound for they are far from it; but
they are living and bearing paying crops. I believe if a tree has lived and
borne well until it is twenty years old it should be placed on the retired
list, and if perchance it should do more it should receive our most heart-
felt thanks.

In conclusion I will say that after watching the ups and downs of the
fruit business for one-third of a century, its darkest days and brightest
sunshine, year after year as time rolled on. I confidently believe that
mmany parts of Minnesota will yet rank high among the fruit growing
districts of the Union.

H. L. Gordon: I havenot taken up much time at this meeting,
but as I have kept quiet until after all the big guns have fired
off their ammunition I thought some light artillery might come
in at this time. I learned that back in the sixties. I advocate
very strongly the the growing of a tree with a short trunk. I
can see no use for a body of an apple tree except for conven-
ience in planting and getting around under thetree. This, it is
true, sometimes causes a little inconvenience, but we save a
great many more apples by having the limbs close to the ground,
where we can pick the apples from the tops of the trees; there
is a great deal more gain thanloss. I prefer to pick my apples
off the tree instead of from under the tree. In talking with my
friend Brand the other day he said he was not particular whether
they adopted his method or not, but said they would all come
to it soon. Itold him they would come to my plan. I know it
is natural for a man to think his ways are right.

THE FUTURE OF ORCHARDING IN MINNESOTA.
BY J. M. UNDERWOOD, LAKE CITY.

By what prophetic vision shall I look into the future and see the fruits
it has in store for us. Shall I seek some enchantment and weave a web of
fancy in which I can discover a key to unlock the mysteries of years to
come, that I may be able to tell how many and what kind of apples Pres.
Elliot is tohave on hand? This must have been his motive in assigning
me this topic, that he might know whether to contract ahead with some
Michigan or Missouri man, or if he is to have the highiy colored, deli-
cious products of Minnesota.

I might base my judgment on the unfolded future of Bellamy’ s “Look-
ing Backward” and promise each family a full supply of sweet and sour
harvest, fall and winter apples, in size and color to suit each fancy. This
would certainly be a pleasant way to treat the subject, but my life has
been too full of the hard details of experience to admit of forgetting

APPLES. 191

them, for fancy’s pleasure, and Iam thus compelled to base my judgment
on my own experience and observation. If then you ask me shall we be
able to grow apples successfully in Minnesota, I answer yes; for if a per-
son without experience ona poor location and soil not adapted to orchard-
ing, has still been able to grow them to a profit in the past, it is a pretty
good guarantee he can do even betterin the years tocome. Notwith-
standing all that has been said and written about soil and location, we
find most of the trees planted with seeming indifference to the best coun-
sel in these particulars. In the yard or garden, regardless of soil or ex-
posure, is where they are generally put. For the other products the
farmer looks over his ground and says that piece is best adapted for hay,
it is low and level; hay will grow well there and it will be easy to,mow.
One piece is high and rolling, has good circulation of air, and wheat will
do well on it. Another piece is adapted to potatoes; still another to corn;
and so they are planted there. But the orchard is planted convenient to
the house, whether it is a good place or not.

Now, if we consider what we have suffered most from, it will indicate
what we most need to provide against. Of one thing I feel certain, that
excessive drouth has worked greater injury to our orchards than anything
else. We could hardly have less moisture than we have had the past five
years. The drouth must have reached its height a year agoand culminated
in the general destruction that befell not only fruit trees, but shade trees
with surface feeding roots, such as hard maple, soft maple and elms,
which together with evergreens, shared the same fate. How was it done?
Just like hanging clothes on the line to dry, every particleof moisture was
exhausted from tree and ground, the roots perished, turned black and cir-
culation ceased. Although these conditions were general throughout the
state there were many exceptions. Insome places there was more rainfall
than in others. Some soils were better calculated to hold moisture. Some
exposures could better withstand a drouth. With a clay soil on the shady
side of a hill evaporation does not take place so rapidly as with gravelly
soil on a level ora sunny side. So that persons who have a particularly
good location should take advantage of it by planting largely, while less
favored ones can plant fewer trees and bestow greater care on them. One
must not expect to plant and care for trees here the same as they do in
New York state. If it is less natural for them here than there, we must
study to overcome the difficulties. We may not grow celery in our gar-
dens with the same ease they grow it at Kalamazoo, but we can all learn
to grow it well.

Perhaps we shall never grow tired of recalling to our minds the trophies
we have won where our Minnesota apples have come in competition with
eastern and southern fruits; but I will not recount the past for 1 must
speak for a moment of the present. The facts are, Minnesota is producing
quantities of early and fall apples and crabs already. In Wabasha and
adjoining counties some farmers raised last season more than they could
use and give away. They did not know how to put them on to the market
and so they allowed them to go to waste. ‘‘But,” says one, “I haven’t a
good location, and must use the oneI have.” In that case then try and
overcome its defects by the best of care. While the trees are young culti-
vate well, as they grow old manure and mulch liberally. One thing we
must make up our minds to. That is, trees will not live to be as old and

192 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

grow so large as in other states. We shall have to plant new orchards
oftener, but there will be one advantage in that; young trees bear the best
fruit, it is larger, fairer and better colored.

If there is one thing more than another that has been emphasized in my
experience and observation, it is that the best of care is necessary to suc-
cess, and one better not plant more than he can care for well. Thus far
I have said nothing as to varieties. Not that I think it unimportant
what we plant but it has seemed to possess us to look for something as we
say hardy, something like a fence post, that can stand anything, and thus
forgetting to bestow the care we ought on what we have. I believe much
progress has been made in developing hardy and good varieties, and we
have only just begun. Our society has had years of exceeding interest
and usefulness but the future has in store richer developments than we
have yet experienced. Some varieties we already have will stay with us,
notwithstanding disaster has at times overtaken them. The Duchess and
Wealthy, even on poor locations, have, with good care, paid well; they
bear young and abundantly, and as we learn better how to care for them
they will always be favorites and prove profitable. Some of the Russians
and hybrids are desirable and have come to stay, but I feel the line
through which our greatest good is to come is in the development of seed-
lings; at least everything seems to point in that direction, and why not?
Every apple, no matter how old the variety, at some time in its history
was known only as aseedling. It has been a long and tedious process to
sift out and save the good ones and reject the culls, but it has brought us
all the beautiful deiicious apples with which we are familiar. And in
like manner must we seek for what we need to meet our wants, and we
shall be sure not only to find hardy kinds of good quality we know not of,
but later keepers than we yet have.

How many are there in thissociety? How many in the state that are
saving seeds from hardy apples and planting them? Not many I think.
But let the numbers be increased as it will, when people generally under-—
stand that from the cross-fertilization of our hardy kinds they standa
good show of getting something better than they now have. Here is in-
teresting work for old and young, boys and girls may with a little
thought and care, in this way provide something valuable for
their future, and the old of both sexes may yet immortalize their names
by planting the seed from which is to grow the hardy late keeper
we are looking for.

I truly think our society can do more good by stimulating this branch
of our work than in any other way. Give liberal premiums for new seed-
lings and keep a good seedling committee at work to watch for new
things and to collect and bring them out to our meetings and so “keep
everlastingly at it; not waiting for something to turn up, but deter-
mined to turn something up, and the future of orcharding in Minnesota
will be a pleasant and successful one.

DISCUSSION.
C. H. Gordon: I would like to say, in addition to what Mr.
Underwood has said in regard to his hard maples, that I have a
piece of heavy timber where I raised ten thousand hard maples,

APPLES. 193

and within the last five years at least three-fourths have died
off in the same way Mr. Underwood’s died.

Prof. Green: I notice they suggest we should follow nature.
I do not like that term. I think man can improve on nature.
Nature is improving herself in everything all the time, and man
can go a great ways to improve nature.

M. Pearce: I think all we can do is to assist nature.

Geo. J. Kellogg: There are a good many points in the
paper; it is the best paper of this morning. ‘That plan of set-
ting out the orchard, you cannot emphasize too much to your
farmer friends.

E. H. S. Dartt: There is a point in Mr. Underwood’s
paper that I think is somewhat important, and that is in regard
to the killing out of hard maple. He seemed to intimate that
it needed forest protection. I think that is a fact; at any rate,
in our section of the country the hard maple is not long lived.
It seems to do best where other trees are growing around it
and shading it. I think it is shown to be a fact that it needs
forest protection, that it needs shade. There are many other
varieties in the same list, but the hard maple is emphatically
one of that kind.

APPLE GROWING AROUND LAKE MINNETONKA.

BY A. W. LATHAM, EXCELSIOR, MINN.

This title may include a history, a realization or a prophecy. The his-
tory of apple growing, which is as old as the settlement of the region, is
not a record of success as is most other branches of agriculture, but rather
a record of failure. What it teaches is rather how not to do than how to
do. It is better known what cannot be grown and how they cannot be
grown than what to grow or how to grow it. Such being the fact this
history is one of humiliation rather than of pride. The earliest settlers
of the region being from New England, the home of the apple, planted
freely the varieties that throve in the orchards of the land that gave
them birth, and apple seed by the bushel, in the case of some of the pio-
neers, was buried in hopes that kinds adapted to the region would arise
from its native soil. A succession of mild winters fostered hopes that
kinds had been found or originated that were equal to the demands of a
Minnesota winter. Hopes altogether vain. Where fifteen years ago were
thriving young orchards of Plumbs Cider, Fall Stripe, Ben Davis,
Duchess of Oldenburg, etc., and a multitude of thrifty seedlings, there
remain now only here and there, singly or in small groups, that faithful
friend, the Duchess of Oldenburg, still in the fight but badly shattered,
and occasional young orchards of Gideon’s justly famous seedling, the
Wealthy.

lhe

194 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The present status of apple growing at the lake shows now in existence
only these two varieties, out of all those thriving fifteen years ago and
a goodly number of seedlings more or less promising, largely crossed with
the crab, but none of them sufficiently tested by the local public to be
entitled toa name in this article. Of the Duchess a few trees still stand,
dating back the fifteen years, bearing the scars of old age and of hard
living under adverse circumstances. Of the Wealthy, few or none of the
older trees remain, and this variety is now represented by trees planted
within the last decade. Neither of these kinds can be called hardy or
entirely successful, but they are partly so and sufficiently so in localities
to make their culture profitable. Experience shows that a severe winter
will cripple them, and a succession of such winters is likely to kill them,
so that their average life is short, probably inside of twelve years. Asan
offset to this serious drawback there are these advantages, that they come
into bearing at a very early age and their fruit brings a high price in the
local market. About Lake Minnetonka the country is generally rolling
and hilly and the soil a dark, strong loam of perhaps one foot average
depth, withasubsoil of yellowclay full of limestones. 'The small orchards
throughout this region that have proved profitable are mainly upon this
kind of soil and subsoil. located upon high ground and very generally
upon east and north slopes.

Without taking up the time to go into the reasons for this, observation
and experience show that these kinds of soil, subsoil, location and slope
bring about the best results in apple culture in this region. The planters
who have accidentally or with intelligent purpose observed these conditions
have largely found the culture of these two varieties profitable upon the
limited scale they have worked. The outlook for this branch of horticul-
ture certainly offers a reasonable degree of encouragement. There is
ground for an intelligent hope that seedlings have already or soon will be
originated that will give hardier and better keeping apples of good qual-
ity. It is also reasonabiy certain that if planters have the nerve and per-
sistency to plant the two varieties named, under the conditions suggested,
give good cultivation and reasonable care, keep the vacancies filled as they
die out from whatever causes, that in a term of years the ground so occu-
pied will yield more income for the labor performed than any other use to
which it can be put, even in the famous fruit growing region of Lake
Minnetonka. An intelligent use of the ground requires that some culti-
tivated crop be grown along with the trees, not only while young but con-
tinually. Let there be no such thing as seeding down, but steady tillage
year after year while the tract is used for an orchard. Raspberries, cur-
rants or blackberries are an excellent crop to fill up with and will produce
almost as much as though the trees were not there, limiting the cost of
orchards almost to that of planting the trees. The north and northeast
slopes of the higher hills about the lake should be planted with Duchess
or Wealthy apple trees, the amount to be limited only by the area of land
so situated, and it is confidently predicted that the results will be a most
agreeable surprise to the planter. Plant corn or potatoes or what culti-
vated crop you will, but if you have north or northeast slopes on high
land and clay subsoil plant freely by the acre 16 feet apart. As an illus-
tration of what has been accomplished—one hundred Wealthy trees, two
years old, planted on three-fourths acre, yielded in the ten years they sur-

APPLES. 195

vived, over $400 worth of apples sold, and the same ground produced all
this time a heavy crop of Black Cap raspberries, so that practically the
cost of the apples was limited to the expense of planting the trees and
gathering the fruit. Planters about Minnetonka of late years have neg-
lected the apple tree, by which they are the losers. No one can afford to
farm land situated so as to afford a reasonable show of success of growing
apples. Compare $40 or $50 per bushel average receipts for a term of years
with the profits of corn or wheat growing. The chancesare certainly greatly
in favor of success in the direction of apple culture under right conditions;
and the prophesy in regard to apple growing at Lake Minnetonka is that
those who set about it intelligently and persistently will in due season
reap a Suitable reward.

DISCUSSION.

Pres. Elliott: I wish to ask Mr. Somerville in regard to
seeding down; I see Mr. Latham recommends continuous
cultivation.

Wm. Somerville: Seeding down with me has been a success,
but understand me right, before it is seeded down there is little
grass that grows there.

Pres. Elliot: Before he seeds it down he uses the hog culti-
vator.

Dr. Frisselle: JI think the point Mr. Latham brought out
of raising more than one crop on the soil the same season
ought to be spoken of. Ido not think two crops can be grown
successfully at the same time. If an apple tree is to be grown
I think better grow that and not try to crop it with corn or
potatoes at the same time. There is a principle in philosophy
that ground cannot be occupied with two things at the same
time.

R. P. Lupton: I think I understood Mr. Somerville to say
that he advised planting small fruits the first two or three
years.

Wm. Somerville: When I set out my trees I cultivate them
three years. In those three years they are under cultivation
any kind of small fruit may be raised among them, but when
the trees get large enough to bear I think it is inadvisable to
raise anything among them.

A. W. Latham: I want to say in defense of my position that
the theory of cultivating only one crop on a piece of ground. at
the same time is a correct theory, but practice sometimes does
not support theory. It is also the correct theory to seed down
an orchard as Mr. Somerville has just said, but if you have an
orchard of trees growing in a country where they do not long

196 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

survive, it would be unprofitable to seed it down with the
expectation of raising apples only. Apple trees about Lake
Minnetonka, as far as my experience goes, as a rule, never
reach the time when they become profitable as an orchard, but
they begin to die off as soon as they begin to bear, and the
only way you can make this orchard profitable is by raising
something else on the ground at the same time. Itis nota
matter of theory with me, because I have had a good deal of
experience, and I would not think of such a thing as seeding
down an orchard on my place. In my experience I had two
orchards planted side by side; in one I planted raspberries, and
I had just as good a crop of raspberries from that orchard as
if the trees had not been there. It cost me nothing to have
those trees standing there. After they had been there four
years they came into bearing, and within a year after that the
trees began to die off, and at the termination of ten years
there was not one tree left, and that is the way you have got to
grow apple trees around lake Minnetonka. I took from that
piece of ground over four hundred dollars worth of apples
during those ten years. Now those apples cost me nothing
except planting the trees. If any of you gentlemen about
Lake Minnetonka who plant apple trees will try to raise some-
thing else on the same ground with your apples, it will pay
you for your trouble.

Now in the other orchard that was not cultivated we gath-
ered a few apples, but not one-tenth as many as we did from
the one that was cultivated, and they were inferior in size, the
crop was small, and the trees also winter killed. It is different
with Mr. Somerville; where he lives he plants trees with the
expectation of keeping them thirty years. He has anorchard;
we have no orchards.

H. L. Gordon: Mr. Latham speaks for the south side of
Lake Minnetonka only. I live on the north side. I have trees
that are twenty years old and are bearing regular crops. My
oldest lot of Duchess now average two hundred bushels an acre
and I call that a paying crop. They are still living and have
borne crops ever since they were six to eight years old, and
with the exception of one year I have never failed to geta
paying crop. There was one year that I only got four bush-
els, but I can say that it was the only partial failure I ever
had. I approve of Mr. Latham’s way of setting some raspber-
ries with them. I cultivated the ground until the trees were
some ten or twelve years old, until the limbs were in the way,

APPLES. 197

and then I seeded it to clover. I mulched around the trees
with hay and kept the grass killed around the trees. As long
as I cultivated the ground at all I raised a good crop; and I did
the same with my young orchard, in which the trees were six
years old last spring, and I still cultivate the ground there. I
did it from a farmer’s standpoint, and yet the trees are doing
well enough to permit the fruit of sporting the blue ribbon on
the table yonder. My trees are eighteen feet apart each way.

A. W. Latham: I want to ask Mr. Gordonif those Wealthy’s
on the table were raised from trees twenty years old.

H. L. Gordon: They were six years old. I cultivate the
ground just as long as—

A. W. Latham: You will have no trouble in cultivating the
ground until they are all dead.

H. L. Gordon: Perhaps not, but I would rather think they
would bear themselves to death. I believe the Wealthy is just
as hardy as the Duchess today, Last year was really the first
year they bore to amount to anything. I have — been
troubled a little with blight. The Wealthy has blighted some-
what more than the Duchess.

Wm. Somerville: His success has been somewhat similar to
mine, and when I set out an orchard I am not expecting a fail-
ure,hence I set out fifty trees in 1862 and there are now forty-
nine of them living, and they look as though they were good
for another half century. Mysuccess has been very good, and
my trees have been bearing fruit for me for twenty-five years,
and I have never experienced a failure in that time.

A. W. Latham: I want to say just a word more. Mr. Gordon’s
statement only confirms my own view of the matter. There are
some Duchess trees in our neighborhood twenty years old.
With the Duchess it is precisely the same as with the Wealthy.
If you plant them in cultivated ground with some other crop
you can just as well raise a large crop of large apples as if you
put them in grass. Now, to support this, I have side by side
two lots of Duchess, one in the grass on a side hill and one row
in the garden, that I planted sixteen years ago. One fourth of
these trees are dead, but most of them are alive and bearing.
In the grass on the side hill are several times as many Duchess
planted at the same time. There is no comparison, whatever,
to be made between those trees. Those in the cultivated
ground have borne four times as many apples as those stand-
ing in the grass, the fruit has been fully one-half larger, and
I have been able to get more for them.

198 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

H. L. Gordon: From my own experience, I would not plant
trees close enough to shade the ground. I think we must give
a tree room to breathe in order to let them live.

Geo. J. Kellogg: Mrs. Gordon remarks to me confidentially
that the trees-were better after they were dead; that is, they
bore better from the sprouts or suckers that came up from the
roots than they did before.

Mrs. Gordon: There were only a few sprouts from the roots
of a Wealthy that came up and bore well.

H. L. Gordon: I hardly ever take issue with my wife; if I
do I give her a curtain lecture; but I agree with her that we
have trees, some of those old Wealthys that I spoke of, that
killed themselves bearing, that are now bearing trees from the
sprouts, and I believe they are of more value than the old trees
ever were, and I believe I have got trees there that will do
more, ten times over, than the original trees ever did.

PROTECTING APPLE TREES.
By SETH H. KENNEY, MORRISTOWN.

Mr. President and Members of the Minnesota State Horticultural Society:

In my early youth I grew up in Franklin county, Mass., where success-
ful orchards were the rule. I early acquired a love for the orchard. In
the year 1857 I came to Minnesota. Almost one of the first things after
securing the land, I bought trees and set out an orchard. To tell the
story of my failures, would be to relate the story of every one of you pres-
ent. I have been to the meetings of this society for many years, but for
many years I did not set out any more appie trees, regarding the invest-
ment as money lost.

In the month of April, 1888, I rented a piece of ground to plant sugar
cane that had the remains of seven acres of what once gave promise to
be an orchard. I was digging out some of the remaining trees that were
nearly dead and found some of them that were nearly or quite girdled
with field mice many years ago when they were first set. In order to save
them I banked up with moundsof earth. On digging up these trees I
gaw that the bark and trunk up as far as the earth came looked remarka-
bly healthy. I took » saw and sawed off the tree in several places and
found the wood white and sound clear to the heart, It was this way
clear to the top of the earth mound and no sprouts had grown from the
part of the trunk buried. It was as large as the trunk above the earth,
and had been buried for at least ten years. There were several trees that
had been banked and all the same results, healthy wood as far up as the
earth. This experience led to the following conclusions, that if the
trunks of apple trees when set out were boxed high enough to cover
where the limbs branch out from the main trunk and this box filled with
earth so to secure a division of the sap before exposed to the sun’s rays,
the points of danger would be overcome and the following points of ad-

q

a,

APPLES. ; 199

vantage secured: First, a box eight inches square filled with earth, will
keep the sap from going up too early; it will give the trunk a more even
temperature in severe weather: it will insure perfectly healthy wood as
far as the trunk is concerned. It is well known by nurserymen and hor-
ticulturists that where young trees have been dug from nursery rows in
the spring and set in orchard, not one-fourth of them will grow. This
treatment of trees will increase their vitality and after a hard winter
they will pay for this protection. No mice will girdle the trees, no rab-
bits, no apple tree borers can get at them. The trees cannot grow pre-
maturely old that always keep a perfectly healthy trunk. Is it unreas-
onable to suppose that the earth that protects the roots of our trees in
case of tender trees like the apple, cannot be extended up to protect the
most vital portion of the tree? There is no better place than Minnesota
to get a good growth on apple trees. The next thing in order is to save
that growth in a healthy condition.

In the fall of 1885 I had quite an orchard of Wealthy and Duchess
apple trees that bore a heavy crop. The following winter I lost all the
Wealthy trees but two, and eight or ten Duchess. I fully believe if I had
known what I have now learned I could have saved those trees iu a
healthy condition. One year ago last fall I set a Peerless apple tree, and
boxed it filled with earth. The past season it made a fair growth, prov-
ing that boxed and filled in about the trunk, young trees can safely be set
in the fall. In June 1888 I commenced to box some bearing trees, they
have been boxed ever since with the best results. One of the trees bore,
as near as parties could estimate, 6 bushels. I became so confident of my
ability to raise an orchard that last October I bought of John P. Andrews,
of Rice county, 100 Duchess and 400 Wealthy. Iset 300 Wealthy and 100
Duchess and boxed every tree, filling the boxes with earth. The boxes
were made 30in. high, 8in. square. It took three weeks work to make
the boxes and set the trees. Mr. John P. Andrews and I agreed that we
never had seen any apple trees with dead limbs that the trunks were not
first injured. We then visited his extensive orchard and in every case
where we found dead limbs the trunks had been injured. Mr. Wm.
Wochton of Faribault, had Duchess nearly killed in winter and spring
of 1886; by covering with gunny cloth, the injured portions have healed
over. ‘The boxes were banked outside with earth to keep them in upright
position. After I set them I mulched most of them with manure,
thinking it would be better protection for the roots. The boxing is now
quite often used, especially in Rice county, and it is generally thought
good results will come out of it. Should it prove to do what we expect, it
will add greath wealth to our state, and instead of capturing the Wilder
medal once, we can do it every year.

HOW TO MAKE APPLETREES LIVE FORTY YEARS, AND BEAR
TWENTY BUSHELS OF APPLES IN A YEAR.

By O. F. BRAND, FARIBAULT.

I have been requested to write on the subjeet of ‘‘Protection of Fruit
Trees from the Nurseryman’s Standpoint.” According to the program I
have been preceded by the ‘‘Farmer’s Experience” on the same subject.

200 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

It would look as though the nurseryman’s standpoint intended for me to
write from was that of his personal interest in the matter, or, in brief, to
so protect trees as to have the largest share of them die, so as to make a
market for more trees. I have concluded not to write from such a stand-
point.

I have been a student of the school of tree protection all my life, and
for the last five years a diligent student. In the summer of 1885 I was
traveling in Florida and Tennessee. The diseases of the Citrus family of
trees was one that particularly engrossed the attention of the orange
growers of Florida, and it was at that time and during my investigations
there, that I think I learned the cause of and how to prevent one of the
worst forms of blight. Returning to Tennessee the last of June, that
summer, I found the pear trees nearly all killed or partly killed with
blight. A neighbor of mine had a fine Flemish Beauty pear tree the limbs
of which were killed nearly to the trunk with blight. He asked me if
the tree could be saved. I told him it could. He bought 4 quarts of
lime and 2 lbs. of sulphur. I put the lime and sulphur into a keg and
poured on to that mixture about 4 gallons of boiling water, adding at the
same time about 1 oz. of crude carbolic acid. I then took an old broom
and applied that wash while hot to the trunk of the tree and up into the
limbs as high as I could reach. I think I spent a half hour washing that
tree, and must have washed it five or six times over. Now, for the result:
It was about the 15th of July. The growing season was long past. In
less than a week a new growth had started from the lower part of the
limbs not killed, which new growth went on and matured in fine condi-
tion a new top of from 24 to 3feet. A letter received last spring from the
then owner of the tree gave the information that it had borne a good crop
of pears every year since.

Pathologically considered, I make up the case like this: the tree lacked
certain elements of plant growth which are largely supplied by lime and
sulphur in solution. If these elements, were in the soil, the con-
dition of the soil and atmosphere were such that they were not available
as plant food. The conditions of the atmosphere were most favorable to
the development of blight; the bark of the tree, not being suitably sup-
plied with the necessary elements of normal growth, became hard and
somewhat contracted so there was notroom for the downward flow of sap,
This sap thus arrested in its downward flow in very hot weather, soon be-
came proper food for disease, which extends through any open tissue, or per-
haps through thestomata of the leaves, and death ensued. The liquid being
applied hot to the bark caused it to expand; the lime and sulphur being in
available form for immediate use as plant food, were appropriated at once,
and, added to the reserve force in the tree, began to supply a perfectly
healthy sap. Whether or no the lime, sulphur and carbolic killed the
disease, I am not certain. It may be that nature fought its own battle,
and conquered the disease when putin a condition to do so by the aid of
the hot wash.

In the protection of apple trees from the adverse conditions of our
climate, my experience has been long and varied. In 1867 and ’68, I pro-
tected all my one year old apple trees by covering them up with earth.
There was about 1,000 of them. Their growth the second summer was
remarkably healthy. In 1874 I began protecting my small orchard trees

APPLES. 201

from the sun by tieing corn stalks, hay or pigeon grass on to the trees.
This protected them from the sun somewhat but notso well as tarred paper
which I began to use in 1876. Iwas strongly of the opinion that a seri-
ous injury to a young tree would consign it to an early grave. And I re-
member in 1873, after having cut off more than 50,000 trees, that in con-
versation with an old nurseryman, now prominent as the superintendent
of an experimental station, he said it was a foolish thing for me to have
done—that such trees, although with a small amount of dead wood at
the heart, would make good orchard trees. Time has cured him of that
idea. In 1886 I became thoroughly convinced that the great destruction
to our iron clad list was to a great extent occasioned by improper care of
young trees. Among other causes that led me to this belief was the un-
due proportion of old Duchees trees—trees planted prior to 1870—as com-
pared to the number alive of trees planted since that date. Here let me
remark that out of the immense number of Duchess planted since 1872,
the per cent of those now alive is very insignificant. Now when we find
the true reason why these old trees lived, while millions of younger trees
died, will we not possess the knowledge that will aid us in completely
mastering the solution, in solving the knotty problem of successful apple
growing in Minnesota? Let us look into the history of those old trees.
Few, if any of them, were grown in Minnesota nurseries. They were all
healthy trees when planted, many of them coming from New York. Some
have claimed that the reason why they lived the best, but I have disproved
that on my own grounds. In 1876, I planted 92 Duchess in one block,
trees six feet high. They were eastern or Illinois trees, perfectly healthy.
Lacking eleven trees to fill out the block, I dug that number from my
own three year old trees and finished the block. All had the same care.
The eleven trees of my own growing are the best now. Ido not think
the climate, in which the old trees now alive were started, was the true
reason of their long life. More than one thing contributed to their fav-
orable chances. They were healthy when planted. ‘The seasons
were favorable to early and ample growth, and a full supply of
reserve food materials was stored up in the trees each year
year by healthy leaves. The seasons were right for healthy tree growth.
The autumns were right for perfect maturing of the wood —the elaboration
of the sap into perfect woody fiber. There were no winters during that
time that seriously injured pear trees, consequently there was nothing to
prevent those young thrifty growing trees from being comparatively
healthy, of course they could not be in perfect health in this climate, but
approximated closely to that condition. They were in the best condition
when struck by the winters of 1872 and ’73 and had passed the critical
period of their existence, which is the first five years in the orchard. To
substantiate this view of the subject I will mention one instance in my
own county. About 1860 a French gentleman planted an orchard of about
100 trees—being afraid of injury from rabbits he banked the trunks up
with earth about two and one-half or three feet and also wrapped the tops
with hay. This was the best protection he could have given them; the
trunks being banked with earth they were kept from becoming black
hearted. In 1865 he sold the farm and only ordinary care was given them
after that time. In 1873 all but seven Duchess killed; they are now the
most productive trees in our county and the fruit is always large and fine,

202 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

13 bushels have been gathered from one of these trees in a year. The
owner says he has never had anything on his farm that has paid him so
much and such easy money as the seven trees. It was the banking of
earth when they were small that kept them healthy, and the bearing of
large crops of fruit now is but the persistency of inherent tendencies.

Let us examine a giant of the forest to ascertain the reason why he
towers so far above his fellows. In the absence of positive proof we must
accept circumstantial evidence as to what was its condition in its infancy
and early life. Wetake it to the saw mill and as plank after plank of
clear lumber is taken from its broad sides until the heart is reached the
evidence is conclusive that there were no wounds or bad spots in it when
young. It has been my experience and observation in a saw mill that
the knotty lumber does not come from the forest giants, but from a
smaller class of trees, and we cannot escape the conviction that these
exceptionally large trees grow very rapidly and.in perfect health when
young. How many knotty, rotten and worthless trees there are in the
forest and yet, within certain limits, all might have become giants had
their environments been suitable during their development up to their
50th year, but more partieularly during the first ten years. The plan of
protecting apple trees with earth and boards I first saw in Pierce county,
Wis., in the winter of 1876; as I remember it they were protected in that
way up 3 to4 feet from the ground; they were trees that had probably
been planted three or four years. I saw them in July following and
noticed they had madea remarkably fine growth. I have never been
there since, so do not know what condition they are in now.

In 1882 I had 102 Duchess protected by driving boards around them and
filling in with earth. This protection was left there till it gradually
wore down. The earth was from 18 to 24 inches high. These trees were
eight years old from the graft when banked up. They are now the best
trees I have for their age. Mr. Gregg looked at them in 1888 and said
that he was surprised to see such a fine lot of Duchess in Minnesota.

It was in the summer of 1888 that I first saw the seven old Duchess
trees before mentioned, and when I heard how they had been cared for
when young it came to my mind at once that I had found the true reason
why so many of the Duchess trees planted prior to 1870 were now alive.
It was because they did not get materially injured when young, and be-
ing comparatively healthy up to the time when their roots had probably
made agrowth of from eight to twelve feet in all directions, with a bark
healthy, uninjured by sun scald, and an amount of sound wood in the
trunk sufficient to carry them through adverse climatic changes which
killed or seriously injured black-hearted, Sun-scalded trees.

This is an absolute law underlying the growth and development of all
living things, namely: An animal or plant (tree) must be retained in its
normal (that is healthy) condition during infancy and youth that it may
attain to a perfect physical development upon arriving at maturity.

I know of but one cheap way to carry a tree through its early stages to
perfect development, or to a size large enough to produce ten bushels of
apples ina year. In this climate nearly all fruit trees become black hearted
while small. To havea tree profitable at thirty years of age it must be
kept from becoming black hearted while young.

Here is my plan: Plant in the fall if the trees are less than six feet

APPLES. 203
high. If the trees are larger, cover them up in clean moist earth, roots
two feet deep, top six inches. If the location hasa sandy subsoil the trees
should be set six inches deeper than they grew in the nursery. The holes
should be five feet across and three feet deep, and in planting fill the holes
with rich clay loam. If the subsoil is clay dig the holes large enough to
let the roots extend in their natural shape. Cut the ends of all roots
smooth with a sharp knife. Fill the holes full of mellow, rich surface soil,
stamping firmly the first six or eight inches in the bottom of the hole. If
the earth is dry put a pail of water on after filling the hole one-third full,
and let it soak in before filling the hole. Make a box out of boards eight
inches wide and the height of the tree. Set it around the tree; then fill
with fine earth. Bank up outside a foot high, and after the ground freezes
cover the bottom with straw manure and the tree is safe for the winter.
Remove the straw, box and earth after the frost is out of the ground in
April, and the tree will make a good growth the first season if the ground
is kept well cultivated till 10th of July. Don’t cultivate later than that
each year. A thin mulch applied to the ground then will be of benefit to
prevent the growth of weeds and retain moisture. The mulch should ex-
tend four feet each way. About the last of October put up the box and
fill with earth again up to and covering the lower forks or crotches of the
tree; remember this. The first winter the limbs and trunk should stand
in the earth, and the second winter. also, if it does not bend the limbs up
too much, but if the limbs are too large to bend easily let the box only
come up so as not torubthelimbs. A treeonce frozen up solid in earth re-
mains so till the earth thaws in the spring and the frost comes out of the
tree through the earth instead of having the sun take it out several times
during the winter and spring. A tree protected in this way, with three
inches of earth and an inch of board will not freeze as hard by twenty de-
grees in an extreme cold time as a tree exposed to the weather, and if pro-
tected, a large share of the starch and other substances stored up in the
body of the tree (mainly by the leaves in the summer) will remain there
till spring and aid in making a vigorous growth the next summer; while
if not protected the starch and other reserve food substances will have
been largely exhausted from the trunk of the tree by spring; and the cellular
structure of the wood disorganized by the cold, freezing and thawing, will
become what we call black hearted. This plan of taking care of the trees
must be kept up for five or six winters. The trees will then be as large
as they would in eight years without any protection, a gain of two or
three years in five. The tree will then be in a much better condition to
stand extremes of heat and cold, drouth and winds than a sickly, black
hearted tree. Its roots will have run twelve feet in all directions and the
tree will then be able to take care of itself, and if not abused afterward by
bearing too much fruit the first four or five years will live to be forty years
old, if it is a tree with a constitution like the Peerless or Duchess. The
difference in the capabilities of a tree well cared for and one not cared for
will be as follows, five years after being planted:

Trees cared for by this plan produce from 5th to 10th year, 15 bushels;
10th to 15th year, 20 bushels; 15th to 20th year, 40 bushels; 20th to 30th
year, 100 bushels; 30th to 40th year, 125 bushels; making a total crop of 300
bushels. Three hundred bushels valued at $300. Now look at the average
tree with common care, lives fifteen years, bears in all five bushels, value
$5.00. Difference in value $295.00.

204 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

A person who has good trees needs but a few, and can well afford the
little time required in their care. The labor on each tree, if protected for
winter according to my plan, will not exceed five cents a year for five
years. After that a trough or two boards set up on the south-west side,
will protect the trunk from the sun in winter and spring, till the tops get
large enough for protection. The trunk should be from three and one-
half feet to five feet high. Cut back the top on the north and north-east
side to throw the growth to the south-west. Cut out all inside limbs not
wanted, about the last of March or last of June. Cut close to the tree
and cover wound with wax or mineral paint. After five years of good care
seed down to clover, and make a hog pasture of it, or cultivate with hoed
crops. If pastured with hogs, take in a much larger field than the orch-
ard forthemtorunin. If the orchard is pastured, the whole surface
should be manured every other year after the ground freezes. Don’t ex-
pect ten to twenty bushels of apples from a tree every year without feed-
ing the land well. Distance apart—twenty to twenty-five feet apart will
be found plenty close when trees get old. If planted on the quincunx
plan with rows twenty-one feet apart, about one hundred trees can be set
on an acre and the trees will stand about twenty-one by twenty-four feet
apart. Don’t plant a small apple tree within forty feet of a timber tree,
nor nearer than twenty-five feet to another apple tree; it had better be
thirty feet away. The apple tree that bears the most fruit of any tree I
know of stands more than fifty feet from any other tree. Forty years res-
idence in the northwest has taught me that these ideas faithfully carried
out will yearly be worth millions of dollars to the people of Minnesota.
The bark of trees must be kept good and free from wounds, and the bodies
must be kept healthy. :

The advantages of boxing trees up with earth during their first five
years in the orchard, as has been shown, are many. One advantage, not
heretofore mentioned, of this plan is that it permits pruning the tree to
suit the taste of the owner and having the wound heal perfectly without
leaving a dead spot on the tree. The top can easily be thrown to the
south and southwest, where it is most useful. as the top will goin the
direction of the greatest flow of sap. The inherent tendency of the apple
tree is to make a bushy top with no central stem above a certain point,
therefore with a healthy trunk the position of this bushy top is entirely
under the control of man, and can not only be made to shade the ground
on the south side of the tree, thereby preventing the escape of moisture
by action of the sun, but can also be made to shade the trunk and the
forks of the tree from sun scald. We need not trouble ourselves about

sun scald in old trees that have been kept healthy while young. They

will not sun scald. Another advantage in boxing is to enable the tree to
form a plentiful supply of large, vigorous leaves early in the season,
which will enable it to make an unusually long and healthy growth, a
growth which we cannot get from a young tree when the ends of the
limbs are killed or partly killed, and the trunk so exhausted by alternate
freezing and thawing that the tree is very much in the condition of a calf
wintered on the invigorating sustenance tobe drawn from a straw stack,
surrounded by that toocommon barn yard windbreak—a barbed wire
fence. We all know that that kind of a calf never becomes the prize ox or
the premium butter cow. This early, vigorous growth is essential, as I

APPLES. 205

have shown in my reference to the forest giants, and the same principle
is now held to be a fundamental law in the successful production of all
classes of live stock or crops of any kind. Earth is one of the best things
I have ever known to aid a diseased tree to recover from injury. At the
time I mentioned being in Florida there was a disease called mal de
goma, or foot rot, killing the old orange trees. One large tree I examined
the top of, which was nearly dead (no new limbs having been made the
previous year), had but two small live roots—the bark on all the other
roots being entirely dead—the dead bark extending up the trunk of the
tree more than a foot. I told the owner to remove the earth around the
base of the tree and wash it thoroughly with the wash I used on the pear
tree, heretofore alluded to, and then bank up with earth a foot above the
dead bark. Hedidsoin April. I saw the tree the next December. It
had made a remarkable growth, some of the new sprouts measured nine
feet in length. Of course, in this case, the hot wash aided materially in
producing such a growth, but without the banking of earth I presume the
tree would have died. In this climate, deprived of the necessary moist-
ure which is always to be found in sufficient quantity in the atmosphere
in the most favored localities where apples grow, we must in some way
give the tree advantages which would not be needed in a climate where
the environments of the tree were right for its perfect development.
Several hundred men have planted and boxed up their trees this last fall,
and the public will be able to testify to the value of the plan by another
year. I trust all those who are looking for light to aid them in growing
apples in this state will carefully consider this plan.

DISCUSSION.

Pres. Elliot: Now, gentlemen, you have heard these two
papers, now go to work and pick them to pieces. We do
not want anything of this kind to come in here unless we are
satisfied it is right. We have had too many of these things
heretofore that have been of no use to us.

M. Pearce: I take altogether a different view of the case.
Now the best teacher on the face of the earth is nature. You
take any tree that starts to grow on the prairie and the very
first thing it does is to branch low. That is nature, and if you
let that tree go on and never molest it in any shape or form,
that tree will live, it will never die. Now the form of that tree
will be alowtop. You top a burr oak tree on the prairie and
the branches come out low down. Now for years I have been
pursuing that plan. Your boxing and wrapping is all super- .
flous and unnecessary. Come right down to nature and you
will never fail.

Wm. Somerville: I will say that I am in favor of protection
of any kind. I have never tried the experiment of Mr. Brand.

206 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

I protect by mulching around the roots of the trees. Now I
think this sun scald can be remedied just as well without box-
ing as it can with it. Of late years I have been setting my
trees leaning towards the south-west, and if I can get the trunk
to grow properly in that direction and by low heading I am not
afraid of sun scald, neither do I want anything like boxing on
my trees, and I have succeeded in raising a good many of them.
Now, how do I keep them in that form? If you will go to my
orchard you will find one hundred trees that have been set two
years, and I have tied them over with a cord. I take some
twine that we tie our wool with and tie them up so high, and I
stick a stake in the ground toward the southwest. Why do I
do this? Because in that direction, the southwest, the sun has
not the same impression on them as if they were planted in an
upright position, and in that form every tree that 1 plant and
have planted for a number of years invariably lives, and I think
by following this plan we can save the boxing. But I do not
discard it; if that is the best and the only way to save the tree
I am willing to try it every time.

O. F. Brand: Mr. Kenney was one of those men three years
ago who was like ninety-nine out of a hundred, said he could
buy apples cheaper than he could raise them, and would never
plant another apple tree in Minnesota. I wanted to stop his
mouth and I convinced him he could raise apples by this plan.
He has given me no credit for telling him about this plan, and
now he has planted four or five hundred trees.

J. S. Harris: About thirty years ago I set two trees of the
Seek-no-further. One of themI wrapped, the other one I let
alone, and the first produced more of as fine Seek-no-further
apples than I have ever grown on a tree in the old eastern
states. I took the band off every spring after the frosts had
come out of the ground, because I thought it would make a har-
bor for breeding insects, and replaced the band along in No-
vember. The plan of protecting a young tree every winter for
a number of years, or perhaps as long as it is valuable for pro-
ducing fruit, I believe is a good one, and I donot believe there
is a cheaper protection than these boxes and filling them with
dry earth. Ido not mean dust, but dirt. If we would give our
trees any kind of protection to keep them healthy the first ten
years, it is my opinion that we could raise a great deal more
fruit than we do at the present time.

Geo. J. Kellogg: Ido not wish to occupy much time, but I
do believe in this protection. Ido not believe in tarred paper,

APPLES. 207

but I believe common brown building paper is a good thing.
‘The tarred paper, or anything that is black, will draw the heat
more. I believe we need this protection in winteras well as in
summer. Now you keep that shade on during June, July and
August and it will not only protect from the sun’s rays, but
also from borers. Ido notlike Mr. Pearce’s idea of getting
along without a trunk, and I believe the body should be pro
tected to thelimbs. I believe a simple protection is the cheap- ~
est, and I think common brown building paper is as cheap and
effective as anything else. Ido not believe it is necessary to
put up any boards, but if it is, I believe sawdust filling would
be better than dirt, but I believe in protection for winter and
summer.

EK. H. S. Dartt: I think the nearer we can come to protect-
ing the way nature protects the better.: At the tree station at
Owatonna I have placed six inch boards on the south side of
about one hundred and fifty young trees. I have set out trees
of each variety in one row allof which are protected by boards,
and those in the other row are not. After a while we shall
know the difference between that kind of protection and none
at all. I have given some thought to boxing trees, and it seems
to me if the boxes are taken away in the spring the bark would
be more tender than it would be if it had not been put on at all,
and that those trees would be more liable to sun scald than if left
off altogether. Undoubtedly if trees are so tender that they will
not stand the climate, a covering of earth will save them just
as much as it will save your raspberries and blackberries you
lay down and cover. There seems to be a doubt in my mind if
this box and dirt plan is the best way of protecting. I rather
doubt it. I have fully as much faith in the board as in the
dirt.

M. Pearce: Now I believe I am alittle more particular about
trees than anything else. Now the bark on the south side is
thicker than it is on. the north side, and it is different on the
east side from on the west. A tree that grows in the shade is
different from one that grows in the sun, and when hed put it
out it is going to sun scald.

208 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIBTY.

THE CATHARINE.
By O. F. BRAND, FARIBAULT.

This is the oldest and largest seedling apple tree in the Northwest.
The seed from which it grew was brought from Canada, in the fall of 1854,
by Jacob Klein, of the town of Union, Houston county, Minn. The
orchard where the seed was procured were all seedlings, and at that time
there were trees there that had borne 80 bushels each. The Catharine is
growing six miles south of the Root river and ten miles west of the Miss-
issippi, at Brownsville, Minn. It ison an eastern and southeastern ex-
posure. The elevation is about 450 feet above the valleys and 1,150 feet
above the sea. It was transplanted when about five or six years old. The
soil is a heavy clay atuong the native timber, being white and black oak
and shellbark hickory.

The spread of the top is 30 feet. One foot from the ground the Cath-
arine is 50 inches in circumference, and the smallest measurement of the
trunk is 44 inches. It isfour feet tothe forks, where it branchesinto three
limbs which measure 21, 29 and 33 inches in circumference, the largest
limb, eleven inches in diameter, is on the south side of the tree. The
tree leans a little toward the northeast, still there are no evidences of sun
scald upon it. There is no other tree within 40 feet of it. Mr. J. S. Har-
ris says he thinks he has seen 30 bushels of fruit on it at one time. Six-
teen limbs from one to one and one-half inchin diameter have been cut
from the tree in the last three years, and the wounds are healing over well.
It has been propagated but little, and is now growing in Houston, Rice
and McLeod counties. Mrs. Klein saved a large lot of seeds from the
Catharine last fall, and sent to Mr. O. F. Brand of Faribault. An effort will
be made to see if this seedling from a seedling will transmit its hardy
constitution to its progeny.

APPLES. 209

THE PEERLESS,
By O. F. BRAND, FARIBAULT.

Originated in Richland, Rice county, Minnesota. The seed from which
it grew was planted in the fall of 1867 or spring of 1868, by Mr. J. G. Mil-
ler. The seed wasfrom Duchess apples grown by Mr. George Dorrance,
who planted 900 apple trees in 1857. There were only six Duchess of Old-
denburg among the 900 trees. Mr. Dorrance and Mr. Miller had both
noticed that the Duchess bore the most and seemed to be the hardiest.
Near to them were some Tolman Sweet, which were in bearing in 1867.
The Peerless is undoubtedly a cross between Duchess and Tolman Sweet.
The Peerless began to bear in 1875, and has produced more bushels of fruit
than any other apple or crab tree in that part of the state. It bere three
bushels in 1878, and kept increasing its crop till it amounted to nine bushels
in 1884, and eleven bushels in 1886. Mr. Harris, the special agent for the.
government, who visited the old tree in September, 1890, reported it as in
fine condition, bearing about eight bushels of very fine fruit after having
been cut severely for scions the four preceding years. Of the quality of the
fruit he said of it, in January, 1891, “It is really a better apple than the
Wealthy.”

The season of 1890 being a very bad one for blight, the Peerless escaped
without being touched by it. Mr. Peterson, of Waconia, had about 400
trees of the Peerless growing on his grounds. He reported it the most
free from blight of anything he had ever had out of more than 200 vari-
eties which he had tried in the past thirty-five years.

The old tree is on black sandy loam on clay subsoil. The first scions
were cut from it in 1886, by Mr. O. F. Brand, of Faribault.

ts

210 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

REPORT ON MR. A. G. TUTTLE’S RUSSIAN ORCHARD AT
BARABOO, WIS.

By J. S. HArrRis, LA CRESCENT.

I visited the orchards of Mr. Tuttle at Baraboo, Wis., on November
28th, last, by direction of H. E. VanDeman, pomologist of the department
of agriculture at Washington, for the purpose of ascertaining the hardi-
ness and condition of the trees, value of the fruit keeping qualities, etc.
Mr. Tuttle has been conducting experiments with the newer Russians
for something over twenty years, and is, as far as I know, the first nur-
seryman in the country that ever received scions in any great num-
ber of varieties direct from Russia, he having received them through
Cassius M. Clay, when representing our government at St. Petersburgh.
This was the third visit I had made there. The first visit was made in
1884, in February, in company with A. W. Sias, of Rochester. At that
time we found the Russian orchard containing about two hundred trees,
two of a variety. The trees of the greater proportion of the varieties were
looking well, and an examination of the wood showed them to be in fine
condition. At that time Mr. Tuttle had a large orchard of the leading
reputed hardy American varieties that had been many years in bearing,
and a few varieties were apparently sufficiently hardy for profitable
culture, such as Tolman Sweet, Fameuse, Walbridge and others. He had an-
other orchard planted entirely with Duchess of about the same age as the
Russians, that seemed to be in perfect condition. The next February
after the winter of 1884-5, which wrought such destruction to the trees
throughout the entire Northwest, I had an opportunity to examine the
wood of over thirty of the varieties, in sections an inch or more in diame-
ter, along with the Duchess and Wealthy, and found all of them showing
less discoloration than the Wealthy, and twenty-five of them less than
the Duchess, and some twenty of them showed no discoloration what-
ever.

In the summer of 1888, I paid his place another visit, and found about
sixty varieties in the Russian orchard bearing fruit, and although blight
was prevailing about Baraboo to an unusual extent, these trees showed
less blight, with few exceptions, than the Duchess, Tetofsky or Ameri—
can varieties, and quite a number of trees showed entire freedom from it.
At this time the Duchess orchard appeared to be all right, except show-
ing some spur blight, but the old orchard of Americans was in a very bad
condition, and several varieties past recovery.

At this last visit we find the Russian orchard still containing over sixty
varieties of bearing trees and at least thirty of them are undoubtedly as
hardy as the Duchess, and none of them less so than the Wealthy, and the
orchard is in really better condition than any other orchard that I have
found in the Northwest. It is even in better condition than his Duchess
orchard on the same farm, for in that we found a number of trees that had
been quite seriously injured by blightand sun scald, while but little is left
of theold orchard of American varieties. After a careful scrutiny of the
trees, I would name following varieties as appearing in hardiness of the
tree and fruitfulness the most promising, viz: Hibernal, Grass Green,
Repka, Romenska, Zuzoff, Longfield, Juicy White, Borsdorf, Gettman,
Charlamoff, Beautiful Arcade, Red Wine, Red Queen, Charlotenthaler,

——_

APPLES. 211

Enormous, Anisette, Cross, Russian Green, Skrout German, Antonovka,
Red Anis, Early Champagne. The Repka and Red Queen are the longest
keepers. Longfield and Antonovka, Zuzoff, Cross, Gettman, and Ro-
menska, all keep well into winter. Some ofthese varieties bear a striking
resemblance to the Duchess in tree and fruit, but are a little better keep-
ers and milder in flavor. The Longfield has not been considered as among
the hardiest, but is now universally doing well and becoming popular, on
account of fruitfulness and quality of the fruit.

QUESTION BOX.

(1) ‘Is it of any advantage t» trim the blighted twigs from
apple trees? If so, when should it be done—when the blight
first appears, or after it ceases spreading?”

A member: After it ceases.

( 2) ‘Is it true that there are more roots grown on the
northeast side of an apple tree than on the southwest?”

M. Pearce: The most roots will be on the side where the
most branches are.

J. T. Grimes: The most branches are where the most roots
are.

M. M. Frisselle: The most roots are where the best soil is.

( 3) ‘Is the Peter apple the same as the Wealthy?”

M. Pearce: No.

( 4) Why dosome trees come out.of pits in spring calloused
and others not?”

J.S. Harris: It is a peculiarity of the tree itself.

(5) ‘‘Where has the Hibernal failed?”

O. F. Brand: It failed with Mr. Dartt; with everybody ex-
cept a few experts.

K. H.S. Dartt: Mine was the Lieby.

(6) Can the quince be successfully grown in Minnesota?”

Pres. Elliot: No, I do not think it can.

J.S. Harris: I would say that the quince can be grown here,
the bush but not the fruit.

Prof. Green: It can be grown here, but the question is suc-
cessfully. I think not.

( 7) ‘Is it the sun or the wind that is the leading cause in
setting our trees over to the northeast?”

A member: Both.

K. H. S. Dartt: I would like to say a word or two on this
growing over business, or leaning over. Now a tree first
branches on the northeast side. Why isit? I believe it is be-
cause the sun affects the south and west side and prevents a

212 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

full circulation of sap. That is one reason. Then again the
wind blows mostly from the southwest which causes the limbs
which are on the northeast side to grow out straight, whilst
those on the southwest side are blown upward. Now if you
will observe a tree that is exposed to the wind you will see that
the limbs on the southwest side are blown up toward the body
of the tree, whilst those on the northeast side grow out and
grow more rapidly.

( 8) ‘‘Is there any more valuable apple for Minnesota than
the Duchess?”

A member: Yes, the Peerless.

A member: No, the Duchess stands at the head.

( 9) Why do seedlings often prove successful, but invari-
ably fail when an attempt is made to propagate and grow them
in other places?”

Geo. J. Kellogg: There are twosides to that question, There
is no reason why they should fail under any circumstances.

(10) ‘‘Is there any variety of apple not liable to sun scald?”

E. H. S. Dartt: I have never seen any apple tree not liable to
sun scald. Ido not believe there is any.

(11) ‘‘Does the Peerless blight?”

O. F. Brand: Ihave never seen any blight, and I have grown
nearly fifteen thousand.

(12) ‘‘Is Longfield and Yellow Transparent as good as Plum
Cider, Haas, Red Astrachan, etc? Did they notall kill in 1884?”

‘‘Can this society approve of the course of Mr. Somerville, in
recommending farmers to plant Longfield and Yellow Transpa-
rent, which have generally killed as bad as Haas, Fameuse, etc?”

‘Ts it a wise thing to recommend to the farmers of this state
at the Institutes such worthless varieties of apples as Longfield
and Yellow Transparent?”

‘‘Are the apples recommended by Mr. Somerville before the
Farmers Institutes, Longfield and Yellow Transparent, safe to
be planted by farmers generally throughout this state?”

Geo. J. Kellogg: I have not much to say on the subject, only
that the Longfield is very hardy with me. I raised as much
as thirty to forty bushels, and they seem tobe hardy. They
have been bearing for the last five years, since they were three
or four years old.

M. Cutler: I think this question should be answered a little
more definitely. As our Institutes are held in different parts of
the state, east, west, north and south, I do not think the same
variety of trees can be recommended for all parts of the state.

GRAPES. 213

Prof. Green: Mr. Somerville tells me he has not done that;
he is very careful what he recommends.

K. H. 8S. Dartt: I want to say that there is no Russian apple
hardy enough so it is safe for us to recommend it for general
cultivation.

Pres. Elliot: What do you mean by general cultivation?

E. H. S. Dartt: I mean hardy enough to advise everybody
to plant it.

J.S. Harris: The Russian apple has not yet been enough
grown to recommend it.

‘‘Are budded apples trees better for planting in Minnesota
than root grafted trees?”

Prof. Green: Not so good.

GRAPES.

MY EXPERIENCE WITH GRAPE GROWING.

BY J. 8S. SEWALL, ST. PAUL.

In the spring of 1863 I went to live on lots in St. Paul which had been
occuped by Alexander Buchanan, Esq., and I have resided there until
this year.

Mr. Buchanan had planted grape vines, which I found growing, the
varieties being Catawba, Clinton, and (probably) Oporto. I planted other
sorts, and have had two or three hundred vines growing on the place
most of the time I have lived there. The ground slopes a little to the south
and west and is sheltered on the north by trees and buildings. It is
high and dry.

I think nearly, or quite, all American vines are hardy if well grown
at the time of planting, and covered with earth in the winter. Such as
are not much later than Concords will generally ripen their fruit, if the
vine is healthy. Out of twenty-eight years there have been two in which
the Concords and most others have been injured by early frosts.

After the feathered and unfeathered plunderers, which we always have
with us, the great enemies to be contended with are mildews, of which I
have discovered four kinds. Mildews are minute parasite plants which
are capable of spreading very rapidly. Each sort seems to flourish best
on certain favorite varieties of the vine, spreading from them to others in
their neighborhood. It becomes important to know these parasites and
to discard and exterminate them. I don’t believe it will pay, here, to
fight mildews with sulphate of copper mixtures and other remedies.

I shall have to describe most of the mildews that have come under my
notice by arbritrary names, as I am not sure of their true names.

White mould appeared first on the vines I found on the place, which I
call Oporto. It attacks the green berries, which become a dirty white

214 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

color, and hard. The mould soon breaks out on the surface, looking like
fine, white fur. It also attacks the young leaves and roots of some vines,
and then it generally destroys the entire crop of fruit. When the mil-
dew attacks the fruit only, removal of the diseased berries as fast as they
appear, will generally stop it, so as to save the greater part.

A mildew which I call purple spot, did a great deal of mischief for
several years and then totally disappeared. It came first on the Creveling
grape, and its final disappearance coincided with the removal of the last
Creveling vine. The spots are a quarter or three-eights of an inch in
diameter, bright purple in the center, darker at the edge. The tissue
under the spot is hardened and killed. The spots appear on fruit, leaves,
stems and vreen canes, sometimes so completely covering them as to de-
stroy the season’s growth as well as the fruit. This mildew attacked,
with different degrees of virulence, nearly every sort of vine I had. The
only exceptions I remember being the Clinton and Concord. Some were
not much hurt, others like the Crevelings, were entirely spoiled. Itdid not
injure the health of the plants, otherwise than cutting off the injured por-
tions might, the vines generally starting vigorously in the spring from
any sound wood left.

Brown rot shrivels and kills nearly full grown berries, causing them to
drop. It does not seem to be connected with any affection of the leaves
or stems. On some vines it may destroy half the crop, while others of the
same sort are not affected.

Peronospora appeared first six years ago, and every year since. It looks
like a whitish dust on the leaves. If not checked, the leaf turns yellow-
ish, curls up and drops. When many leaves are attacked, the fruit will
not ripen, and the vine is injured, needing a season of growth nearly free
from mildew before it can bear its usual crop again.

The following list of varieties includes all that I have tried enough to
give any opinion about them:

Advance—Black, medium size, good and early, healthy and strong
grower. Not sufficiently tried.

Agawam, or Roger’s No. 15—This well known sort, in spite of some
drawbacks, seems to have yielded more good grapes per vine than any
other. It is slightly attacked by peronospora, and loses a great deal by
brown rot.

Allen’s Hybrid—White, medium size, large bunches, good and early. One
vine for three years past has produced more fruit than any other white
grape vine. It is slightly attacked by peronospora and white mould.
Two vines of this kind, many years ago, were lost by root killing in win-
ter.

Bacchus—Small, black grape like Clinton, but of much better quality.
Very attractive to birds.

Beauty—Failure, being a weak grower and attacked by peronospora.
Never perfected any fruit.

Black Eagle—Black, large berry and bunch; ripens with Concord. Yields
fairly well; does not seem to have any fault.

Black Pearl—Black, medium sized berry, small bunch; the first to color,
but remains sour and of poor quality; hardly worth growing.

Brant—Black, small berry, large bunch. A very weak, slow grower.
Grafted on a strong Concord stalk, it produced very large bunches; early

\
|
:

GRAPES. 215

in coloring; slow to ripen; very good when fully ripe; very attractive to
birds; hardly worth growing.

Brighton—Brown grape of good size and best in quality. A good grower
and bearer; severely attacked by peronospora, consequently failing oftener
than succeeding.

Cambridge—Those sent me not to be distinguished from Concord.

Catawba—Too late for Minnesota.

Centennial— White, medium sized berry and bunch; rather late; does not
show any fault, but not sufficiently tried.

Challenge—Brown, medium size, small branches, fair quality; attacked
by white mould.

Clinton—Not good enough.

Concord—Black, large berry and bush: medium in time of ripening;
medium in quality; fair bearer; little if at all injured by mildews.

Cottage—A Concord seedling; little earlier:inferior in every respect; dis-
carded.

Creveling—Black, large berry and bunch, early and very good. This
variety seems to be the favorite of the purple spot mildew, which first
appeared on it, completely spoiled it, and disappeared when it was re-
moved. Other varieties were nearly or quite as severely attacked, but
have never shown the disorder since the removal of the Crevelings.

Croton—White, medium berry, large bunch, early, very good; vine fairly
healthy, but weak grower. Grafted on a strong, wild stalk, it grew well
and regularly produced a fair crop. It is attacked by white mould and
peronospora, but not enough to hurt it much.

Delaware —Before the appearance of the peronospora the Delaware was
' probably the most profitable variety, yielding better crops than Concord,
and not materially injured by any of the other mildews. Since the ap-
pearance of peron)spora, of which it seems to be a favorite, it is worth-
less. In a new plantation it would, no doubt, succeed for many years.

Diana Hamburg—Grew well fora few years, but fruit was spoiled by
some mildew, I forget what.

Duchess—White, small berry, medium bunch, fair quality, medium earli-
ness, poor bearer, not attacked by mildew.

Early Victor—Black, small berry and bunch, early; good quality, small
grower and poor bearer. Not mildewed.

Eldorado—White, medium berry and bunch, very early, good quality,
strong grower and good bearer. Not mildewed. The most successful of
recently introduced white grapes that I have tried.

Elvira—A white grape from Missouri, an enormous grower and bearer,
but does not ripen well enough here. ®

Empire State—Did not ripen, but not sufficiently tried, good grower, not
mildewed.

Etta—Too late.

Eumelan—Black, medium berry and bunch, early, good quality, badly
attacked by mildew, and of late years entirely failed.

Gaertner, Roger’s No. 14—Brown, large berry, medium bunch, very good
quality, severely attacked by white mould.

Goethé, Roger’s No. 1—Light brown, large berry, medium bunch, very
good quality, good grower and bearer, rather too late. Better when not
colored than unripe grapes generally are, it was first brought out fora

216 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

white grape. Slightly attacked by white mould. One grafted op a slow
growing stock has ripened every year for five years, being oneor two
weeks earlier than the others.

Grein’s Golden—White. Fruit and vine both attacked by white mould,
and fruit all spoiled.

Hayes— White, good grower, not mildewed.

Jessica— White, small berry and bunch, earliest, very good, small grower
and bearer. Not mildewed. It ought to be grafted on to a small stock.

Lady— White, medium berry, small bunch, very good, early, small grower
and bearer. Not mildewed. This vine was planted too near strong grow-
ing old vines.

Lady Washington—White, medium berry, large bunch, very good, late,
not always ripening. Not mildewed. This vine was twice injured by
root killing in winter, fatally the second time.

Martha—White, a seedling of Concord, inferior to it in every respect. A
poor bearer. Not mildewed.

Mason’s Seedling—From Concord, white, medium berry and bunch, rip-
ens with Concord and about the same quality. A good grower and fair
bearer. Not mildewed.

Massasoit, or Roger’s No. 3—Brown, large berry, medium bunch, early,
good quality. It was spoiled by purple spot when that prevailed. It is
injured by white mould and by peronaspora, but generally perfects a good
crop.

Merrimac, or Roger’s No. 19—Black, very large berry, medium bunch,
very good, late but generally ripens. A good grower, moderate bearer,
not appreciably mildewed. The stamens seem to be imperfect, and only
a small part of its flowers set fruit.

Minnesota Mammoth—A poor grower and the very large grapes urneata-
ble. This is a wild vine of the Labrusca species, which does not grow
native in Minnesota.

Mountefiore—Black, small berry and bunch, rather late, probably of
good quality as the birds took them all. Not mildewed.

Moore’s Early—Black, berry large, bunch small, early, fair quality, in-
ferior to Concord. A pretty good grower but very poor bearer. Not mil-
dewed.

Noah—White, fruit destroyed by white mould.

Norton’s Virginia—Black, small berry, large bunch, late, seldom ripen-
ing, good when it does ripen. Very hardy and strong growing, and not
mildewed. ‘

Oporto—Supposed name of grape planted by Mr. Buchanan, black,
medium begry, small bunch, poor quality, inferior to Clinton. Fruit and
vine attacked by white mould, making it useless.

Pearl—White, said to be early. Severely attacked by white mould and
peronospora, making it worthless.

Perkins—Fruit totally destroyed by white mould.

Peter Wylie—White, small berry, medium bunch, very good, ripens with
Concord, good grower and fair bearer. This vine was close to spruce
trees sheltering it on the north.

Pocklington—White, berry medium, bunch large, late. It never ripened
enough to be eatable in three successive years. A good grower and
bearer. Not mildewed.

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GRAPES. 217

Salem, or Rogers No. 53—Fruit was totally destroyed by white mould.

Telegraph—Black, medium berry and bunch, ripens with Concord, good
quality. Bunch is very crowded ard grapes apt to rot in the bunch.

Ulster Prolific—Brown, small bunch, early, poor quality, poor bearer.

Wilder, or Rogers No. 4—Black, large berry and bunch, later than Con-
cord but ripens when not mildewed, very good. It is attacked by white
mould and peronospora, and lately has generally failed.

Worden—Black, large berry and bunch, early, very good, an improved
Concord. Almost destroyed by purple spot. Since the disappearance of
of that not mildewed. A great bearer, sometimes drops badly, but has
been more profitable than Concord.

I have had Clinton, Concord, Creveling, Delaware, Martha and Rogers
hybrids in considerable numbers, and for many years. The others des-
cribed are mostly new, and my experience is with one or two vines of
each, from one to two years of bearing.

My judgment of the best varieties for this neighborhood is brown varie-
ties, Delaware and Brighton (where peronospora has not appeared) Aga-
wam, Massasoit; black varieties, Concord, Worden, Black Eagle; white
sorts, Eldorado, Lady. I should add Allen’s hybrid, if I could depend
on my own trial, but that is an old sort that has not come into general
use.

DISCUSSION.

Geo. Robinson: I notice in Mr. Sewall’s paper he mentions
one grape, the Bacchus. I do not fully agree with him in what
he says about it. I would not give it room in my vineyard. I
planted twenty-five of them, and after two years I grafted
Poughkeepsie Red on the roots. Very little fruit set on the
vine, and the bunches were not full. As I said, I would not
give it room in the vineyard. I would rather plant the wild
grape of the forest than to have it there. Isaw a description
of it, and thought it would be very nice, but I had just twenty-
five more than I wanted.

Geo. J. Kellogg: I do not want to see the Worden abused.
It is a good grape; the flavor is very much better than the Con-
cord or Moore’s Early, and it is more productive.

J. W. Murray: The question I would ask is, if there is any
thing we can do to prevent the killing of buds.

J. S. Harris: There are several reasons why the vine be-
comes barren down near the roots. I presume the greatest
cause is that they are not pruned back far enough, and they
are tied up too early in the spring. My method is this: In
every vine that stands upright the sap is inclined to go to the
extreme bud first, and when I uncover my vines in the spring I
tie the tip of the vine a little lower than the balance of the vine

218 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

so that the bud nearest the root will start first. There is no
danger but the end vines will start up if you can get a start
first near the root, and you can keep your vine even during the
season, but if you tie up your vines too early in the spring in a
very short time a piece of your vine is entirely bare. Tie the
end down level or below.

Dr. Frisselle: I think your theory is a good one, but it does
not work always. Now I have noticed this in my vineyard,
especially with young vines; take a vine three years old, and
you are ready to give it its first pruning, and you have a cane
perhaps six feet long and as thick as your thumb, Now lay
this down on a horizontal wire, and you will notice that a great
many buds do not start at all. Now another point in regard to
the vines starting at the far end. If you turn the vine down ona
horizontal wire the best growth is at the base, because if the
bud is once started there it grows right up straight. There is
always a tendency to sprout close to the ground, and if not cut
out it takes away a large part of the growth:of the bud.

GRAPES.
BY GEO. R. ROBINSON, MINNEAPOLIS.

Mr. President and Members of the Minnesota Horticultural Society:

This is the first time I have had the pleasure of appearing before you at
any of your meetings and at the invitation of your honored presiding of-
ficer I esteem it a pleasure to contribute my mite to the interest of your
meeting, by relating some slight experience of recent years in the cultiva-
tion of the grape and more especially some of the recently introduced var-
ieties.

The cultivation of the grape has attracted the attention of mankind
from the earliest ages, and interest in its cultivation does not wane. In
Biblical history we learn that grapes so abounded in the Holy Land that
every family had a vineyard.

Solomon, said to have been the wisest of his time, had extensive vinyards
which he leased to his tenants, song 8, verse 12.

David in his 104th psalm says in speaking of the power, goodness and
works of God, ‘‘He causeth grass to grow for the cattle, and herbs for the
service of man; and wine that maketh glad the heart of man, and oil to
make his face shine and bread which strengthens man’s heart.” Our
Savior in several instances paid the fruit of the vine the highest compli-
ments, as at Cana of Galilee where he furnished wine to enliven a festive
occasion, and lastly he rendered the product of the vine the most distin-
guished honor of making it the permanent and lasting memorial of his
death and a symbol of man’s redemption. In view of all this and of the
high estimate man has always bestowed upon the fruit of the vine in the
universality of its use, it is not surprising that a disciple of Blackstone
and Kent should desire once in a while to be found in good company, and

GRAPES. 219

to engage in so respectable and honorable a calling as the cultivation of
the grape, which could engage the attention of a Solomon, and of many of
you members of the Minnesota Horticultural Society who perhaps may
not claim the possession of so much wisdom as Solomon had.

Many of you may think from my digression from the subject assigned to
me that I shall endeavor to palm off on this meeting a treatise on some
of the favorite varieties of Solomon’s time as new varieties, so I shall rig-
idly adhere to my subject.

Always having been an ardent lover of horticultural pursuits, I some
five years since determined to plant a vineyard on Lake Minnetonka as a
matter of pleasure to myself, but I hoped of some profit to a relative who
resides within about one mile of the hall where you held your last meet-
ing. The resolution has been carried out and has resulted in some ex-
perience which I am quite willing to give this society the benefit of.

As is the case with all amateurs in an undertaking my efforts were, in a
measure, experimental and I was desirous of planting as many new
varieties as I from inquiries concluded were meritorious. Asa result the
members of great experience in this society will, I fear, conclude that my
efforts have resulted in giving me more amusement than my relative has
derived profit and I shall not deny that such has been the result, though
I insist that my selections are generally such as are of general worth and
value.

To the energetic co-operation of my relative, however, allow me to
render the credit of making my efforts such a practical success as has
been attained.

The number planted has been somewhat upward of 1,600 vines of which
600 are the reliable and universal favorite, the Delaware. Among the
newer varieties I will name in the order I deem of greatest value, as by
observation and further acquaintance I have distinguished their char-
acteristics and adaptability to our rigorous climate.

First in quality of fruit, in productiveness, in hardiness of vine and
freedom from disease of vine or fruit is the Poughkeepsie Red, a grape orig-
inated by A.J.Caywood, of Marlborough, New York. The fruit in appear-
ance much resembles the Delaware from which it was produced by
fertilization with the Iona. The fruit issomewhat greener in appearance
when ripe than the Delaware, larger in bunch, shouldered, ripens fully
one week early than the Delaware, and by most who have tasted the fruit
preferred to the latter variety.

The season of ’88 when the foliage of the Delaware was so badly affected
by the wet, cool and rainy weather of July, resulting in what I termed
blight, when the fruit of the Delaware did not ripen, the foliage of the
Poughkeepsie was healthy, the fruit ripened perfectly and neither vine,
fruit or foliage seemed to be in any way injuriously affected by the unfav-
orable conditions. ;

In my judgment I next place as one of the best of the new varieties the
Ulster Prolific, originated by the same person last mentioned by fertiliz-
ing the Catawba with the common frost grape of the forest( Vitis Cordifolia.)
The fruit of this variety is of a perfect copper color, ripens somewhat
earlier than the Concord, is hardy, healthy and an excellent accession to
the list of our new grapes. The vine and foliage of this variety also
proved themselves proof against the unfavorable season of 1888.

220 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The Early Victor, a black grape, originated I understand in Kansas.
I would place next in the list of new grapes meriting attention from
Minnesota fruit growers on account especially of its earliness which with
us in this climate must always be a recommendation for any variety of
fruit offered for cultivation.

Among the white grapes of recent introduction the Golden Pocklington
1 would say was the best of its kind, not a prolific bearer or large bunch,
but the bunches are very compact, the taste a pleasant acid, and the vine
and foliage apparently healthy.

The Niagara I would say has been tosome extent adisappointment. Its
first years fruiting gave promise of all that was by the propagators vaunt-
ingly claimed for it, but in 1888 the fruit was specked with rot that while
it did not seem to penetrate deeper than the skin of the grape of course
rendered the fruit almost worthless. The fruit buds of this variety also
did not prove sufficiently hardy to withstand a Minnesota winter under
the same protection given to other varieties. Many of the buds both for
leaves and fruit failed, having many bare spaces upon thearms, rendering
the vines unsightly as well as barren.

Che Jessica proved a good grape of the white variety, being a prolific
bearer, healthy in vine and foliage aad entirely hardy. ;

The Empire State also is a good grape, bearing large bunches, is hardy
but not in any respect equal to the recommendations given of it by either
the propagator or the nurserymen offering it for introduction.

Should it prove to be the desire of the society at any future meeting to
hear from me as to the merits of the Eaton, Moyer, the Wyoming Red or
any others which I have experimented with, I shall be most happy to
submit a further article after a further observation of their growth and
fruiting.

DISCUSSION.

Pres. Elliot: You have heard the paper. I presume Mr.
Robinson would be happy to answer any questions.

J. W. Murray: Where is your place, Mr. Robinson?

Geo. Robinson: It is north of St. Albans Bay. AsI stated,
the place was secured for the benefit of a relative of mine, a
widow, who lives on it and cares for it with such help as I hire
for her, and I devote a little time myself to the culture of
fruits.

J. H. Harris: Have you any Brighton grapes in that collec-
tion?

Geo. Robinson: Yes, sir. It is not doing as well as other
grapes I have there. It is successful in favorable situations,
but it has not been in bearing as long as the others. The vine-
yard is planted on the south side of the hill.

Dr. Frisselle: Have you ever fruited the Poughkeepsie
Red?

GRAPES. 22

Geo: Robinson: The Poughkeepsie Red has fruited three
years.

Dr. Frisselle: How does the quality of the grape compare
with the Iona?

Geo. Robinson: I think the Poughkeepsie Red is the finest
grape I have ever tasted.

Geo. J. Kellogg: Have you fruited the Worden and Moore’s
Early?

Geo. Robinson: Yes, sir. They both do quite well.

Dr. Frisselle. How about the size of the grape of the Pough- -
keepsie Red?

Geo. Robinson: It is larger than the Delaware. The grape
is copper colored. Year before last I took some to the state
fair and many supposed it to be the Delaware. I told them to
taste it, and they said it was not the Delaware.

Pres. Elliot: We thank Mr. Robinson very much for this
paper, and we hope he will continue his investigations and re-
port to us from time to time, and if he will take it as an invita-
tion now and prepare his notes during the season and give us
a little more in detail anything in the way on insects, diseases,
or anything that troubles his vines, we shall consider it a great
favor.

M. Cutler: I wish to ask the gentleman which he considers
the best early grape, the earliest of all that is a good grape.

Geo. Robinson: The earliestof all that is a good grape is the
Jessica.

Prof. Green: Don’t you find it a little bit tender?

Geo. Robinson: I have not found it so.

REPORT ON GRAPE INSECTS AND DISEASES.
BY J. S. HARRIS, LA CRESCENT, MINN.

Mr. President and Members of State Horticultural Society :

The grape crop of 1890 was not nearly as great as average, but in the
section where my observations have extended, the shortage was not
occasioned either through the the depredations of insects or influence of
diseases, but rather from a killing frost that occurred in May, after
growth had started. I have never known fewer insects of the species
that prey upon the grape vine or fruit than we had last season, and in
fact the same was true of many other species of noxions insects. The
cause Jam unable to explain. The previous winter was not severe, and
that is said to be favorable for the wintering of the eggs, larva, chrysalis
and parent beetle. Theextreme wet of the earlier season may have been
unpropitious for the depositing or hatching of eggs. Upon my own vine-
yards I have not discovered any indications of mildew or any species of

229 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

rot. Ido not think the rows treated the previous year with Bordeaux
mixture have made as strong a growth or produced as much fruit as
those not treated, but presume I was too liberal with the application of
the mixture. In some instances I notice that vines most severely cut
back by the frost did not thoroughly ripen the season’s growth, and such
may be more susceptible to disease next season in case we should have a
superabundance of moisture.

TREATMENT OF FUNGUS DISEASES OF THE GRAPE VINE. -
BY A. W. LATHAM, EXCELSIOR, MINN.

This article is to bea brief record of my experience with this class of
grape diseases. It is necessarily brief, because the fortunate climate of
our state, so dry and clear, gives comparatively little encouragement to
the growth of fungi. Its depredations are mostly confined to the Dela-
ware grape. It is mainly the work of one species, the downy mildew, or
Peronospora. The powdery mildew, which botanists have given a heart-
rending name, with which I will not torture you, is the source of a little
annoyance upon the fruit of some varieties of the Rogers, notably, Nos. 4
and 15, and appears under favorable circuinstances upon the unopened blos-
soms of the Cottage, Pocklington and occasionally other sorts. It is easily
destroyed by an application of flour of sulphur dusted on the attacked parts
as soon as detected. If looked for closely and treated at its first appear-
ance no serious harm willfollow. Possibly a second application may be
needed later. With the downy mildew it is quite another thing. When
it appears upon the leaves of the vines, the mischief is already done and it
is too late to apply a successful remedy for that year. This disease must be
fought before hand, the vineyard must be fortified against it, and it must
not be allowed to get even a foothold. Without waiting to see whether
the weather of that particular season is to be favorable or unfavorable to
the growth of this parasite, the grower must act on the principle that it
will appear at its regular time, and do his work accordingly. The vine-
growers of this country are certainly under great obligation to the depart-
ment of agriculture for the intelligent, persistent and successful inves-
tigations it is conducting into the cause and cure of grape diseases,
especially grape rot and downy mildew. Experiments being madein many
parts of the country, furnish ground for belief that a successful rem-
edy for these diseases has been found. The treatment consists of liquid
applications of compounds, after several formulas, the active principle in
all of which is sulphate of copper, and the applications are to be made as
a preventative, beginning before the buds push in the spring and being
repeated at intervals of about two weeks till the fruit is nearly full size.
The more faithful the treatment the better the result.

The formula which appears at this stage of the investigation to meet
with most favor is called the ammoniacal copper carbonate. It is
composed of copper carbonate, 3 oz.; strong ammonia, 1 qt.; water, 22 qts.

My own experiments have been upon a limited scale and confined to a
block of 250 Delaware vines in the vineyard attached to my residence in
Excelsior. These vines have been in bearing some twelve years, and with
the exception of a few years while young have always suffered more or
less from the downy mildew. In two or three seasons the attack has been

a

GRAPES. rs

severe, appearing on the under side of the younger leaves in white patches
which soon pushed their roots into the body of the leaf, turning it yellow
and destroying its vitality. This was accompanied by the curling up of
the edges of the riper leaves, then gradually drying and falling off, till so
few leaves were left that the fruit could not ripen in a natural manner
and lacked its usual sweetness and flavor. In moist seasons the attack
has been less severe than just described and has been confined to the dry-
ing and falling of some of the older leaves, always doing, however, some
damage to the quality of the fruit.

My first experiments were made in 1889 by application mostly of the Bor-
eaux mixture, a preparation similar to the previously described formula,
but containing lime in place of ammonia. The mildew had already ap-
peared in a mild form when tke mixture was sprinkled on the vines, be-
ing then early in July, and no beneficial results followed. It was too late
for its use as a preventative.

Last summer I made furthur applications on the same vines, the first
early in June and a second a few weeks later. The formula used then was
that of the ammoniacal copper carbonate. The applications were made
in an awkward and inefficient manner by the use of a common garden
pump and nozzle.

Late in April I sent an order for a Eureka Sprayer, intending to give
thorough treatment in all my vineyards, but could not get one and was
obliged to place my order then for one to be delivered another year. The
manufacturers must be having a boom, as it hasn’t come yet. However
results of this half treatment were most satisfactory and more than met
my hopes. There was no mildew on these vines till the fruit was coloring
and within two or three weeks of gathering and then only a little and not
to do any injury to the fruit. This exemption was not because it was a
bad season for mildew, because there was the usual amount in other vine-
yards in the neighborhood and I felt that it could be fairly ascribed to the
applications made. Another season I intend to make thorough applica-
tions, beginning early and repeating them often, not only to my Delawares
but to all the varieties in my vineyards. With a suitable apparatus the
cost of making them is very small and not to be compared to the benefits
that seem likely to follow. The standing of our grapes has been very ser-
iously injured in the local market by the ravages of this pest and vine
growers fully realize the necessity of annihilating it.

REPORT ON HORTICULTURAL APPLIANCES AND MARKETING.
By M. CuTLER, SUMTER, MINN.
Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen:

The marketing of horticultural products I consider of the greatest im-
portance to the commercial grower. The farmer of Minnesota generally
has a good market at home for all the small fruits and garden vegetables
he will grow, but he who has fruits and vegetables by the acre must look
elsewhere fora market. To market successfully we must have produce of
high quality; for fruit and vegetables well grown are more than half sold.
Fruit must be of large size, good shape and color, ripe and free from dirt,
leaves and sticks. If you have dirty berries, wash and use them at home, or

294 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIBTY.

thorw them away, but never shipthem. I have had a little experience in
this line, and know whereof I speak. Have nice, clean packages of the
most popular market styles in readiness at the beginning of harvest; neg-
lect of this precaution often causes great loss.

Have good pickers engaged, and see that their work is properly per-
formed.

If you are so situated that you can do it, and like to doit, you can retail
your own berries, but I prefer to make arrangements with merchants and
hotel and restaurant keepers, and sell by the case or package, and believe
I obtain as much with far less trouble by so doing.

If harvesting is delayed at any time by rains or otherwise, so that you
have more than your regular customers will take, ship the surplus toa
commission house, and get what you can. While there are honorable
commission men in our big cities, the experience of most country shippers
is not favorable, and each year we are learning how to get along without
their services.

By keeping the mulching on part of your strawberry bed you will have
a longer time to harvest, and get more for your crop, as late Minnesota
berries have no competition from the south, and generally bring a good
price.

The same general principles apply to the marketing of vegetables as to
fruit. He who has them of good size and quality, and put up in an at-
tractive shape, generally obtains the highest price. A little style, or
some mark on packages or bunches will often attract a customer, and be
the means of making a sale.

A young lady dressed and shipped some fowls to a Chicago firm, receiv-
ing eight cents per pound for them. The next lot shipped she dressed in
fancy style. Bits of blue ribbon were tied on the legs and wings and neck;
each bird was wrapped in clean paper, and the boxes lined with the same.
This lot netted her thirteen cents per pound, with a request for more of
the same style. From this we can learn an important lesson. Our most
successful horticulturists are those who by experience have learned to
pander to the popular taste.

HORTICULTURAL APPLIANCES.

The most important appliance is a mind and brain filled with enthu-
siasm for the work. A person who considers the work of the horticul-
turist as small business should not choose it as an avocation.

Good fertilizers containing an abundance of potash for berries, and an
abundance of well-rotted stable manure for vegetables, are required on
most soils.

The best plants and seeds obtainable, cost and quality considered,
should be selected. Hotbeds are a necessity to the market gardener, and
I consider them so to the farmer who delights to have early vegetables for
home use.

Good tools are required to prepare the soil for the reception of seeds and
plants, and cultivate them while growing.

A plow that will scour in all soils; a harrow with fine teeth, to thor-
oughly pulverize the soil, is required, also a cultivator that is readily
adjusted to rows of different widths, with small steel shovels that will not
work the land into ridges; a good seed sower, with best quality spades,
shovels and hoes, constitute about all the tools needed.

SMALL FRUITS. 225

Insecticides are needed for vines and bushes; London purple or Paris
green for potatoes, and white hellebore for currant and gooseberry bushes
are good. I find white lime good for squashes and melons.

If you are growing raspberries and blackberries where high winds pre-
vail, you will need some number 12 wire and stakes. If you are cul-
tivating vegetables it will pay to have plenty of baskets and boxes
on hand; for grapes nice ten-pound baskets; for strawberries and
blackberries quart boxes in sixteen or twenty-four quart cases; for rasp-
berries pint boxes in twenty-four pint cases.

If you have a large quantity of produce of high quality to market, it
will pay to have a stencil plate and mark each package with your name
and address. According to friend Somerville, the most useful and neces-
sary horticultural appliance is the pig, which he uses both as a cultivator
and insect destroyer in his orchard. Friend Allen, of vegetable fame,
also finds him very useful as an aid in composting the large amount of
fertilizers he needs.

In conclusion, kind friends, I wish to say that I don’t know what was
expected of me when I was placed on thiscommittee. I don’t know much
about horticultural marketing and appliances as practiced and used by
our city friends, like Mendenhal, Nagel, Busch, and many others.

I don’t know why so many of our citizens prefer filthy tobacco and brain
destroying whiskey to nice fruit. I don’t know why the industrious,
sturdy, country-grown boy is not as well qualified for any position of trust
as he whose residence happens to be in the city.

SMALL FRUITS.

REPORT ON SMALL FRUIT, 1890.

BY DEWAIN COOK, WINDOM, COTTONWOOD COUNTY.

Strawberries were a very light crop, as plants wintered very poorly even
where well mulched in the fall. Late frost took some, and continued
damp and hot weather at fruiting season caused some fruit to rot. We
only got three fair pickings. Varieties preferred, Crescent and Downer’s
Prolific.

The dwarf Juneberry seems entirely hardy; yields immensely of bluish
black berries, about the size of tame black currents ; ripens with late
strawberries ; quality not quite equal to the blueberry. I did not miss
any taken by birds except a few of the latest.

Currants a faircrop. Red Dutch mostly grown. They sold readily at
ten cents per quart, and were used mostly for canning with raspberries.

Gooseberries a good crop, selling slowly at eightcents per quart.

Of raspberries I am testing some twenty varieties. The crop the past
season was from light to fair, the reds taking the lead for profit. The
Turner takes the lead in hardiness and quality and is the popular variety
for farmers ; but with me the Marlborough has superceded it for market,

—14

th) Pie

226 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

it being much larger and finer looking, being of the same season ora little
earlicr. It is much easier gathered, a much firmer berry and cane; nearly
as hardy and I think more productive, but like most of our raspberries
requires rich soil and good cultivation. The Superb is another superb
red raspberry, of immense size, firm, and of bright red color; cane a strong
grower, and ranks about with the Turner forhardiness. The Brandywine
is my standard late redraspberry. The Cuthbert has not done very well;
many of the fruit stems dry up just before the fruit ripens. We think it
is caused by some insect.

Of black caps the Souhegan ranks first. Itis early or medium early,
and a strong grower, but lacks hardiness. The Ohio isthe most reliable
black cap withme. Itoutranks them all in hardiness, but is rather a
_ Slow grower while young. The Gregg is fine for late, but like the Souhe-
gan it needs an extra covering for winter.

Of blackberries, I am testing fifteen or more varieties, but they have
all done so poorly the past three seasons that I have voted them unprofit-
able. To thedry atmosphere that usually prevails here at the time the
berries should ripen, may be laid the failure of the blackberry and the
dewberry.

Grapes have done very well, the Concord taking the lead as to hardiness
and productiveness, but on our heavy soil it does not ripen well in ordin-
aryseasons. Of black grapes I prefer the Champion, Moore’s Early and
Wordon. Of these the Moore’s Early is hardiest. Of red grapes I like
the Delaware and Brighton, and of white grapes the Martha gives good
satisfaction.

The present winter up to date, Jan. 10th, has been very mild, with
little or no snow on the ground. With us an open winter means a poor,
small fruit crop the coming season, as winter protection of canes in many
cases is needed, and so is root protection necessary. A good fall of snow
inearly winter furnishes the latter, and oftener the former. I will now
close, hoping for an immediate and heavy fall of snow, and that we may
be blest with ‘“The Horn of Plenty” (of small fruit) the coming season.

DISCUSSION.

Geo. J. Kellogg: There was one point in regard to covering
with hay and mice getting in and doing damage. There is no
use in using marsh harsh hay on anything that mice will eat.
It is unsafe to cover anything with it if there are mice within
eighty rods.

President Elliot: One dollar’s worth of strychnine, rightly
handled will protect all the strawberries that one man will
raise.

Geo. J. Kellogg: How would you apply it?

President Elliot: If you will just make some little clumps
that are thicker than the other covering and put your strych-
nine in there, it will catch every mouse on the place. If

SMALL FRUITS. Dk

you have crystal strychnine, which is the best, put it on a plate
and pulverize it and put some meal with it, stirring it up; use
just a little strychnine, just what you can take on the point of
a penknife, and fix a half dozen places.

C. L. Smith: If you mix a little grease with your meal it
will do better.

SMALL FRUIT.
BY MISS ANNIE BONNIWELL, HUTCHINSON.

Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen:

Iam requested to prepare a paper on any subject I thought best. I
know not what would be of more interest than on the different kinds and
amount of fruit grown by me last season. In regard to strawberries, on
less than one-tenth of an acre I picked two hundred and fifty quarts.
They included the Glendale, Crescents, Bubach and Windsor Chief. On
one bed of about a quarter of an acre I picked but very few quarts. They
were Park’s Beauty, Belmont and Jessa, Park’s Beauty grows remarka-
bly strong and healthy. They produce an immense number of runners
and but very little fruit. I have a large bed of Captain Jack and Fenche’s
Prolific, from which I gathered about twenty-five quarts. The quality
was notof the best, probably owing to the unusually wet weather which
prevailed at the time of ripening. My raspberries did remarkably well.
On less than one eigth of an acre I picked five hundred quarts. I think
the best varieties of red raspberries for the general cultivation of our loca-
lity are the Turner, Brandywine and Philadelphia. I would place the
Turner at the head of the list of these berries. It is a medium, round,
bright, red berry, early variety, of excellent quality, strong grower, hardy
and productive. The Brandywine is very productive, grows in large clus-
ters, but is a little too soft for shipping. It is very hardy. The Phila-
delphia is a very large, bright berry, but not very productive. In regard
to my black caps, I had about half an acre, but they were winter-killed.
They included the Tyler and Doolittle. I also have three different kinds
of currants, Red Dutch, Black and White. I have two kinds of goose-
berries; one is Houghton; the other is a wild berry which I got from the
woods, planted and cultivated. It is very productive. The berry is
larger than any other. In regard to grapes, I have several vines, but the
Concord and Worden do the best.

SMALL FRUIT GROWING IN OTTER TAIL COUNTY.
BY F. H. FIEDLER, FERGUS FALLS.

Mr. President and Members of the Minnesota State Horticultural Society :

I was requested by your secretary to write an article on small fruit
growing in Otter Tail county for the annual meeting of the society.

Now, I am more used to the grub hoe or the spade than to pen and
pencil, but if you think it is worth your time to listen to an Otter Tail
county backwoods bachelor, I will try and giveyou a few homely remarks
on my successes and failures insmall fruit growing.

228 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

I was formerly living at Perham, this county, but as the soil around
there did not satisfy my wants, it being too shallow, on gravel subsoil, I
came here to Fergus Falls this spring, where I can have more selection of
soil and location than on a sandy prairie. I am here on timberland with
clay subsoil, covered with eight to ten inches of black soil.

I will begin with thestrawberry.

I need not relate what a luxurious berry this is, for you all know that,
but I will state my success with it. Most varieties of strawberries do
best on deep rich light soil, which is naturally moist (not wet.)

In selecting a piece of ground for strawberries, care must be taken to
have it nearly level, as any considerable slope will cause the heavy rains
to wash the ground over the plants, covering up some and washing out
others.

My experience has been that it is next to impossible to manure straw-
berries too much, especially the Wilson.

I have not decided yet which time is best to plant, in the spring or in
summer, but for the inexperienced planter the former time is always the
safest, as plants planted in the early spring days will always root better,
whereas when planted in hot days of July and August when the weather
is often very dry the leaves wilt and dry up before the plant has time to
catch roots, thereby causing great delay if not actual damage.

I have tried many ways of planting in summer, but I like the following
the best :

I dig the plants to be transplanted in the morning, shut them in boxes
14 by 24 feet wide and 1 foot deep, and set away insome cool, moist, shady
spot, watering often.

I start planting them in the afternoon of the second day after digging
up.

By being kept wet and cool the plant will by this time have thrown
out many little white roots, and if handled with care will grow very
quickly. In planting, if I can, I select a time when the moon shines
brightly and plant from four o’clock in the afternoon until eleven at night.
By this method I get my plants started before the leaves wilt, and con-
sequently lose very few plants. I planted 8,000 this summer, and I do
not think I lost twenty-five. There may be other ways of planting much
better than mine, but this is the way I'll do it until I find a better way.

Mulching is indispensable here in winter. Last fall I read an article in
the ‘Farm, Stock and Home,” where a man mulched part of his bed and
left some of it unmulched, and the part not mulched came out best, so I
tried the plan too on a small scale, and I learned it was not a complete
failure, for when spring came I had on an average two plants to the
square rod still growing.

I have only fruited the Wilson and Crescent, except the last two years,
and it was so intensely dry the past seasons I cannot say much about the
other varieties.

I planted last spring, side by side, one row each of Wilson, Countess,
Bubach No. 5, Princess, Jessie, Sharplessand Green Prolific. They grew
nicely until the dry weather set in. I wanted to see which could stand
the most drought and did not mulch them. They were cultivated often.
July 15th there were growing Jessie, 66 per cent ; Wilson, 15 per cent; Bu-
bach No. 5, 1 per cent; Green Prolific, 1 per cent. The Jessie looked heal

SMALL FRUITS. 229

thy and vigorous, more so than the rest, and was the only one that made
runners.

This was at Perham, here at Fergus Falls we had more rain, and what
plants I took with me, when Icame here this spring, have grown very well.

RASPBERRIES.

I have had more success with the raspberry than any other fruit except
thecurrant. I grow them on rather dry land; but the past season was too
dry for them, and most of them did not bear much. All raspberries must
be covered in winter here in Otter Tailcounty. Ioften hear of hardy and
tender varieties. Here all are tender, and I can grow the most tender
sorts better, with protection, than the most so-called hardy, without it-
Rotton wood makes the best manure for raspberries.

_ Of the red, I grow Cuthbert, Turner and Philadelphia. I like the Cuth-
bert the best for market; and the Philadelphia for home use. Of the
black caps, the Gregg does best with me.

The Caroline is a good yellow variety. It stands dry weather better
than any other on the list. It was the only variety that got its crop all
ripened the past season without the berries drying up. The Golden Cap
seems to do well but I have not had it long enough to say anything about
its good or bad points.

BLACKBERRIES.

Somehow I have never made any progress in blackberry culture. I
think the soil at Perham is too dry for the blackberry, too much sand I
suppose.

I have tried the Snyder and Ancient Briton. I also received from the
state experiment station, St. Anthony Park, some Stone’s Hardy, but
have only two left. I think I uncovered them too early last spring. They
looked well when uncovered, but only two grew.

Ihave also some fifteen plants of the Lucretia Dewberry, which I have
had growing now for three years. They stand the winter well, if covered
up with six inches of ground; but I have not seen one berry on all of them
yet. I have often read they want poor soil. Now, if that at Perham is
not poor eneugh, I think I had better give them up as a failure. Well, I
will give them another trial.

CURRANTS.,

Of currants I grow, or have grown at some time, the Cherry, Fays Seed-
ling, White Grape, Victoria, La Versailles, Red and White Dutch, and
Lee’s Prolific.

I think the Cherry and Victoria are the best of the red varieties. The
Fays Seedling has very large berries, but not enough of them. The White
Grape I would take for the white, or yellow varieties. The Lee’s Prolific
is good for jelly, or preserving, only. It cannot be used on the table
fresh, like other currants, on account of an unpleasant taste, peculiar to
some of the native currants

All the currants, except the Lee’s Prolific, are perfectly hardy here.
The Lee’s sometimes kills back some 6 or 8 inches, and should be pro-
tected in winter.

GOOSEBERRIES.

My experience with gooseberries is limited. I planted the Cluster,
Downing and Houghton. I only fruited the Cluster. All gooseberries
need protection here.

230 “ MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

GRAPES.

So far, 1 have not had any success in grape growing. One year the
grasshoppers trimmed them forme. They started to grow again and an
early frost killed the yet unripe wood to the ground. Next spring they
were backward in growing, and again the wood was killed in the fall, and
so on, until this spring, when only some 15 grew of 800; 13 varieties in all.
Here, where I am now, I have a fine location for grapes, and I will try
them again as soon as I have money enough in my pocket. Mr. E. Munz,
of Elizabeth, some four miles from here, received some grape vines from
the state experiment station, St. Anthony Park, some three or four years
ago, which he planted in a wheat field, where they are still growing. He
never worked them any, only covered them in winter, and tied them to
stakes in spring. They were never pruned. Last fall I saw them; the
weeds were taller than the stakes, but several varieties bore a remarkable
crop for the condition they were in.

They were the first Otter Tail county grapes I ever saw or tasted, and I
think ina favorable location and under thorough cultivation, the earlier
varieties can be grown here with success.

CHERRIES.

All the cherries went over the garden wall to the trash pile except two
Ostheim; and for all I know, they too, may soon follow the rest. As yet
they are looking tip-top, but who can tell what they will be in three or
four years?

Let me call your attention to the native sand cherry. I think this
shrub should receive more notice by our horticulturalists than it does-
I have had quite an experience in raising them from seed; and I know
‘that the offspring of the same plant is very variable. Seedlings from the
same plant will not bear the same kind of fruit. Some will be of good
flavor, sweet and juicy; some will be hard and bitter; some will be
globular in shape, and some oval. In some the pit is larger, in some
smaller; and some grow more upright than others; and I think if
plants from different localities and soils were planted together we might
be able to originate a variety of cherries that would supply our wants.
Working on this line I intended to get some plants of a yellow variety
frem South Dakota, but I was so busy at the planting time this fall that
I forgot to send for them.

PLUMS.

I have only one variety of native plums, except what I dug up in the
woods. Ido not know the name of it. It seems to do well here. 1 have
had two crops off them. The -fruit is large, and of better quality than
any I know of around here. Color, yellow, with a few red marks on one
side. It ripens rather late for this section, and I am afraid it will be of-
ten frosted before it comes to maturity.

I think it is not necessary to state that other plums, or prunes, than the
native, will not stand the winter here. I presume most of you knew that
_ long before I did.

Well, ladies and gentlemen, this is about all I know of small fruit grow-
ing; and I think, with good care, and judgment, anybody can grow most,
if not all, the hardier varieties of small fruits, here in any locality. Th
reason why not more efforts are made here, to grow fruits, is; first, to
much post-auger-fence-corner planting; second, the weeds grow too high in

SMALL FRUITS. 231

a short time, and third, poor selection of plants to be planted. Only a
few months ago, an agent of a nurseryman (I do not find his name in the
last year’s report aS a nurseryman who is a member of this society) came
around here with a large book of colored plates of mammoth, small] and
large fruit, among them the Yellow Transparent apple, not much inferior
in size to a Hubbard squash, etc., not to say anything of the numerous
monstrosities preserved in alcohol. He sold his rarities for just a trifle
more than nothing; gooseberries and currants for only a dollar each.
Cuthbert raspberries at 25 cents a root, etc.

I heard of many farmers around here who bought strawberry plants at
$2.50 a hundred, and in every case I know of, it was the Crescent seedling.
Next spring the happy owners of those plants will plant them and some
of them will, perhaps, cultivate them too, but in every case everyone will
expect them to yield an immense crop. Not one has a staminate variety
to fertilize them, and no doubt, in two or three years there will be many
a man more in this county who belives that strawberries cannot success-
fully be cultivated here. If people would believe that small fruits could
be grown here they would grow them; but after having been unsuccessful
so many times it is hard to convince them of the truth.

Ido not intend to say much about apples. I have some Russians that
stood four winters, the rest of them are all on the brush pile. In closing
I would say that if you should ever intend to establish an experiment
station here I would be glad to hold the lines.

DISCUSSION.

M. Cutler: My idea is that our friend’s taste is somewhat
vitiated when he considers the Philadelphia the best raspberry
for home use. I obtained my first crop of Philadelphia last
season, and I have a very poor opinion of it, as a home berry
anyway, and asa market berry. In the first place, as a market
berry it is not the proper size and color, and the quality I con-
sider very inferior. The Turner, I think is, by all odds, the
best berry we have.

M. Pearce: I want to say one word in regard to the Caro-
line.. He speaks of the Caroline as being very hardy and pro-
ductive. I have grown the Caroline ten or twelve years. It
will endure more cold and more drouth, and produce more fruit
with the least care than any berry Lever grew. It is a yellow
berry, very large, and one of the finest table berries I ever
owned.

M. Cutler: Another point I wish to raise: I should like
to hear some discussion on raising strawberries. Our friend
says that the Wilson can be manured to the greatest extent. I
have some Wilson strawberries and set them on rich land, and
I have very poor success with them. They did not produce

232 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

anything, sol plowed them up. The Crescent were by the side
of them and yielded ten times the fruit, and I believe the Wil-
son berry can be too highly manured. Whether this is the
main cause of failure, I do not know.

C. L. Smith: About the manuring of the Wilson berry, it
makes a great deal of difference what kind of soilitis. Mr.
Cutler has a very loose, light soil that does not pack, and come
to manure it, it would not be firm enough to hold the roots and
would be affected by drouth. As tothe Philadelphia raspberry,
Brother Cutler does not like it on account of its flavor, but I
would say that it is a difference of taste. I knowa great many
people that naturally like the flavor of the Philadelphia rasp-
berry, and so far as size is concerned, if the ground is kept
moist, and if on clay soil, they will be larger in size, anda great
many people prefer them to other varieties.

R. P. Lupton: I would like to say one word in regard to
planting strawberries. The 20th of last August I set out a lot
of strawberries. I first had made two hundred tubes of tin, five
inches long and three inches in diameter. I placed one of these
tubes over each plant and pressed it down three-fourths of the
way. I placed as many of these tubes as I could handle, filled
with dirt and the plant, into a wagon and hauled them to
where | wanted to plantthem. I had my ground nice and mel-
low, and set the tub2s with the plant right into the ground and

filled the tube full of water.

' M. Cutler: What was the price of those tubes?

R. P. Lupton; Two cents a piece.

Pres. Elliott: Mr. Lupton, will you write a little paper
stating your plan and giving a cut of the tubes?

Anything further on this subject?

M. Cutler: I would like to ask the experience of market
gardeners and strawberry growers in regard to the Bubach;
whether they have been successful in growing it.

Pres. Elliott: Is there anyone in Minnesota who has
been successful with the Bubach? I would like to call upon
Mr. Kellogg, of Janesville, Wis.

Geo. J. Kellogg: Iam glad to meet with you. I was listen-
ing with a great deal of interest to these papers and discus-
cussions, and as ‘‘strawberries” is the subject of my paper the
question raised may come up later. The Bubach is the most
successful large pistillate variety grown, and it has given
general satisfaction in our country. It is the finest pistillate
variety for home use and near market. I do not think you can

SMALL FRUITS. 233

plant too many of them. Its size sells it, whether anyone
knows anything about it or not. In color it is a little light,
but it will bring two or three cents better than other berries.

STRAWBERRIES.

By Gro. J. KELLOGG, JANESVILLE, WIS.

Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen:

This subject has been so often written up in your past volumes that it
seems almost useless to take a moment of your valuable time on this
question, and but for the farmers and amateurs who are anxious to get
_ hold of your transactions, I would only touch the comparative merits of
new varieties that clamor for a place upon our lists. The best part of
any paper before a convention of horticulturists are its weak points,
thereby provoking discusssion, and I shall therefore try and make this
paper valuable in that direction.

Location of the bed, field or plantation is of the first importance, if it
can be beside a large body of water or upon high ground, where the morn-
ing breeze will protect from late spring frosts. It may be the turning
point of success or failure, but everyone having a garden should raise his
or her own strawberries.

Guard against water standing on the ground any length of time, there-
fore protect by surface drainage.

Soil. Any soil the sun ever shone upon will grow strawberries; perhaps
the best is a rich sandy loam, underlaid with a yellowish clayey loam,
being easy of cultivation and retention of moisture; underdraining will
doubtless pay on very much of our best land. Do not plant on virgin soil
direct fromr the prairie sod or the forest, such soils need five years culti-
vation before planting to strawberries, always grow some hoed crop on
the ground two years previous to planting to avoid the white grub.
Forest soil has too much leaf mould, making it too light, prairie sod is
too dry.

Preparation of the soil should begin two years previous to planting, by
heavy applications of manure fresh from the stables that has not been
exposed to the flights of the May beetle in May or June. Composts and
old, well rotted manures may do for old beds, but do not apply anything
that is liable to have the egg or larva of the white grub to new beds; pre-
pare the ground as thoroughly as you should for an onion bed.

Planting. Were I setting five acres annually, as much as I hate to-
bacco, I would use a tobacco planter. In smaller plantations set with
spade or dibble on a line mark or use a horse marker. Ifa line is used,
stretch it and walk back on the line and the marks will be plain enough
to follow and no line in the way. Rapid work can be made Ly using a
long-handled dibble, as for setting poles; but the most satisfactory work
is with a spade and the planter following on his knees. As we cannot
always have just the weather we would like, have the dry dirt kept out of
the holes and the plants fresh dug kept in dirt or water.

Varieties. We have plenty of pistillates that are very satisfactory, and
I would give hundreds of dollars to know which are the two most profita-

234 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ble pollen producing varieties now in the market for my own soil for early
and for late.

Wilson is getting feeble in its old age, in many locations, by lack of care
and culture, and with rust and disease; it is almost a failure.

Sharpless is very uncertain and almost worthless; Cumberland is too
soft, except for home use and near market; Chas. Downing is the same
and badly addicted to rust; Capt. Jack (late) is one of the best old varie-
ties when it does not rust; Piper may be retained for pollen, but the fruit
is small; Vick is about in the same fix with perhaps more rust; Mt. Ver-
non is one of the best late berries; Gandy is claimed by many as the best
late variety, not as productive as we want for a late berry; Jessie, while
quite sensitive to cold nights and northeast winds while in bloom, is the
best large berry of years standing we have ever planted that is perfect in
the blossom.

Countess, we thought, when we met it years ago on our visit to your
summer meeting, was the foundation of our fortune, for we had never
known any variety where the best picker could pick 180 quarts in ten
hours before. We planted it on old ground and on new forest soil, and
after some years of success, but no fortune, we have discarded it on ac-
count of rust and failure.

Burt may possibly be a seedling of Capt. Jack, and not identical; it does
not seem to rust so badly. Plants direct from Miss Burt herself are said
to be ‘‘Capt. Jack.”

Parker Early is commanding a good deal of attention; it is vigorous,
early, firm, perfect in bloom, promising and ‘‘exceeding 100 other varie-
ties” on some grounds, ‘‘fruiting at the rate of 15,000 quarts per acre, two
years on the same bed.”

Warfield No. 1 promises to be a mate to No. 2; it is a very fine grower
and being perfect in bloom, and as Mr. Warfield writes me it is equally
productive as No. 2, we have great hope of its general adaptation.

Michael’s Early is claimed to be ‘‘two weeks earlier than anything else,”
a persistent bearer, firm, and is exceedingly satisfactory South with us,
from last spring’s setting of 1,000 plants, it proves the most vigorous
grower of anything we ever handled, healthy in foliage, perfect in bloom,
good size and quality, firm enough to ship, andif it shall be as productive
North as South, it will be our best early perfect flowering kind; South it
is in bearing two months.

The above fourteen or fifteen varieties are all perfect in the flower and
will do for any pistillates of their season. We shall keep nosing about
among the new varieties until we find the ideal berry that will produce
from 500 to 1,000 bushels per acre.

Pistillates. Crescent stands at the head of all the old varieties for dol_
lars and cents on all soils and locations, but it lacks firmness on rich soils
and in wet seasons. Warfield No. 2 after three years trial we place at the
head of the newer varieties as the best shipper, and every other point
satisfactory; early and productive to a fault. Bubach No. 5, first for size,
productiveness and near market; Haverland is nearly equal in everything
but size; Eureka, late, combines productiveness, size, beauty, quality and
“after three years trial not a word of complaint.” F. T. Lyons, Michigan,
says: ‘Nothing in 100 varieties excels the Eureka.” Great Pacific is claimed
to be ‘‘five times as productive as Bubach No. 5.” We hope this may

SMALL FRUITS. Zao

prove true, besides in Illinois—it certainly shows health, vigor and great
push. Lady Rusk, “earlier, larger and more productive than Crescent,
better shipper than Wilson, everywhere a success.” (Stahl, Illinois.) Mrs.
Cleveland, ‘‘extra good, very large, firm, productive,” healthy and vigorous;
Miami, one of the best late varieties, everything satisfactory except a little
inclination to rust; Princess, one of your own daughters, and we expect
she will not go back on Minnesota’s record, excelled by none, equaled by
few.

Among these ten pistillates there are berries suited to all; the farmer,
who does not usually give the best of care; the amateur, who wants a
dozen berries to fill a quart; the professional grower, who hopes to clear
$1,000 per acre.

Additional to the above we have 25 new varieties growing on our
grounds, the half of their promises we shall not believe until proven. In
June and July of 1890 we repeatedly visited F. W. London’s field of 4,000
new varieties of seedling strawberries, only one year planted out and the
first crop. It seemed to us there were 600 kinds as good or better than
most of those now in cultivation; the fruit lay in heaps all over the planta-
tion, and a sight worth going 1,000 miles to see.

Pollen. Doubtless the cross fertilization of a firm berry may impart
firmness in some degree, but I have seen more influence of the atmos-
phere than of pollen, and I have not seen the marked changes in quality
and texture that some write about—but it is just a3 well to plant with
this end in view while we have so many varieties to select from.

Every writer should avoid recommending a pistillate without giving it
a mate, and it is best to have on one side an early blossom and on the
other a late variety. I have grouped the fifteen perfect and the ten pis-
tillates, and choice selections may be made successfully from each.

Some farmers want no pistillates, but I am inclined to think the pro-
duction of pollen tends to exhaust the vigor and productiveness if not
the vitality of the perfect flowering varieties; for as a class the pistil-
lates are much more vigorous and productive when properly pollenized
than are the perfect flowering kinds.

Some writers recommend one row of perfect to five pistillates. We
want two to four, and better still, every other plant in the same row a
perfect flowering sort.

Cultivation. The first year or season after planting should be thorough,
frequent, and as the season advances, very shallow near the plants. I
have seen twelve dollars mentioned as cost per acre the first year. I
should much rather put on $25.00 per acre and expect 200 fold returned in
the first crop.

Hill culture is not generally a success. Half matted rows and then
keep the runners cut, will give finest returns of fancy berries; in matted
rows of vigorous growers the plants get too thick to give satisfactory size
to the fruit. Cultivate and hoe the spring planted bed every week from
time of planting till autumn frosts. One plant set in spring is worth 25
set in August. Keep the fruit stems picked off the first season to give
vigor and success the following season.

How many seasons shall a bed be cultivated?

For market gardeners one heavy crop and under where the land is under
high culture and valuable; for the amateur as long as he can afford to

236 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

keep the bed clean and in high culture; for the farmer as long as it pays
and one year more, but he should not fail to set out two rows or more
every year—and keep those clean the first year, whatever might befall
them afterward. Often an old bed will winter without mulch and ripen
up a clean, nice lot of berries three or four days earlier than a new bed
right beside under the best of treatment, and covered with mulch. All
rows should be long enough to cultivate with a horse, saving time and
labor.

Winter mulching should be applied as soon as the ground freezes to
bear a team, or if not necessary to drive upon the beds as soonas it will
bear a man; cover the plants and paths just so you can’t see a leaf or the
ground with marsh hay, begasse, cut corn stalks or forest leaves held in
place by brush or evergreen boughs. Use nothing on the new bed that
contains grass, clover or weed seed.

Spring treatment of the strawberry bed has two sides to the question.
If 1 was on high ground I would not move any mulch if the plants could
push through—just enough so they could do this, and if weeds did ap-
pear, would pull them up by hand or use a butcher knife instead of a hoe
up to picking time; if I wanted to do anything to avoid frosts I would re-
move the mulch from the paths and one-half from the plants—cultivate
the paths lightly and hoe shallow as little about the plants as possible
(avoid working among anything while in bloom), stop cultivating long
enough before picking to replace all the mulch in the paths and tuck it
nicely under the berries. The cultivation warms up the ground and
hastens the ripening a day or two and frost does not settle as badly when
the ground is not mulched.

Picking is best done by day help and when picking is over give them a
chance to weed. In hiring by the quart pay one-half Saturday night,
balance at the close of the season. Pay double price on showing days
and on the forenoon of the Fourth of July, when it comes on Saturday.
We have used a picker’s card for many years with a conductor’s punch.

Pick the plantation four times a week, picking everything on Saturday.

Box making can be done any time during the early spring, but if you
have to hire it done it is better if help is plenty to make them as needed,
not more than a week ahead, then they are clean and free from cobwebs
and everything else.

Beds after picking—If the plants have exhausted themselves by a heavy
crop, burn and plow under immediately and put in some other crop, such
as sowed corn, cabbage, beets, celery or turnips. If it is desired to keep
the bed another year choose a windy day and burn it over, do not burn if
there is not a strong wind, as the fire will work too deep by burning. You
get rid of very many of the insect pests and it is the best thing you can do
for the rust.

Now put in the cultivator and loosen up the paths and make them
mellow and fine, hoe and cut out many of the old plants, keep clean and
let the runners fill the spaces, give a good dressing of well rotted manure
either before or after the cultivation or plowing. The plow may be used
if rows were four feet apart, after turning a light furrow turn back and
reverse by ,lowing deeply the same furrow, go over the plantation in each
space, then put on the harrow and drag it and cross drag till there is
nothing in sight but a mellow field. The plants will come through and

SMALL FRUITS. 237

do the best with the least tending of any plan we ever adopted for an old
plantation. In the small garden patch stretch two lines and spade under
a strip of old plants leaving equal amount of new plants torun and cover
the fresh dug earth and by changing the strips each year a successful bed
may be continued indefinitely if you keep the right proportion of pistil-
late plants.

More failures among farmers have come from obtaining plants from an
old bed, getting all pistillates, than from all other causes; better go or
send to some successful dealer and get two hundred plants, four varieties,
and set them two rows of a kind and between these rows your plants will
be pure for next spring planting.

DISCUSSION.

M. Pearce: I see that our friend Kellogg is opposed to pick-
ing on Sunday. It is all right, but I wish to state things just
as they are. There is a class of men who believe that the
Sabbath was not made for man, but that man was made for the
Sabbath, and they do not pick on Sunday at all. They go to
work on Monday morning and probably pick from forty to
fifty cases of rotten berries, bring them to Minneapolis
and sell them. Which is the greatest sin, to pick the
berries on Sunday or sell rotten berries? This is just the
condition exactly. Now when berries are ripe we have got
to pick them or lose money. I believe every man ought
to rest one day in seven, but I believe I am committing a great
sin when I allow what has been given me to waste, or, in
other words, pick them on Monday and sell a diseased article to
people. It produces a great amount of misery. Now this is a
question we ought to discuss. I have stated it exactly as it is.

EK. H. S. Dartt: I think there is another way of getting
around this thing without picking on Sunday. We raised quite
a lot of apples last season, and I had a Seventh Day man, a
man whose duty it was to work on Sunday and rest on Satur-
day. He picked the apples on Sunday and kept off the boys.
Now you must have some Seventh Day fellows around. [Laugh-
ter. |

R. P. Lupton: I raise berries and do not market them on
Saturday; if they do not keep over Sunday they may rot, and
I do not believe we lose anything.

J. S. Harris: I would never pick any berries on Sunday,
and my boys, who do the work, say the strawberry bed is much
better for its Sunday rest. I pick as closely as I can on Satur-
day, because that is the day people buy berries to do two days,

238 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

and on Monday morning we pick berries for our afternoon
trade, and we do not lose as much as those men who pick on
Sunday.

Geo. J. Kellogg: We pick our berries on Saturday and keep
them until Monday morning following, and we do not have a
great many rotten ones. We have the advantage of late sell-
ing Saturday night, and we have never lost anything to speak
of. We have lost more right in the middle of the week during
one of those terribly hot spells following wet weather than in
any Other way.

M. Cutler: I would like to say a few words in regard to the
different kinds of berries I have had some experience with. In
regard to the Countess, on our rich prairie soil it is nearly
valueless. On sandy land it may do well. Ido not think on
our rich prairie soil it is a good berry to plant.

Bubach No. 5 does well on our rich soil. but itis not firm
enough to ship to distant markets. It will produce more large
berries than any other kind I have ever tried.

The two most valuable are the Crescent and the Glendale. I
have succeeded best with those two kinds ‘The Glendale is
very hardy, is very profuse in blowing, and makes one of the
best fertilizers. The Jessie will do well, provided it is kept
covered late in the spring. Ifa cold spell comes when in blos-
som they will wilt and drop off.

Col. Stevens: Iam sorry to hear my friend Kellogg speak
as he does in regard to the Wilson. He says the Wilson is a
tender berry. Such is not the case. In some portions of the
northwest the Wilson is the favorite berry, and if proper cul-
ture is given I do not see why it should run out. It certainly
has been the friend of all horticulturists in the United States.
It is aberry that grows in Oregon, California, Maine or Florida.
I do not think there isany other variety that can take the place
of the Wilson.

Prof. Green: There were one or two varieties mentioned as
of little value. Mr. Kellogg spoke about the Lady Rusk. I
had Lady Rusk last spring. It grew very strong, but when
spring came it did not start ac all; it seemed to be badly injured
in the roots.

As to Park Beauty, Mrs. Bonniwell says it did not do well
with her. In my opinion it is the best berry we have, but it
should be raised on high clay land. It does very well with
me, indeed.

Geo. J. Kellogg: Iam glad to hear Col. Stevens pitch into

SMALL FRUITS. 239

the Wilson, or into me. I would like the Wilson’s friends to
stand up and defend it, but the Wilson is not paying one-tenth
what itdid twenty-five years ago. It has been the finest berry
we have ever had in the United States. It has degenerated. I
can call it by no other name.

In regard to the Lady Rusk, I think it is one of the best va-
rieties. There is no plant that will do well everywhere. I
cannot name five varieties that will do well anywhere.

M. Pearce: I think there is no doubt but what we can grow
the Wilson, but no ordinary man can do it, and I will tell you
why. There is no plant that grows that is more liable to rust,
or rather, fungoid, than the Wilson. Ican grow almostas pure
a Wilson to-day as I ever could, but you must use a great deal
of care in regard to this fungoid. It seems to work more on
the Wilson than any other variety. It seems to be sure death,
destructive to the crop every time. The plants die off when
the fruit is about two-thirds grown. I would not recommend
the Wilson for general planting among farmers. An expert
can grow them. I do not think the Wilson will ever degenerate,
but everybody cannot grow it.

J.S. Harris: I will take some exception to Mr. Pearce. I
do believe that the Wilson, which we can procure now, has de-
generated and gone back. Itis not what it was twenty-five
years ago. ‘Twenty-five or thirty years ago I raised as good a
crop of Wilson on my grounds as I now raise Crescent, and I
have discarded the Wilson, even for fertilizing purposes.

Judge Moyer: I live out in Western Minnesota, way out on
the back prairie, near the west line of the state. I have tried
a good many years to raise Wilson strawberries, but never
could raise any at all. The Wilson is an entire failure out
there.

H. W. Gordon: A year ago last spring I plowed up about
three-fourths of an acre, which, when I settled on my place
was a regular duck puddle—I could shoot ducks there all sum-
mer long. <A year ago last spring I plowed it up and put it
into corn and cultivated it reasonably. Last spring I plowed
it again and planted the Wilson, and I never saw nicer looking
plants than those Wilson are now. ‘They were entirely free
from rust, but what the fruit will be I can tell you better next
winter.

M. M. Frisselle : You have heard something about the Wil-
son and something about rust. Now has some one not some
remedy for rust. It is generally supposed there is a dete-

240 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

rioration in the soil or in the plant, or both, which causes this
fungus to act upon the plant. It occurs to me there must be
some good reason for the rust attacking plants, and I think
one reason is that the soil has been impoverished. Now I rec-
ommend that the soil be made good again, and I think the
plants will do their duty when we get the soil in proper condi-
tion. I think we have something that is a remedy for this
rust. It attacked my Wilson last summer very badly, and I
made a vigorous application of sulphur to the bed. I bought
fifteen pounds of sulphur and put it on the bed and I saved my
berries.

President Elliott : How much ground ?

M. M. Frisselle : About four rods by six.

Geo. J. Kellogg : I wish to say one word in regard to dete-
rioration of soil. I have planted on ground that has not had
strawberries on for the last four thousand years to my knowl-
edge and the rust is just as bad as on that which has had
strawberries for the last thirty years.

E. H. S. Dartt : Although the Wilson may be just as good
as itever was, we have made improvements in the last twenty
years, and we have varieties that are just as good as the Wil-
son ever was.

President Elliott : Professor Lugger, will you please come
around here ? We want to get some information from you in
regard to this fungus.

Prof. Otto Lugger: The fungus isa disease that attacks every
known variety of strawberries, even wild ones. It is a condi-
tion of the leaves that attracts the fungus. German varieties
are hardly ever attacked by it. Strawberries in the state of
nature always grow more or less shady, in which I think we
have the solution of the question. If plants were properly
protected it would remedy it to some extent, but not entirely
so. It is also well known that any plant that is bearing for any
number of generations becomes weaker, when it is more apt to
be attacked.

In regard to the experiment made with rust, an application
of Bordeaux mixture will generally be found effective if well
applied. The disease is kept over winter in the form of spore
cases. Towards spring, if the conditions are favorable, the
spores open and the fungus again attacks the plants. So it is
important to remove in the fall as many dead leaves as we can,
take them away from the strawberry beds, and then applications

SMALL FRUITS. 241

of Bordeaux mixture, say three or four times early in the sea-
son, will prove an effectual remedy.

J.S. Harris: In regard to hoeing strawberries in the spring,
my experience and my observation have both convinced me that
it is dangerous to put the hoe or cultivator between the rows of
strawberries in the spring. If you run a cultivator in the straw-
berry patch on an afternoon of those days preceding a hard
frost the next day you will find them done for; and if you runa
cultivator through before the blossom they will not fertilize.
Now I am convinced that the failure of the strawberry crop
spring before last was on account of cultivation. I was in a
patch where there should have been one hundred quarts a day
picked, but there were not ten. My neighbor had nearly a
total failure of strawberries last spring, and he kept his men
and women at work in the patch hoeing and working up the
soil; on my place where we did not even pull the weeds we had
the best crop in fifteen years.

Wm. Somerville: I ask for information. I am going around
trying to induce farmers to raise fruit, and especially strawber-
ries, aS we know they can be raised all over Minnesota, and I
recommend some six varieties that would do best from the
farmers’ standpoint. These farmers do not want too many var-
ieties, and I have made a selection here of some six varieties
that I recommend to farmers, and the information I want is
that if there is anything better I want to know it, for the farmer
wants the very best he can get. I have recommended the Cres-
cent, Jessie, May King, Captain Jack, Warfield and Bubach.
Now if there is anything better I can recommend to farmers, I
want to know it.

M. Cutler: I believe by setting two rows of Crescent and
one row of Glendale farmers will get more berries than from
any other two kinds of the whole list. I know this from my
own experience on low land and high land. I have beds that
have produced three large crops in succession without any cul-
tivation after the first year. From about one-fourth acre on
low land I have obtained nearly one thousand quarts three suc-
cessive years, and that small patch was not cultivated after the
first year. The Glendale is a very hardy variety and holds its
own until the berry has exhausted itself.

Geo. J. Kellogg: With us the Glendale has become almost
a failure. It produces a large berry with a great deal of straw
around the butt end of it. The calyx is the biggest part of the

Salts

242 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

berry. You put a few in a box and you have more straw than
berry. I would refer to another point in regard to the Glen-
dale; it is very late to set beside the Crescent.. The farmer
can choose as you have four other varieties, and he can have
two late ones. Beside the Crescent he can set the May King,
either one of those two, and can set beside the latter kinds,
Captain Jack. If the Glendale is doing well in your locality
do not refuse it. If a neighbor has anything in the way of
fruit that is doing well go for that variety, I do not care what
it is.

Wm. Somerville: You are well aware that when I recom-
mended our Red Wing people to set out berries they naturally
asked the question, What’ would you recommend? and how
would you set them? I have recommended setting alternate
rows, one or the other of the five or six varieties, and they
have generally been satisfied with that. I have questioned
different parties to find out if this gave general satisfaction,
and it-is the general consent of all parties that that was as
good as we could recommend.

J. S. Harris: Mr. Somerville is talking from a farmer’s
standpoint and I think his recommendation is a good one. The
commercial gardener would want to plant a little different.
Instead of planting alternate rows he would want as many vari-
eties of the other as he could get, and would want a staminate
variety on the outside of them as a fertilizer for the whole
patch. As Mr. Somerville’s work is with the farmers I think it
is a very good idea to have even staminate varieties among the
pistillate, but I think it would do as well to have two and two.

Mrs. Anna Bonniwell: I hope if Mr. Somerville comes to
our place, Hutchinson, he will not recommend the Captain
Jack, because it does not do well with us.

J. H. Wilcox: In view of the fact that our friend Somerville
is recommending the list he is giving us to farmers for cultiva-
tion, I would like to ask if there is any one present who has
had experience with and made a success of cultivating May
King?

M. Cutler: I have had the May King the last three seasons.
Two years ago last spring I set it out and it does well with me,
bearing a good crop. Of course, the two last seasons have
been rather unfavorable for all kinds of fruit; but the Jessie I
think is ahead of the May King; it is just as rank growing a
plant and produces a larger berry, and I would select the Jes-
sie in preference to the May King.

SMALL FRUITS. 243

BLACKBERRIES WEST OF THE BIG WOODS.

BY M. CUTLER, SUMTER

Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemén :

If there is anything that will make a western emigrant’s mouth water,
and made him think of the days of ‘‘auld lang syne,” it is the sight of a
nice dish of fresh blackberries, sprinkled with white sugar. As 1 attempt
to fix my thoughts on the subject of this paper, memory carries me back
to childhood’s days, when such a thing as a cultivated blackberry was
unknown, and few wild ones obtainable. But what a change twenty-five
years have made. To-day the most popular brand of canned goods in the
St. Paul market comes from that same county. I refer to the Batavia,
Genesee Co., N. Y. brand. So I believe nearly as great a change can be
made in fruit growing in Minnesota. The blackberry is a native of this
state and no doubt ere the foot of the white man trod its soil, when the
fawn bounded over its hills and drank at its limpid streams, the wild
savage regaled himself with this delicious fruit.

With the knowledge I have obtained as to its cultivation and manage-
ment and with the experience I have had, I am fully convinced it can be
successfully grown in any part of Minnesota where corn will ripen.

I have about one-half acre in bearing and obtained seven hundred
quarts the past season with no cultivation but covering for winter, mulch-
ing and mowing out the suckers. The crop would have been larger had
not the mice girdled many canes last winter, caused,;by my covering with
hay instead of dirt.

Several farmers on the prairie told me their bushes were well loaded
without winter protection, but last winter was very mild and is not a
safe precedent to follow. Good plants of the best kinds can be obtained
of nurserymen for three dollars per hundred. Snyder for early, Ancient
Briton and Taylor’s Prolific for late, do well with me. If I wished to
enlarge my plantation I would try the Lawton, as I believe with winter
protection it would succeed here,

Plow furrows eight feet apart and five or six inches deep. Set the
plants four feet apart intherow. Early spring I consider the best time
to set them.

Cultivate about the same as corn, keeping the ground as level as possi-
ble. Cultivation should cease by the first of August. About the first of
November the canes should be laid down and covered. To do this takea
five or six tined fork and loosen the ground around the roots, place the
tines about two feet from the ground against the bush and the foot against
the roots of the bush and gently push it over to the ground, then have an
attendant throw on dirt until covered. It is quickly done, and they are
safe from the snow and frost.

I think six days labor will coveran acre. As soon as the frost is out of
the ground, remove the dirt from the bushes, and raise them to their
original position. Set stakes twoor three rods apart, and string about
number twelve wire each side of the row, fastening it to the stakes about
two feet from the ground.

Old bushes should be removed before covering in the fall.

I have never known of a serious case of cholera infantum or other sum-
mer complaint where children had free access to plenty of fresh, well

244 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ripened small fruits, and consider the blackberry the healthiest of all. In
behalf of your brighteyed children, and noble, self-sacrificing wives, I
once more appeal to the sturdy yeomanry of this great western prairie to
provide a generous supply of home grown small fruit for your families.

DISCUSSION.

M. Cutler: There is one point we might make in regard to
covering the bushes after they are two or three years old, that
is in laying them down at right angles with the row, then in
taking them up they will lean one way, and the berries will
nearly all be on one side of the row, which makes it a great deal
easier to gather the fruit.

Wm. Somerville: Before you lay them down you cut all the
tops back?

M. Cutler: Yes, sir.

J. S. Harris: The Lawton is a variety that ripens very late.
It is also rather more tender than any other variety I have
tested, and it is much harder to get out of the ground after it
is once in than any I ever got hold of, and I do not think it will
bear more than one year out of four.

Wm. Somerville: I would like Mr. Cutler to tell us how he
plants and cultivates blackberries for the first two years, as I
belong to the institute corps and would like to gather all of
the knowledge I can at this place on the present occasion.

M. Cutler: In answer to friend Somerville 1 would say, as I
said in my paper, I would set them rather deep, for this reason:
some seasons we are apt to have a dry spell in the fore part of
the season, and the blackberries should be set four or five
inches deep.

In the second place, I would not make the land too rich; just
ordinary soil. If the land is too rich the soil will dry out, or
they will make too rank a growth of bushes, and where a bush
grows too rank it does not produce much fruit.

They are not likely to grow over two feetthe firstyear. Af-
ter the first year I would lop them off at about three feet high.
Cultivate the same as you would corn, but, as I said in my
paper, do not cultivate too late, because this vine gets too
much growth later in the season and is more tender.

M. Pearce: There is one point I would like to speak of
The blackberry starts very early in the spring; it is very likely
to get too early a start. I think the red raspberry and black-
berry should always be planted in the fall; it will do in the

SMALL FRUITS. 245

spring, but will give better results by fall planting, because
they die back to the ground if planted in the spring.

DISCUSSION ON RASPBERRIES AND BLACKBERRIES.

C. H. Gordon: Mr. Thayer, in your extensive culture of
raspberries and blackberries will you please tell us how you lay
them down?

M. A. Thayer: The laying down of your blackberries and
raspberries is a very important feature in the growing ofsmall
fruit, and it seems to me that in this climate it is an absolute
necessity for small fruit growers to follow this method, and if
you cannot do it successfully then do not raise fruit.

In my plantation the rows run north and south. When the
time comes to lay them down I remove the dirt from the north
side of the hill, close to the hill, about three or four inches
deep. I gather the tops of the bushes in a close form with a
wide fork, and then with the foot placed at the base of the hill
press down firmly, and that will bend the root at the same
time you bend the top; that is, while you are bending over the
top press hard with the foot on the base of the hill, which will
bend the root and assist in bending over the whole bush. Bend
it in the root or ground and lay the bush towards the north.
Then the next hill I lay down in the same way so that the tops
reach the base of the preceding hill, which makes a continuous
row. In laying down the bushes it is of great importance, and
facilitates the work very much, if the roots are bent in. Two
men can lay down a half acre of bushesaday. I laid down
twenty-five acres this year and covered them with dirt, just
enough dirt to partly cover them. Redand black raspberries
that are hardy I merely cover the tops. The Ohio, which I
consider as hardy as any black raspberry, I covered a portion
of, last year. Those not covered yielded a bountiful crop, but
those covered paid enough extra to pay for the work. I cut
out the old wood as soon as done bearing.

R. P. Lupton: How many canes do you leave in a hill?

M. A. Thayer: For raspberries I usually leave six or eight.

Dr. Frisselle: How near are they together?

M. A. Thayer: Three feet in the row and seven feet apart. I
pinch the canes off at about eighteen inches. I thinkit is an ab-
solute necessity to success. I pinch the new growth when itis
about eighteen inches long. The laterals I cut back to ten or

246 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

twelve inches. With blackberries it is different. You under-
stand that the fruit is produced on the end of the laterals, and
if you trim those laterals you destroy the crop, while in your
black raspberries they should be cut back to make a success of
it. lI have pruned my blackberries to prevent an overproduc
tion of fruit. The laterals grew out so thick and were so
crowded with fruit that if allowed to grow to the full extent
there was danger of injuring the whole crop, sol cut back
thirty to forty per cent. of the fruit. I go through with a
sickle and cut them off two feet or such a matter, and in the
spring of the year I trim them back more. My red raspberries
I pinch in the spring when about eighteen inches high, but I
do not trim in the spring.

C. H. Gordon: Please state more accurately in regard to the
trimming of blackberries.

M. A. Thayer: To grow blackberries, you want to pinch your
canes at twenty inches high, eighteen or twenty. It is best to
keep them low; it causes those laterals to grow stronger and
in greater abundance. We want them low on account of laying
them down. Ido not trim any more in the spring. I do not
trim off those laterals.

C. H. Gordon: Do you trim any time during the summer?

M. A. Thayer: I leave that all summer. The fruit of the
blackberry grows on the end of the vine.

R. P. Lupton. You speak of your rows running north and
south; why is that?

M. A. Thayer: Ifyou lay out your rows north and south you
get an equal distribution of the sun during the season, that is
one thing. Another, by laying them north and south as you
raise them up in the spring the bush is inclined to the north,
the new shoots come out on the north portion of it, and during
the heat of the day they are protected from the direct rays of
the sun. Understand me, in the growing of small fruits there
can be no iron-clad rule laid down in regard to those minor de-
tails. The location of the place of planting, the quality of the
soil, the variety of the plants, the manner of cultivating and
trimming must depend largely upon circumstances, and they
must be determined in a large degree by your own judgment.
But in the growing of small fruits there are certain principles
or certain necessities that cannot be omitted without loss or
probable failure. The ground must be rich and well cultivated,
the plants must be vigorous and of a variety suited to your lo-
cality.

SMALL FRUITS. 247

C. H. Gordon: Are you in favor of rich land for black-
berries?

M. A. Thayer: No, sir.

O. F. Brand: Clay soil or sandy soil?

M. A. Thayer: Sandy soil.

C. H. Gordon: Have you tried strawberries on marshes?

M. A. Thayer: No, sir.

Mrs.A.Kennedy: Do you get a larger amount of fruit on the
north side than on the south side?

M. A. Thayer: Yes, I think I do.

C. L. Smith: I think there is only one thing in which Mr.
Thayer should make a correction. When he spoke of laying
them down he said he would take away the dirt tothe depth of
three or four inches. My experience is that six inches is bet-
ter.

M. A. Thayer: Ordinarily three inches will do, but when the
season is very dry we must take six.

QUESTION BOX.

1. ‘What is the actual cost per quart of strawberries ready
for market? What for blackberries?”

E. H. S. Dartt: That cannot be settled definitely.

M. Cutler: It depends upon labor and the price you get for
your crop.

Geo. J. Kellogg: Three cents per quart for strawberries.

2. ‘How much will it cost to place one acre of blackberries
in bearing condition?”

Geo. J. Kellogg: One hundred dollars.

3. ‘How shall we protect small fruits in winter?”

EK. H. S. Dartt: Cover them.

M. Cutler: I would say to whoever asked that question that
if he will read our horticultural reports for the last three or
four years he can get the information.

4. ‘Where can shepherdia argentea (buffalo berry) be ob-
tained for a reasonable price?”

Pres. Elliott: Oliver Gibbs, Jr., Ramsey, McCook County,
South Dakota.

5. Which is the best time to transplant currant bushes ten
or twelve years old, and how far should the tops be cut back?”

Pres. Elliott: The best time is then to put them in the brush
pile and take new stock.

248 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

6. ‘Is the Crandall currant hardy in Minnesota?”

Prof. Green: It stood last winter successfully. This is not
an endorsement.

7. ‘*What are the best five varieties of strawberries?”

Geo. J. Kellogg: Jessie, Wilson, Crescent, Bubach and
Warfield.

J. M. Underwood: Crescent, Warfield, Wilson and Captain
Jack.

8. ‘*What mulch is best for blackberries and raspberries.”

C. L. Smith: Cultivation.

9. ‘*‘What is the best method for keeping accounts with
berry pickers?”

Geo. J. Kellogg: Mr. President, we have adopted a card with
figures and letters which will contain about three hundred
quarts and every quart is punched with a punch carried by the
overseer in the patch. We pay off every Saturday night. There
are those who use tickets for each quart. We punch on this
card from one to eight quarts. Our carriers contain eight
quarts. I like that plan of using a punch a great deal better
than using tickets. Some have one way, some another; any
way to keep the account straight and satisfactory.

PARK ORNAMENTATION.

ADDRESS OF PROF. SAMUEL B. GREEN, BEFORE THE ST. ANTHONY PARK
CITIZENS’ LEAGUE, MARCH 3, 1891.
(Furnished for Publication by Request.)

Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen:

The subject given me for this evening is that of flowers for park orna-
mentation. I shall not stick very closely to the text assigned me but will
follow the example so often set by illustrious ministers of having a text
and reading it and then talking about anything they choose.

MULCHING TREES.

I wish first to speak of the subject of mulching trees. All newly set
trees that do not have the soil frequently stirred around them should be
mulched. This should consist of grass, sawdust or other material that
will protect the surface of the soil from evaporation. It should extend
for at least two feet on all sides of the tree, and is nearly as essential
for trees that are as for those that are not to be watered. The neglect
of this precaution by planters is frequently a cause of great loss.

PROTECTION. P

Many trees are set out without their stems being properly protected.
All street trees should be covered in some way against stray animals, or
those belonging to the vicious, careless or lazy who alone tie horses to, or

PARK ORNAMENTATION. 249

allow them to gnaw street trees. If no other method seems available a
very effective and always successful protection may be secured by wrap-
ping the trees with old pieces of bagging or other cloth, but as this is not
very ornamental it would look better to use some of the more improved
ways.

PRUNING ELMS.

Most of the elms that have been set in the park were set as bare poles
and after a season’s growth many pendulous branches have generally come
out near the top. It will be a good plan to at once cut these branches
back to within an inch of the main stem. After this treatment the buds
at base will start strongly and the trees will be of much better form than
if left to grow naturally.

PLUM TREES.

There seems to be a very general impression that fruit trees can not be
successfully grown here in gardens. I think this a mistake. If you do
not plant any other fruit you should at least plant a few plum trees of
the improved native sorts. Some of these are as hardy as elms and bear
an abundance of good sized fruit of excellent quality. The De Soto is the
variety that generally gives the most satisfaction in this state.

SHRUBS.

There seems to have been little attention thus far paid to improving
our park by planting flowering shrubs. This is an important line of
work for beautifying our homes. It can be overdone, but there is hardly
alotin this park but what would be greatly improved by a judicious
planting of them. They form admirable screens to protect back yards
from too great publicity and to cover up unsightly outbuildings; to define
without stiffness the outlines of your property, and to set off and as it
were serve as jewels in the lawn frame surrounding our home. Besides
which they may be so selected that you will have some of them in flower
during nearly all the entire growing season.

Among those which are perfectly hardy and thrive with very little care
are the following:

Missouri Currant.—This well-known hardy shrub is one of the cleanest
early spring flowering plants that we have. It grows strongly and flowers
profusely, and is well adapted for the purposes of screens and ornamenta-
tion.

Lilacs.—All of these except the narrow leaved kinds are very desirable.
The white variety is probably the most attractive. They are very valu-
able as screens and for hedge purposes. The common purple kind isa
freer grower than the white.

Spireas.—Most of the shrubby spireas are hardy and desirable here. I
would call especial attention to S. Van Houtii, S. Douglassii, S. Reeosii,
and the Golden Leaved spirea. The latter is very pretty in both flower
and foliage.

Snowball.—You have all known it from childhood. It is very attractive
with its white balls of sterile flowers.

High Bush Cranberry.—This is the natural form of the snowball, and
it bears edible fruit and grows in our native woods. It is pretty in flower
and foliage, and is especially attractive in autumn when loaded with its
red fruit.

250 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Bush or Tartarian Honeysuckle.—These are all hardy and desirable.
They grow about eight feet high and fiower profusely every year. There
are several varieties, which differ principally in the color of the flowers.

The Snowberry isa nice clean shrub, which bears white berries that
hang on the branches all winter. Very desirable.

The Garland Syringa is hardy and a good, free flowering shrub. It
should have a somewhat protected location. The flowers and their de-
licious fragrance and beauty are well known to you all.

A very pretty shrub is the Red Twigged Dogwood. It is a native of our
woods and makes a nice lawn plant. Its white corymbs of flowers are
very attractive in summer, while its red bark is an attractive feature for
a winter landscape.

Buckthorn.—I refer to the weil-known English buckthorn so often
used in the eastern states for fine hedges. It makes a fine hedge or lawn
tree here, is perfectly hardy, and will withstand almost any amount of
dry weather or cold.

Hydrangea.—The hardy hydrangea is, I think, to-day the most popular
lawn shrub grown. It flowers in August, when most other flowers are
gone, and its great nodding panicles of white flowers are very beautiful
while they remain white, and, in fact, until they drop off on the approach
of winter. It is quite hardy, and every lawn should have at least one
such representative.

The Red-Berried Elder is a native shrub of much value. The Buffalo
Berry, which isgrown on the prairies of the Dakotas and in most severe ex-
posures in Montana and Wyoming, is very beautiful with its white foliage
and trim habit. It is dioecious, and so one must have both pistillate
and staminate forms to secure the beautiful red fruit for which it is noted.

ORNAMENTAL VINES.

Probably the best ornamental vine we have is the Staminate form of our
native grape. It is perfectly hardy and a vigorous, clean grower of good
habit. The flowers are not conspicuous, but have a fragrance which I
think fully equal to that from the English violets. It is invaluable for
covering verandas and out-buildings.

Woodbine, Virginia Creeper, or Five-Fingered Jack, by each of which
terms it is designated, is a native plant and very popular wherever known.
It is used in great quantity wherever gardening is an art. It is well
worthy a place near your front porch, and will repay good care and gener-
ous manuring as quickly as any climber I know.

Clematis Vitecelli is a desirable climber with purple flowers and shonld
have a chance for it is very hardy and flowers nearly all summer. It will
make a pleasing contrast with the Virginia Creepers. Many others
might be mentioned but these are most valuable.

WINTER GARDENING.

I wish now to call your attention especially to a phase of garden orna-
mentation, which is at present attracting much attention in some parts
of this country and Europe, and that is to planting so as to secure a
bright and pleasing effect from our gardens and lawns in winter as well
summer. This is very important and is essential to the highest adorn-
ment of our homes. In some of the eastern states there are very elabor-
ate plantings made with this especial purpose in view. However, they

FLORICULTURE. 251

have many hardy plants there which we cannot grow here that are very
effective when thus used, but we, too, can do much in this line. For
this reason we should use evergreens of various kinds and forms, but as
their habit is rather sombre and heavy they should be enlivened by con-
trasts with the bright bark of the golden willow or red-twigged dog-
wood and the white berries of the snowberry, the scarlet fruit of the bit-
ter-sweet, the bark of the white birch, etc. This is a very delightful
form of gardening, and when once attempted will lead to most satisfact-
ory results. It prolongs our interest and pleasure in the garden and
plants throughout the year, and surely it will add much to the attract-
iveness of this beautiful park.

QUESTION BOX.

1. ‘‘What are the best hardy flowering shrubs for Minne-
sota?”

Sec. Green: In the report for 1890 there is a good article on
shrubs for general planting by Gus. Malmquist.

President Elliot: We have in our own state some of the
finest hardy shrubs in the United States,—our own natives,—
and I hope some one will take that thing in hand and go to cul-
tivating hardy shrubs. Our park commission here is using
a great many of them in the parks.

2. ‘Is rosa rugosa (the single Japanese rose) hardy in Min-
nesota?”

Prof. Green: We have it, but I do not know'that it is of
much importance. ea

3.. ‘Cornus florida (flowering dogwood) is reported as grow-
ing wild in southeastern Minnesota. Is it hardy in cultivation?”

J. S. Harris: I doubt very much about its being hardy. In
the winter of 1872 and 1873 there was a plant reported on the
Red river, but I have never seen it.

FLORICULTURE.

THE CHRYSATHEMUM SHOW.
BY COL. J. H. STEVENS, MINNEAPOLIS.
Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen:

I am down in the program of this session to address you on the first
“mum” exhibition in Minneapolis. The word ‘‘mum” originated with
John Thorpe, of Pearl River, the first president of the American Floral
Association. Ido not think that our executive committee who arranged
the program, expected that I should exclusively use that word on this

252 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

occasion. Be that as it may, I prefer to leave provincialism out in this
address, and speak of the original name—the chrysanthemum—the prim-
itive color of which seems, from the derivation of the word chrysos, gold,
and anthos, flower, to have been yellow; it belongs to the same natural order
as the daisy. Its origin is very remote, cultivated varieties having been in
existence in Japan and China for at least 2,500 years, and are supposed to
have been derived from an indigeneous plant, the chrysanthemum indicum,
the flower of which is small, single and of a yellow color. In 1824 there
were only about thirty varieties in England: now there are hundreds, if
not thousands, and in this country there have been 239 new varieties
registered with the secretary of the American Association; all of a recent
date--for it has only been a few years since its introduction in America
for general cultivation.

November, the month of short days, and so often gloomy skies, brings
the annual glories of the chrysanthemums. The first exhibition in Min-
nesota was held under the auspices of our worthy president, Wyman
Elliot, in this city during that month last autumn, and it brought the
annual glories of the flower. Nowhere in all the year was there a time
when there was gathered such a variety of brilliant colors. Its wonder-
ful variety, both of color and form, is the most remarkable thing about it.
These late flowers are not marked like the roses and violets by sweet odors:
nature gives fragrance to her spring blossoms, rather than to those of the
autumn. But she compensates these latest of all the year’s flowers by giv-
ing them, instead of fragrance, such a dazzling blaze of varied colors, that
in the collection like the exhibition in Minneapolis, where the best kinds
were seen, the visitor was half dazed by the brilliantly contrasting
glories, on all sides, and he hardly knew which way to turn. The bright-
est, most showy flowers were those of the deep, intense golden hues, of
which there were many shades and varieties—the king of all being the
Golden Dragon, the imperial national flower of Japan. Its splendid
beauty, in its flowing and gracefully twisted petals, has not yet been sur-
passed. Some of the gorgeous velvety red varieties are highly attractive;
while the finely shaded. delicate pinks constitute a charming class, some
of which are exquisitely beautiful. The incurved terra-cotta colored
kinds, making the flower almost a large ball, the petals reddish on one
side and cream colored on the other. were much in favor with the visitors,
as were some of the streaming-petaled pure white varieties, whether
incurved or twisted. Of the whole immense exhibition such pure white
kinds as the Robert Bollomly were deservedly favorites. The intense
deep gold of the Solomon’s Temple, is sure to catch and hold the eye;
while some of the fluffy golds and whites of various names were not less
attractive.

The rapid and enormous development of the chrysanthemum within
the last half a dozen of years, is one of the most remarkable illustrations
of the possibilities of the Darwinian law of evolution. China and Japan
were far in advance of us in this art, for art it certainly is, and it is from
their splendidly developed varieties that this country and Europe have
obtained many of the most admired existing kinds. But, backward as
our country has so long been in its appreciation of this showy autumnal
flower, it is making amends for the deficiency, and with characteristic
haste and fervor. In many of our eastern portions the annual chrysan-

FLORICULTURE. 253

themum show is already one of the minor events of the year. Atlastithas
reached Minnesota, and Minneapolis as usual led the van in the celebra-
tion last November. It was remarkably attractive in the great range,
variety and wonderfully developed beauty of the many styles exhibited.
We were all surprised; not one in a hundred of the visitors had any idea
that such a pleasure awaited them in the two halls where the flowers
were exhibited. The florists and gardeners are fully up to the importance
of producing new varieties of their own for our Minnesota citizens. It is
one of the wonders of the chrysanthemum that the plant is susceptible
of such an almost endless development of form and color; new kinds are
brought out constantly. There seems to be no end to its possibilities.
As yet but one or two of so-called fragrant varieties have been produced;
the realm of sweet odors is one into which theenterprising developers of
these showy fiowers have not yet succeeded to any marked degree in lead-
ing them. But that domain, too, is no doubt ere long to be conquered and
made to yield its attractions to the chrysanthemum, as already done by
the world of colors. R

In this latter field little apparently remains to be achieved. With the
exception of bright blue and clear scarlet, we recall no hue or shade of
color in all the great chromatic scale, that it has not required. When
these colors shall have been obtained, and a varied fragrance added to the
charms of the many kinds, what more can be desired for this superb
flower of autumn?

Which is the most attractive flower—the rose—queen of flowers, and
full of all sweetness; or the big curled and tangled blossoms of the chrys-
anthemum, in their rich, deep gold, their velvety red, their many shades
of pink and all the other hues—not excepting what is perhaps the most
charming of all—the rich, pure virgin white. The queenly rose, though
she lasts only a day or two at her best, while the chrysanthemum lasts
two or three weeks, will nevertheless doubtless remain the favorite flower;
for her beauty and sweetness combined, she can never be dethroned; but
the chrysanthemum makes a far greater variety of fine colors. There
was at the Minneapolis exhibition a perfect blaze of gaudy hues, in all
wonderful contrasting effects. The rose imparts her glory, says Prof.
Chamberlain, to the month of June, but the chrysanthemum in almost
endless variety and matchless beauty crowns the year with its wealth of
bloom. In its delicacy of color, its wonderful diversity of form, and its
exuberance of blossoms, it has no rival. Neither the frosts of autumn,
nor the threatening storms of winter can do more than to heighten the
contrast it presents with all of its surroundings. The rose has long since
faded, the lily, the aster and their hundred companions, have fulfilled
their annual mission. At the dreary season of decay, when all nature .
besides is waiting for the coming of winter, the chrysanthemum bursts
forth from its seeming lifelessness, and ushers in the coronation of the
year. No other flower is left to dispute its supremacy or share our admira-
tion. They are autumn’s latests and richest gifts. When field and gar-
den are in the faded leaf, and in all the uncleanly disarray of the ruin by
frost, the chrysanthemum is left for the pleasure of mankind.

254 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

DESIGNING FLOWER BEDS AND GROUPING PLANTS FOR
EFFECT.

E. NAGEL, MINNEAPOLIS, PRESIDENT STATE FLORISTS’ ASSOCIATION.

The size and character of flower beds are the first things to be consid-
ered. ‘They should depend upon the area of the grounds to be improved.
If they be large, proportionately large beds, occupied even by the larger
foliage plants, like the cannas, caladiums, etc., may be laid out with
good effect; if they be small like a single city residence lot, it is usually
better to lay out smaller beds and confine the planting to lower growing
plants, like geraniums, coleus, pansies, etc.

A bed 12 or 14 feet in diameter may be considered a large one and suited
only toa large lawn. The size may be decreased from this extreme to
three feet in width, as suited to a very small lawn.

The shape of the beds may be almost any imaginable; round, ee
square, a crescent, a star, etc., but the round and the oval shapes are
generally found the most pleasitig.

To prepare the bed, mark its outline on the lawn, dig out the earth to
the depth of 18 to 24 inches, and fill the hole with good, rich, black soil
mixed with only well rotted manure. The soil for beds to contain rank
growing plants like cannas and caladiums should be made especially
rich. A bed 10 or 12 feet in diameter should be raised in the center two
feet and be rounded off gradually to the levelof the lawn atits edge.
Smaller beds should be raised less in proportion to their size.

Avoid a location under the drip of trees or that does not allow the sun’s
rays to fall full upon the bed during a good part of the day.

As to the selection of plants our experience shows that there is much
need of information, and the directions here given will be found of great
practical vaiue to all who plant flowers.

It is not strange that people are misled by the glowing descriptions of
wonderful new fiowers that are annually pictured in the elegant florists’
catalogues. Try these varieties if you will, but in a bed off by itself, and
reserve the beds in your lawn, that are planted for pleasing effect, for the
very few varieties which experience shows are best adapted to that pur-
pose. Avoid also the common mistake of planting too many varieties in
one bed, if you would secure the best results.

The following is a short and select list of the most satisfactory foliage
and flowering bedding plants, viz: alternanthera, castor oil bean,
caladium, canna, two kinds of coleus, Fair Oaks and Verschaffelti; four
kinds of geraniums, three scarlet, Queen of the West, Illuminator and S.
A. Nutt, and one pink, Mrs. Hautboy; pansy and verbena; and for the
border or edging of beds especially, blue ageratum, centaurea, cinar-
aria maritima, sweet alyssum and two geraniums, Mountain of Snow
and Madame Salleroi.

The proper distance apart to set these plants is as follows, viz: cannas
and castor oil beans, 20 to 30 inches; caladiums, 12 to 18 inches; gerani-
ums and coleus, 10 to 16 inches; border plants, 6 to 10 inches; verbenas, 8
to 12 inches; pansies, 6 to 8 inches; alternanthera, 4 to6inches. The
shorter distances given produce the closest and best effects.

In arranging plants in the beds, the tallest should always be selected
for the center, and the rest be set to decrease regularly in size from thence
to the edge.

FLORICULTURE. 255

Foliage beds are best adapted to large lawns. They should be raised
rather higher in the center than other beds. A magnificent effect is pro-
duced by a foliage bed 14 feet in width, raised 4 feet in the center, planted
with first, in the center, three castor oil beans, set at equal distances
from one another; next, two rows of cannas, next, one row of caladiums, °
next one row of Verschaffelti coleus, and last a border of one row of cen-
taurea or Dusty Miller. Smaller beds can be made with good effect from
the same naterial.

Very showy foliage beds are made of coleus, using only the two kinds
named, the Verschaffelti, a rich, dark brown, and Fair Oaks, a bright,
golden yellow. With these two colors are planted all kinds of figures. As
an example of arrangement, a beautiful effect is produced by a star-
shaped bed, the star formed of yellow coleus, with a border all around of
the brown, and an edging of centaurea or cinararia maritima.

Geranium beds. There are a great many kinds of geraniums, but only
a few well adapted to bedding, of which those before named are the best.
To obtain the most pleasing effects, plant only one kind in a bed, with a
single row around the edge of sweet alyssum, or any other one of the bor-
der plants previously named.

The alternanthera is a very dwarf-growing foliage plant in several
colors, used mostly for working figures or letters on the lawn, producing
a very nice effect if kept properly sheared.

Pansies and verbenas show best in beds by themselves. Beds of the
former should be replaced after midsummer by some other plant.

Beds for growing cut flowers should be made of mixed plants. One to
hold 100 plants might have in the center three heliotropes, six fever-
fews, four white marguerites, four assorted carnations, and three rose
geraniums, all mixed together as much as possible; next around these,
forty assorted geraniums, double and single, mixed together; and for the
outside of the bed, verbenas of assorted colors. Such a bed would be
very attractive and furnish a good variety of cut flowers.

For long, narrow beds, along a walk, a fence, etc., technically called
“borders,” use in the center row well mixed together, dahlias, marigolds,
gladiolus, salvia splendens, hollyhock, helianthus, or other high plants,
placed 18 to 24 inches apart, and in the outside rows, low plants like ver-
benas, phlox Drummondi, dwarf nasturtiums, etc., at 8 to 12 inches
apart.

The description of different beds might be continued at great length,
but instead the reader is asked to apply the general principles abore out-
lined, and select from the infinite variety of attractive forms and com-
binations possible within the limits of good taste and pleasing effects.

THE CARNATION.
By F. G. GOULD, EXCELSIOR.
(Read before the State Florists Association.)

The carnation pink has come into commercial importance in our
country during the past thirty years. It is scarcely twenty years since
its culture for florists’ use began. The great improvement in the size of
the flower, together with its grateful fragrance, bright colorings, and

256 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

lasting qualities, has placed it near the front in public favor. The
original clove-scented dionthus had but five petals, with a diameter
of the expanded flower of about aninch. They have been bred up from
this original state to from twenty-five to fifty petals, and a diameter of
flower of two to three inches. Only twenty years ago the camelia was at
the front for commercial purposes. At that recent date the rose had
not been recognized. Today, the rose is queenand the camelia is almost
forgotten.

Probably, there is at present as great a number of carnations grown for
florists’ use as there is of roses. Their popularity is yearly increasing, but
never so fast as at the present time. Weare hardly prepared to believe
that they will supplant the rose, in the immediate future, but when so
much effort is being expended on anything capable of improvement as
there now is among growers of carnations all over the country, we may
hold ourselves in readiness for any surprise in this direction.

The carnation is of comparatively easy culture; a perennial, requiring
two seasons to complete its ordinary but full measure of developement.
The nature or economy of the plant requires a season of rest in prepar-
ation for that final effort to reproduce its kind. The florist, to accom-
modate the requirements of his business, has substituted for this natural
habit of the plant the custom of winter forcing for the production of
flowers. The customary method for the production of plants is by cuttings
or side shoots from the main stocks, though it is held by some (and I am
convinced there is substantial reason for the belief) that, in order to keep
up the original standard vigor of the plant, new seedlings will be
required.

Carnations require to be planted out in the open ground, in a situation
which is well drained. They will not thrive with too much moisture
about their roots, either in the open ground or greenhouse. It is
surprising to note the small amount of root moisture required for their
fullest vigor and healthfulness. The foliage will be benefited by
frequent spraying and the plant will be generally benefited thereby.

The carnation is a cold blooded plant and should be treated accordingly.
I believe that over-forced carnations have their vital forces so impaired
that they will never after be capable of producing first class flowers.

VARIETIES PROFITABLE TO CULTIVATE.

A carnation, to be worthy, should possess one at least of the following
points of excellence:

Flowers on long stems.

Healthy habits and vigorous constitutions; not difficult to grow from
cuttings.

Good sized. well formed flower, never bursting its calix, which gives a
ragged, bedraggled appearance.

Attractive color, and a good keeper as well; and last, but not least, a
floriferous habit.

Among the tested varieties in cultivation possessing these qualities to
a marked degree, I will name the following as the most conspicuous, and
therefore the most useful sorts: Tidal Wave, Portia, Garfield and Hinzie’s
White,—all very floriferous, easily propagated, vigorous, healthy habit,
well formed flower. A person who would fail to grow these successfully
had better go out of the business. Anne Webb and Pride of Kennet,
pretty crimsons, both fragrant and fairly prolific, and of healthy habit.

a

FLORICULTURE. 257

L. L. Lamborn (at the present time made unduly prominent) is an aver-
age size, clear white. The blooms are inclined to tip to the side, giving a
droopy appearance and a crooked, very brittle stem which is liable to
break near the base of the flower; a rather shy bloomer, consequently an
unprofitable variety.

Grace Wilder, medium or below in size, is at its best the most exquisite
shade of pink known to flowers,—delightfully fragrant and attractive.
Its conspicuous faults are a weak calix, liable to burst, a shy bloomer,
producing less than half the flowers of a Portia or Tidal Wave; also lack-
ing in constitutional vigor, therefore not a profitable variety.

I have called attention to the chief points of excellence in the best
known of the sorts now grown for commercial purposes. This occasion
will not permit a description of many worthy varieties that claim public
attention.

Constitutional hardihood is an important quality in a plant. Possess-
ing this it starts out with this advantage over the weaker ones, that
throughout its life journey it is better equipped to withstand the vicissi-
tudes which will beset it between the cradle and the grave. Hitherto,
the carnation has not been used for a lawn or garden plant to any consid-
erable extent. JI apprehend the reason for this lies in the fact that
the public has not hitherto been supplied with the proper kind and
quality of plants for that purpose. I predict that we are on the eve of a
new departure which will introduce the custom of planting the carnation
on the lawn and in the garden, as it is the most available first-class flower
in the whole list.

PANSIES GROWN IN COLD FRAMES.
By Gust MALMQUIST, MINNEAPOLIS.
(Read before the State Florists Association).

For amateurs and florists with limited greenhouse space, this method
is of especial value and it is certainly the cheapest way of growing them
for all. We all know that pansies are almost hardy and will live over
winter with only slight protection; on this basis I treat my plants. I
plant the seed about the first of September in boxes and keep this outside
in frames with plenty light and air so as to prevent the plants from being
drawn. 'Theseed should be planted thinly so as to give the young plants
plenty of room, then there is no need of transplanting before they are
ready to be planted in the frames. The last week of September they are
usually ready for transplanting.

A common cold frame is then prepared and the young plants planted in
the usual way in rows, about one hundred and fifty plants under a sash
three by six feet. Sashes are then put on and kept close a couple of
days with light shading added if clear weather, after that plenty of air
and light are given, soas to make the young plants sturdy and harden them
off. The sashes are kept on all the fall and when cold weather sets in ad-
ditional covering of boards or shutters is added. When hard frost is at.
hand, the whole frame is allowed to freeze solid, and then the frames are
covered up with long manureand banked all around. This covering is to

SSIS

258 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

prevent occasional warm spells throwing out the plants. If too long
warm weather continues the frames should be opened up and air given
occasionally to prevent the plants from starting to grow.

The Jatter part of March or when warm weather is at hand the frames
are uncovered and plenty of air given, but nolight is given until the plants
are thawed out, that is the sun should not be allowed to work on the
plants before they are ready to grow. Plants thus kept will make strong
healthy plants and may be uncovered quite early and the sashes used for
other plants.

CULTURE OF VIOLETS.

READ BEFORE THE STATE FLORISTS’ ASSOCIATION, BY E. A. VENZKE, ST.
PAUL. .

The cuttings are taken from the blooming plants about the 15th of
March. By that time the main runners are in right condition for propa-
gating, although if enough plants can be sacrificed it is best to use the
younger crowns, as they invariably make the best and strongest plants-
They are at once potted in 24 or 3 inch pots, for they can all be had with
roots, and put in a light, cool place in the greenhouse. Care must be
taken that the young plants are well syringed, for during the month of
April the red spider will very quickly attack them, and in almost every
case destroy them, or make them useless to plant out. They should be
set out quite early, say about the first week in May or even earlier if the
weather is thought favorable, so that the young plants may get a fair
start before hot weather setsin During the months of July and August
extra care must be taken that the plants do not suffer for the want of wa-
ter, for right there is where the so much dreaded violet disease originates,
although a majority of growers claim it originates in the greenhouse.
Such is not the case. To my belief it originates during the hot and dry
summer months, but seldom makes its appearance to any extent before
the plants are housed. During dry spells they should be watered
thoroughly at least twice a week, which will also prevent the red spider
from getting the best of them. By the 15th of September they will be
ready to be planted on benches in the greenhouse or in the violet pit. A
good preparation of soil for violets isone part of heavy clay, one part of
rotted sod, one part of well rotted cow manure (the latter should be at
least three years old) and one part of very coarse gravel, put on the bench
to the depth of at least 5inches. With sufficient drainage this has given
good satisfaction.

After planting on the bench they must be syringed freely and given
plenty of air both day and night as long as the weather is favorable in
order to kill off ail the red spiders which may possibly have been brought
in from out of doors. The first perfect fiowers may be expected about the
15th of October. With a temperature of 45 to 48 degrees at night and 60
to 65 during the day the plants will be kept in a good, healthy, growing
condition. About the middle of January they must have several feedings
of liquid cow manure in short successions; they will then continue to
bloom until April or later, provided the red spider, which is one of the
greatest enemies to the violet, is kept under control.

>

GREENHOUSES AND HOTBEDS. 259

By this treatment the results will be perfect fiowers in size, shape and
fragrance; in fact, a flower that will recommend itself and sell at sight.

As to varieties, we like Victoria Regina better than any other we have
tried. It is superior in color and seems to stand our hot, dry summers
better than all others.

GREENHOUSES AND HOTBEDS.

REPORT ON GREENHOUSES AND HOTBEDS.
BY GUST. MALMQUIST, MINNEAPOLIS.

My report on greenhouses and hotbeds for the last year will of necessity
be short as no special new features in construction, etc. have been intro-
duced during the season.

Quite a number of new greenhouses have been built, but no special im-
provements have been made, except in glazing, the Gasser’s zinc joints
have been used to some extent, and reported favorably, as it strengthens
the roof and makes the houses more air tight, which certainly in the
winter time effects a saving of fuel.

However, if it benefits the plants, it is a question which is open to dis-
cussion, and has to be decided by experience. The cost of those joints is
nearly made up in less glass needed.

For heating, steam is universally used now in any new structures and
the system of overhead heating seems to be preferred.

Hotbeds for forcing vegetables and spring plants are more and more
superseded by houses heated by steam or hot water, and such houses
will be found cheaper in the long run than the old style of hotbeds,
even taking in account the assistance of nature in handling the hot-
beds.

GREENHOUSES AND HOTBEDS.
BY E, NAGEL, MINNEAPOLIS, MINN.

I think there has been a great deal of improvement in greenhouses, as
in everything else, in the last fifteen years, and it is likely to continue so.
To build a greenhouse in the best practical manner, and at the same time
the most economical way, is perhaps the most important part of the con-
struction to the working florist and other men of moderate means, and to
show how to do that is my present purpose.

If for beginners, I would advise them to work out a plan suitable to all
their future requirements, and start the first house so as to form a part of
the whole system complete. In locating, it is advisable to get a position
as nearly facing the south as possible and a gentle slope towards the
south, say not more than four feet in one hundred, which will allow more
sunlight in the houses, is an advantage. If more than one house is to be
built, if the slope is more than four feet in one hundred, I would prefer
level ground.

Having selected the location, the next thing is to consider the size of
the houses,and I should say that having tried nearly every size and shape
I have come to the conclusion that a house of moderate size is by far the

2€0 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

best for every purpose; a very wide house is objectionable on account of
not getting the plants near the glass, and if the benches are raised
enough to get the plants in a proper place, it is more work to care for
them. Climbing up and down the benches to work among plants is hard
work and takes more time than to be able to reach any place in the house
from the walks on the ground. My experience has*taught me that a
house 16 feet wide in the clear is by far the best and most convenient to
work in. Have the roof slanting both ways, on one side the rafters
should be twelve feet long and on the other side eight feet, which will,
when the walls are three and one-half feet high, make the ridge board
about nine feet high. The long way of the rafters should be slanting to
the south. Have two walks and three benches, the side benches each
three feet wide and the walks each two feet wide, which will leave six
feet for the middle bench. In this way itis easy tosee all plants on the
benches and get to them to clean and care for them. When it is conven-
ient I would certainly advise to build them that way. Any desired
length will do, but if it can be had 100 feet is best.

The most convenient way to start a range of houses is to build so as to
connect them so as not to have to go out of doors to go from one house to
the other, which can be done in the following way:

Put the boiler shed on the northwest corner of your lot, and from there
run a head house running south either the whole length of your plant for
the future or any part of it, and it can be lengthened at any time. Have
the roof slope all to one side, that is to the west side. If the roof slants
both ways you will either have to connect your other houses with a valley
running up to the other roof or the snow and ice will drop on your
glass; but this way the ice will all slide from the west side.
In building a head house the wall facing west should be three feet
high with two and one-half feet upright glass on top of it, which will
make it five and one-half feet high, and the back wall should be three
and one-half feet with eight feet of glass on top, which will make it
eleven and one-half feet high, house to be eighteen feet wide. When
the wall on the back is made the whole plan of houses should be laid out
in it and the rafters put in to connect the other houses to them. When-
ever there is to be an addition made all there is to do is to cut a door in
the wall and connect to those rafters. These houses as described before
should run east from the head house and face south. ‘The best and
cheapest way is to have them joined together with a gutter be-
tween them about twelve or fourteen inches wide. For the walls
set cedar posts; board on both sides; put tar paper and siding over
this, which will make as warm a wall as if built of brick and the
cost will not exceed one-third and will last for twenty years, if kept
well painted. All material above the wall, such as sash bars, gut-
ters, ridge board and purlins should be made of cypress,and can be
bought in Chicago all cut and fit, ready to put together, if exact plan
of houseis sent. Any one acquainted with carpenter tools can put it
together without the help of experienced carpenters. In fact there are
only a very few carpenters that know much about building greenhouses.
I will not say much about hotbeds, for I think the greenhouses will
eventually take the place of hotbeds. There are many vegetable garden-
ers now that build greenhouses out of their hotbed sashes, for they can

VEGETABLES. 261

do their work better and get to their plants at any time and in any kind of
weather,and the cost of heating with steam or hot water is not much more
than to make-them with manure. As to heating I would prefer steam
unless I had only one small house, then I would prefer hot water which
you can leave longer without attention.

VEGETABLES.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON VEGETABLES.
BY J. ALLYN, RED WING.

My report on vegetables will be brief, hoping the other members of the
committee will do better than I have done.

The past year has been remarkable for its changes, yet the vegetable
crop has been a success, except onions and potatoes, lack of rain during
the month of July affecting these in many places.

The planting of onions and potatoes as early as possible insures the best
success with us. In our locality the onion crop was nearly ruined by a
severe wind and sand storm, which cut and tore out the tender plants and
roots. It being too late to replant, we had a very small crop.

The tomato crop, as faras earliness is concerned, was a failure on account
of hard rains at time of first blossoming; yet later they came on with per-
fect success and were remarkably fine, as late as we ever handled them.
The late summer rains were a special help to cabbage and celery, plainly
showing the natural wants of celery for its perfections. Hubbard squash,
with us, were good as we could wish, and kept well, as the carload we ship-
ped on Jan.5 to Minneapolis proves. From what I can learn about apples in
this county, the yield was good, but smaller than usual fruits. It was
below par in quality and quantity, as a general thing, and I suppose the
cold, wet weather we had in May was one cause.

CELERY ON THE PRAIRIE.
BY SIDNEY CORP, HAMMOND.

‘ In reading the last annual report I found there had been a question
raised whether or not celery could be raised on high prairie land. My
experience is that it canbe. Although we may not be able to compete
with Kalamazoo, we can raise a plenty of good celery forhomeuse. I will
send to the meeting a root of celery, such as L raised on dry grub prairie,
and will give my mode of raising it. I sow the seed in a-box in the house,
about the first of March, and when the seed is up, keep it in the sun as
much as possible, and if it is very thick, I thin it out so that it won’t
crowd and get spindling, and as soon as the ground is in good order for
planting in the spring, I make a bed and set out as many plants as IJ
want in it at about six inches apart each way, and let them grow in this

262 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

bed until good, strong, stocky plants, from fourtosixinches high. Then I
prepare my trenches as follows:—Dig two spadings wide, and onedeep, and
throw the dirt equally on each side of the trench, then put a good
wheelbarrow full of good rotten manure to every rod in length of trench.
then commence at one end, and dig another spading deeper, but not throw
out the dirt, but mix it well, with manure, then with a trowel lift the
plants from the bed, disturbing the roots as little as possible, and set
them in the trench one foot apart, and let them grow until the stalks are
long enough, when straighten up to admit of leveling in the ground and
not covering the heart of the plant; then gather all the leaves together in
one hand, and haul the dirtin around the plant with the other. Once
or twice more through the fall, pull the dirt around the plants keeping it
as high as possible, and not cover the heart. Let it stand out as late in the
fall as possible and not get frozen, as frosty nights will not hurt it. There
are so many ways of storing it in the winter that I presume there are
better ways than mine. My way is todig it up, leaving agood bunch of
dirt on the roots, and take it to the cellar where I have some half barrel
tubs which I fill with roots, placing them as close as possible together.
When the tub is full I pour in as much water as will justcover the roots,
not allowing it to touch the stalk, and in the winter, if it becomes dry, put
in more water. Be careful to dig it when there is no dew on the leaves.

DISCUSSION.

Pres. Elliot: Iam no celery grower, still I have had my
eyes open, and those who have had the best success are
the growers who are on those drained marshes. I made a
statement last year in regard to a German farmer west of
the city here. He uses the bottom of a lake that has been
drained. He plowed it up and manured it about forty loads to
the acre, and that ground will keep moist right through the dry
season. Now we have any amount of such land all over the
state, and it is the same kind of land they use at Kalamazoo
where they grow so much celery.

Dr. Frisselle: We want to remember that celery is a native
of the marshes of England, and if you undertake to cultivate it
on uplands you want to give it water all the time, but the

correct plan for raising celery is followed at Kalamazoo. They

raise itin the marsh. Take any muck marsh and give ita
heavy coat of manure and you can raise plenty of celery.
Joshua Allyn: The time has come when celery is a luxury
and everybody is trying to eat it. It is very hard work for
everybody to grow it, but it can be grown by everybody if they
have good soil. Weare growing it every year, but to grow it
for the market it requires to be grown on a cheap plan. This
trenching is a good plan if you grow it on a small scale. The

_*

VEGETABLES. 263

deeper you get the roots the better. You must start your
plants early, in February, if possible. When they are large
enough prick them out and force them as rapidly as possible,
and then be sure to set them out before the Fourth of July.
If you set them out later they will somehow not take root.
Celery can be grown and should be grown by everyone.

ASPARAGUS.
BY WM. LYONS, MINNEAPOLIS.

Fourteen years ago I set out my first acre of asparagus, using two-year-
old plants. At the same time I planted one pound of seed in order to
raise my own plants for future use. Two years later I planted three acres
more. I now have four acres.

The first thing to be done by one who wishes to grow asparagus for mar-
ket is to see if he has soil that is suitable. It should be a rich loam and
as deep as it is possible to obtain. Asparagus will grow on almost any
soil, but I do not think it would be profitable ona heavy clay soil. It
does well on light, sandy soil, by the use of plenty of manure.

The next thing is to have a supply of good, strong plants, one or two
years old. These can be obtained from some nurseryman, or can be grown
from the seed on your own land. I prefer home-grown plants.

Asparagus seed, when sown in the spring, is very slow to germinate,
and it is difficult to prevent the weeds from taking possession of the
ground before the asparagus plants appear. My plan has been to soak
the seed in warm water until swollen and softened, before sowing. It
should be sown in long rows about fifteen inches or more apart, so as to
be tended with hand cultivation. If a few radish seeds are sown with
the asparagus they will come up at once and show where the rows are, So
that they can be cultivated before the asparagus appears.

After soaking the seed put it into a coarse bag and bury it in the
ground (where it will be warm and moist) until it begins to sprout, and
then when sown it will come up immediately. Be sure and keep the
plants clear of weeds through the season. To make good plants the soil
must be very rich, so use plenty of manure. You will want them to be as
large as possible, sow plenty of seed and then when weeding them thin
out the plants to about three inches apart. During the season while
your plants are growing, you should prepare the permanent bed. It is
not necessary to dig out all the earth to the depth of two or three feet and
fill in the bottom with all manner of trash. The land must be deeply
ploughed and thoroughly pulverized. It cannot be made too rich. As-
paragus is one of the grossest feeders of all vegetables in culti-
vation. The proper distance between the rows and between the plants
in the row is a matter of dispute. Years ago the rule was, three feet be-
tween the rows and eighteen inches between the plants. This I
thought too close and my four acres are set five by three feet apart. If
I were to plant another bed I would set it five by five feet apart.

Make trenches with a plow not less than six inches deep, spread the
roots out in their natural position, cover lightly to keep in place, then

264 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

the trenches may be filled with plow or otherwise. All that is necessary
the first year is to cultivate it sufficiently to keep down the weeds.

The kind of manure and its condition when applied to an old bed are
not material; fresh stable manure may be used, no matter how coarse,
so long as it can be plowed under. But in preparing the ground for a new
bed, fine, well-rotted manure is to be preferred. Asparagus always starts
into growth very early in the spring, therefore the bed should be cuitiva-
ted late in the fall, that it may dry out and be ready to work as early as
possible the next spring.

For this mode of treatment winter protection is a great benefit. If
there is no danger of injury to the plants from severe cold, still a heavy
mulch put on before the ground freezes will keep all or nearly all the
frost out of the soil, so that the plants will start very much earlier in the
spring. A thick coating of fresh stable manure is the best possible mulch,
and is also a good way to apply manure. The coarsest of the latter
should be raked off in the spring, and the balance cultivated under.

The question whether salt is needed on an asparagus bed is by no means
settled. While some claim that it is necessary and should be applied
every year, others say that asparagus does not need salt any more than
any other vegetable. Without undertaking to decide the question, it is
certain that asparagus is not injured by the application of sufficient salt
to destroy almost all other vegetation near it.

If not specially used as a fertilizer, the free use of salt on an asparagus
bed is an advantage; it has a tendency to destroy insects and prevent the
growth of weeds, and by attracting moisture from the atmosphere, helps
to carry the bed safely through a drouth. Coarse or refuse salt may be
applied every spring, and enough can be used to make the ground look
white. The third year a little asparagus may be cut, but be very careful
not to continue the cutting too long.

A full crop cannot be expected until the fourth or fifth year It isa
good plan, each year, when you stop cutting, to apply at that time a lib-
eral dressing of stable manure, or other fertilizer, and cultivate it in.

The object of this is to insure a strong growth of tops and roots during
the summer and fall, for the amount of the next crop depends upon the
growth made this fall. The profits are just in proportion to the amount
of manure used. Another mode of treatment is, to leave the tops on until
spring; it answers as a mulch in protecting the bed from freezing too
deep, and it is practiced by growers who cannot or do not manure or mulch
during the winter. Early in the spring they are mown off and raked into
heaps and burned. The cultivator and harrow are then used to make the
ground level and mellow. Asparagus should always be cut a little
below the surface of the ground, if for no other reason than the sharp
stubs left may be out of the way. The stalks must always be cut before
the heads show any signs of branching out. The lengths should range
from six to ten inches. The size of the bunch must depend upon the
market in which itis to be sold. Ido not let anything grow up while
cutting, no matter how small it may be.

I keep all cut close until I have finished cutting for the season. Then
I turn a light furrow with a one-horse plow over each row, and let it go
until fall, keeping out all weeds. With good treatment in the way of
food, clean cultivation, and moderation in cutting, a bed may outlast a

VEGETABLES. 265

generation. There is really no telling how long it might continue in first
class condition; if ill used, however, a plantation after ten or twelve years
of cutting, is liable to show signs of weakness, when it should be dis-
carded. Many people continue to cut for too long a time, and in this as
in all other cases, covetousness meets its reward. The beds must be very
strong that will bear cutting after June.

If young seedlings spring up from last year’s scattered seed, weed them
out. There are quite a number of newer varieties, as for instance, the
Palmetto, Mammoth, Moor’s Cross-bred, Giant, etc. The introducers
claim great things for them, but previous experience with improved varie-
ties of asparagus leads me to not be over sanguine in regard to any of the
newer kinds. Conover’s Colossal we know to be good and reliable. The
future will disclose what there is about the others.

DISCUSSION.

Joshua Allyn: Asparagus is a vegetable that we all ought
to raise. Itis one of the easiest things to grow in the world.
It will last a lifetime. My plants are set one foot deep. Deep
cultivation is far better than shallow. Get it down deep and
give it plenty of manure, and work it in well.

M. Cutler: You want moist land rather than medium?

Joshua Allyn: I use moist ground every time.

James Taylor: Mine is on the highest ground I have got.

Pres. Elliot: I used to grow asparagus once, and I think
Mr. Allyn’s theory is the correct one. You want to plant deep
enough so you can get in with your shovel plow, and when you
get through have stakes set so you know where your rows are.
In the spring you do not want to disturb it until the weeds be-
gin to show a little, then you want to go in with your hooks,
regardless of the asparagus.

J. M. Underwood: I believe for small planting it will do
better without cultivation; put on plenty of manure and all you
have to do is to cut it when you want it.. Put boards around
your bed, fill it up with manure, and you will not have to do
anything more with it.

Joshua Allyn: What is practicable for the market gardener
is practicable for every gardener.

Dr. Frisselle: As asparagus is a native of salt marshes I
think it indicates it should have salt.

Rk. P. Lupton: If the plants are set three feet apart in the
row will they not fill up the space between?

Pres. Elliot: They will keep on increasing and spread out.
There is one point that has been overlooked in this question.

266 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

It is the proper time to begin cutting, which is three years
after it is planted, not before. Those people who have made
the most success out of asparagus have made it a rule not to
cut any until three years after it was planted. Do not plant
anything over two years old. I prefer good, strong one year
old plants.

A FEW HINTS ON POTATO CULTURE AND SELECTION OF
THE SOIL.

BY S. FROGNER, HERMAN.

The potato, like all robust growing vegetables, can be grown with va-
rying success on soils of all kinds and in all conditions of fertility, but
the soil best suited to it is a rich sandy loam, with good and clean culti-
vation and a liberal dressing of thoroughly decomposed manure. Good
pasture land broken up early in the season, and plowed and harrowed the
following spring, will produce a sound crop and often a very large one.
Clover sod for this purpose is excellent and furnishes the soil a large
amount of vegetable substance; when turned under in August it will rot
by the following spring and a top dressing of good decomposed manure
plowed under in the spring and well cultivated will give a large and fine
crop. Wet lands produce a coarse, unpalatable potato, and one of little
value even as food for cattle. Ground should never be plowed while wet
or heavy, it injures the soil and does more harm than the manure can
offset; the ground should be prepared as carefully and thoroughly for pota-
toes as for any other vegetable crop. Attention in this particular well
repays the farmer.

If the soil is good but little manure is required. In highly enriched
soil the plants are more liable to disease than when grown in soils that
are naturally good. I plow the ground as early in the spring as it can be
had in good working order, and then leave it till planting time—about
two weeks later, then harrow the ground two or three times, till all the
small weeds are destroyed, and the field is ready for planting. I use the
trench system, three feet apart, five inches deep, plant one foot apart in
the trench, covering the potatoes about three inches with a cultivator;
one week later go over the field with a smoothing harrow twice and the
trench will be filled and the small weeds again destroyed. When the
vines are three to four inches high take the cultivator and give it a good
cultivation once a week for three weeks and the field will be clean and
free from weeds.

If you wish large, well-formed potatoes select medium good size tubers,
cut them into four or six pieces according to size, preserving as many eyes
on each as possible; you will then have strong, healthy vines and roots.
If small tubers are planted whole the result in general is a quantity of
small vines followed with an over proportion of small potatoes. The se-
cret in producing a good crop of potatoes is, first, good seeds and rich soils,
and good cultivation is the other.

VARIETIES.

Of late years no vegetable has been improved as much as the potato.

Since the introduction in 1869 of the valuable Early Rose. New varieties

ENTOMOLOGY. 267

flood the market every year, all claiming either greater earliness, product-
iveness or finer flavor. If they keep on in the future as they have in the
past, names for them will be almost exhausted. We have now over eight
hundred varieties by name, that I know of, but in a few seasons they be-
come almost unknown, and their place taken by other varieties for which
greater merit is claimed. In 1872 I planted the first bushel of the Karly
Rose in this county, unknown to me except by the description of the in-
troducer, but to-day every cultivator of potatoes is familiar with the Early
Rose. After more than twenty years they are still very popular. They
have lost some in productiveness but in quality are extra fine. With all
the improvements in name we have no better early varieties to-day than
the Puritan, Early Minnesota, Lee’s Favorite, Early Rose, Beauty of
Hebron, Sunlit Star, and Early Vermont; of intermediate and late, Rural
New Yorker No. 2 (new), Green Mountain, O. K. Mammoth, Magnum
Bonum, and Rural Blush. The above varieties are among the best kinds.
They are hardy and robust growers, wonderfully productive, and in qual-
ity-will be hard to beat.

ENTOMOLOGY.

A NEW PEST TO FRUIT TREES.
BY PROF. OTTO LUGGER, ST. ANTHONY PARK.

Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen:

Though expected to make some remarks in regard to insects injurious
to the vegetable garden, I have prepared another paper treating of a new
pest to our fruit trees and toa number of vegetables as well. After con-
sulting with your secretary, we both reached the conclusion that it would
be best to describe as soon as possible this new pest, so as to enable horti-
culturists and gardeners to be upon their guard, and, if possible, to pre-
vent its introduction into regions as yet not reached.

The new pest—new in the sense that it has not been found before in
Minnesota—is not an insect, nor even allied to insects, butis a true nema-
tode worm, the Heterodera radicicola Miller. Some of its stages of life are
illustrated upon the canvass before you. The worm itself (Fig. 1) occu-
pies—for lack of space—a rather cramped position, resembling a genuine
German pretzel with a handle. Extended, it would, if drawn in the same
proportions, be much longer than the whole canvass. Nodoubt many, if
not most of you, have seen closely allied animals. Ata time when vine-
yar was made solely of apples or other fruit, and not from various myste-
rious sources not supplied by horticulturist or gardener, vinegar-eels could
be detected, even with the unaided eye, in most of the home-made .vin-
egar. The so-called ‘‘vinegar mother” was largely composed of such ani-
mals and their remains. In fact, these vinegar-eels were the manufac-
turers of the vinegar, and they perished as soon as the product of their
united labor became exhausted of food suitable for their needs. It is, of
course, an open question, and one rather difficult to settle, as tastes differ
so greatly, which is the most appetizing vinegar, the one made by thou-
sands and thousands of little worms, or the one made from all sorts of
refuse materials.

PA ALE N S
a Lf SKA, WARS foie}
\ a : oa hy pa
RSS 7 CN
WX VERO APY,
Sta fk Cette
Sh EERE OR Se
SR SS

Se

/ Fron Perare tude
Fig. 3. Fig. 7.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE.

Male. sexually mature, very greatly enlarged.

Galls produced upon roots of apples.

Cross-section through diseased root: a and b, female; ¢c, dead cysts.
Mature female cyst.

Anterior end of body: a, essertile spear; b, anterior part of cesophagus.
Posterior end of body: a, caudal appendage; b, spicules.

Sexually immature larva making its way through cells of a potato tuber.

(All illustrations after G. F. Atkinson.)

ENTOMOLOGY. 269

The worms which cause such diseased conditions of plants are very
small and consequently are not readily detected excepting by those
possessing considerable experience with microscopic investigations. Fig.
2 represents the diseased root of the parsnip; the root of this plant was
selected simply because it required less space to illustrate it than the dis-
eased roots of apple or pear before you in the exhibition case, and also be-
cause it is a more typical specimen. You will perceive that the abnormal
growths upon the root of parsnips appear as irregular, knotty enlarge-
ments, from two to ten times the normal diameter of the roots. Such
knots are at first smooth, but become rough with age and crack in vari-
ous ways, until decay of the tissues sets in, and they gradually disappear.
As may be seen in the illustration in Fig. 2, the tap-root and the earlier
lateral roots were attacked early in the season,and are partially decayed and
falling to pieces. The plant in its struggle for existence sends out new
roots, Which in turn are attacked and deformed, Thereis a great variety
in the forms of these knots or galls even upon the roots of the same
plant. Their external form depends greatly upon the number of worms
infesting them, upon their distribution in the tissues and upon the spe-
cific peculiarities of the root itself. Such abnormal growths upon the
roots are usually called ‘‘root-knots.” In Scotland they are called ‘‘root-
ill,” ‘“‘thick-root,” ‘‘tulip-root,”’ and ‘“‘legging.” In Germany they are
known as ‘‘warzelgallen.”

In the earlier stages of the disease the root-galls have a considerable
resemblance to the ‘‘potato-scab,” but closer inspection will show that
they are quite distinct; although sometimes appearing upon the very
same potato. It we compare the root-galls with the so-called ‘‘club-foot”
of the cabbage, we also find considerable external resemblance, but closer
study will show that the root-galls before you are produced by an animal
with a complete and high organization, while the ‘‘club-foot” is caused
by a plant of the very lowest organization, one of the slimy moulds.

If we take a root-gall produced by the presence of nematode worms, and
cut directly across it, and take a very thin shaving from the cut end, and
put it upon a slip of glass under the microscope, the cause of the disease
will berevealed at once. In Fig. 3 such a thin section is illustrated, very
greatly magnified. The larger bodies represent two femalecysts; the upper
one (a) is mature,the lower one (b) is in an earlier stage of development. If
the female cyst is very old the cavity is occupied by eggs in different
stages of development, and by thread-like bodies, the larve. This is indi-
cated in Fig. 4. Eggs and larve float in a gelatinous, granular substance,
the remains of the parent worm. If the knife in making such a thin,sec-
tion should pass by the side of an animal without injuring it, the cavity
exposed will then contain a perfect animal, quite different in form accord-
ing to age or surroundings.

To study a mature female cyst we select the galls upon the roots of a
plant with softer tissues, or roots which are already softened by the inci-
pient stages of decay. Carefully breaking one we can with a little patience
soon discover yellowish, irregular oval bodies, one-hundreth to one-fiftieth
of an inch in diameter. With the unaided eye we can detect the head pro-
jecting as a minute point on one side, asin Fig. 4. If we magnify this
minute body about 100 times we notice that a gravid female cyst is before
us. The handle-like part of this gourd-shaped body is the head ; the

270 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

mouth can be seen as a Slender cylindrical spear broadened at the base,
which ends in three short lobes. This hollow spear can be extended at
the will of the animal, and is moved by a pair of muscles. The spear of
a male is very similar, and is shown in Fig. 5. If this spear-like organ
did not perform slight movements, the head, nor the whole animal, would
even suggest the fact that a living animal was before us.

At this stage of existence the cyst contains numerous fat-globules, and
consequently the body is too opaque to show clearly the determinations of
the internal tubes or their connections with the the body wall. At
the posterior end of the cyst may be seen oblong bodies within the tubes,
or free in the body cavity; these bodies are the eggs, and the coiled tubes
are the genital tubes. As it would take too much of your time, the
minute details of the animal’s structure will not be discussed, and only
the essential parts will be mentioned.

Eggs—Immense numbers of eggs are found in the ovaries. Packed
closely together they possess a compressed form; free they assume the
usual oval form. Each egg contains a large nucleus and a distinct nucle-
olus. The mature egg is from three to four thousandths of an inch in
length. If ready to hatch it contains a worm-like object, coiled up three
to four times within the egg membrane. When the worm leaves the egg
it throws off its skin for the first time, and is now ready to enter the bat-
tle of life. As the female remains in the cystic state and is surrounded
by the tissues of the plants the young worms soon completely fill the cay-
ity of the cyst. These young worms just born are from twelve to sixteen
thousandths of an inch long and look exactly like vinegar eels. But the
poor things, although so very active, are prisoners, being enclosed by
prison walls composed of more or less hard plant tissues. If fortunate
they are favored by cracks in these walls caused by the decay of the
tissues, and they soon find means to escape; but otherwise, and not to
starve, they have to actually batter a hole in the prison wall through
which they can escape. Taking position with the head end against a
cell-wall, the worm thrusts forward the exsertile spear, which strikes the
cellulose wall forcibly, When it is drawn back and thrust outagain. This
process is repeated until a hole is made through the wall large enough to
admit the body of the worm, through which it passes, and by successively
battering down the cell-walls of the surrounding tissues it makes its way
to freedom outside of the gall, or toafresh portion of the same root.
Having escaped from its conrinement by one of these three courses, it im-
mediately selects another part of the root, or a fresh young rootlet.
Bringing into play its exsertile ram it forcibly gains entrance to the
healthy tissues of the root. The attacked plant, not able to expel the in-
vader, bends its energies in a vain endeavor to repair the injury to the
roots. Increased development of cells takes place, and normal ones are
turned from their proper position and function and become also very
much enlarged. The result is the formation of a gall, an increase of
tissues in the root, which supplies food and protection for hundreds of
the worms, all which lessens the energies of the plant normally directed
to the production of ieaf and fruit.

The larva wanders for a time through the tissues of the plant and fin-
ally comes torest. After moulting a second time it passes into a truly
parasitic condition.

ENTOMOLOGY. rata

Omitting the transformations and structure of the male and female I
will simply mention the duration of asingle generation, during which
time the numerous transformations take place. The worm passes
through all the changes, from the development of eggs through the larval
and cystic state until eggs are again developed in about one month.
When we consider the number of eggs one female is capable of producing
it will be seen that the worms multiply with startling rapidity.

It has been stated that these nematode worms cannot survive the cold
of severe winters. This may be true or not, but with the arrival of warm
winters in Minnesota this injurious worm has arrived from more southern
climes, and I am afraid it has come to stay.

In Minnesota it has been found upon the roots of apple and pear trees,
as specimens before you show. But the worm is a rather general feeder,
and some forty species of plants are already known which are badly in-
jured by it. Of cultivated plants the peach, grape, potato, egg-plant,
tomato, cotton, okra, some varieties of peas and clover, sun-fiower, water-
melon, corn, cabbage, turnips, rutabaga, pirsnips, lettuce, salsify, and
others are to the taste of this almost omnivorous worm.

A number of remedies have .been suggested, but careful experiments
can Only show which are of real value.

_ Plants which are already diseased can not be saved, as the worms are
so well protected by living in the interior of the root that any direct ap-
plication of vermicides will injure the plant as much, and more, than the
worms. The application of bi-sulphide of carbon, kerosene emulsions, and
various arsenical solutions in sufficient quantities to kill the worms, were
also fatal to the plants to be protected. Alkaline fertilizers, like hard
wood ashes, muriate and sulphate of potash, kainite, etc., produced a uard
growth of roots less susceptible to attack.

The cheapest and best method would be to starve out the worms by a
proper rotation of plants, of course selecting such plants for this purpose
as are known not to be attacked. But the question arises: What
plants shall we select for this purpose? Only a series of trials will enable
us to name plants not susceptible to the disease. All species of annual
grasses seem to be unaffected. Unclean cultivation is one of the most
fruitful sources of the thorough impregnation of the soil with such worms.
Plants infested should be removed and burned, and no other plants sus-
ceptible to the disease should be allowed upon the same soil, because other
wise a Sufficient. number of worms will always find food enough to remain
in the field for a series of years. The greatest care should be exercised in
planting new trees or other perennials, as the grape. and no young plants
should be obtained from infested soil. Young trees and seedlings are more
seriously affected, and the root-galls upon them are usually quite large
and easily seen.

In Germany cultivators of the sugar beets are in the habit of trapping
the worms of an allied species. In badly infested soils they grow plants
very susceptible to the disease, and then gather the roots before the
worms are fully developed. Such ‘“‘catch plants” are destroyed with their
inhabitants.

So far as I know this nematode worm is as yet not found in many or-
chards and nurseries in Minnesota, but it is here, and great pains should
be taken to prevent its further spread.

272 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

FOOD PREPARATIONS.

CEREALS.

BY CLARA S. HAYES, ST. ANTHONY PARK.

‘‘Cereals,” preparations of the various grains, are becoming so generally
used that every one should know the best method of cooking them. The
cereals should be highly appreciated by those who wish to live economi-
cally and well. Their food value is quite well known as some one or more
than one grows in almost every climate except the frigid, and until our
means of transportation were so well perfected each was a staple article
of food in its native place. They are very valuable and economical foods
containing as they do all the food elements necessary for our sustenance.
Rice is, however, an exception, being largely starch. The nitrogenous
food is obtained from cereals at much less expense than from meai, eggs,
milk, ete.

The cereals are not only an excellent food, but when rightly prepared
are eaten with a relish and thoroughly enjoyed, instead of being eaten
from asense of duty. It is much better to serve cereals for supper than
for breakfast as they can be much more perfectly cooked. The cooking
of cereals requires little of the cook’s time and attention, but if thoroughly
prepared, must have a long, slow cooking, and if wanted for breakfast
must often be partly cooked the evening before. It is strange that in so
many homes oat meal is served morning after morning, instead of keeping
on hand a number of the different cereal preparations which would give
that variety which is so pleasing. We now have six or eight preparations
made from wheat, almost as many from oats and corn, also a few of barley,
rice and rye. Keep a small portion of these in store, and relieve the
monotony of oat meal.

The cooking of rice has received much attention. The one object
sought,however, being large, unbroken, separate grains. To obtain this
result the rice is boiled in a large quantity of water, drained. and some-
times it is even rinsed with cold water after the water in which it is
boiled is drained off. This gives the separate grain, but the flavor is not
so good anditis a waste. A better way to cook rice is to wash the rice well
to remove all dirt and also the loose starch. Thisis very important if the
grains are to remain separate when cooked. After the rice is washed,
change the water until it is clear, and cook in half milk and half water,
using three measures of liquid for one of rice. Cook either in a farina or
milk boiler, or better still in a covered pail set in a kettle of water and
closely covered.

The one important thing in cooking cereals is to cook slowly for a long
time, using the same utensils as in cooking rice. One level teaspoonful
of salt to each quart of liquid seems to give the best flavor with all except
the preparations of corn. For corn make the measure of salt a very little
more generous. Put cereals to cook in boiling water and stir as little as
possible. Stir up or rather lift from the bottom occasionally until you
have a homogeneous mixture, then put on the cover, place in the hot
water, cover closely and let it cook, not stirring any more. Do not serve
cereals with milk. You can well afford to use cream, for the cereal is

FOOD PREPARATIONS. 273

such a cheap food and so little of it is required for a meal, a half pound
of rolled wheat costing five cents a pound, for instance, being sufficient
for six people.

‘The table annexed gives the amount of liquid and time required for
cooking cereals. The amount of liquid varies slightly for different brands,
but the variation is very small. If you wish to serve the cereal cold, use
one-fourth more water.

WHEAT—

1. Pearled, 1 cup to 5 cups of water, cook 4 or 5 hours,

DA Cracked, 1 66 ay 4 66 66 66 66 3 66 4 iad

3. Rolled, 1 6s 66 3 oe 6s iad 6e 14 to 3 66

4. Farina, 1“ ‘‘ 4of water and 4 cups of milk, cook 4 to 1 hour.

5. Farinose, 1 ia ‘e 4 66 6é 66 4 6s 6c 66 6 4 oe n | 6s
OATMEAL—-

1. B-vatmeal, 1 cup to 4 cups of water, cook 3 to 6 hours.

DO) o= 66 1 6s 66 4 6e é 6s “ce 23°° 4 te

3. Avena (rolled oats) 1 cup to 3 cups of water, cook 14 to 3 hours.
CoRN—
1. Coarse hominy, 1 cup to 6 cups of water, cook 5 to 10 hours.

BL Fine es 1 a4 66 5 oe oe Ge a6 3 6b 5 66

3 Corn meal 1 66 6é 4 66 oe iad 66 4 6c 2 66

4. Cerealine, 1 66 ee 1 66 66 66 oe 4 6c 1 66
BARLEY—

1. Pearled, 1 cup to 5 cups of water, cook 4 or 5 hours.

DF Rolled, i 66 6s 3 6e 66 66 6s 14 be 3 66

BREAD AND CAKE MAKING.

BY MRS. O. C. GREGG, MINNEAPOLIS.

It has been requested of our committee to prepare notes on such old
and new methods of making bread and cake as we think should be more
widely known.

Let us first answer the question—‘‘What is the object of bread making?”
It is to prepare the crude material, flour, in such a manner that it will be
palatable, nutritious and digestible.

As we take flour in our hands, fine and beautiful as it may be, it would
not be attractive or scarcely satisfactory to the appetite in a most ravenous
condition; and if it be not prepared so as to preserve its nutritiousness it
cannot do the workassigned it in supplying the wants of these bodies of
ours, which need constant rebuilding.

When we consider the various results of the bread makers of our land—
the light, fluffy production of the average baker, almost deficient
in substance and nutriment, and the tough, horny loaf of the poor cook
or ignorant housewife, compared with the light and tender, as well as
sweet and nutritious offering of the domestic amateur or professional
adept, we cannot fail to see the wisdom of investigating the principles
and methods of good bread making. Bread has been called ‘‘ the staff of
life,” but it cannot be truly this unless made sc as to preserve, as far as
may be, the nutriment of the flour of which it is composed. In going

—17

274 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. |

back to our good grandmothers, we find that their methods were better
in some respects than many of those of the present time. They only al-
lowed their bread to rise once, claiming that in all-subsequent fermenta-
tions a decomposition takes place which makes the result less nutritious.
The past generation has been full of experiments without knowledge, and
the result has been a decline, with the mass of the people, in the methods
of bread making. Indeed, about twenty years ago I heard a lady say—
‘¢ The longer I let my bread rise the better it is.”

But scientists tell us this is not so; that good yeast, a quick fermenta-
tion, as the result of many yeast germs, and an even temperature are the
essentials. Below we give two methods of bread-making; one by Mrs.
Willett Hays, andone by Miss Corson. Weclaim the best results for Mrs.
Hays’ method; but the other method is sometimes convenient because
quicker accomplished.

MRS. HAYS’ METHOD.

The most important thing is good yeast. Not only must the minute
vegetable germs in yeast be strong and vigorous, so that when introduced
into the dough they develop rapidly, but they must also be sufficiently
numerous to produce the requisite lightness in the dough in a compara-
tively short time. When poor yeast is used, or a small quantity of good
yeast, too much time must elapse before the dough is light. We are un-
able to control conditions, as temperature, etc., for so long a time. Com-
pressed yeast is much superior to all other kinds. To make bread with
compressed yeast, pour into an earthen bow] one-half pint of milk and the
same quantity of water. The temperature of* the mixture being about
80° Farenheit add flour to make a thin batter, which will lower the tem-
perature; then one-half teaspoonful of salt and one-half ounce of com-
pressed yeast dissolved in a little water; stir with a wooden spoon, adding
flour, a little at a time, until very stiff. Wash the hands, rub the dough
from the spoon, turn out on a floured molding board and knead until
enough flour is added so the dough does not stick to the hands or board.
Butter the bowl, or grease it with some nicely flavored grease, as drip-
pings, place the dough in it and brush with butter to prevent a crust
from forming while rising. Place the floating or dairy thermometer be-
side the dough, cover with a cotton or linen cloth, then wrap up well
with a thick woolen blanket kept for the purpose. Of course this blanket
is not necessary in the summer. When the dough has,doubled in size it
has risen sufficiently, which will require about three hours. We get bet-
ter results by having the temperature a little lower than 75° rather than
higher.- The yeast germ develops more rapidly at a somewhat a)
temperature, but the result is not so good.

Always measure the milk and water, and do not measure the flour, if
you wish to know how much bread youare making. The quantity of the
flour depends altogether on its quality.

When the dough is light, make into loaves, place in greased pans and
brush the loaves over with melted butter. Do not neglect this if you
wish a nicely flavored, thin, crisp, prettily browned crust. Starch grains
burst when heated in presence of moisture, but if heated without sufficient
moisture they brown forming the crust. If a dry crustis allowed to form
over the loaf while rising, a much thicker crust will be the result. Ata

FOOD PREPARATIONS. 275)

~ temperature of 75 degrees the loaves will require an hour to double in
size. When the loaves have doubled in size, put in an oven hot enough so
as to get the faintest brown inten minutes. Have the heat increasing
slightly. In fifteen minutes the brown is quite distinct. At about twen-
ty minutes let the heat decrease slowly. A loaf in pans, mentioned below,
will be well baked in forty-five minutes, and should be nearly browned
all over, top, bottom, sides and ends. Remove from pans as soon as done,
and brush the entire surface with sweet milk.

Never cover warm bread. Do not lay the loaves flaton the table, but
place across the top of the bread pan or lean against a pan, exposing as
nearly all the surface as possible. When the bread is cold it should be
put away in a receptacle which isslightly ventilated.

The best bread pans are made of sheet iron, are three and one-half inch-
es wide, three and one-half inches high and as long as the oven will ad-
mit. Use a pan for each loaf.

HOME-MADE YEAST.

Steep an eighth of an ounce of hops in a quart of boiling water for eight
minutes. Stirone-half pint of fiour to a smooth batter with one-half
pint of cold water. Strain the boiling hop water into the batter, pouring
slowly and stirring rapidly. Place on the stove and cook three or four
minutes. Add two level tablespoonsful of sugar and oneof salt. When
cooled to 75 degrees add one ounce of compressed yeast or one-half pint of
home-made yeast. Keep as nearly 75 degrees as possible for twenty-four
hours, stirring it down once in four or five hours. This yeast keeps well ;
better than when potatoes are used. A glass fruit jar is the best recepta-
cle for the yeast. The jar should be thoroughly washed, scalded and
aired before a new supply of yeast is put in.

How to Use Home-made Yeast.—Home-made yeast is not so strong—
does not contain so great a per cent. of yeast germs—as the compressed
yeast. To make bread with home-made yeast, begin at bedtime. Pour
one pint of boiling water slowly on three tablespoons of flour, stirred toa
smooth batter with a little cold water. When cooled to 75°, add one-half
pint of home-made yeast and cover well with a woolen blanket till morn-
ing. If too cold in the morning, warm by placing the bowl ina pan of
warm water, stirring until the right temperature is reached; add one pint
of milk at 75° and mix the bread same as when compressed yeast is used.
The small amount of flour used in setting the ferment is sufficient for the
growth of the yeast, and as the only object in making the ferment is to
have an abundance of yeast germs to introduce into the dough, that it
may rise rapidly, it is better, for several reasons, to use only a small quan-
tity of flour.

It is advisable to leavethe milk out of the ferment and add it at mixing
time, as there is then no danger of sour bread, caused by lactic acid. If
potatoes are used, they should be put in at mixing time also. Potato
bread has a different texture, but not so fine a flavor as bread made with-
out potato. Neither is the bread as well balanced a food as when the
potato is left out, as the potato increases the proportion of starch to
muscle-formers. Potatoes should be used in bread when flour is deficient
in starch, or has starch of poor quality, as in case of flour made from
frosted or blighted wheat. For the same reason, sugar should not be used
in bread.

276 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

How To MAKE BRowN BREAD—Place in a bowl] one-half cup of mo-
lasses, one and a half cups of sour milk, one scant teaspoon of salt, one
cup of graham flour, one and a half cups of corn meal in which is stirred
one and a half teaspoonfuls of soda; stir until well mixed. Pour into a well
buttered double boiler, keep water in lower part boiling, and cook four or
five hours. A small tin pail with aclosely fitting cover placed in a kettle
of boiling water, which is also covered, may be substituted for the double
boiler.

Another method. Sweet milk and baking powder may be used instead
of sour milk and soda. .Raisins or other fruit may be putin the brown
bread as the butter is poured in, putting a layer of butter, then a layer
of fruit, then another layer of butter and so on. :

Miss Corson’s Receipt for Bread.—For two loaves of bread or a !arge pan
of biscuit use a whole cake of compressed yeast. Dissolve the yeast in
one cupof lukewarm water, add enough flour to form a thick batter, about
a cupful of flour, cover the bowl with a towel folded several times to re-
tain the heat and set it near the fire in a place not too hot to bear your
hand, until the bottom is light and foamy. After the sponge is light,
mix in another cupful of lukewarm water in which a teaspoonful of salt
has been dissolved and add flour to form dough stiff enough to knead with
with the hand. Knead the dough on the board just five minutes. Sume
good housewives would declare that just five minutes kneading is flying
in the face of Providence in the way of bread making; but I assure you,
it is enough to give the bread a firm, fine grain, perfectly even in its con-
sistency. After kneading it, make it up in loaves and put in buttered
iron pans and place by the fire where you can bear your hand, and let them
remain until they are twice as large as when you put them down. Brush
them over the tops with a little melted butter or with a teaspoonful of sugar
dissolved in water and put them in the oven to bake. Let them remain
until you can run a sharp knife or trussing needle in through the thickest
part of the loaf, without the bread sticking in any way toit. It may take
from half an hour to an hour, though some times it may be done ina
still shorter time. The sooner it can bake without burning, the better.
It is not necessary to knead bread more than once to secure lightness.
The longer you prolong the process of bread making the more of the nour-
ishment of the flour you destroy. ‘4

HINTs ON CAKE MAKING.—Have everything at hand before commenc-
ing work, even to cake tins. Pans are better greased with lard. Line
bottom of pans with several thicknesses of paper, if the cake is large, and
grease the top one well. In some ovens the sides should be lined also. If
butter is very salt, cut into small pieces and freshen a little; if hard,
warm, but do not let it melt. Use pulverized sugar for delicate cakes;
for rich cakes, coffee sugar, crushed, powdered and sifted; for dark cakes,
best brown sugar; for jelly cakes and light fruit cakes, granulated and
‘Coffee A” are best.

Beat yolks thoroughly and strain: set the whites away ina cool place
until ready for them, then beat them in a cool room, till they will remain
in the dish when turned upside down. In warm weather place eggs in
cold water fora few minutes, as they will then makea finer froth; but
be sure they are fresh or any amount of beating will not insure a fine froth.
Beat butter and sugar to a cream; then add part of milk and part of flour

FOOD PREPARATIONS. Qe

alternately in small quantities; then yolks of eggs, then whites (beaten),
and flour in small quantities, and lastly, flavoring. The baking powder
should be mixed with a cup or more of the flour and added with the
whites. Never beat cake in tin or with an iron spoon, as they would turn
it dark.

Powdered sugar may be sifted on the top of any cake while it is a little
warm. If it dissolves add more when it is cold. Keep some for this pur-
pose in a spice box with perforated top. The white portion of lemon or
orange peel should never be used; grate only the yellow portion of the
rind.

When recipes call for soda and cream tartar, baking powder may be
used instead, by taking the same quantity as required of both.

Milk should always mean sweet milk; any cup means a tea cup nota cof-
fee cup. One-third of a cup of molasses instead ofa wineglass of brandy in
cake gives good results with the added satisfaction of cooking on strictly
temperance principles. For those who object to the use of liquors in any
way and who prefer not to keep them in the house, the above will be
found an excellent and cheap substitute. Raisins should not be washed
as it is difficult to dry them—rub them in a coarse towel and then look
them over carefully. They should be prepared before the cake, and added
the last thing before putting in the oven, or, being heavy, they will sink
to the bottom. Do not chop raisins too fine; if for light fruit cake seed-
ing is all that is necessary. Slice citron thin and do not have the pieces
too large as they will cause the cake to break apart when cutttng. Pre-
pare currants for use as follows: Wash in tepid water an a colander set in
a pan, rubbing well, changing water until clear. Pick out bad ones and
dry in a cool oven or in the ‘‘heater.”

The batter for fruit cake should be quite stiff. When using a milk pan
or pans without stems, a glass bottle, filled with shot to give it weight,
greased, may be placed in the centre of the pan. All except layer cakes
should be covered with a paper cap or a sheet of brown paper (saved from
the grocer’s packages) when first put intheoven. Takeasquareof brown
paper large enough to cover the cake pan, cut off the corners and lay a
little plait on four sides, fasten with pins so as to fit the pan and throw it
up in the centre.

Care should be given to the preparation of the oven, which is oftener
too hot than too cool: still too cool an oven will ruin any cake. Cake
should rise and begin to bake before browning much. The good quality of
all delicate cake depends upon its being made with fresh eggs.

The above is gleaned mostly from the Luckeye Cook Book.

278 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

REPORT FROM CENTRAL EXPERIMENT STATION (HORTICUL-
TURAL DEPARTMENT.)

BY SAMUEL B. GREEN, SUPERINTENDENT.

The past year has been one of marked progress in this department, and
the outlook is very bright for more helpful work in the future.

1 have been and am on the outlook for aids to advance the efficiency of
our experiment work. Features which I think could _ easily
be introduced, and would result in increased helpfulness to the work, may
be outlined as follows:

Ist. Cut down the experiment stations of the horticultural society to
not over seven in number, and let these be carried on by parties who will
make an annual report to the horticultural society and to the central ex-
periment station.

2nd. Make these experiment stations sub-stations under the horticul-
tural departmentof the central station.

3rd. These stations to be supplied, free of cost and transportation,
with material for experiments through the central station. This shall
consist of any suitable surplus material propagated by the central and the
Owatonna and other stations, and such other material as may be bought
by the central station for this purpose.

4th. The superintendents of all the sub-stations of the horticultural
society shall make reports, and have their railroad fares paid to the
annual meeting of the horticultura] society by the society, providing they
attend the same.

5th. The work of each sub-station shall be defined by the executive
committee of the horticultural society.

6th. Any superintendent of sub-station failing, for two consecutive
years, to make a report as required above, shall be discontinued. Ithink
the introduction of some such plan as this would result in greater useful-
ness for the experiment stations and aid much in the development of our
horticultural interests.

Nore.—It is probable that the efficiency of the work of the several sta-
tions will be increased if their work is not too much scattered, but is
rather specialized.

BURNING OF EXPERIMENTAL STAIQ™ON BUILDING.

By the burning of our office building October last, the regular work of
the station staff has been quite seriously interfered with. Some of the
members lost valuable records and collections. A new building has been
commenced and is now near completion, which will give the chemical
department of both school and experiment station most excellent quar-
ters, while a building is contemplated to be put up the coming summer
which will furnish much better facilities to all members of the station
staff than those occupied heretofore.

FREE DISTRIBUTION OF PLANTS &C.

Thirty packages of desirable plants have been distributed the past year
to various parties interested in the advancement of horticultural science.

Most of the material came from our station nursery ; some was bought
for the purpose and the Owatonna experiment station contributed Green-

i ¢

EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 279

wood crab and Dartt’s hybrid apples. We are collecting quite an amount
of material with the purpose in view of distributing it from time to time
as it becomes large enough for the purpose. It is not our intention to
distribute to all who ask, but tosend to experiment stations first and
to supply the remainder to intelligent careful growers as may be recom-
mended.

RUSSIAN APPLE ORCHARD.

Although this orchard is in an exposed place, not at all adapted for
successful orchard growing, yet the trees have made a vigorous growth
and are exceedingly promising and free from blight. In pruning these trees
it has been my aim to encourage low branching and especially the growth
of limbs on the southerly half of the trunk.

Further than this and the removing of interlocking branches, I have
gone on the principle that the less pruning done the better. On the
land between the trees I have grown Hubbard squash, which is one of
the finest crops to grow in an orchard as well as a profi table one.

Some trees of Koursk Anis and Summer Calville, that have been set six

years, gave a little fruit. Most of the older trees give promise of fruit for
next year. The fo llowing varieties have been added to the list the past
year: Okabena, Northwestern, Greening, Thompson Seedlings, Green-
wood Crab, Brackett’s Seedling Pear, Gokonsha Pear. In our nursery
orchard, which is set mostly with well known varieties, we have had an
abundant yield of Wealthy, Tetofsky, Beech’s Sweet, Orange Crab,
Pearce’s Crab,Strawberry Crab, andasmall yield of Duchess, Grant, Swaars
and Whitney.

In the immediate vicinity of the state farm the Pride of Minneapolis
crab is gaining very much in favor as a reliable and heavy bearer. I have
also most excellent reports from other localities in the state. I think it
might often be planted to advantage. It is, as you all know, an early
winter apple.

THE NEW ORCHARD LOCATION.

We have cleared off the timber (mostly oak), from about two acres of
land on the north side of the hill on the state farm, and expect to have
the land fitted and planted out to apple trees the coming spring. This
will give us a location for an experiment orchard that is very favorable
for such purposes, and will supplement our present orchards. The tilla-
ble soil is about eighteen inches deep and overlays a gravelly subsoil, con-
taining some clay.

PLUMS.

* The crop of plums borne on our De Soto trees was something astonish-
ing. I wish that every farmer in the state could have seen them. These
trees commenced to bear three years ago, and have borne heavy crops
every year Since. The Forest Garden and Weaver have yielded good crops.
The Rollingstone has not done as well on our grounds as I had expected.
On the ground of Mr. O. M. Lord, of Minnesota City, it produces the finest
native plums I have seen, but with us they do not bear so abundantly as
others, and the fruit is much more injured by the work of the curculio.

Several new varieties of plums have been received on trial, besides
which we have seedlings of Our own, and have sown the past fall about
one bushel of seeds from select varieties.

280 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

GRAPES.

Our crop of grapes has been a fairly good one. The most productive
varieties with us the past season were Worden, Brighton, Lady, Moore’s
Early, Janesville,Early Victor, Delaware, Agawam, Lindley, Herbert and
Barry. In our location the Concord has not ripened for three years, and I
therefore would not recommend it for general planting, but only for favor-
able locations. We have discarded Goethe and Niagara as requiring too
long a season, though we expect to try them both, the coming year, on
weak stocks, to advance, if possible, their period of ripening.

GRAFTING THE GRAPE.

In some experiments carried on in this line the past season excellent
results were obtained in grafting before the sap had started at all, i. e.,
in what is called the first period. Other vines Were successfully grafted
after the plants were in flower, but the growth on these was not over
three feet, while on those grafted earlier the growth was generally over
ten feet. These results were obtained in grafting various Labrusca on
the Clinton. These matters I anticipate reporting on at more iength in

a coming bulletin.
CHERRIES. :

The cherries received from Prof. Budd in 1889, fifteen varieties, win-
tered well and made a very satisfactory growth the past season. They
are now heeled in and will be planted permanently the coming spring on
high, dry ground. :

The trouble in getting hardy stocks presents itself to all growers of
this fruit. The sand cherry I think will make a reasonably good stock
for this purpose. I have also imported from Riga this year four and a
half pounds of cherry pits, which I hope will furnish us with valuable
hardy stocks.

SAND CHERRY.

The many conflicting reports about this fruit I think can be reconciled
by believing that there is a great difference in the varieties. It is cer-
tain that this fruit wasin great abundance near Brookings, 8. Dak., the
past season and at other places: that it is a reliable crop in some of the
most trying localities in Dakota and is looked upon already as a commer-
cial commodity. I obtained some of these fruitful plants several years
ago from various localities and planted some on dry poor land and others
in rich garden soil. The past year a variety received from Prof. Budd
several years ago, blossomed full, but only fruited sparingly.

STRAWBERRIES.

Our crop of strawberries was a very late one and fruited sparingly. I
have little to add to the paper presented to you on this subject last yea
except to say that Park Beauty is a promising variety and deserves a
place on our fruit list asa most promising novelty, it is also highly
praised in many localities elsewhere.

Lady Rusk is quite a failure on our grounds, having become badly dis-
eased; this is much the same report that is made of it elsewhere generally.

Warfield No. 2is a prolific variety and very promising, but we have
not sufficiently tested it to be ready fora final report.

Last spring we planted all the novelties of the season, including Parker
Earle, Osceola, Bedawood, Crawford, Michael’s Early, Cloud Seedling, etc.
These have all made a satisfactory growth.

EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 281

SEEDLING STRAWBERRIES.

The last season we fruited over forty of our seedling strawberries but
not one do I consider worth retaining.

CURRANTS AND GOOSEBERRIES.

These have borne good crops the past season. Some experiments tried
in covering gooseberries convince me that the increase of vigor and cer-
tainty of crop secured thereby will repay any additional cost necessary in
laying them down

The Industry gooseberry has fruited the past year at the station, the
fruit is very large and of good quality, but I have yet to see the plant
grow with sufficient vigor to ever make it profitable. It should be pro-

tected in winter.
RASPBERRIES.

There is nothing new in raspberries that I think an addition to the
list. The Cuthbert is holding its own and the, Marlboro is growing in
favor. Mr. Stubbs, of Long Lake, sold last season $125 worth of them
from one quarter of an acre.

The Golden Queen is a prolific variety much like Cuthbert in form, but
as its canes are much stiffer than those of the Caroline, which is also a
yellow variety, the latter would be my choice for garden purposes on ac-
count of the readiness with which it may be laid down and covered. It
is more prolific than the Golden Qeen but not so firm or of so large a size.

RASPBERRY SEEDLINGS.

We have about 2,000 seedlings from the Cuthbert and Schaeffer’s Colos-
sal which ought to fruit next year. As most of these are from the Schaef-
fer, which is a hybrid, I regard them with much interest.

VEGETABLES.

The experiments in this line will be reported on in a later bulletin. I
wish to say, however, that of the eight hundred potato seedlings grown
from seed sown at the station two years ago, all but fifty of the most
promising have been discarded.

FORESTRY.

This is a subject of vast importance and I wish it was within the means
of the society to give it more attention. I have put out a plantation of
two and a half acres the past year with a view to testing our Russian
willows and poplars as forest trees. At the same time most of our native
timber trees, both deciduous and evergreen, were planted in the same
tract. Besides furnishing valuable data for experiment purposes, it will
serve as an important object lesson to visitors and our farm school pupils.
I design carrying on some experiments in forestry physics the coming

season.
CONIFER.® FROM SEED.

This matter will be referred to at more length in a paper now prepared
and shortly to be issued in a bulletin form. Our experiments were such
as to serve the purpose of an important lesson in the sowing of the seeds
of these valuable trees, during the past season which has been very unfa-
vorable for this work on account of the warm, moist weather in
May and June. It may be of interest to those who are watching that
peculiar broad-leaved conifer commonly called Ginko tree (Salisburia
adiantifolia) and who know of its very promising behavior in point of
hardness. It may be interesting to them to know that we can grow it
here readily from the seed, which is not expensive.

bS
bo

8 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ARBORETUM.

Some little attention has been given this valuable feature the past year
and there seems to be a feeling to regard it with increasing favor by our
horticulturists generally.

I can hardly urge this matter too strongly upon your attention. The
benefit to be derived from it must be far reaching in its consequences.
Additions have been made to it of over 100 species and varieties the past
year.

To Harvard College through its Arnold arboretum we are indebted for
a fine collection from the generas Pyrus and Prunus and some others.

RUSSIAN WILLOWS AND POPLARS.

Many of these are growing in favor with our planters, and the general
opinion is that they have come stay and to form a valuable acquisition to
our list of trees.

A new feature which we have discovered the past year is that the beau-
tiful trailing willow called Napoleon’s willow, can be easily grafted on
Salix acutifolio. Treated in this way it will give a very desirable novelty
in ornamental trees for the lawn and something that our nurserymen
and amateurs will be pleased with.

MINOR EXPERIMENTS.

Many experiments have been undertaken, an enumeration of the details
of which would require much space, and so would be out of place in a
report of this nature. They were as follows:

Experiments in the use of Bordeaux mixture on " potatoes to check
blight.

Experiments in the application of Minnesota tankage as a garden and
greenhouse fertilizer.

Experiments in summer propagation of plants.

Experiments with old and new squash.

The results of these experiments will be furnished more in detail in
bulletins from time to time.

Besides caring for the experiment work at the station, I have had
charge of the laying out and grading of the ground about the School
buildings, which has taken much care and attention.

In closing I wish to again thank the members of the society for cordial
co-operation and the kindly interest manifested in the work of my de-
partment. .

REPORT OF EXPERIMENT STATION.
BY CHAS. LEUDLOFF, CARVER, MINN.

For this time my report is shorty as Mr. Frost on the night of May 17th
shortened it very much, as my Russian apples, plum and cherries were
then in bloom nicely, but all blossoms were killed by that frost; the
Russian apples in my experimental nursery did well last summer; they
were all free from blight and made a good growth. In my orchard some
kind of crabs blighted very much and a few died down to the grouud. My
grapes also were damaged by frost and only a few baskets full of bunches
was the crop; strawberries only are picking; some of my plums (best
native) brought a good crop. The currants and gooseberries gave me a

EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 283

full crop. Blackberries were killed the blossom) by frost. The Russian
pears gave me a good show for a crop for next year; also the Russian plum
looks good for a crop, but right here I have to mention that the Russian
plum will not live long enough if top grafted on our natiye plum stock as
the cells don’t fit, so they unite, not well, the graft growing thicker; I
think they will do better by root graft with long scions, so that the scions
may produce later trees or roots. Later in the fall I planted some large
plum trees (top grafted with our best natives) and on them I found on
the roots two inches below the surface a worm like the apple borer about
one inch long, 4 inch thick, cream white, with a brown hat. This worm
was boring two to three inches long and ¢ inch wide, deep into the bark.
After this bad show I went to my two year old plum trees (roots grafted),
by examination I found there the same worm as above stated only smaller,
though it was always on the grafting place. The damage was uot great at
present, but I think this worm will do more damage when he gets larger.
The frost did not allow me to look all over my plum trees for this pest, so
a further examination must*be made next spring.

REPORT FROM NEW ULM EXPERIMENT STATION.
By C. W. H. HEIDEMAN, SUPT.

For the past ten years the writer has devoted some considerable time
in experimentation with the native wild fruits found so abundantly in
this vicinity along the Cottonwood and Minnesota river valleys, taking
them from their native habitat, and submitting them to improved care
and cultivation, and raising hundreds of seedlings with a view of ultimate
improvement. My grounds now contain representatives of all the native
fruits of this vicinity, together with varieties from Dakota and Montana;
also many of the standard cultivated fruits adapted to cold climates.
The reports which I have to offer are based on actual observation here,
covering a period of several years, and not from catalogue claims or de-
scriptions. As this is my first report, I am afraid the failures of the past
ten years, if recorded would receive more prominence than the successes,
because of inexperience and an uncontrollable desire to test everything
new that is offered.

The past season has been unusually favorable for all kinds of fruits.
Native fruits were especially abundant. ‘

The experimentation undertaken at this station is mostly the raising
of seedlings, at first by selection, and only undertaken with a definite
plan of procedure within the last few years, consequently many of them
cannot be reported upon for several years. The improvement of our
native plums has been, and will continue to be, my special work.

PLUMS.

I know of no fruits adapted to our climate which give greater promise
of general success than our Prunus Americanus. When we take into con-
sideration the origin of such fruits as the apple, pear, peach, grape, etc.,
etc., and the many years devoted to their improvement, it is surprising
that so few attempts have been made towards the improvement of a fruit
so generally distributed and capable of withstanding the severest clim-
ates. Nature unaided has almost alone accomplished the high state of

284 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

perfection in this fruity that has required years of careful and patient
work of pomologists with our other standard fruits. So far as is known
the only improvement as yet has been by selection, and the average list
of our northwestern nurserymen contain generally less than half a dozen
varieties. An examination of the geological and natural history survey
of Minnesota shows that Prunus Americana is found indigenous in 72 out
of 80 counties of the state and probably in all of them.

Carver, who traveled to the upper part of the Minnesota river in 1767.
wrote of the region through which it flows: ‘‘Every part is filled with
trees bending under their loads of fruits, such as plums, grapes and
apples.”

I have now over 60 distinct varieties including Chicasaws, Russians and
my own importation of a dozen varieties from North Bohemia, most of
them not yetin bearing. My collection of Americana varieties includes
almost everything which has been catalogued, together with many which
have as yet not been generally introduced and have only a local reputa-
tion. Among them we have several varieties which are superior to such
varieties as Weaver, Forest Garden, &c., &c., in many respects. None of
the Chicasaw varieties tested are hardy enough to be perfect at this station.
The foreign plums have not been tested long enough to give an opinion
as to chances of success; about all we can expect of them is to furnish
pollen for use in pollinating our best known hardy varieties for hybrids.

APPLES.
My experience has been almost entirely with Michigan apples in barrels
and this year even that islimited. The few trees we had of Duchess,
Transcendent and Brier Sweet, all succumbed with blight, the past
season. In the spring of 1888 I received a collection of Russians from
Prof. Porter, most of them cripples. Three trees are still alive and in
good condition, apparently perfectly hardy. The varieties are 149M,
Babuschino, and Champagne Pipka. The others allsuccumbed to blight
the first and second season. Trees of 12 varieties of North Bohemian ap-
ples and the same number of pears have been received and will be planted
in spring, also seeds of selected varieties from the same source.

DEW-BERRY.

For over six years I have anxiously waited for fruit from the variety
called Lucretia, having tried it on various soils, and tried plants procured
from different sources. It has bloomed freely but has given but little,
and that very imperfect fruit; the blossoms seem to be deficient in pollen.
Itis barely hardy enough for this climate even with winter protection.
At the same time I have had better success with the native dew-berry
picked up here which is perfectly hardy without covering, fairly prolific,
with very large fruit of good quality.

DWARF JUNEBERRY.

This shrub has received agreat deal of puffing as a very desirable fruit
and a subject for improvement. From observation of the Juneberry heré
in its native home, and under cultivation, I am convinced that it will
never be profitable as a fruit for home use, much less for market. I have
searched through acres of the bushes without finding enough fruit to test
for cooking. The fruit ripens very unevenly and is then generally claimed
by the birds. I do not, however, wish to detract anything from its merits
as an ornamental shrub. The taller growing varieties especially, make

EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 285

a very fine lawn tree with dark, glossy, healthy foliage resembling the
pear. Have received plants from Montana where I have seen it in fruit
fairly prolific and of good size.

RASPBERRY.

We are having good success with the Turner, Caroline, Hansell, Cuth-
bert and Philadelphia Red, without any winter protection whatever.
Preference is given in the order named. Black cap varieties have not been
a success, except a native black cap, which shows great improvement in
size and productiveness under garden culture.

BLACKBERRY.

Have but one variety, the Snyder, which has fruited two seasons. Has
received no winter protection.

CURRANTS.

We have several old varieties which furnish an abundance of fruit.
Seedlings of the native black currant show marked improvement in size
and quality and productiveness the first generation from the wild.

MISCELLANEOUS.

We have quite a number of seedlings of the wild black cherry, choke
cherry, bird cherry, sand cherry, buffalo berry, etc., etc. Some of them
promise improvement over their wild congeners.

REMARKS.

President Elliott: In Mr. Heideman’s report I notice he
says there is a marked improvement in the native black currant
from the seedling, and if this is so it seems to me that we had
better continue in that directian, If we could get the black
currant to grow as prolific as our red currant it would be valu-
able.

OWATONNA EXPERIMENTAL TREE STATION.
BY Sur, Hh) EH. Si DART

To the Minnesota State Horticultural Society:

GENTLEMEN: All is quiet on the Potomac, is what we used to hear
when our armies were maneuvering and anxiously waiting to meet our
nation’s insidious foe. And we may say all is quieton the Owatonna
tree station while we are working and waiting for the onslaught of our
insidious foe the elements. We court a moderate degree of early disaster
that our works may be tested and strengthened, so as to avert future
calamities.

Much substantial work has been done during the last season, the details
of which will be omitted except so far as may seem necessary to enable
you to judge of its character.

It has been my belief that good results would be obtained much sooner
by gathering in the first fruits of other men’s labor than by depending
entirely upon my own. I have also anticipated grand results from plant-
ing the seeds of our most valuable acclimated varieties.

These two lines will be pushed in the future as inthe past. In regard

286 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

to forest and ornamental trees we have thought it best to test all varie-
ties represented hardy at Bloomington, Ill., and some other imported
varieties of which little is known as to adaptation. This will certainly
bring a great many failures and implies a very long black list. Most men
and some states are sensitive about admitting a great preponderance of
failures. When the name of magnolia is read on the black list some may
say any fool ought to know better than to try to grow the magnolia in
Minnesota. But how do we know that magnolia acummata, the hardiest.
among them, will not thrive here under favorable conditions. How do
we know that dwarf peaches, pears, cherries and apricots may not be
profitably grown by covering in winter? If planted ona hill side they
could be trained near the ground which would greatly facilitate covering.
A hint from you as to the width of the field that I should try to cover or
in regard to any other matter will be thankfully received.

Asa rule all trees have done well in the nursery. But very little blight
appeared and was confined to half a dozen varieties of Russian apples

and a few seedling crabs.
INSECTS.

As a protection against drouth the ground was heavily manured.
Among nursery rows it could not be plowed under and cut worms became
very numerous and destroyed nearly all of the seasons planting of seeds
and some that were grown the previous season. I tried hard to save the
pedigree seeds by hunting out and crushing the worms. But they hid
while I worked and worked while I slept, and came out ahead. Undera
bunch of green branches carelessly thrown down covering less than a
square foot 90 cut worms were counted. Such branches were immediately
placed along the seed rows and many worms were destroyed, and I have
reasons to think that had this plan been resorted to at first, most of the
damage might have been prevented.

A willow worm appeared later in theseason. It was black, about an inch
in length when full grown, and had ten yellow spots on each side. It took
the leaves clean as far as it went; but was quickly destroyed by an appli-
cation of paris green mixed with land plaster for potato bugs.

The vinesphinx became numerous on Virginia creeper but yielded to
the potato bug mixture.

Four thousand root grafts were planted last spring, comprising 190 varie-
ties, of which 56 were Russian and the remainder seedlings, some of which
originated on the ground, others being contributions from propagators of
Minnesota and adjoining states. An average stand and fair growth has
been secured. The ground was kept clean till August 10th when oats
were sown for winter protection and covered the ground completely, at
the approach of winter. Piece roots four inches long were used. I have tried
long scions on two inch roots but did not get a good stand. Have tried
all grown or top pieces of root by the side of all second cuts with no per-
ceptible difference. Many believe that the stock exerts a powerful influ-
ence over the scion. My experience is the other way. Give me the right
scion and Iecare little for the stock, provided it is hardy and furnishes
plenty of moisture. Will set about 150 varieties of apples and crabs next
spring, 20 varieties of Russians, and of the remainder many will be new

from noted originators.
NURSERY STAKES.

Fifty stakes have been painted with wax, 300 have been soaked inasolu- .

=

EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 287

tion of sulphate of copper and a few in lime water to test durability. Iron
stakes made of No. 4 wire will be tried in the spring. One thousand six
hundred and fiftyEvergreen trees were planted as follows: 500 Scotch pine,
500 Norway spruce, 500 white spruce, 100 red pine, 50 pieca corncolor,
Fully 95 per cent. are alive.

The orchard now contains 400 trees, 55 of Russian varieties, 20 of seed-
lings and crabs, 12 of plums, 3 of pears, and 1 of cherries. Atleast 120 trees
will be added each year and in these additions, seedling varieties will
predominate.

Trees are 15 feet apart east and west, and 10 feet apart north and south.
Every eleventh row running east and west, being of evergreen trees.

I regard sixteen feet each way, as a suitable distance for such trees as
Duchess, while Transcendant crab, if it does not blight will crowd in 20
years at 20 feet each way.

One object in close planting here, has been to test a large number of
varieties without covering too much space. Boards six inches wide have
been placed on the southwest side of more than 100 orchard trees to pre-
vent sun scald. One hundred and twenty-five shade and ornamental
trees were planted about the school grounds last spring; and though most
of them are alive, yet I regret to say, that the situation is much exposed
to sweeping winds, and the growth of trees has not been satisfactory. A
strong windbreak on the south and west is greatly needed. ;

Fall planting will be tried. Several varieties were transplanted last
fall for that purpose.

The Alpine bearberry of the heath family, from Wisconsin woods, may
have real merits as an ornamental shrub. It bore shining black berries,
size of blue berries, the second year, in great profusion. The fruit, as the
name indicates, is good for the bears, but good for nothing else unless it
may have medicinal properties or do for the ugly sparrows when they be-
come numerous.

I have met with frequent failures in growing trees from seed, and I at-
tribute it largely to want of sufficient moisture in the ground, at and
soon after the time of germination. I have left a portion of this year’s
appropriation unexpended, and will add enough from that of next year
to dig a well or obtain water by piping from the deep well of the State
Public School.

I am under great obligations to the members of our society and to hor-
ticulturists generally, for kindness and material assistance in the work I
am trying to do.

DISCUSSION.

Wm. Somerville: Mr. President, I want to say in regard to
Mr. Dartt’s experiment station, that I was at his place and he
took a great deal of pains to show me around, and it was the
most gratifying sight I haveseen for years. He takes so much
pains that he can show you every seed he has planted and of
what quality it is, and he keeps everything in such good order.
Iam expecting right from Mr. Dartt to get the coming apple
for Minnesota, even ahead of our Russian and Peerless.

288 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

J.S. Harris: I was sent to his place to look it over, and I
had. access to his books, and he took me through the station
and private office and he has everything in apple pie order.
His books show a good system, and I believe he is the right
man in the right place, and he ought to have salary enough to
enable him to enlarge the work and carry it on to its final end.

L. H. Wilcox: I would like to ask Mr. Dartt in reference to
what he says of cutworms, whether he considers that heavy
manuring produces an extra heavy crop of cutworms?

E. H. S. Dartt: That is my impression.

Pres. Elliot: If manuring facilitates the production of cut-
worms I hope you will all adopt his method of catching them
by laying a leaf or anything green on the ground so they can
crawl under the shade. I have used that very effectively in my
garden and I cannot catch my cutworms in any other way.

L. H. Wilcox: Has anyone ever tried Paris Green?

R. P. Lupton: I have not, but somebody told me a year ago
that if I sowed some salt on my ground it would kill cutworms.
IT am willing to try almost anything, so I tried that. I tried it
in my melon patch, and I came to the conclusion it was the best
thing to raise cutworms I ever tried. Iwas determined I would
not be beaten, so I took tarred paper and cut it into strips
about twelve inches long and three inches wide. I then went
all over my melon patch to find the worms. After I got
through I took those bits of tarred paper and put them right
down around the hills, sticking them in the ground about one-
half their width, and that is the way I saved my melon patch.
I did not lose one plant out of fifty.

Geo. J. Kellogg: I have been looking over friend Dartt’s
list of apple trees to find his best varieties, and he has only
three, one the Duchess of Oldenburg. Here are two more pages
of varieties, and where is the coming apple?

Prof. Green: He has just told us he did not know what it
was yet.

E. H. S. Dartt: Now that list is a large one, and most of
those varieties we know nothing about, how then could I pick —
out and say which was the best? Butthose that I have marked
I do know something about. I expect the coming apple may
be in one of those forty-four varieties that I have entered ‘‘A”
to ‘“‘M’, and from ‘‘AA” to ‘‘AQ”. There are forty-four varie-
ties of seedlings that I have grafted and marked and it may be
in that list.

EXPERIMENT STATIONS. ; 289

REPORT OF EXPERIMENT STATION AT MINNESOTA CITY.
BY O. M. LORD.

Received, last spring, from Mr. Kramer, La Crescent, a sample of
Princess strawberry plants for testing. The plants have made a good
growth, but have not multiplied largely. Received from our State Sta-
tion pear trees, Early Harvest blackberry, also some poplars and willows.

From A. W. Sias, Rochester, six varieties of apple trees, and from the
Towa Agricultural College three varieties of plums. From J. 8S. Harris,
La Crescent, three varieties of apple trees. Plum scions received from sev-
eral parties, all failed to grow. Also quite a quantity of seed failed.
Among the fruits produced this year for the first, were the Spear, Wolf,
Hawkeye, Forest Rose, and several seedling plums. Of apples, the Wal-
bridge, White Transparent, Golden Russet, Fulton and Shockley. .The
last named and some others were planted as an experiment to test in
some degree the theory in regard to acclimating trees. If trees of tender
character can be acclimated to withstand severe cold, the process is at
best a very slow one.

The Haas apple is supposed to have originated in South Carolina, and
has proved as hardy in this vicinity as any of the old standard kinds.
The Shockley originated in Georgia, a description of which may
be found in Agricultural Department Report, 1869. The tree ap-
pears to stand the climate as well as several other kinds that have form-
erly produced good crops here. Some trees from northern Alabama have
borne several good crops in this vicinity, which would indicate that the
ability to stand the climate depends upon the character or habit of the
tree in maturing its new growth before cold weather. Much stress was at
one time laid upon the necessity for trees to shed their leaves and go into
winter quarters early, and upon that habit was based their capacity to
withstand the cold. That this is not true is shown by the Wealthy,
which is the very last among a large number to shed its leaves, and to
reason by analogy our very hardiest oaks frequently retain their leaves
all winter.

If, however, the leaves of fruit trees at the advent of winter are green
and the new growth succulent, they perish of course.

REPORT FROM EXPERIMENT STATION OF LA CRESCENT,MINN.
BY J. Ss HARRIS, SUPERINTENDENT.

A number of the newer varieties of Russian apple trees procured from
J. L. Budd, of Ames, Iowa, a few years since, blossomed in 1890 for the
first time, and a few of them carried fruit to maturity. Of the number is
Ist, Antonovka; fruit, above medium in size; form, flat, conic, somewhat
ribbed; color, a greenish yellow in shade, and a brownish yellow in the
sun; the stem is short, set in a yellow, russety cavity; calyx, half open;
basin, deep ribbed; core, half open; flesh, pale yellow, firm; flavor, pleas-
ant acid. ‘The season this year was November; would probably keep
longer if picked early. The trees are on deep, rich, cooley soil and appear
vigorous and healthy, showed but little blight.

2d. No. 1227, Gipsy Girl: fruit, medium, round, mostly bright red, a

—18

290 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

beautiful fall apple just later than the Duchess; the tree is a thrifty, fine
grower but blighted considerable last season.

3d. Roursk’s Anis: a little under medium in size and in quality one of
the best of the Anis family; the tree is a close topped, moderate grower,
and appears hardy and free from blight.

4th. Vargulek, size medium, form flat, conical, color greenish
yellow with a reddish cheek, a short stem, flavor acid, season about
December, trees vigorous growers but blighted considerably.

The station orchard is doing well and did not suffer very much from
blight. The Warfield No. 2 strawberry fruited with us this season and
promises to be as productive as the Crescent, the fruit is handsomer and
much firmer, and to our taste of better quality. The Jessie is not prov-
ing satisfactory except as a fertilizer for pistilate varieties. We have
now on trial in orchard, besides what has been previously reported, the
Catharine, (plum No. 1.) A number of seedlings that originated ip
Wisconsin, and about 30 additional varieties of the new Russians, and the
Scott’s Winter, besides seedlings of our own growing. The Russian pear
trees made a fine growth and were free from blight.

The experimental orchard is yet too young to expect much fruit from
it. The season was unfavorable for a crop of plums. The heavy frost in
May occurred after most of the bloom had fallen from the trees and the
young fruit had formed, and only a portion of the larger ones matured
any fruit. The De Soto, Rollingstone and Cheney did the best with us.
The newer varieties were a total failure. We have secured for planting
in the spring, trees of the Peerless, Itaska, Estaline, lowa Beauty and
Pattens Duchess No. 3. .

As the Horticultural Societies’ stations are purely charitable institu-
tions conducted without cost to the society and for the future good of
the whole country, and from the fact that there will no profit accrue to
the planter from an orchard containing from one to a half dozen trees of
a variety even if all should prove hardy and good, we extend an invita-
tion to all parties who have new seedlings of promise to place a few with
us for testing and promise that their rights as originators or propa-
gators shall be respected.

PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS BEFORE THE McLEOD COUNTY HOR-
TICULTURAL SOCIETY.

BY M. CUTLER, SUMTER.

Ladies and Gentlemen:

The task of preparing an agreeable and instructive address for an occa-
sion of this kind, is not an easy one forme. If I was engaged in horti-
cultural work alone it might be otherwise, but as Iam a general farmer
T scarcely get my mind fixed upon a horticultural theme ere there arises
visions of pens filled with pigs anxious for their supper, colts pawing for
their oats, cows to be milked or poultry to be fed, so that you need not be
surprised if this paper proves to be a kind of a succotash arrangement.
To the great majority of horticulturists the past year has been one of
sorrow and disappointment, while to the lucky few who had a good crop,
it has been one of profit and gladness. We have heard of Kansas farmers
who realized over six thousand dollars for their apple crop. And evenin

PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS, MCLEOD COUNTY. 291

Minnesota, where it has been supposed apples could never be profitably
grown, several orchards have proven very profitable to the owners. And
I am pleased to say that such old veterans in the horticultural work of
the state as J. 8. Harris, who have studied and investigated the subject
for more than a quarter of a century, believe that apples can be profitably
grown for home use and market in many portions of our state. AndI
must confess that, although I have been a skeptic on the subject, that
after seeing the grand display of home grown fruit at our state fair, and
hearing of the large crops harvested from some of the orchards of our
state, 1 am nearly convinced that with the new seedlings and hardy Rus-
sians being set out and propagated. we will soon be growing quite a quan-
tity of apples.

Iam informed that over three thousand bushels of fine apples were
sold from the old Jordan farm near Rochester, and that the total fruit
crop of the farm amounted to over five thousand dollars, the renter hay-
ing bought and paid for the farm with this year’s proceeds of the fruit.
I might give you several other instances of large and profitable yields of
apples and small fruits, but these have been the rare exceptions, and the
question which still confronts us is, how can we grow, with any degree of
certainty, plenty of fruit for home use?

The first, and I think most important point, is to get kinds adapted to
our climate and different kinds of soil.

The second is, how to cultivate and manage the different kinds after
we get them. In considering the first, we must look for earliness and
hardiness. One of the best of the small fruits is the grape, which is sel-
dom found in the yards of our farmers or villagers. It is easily cared for,
and should be found in every garden.

To succeed with grapes buy good two year old vines of the following
kinds: Worden, Moores Early, Brighton and Janesville. Set in rows
eight feet apart each way. Cultivate well; keep ground well fertilized,
and as cold weather approaches trim, lay down, and cover, and you will
seldom fail to have nice fruit.

STRAWBERRIES.

After testing many kinds I find the Crescent and Glendale the most
profitable. The Jessie is good but has not proven profitable thus far. I
set the plants the last of April or first of May in rows four feet apart and
one to two feet in the row. Wood ashes scattered over the soil and har-
rowed in I have found the best and only needed fertilizer on our rich soil.

The plants should be well cultivated with a fine tooth cultivator, and
when the ground freezes, well covered with corn stalks or slough hay.

By following these few simple directions I have not failed to have a fam-
ily supply of this delicious fruit in fifteen years. But I have not time to
give details in regard to growing of all the different kinds of small fruits
that can be successfully grown here. Our annual report gives instructions
in detail by the best experts in the state, and you can obtain it by paying
the small sum of fifty cents to our secretary.

Thus far I have given you the bright side of horticultural work. I will
now notice some things that will discourage the ambitious grower of
fruit. To succeed in growing fruit for the market, you must have the
finest and most productive kinds, so you send for the catalogues of the
various dealers, and instead of selecting the old and tried kinds, you go

292 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIBYTY.

for the two dollar per dozen strawberries, the two dollar per plant grape,
etc. The result is generally disappointment. The dearest plants ever
bought were the Jumbo, paying five dollars for fifty. The cheapest, the
Crescent, at one dollar per hundred. Another cause of failure is, rushing
into the business before you have learned the details. The growing of
fruit in the country for market requires good judgment and as much
brain work as to run a bank or store, besides lots of muscular work.

EVERGREENS.

I desire to call your attention to this highly useful and ornamental tree,
thousands of which have been set out in our county and but few are liv-
ing. I believe they can be successfully grown here by observing the fol-
lowing simple rules: 1. Set no trees sold by peddlers who have brought
them from the woods. 2. Send to areliable nurseryman and get trees
that have been transplanted at least three times. 3. Have them come
to you early in the spring. 4. Do not let sun or ‘wind get to the roots.
5. Mulch the ground around the trees.

In conclusion, I hope and trust that this meeting has been a profitable
one to you all, and that it will be the means of awakening new interest in
horticultural work.

MEETING OF THE SOUTHERN MINNESOTA ASSOCIATION.
BY WAYLAND STEDMAN, SEC’Y.

The annual winter meeting of the Southern Minnesota Horticultural
Society was held in this city February 19th, 1891.

The following officers were elected:

President— Wm. Somerville, Viola.

Vice President—M. L. Tibbetts, St. Charles.

Secretary and Treasurer—Wayland Stedman, Rochester.

Executive Committee—M. W. Cook, R. C. Keel and L. McLain.

Mr. R. C. Keel presented a paper telling of his fruit crop in 1890. He
raised over two thousand bushels of apples and found ready sale for them
all. He has two hundred varieties, but believes that there are only about
ten varieties that are profitable in this climate.

Mr. W. N. Herrick said that the Wealthy apples that he bought of Mr.
Keel were the best and prettiest and most salable apples that he ever
saw. He was sorry that they were not winter apples.

President Somerville said that some of the Russian varieties were winter
apples and believed that as soon as they were generally planted, that we
would raise our winter apples in this part of our state. He was asked to
name the ten varieties that farmers of Southern Minnesota ought to plant.

The following is the list, named in order of their maturing: Apples for
Southern Minnesota, Yellow Transparent, Duchess, Red Anis, White
Pigeon, Russian Green, Cook’s Anis, Wealthy, Longfield, Repka Melinka,
Hibernal, Red Queen,

Red Queen apples, raised in this county, have kept until May.

Mr. Somerville also recommended the Crab Whitney No. 20.

Mr. M. W. Cook said that he still believed that the Crescent Seedling,
properly fertilized, is the best variety of strawberries, both on account of
hardiness and productiveness, quality and continuous bearing.

44
+

WINTER MEETING SOUTHERN ASSOCIATION. 293

When asked what he meant by being properly fertilized, he said: ‘I set
three rows of Crescents, then one row of a variety with perfect flowers,
which bears large berries, blossoms continuously and is hardy. And I
know of no variety that fills the bill better than the Jessie. The Jessies
are very sweet berries and they improve the quality of the Crescents.”
The Bubach is also a variety that he recommends. They should be fertil-
ized in the same way as the Crescents.

Mr. D. G. Eastman said that his favorite crops were corn and straw-
berries. Corn, he said, needed to be kept entirely free from weeds and
grass. He never liked to see a single weed in his corn field, but strawber-
ries were different. He did not want to argue against keeping the straw-
berry patch clean; but from the patch that he neglected he got better
berries than from the one that he kept clean.

Mr. Elmer G. Ballard has tried many of the new black cap raspberries,
but he still sticks to his old friend, the Doolittle, which has never failed
with him, whether the season was wet or dry. Last spring he set more of
them than any other variety.

Mr. E. D. Wattles thinks that grass growing in the hills of corn injures
the crop, especially in dry seasons. He hoes his corn with a hand hoe and
thinks it pays. He raised the best corn in his neighborhood last year.

Wayland Stedman hoped that the time would come when there would
be a well kept lawn and a few flower beds around every farm house in our
county. Flowers are the most profitable of all crops. They don’t bring
money but they bring contentment.

Mr. A. W. Sias has been president of our society since its organization.
We feel our loss at this time, and we wish him success in his new field.

Our summer meeting will be held in strawberry time. Notice will be
given in due time.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON NOMENCLATURE AND
CATALOGUE.

BY J. S. HARRIS, LA CRESCENT.

Secretary Minnesota State Horticultural Society:

Your committee submit descriptions of the following varieties of ap-
ples, viz: Malinda, Drake, Wabasha, Rollins’ Pippin, Faribault, Newell’s
Winter and Red Queen, and recommend that they be published as a con-
tinuation of the list begun in 1890, and carried to their proper place in
the catalogue.

J.S. HARRIS, Ch’n. Com.

Malinda, size full medium, form conical, somewhat angular, color pale
green to yellow with blush cheek where exposed to the sun, stem medium,
cavity deep, calyx closed, basin ridged, flesh pale yellow, a little coarse
and flavor nearly sweet. Season, late winter. Origin, Viola, Minn. Tree
a vigorous upright grower and more hardy than Wealthy.

Wabasha, size medium, form smooth roundish, color greenish-yellow,
mostly covered with blush; stem medium long, strong, set in a rather
broad cavity, calyx half open, basin broad and shallow, flesh pale yellow,
fine grained, flavor sub-acid, good. Season, winter. Origin, Olmstead
county, Minn. The tree is about half hardy.

294 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Rollins Pippin, size medium, form round oblate, color greenish yellow
showing minute white dots, blush on the sun side, calyx open in a broad
shallow basin, stem medium, strong, set in a medium deep, smooth, more
or less russeted cavity, flesh yellowish white, fine grained, crisp, flavor
sub-acid. Season, January to March. Origin, Olmstead county, Minn.
Stood the winter of 1884 and 1885 as well as the Wealthy.

Drake, size medium, form round oblate, color greenish yellow, striped
on sun side with carmine red, flesh white, fine grained, juicy, pleasant
acid flavor, stem medium stout, cavity medium. Season, January. Free
annual bearer, productive. Origin, Rice county, Minn. Only valuable
when top worked on hardy stocks.

Newell’s Winter, size full medium, form oblate conical, color lemon
yellow with faint red on sun side, skin rough and covered with fine
brownish dots, stem short, medium strong in a deep somewhat irregular
russeted cavity, calyx closed, basin medium, broad and corrugated, flesh
yellow, fine grained, firm, sub-acid, good. Season, January to March.
Use, kitchen and market. Origin, Sauk county, Wis.

Faribault, size small, form roundish, color pale green mostly covered
with brownish red, skin very smooth, flesh greenish white, fine grained,
juicy, flavor sub-acid. Season, January to March. Original tree 22 years
old, hardy and productive, annual bearer. Origin, Rice county, Minn.

RED QUEEN. RUSSIAN.

Size medium, form roundish a little oblique, color greenish yellow
striped with light and deep red, skin smooth. Stem short and medium
stout, set in a narrow russeted cavity, calyx large, half open in a broad
corrugated basin, flesh yellowish, a little coarse, core medium, flavor
pleasant and better than Willow Twig. Season, January to March. Trees
of this variety endured the winters of 1884 to ’85 at Mr. Tuttle’s place,
Baraboo, Wis., Wm. Somerville, Viola, Minn., M. L. Tibbetts, Dover and
J. H. Keel’s, Rochester. ,

APPLES.
w
. am fa -
; = = By eee
J S| I 3) “s
NAME. 3 E 8 a 2 Ez z 3 & Origin
m1 is) o oe |tiAls |S
Malind@ayt:. -c.c22- + M. |r.c. |g.y.r. |fair. | winter.| 8} 4] 6] 8 | Minnesota.
WWE Wor ib oearesece Win! [aes g. ye r. | good. | winter.| 7] 7] 7] 8] Minnesota.
Rollens Pippin....| M. |r. ob. | y. blush} good. | winter.| 6| 8] 7] 9 | Minnesota.
DRA ILE) B10 28 eratels le M. |r.ob.c.| y.s. Pr. ood. | winter.| 6] 7] 7] 9 | Miunesota.
Havibawibas.-.s os. Ss. ae g.paler.|fair. | winter.; 8| 8] 6] 5! Minnesota.
Newell’s Winter...| L.M.| ob. c. | y. good. | winter. | 8 | 6 | 10 | 18 | Wisconsin.
NEWER RUSSIANS. .
Red Queen.......| L.M.| r. ¢. Vee fair. | winter. | 9| 5] 10]. 8 | Russia.

REPORT OF DELEGATE. 295

REPORT OF DELEGATE TO ANNUAL MEETING OF NORTHERN
IOWA HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

BY J. S. HARRIS, LA CRESCENT,

Manchester, Ia., is a beautiful young city of from two to three thous-
and inhabitants, situated in the midst of a tract of the most fertile and
best cultivated land in the state, and lies 47 miles due west of Dubuque.
Its clean streets, elegant business houses, commodious town hall, churches,
schoolhouses and other public buildings, tasty residences, with a profus-
ion of flowers in the windows, lawns and shade trees in abundance strike
the visitor favorably, and present unmistakable signs of the thrift and
prosperity of a people who move in the highest circles of intelligence and
refinement.

Here the Northern Iowa Horticultural Society held its last meeting,
Dec. 16—18, last. The attendance was good, and the entire meeting
was both enthusiastic and profitabie. Three sessions were held each day.
The morning session of the first day was devoted principally to receiving
the reports of directors, of which thesociety hasseven. The substance of
the reports was that the interest taken in horticulture is least among
those who would be the most benefited by it, the farmers, and greatest
among the owners of lots and small plantations in and near villages; but
the interest is growing everywhere. One director reported that he now
found ten persons growing small fruits for home use where there was one
ten years ago, and yet the demand for fruit in the markets continues to
increase.

Reports showed that the last strawberry crop was generally light, and
the quality not the best, probably owing to the unusually wet weather that
prevailed at the time of ripening. Of the old varieties, the Crescent
proved the most profitable; and of the new, the Warfield No. 2 was
most highly commended for its even size, beautiful appearance, good
shipping qualities and great productiveness.

The raspberry crop was reported as generally short. Blackberries were
generally a good crop. The Snyder is the variety most grown. The Lu-
cretia dewberry is reported as being unprofitable to grow for market.
Currants and gooseberries were less than a full crop, the old Red Dutch
and Victoria doing the best. Plums, with a few exceptions, were a poor
crop; grapes, generally good. Apples, except in some unfavorable loca-
tions, were a good crop. In the winter of 1884-5 the old orchards over
northern Iowa suffered severely; many varieties were killed to the ground,
and nearly every variety more or less injured. Orchardists were disheart-
ened, and for a time neglected their trees. The Duchess and Wealthy
have proven the most profitable varieties.

President J. C. Ferry’s address was an interesting and well prepared
paper. He urged that more encouragement should be given to the grow-
ing of varieties from seed; and that when an apparently good variety is
found it should be thoroughly tested at experiment stations before being
thrown upon the market.

The evening session was taken up with an address of welcome and a
response, and papers on decoration of home grounds, the model rural
home, and kindred topics, all of which were intensely interesting.

The second and third days were filled from early morning till a late
hour at night with the reading of papers and the discussion of such topics

296 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

as are of most vital importance to the horticulturist, and which tend
to elevate, refine and improve the condition of the wealth producers of
the country. The size and age of trees for planting, modes of culture to
ensure successful orcharding, object lessons in pruning, native plums,
grapes, evergreens, landscape gardening, humbugs, higher education and
many other subjects that our limited space will not permit us to mention
were discussed. The papers were generally prepared from the standpoint
of experience and careful observation, and were able, clear and convincing.

Delegates were present from the Eastern and Western Iowa Horticul-
tural Societies, and Minnesota was represented by E. H.S. Dartt, of the
experiment station at Owatonna, O. F. Brand, Rice Co., and J.S. Harris,
Houston Co.

In connection with the meeting there was a fine exhibition of apples
grown in northern Iowa, and a fine display of canned fruits. In standard
varieties of apples were found the Wealthy,Haas, Plumb Cider, Perry Rus-
set, Willow, Roman Stem, Wolf River, Utter, and others; also a number
of varieties of Russians, and several good collections of seedlings. The
largest collection of the latter was from the orchard of Mr. Thompson, of
Grundy Co., a dozen or more varieties, large, showy, and generally of good
quality. Six varieties were shown in quantity from an orchard in Clay-
ton Co., from trees said to be 25 years old, and good bearers, 21 bushels
having been gathered from one tree last year, and a good crop this year.
None of them may prove hardy enough for Minnesota, but they are evi-
dently more hardy than most of the varieties we planted a few years ago.
Another collection was shown that originated in Fayette county; two or
three of them are excellent. C. G. Patten showed four varieties of
Duchess seedlings. The most valuable is probably the No. 3, or Patten’s
Greening. The tree is believed to be as hardy as the Duchess of Olden-
burg, resists blight well, and is an early and free bearer of an apple above
medium in size, flat round, yellow in color, and when ripe often with
blush on the sun side. The flesh is fine grained and juicy, and of a pleas-
ant acid flavor; it is a good cooker, and better than Ben Davis for eating.
The variety is said to be doing well wherever on trial. O. F. Brand had
a few plates of the Peerless on exhibition. It is a fine looking fruit, just
about the right size for profit, and is at this time a good apple for eating.
Will probably keep well into January.

ON HORTICULTURAL MAPS.
A COMMUNICATION FROM N. H. WINCHELL, STATE GEOLOGIST.

UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA, Jan. 13, 1891.
President Wyman Elliot, Horticultural Society.

DEAR Str: Agreeably to your request I give a statementof the ground
covered by the series of maps which you examined at my office a few days
ago.

These maps, numbering twenty altogether, are based on and eXPress _
the results of the work of the geological and natural history survey, in all”
its economic bearings susceptible of such mapping, since its commence-
ment in 1872 to 1884. They were made for exhibition at New Orleans, at
the late cotton exposition, and had the report of that exposition, which

HORTICULTURAL MAPS. 297

was made to the Governor, ever been published, it is probable that these
maps would have been a portion of it. They were constructed by Mr.
Warren Upham, late an assistant of the survey, but they have been so
damaged by the smoke that pervaded the new science hall of the univer-
sity at the fire, last winter, that they are not fit for any use except to repro-
duce them for publication or for another exhibition. At the same time,
in case of reproduction for any purpose, they should be corrected in some
respects, to bring them up to date, because in the course of the later
investigations of the survey, some discoveries have been made in the
northern part of the state, which of course are not expressed by these
maps as they are now. They are briefly described as follows:

_1. A geological map, showing the areas of the formations, except the
drift and the cretaceous.

2. The character and distribution of the glacial drift. This is divided
into morainic areas and gravel orclay plains, and the post-glacial al-
lurium.

3. The sub-soils of the state. whether of clay or loam, or of gravel, or
of boulder-clay; also, whether of red boulder-clay or of blue.

4. Contour-line map, (colored,) to show those areas lower than 700 feet
above the sea, between 700 and 800 feet, and those higher than 800 feet
above the sea.

5. Contour-line map, (colored,) to show the same areas for 900 feet
and 1,000 feet above the sea.

6. Contour-line map, (colored,) to show the sane areas for 1,100 feet
and 1,200 feet above the sea.

7. Contour-line map, (colored,) to show the same areas for 1,300 feet
and 1,400 feet above the sea.

8. Contour-line map, (colored,) to show the same areas for 1,500 feet
and 1,600 feet above the sea.

9. Contour-line map to show (by colored areas) those portions 1,700 feet
and 1,800 feet above the sea.

10. Contour-line map to show (by colors) those areas below 1,900 feet,
those between 1,900 feet and 2,000 feet, and those above 2,000 feet above
the sea.

11. Contour-line map showing, with intervals of 100 feet, in a condensed
manner, the entire topographic outline of the state, from 600 feet to over
, 2,000 feet above the sea.

12. Map showing the drainage basins of the state, and their compara-
tive areas.

13. Map showing the distribution of the lakes of the state, the whole
area being divided between abundant lakes, scant lakes, and no lakes.

14. Map showing the chief topographic features, viz:—the flats, the
undulating expanses and the rough and hilly portions.

15. Map showing the distribution of the forest and prairie of the state
and the northern and southern limits of some of the trees.

16. Map showing the mean annual rain-fall and its distribution over
the state.

17. Map showing isotherms of mean temperature for the year.

18. Map showing isotherms of mean temperature for January.

19. Map showing isotherms of mean temperature for July.

298 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

20. Map showing the geographical names and their dates prior to
Nicollet’s map of 1842.

Each of the foregoing maps covers the whole state, and is of the size 3
feet by 3+ feet, on heavy paper, with spring roller mountings, and can be
hung in a common case where they remain rolled, from which any one of
them may be pulled down for examination. In that form they were dis-
played at New Orleans, and were examined by many people.

It has been suggested that those maps should be published,in some way, by
the horticultural society, or by the society and thesurvey jointly. It is evi-
dent that they embody a large amount of labor by thesurvey, and I should
desire that whatever be the issue of your plans, the survey might have the
opportunity of revising them and should finally be allowed the credit of
originating them. The general law of the survey, passed in 1872 requires
such investigations and such mapping, and it is our purpose, by and by,
when the work of the survey is far enough along, to present in one of our
final volumes some such maps, accompanied by a suitable text discussion
and description of each. These would be united with other maps of the
survey, and would constitute a general atlas of the state in uniform style
with those volumes that have been published already. It is apparent,
however, that there is need of earlier publication of these maps, and I
am glad the horticultural society seems to be interested in the work and
results of the survey so far as to inquire for them, and to prompt more
rapid work and publication.

In the prosecution of the survey I have been following a plan; and the pre-
parations of the agricultural and climatological volume of the final report
has been anticipated as one of the later volumes. In due time this would
be worked out and pubiished. Butshould it be found desirable and feasi-
ble to deviate from the plan so as to enter sooner upon these features, per-
haps it may be, through the co-operation of the horticultural and the agri-
cultural societies, best to prepare these maps for immediate publica-
tion. There are two ways by which this may be accomplished.

1. Publish the maps as they are, or as they could be corrected, in an
edition suitable for the horticultural report. When once prepared and
printed the edition should be large enough to supply one of the annual
reports of the geological survey, to be issued cotemporaneously with the
report of the horticultural society. The cost could be divided between
the society and the survey.

2. Take a little more time and have chapters prepared to accompany
each map. Some of these chapters should be prepared by persons select-
ed by the horticultural society, or by the agricultural college. When
ready, have the volume issued as one of the final volumes of the geologi-
cal survey, the cost of publication being met by appropriation by the leg-
islature.

In conclusion, I may say that I only wish that the maps may be made
useful. It was a mistake that there never was any provision made for
the publication of the report of the New Orleans exposition, at which the
State of Minnesota expended a large amount of money, and also when
Minnesota was honored by awards by the goverment commissioners, and
in which the horticultural society took a leading part in the preparation
of exhibits.

OBITUARIES. 299

I would suggest that the society express its preference as to the disposi-
tion of these maps, and appoint a committee to carry out their views. I
shall be glad to co-operate in any way.

Respectfully,
N.H. WINCHELL,
State Geologist.

OBITUARIES, 1890.

BY J. S. HARRIS.

OBITUARY OF PATRICK BARRY, ROCHESTER, N. Y.

The well known nurseryman, pomologist and author, Patrick Barry,
died at his home in Rochester, N. Y., on the morning of June 23d, at the
age of 74 years. Mr. Barry was the son of an Irish farmer, and born near
Belfast, Ireland, in 1816. He came to this country in 1836, and engaged
as a clerk in nurseries at Flushing, L. I., where he remained about four
years, and where he made himself master of all the details of the business.
In 1840 he removed to Rochester, and in July of that year formed a part-
nership with George Elwanger, and they founded the Mount Hope Nurser-
ies, which have since acquired worldwide reputation. Mr. Barry was an
associate and esteemed friend of the Downings, Marshall P. Wilder, and
other noted fruit men who organized the American Pomological Society,
and to whom our country is indebted for its present standing in the hort-
icultural world. He was for several years editor of the Horticulturist, and
horticultural editor of the Genesee Farmer, and his plain and enthusiastic
writings influenced thousands to supply their farms with orchard and
garden fruits; town and suburban residents to lay out their grounds and
plant ornamental trees and plants; inspired the lining of streets and high-
ways with shade trees, and conduced to making parks attractive, and
ornamenting cemeteries. Many a man who read his writings received an
impetus that led him on to become an enthusiastic horticulturist and a
public spirited citizen. Mr. Barry’s work, ‘‘The Fruit Garden,” is one of
the best guides and instructors to the young fruit grower to be found in
horticultural literature. But perhaps the most valuable of all his works
was the preparation of the “Catalogue of Fruits”, as published in the re-
ports of the American Pomological Society, of which he was first vice-
president.

Mr. Barry was aman of marvelous energy and executive ability, and
has long been recognized as the head of New York state horticulture.
He was an upright, liberal and industrious man, who may well be held up
as a model for youth. A thousand homes are brighter, better and happier
for his useful life and example.

300 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

OBITUARY OF CHARLES GIBB, ABBOTSFORD, QUEBEC.

The late Mr. Charles Gibb, of Abbotsford, Quebec, died at Cairo,
Egypt, on his way from Ceylon, March 8th, 1890, at the early age of 45,
from pneumonia, which had developed from la grippe contracted
at Aden, and his remains were interred in the British protestant ceme-
tery on March 11th, his funeral being attended by several friends. Mr.
Charles Gibb was born at Montreal on the 30th day of June, 1846. He re-
ceived his early education at Bishops College, Lenoxville, and went from
there to McGill College, Montreal, where he graduated B. A. at the age
of nineteen. Close application to study had injured his eyesight and un-
dermined his health and he was advised by physicians to seek recupera-
tion in foreign travel.

His first trip was of two or three years duration and embraced Visits to
Egypt, the Holy Land and afterward Switzerland and Europe generally.
On his return he engaged in the cultivation of fruit in the State of Penn-
sylvania, but the climate not agreeing with him he returned to Canada
and purchased a farm at Abbotsford, a place that has become well known
of late years on account of the interesting experiments he has carried on
there with Russian and other fruits. In 1873 he made repeated trips
to the United States, studying our pomology and gathering up and tak-
ing to his farm everything he thought worthy of trial, stocking his own
farm and making free distribution of trees and plants to his neighbors.
In 1882, in company with Prof. Budd, of the Iowa Agricultural College,
he went to Russia in quest of the most hardy fruits that might be ex-
pected to endure the extremes of temperature to which the northern
parts of Canada and the United States are subject. The result of his
trip was the importing of trees and seeds that have been very generally
distributed among the experimental stations of Canada and northern
United States and has created hopes of final successful fruit culture in
those regions. In 1887 he went alone over the same grounds and visited
in addition Norway, Sweden and Denmark. Other trips he made in the
interest of horticulture, among them visiting our own state and Wiscon-
Sin and other portions of the far northwest. In July, 1889, he left for
this last trip around the world, taking in Japan, China, India, and
freighted with much valuable information he was on his way home when
his death occurred.

Although cut off in the prime of life he has left many works which will
be a lasting monument tohis memory. Among them notes on the trees
and shrubs of Europe, Russian fruit, hardy fruits for the cold north,
nomenclature of Russian fruits, etc. Noman of the period will be so
deeply mourned by those who are trying to solve the problem of fruit
growing in the north as is Charles Gibb. There is perhaps no man living
that has so generously and unselfishly devoted his life and wealth and
talents to the advancement of horticulture in his own country and indi-
rectly ours.

No man has done more for his country and ours than he. May the
memory of his works endure forever and generations yet unborn enjoy
the blessed fruits of his devoted labor of love. Who will catch up the
fallen banners and keep unfurled to the breeze until success has
crowned all labors and Canada and Minnesota are recognized by the
whole world as the best fruit regions on the American continent.

OBITUARIES. 301

OBITUARY OF RICHARD L. COTTERELL, DOVER.

Died, at the old home farm, Dover, Olmsted county, Minnesota, Rich-
ard Lloyd Cotterell, born in the county of Worcestershire, England, Jan-
uary 12th, 1815, died April 19, 1891.

Mr. Cotterell in early life learned the shoemaker’s trade, which he fol-
lowed for some years in England, then came to America in the year 1846;
first settled in the village of Jefferson, Wisconsin, then moved to Dodge-
ville, Wisconsin. In both of these places he engaged extensively in the
boot and shoe trade. In the spring of 1856 he sold out his business and
with his family of small children started with all his possessions for the
young territory of Minnesota, settled upon the nwé section 3, township of
Dover, where he and the family have continuously lived to the day of his
death. Mr. Cotterell by his industry and perseverance, had out of the
wild prairie made one of the finest farms in southern Minnesota. Hewas
one of the first to early engage in the culture of fruit until his place be-
came noted, far and near, for its fine fruits. Mr. Cotterell early became
interested in the fair held at Rochester, as the State, and later as the
Southern Minnesota Fair, and he invariably secured a large per cent of
the premiums given for the excellence of the products from his field and
orchard. Many throughout the northwest and especially Olmsted county
will remember the warm welcome ever accorded to any and all who were’
privileged to call at his home. They were all warmly welcomed by Mr.
Cotterell and family and went away feeling that it would be pleasant to
call again. Mr. Cotterell was a life member of the State Horticultural
Society; also a member of the Methodist church. He left a large family
of grown sons and daughters anda goodly number of grand-children, by
whom be will ever be remembered with love. Mrs. Cotterell dicd two
years ago last December.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANNUAL MEETING

OF THE

Minnesota Bee-Neeper's Assoetation

For the Year 1SorTr

Prepared tor Publication by the President,
J. P. West, Hastings, Minn.

OFFICERS AND MEMBERS FOR 1891.

PRESIDENT.
J. Pe WRSE: Coote eee Eee Ue eee Hastings.
VICE-PRESIDENTS.
B. PAMTOR. pas cee an cobs et erate Forestville
CA ERAN ok ae ctcaueian hae e Theilmanton
ED, Wis GE BENDA EG oa oo solninl os syne, fee Rapidan.
SWAG TRAMD | URE pe a.0 eer e ccoterer state roares Minneapolis.
J. Mi DOUDINAG sa75 85. itp Barer ca ree eee Alexandria.
SECRETARY.
WILLTAM DANFORTH. . 620. c.cs2 aan Red Wing
TREASURER.
Ea SE. ADAY : of boca e ke see ot Baas Farmington
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.
0) OR Oi O04 ft 5 EER OR Se Sie, Sumter
WY GLA REE A: 2 fica cies sure moran Minneapolis.
a. EL, WiECOX.E ota. te, Soo apes Hastings.
WILLIAM dD AMP OR WI: & 2%... «ss acaleetaon Red Wing.
Jia Pe WEST occu socehio ea cee ear teterete Hastings.

ANNUAL MEMBERS.

H. F. Messer, Plainview.

D. B. Messer, Plainview.

Edward R. Pond, Bloomington.

Gideon H. Pond, Bloomington.

Francis Dick, Afton.

J. E. Jackman, Stillwater.

S. L. Bohannon, Minneapolis.

J.S. McIntire, Maple Plain.

Kimball, Forest City.
Holmberg, Saint Paul.

E.
JecA%
F. E. Ford, Glencoe.

S. D. Haskin, Waterville.

J. S. Featherstone, Hastings.
A. N. Wilcox, Hastings.

W. J. Tingby, Stillwater.

H. H. Heins, Lydia.

Frank Moeser, Minneapolis,
J. G. Bass, Hamline.

P. F. Bradford, Empire.
William Dyer, Hastings.

N. P. Aspinwall, Harrison.
A. C. Sanford, Ono, Wisconsin.

J. W. Murray, Excelsior.

MINNESOTA BEE-KEEPERS’ ASSOCIATION. 805

CONSTITUTION OF THE MINNESOTA BEE-KEEPERS’
ASSOCIATION.

ART. 1. This association shall be known as the Minnesota Bee-Keepers’
Association.

ART. 2. The object of this association shall be the promotion of scien-
tific bee culture by forming a strong bond of union among bee-keepers.

ART. 3. The officers of this association shall consist of a president, five
vice-presidents, secretary, treasurer, and an executive committee con-
sisting of three members, of which committee the president and secretary
shall be members ex-officio.

ART. 4. Any person can become a member of this association by paying
to the treasurer the sum of one dollar as a membership fee and signing the
constitution, and paying annually thereafter dues of fifty cents.

ArT. 5. Any person interested in bee culture may become an honorary
member by a two-thirds vote of the members present and voting at any
regular annual meeting.

ART. 6. The regular meeting of this association shall be held at such
time and place as shall be agreed upon by the executive committee, notice
of which shall be given to all members. Five members shall constitute a
quorum for the transaction of business, but a less number may enter upon
a discussion and adjourn till some future day.

ART. 7. Special meetings may be called by the executive committee
whenever they shall deem it necessary.

ART. 8. The executive committee of this association shall constitute a
committee to select subjects for discussions and appoint members to de-
liver addresses or read essays and the same shall be published with the
call for the next annual meeting.

ART. 9. This constitution may be amended by a two-thirds vote at any
regular meeting.

BY-LAWS.

ART. 1. The officers of this association shall be elected by a majority
ballot.

ART. 2. Itshall be the duty of the president to call and preserve order
in all meetings of the association; to call for all reports of officers and
standing committees; to put to vote all motions regularly seconded; to
decide upon all questions of order according to the constitution and by-
laws of the association and in accordance with parliamentary usage, and
at each annual meeting at the expiration of his term of office to deliver
an address before the association.

ArT. 3. It shall be the duty of one of the vice-presidents, in absence
of the president, to perform the duties of that office.

ArT. 4. It shall be the duty of the secretary to call the names of the
members of the association at the opening of each stated meeting and to
receive the annual] dues; to report all proceedings of the association and
record the same, when approved, in the secretary’s book; to conduct all
correspondence of the association, and to file and preserve all papers be-
longing to the same; to take and record the name and address of every

=19

3806 CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS OF THE

person who becomes a member of the association, and to transfer the
moneys received for dues or otherwise to the treasurer, after taking a
receipt for the same; to make out and publish annually, as far as practi-
cable, a statistical table showing the number of colonies owned in the
spring, and the amount of honey and wax produced (together with such
other information as may be deemed beneficial) by each member of the
association; and to give notice of all regular meetings of the association
in the available papers in the district covered by the association, and in
the bee papers at least four weeks before the time of such meeting.

Art. 5. It shall be the duty of the treasurer to receive from the secre-
tary the funds of the association and give a receipt for the same, to pay
them out upon the order of the executive committee and to render a
written report of all the receipts and expenditures of the association at
each regular meeting. The treasurer shall give a bond to the association
in such amount as the executive committee may require.

ArT. 6. The members of the executive committee not including the
president and secretary, shall be a committee on finance, and it shall be
their duty to audit all bills before they shall be ordered paid by the presi-
dent and secretary.

ART. 7. The secretary shall have power to choose an assistant secre-
tary if deemed necessary..

ART. 8. The association shall be mainly governed by the following

order of business:

Call to order.

Reading the minutes of the last annual meeting and all intervening
meetings.

Calling the roll.

Reception of members.

Collection of dues.

Secretary’s report.

Treasurer’s report.

Report of standing committees.

President’s address.

Hlection and installation of officers.

Miscellaneous business.

Discussion.

Adjournment.

ART. 9. The executive committee of this association shall cause the
constitution and by-laws to be printed in appropriate form, and every
person joining the association shall be entitled to a copy of the same.

ART. 10. These by-laws may be amended by a two thirds vote of all
the members present at any regular meeting of the association.

Aus

_—-

MINNESOTA BEE-KEEPERS’ ASSOCIATION. 3807

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

MINNESOTA BEE-KEEPERS ASSOCIATION.

THURSDAY MORNING SESSION.
JANUARY 21, 1891.

The Association was called to order by the President L. H,
Wilcox, who made some appropriate remarks. On motion the
rules were unanimously suspended, and the foregoing Consti-
tution and By-Laws were unanimously adopted, after which a
recess of ten minutes was taken to give members a chance to
sign the constitution. On assembling again the association
proceeded to elect by ballot officers for the ensuing year, and
the following officers were elected:

President, J. P. West, Hastings; Vice-Presidents, B. Taylor,
Forestville; H. W. Mendenhall, Rapidan; C. Theilmann, Theil-
mantown; Wm. Urie, Minneapolis; J. M. Doudna, Alexandria;
Secretary, Wm. Danforth, Red Wing; Treasurer, L. E. Day,
Farmington; Hxecutive Committee, M. Cutler, Sumter; Wm.
Urie, Minneapolis; L. H. Wilcox, Hastings.

On motion the executive committee were instructed to ask
the legislature for an appropriation from the state for the bene-
fit of the society; they were also instructed to attend to the
duty of having the premium list offered by the State Agricul-
tural Society revised, and tojlook after the necessary legislation
for the association. On motion a recess was taken until 2
o’clock P. M.

WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION.
JANUARY 21, 2 P. M.

The meeting was called to order by the president, L. H. Wil-
COX.

Mr. Theilmann then read a paper on wintering bees.

WINTERING BEES.
BY C. THEILMANN, OF THEILMANTON.

Ladies and Gentlemen:

Iam requested to read a paper on ‘‘wintering” bees; I will give you
some of my experience and experiments in this branch of bee-keeping.

ON Dilly le ee re the Ca Bll
‘ face . ‘ne Aa ‘> Ls ae
. cy etal aly NS

808 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

Wintering bees is one of the most important questions in bee culture. In
our northern climate many different ways have been tried and practiced
and much has been written about ‘‘how to winter bees successfully.” On
the whole they are wintered with greater success late years than they were
ten or fifteen years ago; this shows that bee-keeping is progressing, though
there is still more to be learned, as some of our brethren occasionally
meet with heavy losses and then wonder how this comes; the answer that
could be given is, as arule, that many little things together will bring
about this result, besides nearly every bee-keeper has a hobby of his own,
in which he has great confidence. This I know to be so from my own ex-
perience, as I used to have more than one, and, as a rule, bee-keepers are
alike in this respect. Sometimes when I read of these new discoveries
and hobbies, which I practiced years ago myself, I cannot help but
smile, and again a feeling of sadness comes over me when it reminds me
of how I have punished and manipulated my bees to death with some of
the ‘‘novices’” hobbies. I once killed seventy colonies when I thought I
was doing my best. Ihave tried to winter my bees in nearly all the differ-
ent ways and methods which we read about nowadays in our bee-books and
periodicals, such as ‘‘out door non-protection,” ‘‘out door protection,”
with outer cases filled with chaff or leaves, holes through the combs,
sticks over the brood frames, and contraction of the brood nest with “‘dum-
mies,” and once I left the brood nest bare on top without anything over
the frames; all I had at the time was twenty-four colonies, and all of them
wintered nicely.

How is this for ‘‘non-upward” ventilation? JI wintered for three win-
ters in a double-walled frame building, filled in with sawdust; it was
burned by heating it artificially, and I lost eighty-seven colonies.

All of the foregoing methods gave me a great deal of work, expense, loss
and much dissatisfaction, so I have abandoned them all. and for the past
six years have wintered my bees underground. I came to the conclusion
after one trial that an underground repository, rightly made; was the
safest place to winter bees in Minnesota. My losses have been very light
since; it also saves me a great deal of time and tinkering compared with
my former methods. All that I do to my bees now is in the latter part.of
September, or the fore part of October, to see that each colony has from
twenty-five to thirty-five lbs. of stores (according to their population).
The cap of each hive is left on their respective stands, with the same
number on it as on the brood chamber, so as to know its place when set
out in the spring. Some bee-keepers claim that it does not make any dif-
ference where the colonies are put in the spring; this is a mistake, and
has ruined many colonies of bees, as they have not forgotten their old lo-
cation while in confinement. The cellar should be constructed so that no
frost can get in, it should be roomy, the air should be kept pure, with a
temperature of from 45 to 45 degrees above zero. It is rarely I water
my bees in confinement, though sometimes towards spring they seem to
get thirsty and uneasy, and I then give them a little ice or snow in front of
their entrance, which seems to quiet them. For the past eight years I
have abandoned the cushions over the frames and have not used anything
but the honey board over the brood nest, which I find far better than wet
and moldy cushions. There are many more things which really belong
to ‘‘wintering bees;” I would say right here that we must work our bees

ee oe

al il

MINNESOTA BEE-KEEPERS’ ASSOCIATION. 3809

in summer and autumn, so that they will be ready and in proper condition
when the honey season closes; herein lies the great secret of success, (here
in Minnesota we generally have a honey flow in September.) Properly
speaking, to separate wintering bees from summering them, to say the
least, is a misnomer, and would be like dividing a man into his body and
into his spirit; if one is neglected the other is affected thereby. It is also
like grape culture. To be successful we must select and properly prepare
the young vines for the next year’s crop, while in the meantime we are
raising our present year’s crop of grapes. So with bees, our colonies must
be properly worked and fitted in the summer in order to obtain the best
results in wintering them. 'The best worker brood combs should be put
in the center of the brood nest and the less perfect ones, or some with
patches of drone comb, towards the outside, &c., this, with a good prolific
queen, will leave the colony strong and populous for the winter. Such
colonies as a rule will always have their stores in the right position around
and above the brood nest (if not spoiled and raked by their keeper.) When
the winter sets in they are also fitted and prepared for early spring, after
successful wintering, and can be left alone (if they have food enough) till
warm weather sets in. Ialways put my bees into the cellar the first cold
snap we get, which comes quite regularly from the 10th to the 14th of
November—this has not failed for the past ten years. The time to set
them out in the spring is not so regular and good judgment should be ex-
ercised; we must be very careful and not set them out too early as that
has ruined many colonies, it should be warm enough for them to fly freely,
as any degree under fifty-six degrees above zero in the shade will be destruc-
tion. At sixty degrees above in the shade there is no danger; as a rule Il
set my bees out from the Ist to the 10th of April. Many more things of
less importance could be said, but that would make my essay too long and
take up too much valuable time here. There area few other methods of

wintering bees, such as double-walled hives and others, but I have not

tried them, nor have I any desire to do so, as I am willing to let well enough
alone. Late years I have wintered my bees almost to perfection. I have
only lost one swarm in the past three winters, and wintered from 145 to
280 colonies each winter.

DISCUSSION.

Pres. Wilcox: Gentlemen, you have heard the paper of Mr.
Theilmann. It is now before the house, and open for discus-
sion.

Mr. Cutler: I would like to ask Mr. Theilmann how he
killed the seventy swarms?

C. Theilmann: My bee house is built half way into a side
hill; and is covered with dirt except the roof and the front part
of the house, which is double walled and filled with saw dust.
The winter before I had the twenty-four colonies I spoke of in
the same house. They only consumed from three to five

310 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

pounds of honey from November to April, which was the least
amount I ever had consumed, or ever heard of being consumed.
The combs were as clean as when I put them in, and the
colonies seemed to be stronger than when I put them in. The
next winter, when I killed those seventy colonies, I put
them into the same house. In February they got too warm,
and got the diarrhoea, and in three weeks over half of them
were killed, and on May 1st I had only four left out of
seventy-four.

Wm.Urie: Do I understand you to say that you take the
board off from the top altogether?

C. Thielmann: After the honey season is over the first thing
Ido is to take them off, and put on the honey board over the
frame.

Wm. Urie: Let me ask you right here, is your soila clay
soil or is it sandy?

C. Theilmann: It is a little sandy, but for the last nine years
I have not wintered any bees outside. I raise my bees up when
I put them in winter quarters, from ten inches to a foot above
the floor. I make all my hives with a tight bottom board, in
fact, I make them so tight now that they hold the feed. I just
pour it into the hives and let them take it up themselves.
That is the least trouble.

Wm. Urie: In regard to this, I used to experience a great
deal of trouble when I had the Langstroth hive and the bottom
board nailed solid to the hive, and of course, the bees glued
that tight, but now I want my bottom board loose under all cir-
cumstances, but I do not want to go so far as some do in the bee
journals. I have had forty-five years’ experience with bees,
and I have had them in four or five different states, and I have
tested them in almost all shapes and forms, and I believe to-day
I can take a hundred and fifty swarms of bees and not lose one
by that method. My bees came out last spring in perfectly
good condition. Bees require fresh air just the same as animals.
Many people place them in a close cellar without giving them
any pure air. In my discussion, this afternoon, I will give
you my whole method. In the first place I do not believe in
placing a swarm of bees under ground. It is a false idea. It
will cost but little to make a bee house on top of the ground in
Minnesota, but I want you to make a building that is frost
proof, but arrange it in such a way that on mild days you can
let through your bee house a stream of fresh air. You go into
my bee house to-day and you will find it just as sweet as this

ee Pe ee ed

MINNESOTA BEE-KEEPERS’ ASSOCIATION. ae

room. When you place them in the cellar about one-half or
two-thirds come out in decent shape. That has been one of the
greatest failures of beekeepers in the United States. If you
will look back in the ‘‘Farm, Stock and Home” of a year ago you
can see how I make my bee house; there are full directions
in that paper.

C. Thielmann: Of course, this bee house that Mr. Urie speaks
of is made a good deal different from mine. Mine was simply
a house with double walls about two feet apart and that was
filled in with sawdust. I wintered my bees three years in
there, and when the temperature came down to 25 or 30 below
it would be too cold in there, and the temperature would come
down from 28 or 25 to 22 even, until I came to the conclusion
that that was too cold. I used to fill a pot with hot coals from
the stove and set it in there; I used to do it last winter, and
the children did it sometimes and they were more careless than
I was and the house got afire. Some sparks probably got in
the sawdust and set it on fire, and it was burned up and I lost
eighty-seven colonies in the house.

Wm. Danforth: Before I start to put my bees in the cellar
in the fall I have a small frame made just the size of the hive.
I never use tight bottom boards. I never have any mouldy
combs, and my bees come out in good shape, and have for the
past three winters.

Pres. Wilcox: I want to say just this; I use the plan recom-
mended by Mr. Thielmann pretty nearly, but bear this in mind,
gentlemen, if you keep the front open you want to keep your
temperature four or five degrees warmer than you do without it.

C. Thielmann: I want to say a word on this bottom board
question. I do believe I can winter my bees fully as good with
loose bottom boards as I can with the tight, but the trouble is in
raising the hives in summer, you always have the bottom board
loose and it is a bother. Also when you put the bees in in the
fall, and when you take them out in the spring. In the spring,
as a rule, bees are very noisy, and they come out and boil over,
and it is quite a difficult job to get your board under the hive
again. That is the greatest objection to loose bottom boards.

B. Taylor: I think there has been some bad advice offered
here andI am going to criticise it. I have been in the habit
for many years of covering my hives in the winter with just
common building paper, what we call strawboard, a piece cut
the size of the hive tacked to a little frame, just like Mr. Dan-

312 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

forth places on his hive, then placed it on top of the hive and
put a couple of screws in each end of it.

J. W. Murray: In regard to this question of wintering.
Now I once left them out and covered them with snow; as some
recommend, and lost every hive. In the fall I put my bees in
the cellar. Nowin regard to this matter of covering. For years
I have used nothing but my thin 2 inch honey board, and I do
not want to know any other way. As for this matter of raising
them up, it is one of the best things lever adopted. Put un-
der the hive a frame two inches high, then across the front is
placed common mosquito netting one inch wide and the whole
width of the front; this leaves a space under there, and I can
raise my hives right up and clean them out when I please.
Now in regard to watering bees. I want to give my bees
water in the spring just as soon as they begin to stir about,
they want water.

C. Thielmann: My bees used to get noisy in winter until of
late years, I found that whenever they got noisy in the spring
I would give them ice instead of water and they would quiet
down and be all right, soI made up my mind that it was the
thirst that made them noisy.

Mr. Mendenhall: I put my bees in the cellar four or five
tiers high, but the whole front of the hive is open and I go
down with a lantern every two or three days, and if I see any
dead bees I take a stick and poke them all out. 1 hardly ever
see any dead bees. I have it plastered overhead and on the
side. The last two winters I have not lost a hive of bees.

Mr. Holmberg: I take off the cover and I have always had suc-
cess in wintering bees. When the bees become noisy in the
spring I give them ice, because we could not get any snow. I have
always wintered them with great success.

M. Cutler: In regard to the time of putting bees in the
cellar. What time do you do that? I put mine in the cellar
this fall the first cold snap. .

Mr. Holmberg: When the warm weather is over and a cold
spell comes, about the 20th of November. Last year I had
some colonies out all winter and they came out the best of all;
I have some colonies out now. and last Sunday they were out
just as in the summer time.

Pres. Wilcox: As to the proper time to put them in, I was
forcibly struck last winter with the remark of Prof. McLean:
‘‘Always put them in a little too early and take them outa lit-
tle too late.”

MINNESOTA BEE—-KEEPERS’ ASSOCIATION. 313

Mr. Doudna: I would like to give you a little experience I
had two years ago. I did not have room enough in the house
cellar, sol put fifty-seven colonies ina hole in the ground,
covered them over with a foot of dirt, made an air space, and
put another foot of dirtover them. About that time we gota
severe rain that soaked everthing. I then put on two tons of
straw on top. They staid in there all winter, and in the spring
I dug them out and took every hive out in the best condition I
ever took bees out in the spring in my life, but such moldy
combs I never saw.:

Mr. Pond, of Bloomington, then read a paper on the produc-
tion of extracted honey.

THE PRODUCTION OF EXTRACTED HONEY.
BY E. R. POND, BLOOMINGTON.

The apiary should be sheltered on the north and west. The hive
used should have a large frame and be made so that it can be
tiered up to an indefinite height. The first thing necessary is to get the

- hives filled with bees. If they are weak when first set out in the spring

and short of stores, feed syrup in small quantities and often. This will
cause them to increase rapidly. As soon as they begin to store honey
more than they need for immediate use, or about the time white clover
begins to blossom, it is time to put on the second story. I use a zinc
queen excluder above the brood nest. If they do not commence working
above readily take one of the frames from below containing brood, see
that the queen is not on it, put an empty comb in its place, then put the
one with brood above; this will certainly start them at work above, if
there is any honey coming in.

Without the queen excluder in working for extracted honey, in
nine cases out of ten the queen will go above, and in the fall when the
time comes to take off the upper story the bees and all the honey will
have to be moved below. When the frames in the upper story are well
filled either extract or raise up this story, putting another one under,
making a three story hive.

The honey to be of the best flavor should be well ripened. A good many
claim it is better flavored when ripened on the hive, others think it is
just as good when evaporated in the sun, or over a Slow fire.

When you are ready to extract, you need a comb bucket or something
to carry the combs in. I use a box, carrying it on a spring wheelbarrow.
Fill the box with empty combs, and as you take out the full frames put
in the empty ones in their place, this saves time. When through take the
full frames to the honey house. Here you need a sharp knife to shave off
the cappings.

Some complain that the honey that drains from the cappings tastes of
the smoke, but if so, I think they must smoke the bees unnecessarily.

There are several different styles of extractors, each one claiming some
particular advantage over the others, but any one is good.

314 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

As the honey is extracted it should be run through a Strainer, and if
well ripened can at once be put into barrels or cans if you intend to ship
to market. I think a better way is to take the time through the fall and
winter and drive through the neighboring villages and work up a trade.

Tf one deals honestly he will gradually get a large custom, and will do
better than in sending it away to be sold on commission.

In extracting care should be taken to keep the different grades separate
and it will bring a better price.

When the honey season closes the hives should be examined, and if any
are short of stores they should be fed so as to have about twenty-five
pounds of honey to take them through till next season. In our cold
climate it is safer to winter in a cellar where the temperature can be kept
at about forty degrees above zero.

DISCUSSION.

Mr. Danforth: I cannot let this subject pass without speak-
ing somewhat upon it. I like bees very well, but yet for the
fun of keeping them, I would not doit. I keep bees for what
money thereisinthem. I like extracting, because I can secure
the largest result in that way, and I am certain of a crop.

Pres. Wilcox: DoI understand that you extract exclusively?

Wm. Danforth: Principally.

Wm. Urie: Now I want to say a word about selling your
honey. Grade your honey, first, second and third grade. Let
the man you sell to understand that, and then place a reason-
able price upon that honey. I know of honey that was sold
here in large quantities at eight cents per pound.

Mr. Mendenhall: I will say that from my young swarms I
do not get any extracted honey, but I extract my honey from
the old swarms, and I get more pounds of comb honey than I do
extracted. Of last year’s comb honey, I did not sell any less
than fifteen cents per pound, and extracted from twelve to
thirteen and fourteen.

A visitor: I would like to ask how we can sell our comb
honey for 124 to 15 cents per pound, when California honey is
shipped in here and sold at 6 cents?

Wm. Urie: California honey is an inferior honey; it will not
bring more than one-half as much in any marketas other honey
will. Ihave tested it. Iwas obliged to tale 2,500 lbs. on a
note two years ago from a man from California who got strand-
ed here, and I could not get enough out of it to get him to Cali
fornia.

Pres. Wilcox: Perhaps it would be an excellent idea to bring

MINNESOTA BEE-KEEPERS’ ASSOCIATION. BLD

wv

out in this discussion the fact, which I believe to be a fact, that
nowhere can they produce asuperior honey to Minnesota honey.

Wm. Urie: I will except Vermont.

Pres. Wilcox: I came from Vermont, and they have nothing
to compare with it.

Mr. Haskin: I have produced honey in California, Florida
and Tennessee and other states, but I have never tasted any
honey that is as good as Minnesota honey.

A visitor: I got some honey from California and sold it to
my customers and they were well satisfied with it. I would
not sell them the Minnesota honey that is found in our com-
mission houses.

Wm. Urie: There is not a pound of Minnesota honey in the
Minneapolis market this winter. It is all shipped in and then
sold under the name of Minnesota honey.

Pres. Wilcox: I want to correct friend Urie in one respect.
I ran across brother Murray’s honey in a commission house in
Minneapolis one day, and if there is any better honey on the
face of the earth I would like to see it.

J. P. West: I supposed it was generally known that the
further north honey is produced the better it is. Canadaclaims
to produce the best honey in the world. I travel all over the
state and have been in other states, and whenever I have a lit-
tle time I go into the stores and examine the honey, and I never
have seen any that equals our Minnesota honey.

Mr. Ford: Iwas in the bee business a number of years back.
A mau that is in the fruit business here wants to raise bees. I
visited a friend of mine some time ago and he invited me to take
dinner with him. He had just got a can of honey, and when he
opened it I asked him where he got that honey. Hesaid‘‘That
is California honey No. 1.’”’ I did not like the honey atall. I
think it was the poorest honey I ever ate in my life.

Mr. Cutler read the following paper, byG.S. Auringer:

HOW I MANAGE MY APIARY.
BY G. S. AURINGER, OF BONNIWELL’S MILL.

Ladies and Gentlemen: I have been invited to prepare a paper, giving my
method of the management of my apiary.

I have no regular system. Most of my hives are the old style Heddon.
I strive to keep my bees from swarming until about the fifteenth of June,
by taking brood from the strong colonies, and giving to the weak ones.
I keep down increase by putting the old hive from which the first swarms
issue, on top of a weak one, when the bees of the weak one will destroy
the queen cells, and thus make a strong colony. The new swarms should
be placed on the stand from which the old one is taken. I keep the

316 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

queen’s wings clipped. To clip the queen’s wings, I find the comb she is
onand hang itin an empty hive, then pick up one wing and draw my
knife across it, where it lays on my thumb or finger, letting her cling to
the comb. I do not think I ever lost a queen by clipping her wings.

I use foundation starters in the sections, and put the cases on as soon
as I think the bees will enter them readily. When they swarm I take
the section cases off and put them on the hive of the new swarm. If I
put the old colony in a new place, I cutout the queen cells on the eighth
day, if I am sure a young queen has hatched. When the first case is nearly
full I raise it and put a new one underneath. When the main honey flow
is over I take the sections off and surt them, and put the partly filled ones
in a case, and set it on a hive containing a strong colony, and try to get
them all filledand finished. Next comes wintering. I want each colony
to have enough good honey to winter on. I never feed anything but
sealed honey, I pack asurplus case full of dry leaves and put it on top
of each hive, and put them ina dry cellar with a temperature of forty to
forty-five degrees above zero, and have been lucky enough not to lose a
single colony in wintering yet, but expect to this winter as I have thirty-
two colonies in a cave, and they seem pretty damp.

I am a poor hand with a pen, so you must excuse all mistakes of an old
farmer, but a young bee-keeper.

The meeting then adjourned until 7 o'clock P M.

EVENING SESSION.

The following paper was read by the president:

HONEY PLANTS.
BY A. N. WILCOX, OF HASTINGS.

As a rule we may class as honey plants all those whose flowers
originally require the presence of foreign pollen to develop perfect seed
formation; for in these flowers nature deposits a small drop of nectar to
attract the attention of insects to them, which bring the pollen of other
fiowers of kindred species to produce the cross fertilation required. Many
of these like the clovers and asters, strictly speaking, are a bunch of sep-
arate flowers each producing its seed independent of each other, and so

furnish nectar for along period of time, or until the last division has —

been pollenized; for it isa wellestablished fact that the secretion of nectar
will cease, when there is no further necessity to the flower for its presence.

The most prolific honey producing flowers in Minnesota, are the clover,
basswood, and the asters of our river bottoms; and all these owing tu our
pure and invigorating atmosphere, which give to the plants a healthy,
vigorous growth, secrete a large amount of nectar of excellent quality.
Where these all are within reach of the apiary they furnish it with an al-
most continuous flow of honey; besides the late flow of honey stimulates
late brood rearing, giving an abundance of young bees, which is an import-
ant requirement for successful wintering.

The aster grows on our low lands and river bottoms to a height of five

or six feet, bearing on its top and on the ends of its branches a large com-

Ege’ Oo ot ba Bee
cA 4 : .

ow

het
wet
YA hs

MINNESOTA BEE-KEEPERS’ ASSOCIATION. our.

pact bunch of purple blossoms; they are usually so filled with honey that
the bees will neglect buckwheat, and other fall flowers, while they are in
blossom.

The president then read a letter from Prof. McLean saying
on the account of sickness he would not be able to be with the
association. The members were very much disappointed in his
not being able to address the meeting, according to the pro-
grame.

QUESTION BOX.

Question. ‘‘How does beekeeping compare with other pursuits
upon which to depend for a living?”

Wm. Danforth: I did not think of speaking on this subject,
and [am very poorly prepared. Ican think way back a good
many years ago of those that I knew then who then got their
living entirely from the apiary. 1 do not know that I can re-
collect anybody that got enormously rich out of the business,
but I can think of those tha*t got a comfortable living andmade
a good business out of raising honey and would depend entirely
upon the bee for their living.

I do not know how we would succeed in this country, but still
I do know that in my own experience I have made some years
a great deal of money out of bees, not anything like a great
amount, but some years I have made from five to six hundred
dollars out of my honey from fifty to sixty colonies of bees. I
do not know of anything that pays a greater percentage on the
outlay than the bees and the honey I get year after year from
my apiary. Now looking back to this past year it seems to me
we got a very small crop of honey, but with my own cropI got
something over thirty pounds, and when you reckon that up at
_ sixteen cents per pound it makes $4.80 per hive. Iwas selling
my hives in the spring for six and seven dollars per hive. Now
I have not got anything on my place that has paid me better
than my apiary. Of course, I put in some time, but I think it
has paid me well even with a small crop of honey, and I do not
know of any business I would follow sooner for the money
there is in it than the bee business. I am satisfied that I or any
other man can take care of about two hundred colonies, and
last year I received over ten dollars per colony, and I do not
know of anything that I had upon my place that paid better
than the bees, and I think if I should devote my whole time to
the bee business I could make as much money as I could off my

318 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

farm. I think I got nearly one hundred pounds of honey on an
average, excepting this year, of comb honey. Iam favorably
situated where our bottom lands are about three miles wide. I
do not know that it would average quite as much as that, but I
am certain that over sixty pounds has been the usual average.

Pres. Wilcox: AsIsaid, for a good many years I averaged
about eighty pounds of comb honey, and I should call the aver-
age this year, in our neighborhood, about one-third.

C. Thielmann: This year I did not come out even. I have
kept bees for twenty-one years, and I always managed to make
my bees pay me about as well as anything else. For the last
nine or ten years they have paid me better than anything else,
even if I take this year’s failure in with it. I think my bees
have averaged me about one thousand dollars a year for the
last ten years, and I have done the work pretty much alone. I
have now 220 colonies. My average number for ten years has
been about 140 to 150 spring colonies. I never had a great
many over 140 or 145 until this last spring. My business is
farming, but my farm is not an extra piece of land, it is hilly
and rough, but we have land enough, about 200 or 250 acres,
and all the land, the house, barns, horses and other stock and
all the money invested is more than five or six times, yes, ten
times the value of the bees, yet the bees for the last four or five
years have paid a good deal more clear money than the whole
farm.

M. Cutler: Mr. President, I am a green hand in the bee bus-
iness, commencing a year ago last spring, but I would not rec-
ommend any new beginner to go into the bee business and fol-
low that as an occupation alone. As a rule our apiarists who
are succeeding at the present time are those who have had a
good many years experience, and many of them are doing
something else in connection with the business, and even the
most successful ones are selling supplies and making supplies
in connection with it. I have not heard of that man who has
commenced and been successful right along. There is gener-
ally about as much luck as skill about it, and according to my —
observation I believe that nine-tenths of those that commence
keeping bees fail. Of course it is merely due to not under-
standing the nature of the bees and keeping them up in good
condition. I know of a man out in our county who had thirty
to forty colonies two or three years ago that have been cut
down to ten or twelve poor, weak colonies, some of the hives |
filled with moths, and comb that is nearly destroyed, and those

—— Se

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ee ee eee
'
~

MINNESOTA BEE-KEEPERS’ ASSOCIATION. 319

disgusted bees when they swarm go to the tops of the highest
trees on the premises, and it comes right in the busy season
during haying and they allow them to go to the woods.

C. Thielmann: I would like to ask if those men who make
nothing on bees are good for anything else? (Laughter.)

Pres. Wilcox: Is it not a fact that those men who have so
many irons in the fire make a failure in the business?

Mr. Ford: Our president says we do not want too many irons
in the fire. A man who goes into the bee business must attend
to that business, and it is so in any other business.

Mr. Doudna: So far as lam personally concerned I would
rather have the profts from my bees than the best one hundred
acres of wheat in Douglas county.

Question ‘‘Is stimulative feeding in spring desirable?”

Pres. Wilcox: I will call upon Mr. Urie to answer that
question.

Wm. Urie: I was in hopes you would call upon some one
else. I will try, however, to make a few remarks upon that
point. I can say that stimulative feeding in spring is a success
if properly done. My method I have used in my experience of
a great many years is to feed in troughs during the day, and if
that is properly done by an experienced hand there is no
danger. They come out every pleasant day, and I take honey
and thin it down pretty thin, say two-thirds water, and I put
into the troughs from one to two pails full and let the bees
come out and carry it back to the hives, and you will find if you
fill that in the morning about nine o’clock that they will come
out and carry it back in the hives, and there is no fighting in
the hives; but perhaps a new beginner had better not attempt
it. Do not commence feeding until nearly May. My advice
would be about the first of May, then feed a little every day, and
you certainly will have a stronger swarm the first of June.

C. Thielmann: My experience in that line is just the reverse
of Mr. Urie’s. The quieter and warmer I can keep my bees in
spring the better I succeed in getting large swarms when I
want them. All bees, if they have it in their hives, place their
food just where they want it exactly, and I always prepare my
bees in the fall so they will have enough to last them till warm
weather comes, and there is no danger of killing the brood. It
seems to me with this stimulating feeding they overdo the
breeding part, and they have more brood than they can take
care of, and the consequence is that when a spell of bad weather
comes the young bees in the cells will die. I used to feed my

AF MERA AE Re Se
\ ‘ ha

320 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

bees and stimulate them, but from experience I have had I will
never do it again.

James Taylor: Two years ago, before the great honey crop,
I took my honey and I fed it to the bees and by the time that
white honey crop began I had my bottom full of bees and it was
a grand success. It paid, and I took advantage of it that fall
and saved over three thousand pounds of that same honey, and
when the next spring came I pursued the same tactics, and I
used to lie down at night and rejoice at the great success 1 was
going to have, but the bees consumed all the honey they
wanted, the honey did not come, and I wept. (Laughter.) So
it just depends, it just depends, if, if, if, if, if—

J. P. West: Ido not believe where one.has a large number
of colonies in the spring and they are in good condition it will
pay to feed them, but where they are weak it may do, provided
they are kept warm and are so fixed up and protected, that it
will be impossible for the brood to get chilled; otherwise it will
be a failure.

Mr. Doudna: Give me plenty of honey in the hive to keep
them over the season until warm weather comes and the queen
will supply the eggs as fast as they need them.

C. Thielmann: About this feeding question, there is certainly
a great difference in localities. I have never had any occasion
to feed my bees, as they always have enough and more than
enough, and get much more than I would like to have them.

Mr. Mendenhall: Last spring I fed a swarm on bread and
milk and they liked it pretty well.

Pres. Wilcox: PerhapsI should say I believe heartily in
spring feeding, and I practice it.

Question. ‘‘Is it best to prevent increase or control it?”

B. Taylor: Control it.

Pres. Wilcox: I take it the meaning of the question is
whether it is best to prevent increase or allow them to increase
promiscuously.

C. Thielmann: The increase can never really be prevented.

Wm. Danforth: This question of controlling the swarming
is a very important one to my mind, and I have made up my
mind to this, that I will keep back the swarming in the spring
of the year as much as I can, that is, make them swarm as late
as: possible, by drawing from the stronger ones and building
up the weaker ones, which I think works well, and if we can |
succeed in keeping them from swarming until pretty well to-
wards the 4th of July, I consider myself pretty well off.

MINNESOTA BEE KEEPERS’ ASSOCIATION. 321

Pres. Wilcox: I will say this: I have at present something
over 150 colonies. Ido not feel able to go into any argument
or discussion over this matter to-night, but I will state a fact,
and that is that I have had but one swarm from which I did
not control the increase for three years, and if any of you will
take the pains to visit my apiary during swarming season, if I do
not prove to you that I control the increase I will give you
every Swarm.

Question. <‘‘Isit practicable to catch the entire swarm on leav
ing the hive in swarming?”

J. W. Murray: Ido not catch the swarm at all; I catch the
queens and control the swarm.

Mr. Doudna: I go for the queens, and when I see a swarm
come out, without getting excited, (I do not believe I get as
nervous as friend Taylor anyway) I take the queen up quietly,
and I once put three swarms into a hive like Mr. Taylor. I
got over two hundred pounds of comb honey from those three
swarms.

Question. ‘‘Is 50 degrees of heat too warm for wintering?”

James Taylor: It is too warm.

C. Thielmann: It is pretty well settled that from 40 to 45 de-
grees is too warm, but I believe we had some men, such as
Barber, who had it up to 90, and his bees came out all right. I
had a little experience when I had that sawdust house. In fact,
it got quite warm. We had a spell of close warm weather and
I happened to be away for three days, and I got uneasy before
I got home; I thought of the bees and knew it was getting too
warm for them. When I got home the first thing I did I went
to the bee house and I heard the bees roar before I was within
three rods. I opened the door and all the bees came right out
just as thick as the door would hold them. I shut it very
quickly; I did not want them all out, went and gota light and
stepped in as quickly as I could, and there were the bees all
out on the hives and on the wall, and the whole thing was just
one mass of bees. There were about 180 colonies in the house,
and the house was 16x24. I dared not open the door because
they would all go out, so I opened up the ventilators. There
were thousands of bees over the whole house that hung
there and died, and the floor was covered an inch deep with
dead bees. So I know that 62 degrees is far too hot for bees
in winter.

—20

322 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

Pres. Wilcox: Gentlemen we have discussed this matter far
enough, and we are all anxious to listen to an address from
our new president. I have the pleasure of introducing to you
Mr. West.

Mr. West then addressed the association as follows:

Mr. President and Fellow Bee- Keepers:

Our constitution does not provide that the new president
shall make an address in assuming the duties of his office, but
it does provide that the president retiring shall, which I think
he should do.

In assuming the responsible position to which you have
elected me, I wish to thank you for the honor conferred. I
realize the importance of the position, for my whole heart is
in this work. Iam here for the reason that I wish to see this
society prosper, and I am willing to do everything I can in that
direction.

I do not set myself up as an expert in agriculture, neither
do I assume that I can teaeh you in the mysteries of bee-keep-
ing. I commenced to keep bees in 1878, in the south part of
the state where there was neither clover or timber. 1 was suc-
cessful, and consider that I know something about bees. Hav-
ing accepted the duties of deputy public examiner for the state
I was compelled to dispose of my bees, and have not had any
for the last three years, but I have made up my mind to start
an apiary, and have always been sorry that J disposed of all
my bees.

Now so far as this society is concerned I will do all I can to
make it prosper.

I believe that in a few years this society will be one of the
most important in the state of Minnesota, and I ask you to give
me all the assistance you can to make it such. (Applause.)

Pres. Wilcox: Iam satisfied that our friend West is pecul-
iarly well situated to build up this society. The duties of his
office require him to visit every county in the state. It will give
him excellent facilities for building up the interests of this so-—
ciety, and from my acquaintance with him I know he is just as
much of a bee ‘‘crank” as the rest of us, and I look forward to -
the grand prospects that are open to this society, and all we
need is the co-operation of its members. If every member of
this society makes himself a committee of one to secure other
members in his own neighborhood we cannot help but have
good results. I feel very much gratified to see the large and

MINNESOTA BEE KEEPERS’ ASSOCIATION. 323

intelligent audience here today, and I look upon it as the harb-
inger of our future prosperity.

Before we adjourn I think we as a society should extend our
thanks to the Horticultural Society for its courtesy, and to the
owners of this building for their liberality in furnishing us
these rooms free of charge.

On motion it was unanimously voted that the hearty thanks
of the members of the Minnesota Bee-Keeping Association are
extended to the Horticultural Society for their courtesy and kind-
ness in arranging for our meeting here, and to the Guaranty
Loan & Building Co., for the use of this building.

It was also voted that the executive committee fix the date and
place of our next annual meeting and notify the members of the
same.

Adjourned sine die.

AG i rep... ,G

Table of Contents.

Page
metcerot. Transmittal to the Governor: 5.2.5. .6. 65.666 en sence ees ee 5
Communication trom: the Secretary... = acan- cee 402s. ccmces ee once sce 4
Met OR MME NTCHIDOES <2 ssa. aaiee ah eet lc arte ad Mid anion oon he oe ee kee 5-14
Officers of Minnesota State Agricultural Society..................... 15
amr mrserymen and. WOTIStS 2 « a2 sce sides. ciccase sees. ansieece 16
SENG MA MUTED IGE or (a. Weis tein elaine. cok acute Bais store one oes oy ahs SEP aa ea 17-19
BEEN a to cas chs haga sels tise ci dhe! Se 2 et ate eine winisks Saale aye EL ess «wae Se ae 20
Record of Meetings of the Executive Committee.................... 21-24
RemOL SUMIMEL MECHING .:.Sai cack os'sle kisi cue tte ne ¥ fac ostica ees At eee 24-29
meparnot Annual Winter Meeting... 23. 220. secs Seceee an sieieee ces 29-114
PAPO MEUEUTUIT Cs Soar ate she caw oie a vias nce only Pog nisl eal Geo Seale © Re aoe 115-117
PICU MRIOURIA DT NOt M9 St ey Wa! wicks Wk aac Bae we Soe PON Hla teres Ae 117-127
MOIR PL OVRONE wopofe'a) fal oath wa wcckels ors es see See Pe Omens Sart vie oe inks Se 127-148
ORT EYOTA poh SN ee a eC are en” OR winner ey ay rene Pm aes On ts 149-150
GiGSINETED YL 1 OV UT RST SN eee EO pire rR eerste CAD Pas BP mCP oon, Beeson 151-185
“ET Be CE RSet aes OY DOLE Oe Prog Ren LR .185-213
Pe ieee Cee dec Ste. cio «bin Eee Eade Mabyte ch oapes wees ny a QLS=228
Horticultural Appliances and Marketing....... ee Pa ers! 223-225
SamR Nn RRR DE SSeS ook nyt Fa) Seat os 2d sh Shes aopeeetel OR Sete traetT ed Dok ee at 225-248
Jel iron COP eT Tey 0119 077 0) | EO eS RS IR a Pn Oe See Aree 248-251
PMAIELIAEC) 5 eed! ta Ra ati ye. sibel tals Oe Sale th the Se akan ge we 251-259
Pe eCMNISCS ANE ELOUDCES ac -/-%< ss pneiss «dike We ee eee eebdends oc . 259-261
MRE Eesha en ah.) anes hie ake oats LO RRS A Re eR 261-267
MRR INIAECNON Myo. oe i chris aie AD ch abe hod ate NEMA Mee Be dee Poe 267-271
MCE ECU APAPIOIS sic 2 cA Gly a, Caisse oF Head Sek Oe mike eie sa eh eee 272-277
PEPERUNENG 5 LAtIODS 24). 4, ool v2 obs ee oa ood LB Qdbdrc vote shook 278-290
President’s Address of McLeod County Society........ ey Sh as sf 290-292
Mectime: Ss: Minnesota Association. . 2...) ati es. sated aoe res elk oek 292-293
Wonienelature and. (Catalogue. .s... 5:20 % wel wine was cw ene fu, 2 ok SRS POA
Report of Delegate to N. Iowa Horticultural Society.......... ... 295-296
Horticultural Maps........... sigh ae kts piel eo ofa Soaks wie me aes era de Os
AMI RERC Tee sie Meek wee ei a Ca Ay airs clan Macioe Ra AE a ee oe aE
Minnesota Bee-Keepers’ Association..............0..6205 cece e cess 303-323
Index of Minn. State Horticultural Society...........-... Lae he ere 326-331

Index of Minn. Bee-Keepers Association......... 0. ..0.0-0.. 20. cease 332

LIND Pea,

Minnesota State Horticultural Society,

Page
Address of Welcome, by J. T. Grimes: «...... 2.0 sseesucsceemeseaeneene 43
Address, President’s Annual, by Wyman HElliot..................0. 46
Address, President’s, before McLeod County Horticultural Society.. 290
Agricultural and Horticultural Topics, by M. Pearce............... 154
Agricultural Society, List of Officers of Minnesota State............ 15
Allyn, J., Report of Committee on Vegetables, by...............05. 261
Amendment to Article III of the Constitution..... 1 diet ejecehkts ee Oe ae 89
Apple Growing around Lake Minnetonka, by A. W. Latham........ 193
Apples, Papers and discussions on..'...... 52... .ss.ccausaeeeneeean 185
Apple Trees, How to Make Them Live Forty Years, etc., by O. F.

BANG) oi. 5 o.:ccen! eco sane o's, a dnld sei elo o)k o tiprp, o biggene escent 199
Apple Trees, Protecting, by Setn H. Kenney.............cceccessees 198
Appliances and Marketing, Report on Horticultural, by M, Cutler... 223
Asparagus, by Wm. LYONS........0 4. ocic 0s 00000 «v's 0 ole see 263
Barrett, J.O., What Trees are best Adapted to our Northern Prai-

PICS). DY. <5 ovis oes 0 piece eee wisi chee W's = wleleie e.dlelejapheleie he ete 127
Barry, Patrick, Obituary Off. 2... 6.3.0.3 704s se Judo. dele 299
Bass, J. G., Production of Maple Sugar, by........ is... eeeneeene 91
Bee-Keepers’ Association, Proceedings of Minnesota, by J. P. West. 303
Blackberries West of the Big Woods, by M. Cutler.................. 243
Blossoms, Report on Fruit, by O. M. Lord... 3: ...% scsi os wena 185
Bonniwell, Mrs..A., Small Fruit, Dy.e 2.5.2. 6.0005 Gs alae oleae 227
Braden, W..H., Letter. froma. sj. occ. 215 ::0.4 + 0's/s/0 6 v'5;0 010 oon ol 112
Brand, O. F., How to Make Apple Trees Live, etc., by.............- 199

AS “¢ ! The Catharine, by... 5.6. 0.5 os ie Mele ese lee 208

SM) MBhe Peerless, DY ca. Sieie.s +:3'0.x%e oiejdis wn gret yale 209
Bread and Cake Making, by Mrs. O. C. Gregg.......0.sseseceseueass 273
Buckthorn Hedge, A, by Prof. W. W. Pendergast...........+.secees 149
Budd, Prof. J. L., Influence of Stock on the Life of Trees, by....... 151
Bunnell, M. C., Fruit Report by:....ii0c5.2 bes vk wee oes alee eee 176
Burnett, Frank, Letter from. ........5..0..2040 eb ceuale ieee 104
Busch, Fred., Remarks Dy’... 5.0 s oie se ceidksbjacla sien hb on plese enn 90
y= TLWWB yo.) oes win 2a )e's siete orein 0 6 Uidigiald aol bid ieetatow lel OS eiete tear 20
Carnation, The, by FG. Gould. i... iccses «dis ca dacmev eevee eee 255
Catharine, The, by ©. F.. Brand.s: i053. cous ete ale ae 208
Celery on the Prairie, by Sidney Corp. ..... .2....4¢.0n oe own = eee 261
Cereals, by ClaraiS) Hayesis es. ooades dake cook went dek tea 272

OF

INDEX. 326

Chrysanthemum Show, The, by Col. J. H. Stevens.................. Poel
Columbian Exposition, in President’s Address...... ............... 60
oe * referred to Executive Committee........... 102
Committee on American Nurserymen’s Association................. 104
as ‘* award of premiums on apples and grapes............ 75

ae a iy we M EE AIONOVO: otaics. oak see ee 76

§6 u vs “e Wy ‘* plants and cut flowers...... 76

bE ee ee es Mg ** vegetables and pantry stores 76

My Safle PESONUBIONS 109. «eres seve ore tiie nie sidio ats Gat olivate marek mero sia 76

= Pee TeSIGeMPSMAGOTECSSs, «cals cites rereras etoteralerelarelomtasiane Wed tore 64

He SRODUGUAT Yess see. 2 Feo eee clic Starararetaee for aa ie Meo aie kee iets 76
WOM MMLEOS | SEATING, TOPO Oeics Pew toed baicalics ble awed beuwayeeladeceesns 6
Communication from the Secretary. oo 6c... .ssic.c. lencesceecce ees 4
DoS UMAL CLONES 6 hoe as witaitineinetian Sales ste sirtam v bcle ee wale ee Li Been eaters 17
Cook, Dewain, Report on Small Bruit by. ..6e..5 Selene cee ccd cea 225
sag midney. Celery Onjube Prairie, PY s2. cs otieeihei dW oc bk Swe MS os 261
eee ECE POT OULCE MULE ORIN wic'cla watts ols) Sain! biviwia dew ist ak avy bates a eeke 179
fompcrelemichard: Es. ODIGUATY.OF soc o5G oS wee ca ea ce aa ed aeeeadane 301
Cutler, M., Blackberries West of the Big Woods, by................ 243

oe ‘* President’s Address before McLeod County Horticul-

BUM HA SOCTOUV IRD eee ctrarsilaveisiaveret sree gate remicloters ais ett sees ee sveus cineca lesa atae 290
Cutler, M., Report on Horticultural Appliances and Marketing, by. 223
Dartt, E. H. S., The Companionship of Trees, by...............-... 139

us Bee a ony RPC PCN ATED: WDVp 257 sc oyto te Glavstehai ete Sa ao Mlerathace cite CRE 185

os “Report of Experimental Station, by................ 285
May. wWitus; Treasurer's Annual: Report, Dy sa P ei. coc ce dee teed ee 73
Delegate to N. Ia. Horticultural Society, Report of, by J. S. Harris. 295
Wiscases on Hruit, by Brof..C: MacMillanss sc cacceccss cies cls erotic ce 105
PRE CELT im OL Scr. skis x cage i Moa aetna oot ace bc totarea cw oleh oa bog bapa 91
atiott, Wyman, President’s Audréss, bY..0.5 6)... o. ces wees we ob ee le 46
ORNMVOMIEA VLRTEY cee ce a ialans' otatoreje cus May cieieta bre Gomtee alee Rin gemiete ee ae hee wee 267
Executive Committee, Record of meetings of...................000- 21
Se uent Suanior Carver, Report of, by Chas. Leudloff.......... 282

Central, Report of, by Prof.S. B. Green....... 278

ne SS La Crescent, Report of, by J. S. Harris....... 289

bes ue Minnesota City, Report of, by O. M. Lord secheehs 289

fe es New Ulm, Report of, by C.W. H. Heideman.. 283

S es Owatonna, Report of, by E. H. S. Dartt...... 285

“ Dea OMS eG MOVES ETON, 5 b.5 leicics cuss e caer eae ene ba oe ee 278

“s 4 Superintendents of; for 1891 2... 3.0. 39.2 6288 6
Farm School, in Secretary’S Report... ..:cccsewecte sce s wisiettecccacacs : 70
peo ws hs Hew OTCSLEY WVerss csc ssc coe tee cad a Mente Bldche we docaauie 135
Fertilizers, Wasted, in President’s Address.............c0cccees cece 55
Fielder, F. H., Small Fruit Growing in Otter Tail County, by...... 227
Final Resolutions, Report of Committee on...... .......-.... 20006 111
Financial Report of Secretary, S. B. Green.............. ccc cece eees 72
LICH LMT OnE ADOLS Oly a7) hate sta 3c doe ont lea bd dae ote Rah claculoe dees 251
Mioristsy Wish OL, Who are- members... 0. Csr etc oe ak bee nee be 16
Flower Beds, Designing, etc., by E. Nagel..:..............00c cee eee 254
HG. Ere pAaraulons, | PAPeLS OM. 5.13 ot. de'e Sisto niece Bho lado be ob.o Nee waenls 272

Forest, Preservation of the, by P. P. Schotzka.......0.5 cscs ccecees 133

328 INDEX.

Forestry Association, Discussion On’... /:'..52.), 226 deme ee

ef by Bi, By Pernow 2. 600 9.0 52 as Da
“i by Ohas. Lieudiok: é:4sciie es lic van oe a 'a'ne's OFS agree
i in President’s, Address ...). 2.4 .it... 1. . 222i cele
4 Papers and discussions on..* ...<.): 3... 2. Sashes oe ee
Bp Remarks by. 0)... Savth. s6< 555.0. aaane a a Wd 0 a
+5 Report on, by J:.J. Sanders:............. Sieebeeeae eee
Frogner, S., Potato Culture, etc., Dy’. 00%: .2.<.2+o0scenee eeee nee
Fruit Growing in Lincoln County, by W. J. Wickersheim..........
Fruit, Report of the Committee on General, by Clarence Wedge....
* = i 5 J.C. Kramer.......
re i ad gs: M. Pearee?. 72.2202
fe “by M.'C. Bunnell: .....20:2 5 jis esters © 0slas ate eee ee
+ ‘¢ on, by Sidney Corp.... ......... «ods oeais seine ee ee
Fruits in North Dakota, by Prof. C. B. Waldron....................
e Papers and discussions on General. ..........2.2--casseece

+ Wild, Native in Northern Minnesota, by Dr. J. R. Walker

Gaylord, Edson, ‘‘Our Hits and Misses in Orcharding,” by..........
Geological Formations as Related to Plant Growth, by Prof. C. H.
1 Et ee Rr mm CI ee
Gibb, Chas., Obituary Of 0 o:< o.c.0.04 50 dis no on,0' 4 01 poh alee ee
Gordon, C. W., Orchard Experience, by... ..«./s......+s-0lesn nee
Gould, F. G., The Carnation, Dy... -..........2 260s «s/¢ seen
Grafe, H. A., Remarks DY... 0005052 cccees soe a) 62 ofxia eee
Grape Growing, My Experience with, by J.S. Sewall...............
4 Insects and Diseases, by J. 8. Harris.....4.°./s¢asemesmneee
Grapes, by Geo. R. Robinson.............. errr
° Papers and discussions OD..........«<.s0s c= seashore
Grape Vine, Treatment of Fungus Diseases of the, by A. W.Latham
Gray, J. S., Remarks on regulation of weights, etc., by.............
Green, Chas. A., Letter fromh..<... 2.0... .2n00>-< selesieenie enn
se Prof. S. B., Elementary Principles of Manuring, by........
ss % Park Ornamentation, Dy .:..«'. «ss espana
e 4g Report of Experiment Station, by.............
_ oe Secretary’s Annual Report, by...... ae ais aaoeeans
Greenhouses and Hotbeds, by E. Nagel.,............0ccsssmsscseseeee
s oe Report on, by G. Malmquist............-.
Gregg, Mrs. O. C., Bread and Cake Making, by.......---.seeeeeeeees
Grimes, J. 'T., Address of Welcome, DY...<.¢.is0..« «ssa aes see Pee

Hall, Prof. C. H., Geological Formations as Related to Plant
GrOWE,: BY ncies bs npn sd oawasanssens <eesnr> ora earn

Harris, J.S., Grape Insects and Diseases, by............+.a-asyes ems
a os Report of Committee on Nomenclature and Cata-
LOQHE, DYbiejcinins s05 5 cs sac Giese ceigs se daswenisy » 0) an pice

Harris, J. S., Report of Delegate to N. Iowa Hort. Society, by......
- fe “5 Experiment Station, Dy..........ssecsecccane
Sy tf “id Seedling Fruit Commission, by.............-
is eS - on A. G. Tuttle’s Russian Orchard, by.......
Ass “A a Native Plums, By o.'. 0/0/10 oie > nis'eipisintdl ts ata
ad ‘¢ _. Sketch of the Life of A. W. Sias, by.......-...-se08

151
157

213
222
39

INDEX.

Pay ee hate Ss CLC (DY. 2 nae pr thaas sts a ca% st ca wales clas dieldss
tf Prof. W. M., Relation of Horticulture to Agriculture, by..
a rs m@rees will Help our Crops, DY s:... 30. ........05
Hedge, Buckthorn, by Prof. W..W. Pendergast... 2. .00.. .6.s.60 0
Heideman, C. W. H., Report of Experimental Station, by...........
Horticulture on the Farm, by Clarence Wedge.....................
ee MAIER SEO TAI crete rp era ane aibieehe Ta Stara ialat cline: etn we aie bo Sowa wens #5

i to Agriculture, Relation of, by Prof. W. M. Hays

Institute, Farmers’, Remarks by Wm. Somerville...................
Institute Work, in President’s Address................ Here e eats

MOCO eO hal. SULAWUELELCHs) DY, <= are'cte's ah cis a oR cede Av etwae ac caeeens
Kennedy, Mrs. A. A., Women as Horticulturists, by..............:.
Kenney, Seth H., Protecting Apple Trees, by.................se000-
Kramer, J. C., Report of General Fruit Committee, by..............

es A. W., Apple Growing around Lake Minnetonka, by.......
a Treatment of Fungus Diseases of the Grape

e

Ag H. E. Van Deman, Pomologist

“ec sé

“cc oe

Loring, C. M., Remarks by
Lyons, Wm., Asparagus, by

MacMillen, Prof. C., Diseases of Fruit, by

se

2 EINES List of Annual

ve ee

(73 ee se ee Life a

Mott, Orrin, Remarks by......

Nagel, BE, Designing Flower Beds, etC., by... 25 ..62..00060) eae eses
STrecnhouses and Eotpeds, DYl. st. cscs sca ses ekeec cekee ne
Nomenclature; and Catalogue, Report of Committee on, by J. S.

ve sé

Harris
Notice of Summer Meeting.....
B ** Winter Meeting

HoOGkichiourale Maps, ,oyebrots Ne He Winehellincs sc .cns id. sce neice

Chas. A. Green, Sec’y Am. Nurserymen’s Ass’n............
a BE EHcavES EME pire Sot Cane So Nec alae onan t Sats, » oh ic oun ed wate

Mieka Bradenn Stabe AMG1bOr: cc a2. .oscmtiese es cise eases eet
Memierenie ens pO OTEStTYs DY si sese ca ba cbt cco Peeek cece halt eeame
Report of Experiment Station, by..................
Lord, O. M., Report of Experiment Station, by......... ........6.
Reportion Wruit Blossoms,-Dy- 222... 2 +2e% Ges oes aele ss

Lugger, Prof. Otto, A New Pest to Fruit Trees, by................25

see eee eee sees eee e eee sees ee ee ee essere see eeeeee

eC

Malmquist, Gust., Pansies Grown in Cold Frames, by............--
Report on Greenhouses and Hotbeds, by............-.--
Manuring, Elementary Principles of. by Prof. S. B. Green..........
Maple sucar,Production: of, by J. G. Bass... 22... 2-<0le 0s ce ces «

© oa\'e" (0 (9). 016) .0\9) a\'a (ele & & © <6 0a =n) a's S48) 0 6 © 6) O68 2 S028 0.0

i

Moyer, L. R., Willows, Poplars and Evergreens, by..............06++

ewes eee sneer esse ces sc oe OOF eMesecespesesereaesereansecesesseseeseeesee
cote e ee «c+ wos e weer eeeens oases es eeece

cc)

330 INDEX.
Page
Nurserymen, List of, Who are Members... ...... 20.5. svsiscmseietineiee 16
Nurserymen’s Association, American, Resolutions concerning...... 106
Obituaries, by JzS. Harris: 20. oo... 2... ee we ee eet ee cee ee 299
Obituary of Charles Gibbs, Abbotsford, Quebec....... 5 Be 300
ee * Patrick Barry, Rochester, N>Y ......0. 2.2s+ces seen 299
ge * Richard Li: Cotterell, Dover, Minn: ...))-205 +o os eee 301
Officers for 1891, List of; sc2e. oo tae a. 2b s Se sd ae oe ae 5
Orchard Experience, by C. W. Gordon... 0.5. . «15cm eee oie alee 188
Orcharding, Our Hits and Misses in, by Edson Gaylord............. 186
zi The Future of, in Minnesota, by J. M. Underwood,.... 190
Orchard, Report on A. G. Tuttle’s Russian, by J. S. Harris......... 210
ee The, by E. H: 8S: Dartt. .3.... on 0% 6 oe oe eee 185
Pansies Grown in Cold Frames, by Gust. Malmquist................ 257
Park Ornamentation, by Prof. S:B:.Green .: 5... 22sec 2 sees 248
Pearce, M., Agricultural and Horticultural Topics, by............. 154
ef ** Report of General Fruit Committee.................... 178
Mi ‘s-Vice-President’s Report, Dyic . «.ci -1ie,<le1s enlelste he eee eee 179
Peerless, The, by Ow F. Brand 2's. 2). 5..:e2.diuelspocse soe aoe eee 209
Pendergast, Prof. W. W., A Buckthorn Hedge, by...............:-. 149
Pest to Fruit Trees, A New, by Prof. Otto Lugger.................. 267
Plums, Report on Native, by J. S. Harris..........52.sm-iee eee 180
Potato Culture, etc., A Few Hints on, by S. Frogner................ 266
Premium List at Summer Meeting... ...2 5. ...01.0. 0. s:= steele 24
Premium List at the Winter Meeting.............. os: sicsio. uel 33
Premiums at the State Fair, Resolution on................-.-.s000- 97
FS Awarded at the Summer Meeting.............s.css.005 08 25
he a “Winter Meeting.>... 22% esas eee 35
President’s Address, Report of Committee on..................-.... 101
President’s Annual Address, by Wyman Elliott..................... 46
Probstiield,. R.;M., Remarks by... 2 2.0. 0d 2. 0 ws elas inc ee 98
Proceedings at Summer Meeting, Record of...................--.-6- 26
? ‘* Winter Meeting, Record of... .. 3... doce 38
Program of Winter Meeting... 2 5...0 she0 02 eelecee. scale anh 30
Raspberries, in President’S:AGQresss . <7. <0. fs. on = «error siete ane 53
Response to Address of Welcome, by Clarence Wedge.......... .-.- 45
Robinson, Geo. B..; Grapes, DY. -).3 50.0. asses ss \aie «00.5 eine ane 218
Salaries of Officers, Resolution concerning............. sssseese sees 114
Sanders, J: J.,, Report on HOrestry DY A... x. 0. ss 1 «are eee ene etree 139
Schotzke, P. P., Preservation of the Forest, by...................s. 133
Secretary, Annual Report of the, by S. B. Green..................:: 68
a Communication from the.:.........-.«s«. o2035" sae 4
Seedling Fruit Commission, Report of, by J. S. Harris.............. 181
Sewall, J. S., My Experience with Grape Growing, by.........-- on oc eee
Siag; Az W.., Letter from. 25 sci. sc0ek cco > wvad = ow > ose ane oie Saar 93
ee os Sketch of his Life; by J.'S: Harris)...c...00 seen eee 92
Small Pruit; by Mis: ‘A. Bonniwellle oi. cr. cistern «<.0)- + cice eo eae eae 227
2: 1890, Report on, by Dewain Cook..................---- 225 =
cS Growing in Otter Tail County, by F. H. Fiedler....... 227
Small Fruits, in President’s Address... .......00sc00s2ts. +> ssa ueeee 51
ss Papers and GiSCUSSIOMS OM és. 2 eo wips hare ee ol ayeeete eee 225

ees oe hr

INDEX. 331
Page
Smite Ge hs eMmarks Git 1OPCShFY.. DY so. 2. cece css Sa cen cc wee ses 65
Somerville, Wm., Remarks on Farmers’ Institute, by............... 84
Southern Minnesota Association, Meeting of, by Wayland Stedman 292
Stedman, Wayland, Meeting of S. Minnesota Association, by....... 292
Stevens, Col. J. H., The Chrysanthemum Show, by.................. 251
Se Berries. DY GCOMG dow CHOG. ow. 6. vue ces cane cc nesavee chee 233
Smmmer Moone, engri.ol, for 1800:.... 5 2... 2 se eae sca cinw sac na 24
Superintendants of Experiment Stations for 1891................... 6
Server A > TRONVATES DY sas oo sane cae ss aka am es cancdns = Penis Beet 88
Treasurer, Annual Report of, by Ditus Day......................... 73
Trees, Influence of Stock on the Life of, by Prof. J. L. Budd....... 151
The Companionship of, by E. H. S. Dartt................... 139

of What, are Best Adapted to our Northern Prairies, by J. O.
RE RC Gliese ease eae eae obec aici tae om nee came ee Rae See ee 127
Trees will Help our Crops, by Prof. W. M. Hays...................0.. 142
Underwood, J. M., The Future of Orcharding in Minnesota, by..... 190
Sia eras 6s. fe Deiter TAM. co 5) ca oa cca aite wen aa Ga kas shun cae 104
Wercianics. in Presidents AGGregs so < Se ce vais cea ic wanen cas dawes 53
* Papers: and discussions OM 34 62 p< ese sak 4h oxs ecu t sock once se 261
cr Report of Committee on, by J. Allyn .................02005 261
wermke, iA > Calimre of Violets, by... << ~~... << sass: wes. ccecenes 258
area resigents neporn, by M: Pearee.- <2... coc 2k eee hs ce 179
Violets, Culture of, by E. A. Venzke.....................- he eet 258
Waldron, Prof. C. B., Fruits in North Dakota, by.................. 169
Walker, Dr. J. R., Wild Fruits Native in Northern Minnesota, by. 157
pietiee, Clarence, Horticulture on the Farm, by.................... 165
Re Report of General Fruit Committee, by........... 174
ef ‘ Response to Address of Welcome, by.............. 45
Wickersheim, W. J., Fruit Growing in Lincoln County, by.......... 172
Willows, Poplars and Evergreens. by L. R. Moyer................-:- 141
Winchell, Prof. N. H., Horticultural Maps, by................-....- 296
Winter Meeting, Beport.of Annual: (30 ccoe oe un Lee oak Joes See ae 29
Women as Horticulturists, by Mrs. A. A. Kennedy Seatrsecaseueees 115

2

INDEX.

Minnesota Bee-Keepers’ Association,

Page.
Adadress,.by J.P. West, President Elect..........20. is. oe ae 322
Apiary, How I Manage my, by G..'S. Auringer...... 2.42) cose 315
Auringer, G.S., How I Manage my Apiary, by....+~. sas: selene 315
BY LAWss c= ois 0.0 dein sige occ ode dine Nore o'celd bo hae ole cael ete a ne ee 805
CaHShibuatiOns 2 wis. che cece 5 AD oc so olan ole ea Bete Sine clare 305
Honey. Plants, by A: Ni. WilCOX. 2% oes ais 2: <1 «66 0 oicls cinteciols ne ee 316
Honey, The Production of Extracted, by E. R. Pond................ 313
Members, List of, Annual... 2)... 4.0%. nies cs se cs sane 304
Officers; List of, for WSO, oc ' coicsia:njes nid ol> o'n awjee jake een 304
Pond, E. R., The Production of Extracted Honey, by...... ........ 313
Proceedings of Annual Meeting, Report of. ...............0eeeeeees 307
Theilmann, C., Wintering Bees, by............. PP reich 307
Wrest,:d'. P., AGGreSS DY. s ag.2: des srccc «4 2 4:0; 5 0/3/e:0 9h aan ee 322
Wilcox, A. N., Honey Plants DY... o:..02.00.00:0.0 lgaes 2 mele Oat 316
Wiintering Bees, by ©) Theilmann... .............0.5 ade «+. dete ae 307

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