Lae ete writs PRTG parte Rae ea PERT pba i a Pee Cr oeae™ aes Cet er oa howe Soe ae Aa tar IGT SL LA ext wr wasbew ise (alah eee wince Ses c TEAS 2 RI Se ar 1) Hs ‘ I ie — q ve : Falke a" -e— BCA My oun 3 | sow ere = = sO MUSONNAVE rRUMAN M. SMITH, SAN DIEGO, CAL. President of this Society eight years, viz: 1873, '74, ’75, ’76, ’77, ’78, ’84 and 785. ; ’ LIBRARY NEW YORK BOTANICAI GARDEN DANG ACr AEP ORT OF THE | Cae ae SE ee se EMBRACING THE TRANSACTIONS OF THE SOCIETY FROM JANUARY 13, 1893, TO JANUARY 8, 1895, INCLUDING THE TWELVE NUMBERS OF “THE MINNESOTA HORTICULTURIST” FOR 1894. EDITED BY THE SECRETARY, A. W. LATHAM, OFFICE AND LIBRARY, 207 KASOTA BLOCK, MINNEAPOLIS, MINN. AR oe ak ne s K“awWw YORK BOTANICAL a MINNEAPOLIS: IIARRISON & SMITH, STATE PRINTERS 1804. noe Ba), LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL TO THE GOVERNOR. — nn. OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF THE — MINNESOTA StavE HORTICULTURAL Soc e\ January 13, 1893, to eae 8, 1895. Respectfully yours, A. W. LATHAM, ' Secretary. ae 2 YORE D YT ANIC * UNICAT GARDEN COMMUNICATION FROM THE SECRETARY. 207 KASOTA BLOCK, MINNEAPOLIS, MINN., Jan. 1, 1895. Fellow Members of the Minnesota State Horticultural Society: The present volume is the fourth which it has been my priv- ilege to prepare for you, and I have found the work, with such associates, altogether a pleasant one. ‘This, the twenty-second report of our society, contains the twelve monthly magazines— published this year, for the first time, in place of the usual an- nual report, under the title of ‘‘The Minnesota Horticulturist’’— | the record of the annual meeting of last winter, a few papers not previously included, a full list of members, and the usual double index, in which the titles of papers and their authors both appear in proper place. All the documents, treatises, reports, etc., of every descrip tion connected with this society which have come into the sec- retary’s office up to date have been included in this volume. Being issued at the close of the year instead of at the begin- ning, as heretofore, the list of members for 1894 is a complete one and the record for the year is literally full. Trusting this volume will meet your approval, I remain Yours fraternally. ALS W. aA TEAM: Secretary. rt a es Ss THE MINNESOTA HORTICULTURIST. VOL. 22 FEBRUARY, 1894. NO. 1 Sea ATOR Y. DEAR FRIENDS: It will be wise not to expect too much at the outset in this movement to change the form of the publica- tion of the horticultural matter that comes into the hands of the secretary through the ordinary channels of the society. The | principal object in making the change is to get this matter into your hands in better season and with more promptness, and for the present that will be the principal thing accomplished. It is, however, the ultimate intention to improve and embellish the publication in every practicable way and make it the medium of furnishing to the horticulturists of the Northwest all attain- able information of value in this direction, and make it indis- pensible to all lovers or workers in any branch of horticulture. With this worthy object in view may I ask your indulgence and assistance? Remember it is your publication as well, being only the result of a common effort to promote and advance a common cause. Material development is a slow process but a very sure one, and by pushing steadily and together along the lines indicated the results we all desire will be gradually at- tained. Yours fraternally, . A. W. LATHAM, Secretary. Office and Library, Room 2, No. 427 Nicollet Ave, Minneapolis, Minn. Note—Considerable space is taken up in this issue with the lists of officers. &c., for 1894, decreasing materially the space intended to be used for papers and general in- formation. : OFFICERS OF THE MINNESOTA STATE HORT i a : or CULTURAL SOCIETY FOR 1894. : = - 'a9 " PRESIDENT. - PMURDERWOOD. 2. - crunerst eens ae ia Lake Ci | VICE-PRESIDENTS. BPA - F. W. KIMBALL, First Congressional District....-.- Rh - Aus ia | S. D. RICHARDSON, Second Lies hanes Perec Winnebago City L. E. Day, Third ae (CET Higa, scare nte nies Farmington © ne R. S. MACKINTOSH, Fourth =“ Boratto 2 che see Langdon ot J. H. STEVENS, Fifth « Ene ty Aiyh Car ae Minneapolis — ‘ Mrs. JENNIE STAGER, Sicth “if Ri SS Bp bea ie Sauk Rapids x J. O. BARRETT, Seventh " o> ee BE cece Dy Brown’s Va SECRETARY. A. W. LATHAM, Office address, Room MUPRCETIS STEAIY ¢< tals anos cress ngece ence RNA Zea ely lee EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. (also president, secretary and treasurer ex-officio.) WYMAN ELLIOT, (Ghaterian),.: : - sis vy gis ene oes Minneapo ieee Gpawitose aon <> dane neers!) ae Soe La Cres Sees IS. GREEN. wow ge Gh Wyman Elliot COMMITTEES. 5 OUT-DOOR HERBACEOUS PLANTS. (Native and exotic.) PNUD LEN Te see cys thats Sass Raia s. Wieis)Bcishaie’ eke Mica oka. Misia. uae cher atoeecte Montevideo Ae tes eee’ eee ES re © Wie Mire se vetoes miss ecre ste: « ots ee a ie Shah ois eiitce’ ove oa coe Ta eroees St. Peter Pee, BE. (SS PLAGUE soe saio c's se oh s5'es 225 8th Ave. S. E., Minneapolis HOUSE AND GREENHOUSE PLANTS. MUU TMM TTIN lve shores weet sete stan tehetg salt ae) os iche oni lo renahtl oy ayayd eioke Misteiehems ea oareteray dass Winona BM wIN CE ET TU SLIT A TA). 2 Se ciosg lol Scr aleiapsipso) eis searaben eo A reteiny WMA NA SIT aaah Srekeph ere Austin MUG TRet 8 28d re Wk fakes maaldas t aialarelettaloe au wareas De cas Mankato VEGETABLES. eee eran OAS EPEIATLYE So feta Sold tance, etalern sere cle dine sheiass Croat de eae ccs lek Washburn Ce We TB EMD pe Oi eed AG Haar tara RC So Lr rey EAR el io Albert Lea IBS hile MOV ia'o Des ge Sra te se chek ue A ene airs anemenu tna Aa ole okie ore Minneapolis Uline EA WaT CNS ee ea eA ee re a 2924 Clinton Ave,, Minneapolis NOMENCLATURE AND CATALOGUE. fees. Ebarris.. 23. Ba eC Ite Se IAT Ik GRRE ORES SERRE Seyi on BoP La Crescent Reis pisses Gre OCU et ice cece aie BEI Sicha lol atale sfe ecb raie eisichy fered St. Anthony Park COOKING AND PASTRY STORES. Remar AE DVN MESA TEN IO ZU 51,9 2c (lavas toate aps Oi drole pi grataraioie\cieioiw's’ as 'eiba cleus wo seit Austin meer mE CCS COLE « orayeitasisi0/d oo, ae¥elatarats ccaptels 0's wiKle snjsratreterazale Albert Lea : APICULTURE. . PORE UERT RIVET ryt oe et ston erae ees Sears Sh) sar o eon a iste e Wieisie sein cavers Theiimanton MEMES NESE is a 2h- oo otc a Se Sta ns alohactco/ ova tiar blader cian Siete lelciw,d Slate Ghee siatach g Hastings ORNITHOLOGY. Mee MAN A ATE TE Oe (iar, atin mit ale clin ae oie Sin ly ie Whe Iavaka vos ban wats La Crescent ENTOMOLOGY. SMA LE LTS (Ne BS a Ul oa Se rreeals/ase Lele che olestel oy ae aber ok let Rt apiath otal old La Crescent STAT RgAS Big 6 Park Gere( e121 0 Uae heyeet ma 2 ie Oa a SRI ae A St. Anthony Park LIFE MEMBERSHIP. ICEL WOU Le fans \chaia ce ene sla hci c cislel asian lale wists’ o abe ae’ Lake City MTOR eV ANE ts este ah hw Sic cools cuatnpagag dina clase mietnye pedlocete ato ctaie Farmington MN SU AGRE ATED ie Prt a cP i aay oO MeCN THER Uh Ne ere, Saal aok LION key Excelsior LEGISLATION. PE MBEN ATS oo iota aie eat cess sd abel LAL era cts ebdin i iotyites iousiantinee ee La Crescent BeeU ee ED PLE ME TEE 5c. cole tgs 0.015 icin aeebonsincs fe wl seeych aaa rere ie erate . Minneapolis PGND AIDES ES ULL ON onal te ela egete seve, ds ate carens oie) Siete eid for aha « Wa igsere tots eae Minneapolis 1 (EEN GOT GG TP aa Selly SE avn Sr tie ey SRS Ma are SY 2h beads Excelsior PUBLICATION. eamepeta aera sie erties: raat Poca fo; aes cite Niaton oc Cio Aa aca See ee Blade Minneapolis mr rra i Ear Ae BE OTN 2 cre Oa si haya R ghee acimiy es asaya wii pel « St. Anthony Park Nee PS ATLA EYE ee atgpias one ors gees 4:4 eer en esmerente ..- Minneapolis : 6 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. ‘ FRUIT LIST. (Adopted at the annual meeting of the Minnesota State Horticul- tural Society, January 12, 1894.) APPLES. Hardiest apples for planting in Minnesota: Duchess, Hibernal. For planting in favorable locations: Wealthy, Longfield. For general trial: Patten’s Greening, Peerless, Okabena, Hotch- © kiss, Anisim, Charlamoff, Kaump, Arabian. Crabs and hybrids for general cultivation: Virginia, Martha, Whitney, Transcendent, Early Strawberry, Briar’s Sweet, Minnesota, Hyslop. ° Crabs and hybrids for trial: Tonka, Dartt’s Hybrid, Faribault, Greenwood, Arctic, Gideon’s No. 6. > PLUMS. For general cultivation: Desota, Rollingstone, Wolf River, Forest Garden, Weaver. For trial: Rockford, Owatonna, Ocheeda. * - GRAPES. For general cultivation: Concord, Delaware, Moore's Early, Worden, Janesville, Brighton, Cottage. RASPBERRIES. For general cultivation: Red—Turner, Cuthbert, Marlboro, Brandywine. Black—Ohio, Souhegan, Nemaha, Gregg, Shaffer. For trial: Older, Palmer, Kansas. BLACKBERRIES. For general cultivation: Ancient Briton, Snyder. CURRANTS. For general cultivation: Red Dutch, White Grape, Victoria, Stewart, Long Bunch Holland. GOOSEBERRIES. For general cultivation: Houghton, Downing. STRAWBERRIES, For general cultivation: Crescent, Warfield, Haverland, Bubach 4 No.5, Bederwood, Capt. Jack, Parker Earle, Wilson. tee SS soo 2 een re % iy, Bes _Small Fruits. SMALL FRUITS. M. W. COOK, ROCHESTER. Kighteen hundred and ninety-three will long be remembered as an eventful year. All lines of business have suffered: commercial and agricultural, mainly from two causes; commercial from polit- ical changes and agricultural from atmospheric influence. The majority of the former not being satisfied with doing well enough, hoped to do better, but like the dog in the fable let go of the reality in grasping for a shadow; results, loss and failure. Moral, let well enough alone. The agriculturists and horticulturists suffered from atmospheric changes over which they had no control. Failures in both lines have been almost world-wide. Let us all learn wisdom from past experience, and thoughtfully take a retrospective view of what we each have done in our line, and try to find a remedy for its defects. . You asked me to report on small fruits. The past season has been rather a discouraging one, and one finds it hard to make good out of evil, consequently my report is in keeping with the results of the year—a partial failure. Rochester is becoming quite a fruit center, not less than one hundred acres of strawberries, raspberries and blackberries being grown in and about the city; and there is a growing interest in that line here and in tle adjacent towns, Oronoco, Douglass, St Charles, Kasson, Pine Island, Pleasant Grove and Chatfield, all within a radius of twenty-five miles. In each place are those grow- ing fruits for the market. My place is located in the southeastern part of the city, joining on the north the Southern Minnesota Fair grounds. I annually pick from eight to ten acres of strawberries (setting each year from three to five acres exclusively for plants), seven acres of black- berries and ten acres of raspberries. I have the land ready to set in the spring foreight acres of red and black raspberries and ten acres of strawberries, thereby indicating my faith in the business,notwith- standing this year’s partial failure. Strawberries came through the winter in fine shape. Vines never looked better in early spring,and continued to do so up to blossoming time. It rained almost continuously up to that time. Eight acres on low ground were fora time almost completely covered with water. When it stopped raining it stopped for good, except a few showers in fruiting time. Owing to so much rain in the spring and dry, hot weather afterward, the ground became hard and dry, although my own was heavily mulched. Notwithstanding all the 8 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. rain and hot weather, the vines looked as well as we could ask. I could not see any difference in the appearance of this eight acre piece and one on higher and more sandy land. All looked well and blossomed as full as possible, and fruit set as full as could be de- sired. At this time for two days it was 100 to 115° in the shade. From that time on the fruit stood still, the hulls and vines continuing to grow, the little hard, small, seedy fruit turning red, excepting a small portion of the promised fruit which was protected by the heavy foliage. Except this, the crop was a failure, 5,000 boxes being the amount received from ten acres. <- <=" ib it ee 5 ahs ca t vv. Me irti-. oe Sees } re : ee ee ee aig $< oo oa ae SMALL FRUITS. li Red Dutch, Fay and Stewart; the latter were the only kind that did not blight. Usually he has forty to one hundred cases, but this year on account of the blight he had only one case. The leaves of the bushes fall off before the cur- rant ripens and the fruit blisters and becomes whitish instead of red. Mr.S.D.Richardson: In our county we havesomething similar. It is caused by the borer. I have seen the fruit turn white, but in every case the knife reveals the borer. The old wood has frequently to be cut out in order to raise a crop. Dr. Frisselle: I have had some experience with currants, and I notice my Red Dutch shed the leaves very early, and after the leaves have been shed the sun at that time scalds the fruit and it turns white. Mr.G.W.Fuller: Ihave hadexperience somewhat in that line. As long as I raised the Victoria currant they were afiected by this so-called blight; they were covered with a white substance like a mould, andI discarded the Victoria. The Red Dutch are never affected in that way. Mr. Harris: It occurs to me now since the subject comes up, that I have seen that blight. When I was around Lake Minne- tonka before our summer meeting I saw some currants that had died back during the winter. It is the same thing that attacks the apple trees; it is the same disease that causes the grape and the apple to fall off prematurely. Mr. Fuller: The leaves in this case did not fall at all, but the bushes were covered with mildew like the gooseberries. SMALL FRUITS. WM. ROBINSON, HASTINGS. _Iwas somewhat surprised to receive a notice that I was appointed by your society on the committee on small fruits, as I was nota member nor ever had the pleasure of attending any of your meetings. You say it need not necessarily be a record of my success in small fruit culture, for as often more is taught by failure. If fail- ures will teach anything, then mine ought to be of benefit to myself and, perhaps, others. Ihave been but two years trying to cultivate small fruits,and as yet have failed to get but small returns. I set out in the spring of ’92 one acre of raspberries, one-half Turner and Cuthbert, the balance Philadelphia. There were but few failures in growth, and all went well until last spring when, in- stead of cultivating them, I decided to mulch them, as I had a large 12 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. amount of coarse, strawy manure at my command. I had heard and read so much about mulching that I believed it would be just the thing,and had calculated that it did not matter how dry it was, »that a good thick mulching would secure them from all suffering from lack of moisture; but how great was my surprise when my fruit began to grow and ripen to find it pinched and small, and that it finally about dried up. The plants that I set out to supply failures made but very feeble growth, while many of them died altogether after making quite a growth; none of them made more than about one foot in growth, while the plants in an acre set right alongside of them, which were thoroughly cultivated all summer, made from two to five feet. Lam thoroughly convinced that stirring the ground oftenis far better than mulching, and especially such land as my strawberries are on—a black sandy loam with gravelly subsoil. If I apply any more manure,I shall use well rotted manure that I can workin with the shovel plow. I also planted in the spring of ’92 an acre of strawberries with eight different kinds. I set them in rows six feet apart. All the kinds, except the Parker Earle, would have covered the ground had I allowed them to do so. They were planted on land sloping to the northeast, the northwest corner running up quite high on the slope. Aftér the ground froze in the fall, I covered them with quite a thick coat of straw, and in the spring raked a very small part of the straw from them and left it between the rows. I think a mulch for straw- berries is very nice,not only for a protection for the plants but also to keep the fruit clean and hold the moisture. I think, with plenty of rain, | might have fairly good success with strawberries. Of the different kinds I have tried,I like the Parker Earle very much, but the Bederwood is ahead of any other for this reason: they commence to ripen earlier than any other and hold on longer. Pres. J. M. Underwood: Any remarks on this paper of Mr. Robinson’s in regard to mulching? That’ seems to be the principal thought. DISCUSSION. Mr. C. Wedge: I willsay, Mr. President, Inever could raise raspberries or any kind of berries on clay soil without mulch- ing; it seems to be a necessity. Mr. S. D. Richardson: My experience has been the reverse every time, and I cannot carry my fruit through without culti- vation; with mulching it would all dry out. Mr. J. S. Harris: I believe in mulching, but I believe you want to cultivate and mulch, too. 34 SMALL FRUITS. 13 SUGGESTIONS ON SMALL FRUIT CULTURE. , M. W. COOK, ROCHESTER. There has been so much said and written on small fruit culture that there is little left that is new by way of instruction to add. No one who is inclined to grow fruits, either for himselfor for market, need hesitate on account of lack of knowledge of what, how, or when to plant,or how to prepare the soil, etc. Good instructions are to be found in all good horticultural papers, at the farmers’ insti- tutes and especially in the annual reports of this society. Why it is that so many tillers of the soil neglect to avail themselves of such knowledge, the putting: into practice of which would add so much pleasure, health and profit, is a mystery to me. All like small fruits, all need them, all can very easily have them fresh from the vines two or three months and canned the rest of the year. Youcan grow them for two cents per quart, strawberries, red and black raspberries and blackberries. Do you owners of land want such a feast for your families and sick neighbors, the year round? Then arrange to plant the coming spring. Don’t wait, but plant any land you have which will grow corn or potatoes. Don’t plant strawberries where the chickens will scratch up the vines or eat the fruit. Farmers’ chickens all like strawberries, and so do the children. Don’t get your plants from your neighbor’s bed. Don’t set all pistillates (females); you would have plenty of vines and bloom, but no fruit. Get your plants from a reliable source, not more than two-thirds pistillates and one-third stamenates (males.) Plant in spring as early as the ground will do to work. Plant in long rows, so as to cultivate with horse. Plant afew rows each year on land planted to corn or potatoes the year before and kept clean. Set plants taken from new beds. If from your own, be sure you set perfect flowering kinds alone or near pistillate varieties, if you plant pistillates. Be sure you are right and then go ahead. Give clean and oft repeated cultivation the first year; here is where the secret lies. Don’t buy high priced novelties. Let plants form matted rows fifteen to eighteen inches wide. Keep the plants hoed and thinned to about four inches apart, if you want iots of fine fruit. Mulch the ground in early fall, as soon as it freezes, with coarse litter from the stable,clean straw ormarshhay. All must be free from grass or foul seed. Early in the spring put the mulch off from the rows, leaving a little on them to keep the fruit clean, and leaving the rest between the rows for a mulch, to keep weeds down and ground moist and to make a clean path for the pickers. After fruiting one year, remove the mulch, narrow down the rows with a small plow to ten inches, hoe out all weeds, cultivate well between the rows and scatter on the rows a coat of fine, well-rotted manure, free from grass and weed seed. In September mulch between the rows with any coarse litter from your barn-yard or with straw to keep the weeds down and the ground mellow, and when the ground freezes cover all with clean straw, just enough to cover the plants; and my word for it, you will have plenty of strawberries _ for your own family and to give to your sick neighbors, that have 14 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. not cost you over two cents per quart. Try it this year. It is said, “They who know their duty and do it not, shall be beaten with many stripes.” Plant red raspberries in the fall or early spring, two feet in fhe rows and the rows seven feet apart. Treat all suckers as weeds. Don’t allow more than four or six canes in each hill. It will pay to mulch the ground between the rows with straw; flax, I think,is best to keep weeds and suckers down. Don’t allow mulch too near the hills; keep well hoed for six inches around the hills; pinch off the growth when twelve to eighteen inches high and not again until early the next spring and then cut back to three or four feet. Blackcap raspberries plantin spring two and one-half feet in the rows and the rows eight feet apart. Don’t cover too deep; pinch back the first year when twelve inches high, the second year when two feet. tad et PO, —. a Mee - igs Pu Tae, . “ = 2. “? ee ae 3 SMALL FRUITS. 19 Smith’s Seedling, origin uncertain, comes nearer to the Wilson in its glory than anything we know of, worthy of trial. Stayman’s No. 3, vigorous, productive, medium, tart. Shuckless, a novelty which will be prized by amateurs. Sadie,(p) wonderfully productive, rather small unless kept in hills Swindle, (p) true to name in some places, in others very satisfac- tory; “50 bushels per acre at one picking” is its record; late and worthy of trial. Shuster’s Gem, (p) of Cumberland type, productive and worthy of trial for home use and near market. Southard, is uncertain; with good soil and treatment a success; early, very satisfactory in some places. Splendid, on our own grounds in 1893 beat the Bubach in produc- tiveness and is every way desirable. Saunders, is very satisfactory over a wide range, large, productive, firm and excellent for pollen. Tennessee Prolific, large, productive as the Haverland, perfect blossom, vigorous and profitable for home use and near market. Timbrell, (p) is trying to get to the head of the list, is certainly blowing a big horn and should be tested by everybody. Van Deman, unproductive in 1893 with us. Victor, very large, very early and desirable. Wonder, it is a wonder how it ever got out; same as Oregon and if good anywhere it is in a dry climate. Westbrook, (p) extra quakity, too small to win. Woolverton, one of the best for pollen and productiveness. Weslon, (p) large, productive, firm, late, excellent quality and good shipper, one of the best out of eighty new sorts on trial. Yankee Doodle, (p) firm, medium size, good quality, productive, promising as a market sort, one of the best of eighty new ones on trial at the Michigan Experiment Station. I have omitted many that are proving successful in many places. Of the sixty-nine I have mentioned perhaps the most promising are Allen, Belle, Earle, Enhance, Greenville, Ivanhoe, Muskingum, Martha,Mary, Princeton, Rio, Smith’s, Splendid,Saunders, Tennessee, Timbrell, Woolverton, Weslon and Yankee. Of the older ones, we do not want to drop Bubach, Crescent, Hav- erland, Jessie or Warfield. Try all kinds and hold fast to those that are good. PROFITS OF SMALL FRUIT CULTURE. C. W. SAMPSON, EUREKA, (Lake Minnetonka.) The profits of small fruit culture are many and varied. I do not mean by profits so many dollars and cents by any means, as there are many other things that go to make up the profits of small fruit growers. In the first place what would our home in the country or in the village be without the luscious fruit that we gather from our vines and bushes from time to time? We first begin with the straw- berry about June 10,and we bring in every day the beautiful berries fresh from the vines; these generally last until about July 1, when 20 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. the raspberry takes its place, and we have that most delicious of all berries with us through July; that is followed by the blackberry, and last, but not least, the luscious grape. Now, then, what is to hinder any man or woman who has one- quarter acre of ground from raising all the splendid berries that a moderate-sized family can use? If farmers fully appreciated the advantages of a fruit garden, few would be without one; they could get from it more health, more comfort and more dollars for the same amount of labor, than from any other part of the farm. Let each child and the wife have the care of some particular row or bush or plant, and they will soon learn to love the old homestead, and it will help to keep the boys on the farm. Now we will, if you please, just lay out asmall fruit garden for the farm or the village lot. We will take just one-quarter of an acre, four rods wide and ten rods long, for convenience in culti- vating. We will manure the ground thoroughly, plough deep and pulverize until perfectly mellow. Place the first row three feet from the outside and set to Transcendent apples and Desota plums; second row, 50 blackberries, 25 Ancient Briton, 25 Snyder; third row, 50 rasp- berries, black, 25 Ohio, 25 Gregg; fourth row, 50 red raspberries, 25 Tur- ner, 25 Cuthbert; fifth row, 50 currants, 25 Victoria, 25 Fay’s Prolific; sixth row, 50 currants and gooseberries, 25 White Grape currants,, 15 Downing and 10 Houghton gooseberries; seventh, eighth and ninth rows, 300 strawberries, Warfield, Jessie, Wilson and Parker Earle; Tenth row, 18 grapes, 6 Moore’s Early,6 Delaware, 6 Concord. Have the rows seven feet apart, except the strawberries, which should be three and one-half feet, and you ought to gather 30 bushels of fine fruit every year. You must bear in mind that the soil should be rich, thoroughly cultivated and well drained. Frequent cultivation keeps the ground moist and mellow. In set- ting, the roots should be well spread and the earth packed firm about them. No fruit should be allowed to grow the first season. Weeds must not be allowed to grow among small fruit. Blackberries and raspberries should be pinched back when 18inches high; severe pruning increases the size of the fruit. Old canes should be cut and burned as soon as done bearing. Mulching holds moisture and prevents weeds from growing. Good plants and pure are necessary to produce good fruit. Winter protection is necessary for small fruits and grapes in Minnesota. Plants should be purchased only of responsible dealers. New, high-priced plants are generally disappointing, Fresh earth is the cheapest covering for small fruits. Now, from what experience I have had in small fruits on Lake Minnetonka, I think I can truthfully say that I would rather have fifteen acres of small fruits in good bearing than 160 acres of the best land in the state of Minnesota for general farming, and I think I could show as gooda profit at the end of the year. The strawberry grows in nearly every climate and on all kinds of soils, but the best results can be obtained only by good cultivation and high fertilizing. The ground should be well manured with barnyard manure, well ploughed in, and top- dressed with rotted manure; thorough preparation is very essential. Make your rows 3% feet apart and set plants two SMALL FRUITS. pall feet in the row; use a line to make the rows straight and a spade for making holes. The roots should be spread out fan shape and not set too deep; 5,000 plants will set one acre. An acre of good strawberries should yield 100 to 125 bushels and ought to bring at least $300. The fact seems to be that profits depend almost entirely on the method of cultivation, the most profit coming only by the most thorough cultivation and care in gathering and marketing. Blackberries are very profitable when raised successfully. [have known of 2,000 bushels being raised from 10 acres, selling for $5,500. Raspberries, both red and black, should yield from 75 to 100 bush- els per acre and sell from $300to $400 per acre, although I have seen a larger yield than this. I have never yet produced a large yield of currants and gooseberries, usually having only a small acreage and variation in prices. In good seasons the yield considerably exceeds any of the other berries, although prices are much lower. I like to be cautious in giving large yields, so few realize the work necessary to produce best results. They are apt to be deceived and disap- pointed in results. The fruit grower of today must be well posted, grow only the best varieties, and ship only perfect fruit, use plenty of fertilizers and the best of cultivation. In growing small fruits, I make no iron-clad rule to govern all minor details. The selection of a location, the quality of the soil, the varieties to grow, the manner of planting, trimming and many other things must be determined by circumstances and your own good judgment. , In close connection with this subject let me say, the greatest need of Minnesota farmersand horticulturists today is organization. We need a good horticultural society in every town, and representatives to our state meetings from every locality. We want hundreds of members where we now have tens. We want acres of small fruits where we now have rods. We are paying thousands of dollars to other states every season for fruit that should be grown here, and the great Northwest is clamoring for berries we cannot supply. Therefore, I say, organize at once. Subscribe liberally for good papers; it will benefit you intellectually. Plant a small fruit gar- den: it will aid you financially, and add comfort to your family and friends. > DISCUSSION. Pres. Underwood: Thank you, Mr. Sampson. It was a very interesting paper. This is the conclusion of our program and it gives us now about thirty minutes for discussion, in bringing out any thought along the line of small fruit culture that is desirable. Let every one feel perfectly free to ask questions and give their experience and thus add to the infor- mation that doubtless some will glean in regard to these things. This will go into our reports and make valuable reading for those who have them to read. Mr. J. S. Harris: I would like to enquire of Mr. Sampson if he thinks it would make any difference whether the rows in that fruit garden ran east and west or north and south? 22 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Mr. C. W. Sampson: I donot know that I can see much differ- ence in my experience, only that I would prefer to have them run north and south; in that way they get the sun in the forenoon and in the afternoon; in that way I have had a little better success. Mr. Harris: Now, I disagree with you there, would rather have the rows run east and west. The sun rises in the north and it is the early sun that we want. Dr. M. M. Frisselle: Ido not know howit is where Mr. Harris lives, but it seems to me at Lake Minnetonka that the sun does not rise in the north. (Laughter.) Mr. E. H.S. Dartt:. What do you think the average yield is year after year? . Mr. Sampson: I should say not over one hundred bushels to the acre. Mr. Dartt: Would it come up to that ? Mr. Sampson: We have had some very poor strawberry years the last few years. Mr. Dartt: Have poor years been the rule? Mr. Sampson, I think the last four or five have. Pres. Underwood: What las been the cause, drought? Mr. Sampson: Last year drought was the cause of our fail- ure. Pres. Underwood: Is there any way to overcome that obstacle? Mr. Sampson: Mulching tends to prevent it. Dr. Frisselle: I notice Mr. Sampson recommends that the | farmer among other things should plant a few grapes, and he recommends the Delaware, Moore’s Early and Concord. I would like to ask him what he thinks of the Brighton in place of the Concord or added to it. Mr. Sampson: From what I have heard from the Brighton, I should think it would be very profitable to raise. Mr. Taylor: I would like to ask Mr. Sampson what propor- tion of strawberries he has raised of different kinds. Mr. Sampson: I have had the best success with Warfield fertilized with Parker Earle. We have a rich, black sandy loam, and with us the Wilson also thrives exceedingly well. Prof. S. B. Green: I want to make a criticism on part of Mr. Kellogg’s paper. Mr. Kellogg takes exceptional pains to say that the only thing the Michel’s Early is good for is to give away plants. Now, if I mistake not about three years ago Mr. Kellogg recommended Michel’s Early very highly. I may SMALL FRUITS. 93 possibly be mistaken. Now, the point that I want to make from that is just this, that one season’s experience is not enough with one variety, and it is: well to go slow with new varieties. I make that point, especially, because some are starting in on strawberries and a long list of strawberries is apt to be misleading. Now, in regard to grapes, | would not reeommend the Dela- ware or the Concord. I think the planting of the Concord by the farmers of this state has nearly discouraged grape grow- ing. Iva great many places the situations are not favorable, they do not receive the proper care and the Concord does not get ripe. In many places they complain that it is sour; they do not know enough to let it get ripe. Of course, it is all right near lakes or in favorable situations. I should rather plant the Cottage, perhaps, than any other kind. Another grape that I think highly of is the Amina. Pres. Underwood: How is the old Janesville? Prof. Green: One of the best grapes the farmer can plant, but I think the Cottage and the Amina are the best varieties. Pres. Underwood: I would like to say in connection with the planting of grapes that our tastes differ very much. Some farmers came to my place one day when we had different varie- ties of grapes just aboutripe. I took them through the vines and gave them all the grapes they wanted to eat, and to my surprise they did not make any comment one way or another until we came to the Janesville, when they declared that was the enly grape they had tasted that was good. (Laughter.) This simply indicates that our tastes differ; I thought the Brighton was the only grape fit to eat and they thought the Janesville. I donot care about these different varieties except for experiment. What we want to know is what to plant with three or four varieties, and I think Prof. Green or any one else _ that has simmered down his experience so they can undertake to answer that question can tell us what two varieties of pistil- lates and wlLat two kinds of staminates they prefer to all others to recommend for general planting to those who want straw- berries for their own tables, or to the market gardener who wants to raise strawberries to sell. Mrs. A. A. Kennedy: I wonder Mr. Kellogg speaks about the Michel's Early as he does. I wrote to Mr. Thayer that I wanted to set out a bed of Crescents and to send me a fertilizer for that kind of berry, and he sent me Michel’s Early; I planted a large bed of them, and it seems to me he ought to be good authority. 24 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Mr. Harris: Atthe time Mr. Kellogg spoke so highly of the Michel’s Early it had not fruited with him. I remember he saw the fruit at an exposition a few days afterwards, and he said to me: ‘‘If this is the Michel’s Karly I am sorry I spent so much money and planted so much of it.” I have never heard him speak of Michel’s Early since. I know Mr. Thayer con- siders the Michel’s Early a good pollenizer. We have used it on our own place pretty extensively; the first picking itis a nice market berry. Pres. Underwood: Ithinkif Mr. Kellogg was carrying out his idea when he said the Michel’s Early was only good to give away, perhaps he gave them to Mrs. Kennedy. Mrs. Kennedy: No, sir. He did not. (Laughter. ) Prof. Green: Michel’s Early is one of the best berries for a fertilizer that I know of; it is not a nice looking berry, the dealers do not like it, but it is as nice in quality as one would want. I have used it quite a good deal as a pollenizer and I think well of it. Yet, if I grew berries for market and could get the Bederwood, I should plant that variety. I think Beder- wood is the most promising today for general use. The Wil- son insome localities does finely; where it does well, I think it is desirable to use. A great many are not successful with it, but I do not think that the time has come yet to discard Cap- tain Jack. The four or five varieties that I would recommend for setting out are, say, one-third Crescent, one-third Warfield and one-third Haverland, and fertilize with Bederwood and Captain Jack. Prof. N.E.Hansen: There was some talk about the Bederwood in lowa. The general opinion is if we plant only one kind plant the Bederwood. It bears well and is a splendid fertilizer for the varieties that have been tested. As to the best pistillate vari- eties there is some difference of opinion; the Warfield is highly spoken of, but a large number of our fruit men believe the Warfield and the Rederwood are the best combination we have today. The Parker Earle is highly spoken of by a number of our horticultural men, but in one or two places it does not seem to do much, though on all sides it is spoken of as a splen- did berry; its late season is generally an advantage; the Bederwood is early. Michel’s Early we do not think much of; in fact, we say very little about it, and those who have tested it seem to be willing to say but little about it. There was some talk about the Cottage grape. The Cottage grape is excellent some years; it comes in between the Worden 7 Abe SMALL FRUITS. 25 and Moore’s Early, but is not good to grow for market use; for market it shells too much. It is excellent in quality and perfectly hardy. The Moore's Early is getting more and more in favor in our state. The only objection against the Moore’s Early is that it does not seem to bear as well as the Worden and Concord. If we prune it longer than the others it will do well; with the best treatment, however, it will not bear more than two-thirds as much as the Worden. The Moore’s Early should be trimmed longer, with longer spurs on, as the first two or three buds are too weak, so if you will leave the spurs longer it will bear better. The Moore’s Early is an excellent shipper. Now, that is the fault of the Worden, it shells a little too much to be the best shipper; still it is at the head of the list for all purposes, for near market or home use. The Janesville we call the lazy man’s variety; it will bear without any winter covering and is regarded as excellent in northern Iowa. Mr. Harris: I would like to ask Prof. Green why the Harly Victor would not be a good grape for the farmer? Prof. Green: I think well of it, but it does not produce as much as Cottage; it isa trifle later. I should rather put in the Worden, The Early Victor is not as good a grape as the Cot- tage, but it hangs on better. A variety I think pretty well ofis the old Hartford; it is very productive in almost any soil or situation. Mr. Latham: What do you say ahout the Telegraph? Prof. Green: That is a good one, but there is no use recom- mending a long list. We want those grapes that are hardy and easy to grow. Mr. Latham: Do not all these remarks that you made about the Cottage apply to the Telegraph? The Cottage has one fault, it is apt to mildew in the blossom; I have discarded the Cottage. The Telegraph is not a first quality grape, but it can be raised easily and most people like it. It ripens early and bears a handsome bunch; it does not shell from the bunch and I know of no particular fault with it, only that it is not very good. Mr. Wedge: One fault, with the Telegraph is that I could not get it to ripen its wood. The grape would ripen, but it is the worst kind I have ever tried to get .the wood to ripen. It killed back every year. : Mr. Harris: Mr. Brand knows of a grape below Faribault that is very early and very hardy; it is a seedling; it is one of the earliest grapes and very productive. v ~.@ 26 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. ., * Mr. Richardson: Who is the originator? Mr. Brand: Mr. Wolcott. Mr. Harris: The grape was shown and took a premium at the state fair. I have seen the vines in bearing and I know it is a good grape to raise. Mr. Elliot: There is one point we have not touched upon in the cultivation of strawberries. What kind of fertilizers we should use, whether we can use a commercial fertilizer or those of our own home production to the best advantage? President Underwood: That is what we want to bring out, the best fertilizer and mulch. We have a few moments we can give to this thought. . Mrs. Kennedy: Is there any better fertilizer for strawberries than wood ashes? President Underwood: Can Prof. Hansen or Prof. Green give us any information on that point? Prof. Green: In some localities ashes give quite wonderful results. I used to think before I came west I knew all about fertilizers, but since | came to Minnesota I have concluded I do not know anything aboutthem. I get the most peculiar results. In the east I used to get uniform results by the application of potash. Sometimes we get no results here at all. The best results at the experiment station have followed the application of manure, salt and gypsum; occasionally we have used a small amount of nitrate of soda. It is a rather peculiar matter, and we are all at sea about the use of fertilizers on the land. The use of ashes with salt are very satisfactory. In some sections of the country, they get absolutely no results from the use of ashes. The only way is*to try it yourself ; that is the only way I know of. President Underwood: Se = — x — = = CONSERVATION OF MOISTURE. 45 Mulching. Evaporation from the surface of the soil may be largely prevented by the use of mulch, and to some extent by the cultivation of the surface of the land. The use of a mulch is quite generally accepted as being desirable around trees, shrubs and small-fruit plants, but its exact value is seldom expressed in fig- ures. At the Experiment Station, the past season, the value of a mulch was clearly shown in many cases. In one case a strawberry bed growing on open clayey loam which was heavily mulched with oat straw produced a fine crop of strawberries, while strawberry beds in the immediate vicinity, not so treated, were nearly or quite a failure. In fact, this crop was generally a failure in eastern Min- nesota the past season, with rare exceptions. The success at the Experiment Station could not be ascribed to the use of any particu- lar variety, since all the well known kinds were productive. Itwould seem to be partially due to high cultivation, but chiefly to the use of a heavy mulch between the rows, which had become very compact from being under the snows all winter. Some analyses made by Prof. Snyder, the station chemist, showed the results set forth in the following table, in which the term “mulched bed” is used to signify the rows of the strawberries which at the time of trial were covered with about three inches of broken compacted oat straw; “cultivated . soil” means the land in an adjoining row which was kept stirred by a horse cultivator; “uncultivated soil” refers to parts of the strawberry beds where the plants had failed and, consequently, no cultivation whatever was given the land, neither was it mulched. The data un- der the heads of cultivated and uncultivated land were probably much influenced by the proximity of the mulched rows, which, un- doubtedly, greatly increased the amount of water which they con- tained; so the results in the table are much modified by it and do not appear as evident as they would otherwise. Great care was taken in selecting the samples to have them from soils of similar appearance, and the soil of the whole bed was very uniform. Mulched | Cultiv’t’d | Uncult’d Depth of beds. soil. ~ soil. sample. Water. Water. Water. June 29..... ........| Surface soil 4inches | 24.30pr.ct. | 19.2 pr ct. | 18:01! pr.ct. CET 20 Fess siciclsstvre ays Sub- ee hae MACE, ie et ea 25.93) ‘* 19:93." ° ZOOS PRITICIBO voces lass oie SuTtaces Susu Cities oi vee 20:63\0 os 1 4S ee hs cee UME SOs s Veseasae cess Sub- Me Seca B Oat lee) A Uae a oats acineelind Iasigerene a From this table, it appears that the useof amulchon the surface soil increased the amount of waterit held about five per cent. as com- pared with soil which was cultivated. Calling the weight of a cubic foot of dry soil seventy pounds, which is approximately correct, it will be seen that the use of a mulch resulted in making each cubic foot of the surface soil retain about three and one-half pints of water more than it otherwise would. This is equivalent to increasing the amount of water in the upper one foot of soil of one acre by 605 bar_ rels. Of course, these figures are only approximate and there are many possible sources of error, yet it would seem that enough was shown to demonstrate that the use of a mulch might easily make the difference between success and failure in maturing a crop of this nature. Physicists estimate that in order to bein the best condition for the roots of the cultivated plants to act, the soil should contain 46 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. from one-third to one-half the weight of water it would con tae if saturated. In this case, it was found that soil when saturated would hold fifty-five per cent. of water and, as the mulched contained about twenty-four per cent., it was in excellent condition for root action, even in a period of severe drouth. Use of mulch on a gravelly knoll. At the Experiment Station is a vineyard partly located on a very dry, open gravelly knoll. The vines on this part suffered severely about five years ago from drouth. The following season, they were heavily mulched with stable litter and trash of various sorts, such as is common about most farms, and it has been kept mulched since that time. This mulch had rotted a good deal and,consequently, added considerable organic matter to the soil. As the result of this treatment, the vines recovered and have since yielded good crops of fruit, and even in the past very dry season gave a bountiful harvest, not being ser- iously affected by the dry weather. On July 25,'tests were made for moisture in the soil under the mulch in the dryer part of this vine- yard and, asa result, the top-soil was found to contain 18.3 per cent. of moisture and the subsoil twenty-one percent. There was no land close by with which to compare this, but on the same date the soil in an oat field at the station, which was apparently and, without doubt, much better adapted to holding water than that in the vine- yard, contained 3.8 per cent. of moisture, an amount so small that the plants would be powerless to take up any water from it. This would indicate an increase of 14.5 per cent. of water, which is equiv- alent to eleven barrels in the upper foot of each square rod, or 1,760 barrels per acre, due to the use of mulch on the soil, and this con- clusion seemed to be born out by the appearance of the vines. Itis my opinion that without the mulch the fruit would have entirely dropped from the vines in the vineyard. On August 4th, the top- soil in the vineyard contained 16.3 per cent. and the subsoil 17.5 per cent. of water, thus showing that, while it had lost some water, it still contained a sufficient amount to enable the roots to work sat- isfactorily. ; . Mulched blackberries on the north slope. In the following table is shown the amount of moisture contained under a very heavy mulch on several dates during the most severe portions of the drouth of the past summer. The land where these observations were made is on the north slope ofa hill. The east end of itisa little heavy, while the west end is rather loose and gravelly. The land was used for growing blackberries, and the mulch consisted of six inches of old hay put on in the spring. Table showing water in soil under a heavy mulch on north slope; DATE. East End. West End. MAD veins sie: + wicjsraysie'om viele welusio digi eciy A. M.| Top-soil ZA.1 per'cent.|:. scene lcuieniee 3 Realte esi tle ST a Opies Wielaielnieearnahe be Sub 3 Zoo) a Seiat ‘ cy ALN BARES Se RENEE OE cre aC CY Cob P.M. | To a 74m aed “f «aes oa ee eo CSIan as Pein cin Mandl el eticle:s wien eoreatantein hereto Me Su ft LOR Ye EEE ARC Mors cc REA NER ye oe Sc erelinate cote eoeeih Ae DL LOD a ZBIS ee ‘* 121.9 per cent. “ OP SSS MOR ere corer Care eg Sub =. ODE te 0 AIDED ie * 3 AU Bs oe eto fates s Kaeo amen wail) eee tO * BO Te 1h oe es it Nie, Siva tip aicmalee wd as WE sass mies ee Su ‘y 2, Or eed = 19th. Ss % Pe ar eo) tev aan 1h facia anane sels A. M.| To - NY Asya BS Tord s FEE rt et BE Mra ie Pact phates Faw a glove oil G eles *f Su 4 18.2 ** hes Lr pss ere 4 ‘ ae oh oe ee ih eee ee ae A et | oe ee Nae CONSERVATION OF MOISTURE. 47 On July 22nd the soil in the oat field where the land would com- pare favorably with the west end of the plat referred to in the pre- ceding table, except in the matter of exposure, contained only 4.2 per cent of water,an amount so small as to be unavailable to the roots of plants. It will be noticed from the above table that in the thirteen days intervening between July 22nd and August 4th there was a loss of seven per cent. of water, yet the soil still contained 17.5 per cent., an amount sufficient to enable the roots to work to advantage. On July 22nd the soil in a plat of raspberries which was near to and on land having about the same properties as that referred toin table 1, on which the strawberries were grown, was tested for its water contents. The rows were seven feet apart and mulched to a distance of two and one-half feet on each side. The trials of water were made under the mulch and in the strip of soil two feet wide between the mulch of adjoining rows and* where the constantly cultivated soil would probably be much influenced by the proximity of the mulched land near it. The next table shows the result of these trials. Table showing the per cent. of water in cultivated and mulched land in adjoining rows: DATE. | Mulched. | Cultivated. Top-soil. 17.6 per cent.|12.5 per cent. Sub) “ AOS SON PAT IA Ane, It will be seen from the table that even in the case of plots in close proximity, where they must influence one another, there is a con- siderable difference between cultivated and mulched land in favor of the latter. This difference would undoubtedly be much larger than is shown by the table, if the plots treated had been isolated from one another. SUMMARY. (1.) The water-holding and consequently the drouth-resisting qualities of a soilare increased by the addition of organic matter to the soil. ; (2.) The loss of water by evaporation from the surface of the soil must be regarded as the prime factor in robbing the soil ofits moisture. : (3.) Anything that breaks the force of the wind may make the difference between success and failure in growing crops by lessen- ing the evaporation. (4.) Evaporation from the soil may be largely prevented by the use of a mulch on the surface. (5.) The use ofa mulch may sometimes increase the amount of water in the upper one foot of soil on one acre by 1,700 barrels, and it probably exerts as much influence on the several upper feet of soil. As the roots of corn and most other vigorous plants pene- trate several feet into the soil, the increase due to a covering of mutch must be considerable. (6.) The use of a mulch on many garden crops will often make the difference between success and failure. » 48 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. DISCUSSION. Mr. Plants: I would like to ask Prot. Green what degree of moisture is best adapted to growth. Prof. Green: The soil about half saturated. About from one-half to one-third. Dr. Frisselle: I would ask Prof. Green what about the sur face of the soil being stirred and being made fine so as tomake a mulch. How would that answer instead of hay or straw? Prof. Green: We did not carry on experiments in that line this summer, but they were carried on at the farm. I had a talk recently with the state chemist, and the results were sur- prising in that so little difference was shown between cultiva- tion and non-cultivation. Sometimes, it seems that results are very great in cultivated soil and, sometimes, the results do not show the effects of it at all. Mr. Sampson: Does not the checking of the wind hinder the evaporation of the moisture, and is not that evaporation nec- essary to the growth of the products; does not increased evaporation give an increased growth? Prof. Green: To some extent thatis possibly true. There must be a large amount of material taken through the plant, but there is this about it, where we suffer most is from those fear- ful southwest winds. Where they sweep over a field of clover or a lake the effects are not so bad; they take the moisture out of the material over which they blow. A field of clover on the windward side undoubtedly prevents the evaporation of mois- » ture on the leeward. Now, the point that you make is, whether evaporation is necessary in order to have good plant growth. Some is necessary, but Ido not want evaporation beyond a certain limit. The point I wish to make is that wind-breaks may increase the amount of moisture in the soil by preventing excessive evaporation. Grapes. CROSS-FERTILIZATION OF GRAPES. PROE. S. B. GREEN, ST. ANTHONY PARK. The State Horticultural Society at its last annual meeting re- quested me to undertake some experiments with the Moores Karly grape to determine, if possible, why it was generally such a shy bearer, and, especially, to study its flowers and the necessity for cross-fertilizing them: it being believed by many that this variety was more fruitful when furnished with foreign pollen than when entirely dependent on its own. In working out this special line, it was decided to experiment with the cross and self-fertilization of other varieties, as well as the Moores Early. The experiments made were as follows: On June 16th, the flowers of the grapes being then not open, six bunches each of Moores Early, Brighton, Agawam, Ives Seedling and Lindley were covered with paper bags which were carefully pinned over the branch above the bunch. By this means the enclosed clusters were protected from pollen of other kinds, which would naturally be conveyed to them by insects and, perhaps, by the wind. When the flowers of the different kinds had opened and the stigma was in proper condition, three of the bags of each kind were opened and a cluster of the opened flowers of the Delaware grape inserted inthem. Thus, there were of each variety three bunches of flowers that were cross-fertilized and three that were self-fertilized. These were allowed to grow without being disturbed until the berries were about one-half inch in diameter, when examination showed that Moores Early, Ives Seedling, Lady and Agawam had set fruit perfectly, whether dependent on their own pollen or cross-fertilized. The Lindley and Brighton, however, while setting fruit perfectly when cross-fertilized, did not produce any fruit whatever when dependent on their own pollen, but the whole cluster withered away. This is very clearly shown in the plate here- with,in which the clusters in the upper row are from bagsin which foreign pollen was in- troduced, while the lower row 4 shows the clusters from bags 1, Brighton. 2, Lindley. 3, Agawam. 4, Lady. Which had no foreign pollen. Se ee oe BEN: The results show plainly that Lower row dependent on its own pollen. the Moores Early produces an abundance of pollen for its own use under the conditions imposed in this experiment. An examination of its blossoms and fruit indi- cates that there is an abundance of pollen to fertilize the stigmas 50 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. under ordinary conditions. This is probably the case with all the varieties of grapes in which the Vitis Labrusca enters largely into the parentage. That this is so with the Moores Early is shown from the perfect form of its fruit clusters, in which scarcely a flower fails to produce a well developed berry. The lack of fruit on the Morris Early grape seems to be due, first, to the frequent lack of development of those prominent buds, often called fruit buds, from which the fruiting canes grow each year ; second, the fruit buds not being so abundant as in some other kinds. Itis the quite general opinion of many growers whom I have consulted, and in accord with our experience at the Experiment Station, that it requires that more wood should be left in pruning than do most of the kinds commonly grown; and that under close pruning it is generally a light cropper, while under long pruning it is quite uniformly productive. SUMMARY. (1.) It is conclusively shown that the Moores Early grape is not dependent on foreign pollen for fertilization. (2.) The Lady, Agawam and Ives Seedling are also independent of foreign pollen for the production of fruit. (3.) The Lindley and Brighton grape must be fertilized with foreign pollen in order to be productive and, consequently, where- ever planted, should be near some of the strongly staminate kinds, and should never be planted alone. e GRAPES. : QUESTION. ‘What is the best system of training grape vines to produce the best results for a long term of years?” Gen. C. C. Andrews: Before that question is answered, I would like to ask Prof. Green what is understood by ‘‘long pruning?” ; Prof. S. B. Green: A long cane instead of a short one. Or- dinarily, a grape vine will bear ten times as much as it ought to bear. It is found that the pruning adapted to the Moores Early applied to the Concord would yield only half a crop. Gen. Andrews: Does this refer to the number of leaves left above the bunch? Prof. Green: No, it refers to the pruning in the fall. Mr. 8S. P. Jennison: While we are on this question of train- ing, I wish to say that I promised Mr. Hillman to send the plan I saw used by Mr. Brown, of Wacouta county, and I will make a brief statement if the society will listen. His plan saves the putting up of a trellis or any other support. He makes a sup- port for each vine, and he makes it by taking a piece of board GRAPES 51 fencing five and one-half feet long, and of these pieces of board he puts two together so they resemble a letter A, the top be- ing nearer together than the bottom, the bottom being about two and one-half feet apart, and two pieces of board are nailed across those upright pieces; then he makes a hole through the cross piece near the top, within a foot of the top, and through that hole he inserts the end of a post, the post about five feet long, setting the other end on the ground at about four and one-half feet distance from the line in which he sets this fence board letter A, which he sets on the north side of each vine, the vine itself being at the foot of this letter A. The post be- ing set this way, the whole support forms a tripod. ‘To sup- _. port the vines he nails a few light sticks across the top, as long . as he wants his vines to run, and spreads them out, and the vine grows something after the fashion where they are trained on a trellis. His summer pruning is made with the sickle or a sharp knife. He raises very good Concords; he had no other. The great merit is the ease with which he disposes of them in the fall. When he has gathered his grapes in the fall, he prunes the vine and lays it down, drawing it to one side; then he takes the post and the whole support out of the way, lays his grape vine down towards the north, in the direction it has been inclined, picks up the trimmings, lays them over the grape vine, and then takes his A support and lays it over all; when he has done this he has taken care of his grapes for the winter. The leaves and brush catch the snow and hold it and his letter A and the vost lying over the vine prevent the snow blowing away; and he told me he did nothing else but ‘that. The thing I did not like about it was that if he wanted to keep his vineyard free of weeds, which it did not appear in the fall that he did, he would find three posts besides his vine to catch his hoe and cultivator every time; I thought that was the reason some of the weeds had got the better of him. He said, however, it did not interfere with the growth of his grapes. Dr. Frisselle: How large is this gentleman’s vineyard? Mr. Jennison: Perhaps fifty vines, perhaps more. Dr. Frisselle: Would you think that was a cheaper way _ than using posts and wire? Mr. Jennison: I never made a calculation. If any one had the material and had nothing to do in the winter, it might be. I thought I would try it a year ago, but several things inter- fered. 52 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Mr. Bass: Those weeds should have a tendency to stop the leaves and snow. [Laughter. ] QUESTION ‘‘What varieties of grapes need to be planted together to produce the best results?” Pres. J. M. Underwood: I suppose that question was asked ° in order to bring out the matter of proper fertilization of blossoms. I do not think much attention has been given to the proper fertilization of grapes, unless it has been at experi- ment stations. The only thing I have seen in regard to it was brought out in the report of the experiment stations at Geneva, N. Y., last year. I cannot mention the different varieties of grapes now, but I know the report referred to the Moores Early not having a perfect blossom, and that it needed some other fertilizing variety to insure acrop. Among a number of our best varieties the Delaware, I recollect, was one that is per- fect in blossom, but Ido not remember what the different var- ieties are now. This is published in the bulletins of the ex- periment station at Geneva, and is the best way to get informa- tion on that subject I know of. QUESTION. ‘What length of cuttings makes the best vines, and when and how should they be planted ?”’ Mr. E. H. S. Dartt: Make the cuttings about a foot long, cut them in the fall and plant them in the spring, and put them under ground to within an inch of the top. Prof. Green: What kind of soil? Mr. Dartt: That has nothing to do with the question. (Laughter. ) Mr. J. S. Harris: I set the cuttings two in a place where I want the vine to grow, so that the bottom of the cutting will not be more than eight inches below the surface, and the top bud not more than a half-inch below. I set them with the tops together, and if both live I can take up one of them without disturbing the other. If I have plenty of wood I make only one cutting. We take that wood and also some of the old wood it grew from, and leave a little piece of the two-year-old wood on that piece, and itis not unusual to geta growth of several feet from such cuttings. Dr. M. M. Frisselle: Would you cut the lower part of the cutting off square or oblique? GRAPES. D3 Mr. Harris: Where we have to heel it in, we cut it off square. Ido not believe in the use of shears for cutting the wood, be- cause it crushes it. In pruning I use shears, because the vine is cut off above the bud, but in making cuttings you should use a knife. Mr. Brackett: Do you heel in in the cellar or out doors? Mr. Harris: Dig out a pit deep enough so it will take them in, put them in bud end up, so the top of the cuttings will be about six inches below the level of the ground. I take fine soil and put over the cuttings, and as the weather grows colder put on more soil to prevent freezing, and in the spring when we take them out the roots are sometimes started. Even the Delaware can be grown in that way with perfect success. Mr. Sampson: I would like to have Prof. Green tell us how to propagate grapes. Mr. Dartt: Don’t you like my way? Prof. Green: No, I don’t. (Laughter.) Mr. A. H. Brackett: I had a method suggested by Mr. Stubbs, —cut right through the eye. . Prof. Green: It is generally supposed that the cuttings will succeed better if cut at the eye. Prof. N. E. Hansen: Some years ago,I was with a man in Iowa who planted out four millions of cuttings the year I was there. The way he does, he makes cuttings of about three eyes, about eight inches long for most kinds, and four eyes, if he can get them, eight to twelve inches long. Another point is not to use wire for tying, as it hurts the wood wherever it is touched by the wire. Tie with willow in bundles of 100, get the butts even and bury the cuttings about four inches, sifting fine earthover. Make your pit ofsuch depth that when you put your earth over the cuttings they will be about four inches below the surface, then put manure over that. In the spring you have to watch it very close; if you leave it too long, the roots will be started before you know it, and when you take them out they will have started and the shoots will break off, and you will lose that much strength. You can take the manure off and make this four inches of earth mellow. As a general thing you will find that the cuttings have calloused sufficiently when ready to plant out. The proper time to plant is when the cal- lous has formed at the root of the cuttings; you do not want to wait until the little fibres have started; if you do, you will lose most of them. Then you want to get the soil as fine as possi- ble. The soil in Cass county is very mellow, ,but on other 54 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. soil you might not get it as mellow. They go along on their hands and knees and stick the cuttings in about three or four inches apart. There are stakes stuck on a line a quarter of a mile long, and each man has a certain amount of work to do. The cuttings are put in clear to the top bud, and the best of cultivation is given the entire season. They get a stand of seventy-five to eighty per cent., and fifty per cent. would be an average number of vines. If you ‘are able to get the soil loose enough to push the bud down, it ought to be put in on a slant; and if you are not able to stick them in, why plant them with a dibble. Mr. Elliot: Do you ever firm the ground around the cuttings? Prof. Hansen: Just stick them in, and this loose, mellow earth will settle just as much as it should. By all means put the cuttings in that way, if you do have to put in extra work to get the soil mellow. Mr. Brackett: Don’t you put the cuttings in upside down in the fall? Prof. Hansen: Oh, yes; the idea is not to get the buds started too soon. Mr. Harris: Sometimes when the ground is ready and we .- are ready to put them out, they are not calloused enough. In such a case we take a hotbed sash and fix them over; we put a hotbed sash over them a week or ten days, which hastens the callousing. Where the ground is not mellow enough to stick the cuttings, we have a boy with us to hand them out and we use a broom handle to make holes for them. If the roots have really started, I open a ditch with the spade and put them in carefully, and they will not be very seriously injured. QUESTION. ‘What system of training grape vines will produce the best results for a long term of years?” Mr. A. W. Latham: Ido not know that I have had experi- ence enough to answer that question. The best system of pruning is that which gives you the most fruit for a long time. Some varieties will fruit by close pruning, and others, like the Moores Early, require along cane. You can keep the vine in much better shape with short-spur pruning, but where it is necessary to prune long in order to get fruit, you simply have to do that or go without fruit. Usually, the long pruning of a vine puts it into bad shape and makes it more difficult to lay down. All these things are to be considered. The tirst thing GRAPES. aD to be considered in the process is to get fruit; if you do not get fruit the whole thing is a failure. By following up a system of summer pinching you can prune a great deal closer and thus keep your vines in nice shape to handle. On the Dela- ware it is not necessary to pinch so close, but on other varie- ties, like the Concord and Rogers, you must do a great deal of pinching. When the lateral has grown out three or four inches, you want to pinch it off; and when it starts you must break it off again, and in that way you get nice large bunches of fruit. If you are after monsters, you can follow Prof Green’s advice and girdle. Dr. Frisselle: I think the question asked considered the different methods of training. Mr. Harris: My opinion is that the best system of training the grape for the farmer in Minnesota is the single arm and short spur; and I would plan to keep one spur close to the base and raise one cane from that every year, for after a while these spurs lose their vitality and fruitfulness, and by having a safety valve in the way of this branch at the base of the vine you never lose a full crop of fruit; you only lose a partial crop, and the rest it gets that year will recruit the vine so it will be good for many years longer. Mr. Brackett: How many buds do you leave at the fall pruning? Mr. Latham: Two or three. You cannot keep these spurs at regular distances; I try to keep them eight or ten inches apart. On the Concord and Rogers I leave one or two long canes on the vine. Dr. Frisselle: I would like to say one word on this matter of grape culture. I have had a little experience with the Delaware vines, and I have heard nothing said today in regard to the distance apart the vines should be planted in the row. Mine are planted about eight feet apart in the row, and I believe that is too far apart. I think it would be better to plant more vines and to plant them nearer, because there is a tendency to leave a little piece of the vine entirely bare of buds, and you have fruit at one end or both ends and a space in the middle where there is no fruit at all. I think it would be well to plant the vines five feet apart, then you certainly will not have such a long piece of cane without any spurs bear- ing fruit. Plant five feet apart, and I think we would secure better,results. IfI was planting another Delaware vineyard I would plant the vines five feet apart. 56 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Mr. Sampson: In regard to the space between the spurs on the vine, I think you will find if you leave three or four long spurs on the vine that a large part of the intermediate buds . between these long spurs will be killed out the next season. Dr. Frisselle: Ido not quite agree with that statement. I have carefully pruned my vines for the last ten years, and I try to keep spurs the whole length of the vine. It is not be- cause I leave any long canes that some of them are missing; I only leave two or three buds. Mr. S. P. Jennison: In regard to the space between the spurs on the Delawares, I have had a little experience, but I do not know whether it is good for anything. When I hada little garden to plant I wanted a few grape vines. I did not know anything about cultivating grape vines then, and I have forgotten nothing since. The best book on grape culture recommended then was by A. S. Fuller. He said it was diffi- cult, if the two arm system was adopted, to cover the vines —that went without saying. He recommended for climates where it was necessary to cover the vines to adopt a different system, a single arm trained to stand at an angle of 45°; ata steeper angle the growth would be almost entirely at the end of the vine, and at a less one, or nearly horizontal, the growth would be near the turn in the vine. I did not know any better than to follow his method. I perfectly agree with the Doctor that five feet apart is enough for the Delawares, but for some varieties like the Rogers No. 5and No. 3, where a man has to walk pretty fast to walk around the vine the way itis growing, five feet is too near. [Laughter. | ers. ait = og po GOs Pe ee OR Pe @ Pinins and | *herries. PLUMS AND CHERRIES. JOS. WOOD, WINDOM, MINN. The past season has been a fair one for plums. I have a good many varieties, but have not fruited all yet, and the trees that have fruited were small and under-sized. It was my fault in spraying the trees with a mixture of paris green, as strong as is made to kill potato bugs, to kill the web caterpillar; I did kill the caterpillar, plums, and almost the trees, too. About cherries, I have little to say. Ihave about six varieties, but would not recommend any; they are not worth the place they growon. The tree is hardy but does not fruit. Ialso have the Utha cherry and Dakota sand cherry; they are not productive enough to pay for the ground they growon. I have been growing the Utha cherry for twelve years, and have not had more than a dozen cherries each year. This cherry is as large again as the Dakota sand cherry that I grow. I should strongly recommend the wild black timber cherry, not alone for the fruit, but also for the timber. The tree at my place grows as fast as the box elder, and it will bear fruit the fourth year from seed. A Mr. Knudson of Springfield tells me he has a kind of choke cherry that is almost as large as the tame cherry and hardly chokes any. I think such would be the kind to plant and to improve. He also sent me some samples of plums, and I must say that one that he calls the Knudson’s Peach was fine; it would peel like a peach, was good to eat from hand and A No. 1 canned. I also re- ceived a sample from Mr. H. J. Ludlow, of Worthington, of the Ocheeda plum, and I should call that one of the best to eat from the hand. Both Knudson’s Peach and the Ocheeda I should recom- mend for general planting. Inregard to the Russian plums, I know little. I have but two kinds, and they have not fruited yet, and are not hardy; and, also, with the tame blue itis the same. I have seen some of the fruit of the Russian at Mr. Martin Cook’s; it was larger than our natives, but the quality was not so good, and they are not long-lived trees. I should not recommend them for general planting. VARIETIES BEARING. Date Pro Date of Mar- VARIETIES. of __| Ripe | Size. | Quality. |Har- | duct-| ‘pet bloom- Brait diness} ive- 1 ing : ES || eS RAR ETRY si ccatacseos May 18 | Sept. 2 | Very l’ge Fair a1) eat ee Ae 10 DMOOC ey. oo ce oe se May 20 | Aug. 30 ie Fair 11 ONS [oe ess Eortestone May 24 | Sept.10| Medium Best 11 1 10 lt ee ee a May 24 | Sept.12| Large Good 11 10 10 Borest Yard .| May Sept.6 | Medium Good i 10 7 WesSota.. i: <6:. .| May 28 | Sept.15| Medium | Very good 11 10 8 WHGAVED... 25s. ccc5e. May 28 | Sept.12 | Medium air 11 5 5 Blwe Victor .22.: 2... May 28 | Sept.12| Small Fair 11 GES Od pene Speer . May 28 |Not ripe! Small Goodforcan.| 11 8 2 Knudson’s Peach.. | May 24 ept.8 | Madium | Very good dO Wet bee ak 10 | 58 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. PLUMS AND CHERRIES. H. KNUDSON, SPRINGFIELD, MINN. The past year has been a good fruit year and the conditions have in some way been favorable to the fruitfulness of the cultivat- ed plums, Prunus Americana; and, although the blooming sea- son was three weeks later than usual, the fruits ripened only a week later than usual. The first bloom seen was on May 19th, and by that time all danger from late spring frosts is generally past in this section; consequently, the cold weather did no injury to the blos- soms whatever; but generally during the blossoming period the weather is very changeable. We had a good deal of hard winds and driving rains with intervals of a day or so of fine weather, the latter being just suitable for the trees at that stage. The May bugs, or rose beetles, again interfered some and became very numerous, put- ting in their destructive work among the trees, which the trees had to struggle against; but the trees had started in for a big crop and came out victorious. Fruit set well and matured the heaviest crop we ever had. Some of the latest bloomers opened their first blossom as late as May 29, or ten days later than the earliest, which ripened some of their fruits three months from blooming time. Nearly all of the trees do well here and produce more or less fruit every year, even when no fruit is produced in other parts to the east of us. We even raised plums here in this section of southwest- ern Minnesota the previous year, which was avery unfavorable season forthat kind of fruit in most places. This last year the weather during July and August was very dry and hot, ranging from 94 to 104 degrees Fah. in the shade every day; on this account, and also on account of the heavy loads of fruit the trees carried, and also the short season in which to grow and ripen their fruit, the fruit was not as large as usual. We have raised good crops of plums some years, when some of our plum trees in full bloom have been subjected to a frost of from eight to ten degrees Fah. There has been said a good deal in favor of this race of plums, but none too much. Our plums, when once started, grow very fast * - and ripen their wood and fruit in a short time, and turn out large and beautiful colored fruits and of the best quality. They give us fruit early and late,and all the different flavors can be had from them which are generally to be found in other fruits, the peach, apricot, etc.; some are very firm in flesh, others, more juicy, some are perfect freestone varieties, others, clingstone. There are fine vari- eties among them, which sell well in our markets and bring good prices, and some of the varieties are very fine for jelly, canning, etc., for home use. It was at one time believed, years ago, that we could not raise tree fruits in this section, but it occurs to me that the plums which have taken most of the premiums for the last few years exhibited at the Minneapolis Exposition and at our state and county fairs, have been grown here and there throughout the southwestern part of Minnesota. Mr. Dewain Cook, of Windom, carries off quite a number of premiums every year; he is successful in the raising of ee ae Oe CP e eT ee Fe ON t ‘ PLUMS AND CHERRIES. 59 this fruit as well as other kinds of fruit, and is raising more fruit than any other man in our section. Mr. Jos. Wood, of the same place, has also taken premiums on some of his fruits; also H. Knud- son, of Springfield, H. J. Ludlow, of Worthington, and others. I believe at the present time we have more lovers and good workers favoring this fruit, and more interested in the cultivation of it than heretofore. The experimental work at present, together with the work being done by growers and lovers of this fruit,is surely progressing. The plum is being cross-fertilized by some skillful hands with cer- tain objects in view. Some are working for quality, color and form; others for size, firmness, etc.; others again trying to originate free- ' stone varieties, earliness,etc. Itis believed that the time is not very distant when we shall have the best race of plums in the world. Some _ of these men engaged in the work are not disposed to give up until their work is accomplished, and they have no doubt the very best of material to work with in our native plum, Prunus Americana. It is not known that a race equal to it was ever found in any part of the old world. What has been said of this plum is more that can be said ot the European or the Russian plums. There are but few of these grown here. Chas. Luedloff of {Carver is growing several of the varieties and has been meeting with some success in raising some of the fruit, and pronounces them good for eating and cooking. Some are of large size and bear fair to good crops in favorable years. Mr. A. Norby of Lake County, S. Dak., writes me that he has raised some very fine fruit from a Russian plum called Early Red, which is firm, meaty and of good quality, large and a good cooking plum. The nearest place here where any of the Russian plums are grow- ing is at Windom, some by Jos. Wood and more by Dewain Cook. I have not seen the fruits of these, but Mr. Cook writes me that he has raised some of the fruit, which were of good size, also good in qual- ity. Although the hardiness and productiveness of these trees are not considered by any of these parties growing them above-named to be assured, nor have the treee as yet been fully tested, some among them may be found that may do well with us. Our cultivated plums brought from two to three dollars per bushel this last year, and at places even four dollars. The wild plums were not as plenty, although in places where not destroyed by caterpil- lars or rose beetles quite a crop could be gathered of the fruit. The best of these in some years sell at one dollar and a half per bushel. The cultivated plums so far are the most reliable to plant for a crop of fruit; experience has taught that with the right kind of treatment a crop is almost certain. We aim to get trees that are in a healthy condition, and in planting them to set moderately deep and give plenty of room for the roots to grow in well-worked soil. Cover the roots with rich mellow earth and firm down well. I find that a heavy, coarse mulching on top of this mellow earth—over the roots in their holes, instead of on top of the ground —protects the roots in winter; and by filling the holes up loosely on top with eatth the rain finds its way through into the mulch and is held there, so 60 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. that the roots always are supplied with moisture, which is very nec- cessary tothe production of a crop of fruit,especially in hot and dry seasons. This will last for six years or more. The trees are thus never exhausted but are better able to perform their work, as they always have some moisture in reserve to draw from and are not ex- erted or excited by sudden changes of the weather, but produce a steady and healthy growth. The roots are the main part of the tree, and as long as the soil contains plenty of the elements necessary to the development of the whole tree, together with plenty of moisture, it will give fruit every year. I name a few of the varieties of my own growing for home use and for market: Harvest, Marble, Knudson’s Peach, Home- stead and City; these are all doing well. The first two named are early and the other two are medium early, of best quality for home use. The City is a seedling of my own, a little later in rip- ening, of large size,and is the only perfect freestone variety I have yet seen. I also have fruited on my place the Weaver, Luedlof’s Red, Cheney and Rollingstone, which are all good varieties. The Rollingstone is a very fine variety; it has borne very little fruit with me so far, but is loaded with fruit buds and promises a heavy crop another season; perhaps it does better with age. The Cheney is large and very fine and bears every year here with me. Lued- lof’s Red, though not of as large size, is a beautiful red color and fine for eating out of hand, and is the best of any so far for jelly. My Peach and Homestead plums are superior to most of these for dessert, canning, etc.; the Cheney is a No.1 cooking and canning plum; the City plum isa fine market variety, also fine for sauce, etc. In fact, all possess more or less merits. I fruited the Desota and the Hawkeye sparingly for the first time last year. Jos. Wood of Cottonwood county sent me specimens of his seed- ling plum, called Wood plum, which originated with him. Itisa very fine plum in color and texture; the flesh is firm and of a peachy flavor; the skin is easily removed from the flesh; the fruit is large, early; tree productive and an annual bearer. Another plum he called the Blue Victor, which he says is very good in quality when ripe, good for canning, etc., although somewhat small in size. These were not ripe enough to judge of their merits. Mr. D. Cook of same county sent me samples of the Speer plum, which he thinks a good deal of. The Wolf plums he sent me were the finest and largest of that variety I have ever seen. These gentlemen inform me that H. J. Ludlow, of Nobles county, grows very fine plums; a variety grown by him called Ocheeda, is one of the best, of high quality, with the flavor of the apricot, and the trees produce an abundance of the beautiful fruit. Cherries.—Of cherries, I have growing on my place Early Rich- mond, Montgomery and two or three of the common European sorts, of the Morello type. We have raised some fruit from all of these more or less for several years past, but this last year the least of any, and the little fruit that set was smalJ1 and poor in quality. The cherry bloom was scanty, and, consequently, we could not expect much fruit. Early in the spring the trees seemed to be well sup- plied with fruit buds, but by blossoming time most of these proved ~ ae eas >> he \ PLUMS AND CHERRIES. 61 to be leaf buds, and many of the blossom buds would drop from the tree by a touch of the finger; those that were left were apparently dry, and appeared to be hollow within. I examined them, but could at that time find no insects of any kind, but concluded that there must have been something of that kind working among these fruit buds that destroyed the life. I found this to be thesame at L. Schmidt’s place inthe town of Mulligan, eight miles from Springfield, who has a seedling cherry orchard; the crop failed with him. . Other years he has had moderate success with this fruit. Mr. Dewain Cook writes me that the cherry was a failure with him this year, but that he has been growing the trees and raised the fruit other years, and I presume the cause of this failure at his place could have been traced to this same minute insect early in the season. My grounds are small, with limited means, and it could hardly be expected from the few varieties I grow, or from the few varieties grown here in this section, to look for much information, or to look for the coming cherry that shall be best adapted to our climate. Thecherry has as yet been planted by very few in this part of our state. Of the older sorts grown here I should place first on the list the Early Richmond and Montmorency. These varieties are early in blooming and ripen their fruit early in the season; the fruit is good and the trees bear a fair crop; the trees are fairly hardy the last few mild winters. The other cherries grown here bloom later, ripen late in July and first part of August, and need further trial. We have none of the Russian varieties, except what are grown by Mr. Wood and Mr. Cook of Windom. We must await reports from experimental stations, where more than two dozen varieties of the Russian cherries are on trial. The sand cherries grown here are not of the productive vari- eties which are grown by parties elsewhere. They were received from Mr.J.S. Harris, and no doubt are the kinds found in the eastern part of this state. There seem to be three kinds among those he sent me; one isupright in growth, about five feet high, produces dark red, small fruit; another slim, upright; and another trailing. The fruit of these is jet black. The trailing variety produces the largest fruit. The bushes are full of bloom every spring, but little fruit is set. By some the sand cherry is claimed to be worthy of ex- tended trial; others claim that budding them on the plum will en- hance the fruitfulness. Seedlings raised from some of the best have shown some improvement and may yet prove to be of more value. There are other cherries grown here; the bird or wild red cherry, which so far has only been grown for its beauty. It is avery fine tree when in bloom, and also when loaded with its fine red, shining fruit; the leaves are of a glossy green color, and it makes a fine ornamental tree. As yet no attempt to my knowledge has been made toimprove this fruit. The tree is perfectly hardy to start with, which is one of the main points in this climate. Possibly, some crosses might be made with it and the other tame cherries produc- ing the largest fruit; the bird cherry itself is very fruitful. Another cherry is the wild black cherry, not grown in this vicin- ity, but I think it is native to some part of this county. Varieties of this have been found in some of the states farther east which pro- ‘ 62 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. duce quite large fruit. I have never seen any fruit of the large- fruited variety, but no doubt by cultivating it or by raising seed- lings of it from selected seeds, a valuable fruit could be had. Then there is the choke cherry. This is very common and to be found all through the groves. The trees bear anamountof fruit every year, but were a failure this year, so that hardly one-half dozen of the fruit could be found on any one tree, while selected ones and seed- lings from some under cultivation bore a fullcrop. These seem to bloom somewhat later than the tame cherry and the trees are thrifty, healthy and productive and free from the disease known as black knot. I think these to be what are described by some writers as Prunus Demissa,the Western choke cherry. The fruits of these are much larger and ripen their fruit earlier than the common ones, and the fruit is nearly free from the astringency which are so peculiar to that fruit. They are the best of that class of fruit I have ever seen. The trees of these bore a full crop the past season, while scarcely any fruit could be seen in the woods on the common sorts. One variety of these shows some ‘distinction from others in the habit of growth, color of the bark, also some in bud but more so in the leaves. The fruit of some also differs in shape from others and is of a dark red color when ripe. I think that the fruit of these are too good for the name choke cherry, by which these are known, as these do not choke like the common sorts. As the word or name Morello has been given to some of our other tame cherries, we proposed the name “Corello” cherries for this class of fruit, and this in the honor of our daughter Corinna, who was present when the fruit was found. The fruit is well liked by some of our best judges of fruit, such as Harris, Heideman and others who have seen it; they all testify to its being the best of its class they ever saw or tasted, and consider it well worthy of extended trial. — NATIVE PLUMS. O. M. LORD, MINNESOTA CITY. A recent catalogue gives to this fruit, native plums, the first and most important place. “Because of its rapidly increasing import- ance as a profitable market fruit, and for the widespread interest in the production of improved varieties of our hardy and prolific native species, the compiler believes the result will well repay for special study and work in this direction; having full confidence that.the best, carefully selected native plums will yield larger profits in the orchard than any other stone fruit now cultivated.” These statements coming from a large nursery of the Southern states, where all the finer varieties of the stone fruits are supposed to flourish, are entitled to our earnest consideration, especially, when applied to Minnesota, where it is impossible to grow the European varieties successfully for market. A glance at the sixty varieties advertised in the catalogue as belonging to the American group shows that thirty-five of them (no doubt among the best) are indi- genous to the valley of the Mississippi, in Minnesota, Wisconsin and Iowa. ris PLUMS AND CHERRIES. 63 Are they adapted tocultivation? No wild fruit is more variable in character or more widely distributed; and, being indigenous when the right kinds are selected, it will succeed under cultivation in every habitable portion of this continent. As they grow naturally, the inferior kinds are no doubt the most abundant, but selections have been made that rival the Europeans in size, color, quality and productiveness of fruit, to say nothing of adaptability, hardi- ness, etc. Varieties.—The species generally include the sand or beach plums of the Atlantic coast, the Chickasaw of the South and the Northern. The Northern is sometimes found as far south as Alabama and the Chickasaw as far north as Illinois. Each variety appears to be best adapted to its own latitude, though they mix freely in fruit, where planted near together. It is the purpose of this paper to consider more particularly the Northern plum. Late observations have thrown some light upon their peculiarities of bearing and non-bear- ing and habits of growth and the production of abortive fruit, or pods, instead of fruit. Blossoms.—The time of blossoming varies with the season. Nearly all varieties when in bloom are extremely sensitive to cold or to wet weather; high winds will also effectually destroy the pollen. If frost, or wet and cold weather occur immediately after the fruit has set the result will be abortive plums or pods. It has been supposed that the production of plum pods was owing to a diseased condi- tion of the trees; also, that it was the work of insects; but these are mistakes, the difficulty is entirely climatic. No well attested ex- periments have yet demonstrated that sound fruit can be inoculated by contact with the pods, therefore, it is not contagious, like the rot; nor can it be shown that the pods produce spores, like the black knot, to be transmitted through the atmosphere to become infectious. Destroying the pods will have no effect, as the mycelium which forms the pod is frequently found permeating the leaves and twigs of the new growth, whenever the fruit is affected. lf any mycologist should succeed in cultivating the mycelium, he will need to dis- organize the tissues of the tender fruit and leaves by excessive cold or wet before he can demonstrate any marked effects from its intro- duction. All varieties are liable to these conditions; that some are apparently more so than others is owing to the difference in time of setting fruit or toa more exposed location of tree. The opening of the blossoms is not materially dependent on the condition of the soil, as they will perform that office without any root connection; as when the ground is frozen, or when large limbs are severed from the trunk, which shows that blossoming cannot be retarded by mulching, as some have supposed. All varieties usually blossom before the leaves appear. A close study of the blossoms of the dif- ferent varieties shows a marked difference in their structure, from which some observers conclude that the native plum trees are dioe- cious, at least functionally, if not in form and appearance. They are not distinctly so, like the strawberry, butall varieties sometimes produce more or less blossoms without pistils; and on some trees and even groups of trees none of the blossoms ever have pistils and, of course, bear no fruit. What is more peculiar, some trees will bear 64 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. fruit for a series of years, and then for a year, or perhaps more than one year, the blossoms will be without pistils. Harrisons Peach is known as a very shy bearer, though not deficient in pollen; ninety per cent. of the blossoms are usually without pistils, while with Rollingstone, Desota and other regular bearers not more than one or two per cent. are so. Another striking difference is in the form of the pistils. Some are short and stocky, others long and slim; some never reach beyond the anthers or pollen, and some protrude one-third or more of their length; whatever the shape, it is always uniform in that variety. All kinds are usually provided with sufficient pollen, and a very small portion is sufficient to perform its office, though it is much more abundant in some kinds than in others. Its vitality is, however, easily destroyed. The most reliable trees to bear are those hav- ing blossoms with short, stocky pistils and with small incurved petals. This form appears to be more exempt from the vicissi- tudes of the weather than those with long, slim pistils and broad open petals. Among other fruits it has been questioned whether the pollen has a secondary influence or modifies the fruit to any extent; the plum is so variable from season to season, that it is difficult to demonstrate a secondary influence, but it has been observed that where freestones and clingstones have been planted near together that both kinds of fruit have been found on both trees. Noun-bearing.—_What has been said in regard to blossoms, inci- dentally covers some of the ground in regard to non-bearing, time of blossoming, structure and peculiarity of the blossom and hab- its of the tree. In some cases trees that have been known to bear well in their wild state, refuse to bear when transferred to cultivation. Mr. Weir was among the first to discover that one of the difficulties was want of pollenizing, and obviated it by planting different varieties near together, being careful to plant those that bloom at the same time closely together. This is found to be quite essential with some varieties, while others bear abundantly, whether isolated or in groups. The Miner when standing alone is not reliable, though considered an excellent pollenizer for other varieties, and is itself very susceptible of the pollen of others. The Desota does not appear to be dependent upon these conditions, but will bear fruit when among others or when standing alone. Cut- ting the tree closely for scions has a tendency to check the bearing for the following season, as the energy of the tree is then directed to making wood; but cutting off some of the large branches in the spring has the effect to promote the growth of both wood and fruit. Propagation.—In a natural state the trees most usually reproduce themselves by suckers or sprouts from the roots. This tendency is increased under cultivation, if the roots are cut or broken. In such cases the young trees always produce fruit of the same kind and quality as the parent tree. But if trees are grown for seed, the fruit may vary widely from that of the parent in size, quality and appearance, unless the parent was entirely isolated at time of blos- soming and not exposed to the influence of other pollen, Red PLUMS AND CHERRIES. 65 plums may be grown from the seed of the yellow, and yellow from seed of the red. The natural habit of reproduction from the roots is a valuable quality of the plum tree; we are thus assured of maintaining the — character of the fruit and hardiness of tree. Of course, the fruit can be multiplied indefinitely by budding and grafting, but the trees will not be as long-lived nor as abundant in bearing, even when worked on their own roots, and the,fruit when grafted onto other stock will be more or less modified by it. d Some of the Chickasaws of the Mariana group are easily propagat- ed from cuttings, but experiments with the Northern kinds have not been satisfactory. Some very fine results have been obtained by hybridizing the Japan plums with the Chickasaws, but both Japan and Chickasaws are too tender for this climate. Crosses of the Chickasaw and Northern, are in some cases said to be superior to either parent: the Hawkeye and the Miner are the best known types of this cross; but in crossing the Miner with the Northern, the fruit is not equal to either parent. Opinions differ in regard to the quali- ties of the Russian plums; some growers say they are superior to any of our natives, and others say they are all inferior to our best natives, from which it may be inferred that there is a great differ- ence in taste, and, may be, errorin judgment, and that both varieties are desirable for the purposes to which they are adapted. No na- tives have yet been found to correspond with the commercial prune. Leaving this out, no well informed lover of good fruit has been heard to criticise severely the Rollingstone, the Cheney, the Desota: or the Gaylord plums, as compared with the Europeans. These varieties have been well tested and are well known, and are in every way desirable for those who would plant for the enjoyment of fruit of large size, delicious quality, fine appearance and abundant yield. There may be many others, quite as desirable, but they are not gen- erally known and are difficult to obtain. These varieties when transplanted, as suckers, or when grafted into older stock, will usually bear at three years of age; when grafted into the twigs of trees, they will frequently bear the second year. There seems to be more difficulty in grafting plums as nursery stock, than with apples. This is generally attributed to the scions, as, if they are kept a little too moist, they become calloused and en- tirely worthless; if kept too dry,they shrivel and are lifeless. The stocks do not appear to be so affected; and if the scions are cut be- fore the buds swell in the spring and immediately used, nearly all will grow; but so much difficulty has been met with that some of the large nurseries have abandoned grafting and have resorted to bud- ding with more satisfaction. 66 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. PLUMS A NEGLECTED FRUIT. READ BY CLARENCE WEDGE, OF ALBERT LEA, AT THE LATE MEETING OF THE S. MINN. HORT. SOCIETY. It is a fault common to all mankind to overlook the blessings and comforts with which they are surrounded, the treasures that lie at their feet, and sigh for the halcyon days of the past, for the good fortune of their neighbors—for the gold hid away in the distant mountains; a most unprofitable trait of human character it is to those engaged in any calling or pursuit, and one we are free to say has been and is today a most conspicuous enemy to our progress in all horticultural lines. How often do we hear some owner of a fine suburban lot, or a broad-acred farmer lament: “If we could only raise fruit as they do in the East’—when a look into their gardens would show their currant bushes producing fruit the size of bird shot, when a very little intelligent care, as much as they in the East have to bestow in order to conquer the currant worm, would insure them fine appetizing berries the size of field peas. The gooseberry, a rich, fine flavored fruit, as hardy as the hazel, might be either missing altogether, or in a forsaken grass-grown corner visited only to pick the berries, that nature, after a single handed struggle, had been able to produce. We might look in vain for the noble strawberry, finer flavored with us than elsewhere in the world, or for the dainty raspberry that, with a little checking and pruning of its luxuriant nature, will devote itself so generously to fruit. So, few or none of these overflows of nature’s bounty to our Minnesota soil are to be found; and if in wonder we inquire the reason, we shall but provoke the groan: “If we could only raise apples as we did in York state!’ Remembering the last barrel of York state apples that we ate, we venture to guess the secret of the poor soul’s feelings. Is it the worms he longs for? Our Minne- sota apples don’t harbor worms, you know. Or is it the lack of scabs on our beautiful Duchess that make him feel lonesome? Or per- haps he remembers that in dear old York state his Northern Spys brought their first apples twenty years after planting, and has been sorely disappointed in his Minnesota orchard to find his Wealthys bringing a big crop six years after planting. Some people are so hard to suit, you know. “But peaches, we can never raise peaches in Minnesota!” Well, sad fate, perhaps not; and there’s bananas and cocoanuts, and alligators, and yellow fever and poor houses, none of which seem to endure our terrible climate. But now, in all sober earnest, we would ask every fruit hungry Minnesotian: Have we a right to complain of what we can’t have, when weare not enjoying in plenty what we may have? If thereisa fruit that we can have, that grows as spontaneously as the currant, is as hardy as the wild grape, bears more regularly than the Duchess apple, and yet is not found in abundance in one garden in fifty in our state, is it not high time that we stopped our sour complaints and set out to know and enjoy the best that is about us? The fruit to which we refer, and which, without flattery, possesses all the virtues we have above mentioned, is the improved native plum. Itis no novelty. Here and there, scattered over our state, . —- ae... ae ee en eee ie) oe 5 — oe PLUMS AND CHERRIES. 67 are those who have been enjoying this fruit for many years, and we feel sure that they will all bear us out in the assertions we have made. There are now many varieties, but the one that has made the repu- tation for reliability that the Duchess has among apples, is the De- sota. It is abouttwo weeks later in ripening than the average wild plum, and is a full size larger than the very largest wild plum the writer has ever seen. But,perhaps,the most remarkable improvement over the wild plum is in the peculiar peach-like flavor and meati- ness otf its flesh. The wild plum,when ripe, is usually but a bag of juice, and almost impossible to get to market in good condition, while the Desota is so firm that one of thecommon uses made of it in the family of the writer is to pare raw and eat with cream and sugar; and there is no doubt that it might easily be marketed in any of the nearer cities. In its habit of regular and full bearing it is alsoa great advance upon the wild plum. Although a tree that will endure great hardships, it will not give give full satisfaction without rational treatment. We decidedly prefer small trees for planting, and, if convenient, a north exposure or slope. The ideal method of setting for a large orchard is in dou- ble rows running north and south; that is, we should plant two rows ten feet apart and trees ten feet apart in the row, and, then, about thirty feet from these rows plant two more rows like the first, and soon. The thirty feet strip between the thickly planted rows gives enough circulation of air and may be put into garden crops and potatoes. The double rows should receive cultivation ora heavy mulch, and raspberries might with advantage be raised among them for several years. All root sprouts should be rigidly kept down, as, of course, all grass and weeds. Branch the trees at about two and one-half feet from the ground; beyond this do not be tempted to do any trimming; except the shortening in of branches that may grow too rank and top heavy for the stem, as all stone fruits inour climate seem to do better if grown with thick, bushy heads. There are several other good varieties besides the Desota. The Forest Garden is fully as large a fruit and two weeks earlier in ripening, but it is quite soft and watery, and the tree very liable to split down in the crotches; it is well worth planting and is com- monly found in the nurseries. The Cheney, Wolf, Rollingstone and Rockford are all good sorts, not quite as generally tried. We may seem to have drawn a rather rosy picture of plum grow- ing in Minnesota, but propose to mislead no one, and will here give the benefit of all the drawbacks and difficulties that have come to the knowledge of the writer. The Desota does not stand extreme drouth as well as could be wished. In such seasons, the fruit will be much smaller than usual, and its quality will also be impaired. For the same reason, it is not the best variety to plant in sandy soils. We think the Rockford will be better to plant in soils badly affected by drouth. Some varieties, especially the Desota, are in- clined to set too much fruit, more than they can properly mature. Three years ago our trees seemed to have more fruit than leaves on their branches, and as a result the fruit was small and ill-flavored, 68 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, several of the trees were nearly killed by the great strain on their vitality, and all prospects of a crop the following season destroyed. We thus really lost two crops. The only remedy for this trouble is in careful thinning of the fruit when it is the size of small hazel nuts. Do not be afraid to do thorough work. It will take time, but Save you two crops and, perhaps, the life of the trees. One of the most serious drawbacks to plum growing has been improper graft- ing in the nurseries, and sending out trees that have sprouted from below the graft, the graft having, perhaps, failed; very many have failed for this reason. The remedy for this is to do your own graft- ing. Every one should learn the easy and interesting art of graft- ing, or deal directly with careful nurserymen and insist that the trees be grafted on native stock, or, better yet, on their own roots. Do not be dissapointed if your trees do not live forever; the plum is a tree that reaches maturity and profitable fruit-bearing age very quickly, and follows the old proverb: “Early ripe, early rot.” We do not wish any to gather from this paper that there is great excellence or profit to be achieved in any line of fruit growing with- out labor, thought and some disappointment, for there certainly is not, whether in Minnesota, New York or California. But we are earnestly of the opinion that the same effort that brings success and profit to the planters of California will today bring a liberal reward to the planters of Minnesota. DELEGATE’S REPORT OF ANNUAL MEETING OF THE WISCONSIN STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Held at Madison, Wis., February 6, 7 and 8, 1894. BY R. C. KEEL, ROCHESTER, MINN. Before making my report I wish to thank the officers and members of the Minnesota State Horticultural Society for the honor they be- stowed upon me in selecting me asa delegate to Wisconsin. It was indeed a trip of pleasure never to be forgotten and will always re- main fesh in my memory. I reached Madison at’4 a. m., and went to hotel Schulkamp, the headquarters of the society, where I found first class accommoda- tions and courteous treatment. After breakfast, I went to the horti- cultural room in the State Capitol, and enjoyed the pleasure of re- newing my acquaintance with the leaders of our good work, viz: Pres. M. A. Thayer, Messrs. A. J. Phillips, A. A. Parson, A. G. Tut- tle, and others. Soon after the convention was called to order by Pres. Thayer, your humble servant and Mr. Henry A. Ash, from West Union, Iowa, were elected honorary members for 1894. and invited to take part in all the discussions, and were also presented with fine silk ribbons. A large part of the morning session was taken up in hearing re- ports of committees on observation and on experiments at the trial | stations; there are now three of these stations in the state. They are supported by the society, the expense for the past year averag- WISCONSIN MEETING. 69 ing about $75 each. An urgent application from Winnebago county was read asking for a station, and was referred to the committee on trial stations. A communication was reported from the Missouri society asking co-operation in a movement for the issue of a handbook on horti- culture, to be used as a text book inpublicschools. Thematter was referred to a committee. All the afternoon session was devoted to apples, and a paper was read by Secy. B.S. Hoxie, of Edgerton, superintendent of the Wis- consin state fruit exhibit at the World’s Fair. He gavea list of all the leading varieties of apples, and stated that he was very proud in looking over the fruit from the different states to find that some of the leading varieties were seedlings of Wisconsin; for instance, Wolf River, McMahon, Walbridge,N. W. Greening, Newell and others. S. J. Freeborn of Richland Center, A. J. Phillips of West Salem, J. C. Flumb of Milton and A. L. Hatch of Ithaca read interesting papers on apples and the cultivation of the same. Mr. Tuttle of Baraboo spoke in favor of the Russian apples and recommended the Hibern- ial, Longfield, Enormous and Beautiful Arcade, and said that the Longfield would stand more abuse andneglect than any other apple tree. He also said that the Wealthy was the only American apple tree that he would plant. The evening session was occupied by reading papers. One by Prof. C.W. Smith was entitled “State Interestin Horticulture and the Public Schools.” “Not Pretty, but Practical,’ was read by Mrs. Velma E. Mel- ville, of Sun Prairie; “A Home,” by Prof. J. C. Coleman; and “The Mission of Flowers,’ by Miss L. N. Strong, of Baraboo. All of these papers were very interesting. Wednesday morning was devoted to election of officers. It was necessary to take five ballots to secure an election of president. The choice fell on L. G. Kellogg, of Ripon. Charles Hershinger of Baraboo, was re-elected vice-president. Mr. A. J. Phillips of West Salem, was elected secretary. Mrs. Vie H. Campbell of Evansville, was re-elected, but declined to accept the position as treasurer and reporter, and R. J. Coe, of Ft. Atkinson, was elected as treasurer. Mr. J. L. Herbst, of Sparta, was elected corresponding secretary. The annual address of Pres. M. A. Thayer was the first on the pro- gram for the afternoon session. Among other things he said that the purpose of the convention is to collect and receive information so sure and accurate that all may follow with a reasonable assur- ance of success, and he said that the report of the society was eag- erly sought for and found place in many fine private libraries. The danger to fruit growing, Mr. Thayer said, comes not from over-production, but rather from selection of varieties unsuited to our climate and soils and from careless handling. He urged the members of the society to lead on and others would follow. Mr. Thayer further said, that the best apple is yet to be found, and Wis- consin should and “I am sure will produce it, as she has already produced other fruits.” The treasurer made her report, showing receipts during the year, $1,725.38, and disbursements, $1,224.01, and a balance in her hands of $501.37. 70 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. George J. Kellogg, of Janesville, read a paper on strawberries and presented a list of 86 varieties, and gave his opinion as to the best. Among others he named Parker Earie, Enhance, Gandy, Smith, Bederwood, Warfield and Crescent, and for heavy clay soil Crawford and Eureka. A paper entitled “One Year’s Experience with Small Fruits,” was read by J. L. Herbst, of Sparta. He said that Mr.Van Deman did bet- ter with him than any other. He recommended the Nemaha black- cap as being the best raspberry for shipping; the Cuthbert and Marlboro for red raspberries, and Ancient Briton for a blackberry. Mr. Stickney spoke of currants, that being the only fruit he was cultivating for market. He recommended Prince Albert and Long Bunch Holland. From four acres planted with currents 5x5 feet, Mr. Stickney has received in four years between $2,600 to $2,700. He recommended severe pruning, leaving only the largest and strong- est growth. Wednesday evening, Mr. G. B. Smith, of Green Bay, gave one of the best papers I haveever heard on market gardening. The discussion brought out that sometimes (very seldom) manures are used to excess for garden vegetables. Prof. W. A. Henry was called for and spoke of the location and surroundings, and of the duty of fruit growers and gardeners to furnish the great cities with fruit and vegetables. On Thursday morning the committee on fruit list made their re- port, and the following list was adopted: Apples: Duchess, Hiber- nal, Longfield, Wealthy, McMahon, N. W. Greening, Newell, Yellow Transparent and Switzer; for trial, Avista and Patten’s Greening. Crabapples: Transcendent, Hyslop and Virginia. Strawberries. For shipping: Warfield, Bederwood, Crescent, En- hance, Parker Earle and Van Deman; for home use and near mar- ket: Crescent, Bederwood, Jessie, Bubach, Haverland and others. Grapes: Moore’s Early, Worden, Concord, Delaware, Brighton ~ and Moore’s Diamond, Black raspberries: Ohio, Nemaha, Gregg and Older. Red rasp- berries: Cuthbert, Brandywine, Marlboro and Shaffer’s Collossal. Blackberries: Ancient Briton, Snyder and Stone’s Hardy. ‘The superintendent of the Wisconsin exhibit at the World’s Fair made his report, thanking the members of the society for their aid. About sixty-five varieties of apples were exhibited and about fifty varieties of grapes. Mr. Wade Hewett, of Waupon, read a paper on trimming nursery trees. By invitation from Prof. Henry and Prof. Goff to visit the state university, we met at the Capitol at 1:30 p. m. and were conveyed to the university by way of carriages. We first went to the horticul- tural building, where Prof. Goff spoke regarding the building and his work and what his students were doing. We also visited all the other buildings belonging to the university. Itwasa visit never to be forgotten. The evening session was’occupied by Prof. Goff, who made his re- port on trial stations, and also made some remarks about localities and treatment of soil for raising apples. WISCONSIN MEETING. ot Mr. Wakefield, of Fremont, also read a paper, “Will it Pay?” He said among other things that he would keep on’ planting apple trees, even if he never got any of the fruit; for, said he, while my neighbors’ boys are eating my apples, they are kept out of the saloons and gambling houses. _ A vote of thanks was tendered the ex-president, Mr. M. A. Thayer, and the ex-secretary, Mr. S. B. Hoxie, for the interest they have taken and the work they had done during their terms of office. _ The exhibit of apples, although not large, was very fine. The fol- lowing varieties were exhibited by A. A. Parson: Eureka, N. W. Greening—five apples weighing three pounds fifteen ounces—Wal- bridge, Perry Russet, Willow Twig, Golden Russet, Fameuse and a fine seedling, which the committee named Rushford. A.J. Philips exhibited Avista and several other varieties. aus) S ohnad 2 . = . r= ae.) : oO . -8 Se ( ‘DO me Ves iS * 8 Kans \ “re ane nae Divot gave Seg. <7 Phe HN See ec ets >< SUG at SL : Sees ele ei) SPI a 8 lam A sults t Pm sg : <0) ctsci Om 2 sighs am me 0659 0 3 = & Ugh aM hed Ee ee ee aS teu ete Gach eleva Ua eon Dane ~feed) th a eS) WwW Q, H Zos= 63 cs) ( pi lesa Baa ee i ae tan ae ST armie peCmne 4 eg pe ke mest DRE ie 9 = oe kK i ECE es eat tt | : 3 Bee | si) : gta | Laaily, Toss 5 fa Maske

or - 5 PLUMS AND CHERRIES. 83 The relative growth when side-grafted and whip-grafted agrees with our former experience in grafting the stone fruits. PEACH. Of 56 side grafts of Bokara peach on this stock, but one grew. Height, 10 inches. CHERRY. 1,002 side grafts were made, viz.: 335 Bessarabian, 260 Strauss Weich- sel, 152 Lutovka, 255 Brusseler Braune. Of these only five grew, ranging in height from 11 to 16 inches. SUMMARY. As our crown grafts of cherry on Mazzard gave an unusually good stand the past year, and also our plum grafts on native stocks gave a good stand, we may conclude that the sand cherry is not a desira- ble stock for grafting, or else it needs special management and treatment which we do not as yet understand. This may easily be possible, as our prior experience in budding the sand cherry was not a success, while this year it was good for the reason, perhaps, that we budded earlier in the season. RESULTS OF BUDDING. PLUM. The work was begun July 15th and completed July 22d. Out ofa total of 1,512 plum buds inserted, only 34 failed to unite. The num- ber of each variety was as follows: 130 Early Red, 143 Richland, 47 Leipsic, 81 Minnesota, 30 Trabesches, 247 Ungarish Prune, 183 Botankin, 164 Burbank, 487 Wyant. 78 buds started viz.: 7 Early Red, 11 Botankin, 59 Burbank, 1 Trabesche, the growth varying from a tuft of leaves to shoots 15 inches in height. The marked degree of excitability of the two Japanese varieties, Botankin and Burbank, is worthy of note. The budding of some of the varieties was evidently done too early, as we found it necessary to cut the second tying, and the growth had by the close of the growing season extended on both sides of the shield, showing considerable increase in size after the buds were inserted; but our prior experience indicates that the sand cherry should be budded earlier than our native plums. The sprouts that came up from the stocks where the root-graft failed were budded about the middle of August with Trabesche, Desota, Wolf, Milton and other varieties, and the buds made a good stand. These sprouts were in good condition for budding when the bark on the wood of the previous season would not raise. CHERRY. 899 buds were inserted July 21-24 as follows: 194 Bessarabian, 262 Sklanka, 54 Yellow Glass, 250 Shubianca (6 M.), 146 Early Morello. 26 buds failed to unite, and 7 started but made no extension of growth. The union is not as good as that of the plum, the edges of the shield being inclined to roll back. The sand cherry is not as favorable for rapid work asthe Mahaleb on account of the numerous branches close to the ground. . . . . own experience, which you can use at any time and in any way you think proper. Yours truly, RAMSEY, S. D., Mch 10, 1894. OLIVER GIBBS, JR. SPRAYING FOR ANTHRACNOSE—(Extract from a letter to Mr. A. H Brackett):—I cannot recommend anything better for anthracnose of the raspberry and blackberry than Bordeaux mixture. We have not made any experiments ourselves with these diseases, but experi- ments conducted in Ohio have shown that by the proper use of Bor- deaux mixture, the disease can be largely prevented. The directions given by the Ohio station are as follows: “The first application should be made early in the spring be- fore the leaves open, at which time the spraying should be very thoroughly done. The second application should be made soon after the young canes appear above ground, and the spray directed to them alone. The third application is to be made in about two weeks from the date of the second, taking the same precaution to spray the young canes only. The fourth and last application for the season should be made just previous to the time of blooming, in the same manner as advised for the second and third sprayings. Raspberry leaves are very tender, and the mixture injures them slightly, but not enough to preclude its use, especially, if some care is taken to keep it off the leaves of the bearing canes. The leaves on the young shoots of the current season’s growth are not so easily harmed, hence no pains need be taken to keep it off them.” Very truly, B. T. GALLOWAY, WASHINGTON, D. C. Chief of Division. (Gleanings. Success in gardening depends on anticipating by weeks and months the operations which are to be performed. It is out of the Russians that the New Horticulture must come, even if the fruit is inferior, as the superior hardiness of both wood and leaf must be conceded.—B. Hathaway, in The Michigan Farmer. Without exception the average number of tomatoes and the aver- age weight of the product per plant was in direct ratio with the earliness of setting, a direct confirmation of results obtained last year.—Maine Exp. Station Report. AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Hon. P. J. Breckmans, Aug- usta, Ga., President; Chas. L. Watrous, Des Moines, Lowa, First Vice- President; Geo. C. Brackett, Lawrence, Kansas, Secretary; Benj. J. Smith, Cambridge, Mass., Treasurer. Place of next meeting: San Francisco, Cal. SOCIETY OF AMERICAN FLORISTS.—J. T. Anthony, Chicago, Pres- ident; Robert Kift, Philadelphia, Vice-President; Wm. J. Stewart, 67 Bromfield St., Boston, Mass., Secretary; M. A. Hunt, Terre Haute,, Ind., Treasurer. Place of tenth annual meeting: Atlantic, N. J., August, 1894. AMERICAN SEED TRADE ASSOCIATION.—W. Atlee Burpee, Pres- ident; D. I. Bushnell, First Vice-President; S. F. Leonard, Second Vice-President; A. L. Don, New York, Secretary and Treasurer. Place of twelfth annual meeting, Toronto, June, 1894. Applications for membership should be addressed to Wm. Meggatt, Chairman mem- bership committee, Wethersfield, Conn. THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF NURSERYMEN.—President, Col. U. B. Pearsall, Ft. Scott, Kan.; First Vice-President, W. F. Heikes, Huntsville, Ala.; Secretary, Geo. C. Seager, Rochester, N. Y.; Treas- urer, N, A. Whitney, Franklin Grove, Ill. Executive Committee: Irving Rouse, Rochester, N. Y.; W. J. Peters, Troy, O.; D. S. Lake, She- nandoah, Iowa. Place of next meeting, Niagara Falls; first Wednes- day in June, 1894. CURRANT WORMS—When these pests make their appearance they will first attack the gooseberries. Noticing this some years ago I applied a light solution of paris green—a small teaspoonful to a pailful of water—giving them only a light sprinkling, and saw no more of the worms anywhere that year. Since then I have watched — the gooseberries, and dealt with them the same way, the worms never reaching the currants at all. OLIVER GIBBS, JR. THE MINNESOTA HORTICULTURIST. VOL. 22 MAY, 1894. NO. 4 HOW MONEY IS MADE. FARMERS WHO DIVERSIFY CROPS HAVE NO COMPLAINTS. O. M. LORD, MINNESOTA CITY. As Irarely write for publication, I hardly feel competent to dis- cuss diversified farming in any new or interesting manner. The changes in this county have been very slow from wheat, wheat, wheat and barley to stock raising, dairying, fruit growing, etc. As for my- self, | have grown no wheat or barley in twenty years, though my place is as well adapted to those grains as the average farm of the valley lands. I have found that for me small fruit growing has been the most pleasant and profitable, though I have, in connection with it, usually kept from five to ten cows, generally raising the calves till two years old. And I-also have kept three or four mares, and sold the colts at two years old; also a limited number of hogs anda small flock of hens. The horses are needed for work, which, being light, interferes very little with raising colts. This has not been profitable for the last two years, as the county is overstocked with low-grade animals. The calves, hogs and poultry necessarily go with or depend, more or less, upon the keeping of cows. These mat- ters in no way interfere with small fruit growing, and the manure made from the stock is a valuable addition to the success of the fruit. The stock occupies the time in winter, when the fruit indus- try is entirely idle, and the only rush or hurry with fruit work is in time of picking, which depends upon fair weather and gives ample time to attend to the cows night and morning. I rarely buy any feed except bran, and usually sell some hay and feed and all the oats andcorn. I have not had less than fifty bushels of corn to the acre for several years; oats vary from thirty-five to fifty. Fora series of years the hogs have rendered a good account. The hens have some- times paid in market products, without fancy prices, three dollars a piece for the year, without counting what was used in the family. In intimate connection with small fruits, bee-keeping is consid- ered almost absolutely necessary. JI have found this rather pre- carious, sometimes losing the bees, but often meeting with remark- able success. In regard to the profit of small fruit growing: Where Iam located, I have unusual facilities for railroad shipments; three promi- nent roads cross the farm, with a station very convenient. [ 122 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. can ship in any direction, morning or evening. I have rarely known the market to be overstocked with first-class fruit, and I need not refer to special or general prices to show that the business, economically conducted, gives a fair return for amount invested and labor bestowed. Under the system pursued, the soil does not deteriorate, as with grain raising. . Without special care my blackberries have borne their usual crops for fifteen years. Raspberries should be renewed once in eight or ten years. Currants and grapes, it is well known, though needing care every year, Stand for many years, and strawberries do best when new beds are planted yearly, and, though a good paving crop when they do well, are not as sure as the other fruits. But, taken together, failure does not as often occur in fruit raising as in grain raising; and I need not mention the results of failure in a grain crop—failure is too well known. But in comparison with the ex- pense of high-priced labor, tools, etc., a diversified work will make the largest and most satisfactory return. An itemized account of cost of production, of sales and returns of different products of the farm, is the only way to determine their relative profit. Probably, not one in fifty of average farmers can give any idea of the comparative value of different crops, when the total cost of production is to be included. I will try to illustrate by one example. One of my neighbors, with a farm of 200 acres, was im- pressed with the common opinion that all hand labor is a waste of time on the farm, and seemed to be satisfied with his work only when it was accomplished with the help of a team. He said: “I don’t see how you can make it pay to putter around with strawber- ries and blackberries.” Taking from my pocket a memorandum book and pencil, I said: “Let me show you some figures. There are ten acres of corn that yielded 1,000 bushels of ears, equivalent to 500 bushels shelled corn; without itemizing the cost, which most any one can do, the value in the crib is $125.” “Yes,” said he, “that was a fine crop, which I should think would pay you better than all the berries you have, to say nothing of the value of the fodder.” I then referred him to the account of a small strawberry bed of fifty-four rods (2x27). The proceeds were 660 boxes, barely a medium yield. The cost of the corn (as the labor was all hired) without counting interest on the value of land or taxes was 16c per bushel, $80; net, $45. The itemized cost of the ber- ries ready for market was $26; net, $40. As for the character of the labor, one must choose for himself. I prefer to diversify the work. —Minneapolis Journal. The new monthly, we understand, will take the place of the annual bound volumes, and is an advance movement. The Farmer gladly welcomes the Minnesota Horticulturist. It is in good hands and will become popular.—Northwestern Farmer. Z\pples. DISCUSSION. (CONTINUED FROM PAGE 103, APRIL NO.) . WINDBREAKS. Mr. B. Taylor: Now a word in regard to windbreaks. About thirty-six years ago I joined the church in regard to fruit and went to worshipping it. Iselected a spot on the place where I lived at the time; I could see that in the spring the snow would remain there, and that it was surrounded with natural windbreaks. It was so well protected that I went to planting,and when my friend Jewell visited me he was as much pleased with the situationas I was, and he said that for either a nursery or orchard it was a perfect spot. I planteda great many trees and raised more or less fruit, but in that orchard, surrounded by a perfect windbreak, we do not now find any trees. We are still planting trees, but we plant them ona bluff 300 feet above the river, and we make no provision for a windbreak. Now, Brother Pearce, in re- gard to your idea that apple trees and other fruits acquire increased ability to hang on if exposed to the wind, that is law and gospel. Like ourselves, if we never moved we would cease to have power to live. We have our fruit right up where it is not quite as much ex- posed as on the prairie, but we have made no provision for protec- tion against the wind. We plant rather close together. My orchard was formerly a nursery; just leaving certain trees standing when digging trees, leaving them standing sixteen to eighteen feet apart. Now, I have great faith in letting them grow in the nursery with- out transplanting, if it were possible. Ithink there is a good point in that; I believe a tree can be raised best right where it is to set Mr. Underwood might not like my idea as a business idea. ' DISTANCE APART. Mr. Dartt: Did those trees ever crowd so you thought you were damaged by having them stand close together? Mr. Taylor: They stood close together on one side of my house only, but the cyclone thinned that orchard. Six to seven hundred trees were entirely destroyed in as little as thirty seconds. Prof. Green: Let us hear from Mr. Lyman. Mr.H.M.Lyman: Ihavenot had much experience in setting out an orchard. The first orchard was sixteen feet apart each way as they grew, but it was rather too close for some varieties; there are other varieties that spread out and require more room. I never had any experience with windbreaks. A Voice: What variety of apples have you? 124 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Mr. Lyman: I have Duchess, Wealthy and quite a number of seed- lings. I havea seedling crab near the house; it spreads out and extends over thirty feet; about twenty years old from the seed. The apples are about twice as large as Transcendents. An orchard of that description needs to be planted about thirty feet apart, while other varieties of trees need to be but sixteen feet apart. Mr. Dartt: What is that crab like? : Mr. Lyman: It is somewhat like the Transcendent. It blightsa little. I have sold them generally for $1.50 to $1.75 per bushel. It commenced to bear about six years ago and it has borne not less than eight bushels each year since, and from that to fourteen and fifteen bushels. Col. Stevens: Is your orchard in the Big Woods with a grove around it? : Mr. Lyman: It is exposed on all sides, and the Duchess I planted twenty years ago are nearly all alive, but on the low ground every one died out. AIR DRAINAGE. Mr. Dartt: That winds me up again, now I havea right to talk more. That isa splendid truth; we want to bring that in asa new feature in this discussion—that is, air drainage. The mention of the fact that his trees on the low ground had died out, while those on the high exposed ground lived, is an indication that the death blow was caused by want of air drainage, while those above were pre- served by air drainage. I wrote a piece for you three or four years ago, and I think I alluded to the fact that trees down in a hollow would be quite sure to freeze out, while those on elevated ground would live. I have got some ground where the trees all died out. They were Duchess and some crabs of the best varieties that I thought best to set out at that time, but they have killed out entirely; and, so, in nearly every instance on low ground my trees killed out, and I have cleaned them all out, while on ground a little higher and where I have a windbreak, they are doing well. Now, the low ground and the absence of a windbreak have the same effect. They kill out on high ground unless they have a windbreak on the south side. In this line, have a man chopping this winter to clean out a ravine extending from the orchard down to the creek bottom, maple and oak; he is cleaning that all out, chopping down young trees that we would naturally preserve; but he is cleaning that all out in order to create a current for the wind to blow through that orchard. That is a point that I think should be considered, and, of course, you can place as much dependence as you like upon my opinions, founded on this very “experience.” (Laughter.) Mr. Brackett: What is the character of the soil? Mr. Dartt: That winds me upagain. (Laughter.) I have nearly all kinds of soil and nearly all kinds of exposure. I have a regular black soil with a clay subsoil, and I have got some with a little sand mixed in it on clay subsoil. I have one place in my orchard where the railroad crosses the ravine, and there is a high embank- ment built up, and it creates a sort of a dam. All the trees that were set lower than that embankment have died out. APPLES. 125 WINDBREAKS. Mr. Wedge: I would like to have the society take a vote. I will make a motion that this society resolve that we are in favor of a windbreak of some kind on all sides of the orchard. I would like to see what proportion favor a windbreak on all sides of the orchard. Mr. Dratt: I want to amend the motion. I want to amend by say- ing that the society is in favor of a windbreak on the south side of the orchard. I am in favor of a windbreak, but I do not want it all around, so I would be obliged to vote against his motion, when, at the same time, I am in favor of part of it. Mr. Toole: I would advise you to be rather slowin making a posi- tive recommendation of this kind. You might vote it wholly down, and it hardly comports with the dignity of this society to be chang- ing continually. You may, probably, come to where we came in Wisconsin. We cannot take a positive stand one way or another unless we take a chapter to explain certain conditions. Mr. C. Hawkinson: I think it depends upon the location. Mr. P.M. Perry: I have an experimental orchard. I have a wind- break on the south and north of natural timber. I think it is a damage for quite a distance into the orchard. The trees do not bear anywhere near as they would without a windbreak. I havea south anda north slope. The trees on the south slope have all died out with one exception, and thatis the Martha. The Martha is the tree to take the place of the Transcendent, and it is a regular bearer. On the north slope, the trees are healthy right in the same row with those on the south slope, which have nearly all died out in six years. Mr. Somerville: I do not think it would be proper to take a vote on this question. For, wherever we live where the nature of the country is such that the wind is already broken up, and consider- ably broken up, there we are not bothered with those hard winds; but in our part of the state a different treatment is required all the time and for every kind of tree there; here it is more natural fora tree to grow, whether protected by a windbreak or not. You go out in Brown, Cottonwood and those counties west; there we could not raise a Transcendent crab without a windbreak. I have never advo- cated the idea once that it was any advantage to have a windbreak right near a tree for the purpose of keeping the fruit on, but I think it would be utterly impossible to go out on the bleak prairie and set out trees without any protection around them and ever expect to get any fruit. It might not be advisable to have a windbreak all around the orchard, but it is absolutely necessary out on the prairie, and, in my Opinion, it is the only successful way an orchard can be raised on the open prairie. But I do not think it would be well to take a de- cisive vote either one way or the other, because different localities require different treatment. That would be my opinion; it would not be prudent to take a vote on it, because there are many opposed to it; but out on the prairie it is absolutely necessary. Col. Stevens: Where I was brought up in southern Wisconsin, known as the “lead mines,” I remember a great many years ago (we were young then) there came up a “norther” one time; it was on the 126 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, prairie. The orchard protected by the windbreak, although icy, was not hurt at all, while in the orchard away from the windbreak the trees all died out. That is the effect of the windbreak we have heard about. Mr. Harris: I do not think it is profitable for us to take a vote on the motion that was made. The views and experiences of the mem- bers will all come outin print anyway, and asa society we do not want to take a decided position either way. _ Mr. Dartt: I have not much to say, and I am going to try to talk very fast, but I want a windbreak for two reasons; to prevent the effects of the sun, and to prevent the apples from being blown off. Under some conditions the windbreak is absolutely necessary - If a windbreak is necessary on the broad prairie, it is necessary here; we have winds here that are just as hard as those on the prairie. DISTANCE APART, ETC. Mr. Brackett: Do I understand that apple trees are short-lived in this part of the country? Inthat case would it not be better to piant them closer togother? Mr. Brand: I do not want that idea to go out that apple trees are short-lived. If we plant the right varieties of trees and take care of them they will live, and live long. We have trees in our county that have been planted more than thirty years, that a year ago last sum- mer produced more than fourteen bushels to a tree, and they are without any kind of windbreak and stand twenty-five feet or more apart. I do not think it is well to advise near planting with the idea in view that our trees are going to die out, or, if not, that we are going to cut them out. I have had a good deal of experience in cutting out trees and I hate to do it. We leave it too long; we let it go until the injury is done. I planted my Duchess, a good many of them, only twelve to fourteen feet apart, and some a little closer. They bore when they were seven to eight years old,and I thought like this, perhaps next year they will do better, and I put it off another year, and that year I would put it off another year, until the trees are now nineteen years old. Three years ago I cut some of them out; I took out one whole row, and in other places I thinned them out, and last summer I cut down a good many trees that were nineteen years old, and good healthy trees, so as to leave them twenty-four feet apart. Mr. Gould saw the trees after I had cut them down. If you under- take to plant close, you will not thin out until it is too late. Mr. H. L. Crane: What kind of cultivation did those trees have that lived thirty years? Mr. Brand: They were well cultivated the first five years after they were planted. In the fall they were banked up with earth, and we made hay ropes and wound them. At the end of five years» the former owner sold the farm and they received cultivation most of the time, with the exception of two or three years; the last four or five years the land has been in grass, until a year ago last: summer. The land has been cultivated three-fourths of the time perhaps, and one-fourth of the time was in grass. Mr. Dartt: How much ground does the orchard cover—those trees that lived thirty years? APPLES. ; 127 Mr. Brand: There are only seven trees remaining of a large or- chard. That is four miles south of me. Mr. Dartt: What has been the profit in your-orchard, how much per tree up to the time you cut them out? Mr. Brand: My own orchard has averaged one bushel. Mr. Dartt: A tree that does not spread its branches more than four or five feet ought to bear more than a bushel. Mr. Brand: Well, mine didn’t. Mr. Dartt: Those orchards that were closely planted paid for themselves before they had to be cut out. TREES ON THEIR OWN ROOTS. Mr. J, A. Sampson: I always feel interested in the culture of apples; I am very fond of fruit anyway. One of the great difficul- ties in planting apple trees is the lack of faith. I wish to bring up the subject of trees on their own roots, whether they can be propa- gated and made to be longer-lived if on their own roots than if grafted. Mr. Brackett: I wish something would be brought out in regard to the boxing of trees, and whether it is necessary to take the boxes away every spring. Either boxing or wrapping with cloth. Mr. Harris: I think I will say a word in reply to Mr. Sampson’s question. Itisalamentable fact that in Minnesota trees are very short-lived; a great many die within three years after they come out of the nursery. I-do not consider a tree in good condition if it will live thirty years; I do not believe in old trees. Down East they be- lieve an orchard is worth a good deal more from eight to twenty years old, and that it will pay better to put out a new orchard and cut out the old. Just keep an orchard while it will bear the finest fruit and have a new one coming on. It is a lamentable fact that not over one in fifty trees that are sold by nurserymen or their agents ever lives to bear a single specimen of fruit. I do not believe that ought to be so. If the people become educated so they will know how to take care of trees, and the trees perish in that way, we ought to have a law in Minnesota that would put the men that sold those trees behind the bars at Stillwater. SHADING FROM THE SUN. Mr. Taylor: I think I can say something that the members can take home. Ilove to eat some nicely ripened Fameuse apples in the fall. I had a tree that was planted on the north side of the build- ing I used in wintering bees. That was a south windbreak, and I do not raise my hand against that. This tree was shaded more than many others, and after a while the others killed out, but this one flourished and grew; but from ten o’clock in the day, or a little earlier, it was shaded by a little building nearby. A fire burned up the building and the tree died down to the ground, but it grew up again and commenced bearing, and I knew I could raise apples but I must have shade on the south side. That Fameuse I must keep to raise good apples as long as I live, and I have made a shelter of boards so the sun cannot shine on it for four or five hours during the day. I know you can raise tender fruits that way, and I know those of you who will try the experiment will like it. ’ 128 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. PROTECTION TO TREE TRUNKS. = President Underwood: The question was asked as to the protec- tion of trees, by boxing or wrapping, and banking up with earth, We have just a few moments to give to that; just a minute a piece. Prof. Green: I believe in protection in some way; it is a very im- portant matter. It comes to me once in a while like this: A young man at the school told me he had some Duchess apple trees that were so loaded with fruit that they broke off. They were sun- scalded, and a tree finally got so weak it tumbled over. That can be prevented by banking. As to the necessity for boxing, I-think in good locations there is no necessity for boxing. In the ked River Valley or in Otter Tail county, I would box them. There is not a tree growing in Minnesota but what ought to be protected until it gets pretty far along. What that protection should consist of, I can- not say. Newspaper or building paper is good. I have used this summer wire mosquito netting. I am also usinga thin veneer. I soak it in water over night, and the next day it will bend very readily, and I bend it right around the tree. A hay rope or corn stalks will also answer the purpose very well. I like this wood veneer because it protects the tree against rabbits. We do not take then away in the summer; we leave them on all summer; we leave them on three or four years. Mr. Brackett: In boxing trees. do you fill the boxes with dirt? Prof. Green: I think it is desirable to fill the boxes with dirt. Mr. Brackett: How do you put on that veneer, and where can it be obtained? Prof. Green: I soak these little veneers in water over night, and then bend it around the tree and fasten it with wire at the top and . bottom. It is a very good protection. I got my supply from St. Louis. They are extremely cheap. Mr. Wedge: At about what age does the tree cease to need pro- tection? Prof. Green: When it can shade itself. A Mr. Z. K. Jewett: In our locality they use lath; they put it to- gether with wire twisted together, using three or four laths, ac- cording to the size of the tree, and wrap them right around. If the tree is high, the whole length is used. That will keep the rab- bits out. Prof. Hansen: At the Iowa meeting a number gave their opinion on that subject,and some had found that lath intertwined with wire was not a good plan, but some used wire screening and found it to be the best method they had used yet; some even say it prevents sun scald. It is a good protection against enemies of any kind, and it will stay there as long as there is any need for protection. Mr. Aiken: I used almost every kind of protection I had ever heard of, and I found they were injured in every way, until about six or eight years ago I heard about this wire screening. I had a lot of old doors and windows which I cut up and put the screening on from the bottom of the tree up to protect them from rabbits and mice, and [ left that right on during the whole season; and some re- mained there over six years, summer and winter, and the trees were APPLES, 129 protected from the sun, from borers, rabbits and everything else almost. I consider it gives the most perfect protection of every- thing I have ever used. Mr. Harris: I do not believe a tree can become too old to be bene- fitted by winter protection. A single sheet of paper, wire screening, these veneers and, as good as anything, white cotton cloth. White is a splendid protection against the sun, but I do not believe that sun scald will take place with that wire screening, because the rays of the sun in striking that tree are somewhat broken up. Burlap is as good as anything in the winter. I believe the trunk of the tree would be benefitted by being protected every winter. I used to pro- tect them up to the branches every winter, and when I quit that they died to the ground. Mr. C. G. Patten: Some one suggested the use of hay or oat straw, which is very good and is somewhat easily to be had. I would also suggest the use of cornstalks, which almost every farmer has. I think they are superior to almost every kind of protection that has been mentioned here. It is well known that when the tree has at- tained any size it is quite as necessary to protect the forks of the tree as it is to protect the body, and with a little twine the stalks can be drawn up into the forks of the tree, which cannot be done with wire screening; and from the cheapness of the material I think it should commend itself to every farmer throughout the country. I would not let it remain throughout the summer; I would take it off every spring. Prof. Green: It is a good idea to tie a bunch of hay right in the fork of the tree to protect the crotch of the tree. We use cornstalks quite a little. I think a good way is to use something, like these veneers, that will protect from mice and from sun scald, and then protect the crotch of the tree with hay or straw, and then let it stay right there during the summer. Mr. Patten: My idea was to use the cornstalks in connection with the veneer. Mr. Taylor: You take that veneer and protect your trees with it and it will do splendidly as long as the trunk of your trees are smooth and straight, but, I think, take it all round, you will find nothing better than paper, just common wrapping paper. Rag paper is the best; put it on when it isa little damp. We put it in the cel- lar for a night or two until it is quite pliable, and you can put it on any tree, no matter how crooked it is. Even common newspaper will do very well. Pres. Underwood: Does it make any difference about the politics of the paper? : Mr. Taylor: Yes, sir; I never use a Democratic or Republican paper. (Laughter.) Mr. Dartt: This paper is put on for the purpose of prohibiting, and nothing will do but a straight out Prohibition paper. (Laughter.) Pres. Underwood: Perhaps we have discussed this matter of pro- tection as long as it is profitable so far as the time is concerned, and from all the good points brought out in this discussion, I think it is the decided opinion that it is advisable and profitable to protect in some way. (yeneral Fruits. a MY ENDEAVORS TO RAISE FRUIT IN MINNESOTA. D. EF. AKIN, FARMINGTON. Arriving here on the first boat in the spring of 1856, fresh and green from one of the best fruit-growing regions of eastern New York, where fruit is a ration every day, can any one wonder that fruit culture would be looked after with care and perseverance, espe- cially as none could be obtained at that time from any other place with any facility? In walking over the country we found strawberry vines, blackberry vines, red and black raspberry vines, wild apple trees, thorn apple trees, several varieties of cherry trees, plum trees, grape vines, cur- rant bushes, cranberry vines, blackhaw trees and elder bushes, all looking healthy, vigorous and thrifty, planted and cared for by na- ture alone. To a casual observer this list of fruits and berries would be satisfactory, but to a‘more critical lover of fruits and ber- ries, there is a lack of goodness which they would naturally think could be supplied by intelligent direction and care; and that where the wild fruit grew so spontaneously, tame fruits of the same kinds would flourish. As soon as I decided where to locate I sent for cuttings of tame currants and set them out; all of them lived, and those old roots are still giving us a good supply of that fruit. This same year I planted a few apple seeds that grew, but the trees did not survive the first winter—but exploded an old idea that apple seeds have to be frozen before they will grow; these were taken fresh from the apple, planted and grew. JEx 55 Richland Winter 1Ex 56-58 Hi 1 5Y Seed I 1 60 Seed H 2B 43 D 4 No. 11 1 44 No name Patton 1 45 DH No. 27 1 46 Mie 25 1 47 5 i 1 48 Seed F 1 49 Seed Hislop winter 1 50 Lowland 1 51 0 gird 52-53 Prof Goff 1 54 Seed C 1 55 ne 0 56 ee 1 57-59 Martha 1 40 Florence crab 2 41-42 D H Seed No 10 1 43-44 Plumbs Russet 1 45-46 DH No7 1 47-48 Barrs Y’lowSiberan 1 49 D H No 26 1 50 Fé 2 51 Sarnia crab 0 52 Gid seedling Aug 1 53 BS 0 54 Phoenix No. 12 1 55 Philips No.1 3 56-57 Gid seed Peter 1 58-59 Seed G. 1 46-47 Phoenix crab fall PEBBEe seed 48-49 Ee ea Magnet foe Petfer 52-53 Seed R 54-55 Seed P 56-57 Phoenix 62 Se DH No.§ mR RR Comin re 41-44 Duchess 45-46 D H No. Fb Phoenix 32 z 49-50 Unknown 51-52 Red Bark crab ee) 1 Ex Phoenix No. 57 3 No. 50 0 56 se se it No. 90 i! o i 174 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY FOURTEENTH ROW. 1 Duchess No.8, Patton2 26 Shields crab 1 47 Baldwin seed 1 2 ee L627 bs 2 48 F Pet Phoenix 2 3 fowa Beauty ef 2 28-29 Ss 1 49-50 Phoenix cree 2 4 ¢ a 1 31-32 Palmers Sweet OL Phoenix 7 1 5-6 130M. 2 33-35 Mitchells Seedling 3 53 Phoenix seed erab 0 7-8.3 M. 2 36 ae 2 54 % 3 9-10 Wealthy 0 37 ee 0 55 #£Estelline u 11-13 Lou 3 38 Borovinka 3 56 * 2 14-17 * 2 39-40 cE 2. 5f DH No19 2 18 ad 3 41-42 Haas 1 58 ee 1 19-2C * 2 43-45 Supposed Wealthy 2 2 46 Baldwin seed 2 21-25 Mills Seedling It should be remembered that we have had a succession of. mild winters, enabling us to mark a great many varieties as No, 1 in hardiness. After the next very severe winter, the figures 2, 3, and 0 will come into more general use. THE NURSERY. 2,000 root grafts were planted, of nearly one hundred varieties, last spring. A good stand was not obtained. Suitable care was not bestowed before planting, and drouth was very severe afterward. 3,000 grafts will be made for next spring’s planting of about the same number of varieties, comprising many new seedlings of great promise. Persons having choice seedlings, especially those who received seedlings from Mr. Gideon, are invited to send scions for trial. DISCUSSION. Mr. Dartt: I might add a few words to this report. I planted three rows in the orchard last spring, about 180 trees, and I planted about 1500 root grafts; I did not get a good stand of root grafts on account of neglect. I shall plant the coming spring about 3,000, and I, intend to improve on my former work, and I expect to obtain a good stand. Mr. Bunnell: I understand the station was established for the purpose of educating the children in horticulture? Mr. Dartt: I never thought the children would be educated in horticulture particularly. There was a quarter section of land that belonged to the state, and this orchard was estab- lished on that land, and it now contains 800 trees. I never expected to educate the children in horticulture, although we have given them some education. I have educated them in regard to the taste of a big, nice Duchess apple two different years; this last year I did not have any apples, and I bought pears enough to go all round. ee ti EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 175d FERGUS FALLS EXPERIMENT STATION. F. H. FIEDLER, SUPT. The past season was a disastrous one for the horticulturist, as well as for the farmer, starting very late and dry the fore part of the sum- mer. On the eighth of July came a thunder shower, accompanied by a terrible hail storm. Another hail storm came a few days later, and then dry for a month. On the nineteenth of August came another hail storm, followed by excessive rain up to date. Crops were all poor. The grape vines had all the new growth knocked off by the hail, raspberries and blackberries are damaged to some extent, and apple trees lost many branches. The outlook for 1894 is not the best. RASPBERRIES. Gladstone. A worthless variety. Berries very small, dull red, turning brown when over-ripe. Not productive. Hardy. Golden Queen. Has never borne a berry with me yet. Rather tender. Have had it at the station three years. Wineberry. Worthless; very unproductive; berries small, sour. Hardy, with protection. Thomson’s Prolific. Quite early; not very productive; berries good size; hardy. Progress. Bore an immense number of berries, but they are too small. Season early; very stocky; hardy. Kansas. Notso good as I thought last year. After the first pick- ing, the berries become small and soft, and, therefore, not liked in the market. Good home berry and hardy. Cromwell. Berries medium to small; good bearer; hardy. Not so good as Kansas. Philadelphia. Bore a profusion of small, crumbly berries. Will not grow it any longer. Not profitable here on my soil. Turner. Berries too small; good bearer; hardy. Caroline. Bore an immense crop of fine berries of good flavor. Not popular in the markets; still it sells better than the natives. Hardy, but pays to cover in winter. The best yielder with me this year. Cuthbert. The best red; berries late, large, of good flavor. A good market variety and hardy as any with protection. Gregg. Very good; berries very large and firm. The best seller in our markets of all the raspberries. Yields good. Ada. A very promising variety. Berries much like the Gregg, but ripen a week earlier and continue in bearing a few days longer. Hardy. Older. Not productive. Berries large but often imperfect; season same as Gregg; canes of a trailing habit; hardy. N. B.—_WhenT say a raspberry is hardy, I mean WITH PROTEC- TION. CURRANTS. Crandall. Bloomed profusely, but did not bear; same as last year. Cherry. Anold standby. Good sized berries and productive. 176 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. White Grape. A good white variety. Not a good market berry on account ofits color. Very large and moderately productive. La Versailles. Very productive; late; very long branches. People do not seem to like its flavor, Stewart. The best market currant. Very productive; berries of good size. Fay. Did much better than in ’92; berries largest of all currants, but not as mauy quarts to the acre as of other varieties. Victoria. Quite productive, but berries very small. Lee’s Prolific. Produced a good crop of large berries. Not sal- able, except to Englishmen, who seem to like it very well. GOOSEBERRY. Houghton. Fruit much knocked off by the hail; still yielded quite acrop. Not much sale for gooseberries here. BLACKBERRIES. Erie. Berries did not ripen; all dried up. Crystal White. Did not bear. Have had it three years without seeing a berry on it. Ancient Briton. Many berries dried up; a few of them got ripe, but were small. Where grown in the shade, they were very large and productive, which seems to indicate that they want to be grown in partial shade in order to come to perfection. Lucretia Dewberry. Berries all imperfect, except where shaded. Will try shading next year. SAND CHERRIES. I have several hundred seedlings; only about ten of them fruited this year. all of which were inferior to their parents. PLUMS. The Desota, Cheney and the Rockford were well set with fruit, but the hail knocked off everything except two Rockfords. They were good plums, about 11 in. long, but they are not a blue plum, as ad- vertised in nurserymen’s catalogues. They are of a deep red color with a bluish bloom. APPLES. I did not get an apple on account of the hail. The apple trees planted in 1892 are in very good condition, all of them, but the ones I watered in the fall of 1892 made one to two feet more of new wood than the others. The apples received this spring (1893) were somewhat backward in growing this summer, andin August, after the heavy rains broke the season of droughts, they started anew growth, and the wood is poorly ripened, and I think I must box them all up for winter, to save them. .. >" a ee a So Rae eee oy 97 i = ¥4 5 EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 177 - op : Ss lo aod > = |o = sy ae as | eT ial Reg Reais a ie = um Le) (] Ae a4 —) = _— o ard fee} Bey 8 1 Sho bolo |aale_| 8 la. |aSla> 3/8 ie |@] 8 leis SslEsic ls |2,io5 5 2 ; = 3 19 ala] 2 I- j|aele VARIETIES. | S/s4 z Sap Sor eel ela | on Zs Sabie hs i eae ieee |B, exe isco gg aa Ne =) i= a) Q < Says |= Ie (eid jar io Raspberries— M. D./M. D.|M. D.|M. D.| Inch Philadelphia ..... ....) | gg; 6-16 | 7-12 | 7-16 % 4 9 By es) Gees On aD, 8 POIERILO? 2 fate crete cas 3% Z—a7| 6-15 | 7-16 | 7-20 % 10 8 8 9 7 9 9 i MTOLINO eee sce o> © 2p] 6-12 | 7-16 | 7-20] % Hala Gitee tele on 1 s90 1700) 10 7 Cuthbert... =O =| 6-20 | 7-19 | 8-2 SON MIO Mea LOR MLO Ye Sil nz [ero 9 Gregg ...... J (> S| 6-17 | 7-18 | 8-2 | % | 19] 10|10}/10} 10] g| 8| 10 Gladstone.............. i 6-14 | 7-16 | 7-20) 4 6 SHON On 29 19 4 9 Golden Queen......... |] 9 Bia eroYore)| insavetate! | epararcretl chat ete te. | exer |e SeeN |e ese pool h a On| POG a 5 Wineberry.............. | SEEN Oy Ex Gi It Sr (lg ieee ac AAO LC Ob le Ol} C8) Onl at 9 Thompson’s Prof... .. ac | 6-18 | 7-4 | 7-8 % |10/10; 10|10;10} 9| 7} 10 IPOPITGSS 0 5005. ce steele ‘| > Ss | 6-14 | 7-11 | 7-13 54 Cal On soa Onl 10816 OF 10- eto GES AS See arn eric oh a te Oo | 6-14 | 7-18 | 7-20 56 9 7.| 10 | 10 |} 10 9 8 10 POMEWOU os strates ateccs | = | 6-16 | 7-12 | 7-16 ly LOO) See 9. OC Onie Ss 8 rr eae Pa = fe tay ce % | M 3 10 | ae i" ay 1S (Sp ark poe en eh i AU i b= i- we 7 | Blackberries— i am UMS L VWIDTbEls <1): 300 e oe raHae oa lots 7-15 36 au ae a bi w a E 10 Desa fede a Bie 5-5 7- 7-15 Y, 1 i 7 eis ee. eo (4-0 | ris | | eli] 5| sl10l20/w] 9 ree Prolific se a ae 7-30]. 4% |.2251 10 | 4) +4190]. 8. Vale 10 ooseberry— Houghton...... es Seeks Sirs (i ee er 8-20 5% 9 SPO Oc) 9 10 10 10 WINDOM EXPERIMENT STATION. DEWAIN COOK, SUPT. This station is situated in southwestern Minnesota, in Cottonwood county, forty miles north of the Iowa state line and sixty miles east of the South Dakota state line, on the open prairie, 1,500 feet above sea level. The soil is what may be called coal-black prairie, with more or less alkali, and is very retentive of moisture; the subsoil is yellow clay for many feet. There is also considerable limestone in the soil. The station is located on rather low land compared with the sur- rounding land; there are barely depressions enough in the vicinity to afford good air drainage. Still we are not specially subject to late spring or early fall frosts. It usually freezes three or four degrees more in the valley of the Des Moines river, which is five or six miles away, than it does here. We have no difficulty in getting all the stock that we care for to experiment with, but we do have difficulty in getting what we can depend upon as being true to name, and this one fact decreases the walue of a report to some extent. 178 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. The winter of ’92-3, while not a very cold one, was just cold enough to freeze the tip ends of the half-hardy varieties of trees, that had been escaping the previous mild winters. APPLES. The crop the past season was about a failure, only a few trees bearing any apples. Iam unable to state the cause. The date of bloom, which was scanty, was from the third to the fifth of June. We have something over 100 varieties of apple and crab trees, yet for this non-fruiting season we can report little in regard to them. The trees mostly made a very good growth, and we had little blight compared with some other seasons. We grubbed out on account of blight this past summer all the Transcendent and Lake Winter, as well as Green Streaked (177) and some of Dean’s seedlings. My Red Duck trees blighted badly, and, perhaps, I should have dug them up also, Aside from these varieties we had no blight at this station to speak of; but about all varieties, more especially the American seedlings and the Siberian hybrids, were affected some by a leaf fungus, probably the leaf scab; and it is evident that for best results we must do some spraying. Out of some 275 Wealthy apple trees, I fail to find any wood that was killed back in the least last winter, but the growth was some- what discolored. The Wealthy apple has given the best satisfaction of allin this section. The Duchess showed itself hardier than the Wealthy, as I failed to find any discolored wood; but the ends of many of the new growth looked rather pithy. My notes show that the following varieties of apple trees were free from discoloration, and the ends of the new growth firmer last spring than the Duchess, viz., Florence, Excelsior, Pointed Reipka, Vir- ginia Crab, Romna, 5 Oriel, Yellow Arcadian, Ostrekoff, Kremer Glass, Yellow Fawn, No 272, Breskovka, Hibernal, Rosy Aport and Champain Pippin. The following varieties show wood equal or about equal to the Duchess, viz., Little Hat, Duchover, Martha, Borovinka, Tetofski, 167, 181, Red Duck, Compton’s seedling No.3, Bagdanoff, Antonovka, Juicy White, Beechers Sweet, Minnesota, Early Strawberry and Russian Calville. The following varieties show wood as good or nearly as good as the Wealthy, viz., Rollins Pippin, Pattens Greening, Scotts Winter, Sweet Ada crab, Pride ot Minneapolis, No. 46, and Grundy of the Thompson’s seedlings, Whitney, Grandmother, Thaler, Cross and Compton’s seedling No. 1. I have quite afew Minnesota seedlings besides these enumerated in the above list, but as none of them appear to be as hardy as the Wealthy, and some of them sunscald and blight badly (at my neighbors), I think we should let them drop from public view. . PLUMS. This is my favorite fruit. While the crop the past season was not large, it was fair. The average date of bloom was May 29th; the earliest ripening was the Cheney, Sept. 2nd, foilowed by the Forest Garden, Sept 9th, the Wolf, Sept. 12th, the Desota, Sept. 14th. The EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 179 plum crop ripened slowly and at the time we had our first killing frost, Sept. 26th, all of the Speer, a good many Desota, some Wolfs, and even a few specimen of Forest Garden were still unripe on the irees, and froze. I fruited some twenty-five named varieties. It would make this report too long to enumerate the merits and de- merits of each variety; but the Forest Garden is a variety I can recommend to everybody that wants plums to plant. Itis a rich, sweet plum, of good size; is a heavy and regular bearer, besides its earliness makes it desirable. The Desota is still our leading late plum. The fruit of Desota is rather inclined to get smaller as the trees get older, and the sting of the curiculio causes much dwarfed and misshapen fruit, otherwise it, probabiy, has more good points than any other plum. But it is too late in ripening its fruit for the larger part of the state. The Wolf plumis not as well known in our state as itought to be. It does not bear on as young trees as some of the others, but is of fair quality and large size, firm, and a heavy and annual bearer, and the fruit is scarcely affected at all by the curiculio, which is a strong point in itsfavor. [I considerita valuable plum. The Knudson’s Peach is promising. The Wood plum should not be overlooked. It originated from seed planted by Mr. Jos. Wood, of this place. It fruited with me this past season; it has fruited about ten years. This variety is going to crowd the Cheney hard as being the earliest large and the largest early plum. It is fully as large and early and is firmer than the Cheney, and has the advantage of being a heavy and regu- lar bearer. There is no one propagating this plum, except the sprouts which Mr. Wood saves, and no one is interested in booming it. I consider it a valuable plum. I am growing the Ocheeda, but have not fruited it yet. IThada few of the plums sent me by the originator, which I sampled, and I consider them extra fine. The skin peels off the ripe fruit as readily as from acooked potato. It originated at Worthington. Iam very much interested in plum culture and am setting out all the new varieties I can get hold of, and think the growing of them will be very popular in the near future. An enemy new to me ap- peared among our native plums in the shape of fungus spots on the fruit. It affected many varieties. There were a few spots on some varieties last season, and it seems to be spreading. These spots do not show much, except on the green fruit. This may become a source of serious trouble, and we will have to spray for it. I can’t say much in favor of the Russian plums. The trees and fruit buds seem to be about hardy, but they failed to fruit so com- pletely this plum year that Iam losing faithin them. Asaclass, the quality of the fruit is poor, and it is subject to rot and is badly affected by the curiculio sting. The crossing of them with our native variety is a promising field to experiment in. CHERRIES. Like the Russian plums, the European cherries failed to fruit. The bloom was very slight. The Early Richmond has borne the best of any here. 180 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. The choke cherry and the black cherry are productive, and at home here the same may be said of the sand cherry. While these cherries may not be valuable for the market, no farmer or fruit grower will object to having them in his garden. The dwarf Rocky Mountain cherry sent me last spring from Colo- rado has made a fine growth, but so far Ican see no difference in any respect between it and our Dakota sand cherry. PEARS. My Russians have done well in every respect except bearing, None of them show any injury from cold, and only one tree blighted, which was the last tree of my Bessamanka. STRAWBERRIES. The crop was the finest we ever had,and it is hard to tell which variety was the best. The Warfield is the firmest one on the list, with a decided tendency to productiveness. The Haverland seems fully as productive, and the fruit is larger and of better form, but it is soft and not as good a grower. The Crescent still holds its own for home use and for near market. My largest specimens were from the Crescent. The date of full bloom was June 4, there being only one or two days’ variation from this date in any of the varieties. The date of first pickings was July 1. Michels Early ripened about two or three days earlier that the above date. On part of our plantation, we left the mulching in the spring until very late and, thereby, kept the bloom back on the plants so treated about ten days; but there was only from four to six days difference in the ripening of them and of those from which the mulch was taken off early. One of the trials of the strawberry grower is imperfect fertiliza- tion. I find that with ordinary management the strawberry is more inclined to imperfect fruit on very rich soil than on soil of only ordinary fertility. I have demonstrated this to my entire satisfac- tion. The Crescent and some other pistillate varieties will bear a fair crop on rather poor soil without any perfect flowering variety near them, while if so planted on soil that is very rich they will bear nothing but nubs, or imperfect fruit. We had but little rust on any variety. I shall follow the following plan the coming season with straw- berries: Plant largely of the Warfield and Crescent for fruit, and later of Michels Early and Enhance for perfect flowering varieties ; set on soil that never has been manured, in rows four and one-half feet apart, with the plants about twelve inches apart in the row; mulch about the time the ground freezes or as soon after as is con- venient, and in the spring leave the mulching on as long as possible without smothering the vines. We shall get our early fruit from our old beds, which we let fruit three or four seasons, and our late fruit from our new plantations, that have been retarded by keeping the mulching on late in the spring. I have got the most fruit where I have mixed the male and female varieties in the same row in the proportion of one of the former to two of the latter. AIRS ate naan i Tae sh a = Se il — a Sete = Les EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 181 RASPBERRIES. We are making progress in the wrong direction with the rasp- berry; varieties do not seem as hardy as they used to. Between insects, fungus and other diseases, we are having a hard time with them. Of insects, the tree cricket is doing great damage. They do the most damage on the suckering varieties, but they are into al- most everything, puncturing the canes and limbs, laying theireggs, and the usual remedy of cutting out and burning all infected canes would be impracticable here. The disease, known as the curl, does us much harm. What it is, I do not know; but the leaves curl up, the plant is dwarfed and the fruit has a bitter taste. It sometimes kills the plants, root and all. The anthracnose isa serious disease, and is, perhaps, the most destructive to fruit of all, and plants taken (that is, the sucker varie- ties) from infected plantations are sure to communicate it to the new patch. It is to be hoped that this disease may be controlled by spraying. I have one of Mr. Stahl’s spraying outfits, and shall use it another season. The Brandywine has proved my most profitable red raspberry in the past; my old planting bore me seven good crops, but they are gone now, and the new plantings have done so poorly, I have plowed them up. I got one big crop off my Cuthberts two years ago, but have got nothing since. I even got no fruit from the canes that had been given winter protection. My custom is to give the red rasp- berry no winter protection. The Hansel fruited this year for the second time. It is very hardy, and is really a first class, extra early raspberry, blooming June thirteenth and ripening first fruit July fourth, gree days earlier than any other variety. The only red raspberries brought into our market forthe past two years were by the writer, and consisted nearly all of a seedling(origin and name unknown) redcap fruit, similarto the Philadelphia. Itis a vigorous grower, and resists insects and disease better than any other raspberry I have, and itis my main reliance now for market, The fruit begins to ripen three days later than the Hansel, and con- tinues in bearing a longtime. If it has any name, I have not been able to find it. The Turner is fairly healthy, but it only bears a light crop of small berries. Black raspberries are healthier and less subject to injury by the tree cricket than the red. The Gregg produced the best fruit this season, being the third year of bearing. They were injured a good deal by the curl. The Souhegan is as healthy asany blackcap I have,and, all things considered, my best one. I have several new varieties on trial, most of which are promising. I am in hopes of getting something from them even better than the Souhegan. The secret of growing black- caps is best varieties, good cultivation, winter protection and the frequent renewal of the plantation. The disease called the curl is not as liable to be communicated to the new patch by the plants set as is the case with the sucker varieties. 182 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. I think the raspberry, both red and black, is less subject to disease when grown on soil of only moderate fertility than when grown on soil that has been made rich with stable manure. The Gladstone is worthless, and I believe the same may be said of the Kenyon. The Shaffer has done very well, better than most of the reds. + CURRANTS. The crop was good. Date of bloom: May 28th for the red and June ist for the black. The black currants produced sparingly. Even the famous Crandall tree currant bore only a few specimens of small to medium-sized fruit, which ripened very irregularly; the bush appears hardy. The old Red Dutch is my stand-by for the reds and bore well this year. Victoria did not bear as much as usual. Of the newer varieties set the spring of ’91-2, the North Star proves to be a good grower and is very prolific. The Long Bunch Holland made a wonderful growth and bore but little fruit, which was of good size and about a week later than the other reds. Stewart’s Seedling proves to be a fine currant, and I think no mistake will be made in planting itlargely. White Grape is a slow grower and is productive of fine grape-like bunches. A few should be set in every garden. : GRAPES. The soil at this station is most too dark and cold for the best re- sults with thé grape; at least, they can and do grow finer grapes on the bluffs or hills near the Des Moines river. The only disease I have noticed on the grape was the anthracnose, which was confined mostly to a row of Champion, although I noticed one or two vines of the Delaware similarly affected. My best black grape this year was the Worden. We only got a few clusters from our 100 Moore’s Early vines, which bore so well the previous year. All of my grape vines were given winter protection and were in good condition for a crop. The Delaware proved to be my best and most productive red grape, and, I[ think, taken one year with another, it bears more fruit than the Concord. The Clinton is one of the hardiest and is a pretty good grape, if left on the trellis until after frost or the other grapes are gone, but it will not fruit well on very rich soil. The Janesville, Hartford, Concord and Ives are all productive grapes and will succeed here. The Martha does very poorly. My most successful and productive white grape is the Missouri Reisling. In quality the fruit is rather poor, but it is so hardy and vigorous and so productive of fine-looking, compact bunches that any one who wants to be sure to grow some white grapes should plant it. It seems to be about in every respect a white Janesviile only it is some fifteen days later. The Worden was no earlier to ripen this year than the Concord. The Perkins is a very successful bronze grape, though the quality is poor. Dracut Amber is quite early, large, and promises to be valu- able. EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 183 JUNEBERRY (DWARE). This is one of the fruits that is destined to be popular. It ripens between the strawberries and the raspberries, and is the size of a large, black currant. It is black with bloom. It is healthy, hardy and productive, and, as yet, shows no weakness. I can recommend it for general planting. GOOSEBERRIES. Thus far, I have made a failure of all gooseberries I have tried. Ihave about concluded that I am not adapted to gooseberry cult- ure. The trouble seems to be mildew and winterkilling. If we can prevent the mildew by spraying, perhaps I may yet succeed in suc- cessfully growing them. FRUIT TREES AND WINDBREAKS. I have found nothing that gets there like the cottonwood, still» six miles north of here on Red Rock ridge, and all through that country where the soil is underlaid with rock, they are worthless. They will not stand much shade; they are a light-loving tree and want plenty of room. I place the soft maple next in value. The soft maple is a shade-enduring tree and will stand close planting. I shall set considerable of both varieties in the spring. My rows will be sixteen feet apart, with trees four feet apart in the row. I shall alternate the rows with soft maple and cottonwood. The Russian poplars, Petrovsky, Bercolensis and Certinensis, I consider worthless. The Petrovsky was so badly infested with the borers that I cut them downa year ago, and I shall have to cut the Wobskys down for the same reason. Pop. pyramidalis looks fine and is promising, but it looks so’much like the Lombardy that Iam afraid of it. Pop. Siberica, while not as rapid a grower as the cottonwood, is promising. It has many side branches and has buds resembling the balm of gilead. Of two green ash trees set the spring of ’88, and well cultivated since, one is doing very well, the other was destroyed by the borers. “WILLOWS. The willow worm destroys the foliage of nearly everything in the willow line, but I have grown at this station two varieties of Rus: sian willows that are rapid growers, ornamental and entirely exempt from the ravages of the willow worm. They are Salix acentifolio and the laurel-leaved willow (Salix laurifolia). Of the latter, I have shoots of this season’s growth eight and ten feet high. ORNAMENTALS AND CONIFERS. In these, I am behind the times. The Russian olive (Oleagnus angustifolio) is a peculiar looking tree with spurs of foliage re- sembling the buffalo berry. With good culture, it grows as rapidly as the cottonwood. It has silver-colored fruit about one-half an inch long, that stays on the tree all winter and intothe middle of the nextsummer. Each fruit has one large seed with a thin covering of a sweet mealy pulp, that is usually relished by children after frost comes. The branches are thorny and, I should judge, would be val- _uable for a hedge plant. 7 184 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. The berberry (red-fruited) is a fine shrub, that is hardy; it looks fine in the fall and early winter with its load of red fruit. The high bush cranberry is a shrub that should not be overlooked; it is ornamental, and the fruit is good for jelly. CONIFERS. I have but few varieties of these. The arbor vitaes I find hard to get started; I think they root too near the surface and dry out. I have two trees, set the spring 1886,that are doing very well; they have been kept well mulched with stable manure most of the time since; but the ten thousand seedlings put out two years ago are dying off fat, I don’t think they are adapted to our soil and climate. The Scotch pine does well here and grows rapidly with good culture. I consider it our most successful evergreen for windbreaks; this could be properly called the pioneer evergreen. The white pine, while not so well tested, is doing well so far. The Austrian pine holds its green color well and may be one of our successful conifers. The dwarf mountain and juniper are hardy, and hold their green color well. The Norway spruce is doing finely. It does not grow as rapidly as the Scotch pine, but for ornamental purposes as well as for windbreak it is excellent. The white spruce should take front rank for ornamental purposes- I consider it superior to the Norway spruce and, like that variety, it is easily transplanted and holds its green color remarkably well. In conclusion, I will say my thanks are 'due to Prof. S. B. Green, for his painstaking care in keeping this station supplied with stock to carry on this experimental work with. ALBERT LEA EXPERIMENT STATION. CLARENCE WEDGE, SUPT. At our station, the past winter showed its effects upon the points of growth of nearly all varieties of the apple, particularly on year- ling nursery trees. Among the latter, about the only variety that generally started from the terminal bud last spring was the Vir- ginia crab. Of the orchard trees planted two years or over, the varieties of Russian origin in general appeared to have the hardest wood and showed the least discoloration. Trees of the Sweet Pippin (321), Blue Anis (382), the Antonovka and Arthur were clear and bright to the very tips. The first mentioned is a sweet apple of good size and choice quality, that ripens two weeks before the Duchess; it has never shown blight, and, if it proves a good bearer, will be a valu- able variety. The last mentioned is an American seedling that gives promise of as great, if not greater, hardiness than any other seedling on trial. The Haas and Roman Stem were killed back, as were also trees of the Peerless. The latter did not seem to lose any vitality, however, making a good growth the current season. Very few of the trees in orchard bore even specimen apples the past season, and, as there was little or no blight or other disease A he ened Ge EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 185 among the trees, there is very little progress to report in the direc- tion of finding out the more valuable varieties of the long list on trial. With the view of testing the value of Pyrus arbutifolia as a stock to dwarf the apple, several buds of Anisim were inserted in them the past season. They have taken perfectly. THE PEAR. Two trees of Kurskaya (392), which blighted nearly to death the season of 1892, finished by bark-blighting in a girdle about the trunk. The live branches were full of blossoms, and it was with considerable regret that we threw the fine large trees on the brush pile. We have this variety top-worked on Hibernal, two years, which has so far made a smooth, even growth and union. THE PLUM. The Desota and Forest Garden fruited well, but were affected in both leaf and fruit by a fungus similar to the scab which injured the apple in the season of ’2. The variety called Communia, re- ceived from Ames, Ia., winterkilled to the ground, but has sprouted true from below the surface, and is a very vigorous sort, We tried cellar-grafting several varieties of plum upon about 1000 stalks of one-year sand cherry. Although grafted at the same time, they showed much difference in their adaptibility to the stalk. No variety made a really good stand, but the Desota and Cheney did fairly well, while the Rockford and Rollingstone were nearly a failure. However, buds of Rockford, put in last August on sand cherry, took on almost every stalk. Several plants were set of the so-called improved dwarf Rocky Mountain cherry. They appear to be rather more slender in habit of growth than our sand cherry. They bud freely upon the native plum. THE CHERRY. We have little to report upon our cherry orchard, except that the rabbits seem especially fond of the little trees, biting the twigs and girdling the trees as early as the month of August, even when sur- rounded by nursery apple trees, that were untouched. THE GRAPE. We have had a steady increase of the black rot among us up to the present season, and find that we shall have to spray or give up our vineyard. Moore’s Early gave us the best crop yet received from that variety, the result, no doubt, of the longer pruning we have adopted for that variety. ORNAMENTAL TREES AND SHRUBS. Acer Ginnala, dwarf maple, appears to be sufficiently hardy, but its foliage has been unhealthy the past two seasons, inclined to pe wrinkled and drawn at the edges of the leaves. Spirea Dougilassi winterkilled to the ground, but sprouted again very strongly. 186 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Spirea Van Houteii has passed beyond the experimental stage in Minnesota, but, asit is yet rarely found in ornamental plantations, it may be of interest to state that, in addition to being proof against the cold, it appears to endure drouth and abuse as well or better than the lilac. It blooms freely the second year after planting, and when in bloom is the peer of any flower. The grace of its habit and the perfect health of its foliage also render it a thing of beauty the whole season. It is a shrub for the million, and ought soon to be found about every country home. Lonicera Media. A climbing honeysuckle that grows very rank, with beautiful, clean, healthy foliage. It grew from the terniinal buds after the past trying winter. Its blossom is not very conspic- uous, resembling the native honeysuckle. Caragana Redousky. Perfectly hardy; blossomed quite freely the past season. Flowers are yellow and about the size and shape of the common pea; foliage healthy. Rosa Rugosa seems to be a favorite with all who visit our grounds. Its foliage is always beautiful and healthy, and some of the leaves when touched by severe frosts are exquisitely beautiful, and hold their style and color remarkably when pressed. Alnus Incana. An interesting tree which seems to be perfectly hardy, enduring drouth well; foliage healthy. Prunus Maackii or May-day tree. Two years planted; has not bloomed, but has been hardy; made strong growth, and gives promise of a robust habit that will stand neglect and abuse. EXCELSIOR EXPERIMENT STATION. Cc. W. SAMPSON, SUPT. The vines all did fairly well the past season. Some four or five died last winter from some cause. Only one vine bore fruit this season, and that was Dracut Amber; white; bunch medium size; berry nearly as large as Concord; early; vine hardy and productive, and a most excellent table grape; ripens with the Delaware. I have my vines well protected this winter, and I hope they will get through in good shape. MINNESOTA CITY EXPERIMENT STATION. O. M. LORD, SUPT. Strawberries. Varieties: Jessie, Warfield, Bubach, Princess, Down- ers Prolific, Crescent, Captain Jack, Manchester, Lovett’s Early, Van Deman, Michel’s Early, Pearl, Sandoval, Parker Earle and Bederwood. The largest crop, and finest fruit was of Bubach, Princess and Jessie, in the order named. Downers and Warfield promised well, but were small and inferior on account of severe drouth. Bubach suffered less than any other variety. Raspberries. Varieties: Red; Turner and Cuthbert. After ex- périmenting for several years with numerous varieties, these are found to be the most reliable at this station. The crop for the last year was abundant and of fine quality. EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 187 Purple. The Shaffer again produced heavily, and is a very desirable kind. Black varieties. Gregg, Tyler, Nemaha, Kansas and Palmer. All bore well. The Gregg appears to be standard everywhere. There is practically very little difference between Gregg and Nemaha. The fruit of Tyler here is small and soft. The Kansas ripens all at once and, therefore, furnishes but one picking. The Palmerripens before Gregg and Nemaha and at the same time as Tyler, yields a largecrop, and is a very desirable variety. It appears more thrifty and hardy than any other. } Currants have been nearly destroyed for the last few years by the currant worm. This year they were sprayed once, when the worm first appeared, with one teaspoonful of paris green to four gallons of water. The worms did not appear again,and a fine crop of currants was grown. Blackberries. Varieties: Briton, Snyder, Stones Hardy and Taylor. Early Harvest has been thrown away. Where the bushes were heavily mulched, blackberries did fairly well, but, generally, the drouth was too severe, and only a light crop was realized. In setting for market, I would set largely of Briton. For a near market, the Snyder is valuable. Stones Hardy is of very nearly the same character in habits of growth and quality of fruit. The Taylor is not nearly as productive as either of the others. Grapes. Varieties: Concord, Delaware, Iona, Worden, Moores Early, Agawam and Lindley. All the vines were productive, and the fruit of large and unusually fine quality. Last year they were some- what affected with mildew and also with black rot, and preparation was made this year for spraying with Bordeaux mixture; but, as no disease or insects appeared, no spraying was done, from which I infer that dry ground and a dry season is most favorable for grapes. To this station was assigned as specialties native plums and cherries. Of the cherries I can only report that they have made a fine growth, but, as yet, are too young to bear fruit. (For plums see article on “ Native Plums,” page 62, March No.) NEW ULM EXPERIMENT STATION. Cc. W. H. HEIDEMAN, SUPT. SEEDLING ROSE ‘*‘WYMAN ELLIOT.” : Nature has been very kind and has evolved for me from the. seed of an unknown Bourbonrose a seedling rose, which gives promise of soon occupying a position of honor as the first rose of merit to hail from the north star state, and the first and only climbing Bour- bon rose in the world. Having wintered outdoors at this station during the winter of 1892-3 without a particle of protection, it may be considered reasonably hardy. Color, a fresh creamy blush, splashed and dotted with rosy lilac, deepening with age,a perfect water lilyin form, with delight- ful Bourbon fragrance; petals shell-shaped and of great substance ; very vigorous and free-blooming. I feel safe in claiming more 188 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. good qualities for it than is possessed by any other rose in the world. I take pleasure in bestowing on it a name dear to the mem- bers of the Minnesota State Horticultural Society, “Wyman Elliot,” not only asa compliment to this society, but to a gentleman who has kindly encouraged the writer in his attempts to discover some of nature’s laws. SECONDARY EFFECT OF FOREIGN POLLEN. My experiments in crossing and hybridizing native plums and sand cherries the past two seasons clearly show a general secon- dary effect of foreign pollen on the fruit the current season in all or nearly all varieties of our native plums and cherries. The bene- ficial effect of cross-fertilization as a means of increasing product- iveness has been observed by many writers on the subject of plum culture. My experiments clearly show that the effect not only ex- tends to increased or decreased productiveness, but is also as clearly shown, within certain limits, in the size and quality of the fruit, and the question of obtaining such increased beneficial results is cer- tainly within our control. Iam not certain whether the adaptive- ness or non-adaptiveness of pollen will prove the rule in all locali- ties and under different conditions, or whether the question of which particular pollen is best adapted to produce given beneficial results must not be worked out for each different locality. My data is as yet insufficient to be given out for the practical value which it promises; however, my experiments have been car- ried far enough to prove an universal rule. There is no doubt that with the right kind of pollen the productiveness, size and quality of all our native plums can be increased. I will cite but one of many experiments recorded the past two seasons, which can be veri- fied by any one having the varieties at hand. - The Wolf plum possesses many qualities to make it desirable for use as one of the parents of a future improved race of plums. The past season, I pollinated about one hundred blossoms on the Wolf with pollen of six other varieties. Those pollinated with pollen of Hiawatha soon showed the beneficial effects of the cross and were far superior in size and quality to all the rest. Hiawatha is one of my seedlings, a pure P. Americana, and, probably, the finest native plum in the world; but it comes so near being a male that, although it blossoms abundantly, over ninety-nine per cent. of the blossoms are without pistils and are so unproductive on that account as to be of no value except for experimental purposes. The same pollen on other varieties gave good and indifferent results. In the case of ten blossoms pollinated with pollen of Hammer, a probable hybrid between P. Americana and P. hortulana, originated by H. A. Terry of Crescent City, Ia., the fruits differed only slightly in shape, but were otherwise very fine and equal to the first cross. Ten blossoms pollinated with pollen of New Ulm, one of my seedlings, thatis productive with its own pollen, developed only normal fruits, and were rather inferior to the self-fertilized Wolf. Ten blossoms pollinated with pollen of a supposed (unpublished) new species, in- digenous to Minnesota, developed very small fruits and changed the fruit from nearly freestone to a perfect cling. Ten blossoms pollinated - = EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 189 with pollen of Early Red (Russian) set no fruits. Ten blossoms pollinated with pollen of Caroline, one of my seedlings, developed fruits inferior to those of the self-fertilized Wolf. As a check on fer- tilization, ten blossoms were self-pollinated, and they developed fair fruits but inferior to those fertilized by Hiawatha and Hammer, though superior to the other crosses. These crosses were all made on one tree, on different days. The blossoms operated on were all at about the same stage of maturity and were carefully protected until the fruits set. The individual differences within the same group were scarcely noticeable, but were quite marked when the different groups were compared. Other crosses were made which as clearly showed the adaptiveness of the pollen of certain varieties over other varieties. The idea of mixed and close planting of varieties may be carried too far and in the wrong direction, unless a study is made of the secondary effects. My attention was first attracted to the possi- bility of influencing the size and quality of plums by the use of the right pollen by the following fact, which alone is accountable for in no other way than except by the direct influence of foreign pollen: A chance seedling was planted on my grounds almost under the lean- ing top of a tall Weaver plum tree; for several years the fruit was a large, flattish, oblong freestone of good quality and very product- ive. The plum being so much better in quality than the Weaver, the Weaver tree was cut down the next season and ever since the fruit has been smaller, nearly round and a perfect clingstone. ast spring, lapplied pollen from the Weaver to a few blossoms, and the fruits clearly showed the effect of the Weaver pollen. The effect may sometimes be observed only in the seeds. Last year, while opening some heps of the native wild rose (rosa Virgin- iana), which had been hybridized with various hybrid remontant roses, I noticed several seeds which were larger than, and different in color and shape from, the rest of the seeds in the same hep. They were so near like the pure seeds of remontant roses that I concluded the seeds had got into the pan in which I was washing them by acci- dent, and I threw them away. The very next hep that I opened contained several seeds of the same character. These seeds were planted separately and produced seedlings which can scarcely be distinguished from remontants and show no hybrid character as yet. The balance of the seeds produced seedlings like R. Virginiana, and among: them some which showed the hybrid characters. I am aware that scientific men at several experiment stations have experimented in this direction and have come to the conclu- sion “That as far as immediate secondary effect of pollen is con- cerned upon rosaceous plants, which comprise our apples, plums and cherries, there is a dispute, and that the weight of authority in- dicates an absence of immediate effect.” With due deference for the opinions of these gentlemen, can they explain the above, or the case of the plum changing in size and quality and from a clingstone to a freestone, by any other theory than that between Slightly differentiated individuals of the same species there isan immediate secondary effect of foreign pollen? 190 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. I have not looked for sensational results, as seems to be too often the object of experimenters, and, failing in which, they condemn the evidence of careful observers; but have looked for general results, and have found sufficient to prove that the secondary effect of pol- len is an universal rule. The only apology I have to offer for entering the field of “Secondary effect of pollen” is because my work of classifying the sexual affinities of our native plums has brought out the above facts which directly bear on the subject. OTHER EXPERIMENTS. I hope next year to report the result of my observations on autumn color, oxidation of chlorophyll in the leaves of sand cherries as an index to the color of the fruit; also, to submit a classification of the sexual affinities of our native plum, Prunus Americana. DISCUSSION. Mr. Harris: The committee on nomenclature moves that the name given to the new rose be the ‘‘Wyman Elliot.” (The motion was seconded, and on vote was carried). Mr. Elliot: This is an unlooked-for honor, and I hardly think it is wisely bestowed; I think the name would kill it. (Laughter.) I think in naming our plants and trees and fruits, we should give them one name only. That is what the Ameri- can Pomological Society ‘recommends, and while I thank Mr. Heideman for the honor conferred, I would suggest that only one name be given to the rose. Pres. Underwood: I suggest calling it only ‘‘Elliot.” Mr. Harris: Iam willing to accept the suggestion to leave “Wyman” off, and name it ‘‘Elliot.” Prof. Green: I think we might as well follow the custom; there are dozens of roses named for two names, and | think ‘Wyman Elliot” is just as good as any. Prof. Underwood: I thing it ought to have been provided that Mr. Heideman should send Mr. Hlliot a rose. Prof. Green: It may be interesting to know that Mr. Heide- — man sold this stock for $1,000, and has sold out his interest entirely. ST. CLOUD EXPERIMENT STATION. D. E. MYERS, SUPERINTENDENT. On account of the extreme drought this last spring and summer, I am unable to make a very favorable report. We have to depend on wells for our water supply, and the season was so very dry we were A EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 191 forced to cut off using water for anything except that which was necessary, consequently, our lawn and shade trees had to suffer. Nearly all of the evergreen trees have died. The strawberry crop was a complete failure; the vines blossomed full, but few developed into berries, and what there was were very small. The raspberries did better, in fact, we had an immense crop, and the berries were large and well filled; the varieties were the Cuth- burt and Crimson Beauty. The bushes were well mulched, conse- quently, did not suffer so much from drouth. The apple trees shipped us did well considering the season, but did not make much ofa growth. EXCELSIOR EXPERIMENT STATION. H. M. LYMAN, SUPT. Apple trees in this vicinity yielded a lighter crop of fruit this year than usual, though the size and quality of the fruit was fair. There was not as much injury from blight as in some former years. Of the trees received from the central station in the spring of ’91, the Hibernal has blighted some but bore a few apples. No. 340, Lowland Raspberry, looks hardy and bore a few small, but quite good,early apples. Nos. 286, 599 and 444 look very well, but have borne no fruit. Several other varieties, received at the same time, blighted, which I mentioned in my last report. The trees received in the spring of 1892, are looking well. Pattons Greening looks like a promising variety. The other were Charlamof? Good Peasant, 74m, 4m, Martha, Pride of Minneapolis, and Repta Kieshoe. The apple trees received in the spring of 1893, were the following varieties: two Anisim, two Borovinka, two4m and one 200. I also received four varieties of plums. The apples and plums set this spring made a good growth. I cannot report further concerning them until they have passed through more seasons. I planted out about fifteen varieties of apple rootgrafts last spring, many of them from hardy seedlings. Time only will tell whether it will be a good investment. LA CRESCENT EXPERIMENT STATION. J. S. HARRIS, SUPT. Strawberries. Our success with this valuable fruit has been very far from encouraging. Our system of growing them is in matted rows. As far as possible, we make our plantations in the spring, using no fertilizers at the time of planting, but choosing ground that has been liberally manured the previous year for some garden crop, or heavily manured and plowed in the fall previous to plant- ing. We set the plants with rows four feet apart, and in the row six- teen to twenty-four inches apart, according to the habit of the variety. In the case of pistillate varieties, we alternate every third row with some staminate variety for the purpose of effecting pollenization. 192 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. A cultivator is run between the rows soon after the setting and about once every week or ten days until towards fall. In the earlier part of the season, the cultivator is run as close to the rgws as can be done without damaging the plants. We do not clip off the run- ners that start in the early part of the season, but turn them into the row where plants are wanted and encourage them to take root as early as possible. After runners are starting freely, the cultiva- tor is gradually narrowed up until it only cleans a space between the rows from sixteen to eighteen inches wide, and the plants in the rows are kept clean by hoeing and hand weeding. Some attention is given to directing the runners to points where plants are wanted, and clipping late runners or thinning plants of varieties that multi- ply too freely is sometimes done. The beds are generally fruited two seasons and then plowed under. Our plants set in 1892 very generally made a good stand and filled the matted rows finely. They also, apparently, came through the winter of 1892 and ’93 in good condition, and up to the morning of May twenty-second looked unusually promising for a large crop of fruit. Upon that morning, they were considerably damaged by hail, that knocked off what blossoms had opened and cut and bruised the buds and foliage. Later the plants blossomed freely, and we antic- ipated an average crop. On the fifth of June,I went down to the World’s Fair, and remained until the sixteenth, and upon my return found the crop practically a failure. A large proportion of the fruit had blighted, and many of the plants looked to be dried up or scorched with heat, although nothing else on my place seemed to be suffering from drouth at that date. An examination showed the presence of considerable numbers of fully developed insects closely resembling “chinch bugs,” and the stems and leaves showed the appearance of having been sapped of their juices by some insect. The weather for one week previous to this had been very warm, and the soil was rather dry. An examination of the roots showed that many of them were already dead and others spotted with mould, or fungus, of some sort, and some varieties were affected much worse than others. The Burpee, Louise and Warfield showed the greatest injury, and I think that more than three-fourths of the plants finally died out. The Parker Earle, Bubach No. 5, Lovetts Early and Mrs. Cleveland looked the best, with Michel, Crescent and Pearl not much behind. The Crescent and Bubach gave the most and best fruit; the Burpee, Louise, Jessie and Parker Earle the least. The Michel gave one very fair picking, but proved to be two or three days later than the Crescent. The varieties set in 1893 for the next season’s fruiting and trial are Crescent with Bederwood, and Warfield with Michel and Parker Earle. We reluctantly abandon the Jessie as of no value on our place, it having given but one satisfactory crop in six years. We also seta few plants of Greenfield, Van Deman, Saunders and Eclipse, and give Lovett, Sandoval and several others further trial. Raspberries. Our raspberries have proved a fair success this past season. The plantation was made in the spring of 1892. The varieties are Ohio, Older, Progress, Nemaha, Johnson’s EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 193 Early, and a variety of the black, of which the name was lost, and the Shaffer, Cuthbert and Marlboro of the reds. The Progress and Johnson’s Early are the earliest, and the birds took the fruit faster than it ripened. The Ohio is the hardiest and strongest grower, and produced the largest crop of the blacks. Nemaha came next in productiveness, and the fruit was much finer and better for market. I think the Older may be worthy of retaining. The Shaffer appeared to be as hardy as the Ohio and even more productive. Marlboro and Cuthbert were about alike in productiveness. A seedling yellow cap, sent to us from Michigan, bore a large crop of good sized berries, but seems to have no value for market or much for home use. In the orchard, we have not many additions to make to our report of 1892 and previous years. The greater portion of the trees are too young to expect much fruit from. None of the trees were seriously injured last winter, or so that they did not grow from the terminal buds. There was no scab on either twig or leaf on the apple trees, and but little upon any of the Siberian species, and all have madea good season’s growth of well-ripened wood. Pears showed some- thing wrong with the foliage late in the season, and plums have been badly infested with aphis. The leaves of some of the Desotas showed little protuberences, that may have been caused by minute insects. In our experimental orchard we have now growing over 300 trees, most of which have been planted from one to five years, but a few of them about eight years. Altogether there are about ninety varieties, about one-half being of the newer Russians, and the remainder are seedlings or but little known varieties that we have picked up in this state, Wisconsin and northern Iowa for the purpose of testing their hardiness and value. As we expect that many of them will prove utterly worthless, we are planting the rows about twenty feet apart and twelve feet apart in the row. Of pears, we have about four varieties of Russian and one, a seed- ling from Geo. P. Peffer, of Pewaukee, Wis. None of them have so far fruited or shown any bloom, although some of the trees are ten years old and have never shown any fire blightin trunk or branches. Of plums, not a single variety produced any fruit. On the third day of April, the thermometer indicated 74° in the shade for several hours, and for a day or two the weather was favorable for rapid vegetation and caused the fruit buds of the plum to show very prominent. On the nineteeth and twentieth a heavy snow fell and remained upon the ground for several days. After its disappearance the buds were mostly gone, and the trees blossomed but little. Whether the buds were injured so that they fell off or were picked off by the birds, lam not able to say, but a neighbor informed me that he saw large numbers of robins feeding upon them. During June, berries received from the central stations in 1892 fruited very well, but, being from home at the time they ripened, the birds gathered them all, and we cannot report on their quality. The Japanese wineberry we have found too tender for this climate, and do not consider it worth the trouble of giving it suitable winter protection. 194 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. — In our nursery we have not far from 100 varieties of root grafts put in in the spring of ’92 and ’93, and about thirty varieties are different from any in the orchard. We design to secure scions of every seed- ling variety that originates in the Northwest that shows any evi- dence of becoming desirable for growing in any section of the state, and put in rootgrafts of them, from five to twenty of each kind. The intention is to set two or more trees of each variety in the trial orchard, and dispose of the best of the remainder, except such as are received under restrictions, where we can keep track of them. The number of seedlings so far started is about fifty varieties, about thirty of which were put in last spring. The grafts set in 1892 nearly all lived and generally made a heavy growth, and last winter discol- ored the tips of many varieties so that it was necessary to cut them back considerably. Varieties not injured, or the least injured, were Oldenberg, Okobena, Daisy, Good Peasant, North Star, Zuzoff, Hi- bernal, Golden Reinette,Ostrekoff, 4m, Patten’s Greening, Charlamoff’ Borovinska and five seedlings from Blue Earth county (three of these are double hybrids), and Murphy’s Greening from Wisconsin. Several varieties of native plums are being propagated by root grafting. ; At the request of Prof. S. B. Green we tried the sand cherry seed- lings as stock for Desotas with most satisfactory results. A much larger per cent. lived than where plum stocks were used and have made fully as good a growth. MONTEVIDEO EXPERIMENT STATION. LYCURGUS R. MOYER, SUPT. The past season was a very trying one at this station. A very wet spring was followed by a protracted drought, during which many of the newly set trees died; a few survived and will be reported on hereafter. Among these are Ribes Alpinum, Ptelia trifoliata, Phel- lodendron amurensis, Siberian almond, Caragana variagata, Ber- beris thunbergii, Elaeagnus argentea, Siberian arbor vitae, Acer ginnala, Schwedler’s maple, besides several varieties of plums and Russian apples. The narrow-leaved cottonwood (Populus angusti- folia) died, much to my regret. Its native range at the foot of the Rocky Mountains would seem to indicate that it ought to succeed here. Fraxinus. It having been my opinion for some time that the ash trees native to this part of the state are mostly green ash (Fraxinus viridis), I sent to Douglas for the true white ash (Fraxinus Ameri- cana) and shall test the two side by side. White ash trees, probably true, from Mr. Dartt,are doing well. Another ash, bought from a Wisconsin nursery as white ash, is quite tender. It probably is a European species. Populus. Among the Russian poplars, Populus certinensis is the most promising. Populus laurifolia is also doing well. Popu- lus Siberica pyramidalis is badly infested with a scale insect and is not growing any. Populus wabski, or 23 Riga, grows rapidly when young, but the branches are very crooked and the central shoot em Ne ne men ‘ ° EXPERIMENT STATIONS. | 195 grows in every direction except upright. Populus Dudleyii, with its long narrow leaves looking like a willow, does not promise to ever become a large tree. Populus betulafolia promises to become a very fine tree, slightly resembling a cottonwood, but much more airy and graceful. Fora fine upright silver-foliaged tree, Populus bolleana promises to fill the bill. Itis a noticeably finetree. So far it shows no tendency toward root sprouting like the common silver- leaved poplar. Salix. The crack willow (Salix fragilis) is doing well. For prairie planting it may not grow to be as large as the common white wil- low, but it grows rapidly while young, and will be valuable to vary the usual monotony of prairie planting. The rosemary willow (Salix rosmarinifolia), though only a shrub, grows rapidly when young. The glaucous bloom of its leaves makes it a beautiful object. A row of it planted some distance outside of a grove would be of great value to stop the snow. It grows thick and close near the ground, and if snowed under will bend over without injury. The laurel-leaved willow (Salix laurifolia), with its broad shining leaves, is thrifty and vigorous and full of promise. It isa strikingly hand- some tree. The sharp-leaved willow (Salix acutifolia) is upright in growth and very promising. Napoleon’s willow (Salix Napoleon- ensis) seemed to be tender when first planted here, but it has passed the two last winters in perfect condition. Its peculiar bluish foliage will make it an ornamental shrub of considerable value. Salix vit- telina when young was tender here, but it came through the past two winters in perfect condition. Its red branches in winter make it a striking object. It will be valuable to the landscape gardener to give a dash of color to a dark shrubbery in winter. Salix 14Vor. seems to be identical with Salix vittelina. Salix aurea has not done - well on dry bluff land, and Salix caprea was injured somewhat by drought or cold weather. Hicoria. Experiments with shell-bark hickory do not indicate any great success. The tree is making very slow growth. Gymnocladus. The Kentucky coffee tree (Gymnocladus Can- adensis) is doing well here. This was to have been expected, for Mr. Sheldon found it growing wild as far west as Brown county. It is a fine tree. Morus. Mulberry bushes obtained from a Wisconsin nursery as Russian mulberry, probably a variety of Morus Tartarica, at first seemed to be tender, but have stood the past two winters without injury, and last summer produced quite a crop of small, black fruit. The fruit would have been of some value had it ripened more evenly. The birds watched it well, and gathered the fruit about as fast as it ripened. Elaeagnus. A species of Elaeagnus received from Prof. Budd under the name of Elaeagnus angustifolia, doubtless a variety of E. hortensis, as described by Loudon, is growing vigorously and seems to be entirely hardy. Its bright, shining, silvery foliage makes it a conspicuous object in any plantation. I believe it pos- sesses much merit. It is doubtless the. wild olive of the East, referred to in sacred history. It is an interesting circumstance that ' it proves to be hardy on the prairies of Minnesota. We have also 196 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. planted Elaeagnus argentea, but it is too early to report on it. Itis a native of Montana, Dakota and northwestern Minnesota, and will doubtless succeed here. Experiments with Elaeagnus longipes are inconclusive, and I would not want to say that it is not hardy until after further trial. Shepherdia. The buffalo berry is so strikingly like the wild olive in its general appearance that the casual observer would be apt to think it to be the same. The trees grow with the same vigor that characterizes the wild olive, and they have about the same value for ornamental planting. The trees here have not yet fruited. Lonicera. The ordinary forms of climbing honeysuckle offered in the nurserymen’s catalogues are tender here. 1] am glad, how- ever, to report that one received from Prof. Budd under the name Lonicera media seems to be ironclad in hardiness and a rapid grower. The upright honeysuckles, including its varieties, L. ele- gans and L. gracilis, are all hardy, while the variety L. splendens is “splendid.” Lonicera Alberti is hardy and interesting, but has not yet bloomed for me. Philadelphus. A1\l the mock oranges are doing well, and may be planted on the prairie anywhere with the assurance of getting a large display of beautiful white flowers. 144 Vor., of Prof. Budd, is one of the best. Syringa. All the lilacs that I have tried seem to be of ironclad hardiness, and, really, there is no more beautiful shrub. The new Japanese tree lilac seems to be equally as hardy as the older ones, Cornus. Our native cornel does well, and seems to be strangely like the Cornus sanguinea of the nurseryman. Cornus mascula has been disappointing so far. Sambucus. The common wild elder, Sambucus Canadensis, is doing well, but is not so thrifty and vigorous as the red-berried elder, Sambucus racemosa. Golden elder and cut-leaved elder, varieties of the European Sambucus nigra, are quite tender. Viburnum. A Russian snowball, from Prof. Budd, is doing finely, and so is the common snowball. Our native Viburnum lentago is one of our finest ornamental shrubs. Ribes. The Russian currant, 148 Vor., does not differ greatly from the old fashioned yellow flowering currant. Both are valuable shrubs. A currant received from Prof. Budd, under the name of Ribes degusna, does not differ greatly from the wild black currant of our forests. Prunus. Prunus padus greatly resembles our native choke cherry: Prunus maackii is somewhat similar, but starts very early in the spring. Besarabian, Suda and Ostheim cherries seem to be hardy in tree, but have not yet fruited for me. Prunus pumila is very promising. Besides several varieties of Prunus Americana, the long red plum (19 Orel) and the long blue plum (20 Orel),as well as the Russian plum, Marmika,look extremely well. The Shensi and Alexander apricots passed through last winter without injury. Pyrus. The Russian pears Gakovska (347) and Kurlskaya (392) look very promising. The same may be said of the Russian apples: eo egy - ie ? EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 197 Hibernal, 322, 984, Smd. No. 1, 22 m, 987 and Antonovka. Virginia, Dartt, Greenwood, Gideon, Whitney, Powers, Martha, North Star, Sweet Russet, Hyslop and Yellow Siberian crabs look equally well. Young trees of Oldenburg and Wealthy are looking well, but the old ones have mostly failed. Conifers. The best conifers’ growing at Montevideo are white spruce. Norway spruce and black spruce do not look nearly so well. The common juniper (Juniperus Virginiana) succeeds admirably. The balsam fir is doing surprisingly well. Colorado blue spruce (Picea pungens) isvery promising. The dwarf mountain pine (Pinus pumilo and Pinus mughus) is one of our hardiest conifers. Itis very desirable for lawn planting. It retains its bright green color through our severest winters, and is very interesting in summer, when making uew growth and blooming. THE GRAPE HOE. (This seems to be a practical implement for many uses.—Secy . We show an engraving of a most useful tool in the vineyards, which was re- commended by Prof. Hutt, at Peterborough, as being of so much service in the New York state vineyards. After cultivating the rows, this tool will take out all grass and weeds that re- main under the wires and around the vines and posts, and will thoroughly stir the soil close to the vines. Without careful atten- tion in driving, the hoe is guided in and out around the vines by the dirk castor wheel, to which the handle is attached. The horse is hitched to one side of the pole, which gives plenty of room for the plow to work under the vines or bushes without injury to them from the horse or the whiffle-trees. The engraving is shown by courtesy of Messrs. John H. Grout & Co., of Grimsby, Ont.—The Canadian Horticulturist. uestion “Pox. (Please ask and answer questions briefly, and in replying, refer to the number.) 4. Have any of the members apple seed for sale, of some good and hardy sorts. 5. Do grape and apple seed have to be planted in the fall, so as to freeze? If so, where? C. G. HIPPLE, Bird Island, Minn. NOTICE OF _ Summer eeting, ISDA. The Summer Meeting of the Minnesota State Horticultural Society will be held Thursday, June 21, 1894,at Villa Rosa, the residence of Mr. and Mrs. Dorilus Morrison, cor. Twenty-fourth street and Third avenue south, Minneapolis, Minn. This meeting will be held at Villa Rosa inresponse to the invita- tion of Mr. and Mrs. Morrison tendered to the society at its last winter’s meeting. The date has been selected as near as may be judged beforehand to agree with the time when the roses, that have suggested to this home its name, shall be in bloom. In harmony with the surroundings, it is the purpose at this meet- ing to emphasize rose culture, and the premium list, etc., have been prepared with this object somewhat in view. It is hoped that members of the society and both amateur and professional rose growers will contribute, as they have been favored, in making a fine exhibit. As usual at our summer meetings, this occasion will include a basket picnic dinner (due at 1 p. m.), at which each member (and wife) attending is invited to contribute. The dinner will be followed by the announcement of awards and a meeting of a somewhat ex- temporaneous character, at which, among other things, you will be given an opportunity to tell what you know or don’t know about the culture of the rose here or elsewhere. The meeting throughout is to be largely informal and afford an opportunity for renewing old acquaintances and making new ones amongst the rapidly increasing membership of the society. Kindly social intercourse rather than business is its purpose. The reception committee will be in attendance at 10 a. m. For further information address J. M. UNDERWOOD, Pres., A. W. LATHAM, Sec’y, Lake City. 207 Kasota Block, Minneapolis. N. B.—For premium list see next page. SUMMER MEETING. 199 PREMIUM LIST. All exhibits must be entered with the secretary and in place by 12M. to be en- titled to compete for premiums. Exhibitors competing must be members of this society and the growers or makers of the articles exhibited. The fruits, flowers and vegetables exhibited must have been grown in Minnesota and correctly labelled. No premiums will be awarded on unworthy exhibits. CUT ROSES. Six blooms of any one of the following varieties: Teas—Perle, Sunset, Bride, Mermet, Bennett, Wooton, La France, Duchess of Albany, American Beauty; Hybrid Perpetuals—Mdm. Gabriel Luizet, Gen. Jacqueminot, Magna Charta, Paul Neyron, Crested Moss, Chas. LeFebre, Alfred Colomb, Capt. Cristy, Mrs. J. H. Laing, Ulrich Bruner. To be shown in vases. Premiums will be awarded to each variety. First premium $1.09; second premium, 5c. Spray. Of twelve LOSES... 0... 2055 25 see 22 ist premium, $3.00; 2d premium, $2.00 Floral design, made of roses and green, *§ 5.00; re 3.00 STRAWBERRIES. Each variety exhibited, 1 quart....... ..lst premium, $1.00; 2d premium, .50 VEGETABLES. Asparagus, three bunches................ Ist premium, $1.00; 2d premium, .50 1 BIST AS ST bg tN Se ee SA Re. 1 c 1.00 cs 0 OEUMIAZCS EHEC L UN ete iieca de ese cece vs 1.00 = 50 SHEP DCIS \SEX6 28 on eel -ce) Wa codt cecetes ff 1.00 sf 50 Green peas, 42 peck.............. vededesteenn sf 1.00 ‘* SiO MPC BEE CCe SER MER dees tixacle miu dad vawsccce ae * 1.00 = 50 New potatoes, % peck............... sewer sa a 1.00 “ 50 PIC PL SELP AS oct ech ae nal hs Sok aeaeltnee seas y 1.00 + 50 eReP ES IOS ERE ome acy, sate s onto ce aoe vase od mnie _ 1.00 s oO CEES TDS b S655 ee eee ne eee eee a 1.00 “ 0 WISCONSIN SUMMER MEETING.—The summer meeting of the Wis- consin State Horticultural Society is to be held at Madison, Wis. June 21 and 22. An‘interesting program, embracing a wide range of topics, has been prepared to fill the two days session. KNAPSACK SPRAYER.—For the information of the many inquirers for this article, I will state that I have purchased for my own use two 4 gallon sprayers (one three years ago) of Albinson & Co., Wash- ington, D.C. Price $10.00 They are giving me entire satisfaction. Sec’y. ot) ee a ee ecretary’s (Yorner, SUMMER MEETING.—A good attendance and pleasant time is looked for at our coming summer meeting. Any members who cannot at- tend and have a kindly word of greeting for us, can send it to the secretary, and it will be presented to the meeting. PLANT PREMIUMS.—Membership fees are still coming in, and we hope will continue to through the year; but, necessarily, the prem- iums of plants cannot now be sent out till fall. Any who have not received all their premiums may expect them then. The extraordin- ary earliness of the season shortened materially the time of delivery this spring. SPRAYING.—Special attention should have been called in the May number to the article on “Spraying” which it contains. The latest knowledge on the subject is contained in that article, well con- condensed, and its instructions should be closely followed by all fruit growers who are keeping up with the times. RUSSIAN FRuITS.—E. W. Taylor, secretary of the Nebraska State Horticultural Society, has received from the Department of Agricul- ture an appointment as special Honorary Commissioner at the Pomological Show to be held in St. Petersburg, Russia, in Septem- ber next. Mr. Taylor made a trip to that country in the interest of pomology two years since, and with this experience we shall look for a valuable report from his further investigations. FRUIT PROSPECTS.—Responses to inquiries of members in many places in the state indicate a small damage to the fruit by frost— perhaps, 10 to 20 per cent—,with a prevailing sentiment that the loss is greater in other places. All classes of fruit have suffered in this loss, though in some localities it is mainly only on apples, in others on currants, etc. In the main, strawberries have suffered most, but with suitable weather from now on the crop is likely to be a good one. N. B.—Later advices indicate an increasing injury, variously ascribed to frost or blight. STATE FAIR PREMIUM List.—The premium list for 1894 is now out. It has been the intention to send a copy to each member of this so- ciety, and if any one has not received one and would like it please address Secretary W. F. Cross, Hamlin, Minn. The large premiums offered for fruit—nearly twice as much as heretofore—and the probabilities of a good fruit crop make it likely that the fruit exhibit will be a fine one. Lay your plans to attend, if practicable; at least, to send your best fruit. Turn to page 41 ofthe premium list and read carefully. THE MINNESOTA HORTICULTURIST. VOL.: 22 JULY, 1894. NO. 6 _ pummner N{ecting, 1893. NOTICE. The summer meeting of the Minnesota State Horticultural Society will be held Wednesday, June 28, 1893, at the State Experiment Station, St. Anthony Park, Minn. This meeting, being held at the station, is sure to be one of much interest from the opportunity offered of looking over the experiment grounds, where a great variety of interesting and valuable work is being done in both agriculture and horticulture. The forenoon will be spent in an examination of the grounds. At the noon hour, the members and visiting friends will sit down toa basket picnic dinner, to which each person in attendance (with his wife, of course) is invited to contribute—otherwise we feast not. Immediately after dinner, the society will hold a session for the transaction of business and the presentation of any subject, either orally or by paper, as desired by the members present. As usual, no program has been prepared, Among other matters of special interest will be a report from the committee on the National Rose Show, which may call for some ac- tion at this time; and a report on the Minnesota Horticultural Ex- hibit at the World’s Fair by the superintendent in charge, Secretary A. W. Latham. A grand good social time is assured, and the members and all friends of horticulture, who ought to be members, are very cordially invited to meet with us. Take the Great Northern Railway trains or the electric cars from either Minneapolis or St. Paul. Carriages will be in waiting at the Great Northern Railway depot during the forenoon to furnish conveyance to the grounds, one mile away. For further information address J. M. UNDERWOOD, President, AGE Vi lA ERAN Secretary, . . Lake City. Excelsior. 202 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. é PREMIUM LIST. Articles exhibited must be grown by exhibitor. FLOWERS. 1st Prem. 2d Prem. Gollection Ob Cll TOSCH coe as Mode sctidce Aeebaeaen oe Memb ae .cs se ecient teisersta inOR Oe 2.00 Collection OF CUt MATSIEB wie. s cnes geste pees Mel mnt eosin = wleisocleoiaidoicar ts 3.00 2.00 [HlLECTION Of CUP CALTMALIONSs os . 2h< bys o 2 1.00 lL eye Yue « lee RM e Nicolas OE Visto) odo Mare p tn nner TSR E 2.00 Miottot sy Barly orcs) o'c-d eis, 0 = Win Dan tore that ceker ares «1-1 il 2.00 J. S. HARRIS, Committee. Lost $200,000.—In his practical lecture, held in Minneapolis, Fri- day morning, Feb. 23, before the Farmers’ Institute, Hon. Geo. T. Powell, speaking on “ Fertility of Soil,” dwelt with great earnestness upon the absolute necessity of planting forest trees for the purpose of enriching the soil with the fertilizing properties of decayed vege- tation, and with moisture, which the farmer must have for his plants or fail of acrop. He also emphasized the commercial value of trees, constantly rising in price all over the country, owing to the almost universal scarcity; and illustrated his statement with an incident that occurred in Indiana. In early years when the farm was developing to be something, the farmer referred to, planted four young black walnuts. Under proper treatment they grew well and at last became magnificent trees, vast and clean in trunk and limbs, bearing delicious nuts every year. About this time a lumber-dealing gentleman, having observed them, one day offered the owner fifty dollars each, if he would cut them down for market. Though hard pressed for money, the farmer declined the offer. A few hours after, returning home, the farmer said: “Wife, I have lost $200,000 to day.” “How can that be,” she laughed, “when you never had so much in your life?” “Were he related the offer of the lumberman, adding, “If when I planted those four walnuts, I had been sensible enough to have planted four thousand such, don’t you see I would today be worth $200,000?” Progressive Age. ve CS ‘ edetables. POTATO CULTURE. B. T. WILCOX, HASTINGS. In the cultivation of the potato in a location accessible to rail- roads, we have the assurance of a profitable cash market with the same or greater certainty as the grain grower or dairyman have for their products, for the higher quality or best varieties well grown in our climate—and none but the best varieties should be grown at all—insure them ready sale in competition with poor Southern grown stock. Low freight rates enable us to lay them down in many consumption markets cheaper than they can be produced by local or near-by growers. In methods of culture, every grower usually has a way which he considers best; so it will only be necessary to suggest a few details which have an influence on results, just in proportion to the favor- able or adverse climatic conditions which the season may develop, Soil and methods that would have succeeded in producing a profit able crop in 1892 were entirely inadequate to resist the drought of 1893, and, consequently, in our locality, the last season’s crop was not more than twenty per cent. or twenty-five per cent. of the pre- ceding one, and many acres where cultivation had been neglected were not worth digging. Four-fifths of our soil is too light, dry and sandy for potato growing, and we have found it profitable to pay as high as five dollars to ten dollars per acre for the use of the best rather than use our own for that purpose. With the best naturally heavy, strong, moist soil, well drained and plowed deep, we should employ clean thorough culture, and use the best seed and varieties. While machinery for cutting, planting and digging may be profitable on a large scale, I have never used it in growing ten acres or less, and don’t think I will at present. Prior to 1893, we had always planted in drills, three feet apart, placing the seed one foot apart in the row, or 14,520 pieces per acre, which will require over fifteen bushels of seed, if the pieces average one ounce apiece. But Iam fully satisfied this is not the best way, and shall hereafter use fifteen or twenty bushels of seed cut into lar- ger pieces and planted thirty inches apart each way, or 6,970 hills per acre. With four acres of the White Star planted in this way, five inches deep in the furrow, harrowed twice after planting, before they came up, and cross-cultivated three times each way, we secureda much lar- ger crop at a less expense than was produced in the balance of this tield, where they were planted in drills, cultivated and hoed in the old way. Besides, this field is absolutely clean at the present time, while it was so covered with weeds when I rented it last spring that we could not plow it until they had been broken down and burned off. — VEGETABLES. 211 In regard to varieties for home use: For an extra early, the Ohio has maintained the lead for a long time, but we find Burpee’s Early to equal itin earliness and, by far, superior in yield and quality. Lee’s Favorite yields well,and is of fine quality anda week ortwo later- We anticipate great things from the much lauded Freeman, both for home and market purposes. For general crop and for market purposes we should grow but one kind, and should select some vigorous and productive long white variety; and which of them is most profitable under all conclusions, it would be hard to say. We have succeeded well with the White Star and shall hold to it until we find a better one and shall continue to test the most promising new ones until we find it. Both the Potenta and Rural New Yorker have made many friends in the last two years, and the first of these is all that could be desired for table and keeping quantities; both yield well, but are too round to sell well for shipment; while the Stars are too long and slim. But both may be improved to a limi- ted extent by a careful selection of the best formed tubers for seed purposes. Dr. Frisselle: I am very much interested in Mr. Wilcox’ paper on potato growing. I was up in the northern part of the state early in the winter, and there I found to my surprise the people were almost entirely engaged in potato culture, and they were making a very good thing of it. I found the hotels in those towns fuil of potato buyers from the South, from St. Louis. They were shipping potatoes from those points en- tirely to the South, and the farmers were making a very good thing of it, selling them for thirty-five to forty cents per bushel; and all along the stations there were immense store- houses built to protect the potatoes from frost. They were brought there by farmers for a distance of ten to fifteen miles and sold to those buyers, who shipped them South. I was sur- prised to learn that there was such an enormous amount of po- tatoes shipped from this state to the South, and 1 was also surprised to learn that they were shipped there for seed. One agent told me that the seed from Minnesota was the only seed they used in Missouri for growing potatoes. They cannot use their own seed at all. VEGETABLES. W. G. BEARDSLEY, ST. LOUIS PARK. I was very much surprised when I saw my name on that com- mittee,and I must say that I have been negligent in the duty of pre- paring a report on that subject, but I trust that Brother Sampson will have a paper that will cover all points necessary. I will say that our season has been a good deal like the fruit sea- son; it has been rather against us in one sense of the word. We 212 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY started out with a late season, very late. You remember the storm of the 21st and 22nd of April was the severest storm we had, and by the time we got our crops in, it was very late. We started out with pretty fair success, but, you remember, about the first of June our dry season commenced, and it cut our crops short in many in- stances. Of early cabbage, our crop was very light. Our peas were almost a failure, especially those on sandy land, which were an en- tire failure. Our onion crop was a very fair one; they matured very nicely. I think we had a better crop than we had the year before in quality, but not in quantity. The later crops of the season from the latter part of May up to the 10th of June, such as beets, beans and one thing and another, were almost an entire failure. We had to de- pend almost entirely upon our later crop, unless the crop was sowed early. Those that sowed early gota faircrop. In our late cabbage we were detained in planting; where we ought to have put in our late crop from the 15th to the latter part of June, the majority of the crop was put in as late as the 10th of July; the effect was that it made a very late crop that was not good enough to keep, and there was scarcely any cabbage on the market that would keep through the winter. I have a little idea in connection with this subject; I made a little list of what we would call a “farmer’s garden.” I have heard two or three mentioning the fact that they thought a crop of small fruits was a great promoter of harmony in the household, and I think the farmer's garden is a success in that direction, also. My idea is to take an acre of ground and lay it out twenty rods long and eight rods wide, and plant the coarser varieties from two to three feet apart, such as peas, etc.; and I want to say right here that a farmer’s garden is nota garden until you have a bed of asparagus and pie- plant init. Starting with that, you can carry a farmer’s family in nice shape through the season, from that down to peas, radishes and everything of that kind, which can be raised very easily with an hour’s work each day. And I venture the ladies of the house will learn to highly appreciate it in getting up a meal for their hired help. TOMATO CULTURE IN THE MARKET GARDEN. J. A. SAMPSON, EXCELSIOR. Tomatoes are both fruit and vegetable. The vast amount of to- matoes grown and marketed show how staple they are asa food. I retail my first tomatoes of the season at ten cents per pound. I generally plant or set out about an acre of tomatoes each season, and figure on an income of one hundred dollars from them. My cus- tomers buy green tomatoes to cook into pies mixed with green ap- ples; they buy them ripe to use on the table sliced and served with vinegar and sugar, or with sugar and cream, or with pepper and salt; they buy them to fry or to stew with broken pieces of bread; they buy them to make into catsup or to can for winter; they buy them green to make into piccalilli or to make into straight to- mato pickles; they buy them ripe to eat from the hand, as one would ; -_ a —— - a” Y VEGETABLES. ahs eat an apple—and you might often see your humble servant, while delivering vegetables during the months of August and September, sitting on his wagon with the lines in one hand and a tomato in the other, probably as much interested in the tomato as he was in driv- ing his team. You might ask what all this has to do with tomato culture, to which I will say that it has much to do with it, for it shows the de- mand for the culture, and selling is a very important part. Having found the demand, I must go to producing, and will commence by planting the seed in my little greenhouse about the first of March, and when they become large enough I will transplant them, setting them about three inches apart. In about three weeks they will be crowding each other again, so during some stormy day, when it is unpleasant to work outside, I will reset them and put them about six inches apart. I often transplant my tomato plants four or five times before placing them in the field. For setting out, I select a piece of ground that slopes to the south or southeast, if possible, and plant in rows about five feet apart and four feet apart in the row, except the Dwarf Champion, which can be planted closer to- gether. For varieties, I use the Livingston’s Perfection and Dwarf Champ- ion as general crop,and Yellow Pear and Yellow Apple as extras. I select my seed from the choicest of the first picking. I will say in conclusion, that for the culture of tomatoes I take a horse and cul- tivator and cultivate them, or have one of my hired men do it for me. DISCUSSION. Col. Stevens: Have you ever used the Acme? Mr. Sampson: Iam glad youbrought that up. The black rot has been so destructive to the Acme that I had to discard it on account of the lack of sufficient fruit. The Living- ston’s Perfection I grow from my own seed; they are very near the original, and they are about as fine a tomato for my use as I can find. Mr. Fuller: Some years ago I met an old gentleman who told me he had the best tomato in the world. He gave me one. It was of a deep color, round, smooth and meaty, and I agreed with him that it was one of the best tomatoes I ever saw. Last year it was the only tomato out our way that was worth any- thing. I saved the seed until last spring, when I put it in such a safe place that I could not find it. Now, what is the name of that tomato? Mr. Beardsley: We call that the Mikado tomato. I bought some of that seed last spring, and it was of no account at all. Mr. Fuller: He also gave me some sweet corn that he said was the finest in the world. The ears were uot so large, but it was the sweetest corn I ever tasted. 214 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Mr. Beardsley: It probably was the Excelsior. I want to say that I take a little exception to Mr. Sampson’s paper on tomatoes. He says he transplants about three inches apart. That is all well enough in a greenhouse, if you have lots of room. We, as gardeners, makea bed of fine manure and on that place our hotbed. Some use quart fruit boxes to set their plants in. When I use them, I set them right on this fine man- ure, and then our tomato stalks get very heavy and stocky. In that way it makes them about four inches apart each way; and then we take them up and slip the dirt out of the boxes and set that lump of dirt right in the ground; that is. we have one tomato plantinabox. I find that avery successful plan. I hate to see Mr. Sampson go back on the Acme tomato as bad as he does, because that is our standard tomato. We have to grow a tomato for color. We take a light tomato on the mar- ket, and, no matter how pretty it is, we cannot sell it. The Acme has just the color that will sell it. I raise the Acme tomato, and I have no trouble with the rot. Mr. Pearce: We are very much interested in tomatoes where I live. The trouble with the Acme is they come too late. There may be something in the way the Acme is handled, but, as arule, the early fruit has rotted and continued to rot right along; and I have discarded them. Col. Stevens: For the last four or five years I have attended the market place pretty punctually, and I have never seen a rotten one. Mr. Harris: If seed is kept properly, it will grow ten years after, anyway. I find, however, it is not a safe rule to follow, because it takes a certain length of time to establish a new variety and get it fixed as a permanent thing. Mr. Beardsley: Yesterday afternoon in sitting here we heard about apple trees on paper. We have a great many seedsmen who sell seeds on paper. I think it is a very simple matter for a man who has a good tomato to pick out his choice tomatoes and take out the seed, and it is a very simple matter to wash those seeds out, and I think it is the way to keep our seeds pure. We have got lots of paper seedsmen. Mr. Brackett: What kind of tomatoes are they using at the canning establishment at La Crosse? Mr. Harris: Livingston’s Perfection. VEGETABLES. 915 VEGETABLES. J. A. SAMPSON, EXCELSIOR. Having followed gardening fora number of years, I can say that the word “vegetables” interests me whenever I hear it mentioned or see itin print. I started gardening in my present location with the intention of soon becoming a fruit grower to such an extent that I could drop gardening with safety and rely wholly on fruit; but as a mother clings fondly to the child for which she has cared, so I have a fondness for the garden. Each season has its peculiarities; the past season’s peculiarity was a drought sufficient to seriously interfere with the growth of many varieties of vegetables, and when I say “vegetables” I have to stop and think of what thatimplies. There are so many good things to grow in the line of vegetables, and so many varieties of each kind, that the theme is a vastone. I will begin with the first vegetable of the season. Asparagus.—The demand for asparagus is on the increase, and no garden is complete without it. It resembles green peas in flavor and is easy to grow, in fact,after a bed is once started it is not an easy matter to destroy it. I should advise planting it in oneor more long rows instead of a small bed, so that it can be cultivated with a horse. Put the rows about four or five feet apart, and set it so that the crowns are four to six inches under the ground when covered up; then let it grow about two years before cutting. I cut it about two inches under the ground when the stalks are about five inches high, taking everything clean that is tall enough, until about the first of June. Then I leave one or more stalks in each hill to grow and keep life in the roots, and quit cutting about the first of July. Beans.—The Black Wax bean is considered a standard variety for string; some like the Golden Wax, which is choice but does not keep tender as long as the Black. There are several other varieties for string that are good, andin some locations may be best. For a shell bean, I use the Butter, or Case Knife, and the German Lima with good satisfaction, either of whichis a pole bean. The Bush Lima does not prosper well as a market bean, except that the seedmen get a good harvest out of it; which shows the demand fora bush bean suited for the market as a shell bean. Beets.—After considerable experimenting, I have concluded that the Eclipse is the best garden beet, so far. It is well to plant two or three successions at intervals through the summer, so as not to be out of nice tender beets of medium size. The Early Blood Turnip beet is choice for general use. I plant with a seeder, in rows about two feet apart, and thin out when large enough for greens. Sweet Corn.—I hardly need to eulogize sweet corn. It is a stand- ard vegetable for the home garden and the market, and manya farmer has sold the surplus sweet corn so as to havea profit, besides having a good supply for the homeanda lot of choice fodder for the cows toturninto milk and butter. The Cory and Marblehead are the earliest varieties, and might be called one and the same as they are so near alike. There is not much sweetness to either variety. About eight days later comes the Early Minnesota, a very choice early 216 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY variety of medium size. I seldom use any sweet corn on my table until the Early Minnesota is large enough to use. The variety which I plant in succession for late is the Excelsior, the best in quality that I know of. I use care in planting corn, so as not to have it near field corn or pop corn, either of which would spoil my stock for seed by hybridizing. There are many varieties advertised, but I have simply mentioned my selection. Cucumbers.—They are freely grown by the gardeners and often yield a good profit. The White Spine is the standard; the Early Cluster is the best for small pickles. Cabbages.—A green worm, called the cabbage worm, has been a great hinderance to the growing of cabbages. By experimenting, I have found that fine black pepper sprinkled on the cabbages will kill the worms. The Early Jersey Wakefield is a standard early var- iety and the Brunswick, or Deep Head, for fall and winter. Cauliflower.—The cauliflower is not easy to grow,unless you have rich damp ground for them. They should be started in a hotbed or greenhouse in April. The Snowball and Gilt Edge are good varieties. Celery.—Having had some added experience since my article on celery some two years ago, I will say that experimenting in celery growing is the best way to find out how to take care of it. I say it for the benefit of any who may intend to plant on a large scale, that they had best experiment a little. There is money in celery— that is,you must put money in it in order to grow it, to the extent of about two hundred dollars to the acre; then, if you have a good crop and can keep it until the proper time without heating or freezing or getting rusty, and then can trim it, wash and bunch it, and send it to the right market, you stand a chance of making one hundred per cent or more as profit. One year ago my celery got frosted before I put it into the trench for winter; so, the past season, having over an acre of choice celery, I concluded to get ahead of the frost by being on time; so, noting the indications of a hard frost, I put a crew of about six men to put- ting the celery in trenches. After six days of hard work the job was complete, and I concluded it could freeze if it wanted to, and sort of wished that it would, but the weather had changed its mind to the extent of giving a light frost and then clouding up and thoroughly drenching the ground with rain. Then followed about two weeks of hot weather; the rain and the heat combined spoiled about three- fourths of my celery. In conclusion on the celery subject, I will say that I intend to make money growing celery. Melons.—The question may arise in your minds as to whether melons are vegetables or fruit, nevertheless, I will term them as veg- etables. The melons were somewhat smaller the past season than usual on account of the drought, but the quality was up to the standardin my garden. For muskmelons, I grow principally a va- riety similar to the Surprise for yellow, and a variety similar to the Pineapple for green. For watermelons I consider the Cuban Queen as good a variety as can be found for Minnesota. VEGETABLES. : Dire Peas.—Green peas, are one of the choicest vegetables grown, and if you please, I would like a dish of them almost any day. Good, nice,tender green peas, properly served, will please almost any one. I can imagine your mouths watering for some, as I call your atten- tion to them. There are so many good varieties of peas to grow that it is hard to select what is best. The Gem pea is a standard variety for medium early. I plant the dwarf varieties in rows about two feet apart, and the tall varieties in rows about three feet apart. The mildew is a great hindrance to pea culture. Radishes.—It will surprise you for me to say that my income from radishes exceeds $75.00 annually. Ihave a variety that I have kept for the past ten or twelve years; they are oval-shaped,rose-colored and of a good flavor. I planta succession about once a week dur- ing the summer, so as to have a constant supply of radishes that are crisp and tender. DISCUSSION. Mr. Beardsley: Mr. Sampson has a good variety of late peas, but when he strikes off the Little Gem from the later var- ieties, or the Telephone, I cannot agree with him, that is our standard variety. In beans we use what we call Wardwell’s Kidney Wax beans, and any one with asmall amount of that variety planted will get a large crop. In sweet corn we have a variety that comes in between the early varieties and Stowell’s Evergreen, but we do not think much of the Excelsior. Mr. Sampson: I notice the gentleman takes exception to my using the Excelsior sweet corn for planting in succession, as a late variety. I know of no better sweet corn than the Excel- Sior, and consumers agree with me on that point. A gentle- man out my way had been growing the Black Mexican corn, and any one who is acquainted with that variety knows it is very choice. He happened to be taking dinner at some place where they had some of my Excelsior sweet corn on the table, and when I saw him a few days later he wanted to get some of that sweet corn which he had tasted at that table. He said he had the Black Mexican and thought he had the best sweet corn that was grown, but he considered the Excelsior superior to that. I furnish the best customers I have in Excelsior with Excelsior corn, and I have received a great deal of praise for that variety. Mr. Pearce: I think the Excelsior is the finest sweet corn and the best that grows. It has a white cob, and a white cob corn is always superior. It is exceedingly sweet, and the only objection I have to it is, that itis too late. It is earlier than the Evergreen, but itis not so large. It is avery fine quality of sweet corn; it is the very finest for drying we have found yet. 218 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Mr. Sampson: I will say that I have experimented with the genuine Lima bean, but they have been too late for a profitable trade. The little bush Lima is not so profitable. I have not tried the latest bush Lima. I was disgusted with them. Mr. Beardsley: I would say that out of two or three hun- dred gardeners we have but two or three successfully raising the Lima bean. I understand they have some kind of a ma- chine that they hull their beans with. . HUBBARD SQUASH. A DISCUSSION. A voice: Let us hear from Mr. Chandler on the Hubbard squash. Mr. E.M.Chandler: While lama grower of Hubbard squash I do not know that I can give you any pointers. I told the society two years ago how to grow them; but if I can answer any questions you may wish to ask me, I shall be glad to do so. Mr. Brackett: What age of seed do you get the best results from? Mr. Chandler: We save our seeds every year, although I think, the older they are, the better they are. Mr. Frisselle: How do you store the squashes? Mr. Chandler: They are laid on shelves. We have a house on purpose to store them, in which we have shelves two feet apart. We keep the thermometer about 50 to 54 degrees. Mr. Taylor: What is the product per acre? Mr. Chandler: We have raised ten tons per acre, but the average is six tons. The first year we went into the business we got about that many. We have been raising squash on the same ground for six years. It would bea good idea to manure broadcast, but itis a good deal of trouble and expense, so we manure in the hills. We gather our squash as early as they get ripe. Mr. Jewett (Wisconsin): After cutting do you let them lie in the field any length of time? Mr. Chandler: We cut them and let them lie in the field three or four days ora week, and pile them up and let them stay out there until they get partly dry, and, if necessary, we build a fire in the house to get out the moisture. Mr. Wedge: Do you gather them before a frost or after? Mr. Chandler: Before we get any frost at all. Col. Stevens: The white frost, if it touchesthe squash, will cause decay. Mr. Wedge: You consider first class seed essential? Mr. Chandler: We select our seeds each year. Weaim to pick out the good points in the squash and keep doing so every year, and in that way we get a good squash. Mr. Wedge: I only asked that question because when I was at Ot- tawa, Illinois, I struck one carload of squash that came from Minne- apolis. I did not think Mr. Chandler would send them as seconds. They got caught in cold weather and froze. The owner hired help to save the seeds, and said he could sell the seeds for more than the squash cost him. VEGETABLES. 219 Mr. Taylor: Will Mr. Chandler tell us what the good points of a Hubbard squash are? Mr. Chandler: The points I consider good ina Hubbard squash are medium size,a squash that will not exceed ten pounds in weight, and atthe butt end the Hubbard is streaked. Mr. A. H. Brackett: Is ittrue that one squash that fills just the same bulk by measurement as another squash grown in the same patch, will weigh one-fifth more? Mr. Chandler: Yes, sir; that is true. In selecting seed we select the heaviest squash. We aim to secure seed from the heaviest squash, regardless of size. Dr. Frisselle: Do you find any difficulty in ripening squash? Mr. Chandler: We never have, although a year ago last fall squash did not ripen as they ought. Col. Stevens: Is the surface of astrictly pure Hubbard squash smooth? Mr. Chandler: It is not. Mrs. Kennedy: Is it not always hard-shelled? Mr. Chandler: It is, always. Mr. Elliot: Do youever put into winter quarters any squash that are not hard-shelled? Mr. Chandler: Oh, yes. Wedo not wait forthem allto get hard. A squash commences to harden up at the stem end, and if it is hard at the stem end it will ripen enough after you get it into the house. Mr. Elliot: Do you grade your squash firsts, seconds and thirds? Mr. Chandler: We select them right in the field and we put all the choice squash in one house, and put the seconds into another house. Mr. Taylor: What are squashes worth now? Mr. Chandler: I received quotatiousa few days ago, and they were $40 per ton. I tookacarload to Boston last winter and sold them for $60, and could have sold some for $70. The freight over the Soo Line is $8 per ton, or $96 per car. Mr. Brackett: What do your squash cost you? Mr. Chandler: My squash cost me about $20 to get them sold. Mr. Taylor: You leave the stems on? Mr, Chandler: Wecut the stems about an inch long. so the men cannot get hold of the stem. Mr. Elliot: I want to caution some of you peoplea little about going into the squash business. (Laughter.) It is not every one that can raise squash and get the profit out of them that Mr. Chand- lercan. Some of you can figure this thing over and see an immense profit in it. I want to caution you a little. Mr. Brackett: Would you object to having them in a root house? Mr. Chandler: I do not think it would be desirable; it would con- tain too much moisture. The house has got to be perfectly dry. Moisture will gather in the best root house. Mr. Taylor: What soil do you consider best? Mr. Chandler: I don’t know that it makes much difference. The soil I raise mine on I hardly consider fit for anything else. Itisa light sandy soil. It is a comparatively dry piece of land; there is a little meadow running through part of it. 220 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Mr. Taylor: How do you protect them from frost in shipping? Mr. Chandler: We puta stoveinthe car’ We put a false lining in the car and that gives a dead air space all around the car, and then we usea stove in the car such as we use ina potato car, and burn wood. Wehada very favorable time going down and hardly struck any zero weather. Mr. Wedge: There is no difficulty about shipping; that is of small importance. This question of storing and holding until winter and spring is an entirely different matter from getting them to market from the field without any question of storage or after treatment, and so, in considering the high price which Mr. Chandler gets for his squash, we ought not to consider that they are worth that amount inthe field. I may not be right, but Iam under the impres- sion they sold for $10 to $12 this fall. Mr. Chandler: I consider that squash at $10 per ton in the fall of the year are as good a crop as can be raised, if there is a ready mar- ket in the fall of the year. A year ago last fall we had an active market in Chicago, and I presume there was from thirty-five to fifty carloads shipped out of this market. Mrs. Kennedy: What fertilizer do you use? Mr.Chandler: Barnyard manure, well rotted. Put two sbovel- fuls in the hill and mix it well. I put out from three to five seeds in a hill and thin them out to two, after the bugs get through with them. I plant them eight feet apart. We never use any treatment to prevent bugs. We have been troubled with gophers more than with bugs. We have started sometimes and put in three or four acres at one time. We must put them in at once, just as soon as we can get them in, for if the gophers find out we are planting squash they follow right up and take them out of the hill. You want to get them in before they know what you are doing. (Laughter.) Prof. Green: On this subject of gophers—if you take bisulphate of copper, put some on a cloth and stick it in the gopher holes and cover them up,it is effective and will kill them. It is the best remedy I ever used. I have tried poisoning, and it never worked at all. VEGETABLES. GEO. JEHU, HASTINGS I will endeavor to give a sketch of my observations the past season. The early spring was very unfavorable on account of the cold weather, and everything was about three weeks late. Potatoes were a very poor crop on account of the dry weather. Melons were a failure. There were a great many onions put in, but the crop was poor, some planters not getting any. Early cabbage was a fair crop, but out of 200,000 planted about 50,000 were marketed and those very poor; the cause of failure was the dry weather. Some planters lost all by worms; another cause of failure was that we could not plant early enough, the ground being so dry. I had a field of 15,000, in which there were 2,000 of Child’s Bismarck, which made very fine, VEGETABLES. rye large heads; all the rest of the varieties were a failure. This is the finest variety of cabbage I ever raised. They are across between the Flat Dutch and Drumhead Savoy. Celery was a failure. We grow very fine celery here, but this year not a head was grown, it being too dry. Tomatoes were very poor; those exposed to the sun on the south side were partly cooked. The root crop such as beets, carrots and parsnips were nearly a failure. The following varieties I have found to be the best after several years experience. Beets, Mitch- ell’s Perfection; carrots, Alneer’s Intermediate; parsnips, Hollow Crown. Peas were a fair crop, with Alaska for early, Premium Gem for second and Stratagem for main crop. Sweet corn was very poor, beans and squashes were the same. In seventeen years, ’93 was the worst I have experienced, both in vegetables and fruits; in fact, it was only the cultivator that saved what little we had—by frequent stirring of the soil, we kept them alive. In fruits the only good crop I had was plums; they were very fine. EFFECT OF MULCH ON THE RIPENING OF FRUIT.—It is generally believed that a mulch or heavy cover placed upon the frozen soil around plants will retard flowering and the maturity of fruit, but the results are often unsatisfactory. Careful experiments upon the effect of mulches have been made at the New York Cornell Uni- versity station by L. H. Bailey (B. 59), which indicate that the early bloom of fruit plants depends very largely upon the appropriation of food stored in the twigs, and it is more or less independant of root action. This is proved both by direct experiment and by study of the physiology of plants. It must follow then that the temperature of the twig or branch must be reduced, if its vegetation is to be much retarded. The top of the plant, as well as the soil, must be mulched, and in practice this is possible only with strawberries and other very low plants, or those which are laid down during the winter. There is danger of injuring plants by heavy mulch which isallowed to remain late in spring. If it is desired to retard flowers or fruit by mulching, the practice should not be violent and the plants should be carefully watched. Many strawberry growers are able, by mulch- ing after hard freezing, to delay the ripening of that fruit from two days to two weeks, but a week’s delay is usually about the limit of profitable results.—Am. Agriculturist. mall Fruits, RASPBERRIES, ETC. A DISCUSSION. Mr. M.Pearce: There may bea failure in strawberries, but you take the red raspberry, and for fifteen years I have never had a failure; and if I should live fifteen years longer I should not have a failure: Now, that is saying a good deal. There are great mistakes made in raising raspberries, and there is a great amount of labor thrown away. I believe I can take ten acres of raspberries, cultivate them, lay them down and give them the best winter protection possible, and it will cost no more than growing ten acres of corn. In the place of putting in $15 to $20 an acre, [should calculate to do it for $3.00. There is no crop grown in our state that pays as well as red raspberries if properly handled. The great trouble is that people let them stand until the leaves are all off before they do anything with them. My raspberries are all laid down crosswise of the row the last week in September or the first week in October, and in the spring when I take them up they are just as green as they were in the fall | when I put them down. I bend them right down to the ground with my foot and cover them up. It is the easiest thing to cover a milea day. Just select those canes you wish to cover, bend them right over to the ground, hold them there with your foot and draw earth over them with your hoe. I never remove a cane. . In the spring before taking up the canes, I go along the row with a brush scythe and cut off all the old canes and shoots that are left standing and burn them up; then I raise my canes and string a wire along under them to support them, as they are all leaning the way they were laid down. The new canes that come up during the sum- mer will grow up straight, and in the fall I lay them down in the opposite direction from that in which the canes were laid down the previous season, and in the spring it is easy to cut out the old canes as they all lean in the other direction. And then I string my wire over on the other side; and sol change about from year to year. The ground is kept sufficiently shaded on the side toward which they lean, and on the other side you can cultivate right close up to the row; and ifa man has got good ground and gives them good cultivation, no matter how dry it is, he can raise fruit every time. The great trouble is you don’t know how to do it. You put off lay- ing them down too long. You let them stand until the leaves are all off and the wood is dry, and then the canes will break before they will bend. I never remove a bit of dirt. It is the easiest thing in the world. I never failed in my life, and I have done it for years and years and years. Mr. Harris: How far apart do you plant your raspberries. ee SMALL FRUITS. 223 Mr. Pearce: The Cuthbert I plant seven feet apart and three feet apartinthe row. I do not plant in hills, and I will tell you my objection. If planted in hills you can never keep them in the same place, but if planted in rows you can keep changing the position of your plants from year to year. I never let more than four canes grow together, and then every year or two years I let other plants grow between those two plants or hills, and then I can root out the old plants, and in this way have new plants all the time. Mr. Bunnell: How late do you cultivate? Mr. Pearce: Right through the picking season; keep it going right along. After I get through cultivating, I plow them; I plow one furrow right from the row and turn another furrow back on the first one and harrow it level. In covering I used to use a spade and one thing and another, but I use nothing but a hoe now. Prof. Hanson: The common custom recommended by horticul- tural writers is to lay the raspberries down in the row. Mr. Pearce: That is just where I said they were wrong. Now, another word in regard to currants. Currants are planted too close. I have a variety of currant—it is an English currant—that spreads fourteen feet. Currants want moist ground, and if you keep them far enough apart you will get a good crop of currants. You will always fail by close planting, because there are so many worms and insects. Mr. Harris: I do not know whether the audience has got the whole of this, but Mr. Pearce has certainly recommended something that looks very practicable to the raspberry grower. I am one of those scientific farmers, but know nothing about science. I believe the plowing up of a furrow just before you lay them down to make the ground loose is a good idea, but I think it would be better, however, to lay them in the same direction every year, as the raspberry is all the better for a little shade, and if your rows run east and west and you lay the canes to the north the young canes that come up in the spring will give a little shade to the fruit. Mr. Pearce: You have got to reverse every year, because the growth of the new wood takes almost the same position, and it would be impossible to cut out the old canes in the spring. Prof. Hansen: The question of currants was referred to a little while ago. The best distance to plant is to plant the rows nine feet apart and the bushes four feet in the row,and every fourth row leave them twelve feet apart to drive in with your manure. In that way you can get at them better to take care of them. HINTS ON GOOSEBERRY CULTURE. CHAS. A. GREEN. Gooseberries can be grown almost as easily as potatoes, as they are marketed when green and about as hard as marbles. They can also be handled and shipped*nearly as safely as potatoes, and, as the improved method of harvesting them is by scraping them off the bushes in handfuls with gloved hands, they may be harvested 224 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. almost as easily as potatoes. Thus it will be seen that gooseberries can be grown and sold ata very low price, with considerable profit. There is a growing demand for gooseberries. Green gooseberries are ready to harvest at a very early date when there is a scarcity of fresh garden fruits. At this early date, they make excellent pies and sauce, also jams and jellies. _In England, gooseberry jams are used with btread in place of butter, being more economical. In this country there has been no supply of gooseberries in the market up to this date, therefore, gooseberries have not been so largely consumed as they will be when the supply increases. Gooseberries continue bearing on the same piece of land longer than most fruits; say, from ten to twenty years, depending on the culture given. There is no fruit so certain to bear a crop with so little attention. If rainy weather occurs, gooseberries are not in- jured as are many fruits. It is not necessary to pick them on any certain day. Plant on good strong corn or wheat soil on a northern slope, if such can be secured. Asin all other fruit culture, see that the soil is well subdued of grass and weeds before planting. Mark out the rows in field culture five feet apart one way and three feet apart in the row. Plant in the fall, if possible. If not planted in the fall, plant very early in the spring, as the gooseberry is one of the first to leaf out, and if planted late will not succeed. Where goose- berry plants die after planting, it is solely from being planted too late in the spring, as gooseberries are one of the easiest things in the world to transplant any time before the leaves have pushed out. As to varieties, Houghton is the old-fashioned, smallish goose- berry, an enormous cropper, and desirable in every respect, except size. Downing is a newer gooseberry, nearly twice as large, and also exceedingly desirable. These two are the old established fav- orites. Industry is an English gooseberry, which has been grown in this country for the past five years. Itisa red gooseberry of large size and fine quality, succeeding famously, except in a few localities where it is subject to mildew. Lancashire Lad is another English gooseberry of more recent in- troduction into this country. Itisa very large red gooseberry, as good to eat out of hand as an apricot; a heavy bearer, and less liable to mildew than other English varieties. These English gooseberries are of monstrous size and delicious quality, but it has been sup- posed that they could not be grown in this country on account of liability to mildew. It has been discovered, however, that in very many localities no mildew occurs. Mildew is caused by the hot sunshine; thus, to guard against mildew, plant in the shade of grape- vines or of buildings. An absolute remedy for mildew has been discovered by the Geneva experimental station, which consists of a spray of half an ounce liver of sulphur to each gallon of water, applied each ten days from June to August. Thus, it is possible to grow the large English gooseberries by the acre with no more expense in fighting the mil- dew, should it occur, than in potato culture in spraying to destroy the potato beetle.—Green’s Fruit Grower. _Sainmer N{eeting IS9OA. “One of the best summer meetings we ever had” was the general ver dict of the one hundred or more members and friends of the Minnesota State Horticultural Society who sat down to the bountifully spread tables on the lawn at Villa Rosa, the beautiful home of Mr. and Mrs. Dorilus Morrison, of Minneapolis, on the afternoon of June 21,1894. A number of guests honored the occasion, Mayor Eustis of Minneapolis and Prof. Jordan, superintendent of the city schools, Mr. Rogers of the New Jersey Experiment Station, Rev. Dr. Tuttle and Mr. H. M. Kerechjian, an Armenian now in this country for study and obser- vation of our political and social institutions, being of the number, and adding to the pleasure of the meeting by joining in the after- dinner speeches. The display of fruits and flowers was as large as usual, in some respects surpassing any previous exhibition. The strawberries were a great surprise, in this season of drouth, and have never before been exceeded in quantity, size and number of varieties. Prof Green, of the St. Anthony Park experiment station exhibited fifty- nine varieties, which, had they been entered for premiums, would have received large notice. The exhibit of out-door roses by the Jewell Nursery Co., was particularly admired. The day was one of Minnesota’s rarest of rare June days, the sur- roundings were all that nature and art combined could furnish, and, with the many hospitable provisions of the generous hostess, all combined to make the gathering a notable one. After ample justice had been given tothe bountiful dinner, while still gathered about the tables, President J. M. Underwood called the attention of the company, in a few well chosen words, to the custom of the society to break away from care and to come together in the free and easy and friendly way which only a basket dinner permits, and to enjoy a few informal after-dinner talks. And so, presiding in his genial way, the president called upon various ones to respond to toasts, some of whom spoke extemporaneously, while others, more timid or less used to such efforts, read from manuscript. This part of the en- tertainment was very much enjoyed, there being no long, prosy speeches or dry papers, and we would like to present them in full to our readers: but only partial notes were taken. Those in manuscript are given nearly in full. The program was as follows: VILLA ROSA AND OUR HOSTS. “How blest is he who crowns in shades like these, A youth of labor with an age of ease ”’ Mr. Wm. R. Dobbyn responded, speaking of the advantage to the city in having such a citizen as Mr. Morrison, of the pleasure he had in listening to Mrs. Morrison in her paper before the winter meeting of the society, and of the more intimate glance such an occasion as 226 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. the present could give of one’s character. “Lamartine has said, ‘We know men and women, not so much by what they do professionally, as by what they do outside their regular calling.’ A lawyer is more than a lawyer, a minister more than a minister, anda horticulturist more than a horticulturist. And so our hostess is more than a lead- er in society, more than a literateur. In giving this invitation to the society, she has recognized the influence of horticulture upon the homes of our country, and hence upon the world at large, and shown herself to be a public-spirited woman.” Mr. Dobbyn paid a high compliment to Mrs. Morrison for her taste and interest in flor- iculture as displayed in the laying out of her beautiful grounds. In closing he extended the thanks of the society for the generous hos- pitality they were then enjoying. THE MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Its motto. ‘Perseverantiae vincimus,’—Through perseverance we conquer.” _ MrJ.S. Harris, one of the pioneers in the society, was appropri- ately called upon to respond to this toast, notwithstanding his thought that there had been a serious mistake in calling upon him toanswer. Although Mrs. Harris was present, he ventured to say that the Minnesota State Horticultural Society had been his firstand longest love, yet, if she had not been the helpmeet she had proved to be, he never could have done as much for the interests of the society as he had tried todo. Starting from small beginnings, he had watched the growth of the society, and was glad to feel assured that it would reach its full manhood and attain its rights. “But this could never have been accomplished, nor could horticulture have made the advance it has in Minnesota, if the motto of the society had not been kept in view. There had been much to contend with besides adverse Climatic conditions, not the least of which were the nursery agents from other states who were continually palming off varieties of fruit unsuited to this region. But Minnesota has created many varieties for herself.” The speaker paida high tribute to Peter Gideon in his self-sacri- ficing efforts in conducting the experiments that finally led to the origination of the Wealthy apple, telling how this lover of fruit went without needed clothes in order to buy the seed with which to experiment. The societyhave heard a good many of Mr. Harris’ stories of the privations and discouragements of the early days in Minnesota, but this time he had a new one, telling how his wife had gone barefooted all one summer in order that the money might go for trees. Mr. Harris feels that the victory is already won, and pre- dicts that from the seedlings now coming into bearing will be found varieties that will command a market throughout the country, and that we will even be sending them to Russia. THE MINNESOTA HORTICULTURIST, : The pioneer horticultural journal of the Northwest, and the natural develop- ment and extension of the work of this society. Mr. Clarence Wedge, in response, read the following paper, though he apologized for using his manuscript, excusing himself on the ground that he was following the example of that prince of after-din- — SUMMER MEETING, 1894. 228 ner speakers, President Northrup, who, he remembered, used his notes when he spoke before the society at the banquet given by Mrs. Morrison in the winter of 1893: Perhaps, the best response that I could make to the sentiment given me would be found in reading a few of the many words of satisfaction that have come to me in my correspondence with a small share of the members of our society, with, as yet, not a word of regret or complaint. Has it ever occurred to you that we are living in the golden age of our artin the Northwest? The grandest years of a nation, as of an art, do not come after growth and perfection has been attained, but are always found in the period of conquest, discovery and advancement; when David is mastering the Philistines, when for Rome, Scipio is struggling with Carthage,and when for Spain, Col- umbus discovers America. The golden days are those of earnest beginnings, of large obstacles, of new expedients, of great victories; when the nobler qualities grow and expand, and selfishness slinks away. Horticulture has as much in store for us of Minnesota as she ever had for our fathers in New York, but it will never come to us by copying. We shall have to work out our own methods and vari- eties. We have ransacked the world, and now, with the material in hand and the experience of the past, we shall have to create—yes, the dignity of creation may be put upon it—our own horticulture. No mean task this of providing for the growing wants of our grow- ing population, of originating those fruits and flowers that shall be at. home in our climate, and of spreading the useful knowledge that we have gained among our fellows. In carrying out this great work that has fallen upon us, what tools can we use that will best help us to the end in view? Those who have met with us and enjoyed our annual meetings know with what fresh vigor we go back to our work, wishing only that their good influences might be more frequently enjoyed, that the opportunity to traffic in ideas with our brothers in this work might come more often. And now, as the wish is father to the thought, so the thought has been realized in the deed,and this year in “The Minnesota Horticul- turist’’ we meet together once a month, almost look into the cor- dial faces of our friends, learn of their trials and triumphs, of their work and ways, and return to our toil with the cheerful feeling that we are not alone, but one of a brotherhood. Our society occupies today the place of honor in two respects. We are at the very front in wresting from Nature her hardiest treasures; and we are the first to send out our knowledge in the modern way. These two facts ought to work greatly to our advan- tage and make our magazine and our products of good reputation. “The Minnesota Horticulturist,’ thou child of sturdy parentage, born in due time under the auspicious pole star, with the mark of fate upon thee, and a legacy of honor behind thee—we hail thy com- ing! May thy infancy be strong in growth, thy years in usefulness, and thine age like the oak that shades our doorways! Under thy counsel and leadership may the banners of the Minnesota State 228 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Horticultural Society never be lowered, until an orchard and shel- ter are about every farmhouse, afruit garden with every villager, and the rose and the window garden brighten every home in all our broad Northwest. AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. Prof. S. B. Green, of the State Agricultural School, in presenting this subject spoke briefly of the importance and advisability of combining the practical with the scholastic education. His expe- rieuce showed him that there was no less interest or less acquisition from books by teaching the boys in the same connection something of the chemistry of thesoilsand plants and of methods in their prep- aration and care. He would have the high schools in the rural districts agricultural schools. While industrial education is not going to do everything, it will help to solve many of the questions now crowding upon us. There wasa time when the farmers were said to be hostile to education, and Prof. Green would not much blame them for thinking thatthe old scholastic systems only un- fitted their boys for actual life. It only showed their manly inde- pendence and strength of character as a class. And it was no won- der that they were not very enthusiastic about agricultural educa- tion, when, only a few years ago, one man was expected to teach all that was necessary. Prof. Green referred to the influence of the school at St. An- thony Park, thinking the little leaven going out from the 206 students in their agricultural department last year would make a great difference in the agriculture of the state. This year an experiment had been tried by opening a summer school for girls. It had surpassed their expectations. They had thought if they should have thirty applications they would feel much encouraged, but there had been fifty-eight in attendance. President Northrop says the girls’ school has come to stay, and next summer the term is to be two months instead of one, as this year. Eventually, Prof. Green thinks the winter school will also be open to girls. THE ROSE UNDER GLASS. “Who loves a garden loves a greenhouse too.” Mr. R. J. Mendenhall of Minneapolis spoke to this sentiment. Af- ter referring to the universality of the rose, it being found in every part of the globe except Australia and a few islands of the Pa- cific, he spoke of the many things with which the cultivator of the rose under glass has to contend; of the insects that prey upon all parts of the plant, of the saw fly that eats the leaves, the rose chafer and others. “The trouble is, we don't know just how to treat the rose. We must study soils, heat and moisture, trying to make out-door conditions. Water and planting have to be considered, and ways of propagat- ing.” He spoke of the ways by which one variety of rose is merged into another. Digressing from his subject somewhat, the speaker referred to the wide use made of the rose, of its place in classic literature and in the materia medica. SUMMER MEETING, 1894. 229 “There is no plant or flower in the whole vegetable kingdom that commands or that receives so much attention from florists as the rose. Immortalized from the most ancient times, its fame has been sung by poets, philosophers and divines. As the emblem of youth, it was dedicated to Aurora, the morning. As the sentiment of love and beauty, it was relegated to the care of Venus; as of danger and fugacity, Cupid held it under command. According to the clas- sical writers, the rose was presented by Cupid to Harpocrates, the god of Silence, hence ‘sub rosa,’ or under the rose—‘we will speak our love in silence.’ The learned Dr. Lindley talked of the power of the rose in the materia medica as one of the greatest in pharmaco- peia. Inall nations, everywhere, it is recognized as the queen of flowers. Other floral stars have arisen, flourished meteor-like for a time, but all,all have paled before the conquering Queen Rosa.” THE ROSE IN SCRIPTURE. “T am the Rose of Sharon and the Lily of the Valley.” In response Mrs. A. W. Latham, read the following: If I had been asked to respond to the sentiment, “The Flowers of the Bible,” I should still have had a dearth of material from which to gather thoughts for your entertainment. We all know that the Bible has a distinct object in view in all its teachings and illustrations, and itisremarkably silent upon matters which have little bearing upon its main object. We are told that Aaron’s rod, which brought forth buds and blos- somed, yielded almonds, but of the burning bush, which to Moses was a symbol of God’s glory and power, we are left in ignorance, The Savior spoke to us of the “Lily of the Valley,” but only that it might bring to usa lesson of freedom from anxiety and care. The rose is mentioned but twice in the Bible, the first being but an indirect allusion to it: “The wilderness and the solitary place shall be glad for them, and the desert shail rejoice and blossom as the rose, ’the otheris the text used as the sentiment for this toast, “The Rose of Sharon,” which we are told was not a rose atall, but the nar- cissus, that star-like, beautiful flower of early spring. One of our poets has said, “What’sin aname? Therose by any other name would smell as sweet.” And so, whether the rose of Sharon brings to us, through the star-like narcissus, the thought of the Bright and Marning Star, that Star which has guided many weary feet into the pathway of life,or whether it brings to us the sweet perfume of that life of gentleness and peace, of purity and love, it matters not, for with the star to point the way and the purity of that life as our guide, the desert of our lives shall blossom as the rose. “It shall blossom abundantly, and rejoice, even with joy and Singing. The glory of Lebanon shall be given unto it, the excellen- cy of Carmel and Sharon. They shall see the glory of the Lord and the excellency of our God.” 2380 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. THE ROSE IN LITERATURE. “The lily is all in white like a saint, And so is no mate for me; But I will plight with the dainty rose, For fairest of all is she.”’ In response to this toast Miss Emma V. White of Minneapolis, read the following paper: It is but natural that a flower which all so love and admire should have been early singled out by the poet to be the theme of his im- mortal song, or by the painter to be portrayed upon the not much less lasting canvas. And so we find all literature replete with re- ferences to this fair flower, the rose, for which our hostess has so appropriately named her beautiful home and which we see in such profusion around us on this perfect June day. Surely Lowell must have had in mind one of the same days, which only Minnesota can give—like today—when he said: “What is so rare as a day in June! Then, if ever, come perfect days, Then heaven tries the earth if it be in tune, And over it softly her warm ear lays.”’ And so we are gathered here in “This month of June. The month of leaves and roses, When pleasantsights salute the eyes, And pleasant smells the noses.” In recalling what has been written or said of the rose, we find it is not man’s creation—the gorgeous Jacqueminot, orthe less gaudy Marchal Neil, or the blushing La Belle France, or yet the newest origination of the florist—the Wyman Elliot—’tis not these of which the poet sings, or that the artist delights to portray; but it is, rather, the rose of God’s creation—the unassuming wild rose, that lifts its modest head in solitude or smiles out upon us from the dusty highway. This itis that has been the inspiration of many a beautiful poem. And yet, no poet has selected the rose as the theme of his song, immortalizing it in such tender loving verses as did Robert Burns the daisy in his beautiful poem, “To a Mountain Daisy.” The more quiet appearing flowers, the violet,the lily, the daffodil and the daisy seem to bethe poets’ favorite themes; yet they love the rose, and more often refer to it, either to its own beauty or making figur- ative use of it, than to any other flower. Particularly,is it used asa symbol of maidenhood, or by lovers in their courtship. A few quo- tations may be not uninteresting. Burns says: “Oh, my love’s like a red, red rose, That’s newly sprung in June.” Waller sends a rose to his lady, saying: “Go, lovely rose! Tell her that wastes her time and me, That now she knows, When I resemble her to thee, How sweet and fair she seems to be!’ SUMMER MEETING, 1894. 231 Tennyson speaks of “The queen rose in the rosebud garden of girls.”’ And Byron says of the young girl: “A lovely being scarcely formed or molded, A rose, with all its sweetest leaves yet folded.” Perhaps the best known poem is Moore’s “The Last Rose of Sum- mer,” but this is hardly about the rose, either. The theme only affords the singer an opportunity to indulge in a melancholy fancy regarding the transitoriness of human friendships. Quaint Robert Herrick, too, makes the same use of the rose: “Gather ye rosebuds while ye may, Old Time is still a flying, And thissame rose that smiles today Tomorrow will be dying.’’ But Shakespeare would not leave his rose to die, or be “left bloom- ing alone.” He says that “Earthlier, happier is the rose distilled Than that which withering on the virgin thorn Grows, lives and dies in single blessedness.’’ Then, there is that tender sentiment that has done duty in so many youthful albums. Go back in fancy, friends now gathered about this board, to the old school house nestling beneath the hill or pro- tected by the spreading arms of some old New England elm; go back to your school days when you had singled out some blushing, bright-eyed maid for your admiration, either boldly expressed or bashfully hidden in secret, when you scribbled her name in all pos- sible places and wrote very mortal verse in her honor; and did you not, when February 14th came around, become so bold as to send her these touching lines? “The rose is red, the violet blue, The pink is pretty and so are you.” Perhaps, this maid, a matron grown, sits by you now, or watches in your home. Perchance, she faded as the rose, or, perchance, your paths divided. Yetit needs only the repetition of these sentimental lines to make the picture for a moment vivid. May it be only a pleasant one! If not, remember “There is no rose without a thorn.” There are many beautiful legends about this flower. Did you ever hear the one as to the origin of the red and white roses? In Bethle- hem a beautiful maiden was accused of some crime and condemned to be burned at the stake. The stake was driven, the maid was fast- ened to it, the faggots were piled about herand lighted. Feeling that she was wrongfully accused, she prayed to God that,if she was innocent, he would come to herrescue. Immediately the flames were extinguished; from the faggots that were already burned sprang beautiful red roses, and from the unburned faggots sprang white roses, and before that day, according to the story, there were no roses in that land. Bayard Taylor tells of an oriental banquet at which the host, tak- ing a basket of roses, said that “he who exalts them most in song, he only shall the roses wear.” Various guests contested for the prize when at last Hassan Ben Khaled arose. 932 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. ‘The rose,”’ he sang, “is either red or pale, Like maidens when the flame of passion burns, And love or jealousy controls, by turns. Its buds are lips preparing for a kiss; [ts open flowers are like the blush of bliss On lovers’ cheeks; the thorns its armor are; And in its center shines a golden star, As on a favorite’s cheek a sequin glows: And thus the garden’s favorite is the rose.”’ This pleased the host and from his open basket he shook the roses on Hassan’s head. Then there is a beautiful story of the orign of the moss rose. The angel of the flowers one day lay sleeping beneath a rose tree and on waking, feeling grateful for its protecting shade, he whispered to to the rose: “O. fondest object of my care, Still fairest found, where all are fair; For the sweet shade thou giv’st me Ask what thou wilt; tis granted thee. Then, said the rose, with deepened glow, On me another grace bestow. The spirit paused in silent, thought,— What grace was there that flower had not? *Twas but a moment,—o’er the rose A veil of moss the angel throws, And, robed in nature’s simplest weed, Could there a flower that rose exceed?” In conclusion, shall we say with Shakespeare, “‘What’s in a name, that we call a rose by any other would smell as sweet?” Happily, man does not live by his olfactory nerves alone, and, though the smell might remain, yet we can hardly divorce our delight in this beautiful flower from its name; and we protest against the florists uniting withit uneuphonious names. Who would be attracted, for instance, by the name “Cabbage” rose, or be impelled to send for it on seeing its name ina catalogue? Wecannot deny, with Brown- ing, that “any nose may ravage with impunity a rose,’ but we do assert that there is much in a name and protest against the use of unpoetical, unappropriate names with this ,our favorite flower. With Thomas Hood we say, The lily is all in white like a saint, And so is no mate for me; And the daisy’s cheek is tipped with a blush, She is of such low degree; Jasmine is sweet, and has many loves, AnG the broom’s betrothed to the bee;— But I will plight with the dainty rose, For fairest of all is she.” A RECITATION.—“WHAT IS SO RARE AS A DAY IN JUNE?” By Miss Dixie Smith, Minneapolis. It was most appropriate that the beautiful prelude to Lowell’s “Vision of Sir Launfal” should be given on this occasion, and the company very much enjoyed Miss Smith’s rendering, as with clear and pleasant voice she brought out its store of rich thought and figure. SUMMER MEETING, 1894. 233 THE FRUITS AND FLOWERS OF NEW MEXICO. By Mrs Dorilus Morrison. In response tothe theme of the “Fruitsand Flowers of New Mexico,” let me say that our visit there was in the winter season, and,therefore | the most and the best I could do was to read and talk flowers with those enthusiastic people. The main difficulty with successful growing of some kinds of plants and fruits there is the limited supply of water, but they are a progressive people,away off there in New Mexico, and they are busy in developing all sorts of schemes forirrigation; and when they per- fect this system, they will tell you—some of them will— that they will rival California. The territory is especially adapted to the culture of the grape, the yield of fruit being abundant and the wine produced of excellent quality everywhere. The cactus, differing varieties of them, are to be seen, sometimes almost like a tree upon the plains, and then, again, high up among the rocks; and in spite of its differ- ent aspect, armedthickly,as it is, with thick needle-pointed spines, it is said to be a splendid object late in June,when every branch bears at its apex a large cluster of brilliant blossoms. Tradition is largely associated with this flower, and upon the coat of arms of New Mexico there is always to be seen the cactus with a serpent entwined about it, which is an emblem of the discovery of the territory of the early Spaniards, with a superstitious but very interesting story connected with it, that is much too long to relate at this time. One hears the most wonderful stories of the plums, the apricots, the cherries, the blackberries, raspberries and many other fruits of New Mexico, all of which I was prepared to believe by a circum- stance which I will relate to you:— Our visit there happened to be to Gov. and Mrs. Prince, who re- sided in Santa Fe. Gov. Prince was the vice-president, and Mrs. Prince the first lady member, of the horticultural society of New Mexico. They became interested inmy paperupon the “Culture of the Rose in Private Grounds” given before this society, and urged me to repeat it to a company of friends invited one Sunday evening to their house for this purpose. Out of this it came to be noised about in the small town that I was especially interested in floriculture, and before we left Santa Fe some members of the board of trade kindly sent me a wonderful, picture of the fruits and flowers of New Mexico. I have always meant that the picture should finally find its way to the walls of the Min- nesota Horticultural rooms, as an inspiration for us to emulate the magnificent products of that far off territory of our beloved land. And is there any more propitious moment,my friends, than this very present one for the execution of that good intention? I think not, and sol have had the picture attractively framed, and may I now beg that the society will excuse me from talking of a subject which is somuch more vividly portrayed in the picture before us, and that you will accept, with my hearty good wishes, this New Mexican 234 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. souvenir of the fruits and the flowers which come so very near our hearts? Mrs. Morrison, at the close of her paper, presented to the society a large picture, handsomely framed, illustrating her subject, which had been sent to her by the Board of Trade of Santa Fe. The thanks of the society were expressed by rising, and also by a few words from Pres. Underwood. He emphasized the thought that had been impressed upon him from the beginning of his more intimate relation to the society of the necessity of having a society home, and of his hope in their some time accomplishing this end. And now, with such a beautiful picture to adorn its walls, he thought all the more they needed a place to put it. In the meantime, it should grace the walls of Secretary Latham’s office. FRUITS AND FLOWERS OF TURKEY. In a very bright and witty speech, Mr. H. M. Kerechjian, the guest from Armenia, responded. His complimentary references to the hostess of the occasion and high tributes to the civiliza- tion of America, showed himself not behind, at least, in turning language most delicately and in perceiving the salient points of Americancharacter and institutions. With it all, too, he gave much that was both interesting and instructive regarding the horticulture of his country, although he said that it could hardly be called by that name, for in that country they have such a profusion of nature that they don’t meddle with it. He was impressed with the fact that arepublic has unbounded opportunity, and wherever he went every place seemed suitable for a center. Just now Minneapolis seemed the center of the country, and Villa Rosa the center of the city. His people were somewhat noted for their lack of progress and desire to take a rest. He thought a rest a good thing if it could be taken always in Villa Rosa. In Turkey, where nature is so prolific, there is little of art, little of man’s effort to further the growth of her products. Ship loads of oranges come in from Joppa and yet there is no association to foster the industry or the export of the fruit. Apples, such as we have never seen or dreamed of in this country, are abundant and so fragrant thata basketful placed ina room fairly makes it dangerous fora manto sleep there. Then there are whole forests of fig trees, requiring a warm,moist climate,and figs are exported in great abund- ance. Near Constantinople the strawberry is raised. They are of a delicate pink color and are brought into the city in baskets weigh- ing twelve pounds. Grapes are of a light amber color, and the skin is so thin that they break simply by coming in contact with the mouth. Turkey may be considered the land of the rose, where it is culti- vated for its beauty, and for the essence it yields. The jasmine gar- dens, too, are an interesting sight, This is cultivated for its stem, which is used for pipe stems. It is trained on a scaffolding, some- times seventy feet high. Then there are the same flowers as are grown in America, the pink, sweet pea, pansy, etc. But the cultiva- tion of flowers for their commercial value is hardly an industry as es SUMMER MEETING, 1894. 235 yet, although in Constantinople some Germans and French have started greenhouses. The Orient is following America very closely, although there is, as yet, no society for the development of horticul- ture, nor is there any great development of the art itself. Nature is left to do the work alone. . The fruits are thought of as coming direct from God, and in eating them they are drinking in God’s blessings. In America the people can in peace and prosperity meet to consider how they may cultivate and improve these blessings; but in Armenia the people are crushed by the tyranny of an unrighteous government, by famine and want: Mr. Kerechjian spoke, when he came to this country, of being full of the political and social questions suggested by the burdens his countrymen were bearing, and being, consequently, more naturally drawn to these questions in our country. And he had been some- times surprised at the questions asked of him about ladies’ trous- seaus, courtship in his country, etc., which he did’nt realize were so important, or even such as he had been asked to speak of here today,—the fruits and flowers of his country. Yet he believed there wasa deeper meaning in the work of horticulture and that there are many lessons from the flowers. THE CULTURE OF THE ROSE. This was a carefully prepared and instructive paper on the culture of perpetual roses. by Mrs. Isaac Atwater of Minneapolis, who wrote from personalexperience. In theabsence of Mrs, Atwater the paper was read by Mrs. Morrison. It will appear in full in a later number of “The Horticulturist.” (See index.) ART VERSUS NATURE. Rev. Dr. Tuttle, of Minneapolis, was invited to respond to this sub- ject. He spoke of the various references to Lowell’s line, “What is so rare as a day in June?” saying this is more rare—a day in June, in such a company, in such a place, at sucha time. Some authori- ties say that nature and art are one; it is said that man and his wife are one,and that one the husband. But the speaker could more easily believe that nature and art are one, and that one, nature. Na- ture is that which does everything without our forethought; artis that which we do, invent or construct. Which is greater or more pleasing? Dr. Tuttle said that when he saw such pieces of architec- ture as St. Peters at Rome, the Milan cathedral, or the suspension bridges at Niagara and Brooklyn, he wondered if there was anything in nature to equal them; but when he saw Yosemite, or the great National Park, he said, “What can equal that?’ During the recent drought our lawns have been kept green and the trees alive by the water the city affords, but the shower that came up the other night sprinkled them far better in half an hour than we could. We enjoy fireworks, yet last night there was a far more wonderful display of heavenly pyrotechnics. We could not do without nature; yet we do not wish to do without art. He compared this spot with what it was when Mr. Morrison first came here. Villa Rosa is an example of what artcando. Yet the laws of nature must be complied with, 236 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAT SOCIETY. and after all, nature does most. Solomon was gorgeously arrayed, yet there never was a garment so fine as the petals of the rose or the lily. Man can build a railway, yet he cannot construct the tiny seed of the flower that grows by its side. In closing, Dr. Tuttle depre- cated the fact that people did not know more about the common things about them—the names of the flowers and birds, etec., empha- sizing the thought that these should be taught in our public schools. REMARKS BY MAYOR EUSTIS. The president next called upon Mayor Wm. H. Eustis, of Minneapo- lis,;who spoke ina most happy manner. He referred to the rare picture before him,—in the background, Mr. Morrison, the first mayor of the city, a man now eighty years old, and by his side Supt. Jordan, of the public schools, typical of the man today bearing the heat and burden of citizenship; above them the flag, only thirty-seven years older than the citizen; in the foreground a body of enthusiastic men and women, in their places performing the parts of good citiz- enship; the sound of falling water, the beautiful trees—all makinga sweet scene of peace. Referring to Mr. Kerechjian’s remarks about the manner of court- ship in his country, the mayor said he would like to love in Ar- menia, but he preferred to work in Minneapolis. “It is better to be where nature does not do it all, but compels men to do something. The horticulturist is compelling nature in flowers and fruits to do much and to do its best.” Mr. Eustis spoke of the rose in history, of the long contest between the rival families of England known as the War of the Roses, enliv- ening by entertaining anecdote and story. He found one day a pink in Seville, but he learned that the pink was a stranger in Seville. Charles V, the great emperor, had brought it from Africa. Charles is dead but the pink remains. The pink is the real conqueror of Spain. In closing, he spoke of his pleasure in meeting with the society, especially on such a day andin such a perfect company and place, Villa Rosa—a rose without a thorn. President Underwood also called upon Mr. Rogers, the guest from New Jersey. He spoke briefly, referring first to the rose, which had received so much attention. In Minnesota, he said, he had met two choice roses: the one anewrose, the Wyman Elliot, raised upon the prairie soil, climbing heavenward; another—and he would ask if the human mind was not as choice a rose as ever was created?— at St. Anthony Park, where he found that mind that has transformed such places as this into a Villa Rosa. He urged the people to plant the seeds of horticultural and agricultural education, and, as a member of the New Jersey Horticultural Society, he extended the right hand of fellowship to the Minnesota society. This closed the literary program and brought to a formal termi- nation a meeting that was most heartily enjoyed by all. The guests lingered long, strolling about the beautiful grounds and it was late in the afternoon when the members at length said “good bye,” till the winter meeting. s SUMMER MEETING, 1894. bo ise) ba | AWARD OF PREMIUMS. ROSES. JEWELL NURSERY Co.—Fisher Holmes, first prem.; Mabel Morri- son, first prem.; La France, second prem. 50c; Gen’! Jac., second prem, 50c; John Hopper, first prem.; Magna Charta, first prem. $1.00; Crested Moss, first prem. $1.00; Ulrich Bruner, first prem. $1.00; Madame Plan- tier, first prem.; Madame Gabriel Luizet, first prem. $1.00; Victor Ver- dier, first prem.; Baroness Rothschild, first prem.; Alfred Colomb, first prem. $1.00; Prince Camille de Rohan, first prem.; Czar of Russia, first prem.; Paul Neyron, first prem. $1.00. F. G. GOULD.—Spray of roses, first prem. $3.00; Gen’l, Jac., first prem. $1.00; Perle, second prem. 50c; Bride, second prem. 50c. E. NAGEL & Co.—Perle, first prem. $1.00; Sunset, first prem. $1.00; Bride, first prem. $1.00; Mermet, first prem. $1.00; Bennett, first prem., $1.00; Wooten, first prem. $1.00; La France, first prem.$1.00; Duchess of Albany, first prem. $1.00; spray of roses, second prem. $2.00; design of roses, first prem. $5.00. MRS. DORILUS MORRISON, Committee. STRAWBERRIES. Wm. DANFORTH.—Bubach, first prem., $1.00; Monarch, first prem., 1.00; Warfield, first prem., 1.00. A. H. BRACKETT.—Bubach, second prem., .50;Crescent, first prem., 1.00; Louise, first prem., 1.00; Michel's Early, first prem., 1.00; Princess, second prem., .50; Warfield, first prem., 1.00; Capt. Jack, first prem., 1.00; Glendale, first prem., 1.00; Lovett, first prem., 1.00; Parker Earle, second prem ’,.00; Haverland, second prem., .50. ANNA B. UNDERWOOD.—Workman, first prem., $1.00; Haverland, first prem., 1.00; Capt. Jack, first prem., 1.00; Warfield, second prem., .00; Princess, first prem., 1.00; Bederwood, second prem., .50; Van De- man, second prem., .50; Mt. Vernon, first prem., 1.00. Wm. Lyons.—Parker Earle, flrst prem., $1.00; Stayman No.1, first prem., 1.00; Bederwood, first prem., 1.00; Crescent, second prem., .50; Sandoval, first prem., 1.00; Barton’s Eclipse, first prem., 1.00; Van De- man, first prem., 1.00; Saunders, first prem., 1.00; Enhance, first prem., 1.00. Mrs. E. B. CROOKER.—Gandy, first prem., $1.00. WYMAN ELLIOT, J. P. ANDREWS, Committee. R. 5S. MACKINTOSH. s 238 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. VEGETABLES. Wm. LYons.—Asparagus, first prem., $1.00; pieplant, first prem., 1.00; potatoes, second prem., .50; peas, first prem., 1.00; lettuce, Early Prize Head, second prem.,, .50. J. R. CuMMINS.—Lettuce, Boston Curled, first prem., $1.00. i EB rt ag Committee. MINNESOTA FRUIT AWARDS AT THE WORLD’S FAIR. The superintendent of the Minnesota World’s Fair Exhibit has received from John Boyd Thatcher, chairman executive committee on awards, an official copy of the awards given to the horticultural department of the Minnesota exhibit, and which will in due time be inscribed in the diplomas and forwarded to the persons below named. These awards makea splendid showing for Minnesota’s fruit possibilities, and speak well for the exhibit made. EXHIBITION REFRIGERATOR, A very ingenious invention admirably adapted for the purpose of preserving fresh fruits and vegetables. It is well suited to the pur- poses for which it is intended, and the practical test of the season shows its adaptability to other kindred uses. SMALL FRUITS . The exhibit consists of small fruits, as strawberries, raspberries; blackberries, currants, blueberries, gooseberries and other kinds. The display was maintained throughout a long season, and covers a wide range of varieties. The fruit is exceptionally fine in quality, being of excellent flavor, and in good condition. The display is contributed by the following growers of the state: J. W. Finch, Eden Prairie; J. M. Underwood, Lake City; J. S. Har- ris, La Crescent; G. H. Prescott, Albert Lea; C. W.Sampson, Eureka; M. W. Cook, Rochester; Thomas Redpath, Long Lake. COLLECTION OF GRAPES, A fine display, consisting of fifty-three varieties of the best known sorts. Both the clusters and the berries are large and well formed. The flavor is exquisite, and the condition of the fruit indicates that great care was exercised in the handling and arrangement. Tine exhibit was contributed by the following growers of the state: S. B. Green, St. Anthony Park; P. H. Perry, Excelsior; C. W. Samp- son, Excelsior; Mrs. S. Erwin, Excelsior; A. W. Latham, Excelsior; Mrs. I. Barton, Excelsior; H. L. Crane, Excelsior; D. Buck, Mankato; E. J. Cutts, Howard Lake. ecretary’s (Yorner. Thisissue presents the anomaly of reports of two summer meet- ings, that of last year and of the present one. There has heen no con- venient opportunity, heretofore, since beginning the publication of the monthly to publish last summer’s report, and as itis the purpose of the present publication to give society news promptly, it seems best to put the two together in this issue. With this year the old matter will have been worked off and there- after the monthly will contain the news and doing’s of to-day, and be made the mirror of the present. The reading of these two reports will show you the interest and enjoyableness of our summer meeting's, which no member within reach should miss. THE REPORT ON MINNESOTA FRUIT AWARDS at the World’s Fair by the committee on awards appears in this number. It has taken nearly as long for the officials to make these returns as for the Chi- cago people to build up the great fair. Due credit is given therein to the superior quality and appearance of Minnesota fruit, and the names of the principal contributors mentioned; but there is a long list of others who contributed will- ingly of what they had and assisted materially in the final result. The full list will be published in the September number of this magazine, which number will be devoted to the report of the super- intendent of the Minnesota fruit exhibit. LIBRARY ADDITIONS.—The following books have been added to our library since April Ist: No. 446. Report Missouri State Horticultural Society, 1893. 447. Report Nebraska State Horticultural Society, 1893. 448. Report Western N. Y. Horticultural Society, 1894. 449. Report Kansas State Horticultural Society, 1891.3. 450. Report Nebraska State Horticultural Society, 1894. 451. Report Iowa State Horticultural Society, 1893. 452. Illinois World’s Fair Fruit Exhibit. 453. Northwestern Pomology, by C. N. Gurney, Concord, Neb. 454. Report Ontario Fruit Growers’ Association, 1893. 455. Ontario Experiment Station Reports for 1890. 456. Ontario sf e mY alSOss: Besides the above, there are the regular bulletins from the various Experiment Stations and many horticultural magazines and papers that come into this office in the way of exchange for our magazine. 240 YOUR CORNER. POMACEOUS AND STONE FRUITS. Apples (Crop of 1892)—A fine display, consisting of twenty-eight varieties, tastefully exhibited in a refrigerator case. The fruit is highly colored, of good flavor, and quite free from insect and other blemishes. The nomenclature is perfect. Several new varieties of excellent quality are shown, which apparently are very promising. Apples (Crop of 1893)—Large collection, consisting of fifty-nine varieties, all of which are of the best kinds grown in the state. Many new and valuable kinds are shown. The fruit is uniform in size, beautiful in color, and free from insect and other blemishes. (Signed) E. FEF. BABCOCK. Stone Fruits—A fine display, consisting mainly of plums and peaches. The special feature of the exhibit are the new seedling vari- eties of plums contributed by D. Cook, of Windom, and O. M. Lord, of Minnesota City. All the varieties are of good size, color and fla- vor, and in excellent condition. (Signed) GEORGE I. MorTz. Your orner, —) [ am pleased with the issue of the Horticulturist monthly. I thought that, perhaps, you might like afew lines from this part of Winona county. Our trees were very full of blossoms about the middle of May, and everything seemed to promise a bountiful crop of apples. Then the cold wave came and killed about three-quarters of the apple blossoms; but still think that we will have from one- half to one-third of a crop of Duchess. The Wealthy are hurt the worst, and there are few apples left on the trees. Transcendants are about like the Duchess, at least, one-half have been killed by the frost. If you can, please let us know in next number how the fruit crop of this state is, also, the adjoining states of lowa and Wisconsin. Yours very truly, C. L. BLAIR. St. Charles, Minn. June 27, 1894. Reports received from different parts of the state indicate a condi- tion of things in the orchards very similar to that outlined in the aboveletter. The fruit spurs were very generally frozen, blossom and leaf and wood, by the extraordinarily cold weather. Some at first as cribedthis injury to blight, but the general belief that the frostis re- sponsible seems to be well founded. TL have no definite information as to the apple crop in adjoining states.—SECY. THE MINNESOTA HORTICULTURIST. VOL. 22 AUGUST, 1894. NO. xperiment tations. MIDSUMMER REPORTS, 1894. (These reports cover the period from January, 1894, to about the middle of July, just before going to press with the August No.—SEc’y.) CENTRAL EXPERIMENT STATION. ST. ANTHONY PARK.! SAMUEL B. GREEN, PROFESSOR OF HORTICULTURE, SUPT. These midsummer reports from the Experiment Stations are not expected to be complete, but simply for the purpose of getting the news of the Stations to the members of our society while it is news, and timely, so I have just touched on some matters of special inter- est at this season. EXPERIMENT STATIONS. The work of the Experiment Stations is increasing in popularity very rapidly. This spring the wishes of the superintendents of the Horticultural Experiment Stations have been complied with as nearly as was practicable, and considerable material has been sent out for trial. The Central Experiment Station has this year made a new departure and established a sub-station near Marshall, in Lyons county, where will be carried on agricultural as well as horticul- tural lines of work. It gives us what, probably, will be a permanent station in one of the most severe sections of the state. This is a decided move in the right direction and will, undoubtedly, be of great ultimate benefit, especially as a place for experiments in tree growing. Perhaps the trees, shrubs and other plants at the Central Experi- ment Station never appeared in better shape in the spring of the _ year than after last winter. Almost everything on the grounds was in vigorous growing condition, and the warm days of March and April forced it into growth very rapidly. All our fruit trees and plants flowered well and many kinds profusely. 242 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY APPLES. The apples have been injured by a frost which came when they were in blossom, and also by a blight which attacked the fruit spurs principally, but several varieties have set sufficient fruit. The apple trees are in good condition and but little blight shows itself on those kinds which we generally consider resistant varieties. PLUMS. The plum trees are heavily loaded with fruit and the crop prom- ises to be an enormous one, nearly every tree of bearing size having a full crop. In sections some trouble has come from plum pockets (Taphrina pruni), but at the Central Station the loss from this cause is trifling. The trees are healthy and very free from leaf lice, which have been abundant in several previous years. GRAPES. The grape vines lost many buds last winter, but with all this they were never more productive than this season nor the bunches larger and more promising. are |e, INO TEY tara cin feshes ciarnye'a cise Caras Bi. | May 28 |June 19 |June 29 7 7 j-7 9 Oia eg ah cae Hace neetad “AaSAS Bi. Of LT Gacchine toes,” WO PELL gee, 8 | 10 5 8 ONTG Peat aa aOnGde ao ruoe Daeetoeetes Pe He PEO Nieed QL Le Ad aaa 6 5 6 OnecOtann. case meses piensa: - Bi. SZ UM uN Oralitce SRO Mlimereerats 8 4 if PSC PTI yd Ne nic eRe aa eetata bole aft] wa Bece «| eote ani ee ellos eee | Shean Bae Aes es OA eeetan Osceola aois wseecaw eee seiece ces Bi. SIG ho ov LG et reas 7 9 7 5 IPank Beatty... . een cere sae 1p SUVs AOmI ee Pe yee 9 9 7+ 9 Parker, Barles.2. ois bese sects Ls oe OL oe ner alee 4 3 9 9+ |—9 8 PARA. Staie woclamanaciiel ris clete ereiclate Bi. ee 26 ert. IRA taeS Soule tO 9 8+ 10 IRGEON Shee oho aasise wome eee: Bi. BB Cat ea 261 \50. 280 8 2 wien PTIN CESS) .osse can alates aes oe iP: STOO! 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Axaae kha neces panels Bi. is A We peg enege A bl eye Oth 1) 8 9 if 9 Standard Ag hece, scctewecncewal, abs DD Nttsns eae ose a 7 9 7 i STEVENS csi Ne scdanse ne a ctbedee (abl: metalor ct s1Saloe. ene 8 9 8 7 SS WVATICLO . cibz aise acsieisies ctacine ie Ps co VI Tes SSR Aya 9 95] 8 8 Alay acd sds) | SEP ey eee ner sort se lee a Te a re PAN VTE Ve 2 ee 10 6 8 MIPPECAHOe.. ss cs- cea newesale Bi. oaks eran (ial RRL As es! JR 8 6 7 Man Wena tivs cecreesecweme: Bi. AG) ot BLO AE Sls ag 8 9 5 8 WWATATORUE Scion catesleuramen srs Bil dee he 17 ial | Nien FN Ui nS 8 9 7 7 ie LG oanian oie aisteiajaettarciels Ps 26) “- 16 June 30} 10 | 10 10 10 ATE PVOTL o deena Mec nore tat ele kes Bi. Ae AIG eee Ped ulic ee ToC ieee ce 8 OA eee RVIOSt wt eM cclen seen usetene’ ley Sle OTN Re tater 0) UY Pa ee! hel WTO 9 4 WIA MISS Wks Secnecsuccseeleoees || HEsLs Ae SOL ed MAS a ter On foetee aes 6 wf DWOlVertOn.t ses eceeetwens SPA Weal 3 SO BIT he Suh RIG A 08 8 8 7 7 its 1 CRUE RE Ao Se betel ar ys eaten 5 Lash GLa et aete od 410 LLL VN goes cree 9 rE tee Accomac. Plantedinnew bed. Did not flower. Atlantic. (Bi-sexual.) Fruited in beds two and three years old. Quite productive. Medium early. Foliage and growth good. Bederwood. (Bi-sexual.) Fruited in beds two, three and four | years old, and very productive in each. Blooms early and is fullof pollen. Fruit medium in size. Season medium, holds on well. Growth : and foliage very good. j Boynton. (Pistillate.) Early and holds on quite well, moderately _ productive. Nearly the sameas Crescent. Crescent. (Pistillate.) As compared with the Warfield, whichis _ taken as the standard, is ranked about third. Fruit not as large as | Warfield, but it holds out better at latter end of season. This old 4 variety is still one of the most reliable. : Edgar Queen. (Pistillate.) Very vigorous both in foliage and growth and very productive. Fruit large. A good variety and well worthy of trial by commercial growers. Eureka. (Pistillate.) Fruitedin beds two and three years old. A very strong grower, foliage good. Fruit of good size and color and firm. Quite productive. Season very long. Worthy of trial. Esther. (Bi-sexual.) Medium size, conical, red. Quite produc- tive. Rather promising. ‘ EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 247 Gillespie. (Bi-sexual.) Foliage and growth poor, with little fruit. Gov. Hoard. (Bi-sexual.) Foliage and growth good; not very productive. Great American. (Pistillate.) Sets large quantities of fruit, but only a small part ripens. Fruited in all beds, and the results the Same in each. Greenville. (Pistillate.) Foliage and growth vigorous. Produc- tive. Season very long. Fruit of good size. Haverland. (Pistillate.) Anexcellent variety. Season very long. Yielded well in all beds. A close second to Warfield. Fruit large. Leader. (Bi-sexual). Very vigorous both in growth and foliage. Very productive. Lovetts Early. (Bi-sexual.) A very handsome berry of good size. Fairly productive. Michels Early. (Bi-sexual.) An early flowering kind with an abundance of pollen. Produces very little fruit. As a pollenizer it is very good, but otherwise almost useless. Middlefield. (Pistillate.) A fairly good grower. Not very pro- ductive. Ona. (Pistillate.) Not very productive. Fruit red, conical. Parker Earle. (Bi-sexual.) A very vigorous and thrifty grower Foliage good. Season very late. Fruit large. Very productive One of the best of the bi-sexual kinds. Putnam. (Pistillate.) Moderately productive. Foliage and growth very good. Saunders. (Bi-sexual.) Fruit medium to large, compact. Not very productive. Foliage not very good. Southard (Bi-sexual.) Medium in size, red, usually a broad conical. Fairly productive. Foliage and growth good. Standard. (Bi-sexual.) Of but little value here. Stevens. (Bi-sexual.) Season early, ripens well together. Quite pro- ductive. Foliage and growth good. Swindler. (Pistillate.) Fruit large, usually quite irregular, very firm. Inlargeclusters. Foliage and growth very good. Very pro- ductive. A very promising variety. Timbrell. (Pistillate.) Plants large and vigorous, somewhat resembling the Bubach. I am disappointed in the amount of fruit it produced this year, which was very little, but as it fruited in the new bed and had been seriously dug into for plants I feel that it ae hardly had a fair chance. Tippecanoe. (Bi-sexual.) A fairly good berry. Warfield. (Pistillate.) Asin several previous years this variety stands at the head of the pistillate varieties. Yielded the most fruit of all the varieties. Fruit medium in size, quite dark, very regular. Fruited well in all beds. West Lawn. (Pistillate.) Of little value here. Waupon. (Bi-sexual.) Fairly productive. Williams. (Bi-sxual.) Fruit medium in size, broadly conical. Clusters very large. Quite seedy. Moderately vigorous. Does not ripen on end very well. Fruited only in new bed. 7 248 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. ALBERT LEA EXPERIMENT STATION. CLARENCE WEDGE, SUPT. STRAWBERRIES. The strawberries at this station are all from beds set a year ago, and when ready for winter cover last fall had made very fine matted rows and, on the whole, were as promising a lot as we have ever had at that season of the year. Being in a very exposed windy situation we concluded that it would not be safe to cover with straw, and decided to use a light cover of strawy horse manure, hauled from the feed stables of the city. The winter proved to be a very trying one for newly set beds, a large share of the plants of some varieties being entirely killed and the surviving plants being much enfeebled. The extent of the injury seemed to depend more upon the variety than the depth of cover or character of the ground. The Haverland suffered the most of any, with Warfield, Parker Earle and Barton’s Eclipse very badly hurt. Crescent came out far the best, with Wilson, Bederwood, Captain Jack, Bubach and Burt very good. Since uncovering this spring all varieties were much injured by the freeze of May 18th, and have suf- fered to an unusual extent by the drouth following. Although a generous mulch of the more solid part*of horse manure was left among the plants and the space between the rows was heavily cov- ered, the ground became so dry that large cracks opened up and there seemed no possibility that the plants could endure, to say nothing of perfecting a crop. In the matter of resisting drouth, the Crescent again stands at the head, with Wilson and Bederwood very good, and Parker Earle, perhaps, nearly as good as Crescent. Warfield has dried up miser- ably and makes the poorest showing of the whole lot. If the pres- ent rains enable the Parker Karle to mature the berries set, there will be a very fair crop on the rows of that variety. At this writing, June 19th, we have enjoyed the first dish of strawberries picked from our own beds. RASPBERRIES. At this date all varieties are very promising and with sufficient rain will no doubt give a fine crop. We put off making our new plantation of the cap varieties this spring until the plants had made FA growth of several inches, and, although we had no rain for weeks after setting, we now have the best stand we have ever had, The only care taken was to allow no root exposure and to thoroughly firm the earth in setting. Our orchard of some 1,200 trees is set in rows running north and south about eleven feet apart in the row. The setting of raspberries above mentioned was made between the trees in the row, using three plants in each space. We think the plants will add to the health of the trees by shading their stems and the soil about them. PLUMS AND CHERRIES. The outlook for the plum crop is excellent. Our older trees of Desota and Forest Garden have each set a reasonable amount of fruit—the Desota requiring some thinning—which so far seems [— EXPERIMENT STATIONS, 249 quite free from enemies of all kinds. We are learning to like the Forest Garden better each year; although inferior to the Desotain quality of fruit, it is so regular and seasonable in its crops of large handsoggplumis thatthe trees are not enfeebled by overbearing and seem likely to endure much longer than the Desota. We are watching with much interest our young trees of Rockford and Cheney now bearing their first real crop; they are set alter- nately in a single row and blossomed quite freely at about the same time. The pocket fungus thinned the crop of Cheney just about right, but scarcely touched the Rockford. Now the Rockford is seriously affected with the spot or scab, while the Cheney does not show a trace of it and is carrying a nice little crop of by far the largest plums we have seen at this time of year. Of the plums on trial from the college at Ames, Iowa, the Com- munia has killed to the ground each winter, and the Beer and Wyzerka have been killed back so much as to plainly show lack of hardiness. We have received and topworked on strong native sprouts some promising early varieties from Thos. Frankland, of Manitoba. We have tried both budding and collar grafting our standard Northern varieties of plum on both the native plum and the sand cherry. We find budding much the most satisfactory and think we shall prefer the sand cherry to the native plum. The bud takes as readily, starts as easily, makes a stronger growth and is much less likely to split from the stock. The use of the Mariana, Myrobolan or other foreign stocks for Northern planting, should be stopped immediately, as it is injuring the reputation of our grand varieties. Our nurseries will serve their customers and their own reputations far better by selling no plums at all, than by sending out such a worthless and disappointing article. The sand cherries set a year ago are in many bushes fruiting heav- ily. The small bushes of improved Rocky Mountain cherry are also bearing a few cherries, which will be compared with the sand cherry with much interest. APPLES. All varieties passed through the winter in good condition, and the Duchess, Wealthy, Tetofsky, Briar Sweet and Maiden Blush, eleven to fourteen years set, are carrying heavy crops. Two trees of Whit- ney of same age have never borne more than specimen apples, and, being now barren, are somewhat disappointing us. Quite a variety of younger trees from which we had hoped to sam- ple fruit have failed us, both last year and this. The Longfieldis an exception to this and seems never to fail of some fruit almost from its setting. One tree each of Recumbent and Hibernal are well loaded, other trees of the family carrying only specimen apples. Considerable blight is showing at this date, which may spread and become severe; at present it is chiefly confined to twigs of Wealthy and spurs of Tetofsky on trees that are bearing heavily. Varieties fruiting besides those mentioned above are: Charlamoff, Czars Thorn,Anis, Martha, Antonovka, Elgin Beauty, White Transparent and Talman Sweet. 250 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. LA CRESCENT EXPERIMENT STATION. J. S. HARRIS, SUPT. STRAWBERRIES. e 4 The crop of 1894 at this station was very good. The season being two weeks earlier than 1893,the plants or fruit were not injured by the false chinch bug until the very last picking, but the insect is very plentiful and some plants have since suffered considerably. Owing to the drouth of last year and other causes our old or new beds were not as well filled with plants as usual, but fruit averaged larger, making nearly a full crop. From the experience of the year we are well satisfied that it pays well to clean out and hold over beds until the second crop is taken off and no longer, and, further, that it is not expedient to keep the early runners off of newly set plants, but rather to encourage them to form plants as early in the season as possible; and that, ex- cept in very favorable seasons, a bed set with late formed plants will not give as good returns as one set with selected plants that have become well rooted before the first of September. We had the first bloom on the Michel and Van Deman April 29, and on the Bederwood, Crescent and Warfield on May 1; but none of them bloomed very freely until May 9, when all varieties began to show more or less bloom. The first varieties showing ripe fruit were Michel and Van Deman, followed closely by Bederwood, War- field and Crescent. Of the varieties that are well known, we got the best returns from the Warfield, Haverland and Crescent, pollenized with the Bederwood and Michel. This is the first season we have fruited the Bederwood. It appears to be a potent pollenizer and sur- passed every pistillate variety, even the Warfield, in yield of fruit. The Van Deman appears to bea good pollenizer for an early variety ; itis a fine berry, but does not yield enough to become a popular market berry. Michel did better than usual with us this season and gave about one-third as much fruit as the Warfield or the Haver- land. First picking very fine in quality. Doubtless, our Parker Earle is not genuine. It is a good plant maker; fruit medium to very small; pale red, soft; low in flavor, very late. Lovett has done very well; also Crawford, Saunders, Bar- ton’s Eclipse and Greenville promise well. Sandoval, Daisy, Mrs. Cleveland, Louise, Jessie and Bubach No.5 do not with us prove re- liable enough to warrant further planting of them for market pur- poses. We believe the most profitable sorts to grow for market are Warfield, Haverland and Crescent, pollenized with Bederwood and Lovett. RASPBERRIES. Our raspberries were not laid down or given any protection last winter. They had been given very thorough shallow cultivation the previous year, made a good growth and ripened up their wood early, and did not start a late growth. The blackcaps were pinched back once as soon as the canes had made a growth of two and one- half to three feet, and the fruiting canes of bearing rows were re- moved immediately after the last picking of fruit and were kept EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 251 clean from all weeds, and the surface soil stirred once a week with cultivator until the last week in August, and no mulch was applied, lest it might tend to stimulate a late starting of the buds. The Shaffer was given exactly the same treatment and all other varieties of reds the same, except that the young canes were not pinched or cut back, but the surplus suckers were kept out to give the remain- ing canes room for full development. The result was that none of the blacks were injured, except a few plants on the ends of the rows that were cut back the second time about midsummer and an occa- sional plant of the Nemaha that froze back about one-third of the growth but did not seem to lessen the fruiting capacity. Of the reds, the Shaffer suffered the most, but there were enough left to produce an immense crop. The Marlboros were not injured in the least, and the Cuthberts stood up seven feet high and started this spring from the terminal buds and were subsequently cut back to four feet, and all have borne a good crop this season, and the canes are free from curl-leaf. The first ripe blacks were seen on June 20; began picking for market June 23. First ripe reds on same date on an unknown variety; fruit too small for market. First ripe Marlboros, June 23. The last picking of blackcaps is being made today, July 13, except Nemahas, which will lasta week longer. The drouth has been severe and the fruit of last picking is small. The only varieties of reds that we find profitable to grow for home use or market are Marlboro, Cuthbert and Shaffer. The most profitable blackcaps to grow for market, with us, are Ohio and Nemaha. The Johnson Early, Progress and an unknown variety gave the earliest fruit. Palmer and Older are very promising; it is the first year we have fruited them. In this dry, hot season they did not hold in bearing as long as the Ohio. Our experiment of planting rows four and one-half feet apart with plants two and one-half feet apart in the row has proved entirely satisfactory and more profitable than planting eight feet apart and raising a catch crop between. The design is to remove every alter- nate row after this last picking. but we are inclined to think that in the end it will be more profitable to set new beds every spring and destroy after one crop has been taken from them. The plants are easier protected than older ones, being set closer; the first crop will be a full one, and insects and disease do not gain a foothold. The canes should be pruned back to two and one-half feet and may be fastened to a wire fastened to stakes along the row. Fruit may be kept clean by heavy mulching. Currants have borne a heavy crop of fruit this year. The Victoria seems to be a greater cropper than the Prince Albert and Long _ Bunch Holland. We have six plants of the North Star, donated by the Jewell Nursery Co. in 1892; they are bearing well. The fruit is large and the flavor better than any other variety we have tried, while the plant is a strong upright grower and promises to be of great value for this part of the state. It is as good a fruiter as the Fay and has none of its weak points. The dwarf Juneberry fruited this year. I do not consider it of any value except for ornament and to produce food for birds. Plums promise a half crop; apples less; grapes full crop; blackberries three-fourths crop. They will be re- ported later. 252 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. MONTEVIDEO EXPERIMENT STATION. LYCURGUS R. MOYER, SUPT. The past season was, in some respects, a trying one. A hail-storm in August did much damage to the shrubbery, in many cases peel- ing the bark off the young branches. A very dry autumn ensued, and the winter that followed showed some periods of great severity. When spring opened we could begin to appreciate the damage that had been done. Perhaps the red raspberries suffered the most. Although care- fully covered, they were all killed back to the ground and many even root-killed. No crop was harvested. It is possible that some dis- ease is working on the raspberries in addition to the hail and the frost. The black raspberries did not suffer so much, but they, too, are in a very bad condition. Dewberries and blackberries look somewhat better, but the sum- mer promises to be too dry to mature a crop. The Russian mulberries killed back on an average about one foot, but, nevertheless, they bloomed quite fully and have produced some- thing of a crop. The Juneberries came through uninjured and have produced quite a large crop. Lovett’s Success seems to be the best variety I have. Native bushes taken from the granite ledges near town are, however, doing nearly as well. Strawberries have also failed badly, as they have done for several years. Probably our dry bluff is not well adapted to strawberry culture. CONIFERS. Dry as our bluff land is, the conifers planted here are succeeding well. Perhaps the white spruce is doing the best of all, but the Colorado blue spruce is doing nearly as well. It does not grow quite so fast, but it is a very beautiful tree. The mugho pine from the Alps is maintaining its record as one of the hardiest evergreens we have. It isa very beautiful tree. The black spruce is doing bet- ter with us than the Norway spruce. Our native juniper (Juniperus Virginiana) is succeeding admirably, too. The Scotch pine seems to be hardy enough, but it is making a rather open straggling growth on our dry land. Our Austrian pine is dragging out a miserable existence, but passed last winter with rather less trouble than here- tofore. It seems that arbor vitae needs a rather moister soil than ours. Some experimental trees of Siberian arbor vitae are quite promising. Hovey’s golden arbor vitae has not succeeded very well. Some experimental plantings of prostrate juniper are doing very well. WILLOWS AND POPLARS. It seems to be becoming the fashion to find fault with the Russian willows and poplars. Perhaps they have been praised too much, but populus certinensis is one of the most promising trees I have ever planted. Bolle’s poplar, too, is very fine; I doubt whether there has ever been introduced a more promising upright, white-leaved tree. Pop- ulus laurifolia, too, is quite promising, and so is populus Siberica pyramidalis. EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 253 Among these poplars, too, we received populus betulafolia—prob- ably an American species—but one of the finest appearing poplars we have seen. The crack limb willow (Salix fragilis) is doing well in many places. The rosemary willow makes a beautiful low snow- break. Salix laurifolia, I regret to say, has suffered greatly with us, seem- ingly attacked with some disease that turns the small limbs black. Among the willows, too, we received salix vitellina britzensis and salix No.14 Vor. These willows seem to be indentical, and they are a great acquisition. In winter their young branches turn the bright- est red and light up a dark shrubbery as with a flame of fire. Salix aurea is not doing well on our dry bluff, but in moist situa- tions it is very fine. MOCK ORANGE. No shrub on our grounds has shown more good points than the different species of mock orange, or Philadelphus. Besides some old-fashioned varieties brought from the old farm in the Eastern states, we have planted Philadelphus gracilis, Philadelphus corda- tus, Philadelphus grandiflorus and No.144 Vor. The different species and varieties serve to materially prolong the blooming season of this most desirable‘and beautiful shrub. . HONEYSUCKLES. The upright honeysuckles have all done well. My former opinion of the merits of the new Russian variety, lonicera splendens, is con- firmed. It is a most beautiful upright shrub. The other varieties of the Tartarian honeysuckle are all doing well. The hardy climb- ing honeysuckle of Prof. Budd’s importation, lonicera media, bloomed this year, but is showing some tendency to blight. The narrow-leaved lonicera, Alberti, is doing well and is an interesting Shrub. It needs some support. PEA TREE. There is nothing new to report in regard to the caraganus. They are all hardy and useful shrubs and deserve to be planted gen- erally. BARBERRY. The common barberry and its purple-leaved variety, as well as the Manchurian barberis amurensis, are all doing well. These desirable shrubs ought to be more generally planted. : MAPLE. The white maple (Acer dasycarpum) is the only native maple in this part of the state. Where a water supply can be obtained the sugar maple is doing well, but it has failed on our dry bluff. Schwedler’s maple and the Rittenbach maple, both, I believe, varie- ties of the Norway maple, were badly injured by the drouth last season, but came through the winter without further injury. The little Japanese maple, Acer guinala, survived the hail-storms, drouth and frosts, and came through the winter entirely uninjured. I believe it to be a decided acquisition. 254 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. BIRCH. The white birch and the cut-leaved birch of Europe are doing well. The American canoe birch has failed for lack of moisture. CORNEL. The red-twigged dogwood, Cornus sanguinea of the nurserymen, is doing quite well, but does not’seem to be so desirable as the native species, Cornus sericea. Cornus mas must be voted a failure on dry land. BUFFALO BERRIES AND WILD OLIVES. The buffalo berry, Sheperdia argentea, promises to be one of the finest shrubs on our grounds, but right beside it, the closely related Russian olive, Eleagnus angustifolia, is doing equally well. The silver berry, Eleagnus argenta, is doing well, too. These shrubs ought to be generally planted. COFFEE TREE. The Kentucky coffee tree is keeping up its former record for beauty and hardiness. I think it ought to be generally grown in this latitude. : ELDERBERRIES. There is nothing new to report in regard to these shrubs. The cut-leaved elder is quite tender, and so is the golden elder. Every farmer ought to raise the black-berried elder and enjoy its valuable fruit. The red-berried elder, Sambucas racemosa, is an ornamental shrub of great value. It deserves a prominent place in all large grounds. CHERRIES. Our native choke-cherry is an upright shrub of great value for ornamental purposes. The European choke-cherry, Prunus padus, has more of a weeping habit, and is equally hardy and desirable. The Russian cherry, Bessarabian, is a beautiful tree, but has not yet borne fruit. Ostheim, from Storrs and Harrison, and Suda, from Stark Brothers, both seem to be hardy but have not yet fruited. The sand cherry is making a vigorous growth and is a fine ornamental shrub. VIBURNUM. Our common snowball is doing well, but probably not quite so well as Prof. Budd’s Russian variety. Our native viburnum lentago ought not to be overlooked by planters. It is one of the finest shrubs than can be planted on the prairies. It has lived here for ages and is well acclimated. No one need be ashamed of it because it is American. SPIRAEA. The old-fashioned nine-bark has been rechristened by botanists as physocarpus opulifolius, but for gardening purposes it may be still called a spiraea. It is a robust growing, valuable shrub, very beautiful when in bloom and interesting in fruit. Spiraea Van Houtii has done extremely well this season and I should call it the q . j ; ; y Hs EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 200 best of all. Spiraea hypericefolia is good, but spiraea Douglasii seems to be quite tender. Spiraea billardii is in bloom at the pres- sent writing and is doing well. ROSES. Perhaps the most satisfactory rose that we have cultivated is the Yellow Scotch. It is very hardy. A small pink Scotch rose is very desirable, too, and is equally hardy. A white rose brought from the old Eastern farm, without any name but probably something like Madaine Plantier, produces enormous quantities of fine roses with- out winter protection. The best climbing rose that we have tried is Seven Sisters. It is taken down and covered with earth in the winter. We consider rosa rugosa a desirable shrub. LILACS. When the beauty and hardiness of the lilac is taken into consid- eration, it is wonderful that it is not more generally planted. Every species of lilac that we have planted is hardy. The Japanese tree lilac lost its terminal buds last winter, but is growing well. Itis not likely that it will become a tree in our cold climate. CURRANTS. The old-fashioned yellow flowering currant is an ornamental shrub of value, and so is No. 148 Vor, introduced by Prof. Budd. Ribes Alpinum seems to be hardy. OTHER SHRUBS. Among the more humble and modest shrubs, potentilla fruticosa seems to possess value. Phellodendron, from the Amur Valley, is standing well. A nut-bearing almond, introduced from Russia by Prof. Budd, seems to be hardy. Ptelia trifoliata frozegback some, but is starting vigorously. The Arctic bearberry needs a moister climate than ours. . APPLES AND PEARS. Our young Russian apple trees wintered well, and so did the Rus- sian pears, Kurskaya and Gakovsky. FERGUS FALLS EXPERIMENT STATION. F. H. FIEDLER, SUPT. In making my spring report I must remark that the first of July is rather early for this section of the state to say anything of the crops. All the fruit and ornamental stock came through the winter in the best of condition except grapes, most of which are dead. The hail on August 19, 1893, knocked off all the new growth, and they started to grow again and continued growing in the fall until frozen; and I think the reason they are dead is that they were in the sap when winter came on. The Russian apple orchard looks fine; no blight or insects as yet. 256 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Strawberries will be a short crop, as we have had no rain for six weeks. Raspberries look well yet. The Warfield and Jessie straw- berries are the best bearers. Cloud is a nice berry, quite productive this season and does not seem to mind the drouth. Wilson has a poor crop. Crescent set a good crop, but are too small. Michels Early will bea good male variety here, I judge, from its appearance, Bederwood, Shuster’s Gem and Haverland had mostly all the ber- ries imperfect and unsalable. Jessie and Cloud had no imperfect berries. Great Pacific did not bear. I prefer the Jessie with the Countessasapollenizer. It always has done well here. Bubach is very large, but not productive enough to grow for market. Countess is so soft this year I cannot sell them. I am not one-half as much afraid of the cold winters as of the drouth in summer. WINDOM EXPERIMENT STATION. (Report up to July 12.) : DEWAIN COOK, SUPT. The fall of 1893 was unusually dry here, and it was in this condi- tion when the ground froze up. Abundance of snow fell early in December, and enough remained on the ground to give a good deal of root protection to trees and plants, and we had good sleighing all winter. The lowest point reached by the thermometer at this station was 26° below zero. Fruit trees and plants wintered better than usual; out of over one hundred varieties of apples growing here, I am un- able to find any variety that was killed back any, every variety com- ing out sound to the tips and growing from the terminal buds. We have had very little blight here so far this season, and that is confined entirely to two or three varieties of blighting crabs. My last Begchers Sweet went this summer with blight. My trees are growing finely, and as a whole my orchard is healthier and looking better than ever. We had little bloom on our apple trees, and hardly any apples are now to be found on any of the trees. I must not omit to mention that one Okabena apple tree, set the spring of 1888, is now carrying seventeen large fine looking apples, which is more than any other tree of its size or age of any variety is bearing that I have growing. ' STRAWBERRIES were very nearly a failure. Winter killing on new beds was quite general, and at the time strawberries were ripening, in the last days of June, we had been having four weeks of continu- ous drouth and the fruit was much smaller than usual. The War- field and Enhance were about as large as usual. The frost of May 18th also destroyed some of the early bloom. The Juneberry bore heavily and did not seem to be affected in the least by the drouth; were ripe July first. The fruit sold readily at ten cents per quart. They were much admired by every one who saw them ripe on the bushes. CURRANTS.—While these did not bear as heavily as some years yet they were a good crop, and fruit larger than usual. This is ow- ing, no doubt, to heavy manuring each season and to my mulching them last spring with stable manure just after the heavy rains and EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 257 to their being protected by windbreaks. Red Dutch is the variety I grow for main crop, and they are as good with me as any. The North Star has proved to be an early and abundant bearer and well worthy of trial. My main crop of currants are in their prime now; we are marketing them every day. The White Grape are fine, and the Prince Albert and Long Bunch Holland are promising for late varieties; they are a little green yet and will keep on the bushes ten days longer. RASPBERRIES.— While these wintered better than usual, they have the disease that has prevailed here the past three or four years, called anthracnose; and asa result our raspberry crop is very poor, and it will probably continue to be poor year after year, unless, through new varieties or new methods, we shall learn to cheaply and successfully combat this disease. As its presence is indicated mainly by the bearing canes dying before fruit is matured, many persons think it is the dry weather that is killing their raspberry 'bushes. I have found that by cutting back to healthy wood after they begin to grow in the spring, will stop it in that bush for the season. My best early red raspberry for home use or market is the Hansel; the Turner is also good for home use. I am growing quite a few varieties of blackcaps. I have found no varieties that I antic- ipate will crowd out the Souhegan or the Gregg. The Progress, I think, will be valuable on account of its vigor, productiveness and earliness, but the fruit is small. I consider the Nemaha inferior to the Gregg for late. I have several late varieties of blackcaps that are promising. Wedo not give any of the red raspberries winter protection; they are mostly hardy here anyway, and we cannot afford to cover them up for the winter to have them die the next summer of anthracnose. Wehave been marketing raspberries since the first of the month, and they will last about one week longer. The Kenyon (red) raspberry gave us some very fine fruit; we shall con- tinue it on trial. DEWBERRIES are looking good; our spring was favorable to their perfect fertilization. I set in my orchard a year ago the past spring five hundred Lucretia dewberry plants, and now they are bearing abundantly of the largest blackberries I ever saw. There is no im- perfect fruit to be found, and they sell fast here at twenty cents per quart. My first picking of them for market was July 10. SAND CHERRIES are growing and bearing well. Of the several varieties of Russian cherries I am growing, the Ostheim is most promising. The cherries are not ripe yet. I have some seedlings of Russian cherries that are bearing considerably this season; the fruit is in its prime now and is fine. Choke-cherries were mostly killed by late spring frosts. GRAPES.— After all the late spring frosts they are doing remarkably well and no diseaseapparent. The Delaware will fruit but little; they are taking a much needed rest. The Worden is especially promis- ing, as are also the Concord, Moore’s Early and Janesville. For a white grape, although late to ripen and of poor quality, the Missouri Reisling is a marvel of hardiness, vigor and productiveness and bears every year. It seems to me that grapes are easier to grow successfully than a good many of our small fruits. The show for a fine crop of plums is good. Some trees are unable to bear up their heavy loads of fruit. Wolf, Desota and Forest Gar- den are especially fine; Rollingstone, as usual, has but little fruit. SP Gree. POTATO SCAB. PROF. S. B. GREEN, ST. ANTHONY PARK. This disease and the losses from it are so well known, that no description of it or enumeration of the loss it occasions is mneces- sary. It attacks any and all varieties of potatoes. The cause of this trouble has been variously attributed to wood ashes, to insects, to stable manure, to heavy and light soil, to too much and too little water in the soil and to many other causes. But very lately it has been conclusively demonstrated that, while some of these conditions may increase the amount and the rapidity of its development, yet none of them, nor any of them combined, are the first causes in producing the disease. The real cause of the disease is a minute parasitic fungus plant, that lives in the skin of the potato tuber. The growth of it there produces an irritation which induces the healthy cells to start an extra growth to repair the injury done by the fungus. This growth, which takes place under the diseased surface skin, pushes it up, thus rupturing the cells and forming the rough surface which we call scab, Inthe same man- ner any growing healthy plant over-grows the injur- ies whichit may receive. That this is so is well de- monstrated by the follow- ing experiments made by Dr. R. Thaxter: A smooth potato was marked with . water containing the pure | potato scab fungus,in the form of amonogram of the letters R. T. with the result shown in figure 1. Fig.1. Potato scab induced by inoculation in form of monogram “R. T.”’ After Thaxter. In another experiment, the result of which is illustrated in figure 2,one potato was marked with the pure scab fungus in the form of the letter L. In the case of the small potato in figure 2,one end “4 of itwas just touched with water containing germs of the scab fun- gus. In each of these cases the fungus produced the rough- — ened surface on the skin of the potato so characteristic of scab, ‘ and thatin a form to prove it the result of the inoculation, hua proving satisfactorily that scab is the result of the growth of germs — in the skin of the potato. . In this connection, perhaps, it should be stated that the scab fungus will grow on the surface of a potato, if given warmth and — moisture, whether the tuber is growing or not. In consequence of : POTATOES. 259 this, scabby potatoes should be dug at once when matured, since, otherwise, the scab will continue to grow and to cause an increase of the injury. Another instance showing the germ character of the po- tato scab and that it will live over in the soil was related to me by a gentleman from Edina Mills, Hennepin coun- ty, it having occurred on his farm in 1891. He hada piece of land ona hillside, through which is a slight depression extending down the hill near the center of the piece. The potatoes on this land had been scabby and he thought it bestto dis- Fig. 2. Sketch of two potatoes showing the effects of artificial application of the germs of CONtinue growing them on it, “deep scab.” In the case of the large tuber and, instead, broke up a the germs were taken from apure cultureand ., ~ A applied in the form ofan L. The apex of the plece of land just below and small tuber was merely brushed with water con- : taining germs, Naturalsize. After Bolley. planted it to potatoes. At harvest he found that, ex- tending down the hill in the form of the letter V, where the drain- age from the land above would naturally flow, that the potatoes were scabby, while on the rest of the piece the tubers were clean and smooth. This is illustrated in figure3,in which A represents 4 Fig. 3. Showing distribution of potato scab by drainage. The enclosure to the : right and above is land infested with potato scab. The enclosure to the left and be- low is thenewly brokenland which was planted with clean seed potatoes. The V shaped part below the fence represents the part of the new land infected with seab ; from the fieid above by drainage 4 the land that produced scabby potatoes, B the new land that was newly broken up and C the portion of Bwhich received the wash from the land above it, which, consequently, was infested with scab. Our largest and most experienced potato growers take great pains to obtain and plant only such seed potatoes as are free from scab, and not to plant on land that has produced acrop of rough potatoes. These considerations are the result of constant observation of the evil attendant on such practices. _ Extensive experiments made at this Experiment Station and in many places elsewhere show plainly: (1) That scabby seed potatoes almost uniformly produce a scabby crop of tubers, even if planted 260 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. on new land. There are occasional exceptions to this rule, but they do not occur very often. (2) Thatin old potato ground, i. e., where the scab has been harmful, the crop is almost certain to be scabby, even though perfectly clean, healthy seed is planted. THE LENGTH OF TIME THE GERMS OF SCAB WILL LIVE IN THE SOIL is not known, but the experience of various growers would seem to show that they may live at least three or four years, and Prof. Bailey states it has been known to have seriously injured a crop of beets after an interval of five years from the time whenacrop of scabby potatoes was harvested. In this connection, it is of interest to know that the disease called scab on beets is the same as scab on pota- toes, and, consequently, potatoes should never followa crop of scabby beets without an interval of at least six years, which maybe long enough to permitthe germs to die out in the soil; but as this time may not be long enough to thoroughly cleanse the. land from the germs of the scab fungus, a longer time should be allowed to intervene whenever it is practicable. IMPORTANCE OF CLEAN SEED.—The importance of having seed po- tatoes perfectly smooth and free from scab or contamination by coming in contact with diseased potatoes cannot be too firmly in- sisted on. It isnot enough to have the seed smooth and clean as it would be were it freed from rough or injured tubers that showed signs of the disease, but if the clean seed potatoes have been in con- tact with those that are scabby the chances are that some germs of the disease will adhere to them and be ready to grow as soon as a favorable opportunity offers. Where there is the least suspicion that clean seed potatoes are infected, or when one is using seed the history of which is not known, the chances of injury from this source will be greatly lessened, if not entirely eliminated, by thor- oughly washing the tubers in running water before planting. This may be done by placing a trough where water will run through it; into this pour one layer of potatoes at a time and rub them witha broom or brush until they appear clean and bright, even in the eyes. This will probably remove the germs that adhere to the skins. If such potatoes are planted on perfectly clean land, there is no doubt but what the crop from them will be smooth, although, even if grown from such seed potatces, some germs may remain after the rubbing process, and the little scab thus spread may gradually increase until it becomesa source of trouble; so that, even where this method is adopted, it will be found a good plan to occasionally change the land used. A better plan would be to disinfect with corrosive sublimate as recommended for scabby seed. SCABBY SEED POTATOES may be safely planted, provided they are first treated with some material that will kill the germs of the scab fungus on the skin. Many experiments have been made in this line with various fungicides. The most uniformly successful results have come from soaking seed potatoes before planting in a solution of mercuric bichloride. Prof. Bolley, of North Dakota, who has exper_ imented very largely with this treatment and achieved remarkable success in its use, recommends the following method: “Procure an ordinary barrel and fit into the base a common wooden faucet. Pur- POTATOES. 261 chase of a druggist two ounces of finely pulverized corrosive sub- limate (mercuric bichloride).. Empty all of this into two gallons of hot water and allowit to stand over night, or until apparently dis- solved. Place inthe barrel thirteen gallons of water, then pour in the twq,gallon solution. Allow this solution to stand in the barrel four or five hours, during which time it is several times thoroughly agitated to insure equality of the solution before using. Selectas fair seead potatoes as possible, wash off all the old dirt and immerse as many as you Can, or wish to treat at one time, in the solution one hour and thirty minutes. At the end of this time turn off the solution into another vessel. The same solution may thus be used a number of times, if wished. After drying, the potatoes may be cut and planted asusual. Plant upon ground that has not previously borne the disease. The potatoes may be cut before treatment, if wished. “CAUTION: The corrosive sublimate isa strong poison, and too great care cannot be exercised in its use. The strength of the solu- tion as here recommended, one part in one thousand, is the same as that used in surgery and is not such as to work injury unless taken into the stomach. Great care should be taken in handling the pure substance, and all treated potatoes should be planted. The solution should not be placed in metallic vessels.” This treatment has been productive of excellent results at this ex- periment station. As mentioned above, care must be taken to use only wooden or earthen vessels; the corrosive sublimate will destroy metallic vessels. Prof. W. J. Green, of the Ohio Experiment Station, states that pota- to scab at that station has been almost wholly prevented by soaking the seed before planting for one hour in the Bordeaux mixture. There is much other evidence to show the benefits from using this fungicide for this purpose, and, as it is quite harmless, it is well worthy of trial. At this experiment station its use has been attend- ed with fair results, but these were not equal to those obtained where the corrosive sublimate was used. BARNYARD MANURE THE CAUSE OF SCAB.—It has been very generally observed that where stable manure is used on potato land, the scab is often most abundant; in other words, its presence seemed to be favorable to the Hevelapmneent of the disease. Dr. Thaxter says that he is convinced “that the practice of feeding scabby potatoes to stock is one of the most important measures by which the disease is spread on farms.” Itis well known that the spores of a great number of fungus diseases pass readily through the stomach and intestines of animals without injury. It is also known that the scab fungus grows readily in manure, and it is altogether probable that these spores pass unharmed through animals fed on scabby pota- toes or scabby beets. The manure that is free from these germs undoubtedly will not necessarily increase the injury from scab fungus. CONCLUSIONS. (1). Scab of potatoes is caused by a fungus plant working in the surface of the potato. The germs of it are very abundant and live for many years in the soil and also winter over onthe potatoes. If these germs are fed to stock, they undoubtedly grow in the manure; and the use of such manure may often be a cause of infection. Al- ¢ ‘ 262 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY so, they may be spread in the soil by the natural drainage, and land receiving the drainage from infested fields may become infested even without ever having potatoes on them. (2). Scabby seed, when planted on new or old potato land will generally produce a scabby crop, but the amount of the disease will generally be much more on the old than on the new land. (3). Perfectly clean seed planted on land which is free from the scab fungus will always and in any season produce a crop of smooth, clean potatoes, no matter what the charaeter of the land, but appar- ently clean seed potatoes may have the germs of the scab fungus on their surface. This is often the case where they have been sorted out from a lot that is somewhat infected with scab. In this latter case the tubers should at least be thoroughly washed in running water to remove any germs that may be present or, what is better yet, be treated with mercuric bichloride. (4). Land infested by the germs of this disease will always pro- duce a more or less scabby crop, no matter how clean and smooth the seed used. (5). Scabby potatoes should be dug as soon as mature, since the scab fungus continues to work on the potatoes as long as they are in the ground. (6). Scabby potatoes may safely be used for seed, provided they are first treated with corrosive sublimate, as recommended. The cost of this treatment is a mere trifle. LATE BLIGHT AND ROT OF THE POTATO. PROF. S. B. GREEN, ST. ANTHONY PARK. In this state, we are yet comparatively free from serious loss from this trouble; yet, in the older sections of the state, considerable loss -annually occurs to the potato crop from one or both of these troubles, and in occasional years very serious damage results from them, It is, undoubtedly, true that the loss from this cause is very 7 generally underestimated or not considered at all. Itis the object of this article to discuss this subject briefly and to give the best known methods of combating the disease. LATE BLIGHT OF THE POTATO OR ROT. (Phytophthora infestans.) Late blight of the potato and potato rot are the result of the grow- ing in the leaves or tubers of the potato of a fungus plant, or mil- dew, which by its growth robs the plant on which it grows and pre- vents the natural use of the food formed in the plant, and even goes so far as to break down the tissues in which it grows, causing their premature decay and death. It has been known for fifty years. It attacks medium or late pota- toes and seldom, if ever, injures early potatoes. It most generally makes its appearance in July or August, causing the leaves to die before the potatoes are more than one-half or two-thirds grown. It is most prevalant during moist, warm weather, when the fungus may often be seea as a delicate frost—like mildew on the stems or leaves of the potato vines. In seasons favorable to it, the tops of the — a POTATOES. 263 entire field may be killed in a very few days from the time the disease is first noticed. In seasons not very favorable to it, the tops may die prematurely, but so gradually as to be mistaken for the é Fig. 1. Late blight of potatoes in the early stages. Phytophthora infestans. natural maturing of the plant. I think it most often acts in this way in this state. From the tops, the spores may pass to the tubers, where they cause them to rot. This disease may be prevented by the use of Bordeaux mixture, to which reference will be made further on. Figure 1 shows the way in which the disease often commences. It frequently starts at some spoton the leaf which has been injured, and from there spreads in every direction. This will many times be noticed around holes made by beetles. EXPERIMENTS. This subject has attracted much attention from experimenters in ‘the older states, where the use of Bordeaux mixture as a preventive has been so successful that it has become very generally adopted by the most progressive planters. Theresults are not always uni- 264 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. torm, as there are occasional years when it does not seem to be very destructive, but the increased assurance of a crop well warrants its use in those sections. At the Vermont Experiment Station in 1892, the crop of potatoes was increased from a total of 9914 bushels where the tops were not sprayed to a total of 291 bushels where the tops were sprayed. This seems to many almost incredible, but where it is understood that the tops of one plant were completely dried up, while the sprayed plants were fresh and green, some idea may be had of the way the treatment works. It certainly is an extraordinary increase, even for this treatment. This condition is nicely illustrated in Figure 2 which has been kindly loaned us by that station. Sprayed with Bordeaux mixture. Not sprayed. Fig.2. View of sprayed and untreated plats of potatoes. The Rhode Island Experiment Station increased the potato crop there in 1890 forty-eight per cent. by spraying the foliage. Several other experiment stations have received very satisfactory results in this line. Two experiments in this line have been carried on at this station, and they have shown a considerable increase in the crop as the result of the application of Bordeaux mixture. In 1888, parallel rows of potatoes, each one hundred feet long, were treated with Bordeaux mixture,and a yield of 186 pounds per row was noted. The untreated rows yielded 143 pounds, showing an increase of 43 pounds per 100 feet. This is equal to 104 bushels per acre, or an increase of about twenty-five per cent. as the result of the treatment. a POTATOES. 265 In this case, the tops of the treated row were stronger and more vig- orous every way, and they remained green and fresh for two weeks after the tops of the other varieties had died. In the summer of 1893, on the farm of Mr. Herman Schultz, which adjoins the experiment station, four rows ina piece of Late Bur- bank potatoes, growing on very even land, were treated with Bor- deaux mixture. Shortly after the first application, the tops of the treated rows were easily distinguished from those of the rest of the field by their darker green and healthier color. This difference con- tinued to be a very prominent, distinguishing mark until the tops were cut by frost. However, the tops of the whole patch continued to grow until cut by frost, and there was apparently little or no blight present. Yetat the time of harvest, the four treated rows yielded ten anda half bushels of merchantable potatoes, and the untreated rows adjoining yielded eight bushels of merchantable potatoes. Thisis equivalent to a yield of 210 bushels from the treated rows and 160 bushels from the rows not treated, which is equal to an increase of fifty bushels per acre. This increase seemed to be due to the fact that the tubers from the treated rows were of larger size thantheothers. In the treated rows, the potatoes were all merchantable, while in the untreated rows, there was one-half bushel of small potatoes, that is, an amount equal to ten bushels per acre. This line of work has not been carried sufficiently far or exact enough in this state to warrant the statement that it will pay to use fungicides, but it is certainly evident that every potato grower, at least in the older portions of the state, should try the experiment in a small way the coming year. EXPENSE OF THE WORK. Bordeaux mixture, the fungicide recommended, is made by dis- solving six pounds sulphate of copper (blue vitriol) in sixteen gal- lons of water, in a wooden vessel—a barrel is good for this purpose. In another vessel slake four pounds of fresh lime in six gallons of water. When this has cooled itis slowly poured into the sulphate of copper through a burlap cloth which will take out all the lumps oflime. The liquids are thoroughly mixed by stirring, when the whole should be of a sky blue color. It should be prepared a few days before using. When used it should be diluted by adding to it about the same bulk of water. It is sometimes used at its full strength, but itis more difficult to apply when so strong, twice as expensive, and gives but little, if any, better results than when diluted as recom- mended. Three sprayings are generally sufficient, but in many seasons at least four should be applied, commencing when the tops are about one-half grown in ordinary years, and somewhat earlier if any signs of blight are noted on the plants. Generally, an applica- tion should be made about once in two weeks after the work is commenced. The amount used at each application will depend on the size of the tops. For the first, about 100 gallons to the acre will be neces- 266 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.. sary, and for the last two, about 150 gallons each time, making in all 400 gallons of Bordeaux mixture. The cost of materials for the above formula will be: 6llbs. blade vitroli(sulph. copper);@iC eaves. ooo ai eee eee 42 AMD SAS s.). Ssh ate sass) ofa eb Ok ainlg Soe Vopr he. bs chic ie 0114 Cost of 44 walloria yo ie acide in tral iattin et mia =item wiske «at 431g From the above it would appear that the cost would not exceed one cent per gallon of the mixture, but as the blue vitrol may not always be obtainable at seven cents, perhaps the cost might be a trifle more. At this price, the cost of the material to spray one acre would be about $4.00. The labor involved will depend on the way in which the work is done, and for each application it may be consid- ered about the same as that necessary to apply Paris green. When it is necessary to spray for the potato beetle, the Paris green may be applied in the Bordeaux mixture at the rate of one pound to 100 gal- lons of the mixture. Manner of applying Bordeaux mixture.—In a small way Bor- deaux mixture may be applied with a brush broom or by any of the means used for applying Paris green and water, but when the work is undertaken on a large scale, it should be put on witha force pump and a spray nozzle,as the spray nozzle divides the liquid up intoa very light spray, so that the material. goes much farther than if put on witha watering pot or brush broom. This can be done very cheaply andconveniently by rigging abarrel with a force pump and ten feet of hose with a spray nozzle. The barrel can be easily carried through the rows ina wagon. With such anarrange- ment, from two to five acres may be sprayed in one day, the amount depending on the size of the tops. A spray nozzle is very impor- tant. At the experinient station, we use what is called the Nixon nozzle, but there are several other kinds that are just as good. SUMMARY. (1). Late blight of potatoes is probably quite a serious source of loss to the farmers of the state. (2). Late blight of potatoes is caused by the same fungus that brings on rot. (3). Late blight and rot of potatoes may be prevented by the appli- cation of Bordeaux mixture to the tops of the potatoes after the vines are one-half grown. (4). It is well worth while for growers of potatoes to experiment in the use of Bordeaux mixture for the prevention of blight and rot, although it is not recommended to treat the whole crop with it. (5). The cost of material for Bordeaux mixture should not exceed $4.00 per acre, and under favorable circumstances may come much below this figure. (6). The increase in the crop from the treatment recommended may often be as much as fifty bushels per acre, and frequently much more. This increase will pay for the expense of the operation, and, as the potatoes are generally larger and smoother as the result of the treatment, it is probable the work will pay well. In some sea- sons, little or no results have come from the practice, but such neg- ative results are very exceptional. . wee? POTATOES. 267 (7). The Paris green or London purple which is ordinarily applied for the potato beetle may be mixed into and applied with the Bor- deaux mixture with as good results as if applied alone. DISCUSSION. Prof. S. B. Green: This season I treated five rows on Como avenue, near the experiment station, belonging to a farmer living there. I treated five rows, 250 feet long, right through his potato patch. After treating, I told himif there was any injury done I would see that they were well insured, but two weeks after the first treatment anybody could see the differ- ence between those that were treated and those that were not, and those five rows that were treated yielded at the rate of forty bushels per acre more than the rest of the patch; but that was not as great a difference as there would be some sea- sons, because the tops were all cut off by frost. I would sug- gest to the society that they try the Bordeaux mixture. In applying the Bordeaux mixture you can mix it with Paris green. Mr. Brackett: At what time do we have to make the first application ? Prof. Green: When the tops are about eight inches high. You would not get an increase on early potatoes, but on late potatoes. About the middle of July make one application, then another about the first of August and another about the 20th of August; one has to use his judgment about this. Three applications are a great plenty. Mr. Pearce: Now, we have a spawn or germ that produces @ Species of smut on wheat and on corn, and I have been exper- imenting a good deal with wood ashes of late. I think I can prevent the smut on corn by soaking it in lye. I have done it, and I think I can destroy that germ. What would be the result ‘of soaking our potatoes in lye or potash solution? Prof. Green: The trouble about that would be to get it strong enough to destroy the fungus without destroying the bud. Mr. Wedge: How is it about getting rid of the rot on the tomato? Prof. Green: I believe the best plan is to select a situation where there is a good circulation of air, and then so far as possible select those varieties that resist the rot the most. It is well known that the Acme in. some seasons is very liable to rot. The rot in tomatoes can be entirely stopped by the use of Bordeaux mixture. Some people spray with the mixture 268 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. too late; if it is done early enough it is a good preventative. Get an airy location; and, if you have not too many, you can bag your tomatoes. Mr. Allyn: How isit they will rot when there comes a rain and they will not rot after that? Prof. Green: The tomato is weakened and the dense air makes it liable to disease. EDIBLE MUSHROOMS. (From Report of 1893, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.) Many methods of cultivating the common meadow mushroom have been presented by different growers, but all agree as to the value of the general methods in practice. Nearly every farm and nursery affords the conditions necessary to cultivate the ordinary field mushrooms, such as sheltered sheds, stables, and small hot beds for winter cultivation, and melon patches, cucumber pits, etc., for summer culture. Mushroom spawn in “bricks” can be easily obtained from the seedsmen. Natural or virgin spawn, which is considered by many experienced growers as preferable to the artificial, can be obtained in most places where horses are kept. It is found in half-decom- posed manure heaps, generally where horse droppings have accum- ulated under cover. It is readily distinguished by its white fila- mentous character, and by its mushroom odor. When dried it can be kept for years. Mushroom beds are easily formed on the floor of sheds, by carry- ing in the fresh stable dung, adding to it about one-fourth of good loam, mixing both together, pressing firmly down, and letting the mass remain about two weeks untouched. By this time the temper- ature will be on the decline, and when it falls to 90° F., break the bricks of spawn into pieces two inches square, and plant twelve inches apart, three inches below the surface. Then cover over to the depth of three inches with good garden soil and press down firmly. It is recommended that mushroom beds should not be finally earthed until the spawn is seen beginning to spread its white fila- ments through the mass; and should it fail to do thisin eight or ten days after spawning, the conditions being favorable, it is better to insert fresh spawn or to remake the bed, adding fresh materials if it be found to fail from being too cold. It is advisable not to put the spawn at any uniform depth, but so that while one piece of it may be at a depth of six inches, or nearly so, others may touch the surface. This allows the spawn to vege- tate at a depth and temperature most congenial to it. Mushrooms may be cultivated in warm cellars, in boxes about four feet square by eighteen inches in depth, for family use. Oe loriculture. DECORATIVE HORTICULTURE FOR FARMERS: WM. TOOLE, BARABOO, WISCONSIN. If the average farmer does not make full use of the means at hand to beautify home surroundings, it is not often so much through lack of taste as because of want of opportunity. Perhaps, the labors of a life-time have been made up of struggles to secure a home with means of subsistence and to raise and educate a family, leaving but little time to notice that the green fields, the waving grain and wooded hillsides are all more beautiful than the immediate surroundings of his home. Not forgetting that most farmers can spare but little time or money for home embellishment, it behooves us then to first consider such plans as give the most enduring returns for the labor expended. The foundation for all work of this kind is grass. We will call it a lawn, of course, even though we may choose to trim it with a scythe rather than a lawn mower, or sometimes, if we have been generous in our allotment, use a mowing machine. With several cuttings in a season, the farm animals will make good use of the growth obtained, in this way making our ground earn its rent, leav- ing the beauty of the setting for our jewels of shrubs and flowering plants a clear gain. We will hope that there is sufficient space between the house and road for our contemplated lawn, that it need not be all to one side, and we pray that much time need not be taken up in removing out of sight wagons, plows and other farm machinery, as well as rub- bish, woodpiles and other unsightly objects, which easily accumu- late out of place through hurry of summer’s work or indifference of winter’s forgetfulness. While the spirit of improvement is on us it is a good plan, during some of our drives, to note the general appearance of farmers’ homes, and carefully remember what should be commended and what should be avoided. Returning we will drive past our own place, and after leisurely viewing it, we may be surprised to find that we had not been familiar with our own appearance before the rest of the world. We may be surprised, too, with the possibilities for improve- ment. A good preparation for our lawn is a summer fallow with plenty of manure and cultivation. An uniformly rich and mellow surface is necessary to start with, and it would be better to sacrifice an uneven patch of grass than try to nurse it into good condition. The best mixture of lawn grass seed is blue grass, and, if you feel that you must havea variety,add a little white clover seed; nothing else. Too much variety makes an uneven bunchy growth, which will be still more noticeable on your farm lawn than where the grass is frequently clipped. The seed may be sown early in September 270 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. without any coarse grain, and we will have something to mow in good season the following spring. If sowing must be left until spring, it should be done as early as possible, mixing a few oats to help break the crust when the young grass is coming up. Sow about double the quantity you would of ordinary farm grasses, or about half as much as usually recommended in the catalogues. The seed should be harrowed in lightly and rolled, if possible. Now, as soon as there is anything to cut, whether weeds, oats or grass, cut it,and continue doing so through the season. Perhaps it has been necessary in preparing our ground to remove some stunted» neglected trees or shrubs. Better to do our work well, even though we have commenced late in life. Good results depend upon thoroughness in the start. Next comes arranging of flower beds and planting of trees and shrubs. J)o not attempt too much, as it is easier to overdo than undo. Trees we will commence with first, as we must wait longer for results, and, location of these being of prime importance,we wish nothing else in the way of our choice of place. But I had forgotten our driveway. If our approach is at one side of our lawn, it is bet- ter so than to cut our lawn intwo, and may give chance, perhaps, for a graceful curve rather than a straight line. Sometimes planting a clump of shrubbery or an evergreen in the bend may be desirable to make our curve seem a necessity, but often the beauty of the arrangement will be sufficient excuse. In planting trees we should always have in mind their probable future dimensions, and we should often plant for ornament more than show, thereby needing variety and individual beauty of spec- imens. The hackberry is good for ornamental planting; the honey locust is hardy in Wisconsin, and we find it a cleanly, graceful tree; our native larch gives pleasant variety, and nothing is finer than a well grown specimen of our wild black cherry. If we have had opportunity to spare fine specimens of white oak or hickory, we are glad to admire the sturdy grace of the one or the luxuriant dignity of the other. Then we have also to choose from our native birches, the cut-leaved weeping birch, native and European, mountain ash, the Russian golden willow and one or two of the poplars with evergreens in variety. For shade and variety this list may be increased with maples, basswoods and elms. For beautiful speci- mens on the lawn we would commend of evergreens our native hemlock, when well grown, the Colorado blue spruce and arbor vites, pyramidal and globosa. What possibilities we have with evergreens? With them we may make the home seem sombre, heavy or gloomy, or give touches of summer brightness to the winter scene; furnish back ground to many a living floral picture or even add to the beauty of the country landscape, if our situation is sufficiently prominent to be viewed from a distance. And why should we not add to the beauty of country viewsif, fortunately, we are so situated that we can? And might not communities even, combine their efforts to improve the opportunities which nature has given to add to the beauty of the countryside? In our own county with its many stretches of hill and valley, a few of the early settlers had the good taste to leave — FLORICULTURE. 271 standing some of the native evergreens, enough to show how the present aspect might be improved by the tree planters’ art; but no general sentiment has been established favoring such landscape embellishment, and chances are that these beautiful effects will be lessened, instead of increased, as the years go by. Except by the roadside, we must have no straight, formal or geometrical arrangement of tree planting,—rather the appearance of ascattered grove so arranged that we may see and be seen; if we would be shut in, a high board fence will answer. If we would look out our window, views must not be obscured with obstructing foliage, else regrets may mar the pleasure of our work. Roadside planting ought not to be too profuse. Shaded lanes are well for parks and village streets, but if they should become extensive in the country, they would be monotonous.. In choosing shrubbery it is well to remember that we have them with us all the time, and beauty of foliage or fruit as well as flowers must be thought of. For this reason many of our native shrubs and climbers are desirable. With a stout stake for a stem, our climbing bittersweet, Calastrus scandens, may be made a beautiful um- brella-shaped tree, and with ampelopsis, native clematis and moon- seed vine we have nearly all the climbers we need; but, having these, we will in time surely add climbing roses and the many showy kinds of clematis. Our native euonymus, or strawberry tree, is always pretty, and is beautiful in the fall with its showy fruit, as is also the deciduous holly, Jlex verticillatas. Of viburnums there are several good natives to choose from. Then, too, are the cultiva- ted species, never forgetting spirea Van Houtii and adding bush honeysuckle, mock orange, hydrangea, lilac and others. We have even for our trying climate more to choose from than there is room for. To increase this list better consult the reports of your society and of your state experiment station, rather than depend wholly on nursery catalogues, for the word hardy in application is but a comparative term, and most of nurserymen’s experience has been gained in a milder climate than ours. Shrubs ought always to be grown as shrubs. Trim them to trunks like trees, and they are robbed of their natural grace of form, while their tendency to sucker is increased. For the same reason it is desirable to grow shrubs in groups, and if we use the side of the driveway away from the lawn for a shrubbery border, we have, too, the finest of places for herba- ceous perennials, where some half hardy plants would flourish, as they could not in more exposed situations. Fortunate are we if we can expand our shrub border into a background of evergreen groups, against which may be seen in winter the bright tracery of Russian golden willow sprays or in summer and winter the grace and beauty of the cut-leaved weeping birch. Roses*we must surely have, and to give them special care and winter protection as well as because they look better that way, they should always be grown together rather than scattered about or mixed with other things. Those who are not well skilled in growing plants had better buy strong two year old bushes than risk disap- pointment from little mailing plants which are to be had so cheaply. he MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY Few beds should be cut in the lawn and not many shrubs planted there, and of those only the hardiest. Our beds may be filled with the most gaily colored flowers to brighten the lawn. The bed of bulbs may be succeeded later by poppies, asters or any of the bright annuals. A bed or two filled with geraniums, salvias, verbenas, petunias or phlox drummondii, will give sufficient variety. We must give a little attention to the immediate vicinity of the house, for with our native climbers, also mountain fringe, cobea scandens, clematis, roses, &c., our porches may be made into fairy bowers. If our house is not so built that banking up for winter protection is unnecessary, then it should be made so another season, for we want our north side for a collection of native ferns and early wild flowers. We ask pardon if we seem too partial to our native shrubs and plants—they are beautiful, if not rare. They may yet be rare as beautiful, and to many of our friends who visit us they are so even now. When the beauties of summer are gone, and we see o’er the snow-covered world a few evergreens to remind us of summer verdure, we are grateful for the presence of flowers or even bright green leaves to make the house more cheerful; and no house is perfect in its construction or appointments if house plants will not flourish therein with proper care. Considerations of health and comfort, at least, require that our houses be fit for plants to live in. Probably, nothing short of flowers will content us, and we may be more sure to have these with bulbs and geraniums. With our bulbs we must first have roots before the flowers come, and to be sure of these it is well to take a shallow box of sand and in it plant the bulbs nearly or quite touching each other—not more than half covering them; put these in a moderately warm, dark place, as the cellar, a dark closet or under the plant stand. Keep them watered and watch for roots. When the roots are an inch long they may be potted carefully and still kept in the cellar or other resting place until the pots are well filled with roots, and the more forward ones may be brought to the window for blooming, a few ata time. Some bulbs will need to be kept in the sand longer than others. What- ever we have for winter blooming must have been specially pre- pared forit. If we have bedded out in summer young geranium plants, they may be pinched back for stocky growth and potted early in September, being already budded for winter flowering. The same may be done with petunias and other plants. But if our plants have been grown for summer bloom and then cut back, we may expect only a growth of leaves to reward us. Begonias in many varieties are fine for winter flowers. But, what- ever the kind, the rule holds good, with few exceptions, that a pre- paratory growth for winter bloom must first be made else we have no flowers. Any plant which blooms soon after commencing to grow in the spring may be used for winter flowering, and we may have pleasant reminders of the summer by taking up in the fall a few clumps of hepatica, bloodroot, and the like. If we would have carna- tions or roses for winter, the rule requiring preparatory growth is imperative. But the great drawback to cultivation of these in our livingrooms is dry air and insects, particularly insects; and often the grower wonders why her plants dry up in spite of watering, FLORICULTURE. 273 when most likely they are suffering from green fly or red spider. These should always be watched for and guarded against. Smok- ing and spraying are the florists’ defence in the greenhouse, but they are not very successfully done in the house. There are prob- ably many of the various insectides in use which will help us to rid ourselves of these plant enemies, and there is one compound we have tried and are well pleased with. Sulpho-tobacco soap made by the Rose Manufacturing Company, of Buffalo. For destruction of green fly, red spider, scale and mealy bug, it has proved very effec- tive. We must not omit chrysanthemums. The black aphis troubles them, but they are easily got rid of. Small plants in the spring may be grown to large ones in the fall, and after blooming and cut- ting back the old plants may be kept long enough to yield some side shoots for future use and then thrown away, only taking up much house room when in flower anda little before. If we have a cool east window, we may have from seed blooming plants of primroses, cyclamans, cinnerarias and pansies, keeping a sharp out- look for insects and being careful about watering. OUR NATIVE SHRUBS AND VINES FOR ORNAMENTAL PLANTING. (A TALK). Cc. L. SMITH, MINNEAPOLIS. I selected this subject because it is one that I think is more gener- ally neglected than any other, and more generally misunderstood than any other subject pertaining to our work: “The use of our native vines and shrubs for ornamental planting.” I had occasion in traveling through the country this fall to make some observations on this subject. [counted twenty farm houses that I passed in one afternoon, and seven of them had fairly good porches in front of them. It was just at the time when the early frosts were coloring our native vines and shrubs beautifully, and I did not see a vine on one of the seven porches, and from any one of those porches at that time one could have seen a beautiful picture made with autumn leaves from our native vines and shrubs. I was thinking last night when friend Dobbyn was talking about the ideal reformer, how far the ideal was away from the real, and then I thought how much some of us in this world lost, or seemed to lose, by striving after an ideal to the entire neglect of the real or practical that was right within our reach. Now,I presume I am not overestimating when I say that if one-tenth part of the money expended for foreign shrubs and vines with which to ornament our homes had been expended in planting and caring for our native shrubs and vines, that our yards and streets and our homes would be better ornamented with trees _ shrubs and vines than they are today. I had occasion while visiting the city of Washington to go through the parks there, and I saw something there that might be a surprise to many of you—it was to me, at least; and that was, the most beautiful specimens of trees 274 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. I spoke about the twenty farm houses I passed in one afternoon where there was not a single vine over the porches, yet frequently along the roadside I passed a vine of the common ampelopsis quin- quefolia, or Virginia creeper, growing over the fence, making a beau- tiful picture all during the summer season, and yet those people living right within sight of it never utilized it. And, again, the same is true of some of our most common shrubs. When the park system was first inaugurated in Minneapolis, the first money that was expended was sent to Eastern nurseries for shrubs to plant in the park; nearly all of them are foreign shrubs. They are nice, very nice, but they will not compare with some of the shrubs along Lake Calhoun and along the Minnehaha Boulevard. Right along the Minnehaha Boulevard there are some native shrubs and vines grow- ing, where they grew naturally, that will discount any foreign varieties, that are pleasing to the eye, agreeable to the look, and in the spring, in the summer and in the autumn they are ahead of anything in the parks of the city that are ornamented with foreign shrubs and vines. The pleaI wantto makeis this: We have within our reach these little things, common if you will, cheap, of course, so that everybody can afford them, and why do we not use them? I think our horticultural society when it publishes that primer that we talked about last winter, ought to emphasize the fact that our people can go out into the woods, along the streams in their own neighborhoods and find enough native shrubs and vines to make their homes perfect bowers of beauty. Let us go justa little into details: Iwas talking witha gentleman of this city,a man who has traveled in Europe, a man who has made a study of parks and park systems, and he agreed with me in this, that for a tree that would color beautifully and hold its foliage fora long time, he did not know of any tree in existence equal to our large leaved poplar, that grows wild in Minnesota. We all know what the hard maple isin that respect, and when we get down to the shrubs, there is no shrub that can be planted in the dooryard that will color more beautifully under the effects of the frost than the common sumac. How many dooryards have sumac growing in them? You see young ladies and gentlemen going out ona Sunday afternoon and when they come back they are loaded with sumac leaves, and yet how many farmers have sumac growing about their dooryards? Here in the city, people cover their porches and sheds with these climbing vines. How many farm houses have been made attractive in that manner? Take the celastrus scandens, or bittersweet; how many farmers’ porches have the bittersweet grow- ing over them? And yet there is no vine growing that during the entire summer season exhibits as great beauty as does the bitter- sweet with its thick dark leaves and yellow flowers and beautiful in the winter with its bright golden berries. The ampelopsis is so common that I need not give a description of it. I presume it is not unreasonable to say that there is not one person out of ten that knows or realizes that that vine is growing wild around them. I have many times heard people wonder where they could get vines of _ the kind that grew on the church up here. They do not know what they are. Somebody comes along with a picture of the vine and ee ee OP ee er ee, eee ee ee , = Ts en ee _ FLORICULTURE. 275 sells them fora dollar apiece. They get some and plant it, and it gets sick and dies; it will not grow around their porch. They won- _der why the vine will grow so well at the church, but will not grow around their porch. We have these things growing here in our state; these common shrubs and vines and trees, within our own reach, and if we would give as much attention to the cultivation of them as we do to the foreign kinds, I think our people would be greatly benefited by so doing. I think I have said all that is necessary to attract attention to this subject, and that is all that I expect todo. Perhaps Ido not know much, but if what I do know does anybody any good, Iam glad to tellit. This is the mission of our society to educate and inspire our people in regard to these little things. Friends, it was rightly said last night that horticulturists are progressive, that horticulturists are not satisfied with standing still: it was also said we have our ideals, but do not let us place our ideals too high or too far away so we cannot reach them. If we cannot have what we want, let us take what we can get. [Applause]. DISCUSSION. 5 Mr. Moyer: I suppose we value things somewhat in propor- tion to the difficulty we experience in procuring them. At our place one of our neighbors sent to Rochester, N. Y., and paid a dollar for his ampelopsis, and he undoubtedly appreciated it very much; but he might have gone down the street a half mile and dug a bushel of them, but he would not have appreciated them half so much. I think, though, I can endorse what Mr. Smith has said, and I might say there are a good many other shrubs that can be utilized. The wild viburnum is one of the finest shrubs that can be raised, so is the red-berried elder and a great many other shrubs. The Celastrus scandens, or bittersweet, is very common along the borders of groves, but it does not seem to do well planted near a house; I never could get it to grow on the prairie, but the ampelopsis will grow anywhere. President Underwood: Do you find the aristolochia up there? Mr. Moyer: No, sir, we do not. President Underwood: It occurs in some parts of the state; the common name is Dutchman’s Pipe. Mr. Moyer: There is another shrub that is very fine; it grows on the bottom lands in Minnesota as far west as the Minnesota line. It keeps its foliage quite a long time in the fall, and its berries resemble the berries of the bittersweet. It is the euonymus, or burning bush. I have a European species, _ butit is not near as good as the native. 276 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Mr. Harris: That is a very easy plant to transplant, and it grows all over the state wherever there are thickets or tim- ber. For a good many years I hada single plant on my place, and when I came home from town, whether drunk or sober, at the right season of the year, the first thing that struck my eye was that burning bush, and it made me feel a good deal like the man who is lost trying to find his home and sees a light in the window. Mr. Wedge: Since some one has mentioned the thorn apple, I would like to emphasize the fact that it is one of the most beautiful trees we have, and when it stands by itself it takes on avery unique appearance. There is another shrub, the lonicera, or woodbine, which is a very nice shrub for certain situations. Mr. Elliot: One other shrub that is very pretty here is our high bush cranberry, Viburnum opulus. It is very easily grown and holds its berries along in the fall and is quite orna- mental. Another tree is our native birch. It is the first thing that is green in the spring, and I think one or two in the door- yard adds a good deal of beauty. Mr. Smith: Prof. Hansen is here, let us get all we can out of him. They have down there a wild olive from Russia that attracted my attention; I think it is one of the handsomest things I have ever seen, and I wish he would tell us about that wild olive. Prof. Hansen: The wild olive should be planted on every lawn. I think it has a place all to itself. The foliage is of a light silvery color. Itpresents quite a remarkable appearance on a lawn, and when in bloom the flowers are quite small and yellow but they just fill the air in the blooming season with a heavy honey tike fragrance. There is not anything so beauti- ful in its season as the wild olive. It is the observed of all observers in its season, and while it is handsome at all seasons of the year, the leaves hang on quite late in the fall and their silvery appearance makes the tree exceedingly handsome. It is the easiest thing in the world to propagate. You gather the seeds in the fall and mix them with sand and put them out to freeze in boxes buried just beneath the surface so the seed will be frozen, then plant it out in the spring; the seed will perhaps not all come up the first year, but you will be apt to get quite a fair stand the first year. ‘he Mennonites in Kansas have long hedges. of it. It is beautiful for an ornamental hedge, but I think the best place for itis on the lawn. It has an upright compact head and is very beautiful. FLORICULTURE. 260 Mr. Harris: In sending to the nursery for this shrub, should we call it the wild olive? Prof. Hansen: It is better then to use the botanical name. When you order it is best to give the full name, the Easteru wiid olive. The others are not hardy in Iowa. Mr. Moyer: In western Minnesota, the nicest shrub we have is the wild olive. It grows very rapidly after it is well estab lished and makes a large growth each year. In its general aspect it is much like the buffalo berry; a person would have to look twice to tell the difference. Mr. Smith: Its resemblance to the buffalo berry is such that it makes one think of it at once. President Underwood: How about the fruit? Mr. Smith: I did not taste of it. President Underwood: We have them in thenursery. They are a beautiful tree. Ithink there are trees there about twenty feet high. , HARDY CARNATIONS. {[L. H. BAILEY, in Cornell (N. Y.) Bulletin 61.] There is comparatively little known in this country about hardy, or what the English call border carnations. The energy of Amer- ican carnation growers has been directed almost entirely to the winter or house type. This winter or forcing type is a modern evolu- tion from the hardy carnation, and there seems to be no reason why the two types should not succeed equally well in thiscountry. Gar- deners of foreign birth usually dismiss the hardy carnations by saying that our climate is too hot and dry forthem. While there may be much truth in this position, it is also true that many, and perhaps all of the border varieties can be grown here with little trouble. Some persons have grown them with perfect satisfaction for years, and visitors to the World’s Pair in early August must have noticed a glowing bed of them upon the wooded island. In order to determine if these plants can be successfully grown with only ordinary care, such as any person can give, we secured seeds in the spring of 1892, of the following strains: Early Margaret, Self Colored, Early Dwarf Mixed Vienna, Red Grenadine, Splendid Rose-leaved, Picotee, and some others. These were sown in boxes in the green-house on the 8th of March, but they might just as well have been sown out of doors when the season opened. The plants were set in the field as the season advanced. A few of them bloomed in the fall. They were allowed to go through the winter wholly un- protected, although they grew upon bald hill-top; and the last win- ter was severe at Ithaca. They all wintered well, and they began to bloom about the middle of June, and gave an uninterrupted display of bright colored and interesting forms until late in August. Al- though the lot was a mixed one, having come from seeds, all the varieties were interesting, particularly the single flowers. If any one strain were more pleasing than another, it was probably the Vienna, which bore single and semi-double little flowers of very pure and dainty colors, ranging from ivory-whiteto rose-red. Some of the plants had been taken up in the fall and removed to the house for winter bloom, and here, too, the Vienna was very pleasing. These hardy carnations will live on from year to year, although so good results cannot be expected from the subsequent seasons of bloom, and it is best to raise new plants from seeds. ()bituary. PHILIP HERZOG. Died July 15, 1894. Philip Herzog was born at Oldenheim on the Rhine, Bavaria. He came to America at 12 years of age and learned the cabinetmaker trade at Auburn, N. Y. He was married to Jane Halliday,of Ogdensburgh, N. Y., 48 years ago. Hecame west soon afterward and engaged in the furniture business at Racine, Wis. From Racine he moved to Prescott and thence to Hastings,this state. He came to Minneapolis in the year 1866 and started the man- ufacture of wooden fences by machinery under name of the Northwestern Fence Works, of which he was the pro- prietor, and which grew to large proportions under his management. When the use of fences for lawn enclos- ures were largely done away with the business was gradually changed into foundry and structural iron works, under the names of Philip Herzog, Philip Herzog & Son, and the Herzog Manufacturing Company, which took front rank among the manufacturing industries of the Northwest. He withdrew from the presidency of the last mentioned corporation and active business in Febru- ary, 1877, since which time he has lived mostly upon his farm at Groveland Station, Lake Minnetonka, in which he took great pride and pleasure. Owing to the sickness of his invalid wife he has been residing at No. 2809, Henne- pin avenue, the past year, where he was taken away by Bright’s disease at1 o’clock P.M. Mr. Herzog has always been regarded as one of our most sterling, reliable and progressive business men,and his cheery smile and pleas- ant greeting will be greatly missed by his many friends in the Twin Cities. Mr. Herzog joined this society in 1888 and became a life member in 1890. He did not take an active part in the deliberations of the society, but often attended its meet- ings and was always much interested in its work. 4 | POS =, ee i el —~— y be > 3 ; “4 R?. Your orner, QUESTION. What is the most economical method of raising water forty to sixty feet into a tank or reservoir for irrigating purposes? Name the appliance used. WYMAN ELLIOT. LETTERS. “The report of the Minnesota Experiment Station and Summer Meetings is at hand, and is a most welcome publication. It is just from the experience of men dealing with nature, earnest men who are looking for good things to eat, to look at,—fruit trees. And even a new rose that I want is told of—the “Wyman Elliot.” I know Mr. Elliot, I found him in Texas, in 1890. He is a New Hampshire man, from the same state that I was born in. “Mrs. Manning and I were at Rochester, Minn., at the first fair held in Minnesota; it was a display of Minnesota fruit, and I was told that Mr. J.S. Harris had itin charge. Mr. Ford had some grapes on exhibition then, and he thought that the state would be in time dis- tinguished for its grapes. “You are distinguished not only in the fruit line, but in forests, ornamental trees, shrubs, etc. “As an honorary member I am proud of our association, “Yours very truly, “JACOB W. MANNING.” Reading, Mass., July 6, 1894. “We have already received the February, March, April and May numbers of the Minnesota Horticulturist, and I know that Prof. Heiges will be glad to receive it in the future. It is an interesting publication and apparently a new departure in horticultural society literature. It strikes me that the monthly publications of proceed- ings is a good idea, for discussion will, in this way, reach the mem- bers of your society much more promptly than you can reach them with an annual report. “With personal regards I remain, very truly, “Wm. A. TAYLOR, Assistant Pomologist.” Washington, D. C., June 28, 1894. Cc ecretary’s (Yorner, oP = MIDSUMMER EXPERIMENT STATION REPORTS. It has been thought best to take advantage of:our monthly form of publication and make a midsummer report from our experiment stations to cover the period from January to July. This brings before you, as it were, a bird’s eye view of the present condition of horticulture in our state. These reports tell the plain unvarnisked truth, and the facts are those of to-day recorded on the spot and at the time. The advantage of such prompt publication is apparent. Much good will result from their careful perusal. WHoO Is IRRIGATING SMALL FRUITS THIS YEAR?—The extraordinary drouth during the season of ripening small fruits, following a sim- ilar drouth last year, emphasizes the necessity of providing means of applying water to the ripening fruit crops. One good soaking of the soil just at the critical times means, taking one year with an- other, a doubling of the crop and a trebling of the profits. It is practicable to do this with a tank and wind-mill, and some are ex- perimenting a little in this direction. In California this method is used in part. We should like to hear through our columns from any who are trying this, as to methods and results. WHAT CAN YOU SEND TO THE STATE FAIR?—Very special induce- ments are being offered to exhibitors of fruits, flowers, etc., this year at the State Fair, meeting Sept. 10 to 15. If you have not received a copy of the premium list send to this office for one at once and turn to page 41. The premiums on fruit are arranged to allow liberal premiums to a good many exhibitors; if you cannot take first, you may take second, third, fourth or fifth. In the case of some varieties, like the Duchess, several second premiums are offered. Look the list over carefully and check off what you can show, and plan to come to the fair. Your premiums will likely pay your ex- penses, and you will meet many horticulturists under circumstances which wiil result in much mutual benefit. The premiums offered for fruit aggregate nearly $700 and ought to bring out a fine exhibit even under these rather unfavorable cir- cumstances. You remember that the Minnesota fruit sent last year to the World’s Fair attracted great attention and was highly com- plimented, while we considered it inferior. So select the best you have and send or bring it along, and we shall still make a fine exhibit. (Any information desired as to this department of the fair will be gladly furnished by the secretary of this society.—SEC’Y.) GOPHER-ICIDE. A Correction.—On page 220, July number, the reporter makes Prof. Green say that bisulphate of copper will kill gophers. It, should read “bi-sulphide of carbon.” Try it and report. “SyInay Sos} JO [BAT 9YY 910JOG ‘AB Ul UayeL S.@IMNOM LV LISIHXd TVAMOVINOILAOH VLOSANNIN SIVA THE MINNESOTA HORTICULTURIST. VOL. 22 SEPTETSIBER, 1894. NO. 8 (Columbian Exposition, (To get a full report of our fruit exhibit at the World’s Fair, please read in con- nection with the following, an earlier report to be found on page 131, Report of this Society for 1893, where are to be found also full plans of the exhibit.—SEC’yY.) MINNESOTA HORTICULTURAL EXHIBIT AT THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. BY A. W.. LATHAM, SUPT. (A report rendered at the Summer Meeting of the Society held June 28, 1893.) I have the pleasure of making at this time the following partial report of the Minnesota horticultural exhibit, now being conducted under my charge at the World’s Columbian Exposition, Chicago. It is not my intention to make a formal or full report, as that will be made necessarily at the close of the fair, but to give you rather, in an informal way,an account of what has already been accomplished and an outline of the plans for the continuance and final completion of the exhibit. You will remember that at the time of the winter meeting some annoyance was felt by our members at the course of the manage- ment of the exposition in trying to change the form of our exhibit and place it upon a long,narrow table against the wall,instead of allow- ing the convenient and compact plan which had been prepared. It was thought best that I should make a trip to Chicago in an effort to adjust this matter, which I did, going down the day after the ad- journment ofthe meeting. Theresult was a confirmation of what had been previously promised us. Upon this final assurance the work ot preparation was pushed rapidly. Early in March the materials for installation were sent from Minneapolis, the work having been done, as faras possible,in Minnesotashops. Soon after, I went to Chicago and remained two weeks, occupied in getting the material on the ground and in the construction of the structure to be used there. 282 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Upon my return, late in March, this work was entirely completed, except the last coat of paint, which was put on the day after my leav- ing. The Minnesota installation was at that time the only sign of preparation for the fair in the pomological department, and contin- ued so to be up to only a few days prior to its opening on May Ist. The fruit which had been canned as a part of the permanent ex- hibit, comprising some two hundred glass jars, was sent by freight, and I found it on hand at the time of my arrival there to set up the permanent exhibit, on the 26th day of April. By good fortune the jars came intact and in as good apparent condition as when they were canned the fall before—and in digression I may now say their condition has not deteriorated in any appreciable degree, On Friday preceding the opening of the fair our ice-box received its first contribution of a ton and a half of ice, and three barrels of apples were brought down from cold storage in the city to be used at the opening of the show. This fruit was found to be in excellent condition, much in excess of my most sanguine expectations, and I may say that this has proved to be the case with nearly all the fruit placed in storage. On the opening day of the fair,the Minnesota fruit exhibit was prac- tically in shape, the refrigerator cases, the shelving and the revolv- ing tables all being well filled with fruit jars and plates of apples, the whole adorned somewhat by trailing vines and a few decorative plants. It was at this time, evidently, that the photograph was taken from which the engraving was made that appeared in the May num- ber of the Illustrated World’s Fair magazine, a copy of which I have brought here for your inspection. This picture was taken without my knowledge, or possibly a few changes might have added to its attractiveness. Since that time quite a number of additions have been made to the exhibit, all of which it is hoped add to the attraction and usefulness of the display. The object in view in preparing and maintaining this exhibit has been its general effect upon the very transitory audience that looks upon it, rather than to emphasize and call atten- tion to any particular details therein. The benefit to the community that pays for such an exhibit depends largely upon the number of people whose attention can be attracted to it and who can be made to perceive at a glance that the state of Minnesota is growing a handsome variety of fruits. With the exception of citizens of our own state,who are really looking for Minnesota exhibits, very few of the thousands who daily pass by, pause an instant to notice any ex- hibit unless their attention is attracted by the whole or some special feature of it. In emphasis of the theory upon which this exhibit is being conducted, the turning tables, which are placed at either ends of the booth and revolve in opposite directions by an electric motor, containing, as they do, a variety of fresh and canned fruits and sur- mounted by a cluster of decorative plants and graced with trailing vines from Minnesota greenhouses, catch the eye of nearly all who pass and cause a moment’s delay. These tables are surmounted by plain black crescents bearing the name, Minnesota, in gold letters, The name of the state appears in several other places, so that the public, who very largely move rapidly through this hall, receive y COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 283 some impression, though more or less transitory, in regard to the fruit-growing facilities or our state. The exhibit has been kept up from the start until now in practic- ally the same condition, renewals of the fresh apples having been made as often as necessary by drawing from the stock in cold storage. Up to this time, of the fifteen barrels of apples stored, only eight have been withdrawn, and it seems probable that the stock will hold out until fresh apples from the crop of ’93 are ready to take its place. A few fresh strawberries have been coming in the past week, but the quality is not of the best, and it is probable that our state will not feel very much pride in this feature of the exhibit. The un- fortunate character of the season,with the excessive heat and unusual drouth, having dwarfed both crop and fruit to such an extent as to make a first class exhibit in this line an impossibil#ty. Still, with improved methods of picking and packing, which experience is rapidly teaching the shippers, we hope to make a fairly creditable showing, even of strawberries. Of the prospect of other small fruits and also of fall fruits, you are as well informed as myself and can judge of our probable ability in this direction. The outlook for grapes, from my personal observation, I take to be excellent and am very: confident that in an exhibit of fall fruits we’shall equal our most sanguine hopes. A circular was sent out at the same time with the notice of this meeting, calling attention to the award of premiums and inviting the members to contribute to the exhibit with this object. As all of you have seen this circular it is not necessary for me to refer to it here, further than to emphasize the necessity of great carein the selecting and shipping of fruit, as the standard of excellence upon which awards are to be made is necessarily placed very high on account of the large amount of fruit which will be received there. An award is more likely to be made with less critical examination upon an exhibit consisting of several varieties than upon a plate of a sin- gle variety. It will probably not be best, only in exceptional cases, for plates of single varieties to be sent for this purpose. Notwithstanding the high character of the standard adopted, Minnesota fruit is so superiorin quality and appearance that Iam very sanguine of our ability to secure a reasonable share of the ex- position awards and shall see that full justice is done to any con- tributions made to compete for premiums. There is such a wide field upon which to draw for this exhibit that it is quite impossible for the superintendent to know in all cases where the best fruit is to be had, and it will be a special favor to our society and assist radically in the furtherance of this interest if any of you who have one or more kinds of fruit of superior excellence in _ size or quality, or know of any person who has such fruit, would at once notify me of the variety and quantity and of whom it is to be had. It is not expected that the fruit sent in this way will be con- ; tributed gratuitously, except as far as you desire todo so. Funds _ are provided with which to pay for it and the extra care required in selecting and packing it; and any one from whom it is secured will 284 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY be fully compensated for all the expense and trouble to which he may be put. There is necessarily a large amount of detail work connected with the management of this exhibit, but the labor is greatly lightened by the cheerful assistance and wholesome encouragement which it has been my good fortune to receive from all who are connected either officially or otherwise with the exhibit or the department in which it is located. The uniform courtesy and kindness of the offi- cers connected with the pomological department of the fair should not be passed over without notice, and the Minnesota Board of World’s Fair Commissioners and their efficient superintendent are contributing their share towards the easy accomplishment of the purpose of the exhibit. The words of commendation that have come to me from those who are interested in this exhibit and in a measure responsible for its success are a pleasant stimulant and encourage- mentin the work. The old legend, “This fruit was grown in Minne- sota,” which it was found necessary to place over our state fair ex- hibits, could very well be used at the exposition, although the words of surprise come, in the main, from people who are or have been residents of our own state. It is worthy of remark how few of the citizens of St. Paul, for instance, and even the residents of a suburban town like Minneapolis, are scarcely better informed on this subject Many speak of the years gone by when they lived in Minnesota and did not know that any fruit could be grown there. But of the agri- cultural population now living in our state, all seem fairly well in- formed on the fruit question and not only interested but sanguine in their belief that Minnesota will yet be a fruit growing state. In closing, I may be excused for speaking with some commenda- ble pride of the successful working of the structure which has been prepared for the display of our fruit. The refrigerator cases, twenty- two feet long and three feet wide, with double glazed covers backed by an ice box, three feet wide, the same height and twenty-two feet in length, are accomplishing all that was expected or hoped of them. The temperature maintained therein stands at from forty-six to fifty degrees. They are proving a great economy in the preservation and handling of the fruits for which they have been so far used,and in the preservation of small fruits their value will be still further ap- parent. The retiring room and office connected therewith is a cool and comfortable retreat, and the balcony above is a pleasant sitting- room and offers a nice outlook for the friends and neighbors there. The turning tables are doing well the work designed of them in attracting attention; and the narrow mirrors placed above are ac- complishing the purpose, as planned, of doubling the size of the exhibit, while well concealing the character of the deception. It has been my pleasure to meet at Chicago a few of the members of this society, who have encouraged me by their kindly words and extended their assistance by timely suggestions, and I hope it may be my good fortune to meet many of you there during the continu- ance of the fair. It is the home of the horticulturists of our state and you are more than welcome. My presence with you on this occasion is made possible by our fellow member, Mr. Clarence Wedge, who kindly offered to look after our interests during my necessary absence. — = a Fas ™ _———_— a Rt | COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 285 FINAL REPORT OF THE MINNESOTA HORTICULTURAL EXHIBIT AT THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. BY A. W. LATHAM, SUPT. (Made at the Annual Winter Meeting of the Society, Jan. 11, 1894.) In making this final report to the society it is not the intention to go over all the work. This has been partially described in reports which I made to you last winter and again at the last summer meet- ing. Fora full report it will be necessary to consult those two par- tial reports, but as this final report is to be of a more formal nature, I will go briefly over the ground from the beginning. It will be remembered that the Minnesota Commission made the appropriation of $5,000 for this exhibit early in August, 1892. I im- mediately prepared and sent out to the members of the society and others whom I knew to be engaged in the business of growing fruit the following circular letter: DEAR SIR:—I am now making preparation for the Minnesota horticultural ex- hibit at the Columbian Exposition, and would like this fall to secure specimens of all valuable varieties of plums, apples, crabs, etc., seedlings or otherwise, to be preserved in glass jars for exhibition on that occason. Please write me at once what varieties you can probably supply, and I will let you know soon what, if any, to send me. Also give me addresses of persons having anything in this line unusual or extra nice. Persons contributing this fruit willbe given credit foritinthe report of the exhibit, and any reasonable expense connected with the preparation and the forwarding will be refunded. if desired. Not more than enough to fill a two-quart jar of any one variety is required. It is intended to make this exhibit as comprehensive as possible, and a fine collection of this class of fruit is especially desirable. Ialso wish to secure a quantity of late-keeping apples to be placed in cold ' storage for use on the tables at the opening of the Exposition. Can any be secured in your locality, and from whom, and what varieties? An immediate reply will greatly oblige Yours in the work, A. W. LATHAM, Sec’y. To this letter there were many replies, and in connection with the ensuing correspondence the following circular letters giving direc- tions, etc., were used: DEAR SIR:—My experience so far in canning fruit for the Columbian Exposi- tion teaches me the absolute necessity forthe utmost care in gathering and packing the fruit intended for this purpose. Every little bruise or pressure shows. Will you please then follow exactly the following directions, viz: 1. Allow the fruit to attain full size and color, without being over-ripe. 2. In picking do not touch the fruit with the hand, but place tissue paper around it and cut off the stem with scissors. 3. Pack closely in a box with plenty of cotton batting or soft paper, and send immediately by express. Isend you by mail some tissue paper for this purpose. Yours very resp., A. W. LATHAM, Sec’y. DEAR SIR:—Will you please pack to put in cold storage for the Columbian Ex- position the following apples, viz: * 57 * * To be certain of their keeping well, these directions should by followed exactly, viz. 1. Allow the fruit to attain full size and color, without getting over-ripe. 2. Select only fairly large, well-colored, and quite perfect fruit. 286 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 3. When picking wrap each apple in a sheet of the tissue paper sent you before laying in the basket. 4. Pack closelyin a barrel by hand, not pouring in, and head up solid to prevent shaking about. o. KXeep ini a cool, open shed till orders are received for shipping. Will you please write me immediately, that I may order elsewhere, if you are unable to furnish the full amount wanted of you. The bill should be made out to the World’s Fair Commission and sent to me. Yours Resp., A. W. LATHAM, Sec’y. Remember every bruise or pressure prevents long keeping. This correspondence, broken only by one short trip to Rochester, comprised the work done to secure the fruit needed for canning and. cold storage. Altogether there were put up about 200 glass jars, and some sixteen barrels and a few boxes of apples and grapes were sent to Chicago and placed in cold storage. The following is a list of those from whom this fruit was secured and the name of the varieties contributed: FRUIT SENT TO THE WORLD'S FAIR FROM THE CROP OF 1892. Apples. E. S. Bardwell, Excelsior—Wealthy. J. W. Murray, Excelsior—Duchess, Briar’s Sweet, Wealthy, Tran- scendent and Whitney. C. Morgan, Forestville—Maiden’s Blush, Quaker Beauty, Hyslop, Orange, Malinda, Wealthy, Mollie, Haas, Ben Davis, Fameuse, Duch- ess, Whitney, Early Strawberry, Transcendent, two seedlings and St. Lawrence. D. K. Michenor, Etna—Wealthy, Haas, Malinda, Utter, Fameuse, Winter Seedling, three seedlings and Hyslop. Rk. C. Keel, Rochester—Longfield, Gilbert, Autumn Streaked, Red Queen, Malinda, Brett, Wealthy, Brie’s No. 3, Red Streaked and an © unknown variety. ' Wim. Somerville, Viola—Rollin’s Prolific, Rollin’s Russet, Red Black, Elgin Beauty, Winter White Pigeon, Brett, Rollin’s Pippin, Good Peasant, Longfield, Malinda, Wealthy, Wabasha, Lieby, Vock- ins, Crimean, Ostrekof Glass, Alexander, Suzof, Red Anis, Hibernal, Vargul, Barlof, Pear, Antonovka, Gilbert, McMahon White and Repka. Z. D. Spaulding, Excelsior—Wealthy and Plumb’s Cider. Andrew Peterson, Waconia—Lieby, Christmas, Cross, Pattén’s Greening, Good Peasant, Wolf's Seedling, Patten’s Hybrid, Boro- vinka, Blushed Colville, Charlamof, Plinakof, Antonovka, Royal Table, Anisimonka and Green Sweeting. S. P. Beighley, Gordonsville—Malinda. E. D. Aines, Lyle—Seedlings. Dewain Cook, Windom—Fameuse and Harry Kaump. C. W. H. Heideman, New Ulm—Duchess. Wim. Wachlin, Faribault—Duchess. Clarence Wedge, Albert Lea—Charlamof, Barlof and Czar’s Thorn. P. H. Perry, Excelsior—Florence, Antinovka, October and Martha. A. W. Latham, Excelsior—Duchess and Lieby. Geo. R. Miller, Richland—Miller’s No. 1 and a seedling. . —_——— . | =—— COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 287 Sidney Corp, Hammond—Elgin Beauty, Autumn Streaked, Mc- Mahon White, Brett’s No. 2, Golden White, Plumb’s Cider, Giant Swaar and Good Peasant. Mrs. Drusilla A.Gordon,Long Lake—Whitney, Briar’s Sweet,Saxton and a seedling crab. W. J. Wickersheim, Idlewild—Early Strawberry. J. R. Cummins, Eden Prairie—Lou, Whitney, Early Strawberry and several unknown varieties. C. E. Older, Luverne—Duchess and Wealthy. O. F. Brand, Faribault—Estelline, Ben Davis and Peerless. Mrs. A. A. Kennedy, Hutchinson—A seedling, Francis and Lewis. J. G. Bass, Hamline—Whitney and Beacher’s Sweet. H. M. Lyman, Excelsior—Four seedling crabs. Mrs. S. Irwin, Excelsior—Wealthy. C. Thielmann, Thielmanton—Laqua. P.J. Frenn, Red Wing—Peach, five Duchess seedlings, one Hyslop seedling and an unknown variety. Wm. Oxford, Freeburg — Haas, Oxford’s Orange, Golden Beauty, Switzer, Walbridge,*Hibernal, Hyslop, Golden Russet, Sweet Crab, Utter, Fameuse, Briar’s Sweet and Annstear. M. Pearce, Chowen—Lieby, Wealthy and Tonka. E. H.S. Dartt, Owatonna—Dartt’s Hybrid. Ditus Day, Farmington—Quaker Beauty, Fameuse, Drake, Clara, Pickett’s No.5, Montreal Wax and Meader’s Winter. Jacob Klein, Caledonia— Duchess, Wealthy, Catherine and five seedlings. J. S. Parks, Pleasant Mounds—Wolf River, Talmon Sweet, Snow, Walbridge and two seedlings. W.R. L. Jenks, Alexandria—An unknown variety. L. E. Day, Farmington—Haas, grown by Chas. Lumburg. Fameuse grown by WUenry Trout. Minnesota, grown by B. Hoff. Haas, Wealthy, Saxton, Neill’s Seedling, Fameuse, Orange, Meader’s Win- ter, Quaker Beauty and one unknown, grown by himself. Mrs. E. Cross, Sauk Rapids—A seedling. S. D. Payne, Kasota—Duchess, Transcendent and Hyslop. - Total number of different varieties exhibited one hundred and twenty-three. Plums. H. Knudson, Springfield—Two varieties. Mrs. I. Barton, Excelsior—Arctic. Mrs. A. A. Kennedy, Hutchinson—Several varieties and prunes. J. G. Bass, Hamline—Rockford. F. G. Stoppel, Rochester—One variety. R. Knapheide, St. Paul—Several varieties. S. F. Wyman, Waseca—Lombard. Dewain Cook, Windom—Six varieties. S. D. Payne, Kasota—Miner and a native seedling. Total number of different varieties exhibited about twenty. 288 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY Grapes. O. H. Modlin, Excelsior—Iona. H. L. Crane, Excelsior—Iona, Concord, Delaware and Brighton. Mrs. S. Irwin, Excelsior—Prentiss, Duchess, Massasoit, Pockling- ton and Eumelan. E. J. Cutts, Howard—Champion and Pocklington. A. W. Latham, Excelsior—Iona, Delaware, Concord, Moore’s Early, Lady, Agawam, Brighton, Telegraph, Worden, Duchess, Pockling- ton, North Carolina, Perkins, Black Hawk, Massasoit, Lindley, Salem, Martha, Cottage and Merrimac. Prof. 5S. B. Green, St. Anthony Park—Prentiss, Barry, Wyoming Red, Lady Washington, Green Mountain, Crevelling, Autumnal, Woodruff’s Red, Niagara, Eumelan, Elvira, Moore’s Diamond, Merri- mac, Early Victor, Amina, Moyer and Centennial. Total number of different varieties exhibited thirty-eight. Peaches. O. H. Modlin, Excelsior—Three varieties. Sundries. Sidney Corp, Hammond—High bush cranberries and barberries. E. H.S. Dartt, Owatonna—Horse chestnuts. The above list, I believe, is reasonably accurate as showing the varieties, although not the quantity contributed. In the rush of work connected with receiving and preparing so many varieties from so many quarters, it was practically impossible to keep an accurate account of the amount of each variety contributed, and I trust the list prepared in this way will be satisfactory to the con- tributors. In preparation for the work of providing a supply of fresh fruit during the months of the exposition, I sent out late in the fall the following circular letter anda blank list to be filled out, showing the location of such fruits as might be needed in making the exhibit: DEAR SIR: Please fill out the accompanying blank with the names and amounts of the different kinds of apples, plums, cherries, raspberries, strawberries, cur. rants, gooseberries, blackberries, cranberries, grapes, etc., you are now growing, which will be likely to bear fruit in the season of 1893. This information is wanted for the purpose of knowing where the fruit can probably be found that will be needed in making the horticultural exhibit from Minnesota at the Columbian Exposition. Will you have the kindness to make this a very full list, including seedling trees andvines. If the blank sent is too small, please let me know and I will send more. In sending you this blank I have taken it for granted that you are willing to assist, either by sale, donation or by entry for premiums, in making this exhibit, and you will share in common with this society and our state the honor resulting from our efforts. Please mail to me at an early day, and oblige Yours fraternally, A. W. LATHAM, Sec’y. To this letter there were something over one hundred replies, and from these parties was secured almost entirely the fruit exhibited. I have preserved these lists with the thought that perhaps it might be worth while at some leisure time to arrange them for publica- —_* COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 289 tion. They would be interesting as showing the present condition of the development of the fruit industry of our state. I have spoken in my previous reports of the erection of our booth at Chicago, which was completed late in March, 1893. Regarding this the Chicago Inter-Ocean of March 24, 1893, said: “MINNESOTA’S FRUIT EXHIBIT. — WONDERFUL DISPLAY BEING MADE BY THE POMOLOGISTS OF THE NORTH.—In the south curtain of the horticultural building Minnesota is preparing an extremely interesting pomological exhibit. This display takes added interest from the fact that Minnesota is the extreme Northern state where pomaceous fruits are perfectly developed. More than 500 square feet have been assigned that state, and A. W. Latham, secretary of the Minnesota State Horticultural Society, under whose auspices the collection was made, is now superintending the work of installation. An appropriation of $5,000 was made by the Minnesota Legislature for the exhibit, which consists of every variety of fruit grown in the state, including apples, plums, pears, grapes, peaches, and small fruits of all kinds. “The exhibit occupies the central portion of the east side, and from the unique manner of its arrangement will be one of the most attractive displays in the section devoted to pomology. Shelves will be arranged inside the pavilion to accommodate 700 plates of fruit. The shelves will be backed by mirrors which will reflect light upon the fruit, thereby heightening their colors and producing an illusion as to the number of specimens on each plate. Refrigerator cases will be used to show the different fruits in season, and a large refrigerator, twenty- three feet long, will demonstrate the cold storage methods of preserving the luscious morsels. A collection of photographs of fruit scenes in Minnesota will form part of the exhibit. “At each sideof the main exhibits will be placed revolving stands five feet wide and eight feet high. They will be kept in constant motion by electric motors. Uponthem, in pyramid form, will be placed small fruits,and at the base of the pyramid will be native flowering plants and trailing vines. Everything employed in preparing for the exhibit is from Minnesota, including the lumber, paint, and hardware, and the work is done by artisans brought here from that state. To Minnesota is due the credit and praise of being the first exhibitor in the section of pomology to build a structure for exhibit.” During the month of May a number of notices of our exhibit ap- peared in the press, a few of which I have thought worth preserving in connection with this report, especially as they were unsolicited: (Chicago Evening Journal, May 10, 18938.) “Minnesota has an exhibit of fruit which is more interesting than many a larger display on account of the large number of new varieties which it contains, and the presence of many fruits one would hardly expect to find in such a lati- tude. ‘In Minnesota they dig around the peach trees before the winter comes, and bending them down, cover them with earth to protect them from the frost. The ‘Wealthy’ apple is a fair sample of the many new varieties produced to suit the climate of Minnesota.” (Minneapolis Tribune, May 12, 1893.) ~ “The Minnesota horticultural exhibit is asource of great pride to Minnesotians, because it embraces in the display several original ideas of A. W. Latham, in charge, not embraced in the exhibit of any other state. ‘Minnesota was the first state to choose space in this building and was enabled to secure a very favorable location. The exhibit is placed on shelves rising in the shape of a pyramid, underneath which is a large ice storage room. This will keep the fruits and flowers always fresh. The display of fruits is very choice, and the tasteful decoration of the shelves with cut and potted flowers makes it very at- tractive to all visitors. Above the exhibit is arranged asystem of mirrors, which teflects the display back to the observer, making it appear twice as large as it teallyis. At eachend of thecentral exhibit isa revolving pyramid kept in motion by an electric motor on which is displayed the choicest specimens of flowers and fruits in glass jars. Mr. Latham has also arranged a reception room close by his exhibit which is always kept cool by the cold storage room. The ideas of the whole exhibit are novel and exclusive.” (Minneapolis Journal, May 17, 1893.) “The Minnesota exhibit is all in readiness for visitors now and is the most com- plete of any at the fair. Great interest is being manifested by the Chicago visi- tors in the fruit display from this state. The apples selected rank well with those in any of the other horticultural exhibits‘and are attracting much attention.”’ (Brie, Pa., Morning Dispatch, May 24, 18938.) “ Minnesota makes a good and attractive showing. The arrangement of the ex- hibit was made according tothe ideas of Mr. A. W. Latham, secretary of the State 290 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Horticultural Society, and superintendent of the State Horticultural Exhibit. It occupies a side space, and is arranged with an ice box and fruit storage connec- tion that is very convenient. The shelves are flanked with mirrors. Revolving circular shelves made in pyramidal form occupy places at either end of the space, and the whole is eminently practical as well as attractive. The fruit display is also good, the pleasing effect of the outlay being heightened by a tasty distribu- tion of cut flowers and plants among the fruits. On the 15th of June the following circular letter was sent out in regard to the exhibition of fruit for premiums: CHICAGO, ILLS., June 15, 1893. Dear Friends and Members of the Minn. State Horticultural Society: The annexed circular, to which I wish to call your special attention, is prepared for the purpose of giving you full information in regard to the award of premiums on fruits exhibited for that purpose at the Columbian Exposition, where 1 am now engaged in the very pleasant task of representing the interests of your society and the horticulture of the state in general. It will be found an easy matter foreach of you who is growing fruit to become the possessor of a medal and diploma from this greatest of all Fairs, and it will give me much pleasure to assist you in doing so. This possession should bea source of great prideto you, and incidentally the result would bea great improve- ment in the general characterof the Fruit Exhibit and an increase of credit to our society and the state. It would seem scarcely necessary for me to urge you to avail yourself of this opportunity, and at the same time assist us in making the exhibit. Will you please place the surplus copies sent you in the hands of fruit growers not members (but who ought to be) who would be likely to be interested in securing one of these premium medals and in helping usin this good work. Any of you visiting the Fair will tind a cordial welcome at the exhibit where I hope to meet many of you. Yours fraternally, A. W. LATHAM. Address: Minnesota Exhibit, Horticultural Building, Chicago. KEEP THIS FOR REFERENCE.—INFORMATION IN REGARD TO THE AWARD OF PREMIUMS ON FRUIT AT THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. (This information is not official, but is the substance of what I have been able to learn on the subject.—A. W. LATHAM.) 1. A premium consisting of a medal, accompanied by a diploma duly inscribed with the nameof the exhibitor, and describing the fruit exhibited and setting forth its points of superiority, will be awarded to every exhibitor who places on exhibition any fruit or fruits of merit. 2. Fruit entered for a premium will be judged separately by its merits alone, and not be compared with any other similar entry. There are no second pre- miuins, but every article exhibited will be awarded a premium, if it be good of its kind. 3. Fruit entered for a premium may be single varieties ora collection of a greater or less size, as suits the convenience of the grower, and may be any of the fruits grown, from strawberries in June to apples and grapes in October. This per- mits the utmost latitude to exhibitors. You may enter what you have and be no- ticed accordingly, if worthy, with the medal and diploma. Every plate must con- sist of at least five specimens. 4. All fruit designed for this purpose must be sent by express to the superin- tendent as directed below, and the express charges will be paid by the World’s Fair Commission here, and not be an expense to the exhibitor. Labels or tags to be used in shipping will be furnished when requested. 5. A statement of the entry desired to be made must be placed just under the cover of the box, not forgetting to give the name and address of the exhibitor and to label carefully all the varieties sent. 6. The superintendent will take charge of the fruit so received, attend to making the necessary entries and securing action on the part of the judges and remit medal and diploma on its receipt. 7. In consideration of the express charges being paid here and no charge being make for the care, etc., it is understood that no shipment of fruit shall be made for this purpose consisting of less than 12 pints of small fruits, or 10 pounds net of grapes, or one peck of apples, or its equivalent in other fruits. oe ne — COLUMBIAN . EXPOSITION. 291 8. On account of the high express charges, please pack in thin wood boxes, using the utmost care in securing choice specimens and handling to prevent damage. As far as practicable, all fruits should be wrapped in tissue paper and packed in dry chaff or bran. Small fruits, should be sent in pint boxes, and every precaution possible taken in packing. 9. Please notify the superintendent at as early a date as possible of your inten- . tion to make entries and of what they will probably consist. A notice should also be sent on the day of shipment. 10. Every care will be taken here to see that each shipment receives just treat- ment, and realizing as you must the amount of work this will place upon the superintendent, it is urgently requested that all the details here recited may be closely conformed to, and thus as far as possible reduce and simplify this work. 1. Itis hoped that every fruit grower in our state will take advantage of this opportunity to display without expense the specialties grown, or any unusually good fruit that nature and careful tillage have kindly placed in their hands. Address all express packages or mail to + A. W. LATHAM, Supt. Minnesota Exhibit, Horticultural Building, Chicago, Ills. (The above address is sufficient to secure prompt delivery.) N. B.—Please fill out and return the accompanying postal card at an early date. It was stated in this circular that the information was not official, but consisted substantially of what I had been able to learn on the subject. To be exact about this, I will say that I prepared the cir- cular from information received from the officers connected with the department of awards; and before sending, it was submitted to the chairman of awards in the horticultural building, and also to the chief clerk in the office of Mr. John Boyd Thatcher, Mr. Thatcher himself being absent. It received their approval as expressing the purposes of that department. Later, the entries running into the thousands, it was considered impracticable to make awards to pri- vate individuals on small exhibitions, and the policy was adopted of noticing private exhibitors only where a large number of varie- ties was shown. Very few awards were made in this department to individuals, and in connection with our exhibit there were only two. I have very much regretted the issuance of this circular, as it un- doubtedly brought disappointment to a few who, if the plan as then provided had been carried out, would have received awards. The doings of the department of awards at the fair have been very hard to fathom, and I believe still continue to be to those of us who have further dealings with them. On the 14th of June, Mr. W. L. Parker, of Farmington, came as as- sistant, and remained until the first of October. His presence made it possible for me to Je away from the exhibit and feel at ease in regard to its care, as his experience at the state fairs had shown his capability in this direction. [ wish to express my sense of obliga- tion to him for his kind helpfulness. On the 17th of June, I left the fair fora short visit at home to be present at the summer meeting, Mr. Clarence Wedge of Albert Lea, kindly consenting to occupy my place. This brings me down to the termination of the period covered by the report rendered at the last summer meeting. During the month of June a large number of notices appeared in the press, mostly of our own state, some of which may be of interest to preserve and are here reproduced: 292 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. (Minneapolis Journal, June 2, 1898.) “THAT FRUIT EXHIBIT — MINNESOTA HAS A CRACK SHOW IN HORTICULTURAL HALL. Special to The Journal. “World’s Fair Grounds, June 2.—Prof. O. V. Tousley stopped in front of Minne- sota’s fruit exhibit in the Horticultural Building the other day with a significant chuckle (so characteristic of him) and exclaimed: ‘It does beat all how much fruit can be produced in a state that is supposed to be non-fruit producing.’ “The fruit exhibit of the North Star state is indeed a revelation and is SO sys- tematically and compactly arranged as to be set off to the best possible advant- age. There are now 125 varieties of apples, grapes, pears, peaches and other fruit in the exhibit. Strawberries will be added about June 15, and the collection might have been much more complete if sufficient notice had been given Superinten- dent Latham last year to ‘put up’ the numerous small fruits of the state. The dis- play, however, is an admirable one, and next to California’s and other leading fruit-growing states,is the best in Horticultural Hall. It is arranged so as to rest against the east wall of the building in the form of glass cases. Above these cases, glass jars of preserved fruit are mace in tiers, and at each side of the ex- hibit are large revolving stands filled with the same jars of preserved fruits. The top of the exhibit is in the form of a cosy little ‘roof-garden,’ as it were, with seats for all Minnesotans who may choose to tarry there. This, as well.as the revolv- ing stands, is adorned with vines and cut flowers, which add greatly to the taste- fulness of the display. Underneath the entire exhibit are ice chests opening into refrigerator cases in such a way that a circulation of air and radiation is attained with the result of great economy in the preservation of fruit. An electric motor is also placed here, by which the revolving stands are kept in constant motion. “But the cleverest device in connection with the exhibit is a series of mirrors inclined at such an angle that all the fruit is reflected and the size of the display much magnified thereby. Illinois, whose exhibit is opposite, has copied this de- vice, but has so overdone the mirrors that they not only reflect her own fruit but that of Minnesota also. Illinois has also complimented Minnesota by copying almost entirely after the North Star state in the arrangement of her exhibit. (St. PauJ Pioneer Press, June 138, 18938. “Tn Horticultural Hall, Minnesota appears toexcellent advantage. A. W. Lath- am has charge of the exhibit. His arrangements are so perfect that Illinois has copied his general plan exactly. It is right opposite. They used a larger mirror, and inan upright position, and have carried our exhibit by means of this glass into theirs, but five us theirs in the same manner but toa less extent. Whether this was done by design does not appear, but Illinois is not ashamed of the bor- rowed reflection. Over 140 varieties of Minnesota fruit is shown, including twen- ty-five varieties of apples. The booth isa refrigerator, practically, and will keep the fruit in a perfect state of preservation for a month, and the place of that de- cayed can be refilled from time to time from the cold storage. Of course Idaho, Washington, Oregon and California cover more space and make a greater noise as to their fruits, but when it comes to practical utility Minnesota fruits are in the race for competition, and are in it to stay, without fear of results.” (Minneapolis Tribune, Jane 16, 1898.) “THE MINNESOTA HORTICULTURAL EXHIBIT ENTERED. “Jackson Park, June 16.—[Special.]—A. W. Latham, in charge of the Minnesota horticultural exhibit, has entered the Minnesota display upon three separate points as follows: “Birst—The structure used in making the exhibit, including an ice box, refrig- erator cases, reflectors, cones, electric motors, etc. “Second—General exhibit of canned and fresh fruits, including condition and arrangement with decorations. “Third—Collection of canned apples, peaches, plums, grapes, etc., 200 jars. “There have been some changes lately in the the exterior arrangement and decoration of the Minnesota horticultural exhibit. Trailing vines from Minne- sota and natural flowers from the same state now formm feature of the display as a decoration to the exhibit. The flowers are sent from Minnesota chiefly by J. M. Underwood, of Lake City, president of the State Horticultural Society.” (Minneapolis Journal, Jane 20, 1898.) “Minnesota’s exhibit has previously been described. The North Star state shows up to splendid advantage, with 75 varieties of apples, 40 of grapes and several varieties of peaches and plums. Think of peaches raised in Minnesota! (Little Falls Transcript, June 23, 1898.) “MINNESOTA’S CHOICEST FRUIT. “Minnesotians are not the only people who stand amazed when they pause be- side our exquisitely gotten up exhibit in horticultural hall. Thisexhibit contdins 75 varieties of apples, and Mr. Samuels, chief of the building, says ‘that in no climate are more attractive apples grown. About 40 varieties are of grapes, a few varieties of peaches, plums and small fruits. In their season these small fruits t | ea z COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 293 will be shipped fresh at frequent intervals and will be kept in cold storage right in the booth where they are on exhibition.” (Minneapolis Journal, June 29, 1893.) “MINNESOTA’S STRAWBERRIES NEAR THE TOP. Special to the Journal: “World’s Fair Grounds, June 29.—Wisconsin’s strawberries are not in it com- pared with those now being received from Minnesota. They are, next to the New York and New Jersey strawberries, the juiciest and largest display in the entire fruit section of the Horticultural building.” (Mankato Free Press, June 380, 1898.) “MINNESOTA AT THE FAIR. ‘In the various buildings upon the grounds, devoted to the various lines of ex- hibits, Minnesota makes an exhibit which need cause no resident of the North Star state to feel ashamed. As one stands before the booth occupied by Minne- sota in the horticultural hall, he cannot help but be surprised at the showing which the state makes in the matter of fruit. The idea which has prevailed among people generally that Minnesota is not a fruit state is here dispelled, and he finds about everything outside of the fruit of the southern climate here exhib- ited. There is a great profusion in varieties of apples, and nowhere can finer ones be raised, while small fruits and grapes in great abundance are shown. As the season advances, fresh fruits of every kind will be shown. The result of our fruit display is a revelation even to those interested in fruit culture.” From this time on the record is more or less one of disappointment. As far as the state of Minnesota is concerned, the season proved to be probably the most unfavorable for good fruit in the history of the society. On the 21st of June the first strawberries came to the exhibit in two lots. In the record I see that both lots are marked worthless; the cause of this may have been in part inexperience in packing, but was more from the character of the season, extreme heat combined with extrenre drouth not only diminishing the size of the fruit, but softening it and decreasing its keeping qualities and its ability to stand the rough handling of the express companies. Later ship- ments of this fruit, packed in alternate layers of cotton wadding (whichwas found the best method of sending it), came in rather bet- ter condition, but the whole strawberrry season was a very discour- aging one to the Minnesota exhibit, and portended an equally unsatisfacfory show of later small fruits. The Minneapolis Journal speaks at one time of our “fine strawberries” as compared with those of other state exhibits around us. We had the great advan- tage of exhibiting our berries in the refrigerator cases, where they showed better than on the open shelves, and held up well for some weeks after the same varieties had disappeared from the neighbor- ing exhibits. Arrangements had been perfected that would have given us a bountiful supply of all varieties of fruits had the season been at all , propitious, but under the circumstances very few growers could be induced to send to the great fair what they knew to be inferior and really unfit to exhibit, and but for the fidelity of a few, amongst whom it will be no invidious distinction to name President Under- wood and Prof. S. B. Green, it would have been almost impossible during thesmall fruit period to have kept up the exhibit with credit. Notwithstanding the unfortunate conditions, twenty-seven varie- ties of strawberries were shown. No premium was awarded to us on strawberries, nor were we entitled to one. The same remark applies 294 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. to the exhibit of currants, ten varieties, and gooseberries, two varie- ties. A fairly good exhibit of raspberries was made, including twenty-two named varieties and many seedlings, and on this fruit the state received an award, to which it was fairly entitled. The fruit shown was by no means equal to thatof ordinary years,though it compared well with any other state exhibit. There is no doubt that had it been a good fruit season our state would have come through this portion of the exhibit with the greatest credit. Of blackberries only five varieties were shown, but in sufficient quantity to make a good showing until about the first of October. The dry, hot weather still continuing affected equally this with the other small fruits. The visit home to which I referred terminated on July 6th, from which time to the 10th of August, I was personally in charge of the exhibit. At that date I again returned to Minnesota, as it seemed very necessary that I should, in the interest of securing fruit for the fall exhibit. The answers to inquiring letters as to plums and apples were of a most discouraging character and I feared that, without extraordinary efforts,we should be unable to make an exhibit of even a very limited number of varieties. Soon after my return, I prepared what I felt like calling a “forlorn hope” circular letter, a copy of which here follows: Read very carefully. EXCELSIOR, MINN., Aug. 15, 1893. DEAR SIR: It seems almost impossible to find a sufficient number of varieties of apples and plums this very unfavorable year to make a creditible exhibit at the World’s Fair, and to accomplish this absolutely demands the co-operation of every mem- ber of our society. Two of us are making personal efforts to find this fruit, but so far without sufficient success; but I still believe it is to be found, and that if all of our members will promptly respond to this call a sufficient number of varieties will be secured. As only four or five apples—or one-half pint of plums—of any one variety are needed, if you have any fruit at all, it is likely you can find that many specimens. Of course, we do not want to exhibit anything that is absolutely inferior: but if it is of fair size and reasonably free from blemish it will have to answer, even though it is not up to the standard of good fruit years. We do not need Duchess or Wealthy, as we have found plenty of those varieties, but every other variety of apples, crab apples and plums, including especially seedling apples, of which we are very desirous of making a large exhibit. Will you not take a few hours the very day you receive this to look over your own orchard and any others near you, and fill out and mail the enclosed postal, if possible, by return mail. I will let you know then at once what kinds to send, and you can forward them as fast as they ripen. Full directions for packing and ship- ping, also shipping tags, will be furnished you. A record will be kept of the varieties furnished and name of contributor, which will go into our next published report, and whatever expense you are put to in this connection will be willingly paid. Will you not please give this very important matter immediate attention? Yours fraternally, A. W. LATHAM, Sec’y. In this circular I felt it necessary to make a very earnest appeal to our members and all interested in the credit of our society and the exhibit to come to the rescue and send what they had. Scarcely any one, I knew, had any really first class fruit,and every one was unwill- ing to send anything else, the result being that we were getting and were likely to get very little. In reply to this appeal the friends of COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 295 horticulture came to the front in great shape, not all with good fruit, but, in the emergency, all with willing hands. That you may realize something of the difficulty of the situation, I will give four of the replies to the above circular, all dated August 30th: “T can send you four apples of each of the following varieties: Peach, Duchess and Duchess seedlings, four varieties. Apples are all small this year. Very few trees have any apples. Iam willing to do all I can for the exhibit. Am sorry I have not got the supply I had last year.” Signed, P. J. Frenn, Red Wing. “Mr. Latham—I have been round the neighborhood considerably and can find nothing in the fruit line that would be of credit to Min- nesota at the World's Fair. D. V. Plants, Long Lake.” “Dear Sir—There are no apples or plums to be had here. W.B. Strom, Hector.” “Dear Sir—No fruit of any kind to be found in this locality. Yours truly, O. K. Opjorden, Milan.” These are a pretty fair average of the replies, but by the helpof a large number of contributors and considerable hustling on the part of Mr. F. G. Gould, who aided very materially in gathering the fall fruits, we managed to get together in number of varieties, at least, a fairly creditable exhibit. Of plums there were shown forty-one named varieties, besides a great number of seedlings;and of apples, includiny crabs and hybrids, ninety-one named varieties, besides a large number of unnamed seedlings. It was a pleasant surprise that in the case of both apples and plums, premiums were awarded; though considering their size, color,perfection of form and freedom from blemish, there is no occasion for pride when we remember the Minnesota apples and plums that have almost invariably been shown at our former exhibitions. Fortunately, there were secured a few bushels of fairly well colored Duchess and Wealthy apples, and on these, especially the Wealthy, we had to rely in making the exhibit attractive. The beautiful Wealthy apples, far the handsomest apple shown in the horticultural building, interspersed with plates of our fine Minnesota grapes, were the redeeming features of our fall exhibit- The grape exhibit was a highly creditable one, the number of varieties shown being fifty-two. While not up to the highest stand- ard of Minnesota grapes, yet they were most excellent and attracted a great deal of attention. The judges stated that our Concords and Delawares were the best of their kind they had ever seen. As these are the two standard varieties of the country, it would seem that no higher compliment need be desired. Of course, the state received an award on grapes. A listis here given of the contributors to the fruit exhibit from the crop of 1893 and the names of the varieties contributed. Asin the list for 1892, have not undertaken to give in detail the dates of the various shipments or the quantity contributed. It would make too cumbrousa reportand would not be of special interest to the public: 296 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY FRUIT SENT TO THE WORLD’S FAIR FROM THE CROP OF 1893. Strawberries. Jewell Nursery Co., Lake City—Crescent, Bederwood, Warfield, Jes- sie, Sharpless, Princess, Belmont and Mt. Vernon. J.C. Kramer, La Crescent—Princess, Enhance, Swindle and Leader. M. W. Cook, Rochester—Crawford, Bubach, Haverland, Bederwood, Jessie and Gillispie. Prof. S. B. Green, State Experiment Station, St. Anthony Park— Gillispie, Gandy, Swindle, Warfield, Lady Rusk, Daisy, Lovett’s Ear- ly, Pearl, Shuster’s Gem, Williams, Edgar, Queen, Putnam, Saunders, Sandoval and many varieties of seedlings. Thos. Redpath, Long Lake—Gandy. Total number of named varieties exhibited (not including seed- lings), twenty-seven. Raspberries. Jewell Nursery Co., Lake City—Clarke, Marlboro, Reliance, Cuth- bert, Gregg, Ohio, Shaffer, Golden Queen, Johnson’s Sweet and Nemaha. C. W. Sampson, Eureka—Cuthbert and Turner. Thos. Redpath, Long Lake—Marlboro, Hilburn, Souhegan, Shaffer, Palmer and a seedling. M. W. Cook, Rochester—Cuthbert, Shaffer, Marlboro, Turner and Caroline. J. W. Finch, Eden Prairie—Cuthbert and Hansel. Prof. S. B. Green, St. Anthony Park—Shaffer, Caroline, Reliance, Gregg, Lovett’s Black, Hansel, Cromwell, Kansas, Turner, Cuthbert, Progress, Marlboro, a large number of seedlings of the Shaffer, and the Palmer, Superlative and Turner. J. S. Harris, La Crescent—Nemaha, Marlboro, Shaffer, Cuthbert and a yellow seedling. G. H. Prescott, Albert Lea—Hansel, Gregg, Progress, Nemaha, Older, Ohio, Turner, Cuthbert, Golden Queen and Caroline. H. L. Crane, Excelsior—Doolittle and Cuthbert. Total number of named varieties exhibited (not including seed- lings), twenty-two. Currants. Prof. S. B. Green, St. Anthony Park—White Grape, Stewart, Red Dutch and Fay. Dr. M. M. Frisselle, Eureka—La Versailles. C. W. Sampson, Eureka—Red Dutch and La Versailles. Jewell Nursery Co., Lake City—North Star, Fay, Red Dutch and Cherry. Mrs. A. A. Kennedy, Hutchinson—Red Dutch and White Grape. J. S. Harris, La Crescent—White Grape, Long Bunch Holland and Victoria. Clarence Wedge, Albert Lea—Lee’s Prolific, White Grape and Fay. H. L. Crane, Excelsior—Stewart. Total number of named varieties exhibited, ten. "e6RT ‘ET 194090 UIYRT, “PISteI SIDAOSD 10} BIOS 1IJO1 UTM ‘MIVA S.GIMOM IV LIFGIHXH LINAAT VLOSUNNIWN COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 297 Gooseberries. Prof. S. B. Green, St. Anthony Park—Downing. Clarence Wedge, Albert Lea—Houghton and Downing. H. L. Crane, Excelsior—Downing. Two varieties shown. Blackberries. Jewell Nursery Co., Lake City—Snyder, Wilson’s Early, Ancient: Briton, Stone’s Hardy and Taylor. H. L. Crane, Excelsior—Snyder. P. H. Perry, Excelsior—Ancient Briton. Five varieties shown. Peaches. J. T. Furber, Madelia—Wager. Plums. Joshua Allyn, Red Wing—Three varieties. Wm. Oxford, Freeburg—Several varieties. O. M. Lord, Minnesota City—Cheney, Conequa, Le Due, Rolling- stone, Cottrell, Rockford, Wolf, New American, Yellow Sweet, Forest Garden, Hawkeye, Kopp, Harrison’s Peach, Weaver and a seedling. A. W. Latham, Excelsior—Weaver, Latham and Harrison’s Peach. S. D. Richardson—Winnebago City—Desota, Forest Garden, Large Red and one unknown. Wm. Mackintosh & Son, Langdon—Weaver, Desota and Forest Garden. J. S. Harris, La Crescent— Cheney and several seedlings, grown by F. J. Stoppel, Rochester. C. Thielmann, Thielmanton—Several seedlings, Thielmann, Golden Tips, Wild Red, Evergreen and Lovely. E. C. Hazleton, Nichols—Champion and sundry native. R. Knapheide, St. Paul—Several varieties. Prof. S. B. Green, St. Anthony Park—Sundry varieties, Forest Gar- den and Cheney. John Hunter, Anoka—Several varieties. Dewain Cook, Windom—Wolf, Desota, Wolf's seedlings Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 4, Cheney, Wood, Rollingstone, Forest Garden, Weaver, De Witt, Stray, Blue Victor, Speer and several varieties of wild. J. M. Doudna, Alexandria— Weaver, grown by A. P. Erickson, Alexandria. Weaver and an unknown seedling, grown by A. O. Nelson, Alex- andria. B. C. Yancey, Edina Mills—Miner, and several native unnamed. Wm. Sarver, Excelsior—One variety. J. A. Howard, Hammond—Several varieties. Edward Hyland, Rosemont—Peach, Wild Goose, Green Egg and two unnamed. F. M. Crosby, Hastings— Gergen, raised by N. B. Gergen, Hastings. . 298 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. J. G. Bass, Hamline—Rollingstone, Desota, Rockford and a seed- ling. Mrs. E. Cross, Sauk Rapids—Weaver. John Kendall, St. Peter—Four seedling varieties. John Eklof, Cokato—Weaver and Desota. S. D. Payne, Kasota—Three varieties of native. C. F. Brown, St. Peter—Miner. Dan’! Buck, Mankato—Several varieties. C. A. Sundberg, Worthington—Ocheeda. H. J. Ludlow, Worthington—Three varieties. M. C. Bunnell, Newport— Seedling, grown by Mrs. David Smith, Inver Grove. Seedling, grown by Geo. Jehu, Hastings. Desota, grown by Geo. Baldwin, Hastings. W. H. Jessup, Tracy—Shetek. L. E. Day, Farmington—Several varieties. F. J. Stoppel, Rochester—One variety. Total number of different named varieties exhibited (not including a large number of unnamed seedlings), forty-one. Grapes. Jewell Nursery Co., Lake City—Janesville, Moore’s Early, Delaware and Brighton. A. W. Latham, Excelsior—Moore’s Early, Lady, Wyoming Red, Delaware, Worden, Cottage, Hartford, Brighton, North Carolina, Massasoit, Agawam, Amina, Herbert, Lindley, Black Hawk, Martha, Telegraph, Perkins, Salem, Concord, Duchess and Empire State. E. J. Cutts, Howard—Janesville and Champion. P. H. Perry, Excelsior—Talman, Massasoit, Duchess, Worden, Agawam, Concord and Iona. Mrs. I. Barton, Excelsior—Pokeepsie Red, Early Victor, Wyo- ming Red, Croton, Jessica, Niagara, Ulster Prolific, Woodruff's Red, Eldorado, Duchess, Pocklington and Empire State. A. A. Bost, Excelsior—Moore’s Early, Lady, Martha and Brighton. C. W. Sampson, Eureka—Delaware, Lady, Concord and Moore’s Early. Prof. S. B. Green, St. Anthony Park—Green Mountain, Catawba, Elvira, Pocklington, Lady Washington, Mill’s Black, Faith, Creve- ling, Eumelan, Amina, Challenge, F. B. Hayes, Barry, Moore’s Diamond, Elsingburg, Herbert, Conqueror and Centennial. J. M. Doudna, Alexandria—Concord, Janesville and Martha, grown by J. B. Cowing, Alexandria. Mrs. S. Irwin, Excelsior—Vergennes, Cottage, Hartford, Eumelan, Pocklington, Telegraph, Prentiss and Jefferson. Daniel Buck, Mankato—Eldorado. M. Pearce, Chowen—Agawam, Brighton, Wilder and Concord. Mrs. Jennie Stager, Sauk Rapids—Several varieties. H.L. Crane, Excelsior—Concord, Iona, Eumelan, Brighton, Duchess _and Lindley. Chas. Luedloff, Carver—Beauty of Minnesota. M. C. Bunnell, Newport— Concord, grown by Jacob Bender, Inver Grove. ‘otal number of different named varieties exhibited, fifty-two. a” ¥ 4 + COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 299 Apples. Sidney Corp, Hammond—Yellow Transparent, Wealthy, McMahon White, Autumn Streaked, Kourks Anis, Brett’s No. 2, Sylvan Sweet, Phillip’s Seedling and Avesta. Clarence Wedge, Albert Lea—Duchess, Charlamof, Anis, BS Sweet, Wealthy, Longfield, Hyslop and Transcendent. Prof. S. B. Green, St. Anthony Park—Thaler. F. W. Kimball, Austin—Duchess, Tetofsky, Wealthy, Early Straw- berry, Transcendent, Hyslop and an unknown, grown by John Tracy of Oakland. Jewell Nursery Co., Lake City—Early Strawberry, Duchess and sundry crabs. Joshua Allyn, Red Wing—Early Strawberry and Duchess. P. H. Perry, Excelsior—Lou, Florence, Wealthy, Martha, Excelsior, October and Longfield. O. M. Lord, Minnesota City—Wealthy and Walbridge. A. W. Latham, Excelsior—Briar’s Sweet, Transcendent and Lieby. S. D. Richardson, Winnebago City—Duchess, Wealthy, Early Strawberry, Whitney, Plumb’s Cider, Beacher’s Sweet, Transcen- dent, Haas, Wolf River, Malinda, Oligher’s Seedlings Nos. 6, 8, 9, 10 and 12, Minnesota, Conical, Adams, Hyslop and Orange. F. M. Crosby. Hastings— Canada Greenings, raised by L. G. Hamilton, Hastings. Wm. Mackintosh & Son, Langdon—Transcendent and Hyslop. J. C. Walker, Rose Creek—Duchess, Duchess seedling and Whitney. Wm. Sandrock, Money Creek—Several varieties. C. Thielmann, Thielmanton—Wealthy, Duchess, Transcendent and Whitney. E. C. Hazleton, Nichols—Early Strawberry and Transcendent. | John Hunter, Anoka—Several varieties of crabs. F B. C. Yancey, Edina Mills—Duchess, Wealthy, Whitney, Trans- - cendent and Hyslop. D. K. Michenor, Etna—Duchess, Malinda and several seedlings. E. S. Bardwell, Excelsior—Wealthy, Duchess and Transcendent. W. A. Carr, Excelsior—Wealthy. Wim. Sarver, Excelsior—Duchess and Wealthy. Z. D. Spaulding, Excelsior—Wealthy. J.S. Parks, Pleasant Mounds—Five varieties of seedling crabs, Haas, Snow, Minnesota, Beacher’s Sweet, Transcendent and Bradley. O. Parker, Goodhue Co.—Duchess. J. A. Howard, Hammond—Haas, Picketts, Hyslop, Longfield, Duchess, Wealthy, Whitney, Power’s Red, Early Strawberry and several other varieties of crabs. Edward Hyland, Rosemont—Duchess, Transcendent and Montreal Beauty. J. G. Winkjer, Garfield—-Transcendent. Mrs. E. Cross, Sauk Rapids—Transcendent and three varieties of seedling crabs. Cc. L. Blair, St. Charles—Duchess, Wealthy, Transcendent and Hyslop. 300 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. John Eklof, Cokato—Duchess, Transcendent and Hyslop. F. M. Kilbourn, Lakeville—Peach;, Hyslop, Wealthy, Whitney and a seedling. S. D. Payne, Kasota—Duchess, Hyslop, Transcendent and two unknown varieties. C. F. Brown, St. Peter—Transcendent. ‘C. Morgan, Forestville—St. Lawrence, Haas, Wealthy, Minnesota, Taylor’s Seedling, Transcendent, Meader’s Winter, Orange, Beacher’s Sweet, Hyslop, Fameuse, Utter and Early Strawberry. Mrs. I. Barton, Excelsior—Whitney. John Turnbull, La Crescent—Fameuse, Hyslop, Transcendent and Golden Beauty. H. J. Ludlow, Worthington—Several varieties of crabs, Daisy and Molly. Andrew Peterson, Waconia—Wealthy, Patten’s Greening, Anton- ovka, Green Sweeting, Lieby, Ostrekof Glass, Cross No.5, Borovinka, Anisimonka and Blushed Colville. Win. Gerdsen, Victoria—Gerdsen’s Seedling and Lieby. k. H. Buttermore, Lake City—Wealthy and Whitney. W. J. Sherman—A seedling crab. J. Dunnewold, Duelm—Several varieties. Peter Anderson, Waconia—A seedling. Geo. R. Miller, Richland—Peerless and Excelsior. Mrs. Welsh, La Crescent—Golden Russet. Chas. Luedloff, Carver—Several varieties. Ditus Day, Farmington—Duchess. Dewain Cook, Windom—Wealthy, Hyslop, Whitney, Gen’! Grant, Small Red and Deans. Wim. Somerville, Viola—Malinda. R. C. Keel, Rochester—Giant Swaar, Rollin’s Prolific, Red Black, Brett’s No. 2, Wealthy and sundry crabs. W. J. Thorman, Excelsior—A seedling crab. C. F. Brown, St. Peter—Duchess, raised by Andrew Wilfer, Cleve- land. W. H. Jessup, Tracy— Looking’s Winter Sweet, Conical, Hyslop, Transcendent, Beacher's Sweet, Wealthy and Duchess, raised by W. W. Moses, Tracy. Seven varieties of seedlings, raised by O. W. Walsh, Tracy. L. E. Day, Farmington— Duchess and Peach, grown by T. Tierney, Farmington. Duchess, grown by B. Hoff, Farmington. Duchess, grown by G. Schultz, Farmington. Drake and Peach, grown by Ditus Day, Farmington. Wealthy, Duchess, Mills’ Seedling, Whitney, Briar’s Sweet, Power's. Red, Fameuse crab and Early Strawberry, grown by himself. J. C. Kramer, La Crescent—Five varieties of seedlings—Transcen- dent crossed with Northern Spy. John Stellar, Excelsior—Duchess. W. L. Parker, Farmington—Duchess, Whitney and Early Straw- berry. ® = PP ~ al } - ‘ a : e iS 4 COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 301 Wm. Oxford, Freeburg—Duchess, Wealthy, Tetofsky, Haas, Dwarf Orange, Oxford’s Orange, Fall Orange, Oxford’s Winter, Utter, Anasim, Walbridge, Fameuse, Switzer, Golden Russet, Annstear, Golden Beauty, Oxford’s Seedlings Nos. 1, 2 and 3, and Hyslop. M. C. Bunnell, Newport— Orange, grown by John Rolfing, Inver Grove. Whitney, grown by Aug. Neubanes, Woodbury. Whitney, grown by Ed. Korphage, Inver Grove. Hyslop and Transcendent, grown by David Wentworth, Haste: i Crab apples, grown by aten Trast, Inver Grove. Transcendent and Hyslop, grown by Jacob Bender, Inver Grove. Seedling crab, grown by Geo. Harris, Denmark. J. M. Doudna, Alexandria— Four varieties of Russians, Wealthy, Duchess, Okabena, Trans- cendent and two varieties of crabs, raised by Peter Ununeb, Holmes City. Wealthy, Duchess, Tetofsky and four unnamed varieties, raised by A. P. Erickson, Alexandria. Peter, Anis and Wealthy, raised by F. B. Van Bombach, Alex- andria. J.S. Harris, La Crescent— Duchess, grown by J. Ready, La Crescent. Duchess, Wealthy, Tetofsky, and Early Strawberry, grown by M. Becker, Dresbach. A seedling, grown by F. J. Stoppel, Rochester. McMahon White, Saxton, McLaren, Golden Russet and Golden Beauty, grown by himself. H. M. Lyman, Excelsior—Duchess and a large number of seedling crabs and hybrids. Total number of different named varieties exhibited, ninety-one, besides a large number of unnamed seedlings. Cut Flowers. F. G. Gould, Excelsior—Several shipments of hybrid perpetual roses during May. . Mrs. W. L. Parker, Farmington—Box of flowers, fifteen varieties of ‘roses, ete. | J. M. Underwood, Lake City—A large number of shipments of a great variety of flowers during the months of June and July. Joshua Allyn, Red Wing—Several varieties. Sundries. Prof. S. B. Green, St. Anthony Park—Success, Alpina and Chester Center Juneberries; berberries. : Fred Zuercher, Excelsior—Ferns. Jewell Nursery Co., Lake City—Two cases of jars of sundry canned ‘ fruits. Mrs. K. E. Savage, St. Paul—Several jars of canned vegetables. ; S. & J. W. Koop, Brainerd—Blueberries, several shipments. : Joshua Allyn, Red Wing—Tomatoes, several shipments; peppers. L. E. Day, Farmington—High bush cranberries. Unknown—Cranberries. 302 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. I returned to Chicago from the second visit home on the 25th day of September, from which time I was with the exhibit until our booth was shipped to Minnesota, on the 6th of November. During this second absence from the exhibit my place was filled by Messrs. J.S. Harris, E. Nagel and F. G. Gould, each kindly giving about two weeks of his time to this work. The press made some comments on the Minnesota exhibit during the late summer and fall months, some of which are worth preserv- ing in connection with this report, and they are here reprinted: (The Leaflet—a World’s Fair Publication, July 1, 1898.) ss Minnesota struck the nail on the head when making her pavilion, and so ar- ranging her fine assortment of fruits that they are shown to the best advantage.” (Minneapolis Tribune, August 2, 1893.) “ MINNESOTA’S HORTICULTURAL DISPLAY. “ Chigago, Aug. 2.—[Special.]—The Minnesota horticultural display is just now attracting a good deal of attention from visitors. The display from the North Star state of fruits and berries, such as strawberries, blackberries, raspberries, blueberries, currants, gooseberries, etc., is considered among the finest made here, notwithstanding the intense dryness of Minnesota weather this year, which greatly injured fruit in some localities. The largest and most successful contrib- utor of fruit tothe Minnesota display thus far has been Mr. Underw0od, of Lake City, president of the State Horticultural Society.” (Minneapolis Journal.) “ NORTH STAR FRUITS.—THEY SURPRISE MANY VISITORS AT THE FAIR.—SOME FINE GRAPES AND APPLES. “World’s Fair Grounds, Sept. 138, 1893.—I came to the World’s Fair to see Minne- sota’s fruit exhibit,’ said a well known citizen of Minneapolis the other day, and he was not a fruit raiser, either. The fact of the matter is that the pomological exhibit of the North Star state—so near the north pole, you know—is attracting as much attention as any fruit exhibit in the Horticultural Building. In grapes, apples and plums, particularly, Minnesota will carry off many awards when the official judging is completed. The Delaware, Duchess and Moore’s Early varie- ties of grapes are Minnesota’s best, and there are none better on the grounds. Be- side them California’s great, massive grapes are really not inviting.” (Mankato Free Press, September 22, 18938.) “ The fruit exhibit of Minnesota at the World’s Fair is attracting wide attention and many are surprised that this state is able to make such an exhibit. The exhibit of grapes, apples and plums is especially fine.” (Northwestern Tourist, September 28, 1898.) “Mr. Latham has gathered from various parts of the state samples of 50 varie ties of grapes and 70 of apples, and has remodeled the display in Horticultural Hall so as to make these fruits the predominant feature. It is quite possible that Minnesota may do again what she did at New Orleans—get the sweepstakes and some other prizes, at least on grapes. Some other state may beat us on apples, for our crop has not been as good as usual, and _ we could not send so large a quantity as is shown on neighboring tables; but in flavor we can hold our own, It is a peculiar fact that Minnesota has given to this country two of its best varie- ties of apples. Ina recent visit to Chicago we found grapes on a fruit stand bear- ing acard, ‘Minnetonka grapes,’ which shows that there are some Chicago peo- ple who want the best thing grown on earth, and their fruit dealers know where to get it. (Mankato Free Press, September 29, 1898.) ‘Of course all Minnesota people are proud of the position the state has taken in the great show. Some states may be a little more elaborate in their display, but the real resources and advantages are not better shown. There is something substantial about the Minnesota exhibit which must carry a lasting impression with all who seeit. One ofthe greatest revelations as regards the resources of our state is its display of fruit. It does not, nor never has laid claims to being a fruit state, and yet in that great display of fruit our state exhibit makes a fine appearance. And so, in every other line, the display is not for mere appearance, but to give an idea of the advantages the state affords to those who are seeking homes and openings to invest capital, and this part is well done.” (Minneapolis Journal, October 6, 1898.) ‘Minnesota awards in small fruit were announced a few days ago, but since then two more awards have been granted in the name of the state, One for the 1892 exhibit of miscellaneous fruit, the other for the 1893 raspberries. In this way 50 or 60 individual exhibits have been grouped. An award has also been given the state for the ingenious horticultural booth—an honor given no other state.” COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 303 (The Northwest Magazine, October, 1898.) “ MINNESOTA’S HORTICULTURAL DISPLAY. : ““Under the galleries of the great Hall of Horticulture, Minnesota makes a cred- itable appearance in comparison with her sister states. On one side her neighbor is lowa and on the other Wisconsin, whilein the near distance looms up the huge orange column of California. The Minnnesota exhibit is arranged on shelves rising one above another against a wall. At each end is a revolving pyramidal display of grapes, surrounded with plants and worked by electric power. Here are shown about thirty varieties of table grapes, many of fine quality. Unfortu- nately they are not produced in sufficient quantities to come into our markets in competition with the grapes of New York and Ohio. That they should be raised at allina region so far north is a circumstance that attracts a good deal of atten- tion and inquiry. Of apples about fifty varieties have been shown since the éarly apples ripened. The specimens are not surpassed for size, perfection of form and beauty of color by anything shown by such great apple states as Michigan and Missouri. The Siberian crab grows to perfection in most parts of Minnesota, and many varieties are exhibited. . “ Another fruit which gives the best results in our climateis the wild plum, that has been domesticated in certain localities as an orchard tree, but has not been much improved upon. In its wild state, growing along the margin of streams in the strips of natural woodland, it yields a fruit that is all the more appetizing be- cause of its underlying savage flavor. Great quantities of these wild plums are every year sent to the markets of the Twin Cities. They make, with their different shades of peculiar red and reddish-yellow, a very handsome appearance. (Th@ notice was accompanied by the engraving which appears as a frontispiece to this number.) J . (Minneapolis Journal, Oct. 11, 18938.) “A POMOLOGICAL TRIUMPH--MINNESOTA SURPRISES THE WORLD BY HER FRUIT SHOW. “ World’s Fair Grounds, Oct. 11.—Competent judges haveexhausted their pomo- logical vocabularies in praise of Minnesota’s fruit exhibit at the fair. Fora state that has the reputation of being so cold, the showing of fine fruits made by Min- nesota is indeed wonderful. The artistic eye.experience and good judgment of A. W. Latham, of Excelsior, Minn., the well-known Minnesota horticulturalist, who was put in charge of the exhibit early, have combined to make it one of the most attractive displays of fruit at the fair. With him the State Horticultural Society has generously co-operated. “At the outset Mr. Latham designed a novel booth, which did much to enhance the showing of fruits. This was in the form of a little house with large glass cases in front, topped by shelves within the cases, the fruit being placed on the shelves. Back of the shelves were mirrors, tilted at such an angleas to reflect the fruit to the passers-by and thus magnify the display. At either corner were erected two revolving pyramidal stands laden with canned fruit and neatly dec- orated with vines. The stands are made to revolve by tiny motors inside the ex- hibit. The spacious interior of the booth Mr. Latham turned into an office and storehouse. Here also are his refrigerator chests, by means of which the glass cases of the exhibits are kept at such a temperature that the fruit is the*etter preserved. ‘So simple and yet so sensible is the arrangement of the Minnesota booth that its design was almost exactly copied by Illinois, just across the isle. “The first fruits displayed by Minnesota were apples of the 1892 crop. These gave way intheir turn to the small fruits of the season, such as strawberries, raspberries, huckleberries, blackberries, etc. Some very tempting plates of these berries were placed on exhibition. These were in turn succeded by plums, grapes and the apples of 1893. The last displays were, of course, the best, and the Minne- sota grapes in particular made a very beautiful showing. A few peaches were also on exhibition. “One hundred varieties of apples, seedlings and Siberian crabs were exhibited by Minnesota. Of these the Wealthy variety made the most striking showing. “Of grapes, Minnesota’s Concords and Delawares were admittedly the best of those varieties of any shown in the Horticultural building. Other very showy and attractive varieties contributed by Minnesota were the Worden, Moore’s Early, Lady, Duchess, Lindley and Agawam. It has been no unusual thing for Minnesota to have 200 baskets of grapes in cold storage here waiting their turn to be placed on plates and shown to visitors. The plum family was also well repre- sented, among the varieties shown being the Weaver, Cheney, Miner, Rolling- stone, etc. These came from all over the state. The grapes were raised in the Minnetonka region, but the apples vied with the plums in being cosmopolitan contributions. The contributors, mostly members of the Minnesota Horticultural Society, may feel prou@ of their aid in making Minnesota’s fruit display such a fine success.”’ (St. Paul Globe, October 13, 1898.) “St. Paul Globe Bureau, World’s Columbian Exposition, Minnesota Building, Jackson Park, Chicago, Oct., 12.—In horticulture Minnesota has one of the most interesting and beautiful exhibits on the grounds. In no other is the arrange- ment of the fruit and the general effect of the display as good. The exhibit is in charge of A. W. Latham. Every foot of space is utilized, and the fact that the booth is a complete refrigerator is not suspected by one out of a half hundred who stop to question and admire the fruit. As quick as the first sign of decay appears the specimen is removed and another takes its place. A ntirror borrows - 304 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. the exhibit of Illinois, in a sense, and makes it a part of this, as it is directly opposite. There are 140 varieties of Minnesota-grown fruit, including twenty-five warieties of apples,shown. The apples are hardy and are not only good keepers, but excelin color and flavor. Minnesota is not a peach growing state, yet excel- lent Minnesota-grown peaches are also shown. The grapes and plums are espe- cially fine, and in small berries the fruit interests of the state appear to splendid advantage. The currants, gooseberries and strawberries are as nice as it is pos- sible for them to grow in any locality, and they are superior to those grown in some localities making greater pretentions in the way of fruit growing.” (A large cut accompanied this notice.) (Mankato Free Press, November 8, 1893.) “In the matter of fruit the position which Minnesota took at the Fair was a source of surprise to everybody outside of the state and many within. In the East especially Minnesota has been held in mind as a wild, bleak prairie waste, where nothing but No. 1 hard wheat would grow. The Minnesota fruit booth at the Fair dispelled this delusion and broadened their ideas as to the possibilities of the state in this direction.” The photo-engravings accompanying this report were taken on Minnesota Day, October 13,1893. They differ from others in having the glass covers of the refrigerator cases raised, as it was found that in a photograph the fruit did not show well through the glass The brief directions sent out for packing and shipping fruit may be of value to preserve, as they are the result of considerable experi ence. They are here given: DIRECTIONS FOR PICKING AND PACKING FRUIT FOR SHIPMENT TO THE MUIN- NESOTA HORTICULTURAL EXHIBIT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. GATHERING THE FRUIT.—Fruit of all kinds should be gathered after it has reached its full size and color and just before it has reached a condition of per- fect maturity. It will not carry or keep well if fully ripe. In gathering be very careful not to inflict the least pressure or bruise on the fruit with the fingers or by contact with any object. KIND OF PACKAGES.—Berries of all kinds should be packed in pint boxes in berry crates. Plums would come wellin quart berry boxes. Apples may be packed in any box or barrel. Grapes should be packed in 101b. tight grape baskets. PACKING MATERIAL.—Cotton wadding, the kind that comes in sheets, has proved to be the best material for protecting fruits from injury on the way. Do not use the common cotton batting, as it sticks to the fruit. MANNER OF PACKING.—In packing berries, put a layer of cotton in the bottom of each box, then put in a layer of fruit, then another layer of cotton, and so on to fill the box, and lastly a layer of cotton. Fill the case with the boxes packed in this way. Plums may be packed in quart boxes in the same manner as berries, except in the case of a choice variety, when it might be well to wrap each plum separately in cotton. Apples should be packed in very closely, first wrapping each specimen Care- fully in the cotton wadding. In packing grapes each bunch should be wrapped carefully in the cotton wad- ding, and the basket filled as closely as possible without undue pressure. SHIPPING DiRECTIONS.—Ship at once by express—American, when practicable. Put cne of each of the two kinds of shipping tags sent youon the top and end of the box,and be sure that your address is also on the box and a list of its contents. Write giving the date cf shipment and describing the contents of the package sent, and state whether you wish them entered for a premium. LAEELING THE FRUIT.—Be sure that every article sent is properly labeled. Thisis very important. QUANTITY AND QUALITY OF FRUIT TO SEND.—As to quantity, send not less of any one variety than a pintof small fruits, plums, etc., five specimens of apples or five bunches of grapes. Send, however, an extra amount of anything that is showy and handsome, as it is the display of such fruit that makes the exhibit attractive. As to quality, as far as you can, send only large, high-colored and fine speci- —_—_— ——| = * " v —- ee ~ y ~_, eee ee ee ~~ » . : COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 305 mens, and even when making up an assortment do not put in anything that is positively inferior or below the average. The fair closed on the 30th day of October. The commission having donated the structure and its contents to this society and appropriated $150 to pay the expense of removing it to the state fair grounds, the structure was taken down in sections and shipped home on the 6th of November. I returned to Minnesota the same night, glad enough to breath again the wholesome air of the great North Star state. The structure has been rebuilt in the agricultural buildings at the state fair grounds and will remain, with its equip- ment, including the motor, furniture, etc.,a permanent possession of our society. ‘This, in brief, is the record of our exhibit at the World’s Fair. There are many things yet which should be said in regard to it, or more especfally in regard to those who aided it by their encourag- ing words and acts. Six months isa long time to maintain a fruit exhibit, and it is hardly possible that there should not be some friction in the working of a machine so hastily planned as the greatest of world’s fairs. Any little unpleasantness attendant upon this work has left no permanent impression, but, instead, there are only pleasant recollections of the uniformly kind and appreciative words of the officers and members of this society, the superintendent of the state exhibit, Mr.L.P.Hunt, and the Minnesota Board of World’s Fair Managers. It isa pleasure to me to record that, in no instance have I heard or read of an uncomplimentary or unappreciative word in connection with this exhibit. Many of these kindly words are on paper and have come to me, directly or indirectly. I do not feel at liberty to reproduce these expressions here, as in the main they are of too personal a nature, but I may, with pardonable pride, make two or three quotations: Mr. J.S. Harris, our oldest member, writes to a third party under date of June 19, in a letter which Iam sure he does not know is in my possession, as follows: “I was well pieased with our Minnesota exhibit of fruit, and I think that it attracts its full share of attention. Every Minnesotian is proud of it.” Our friend, Secretary J. O. Barrett, says: “It is due to truth to say that the Minnesota exhibit bears the palm in construction, order and neatness, and is well relieved by a tasty arrangement of vines and flowers.” Prof. L. H. Bailey, of New York Experiment Station, says: “Tam greatly pleased with the display made by Minnesota.” Special mention should of right be made of the valuable assist- ance rendered by President J. M. Underwood. Besides the large amount he furnished, under the name of the Jewell Nursery Co.,’ during the months of June and July he sent flowers in great variety, two or three times a week, in sufficient quantities to adorn the exhibit. Mr. Gould, also, sent in May some very beautiful hybrid perpetual roses from the only greenhouse of the kind, so far as I know, in the state. Flowers were also contributed by Mrs. W. L. Parker, of Farmington, and the late Mr. Joshua Allyn, of Red Wing. The resume of our awards is as follows: (1). On apples, crop of 1892. 306 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. (2). On the structure. (This award was the only one of the kind in the horticultural department, and a special class was created on account of it). (3). On raspberries, crop of 1893. (4). On plums, crop of 1893. (5). On grapes, crop of 1893. (6). On apples, crop of 1893. Only two awards were made to individuals, both on plums; namely, to Mr. Dewain Cook of Windom and Mr. O. M. Lord of Minnesota _ City. A great many others were deserving of notice, but the practice of the department previously referred to barred them. A large proportion of the contributors asked for no compensation, and only in the case of those who shipped large quantities was any payment made. The prices asked were uniformly reasonable and often below the actual*value to the grower. In so far a¢ our exhibit was a success the credit is certainly due largely to the members of this society, and, in closing, I wish to acknowledge in the most earnest manner the hearty and ungrudging support tendered me, without exception, by its officers and members. President Under- wood gave much time and thought to this work; the executive committee held several meetings in connection therewith, and, in ways innumerable, the chairman of the board, Mr. Wyman Elliot, aided by his counsel and encouragement in its prosecution. DISCUSSION. (Following the reading of above report.) Remarks by C. McC. Reeve, Secretary of the Minnesota Board of World’s Fair Managers. Mr. PRESIDENT, LADIES AND GENTLEMEN: I do not know that anything I can say in regard to the work accomplished at the World’s Fair in the horticultural department of the state of Minne- sota will give you any better idea than you have received from the very full and, I must say, altogether too modest report of your sec- retary, to which we have just had the pleasure of listening. But I can say this, which he apparently was unwilling to say, that from the time the first steps were taken here in the state to prepare this exhibit up to the time when the last case of goods was packed and shipped out of Chicago, Minnesota did not do anything in the same way that any other state had done or presumed to do. In the first place, without complaining as to the amount of money which you were to receive from the state commission, your executive commit- tee went ahead and pursued the line of work that had been author- ized, and asked us to throw out such suggestions as we wished to make in regard to this exhibit. Of course, this was very compli- mentary to us, and when Mr. Underwood and your secretary came to our office and said, “ We think we had better make this exhibit in something like this manner,” and it was left for us to say what they should do, I did not have any clear idea of the plan they proposed, but I was satisfied it was all right; and when I was called upon to report what was being done, I said their work was all right. I had q ; -_- COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. : 307 the utmost confidence in these gentlemen, that they knew what they were going todo. When they found they were not going to receive the amount of money they were entitled to, they said, “ We are much obliged for what we have got.” Those of you who were in Chicago will remember how in that enormous hall along one side were placed the designs of the differ- ent states. Here there were long tables loaded with the products of California, Oregon, New York and other states, and here by itself was this unique booth which was evolved and prepared by the brains of some of your members. What was the result? Although the other states had prepared their exhibits, the first thing [Illinois did, the state having the largest appropriation of any state that was repre- sented there, they came over and stole away our design. When they got it done, everybody knew it was only a sort of imitation. Right opposite our exhibit they put a table and piled it up high as they could reach, making graded steps with fruit, which, of course, was done to detract from the exhibit of fruits in our booth on the side. It was calculated to and did detract greatly from the effects of our exhibit, and it was done in direct violation of agreement. I heard a great deal told about the Minnesota exhibit of fruit, and as the members of this society are recognized as people who gener- ally teil the truth, and as people whose word and whose statements could be relied on, when you got down to Chicago and was standing, as I often was, around this exhibit, and people would come up and inquire if this was the Minnesota exhibit, and where did this fruit come from, I would tell them it came from Minnesota. ‘Yes, but where did they get it before it gotinto Minnesota?” ‘Well, my dear sir, this fruit was grown in Minnesota—every bit of it was grown in Minnesota; it is all our native production.” One gentleman looked me over from head to foot, and he says, “ Young man, do you mean to tell me that a state where they have ten months winter and two months very late in the fall, raises such apples as these?” “I mean to tell you that very same thing,” I replied. There were many com- ments made on our exhibit and surprises expressed that such fruit could be raised in Minnesota, and while many people were more im- pressed with the population of our state, they also realized that we could raise fruit from our interesting exhibit there. I do not wish to take your time. I merely want to say this, in conclusion, that the exhibit was one of which the state was proud and of which the com- mission was proud, and it was one of which the National Commis- sion was proud, for more than one member of the National Commis- sion told me that among all the exhibits of horticultural products of the various states, the exhibit of Minnesota was one of the best exhibits there was in the horticultural building. Now, my friends, our work at the Chicago Exposition is past. The temporary notor- iety that came to a few of us will soon be merely a memory, but the work here that you have to do, the work that this society has to do, and the work that this society has done in the past, will go on from year to year and make itself felt, not only as it has been felt in this exposition, but making itself felt as the years go by. I thank you, gentlemen, for your kind attention. (Applause.) 4 308 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Mr.E.H.S.Dartt: I want to say that I was down around Chicago for awhile, andl watched the motion of things in that great hall with those long tables of fruit. I watched the crowd that passed along those alleys, and the only place they stopped was in front of the Minnesota exhibit. Mr. Barrett: I move a vote of thanks be extended to Col. Reeve for his able and interesting remarks. (The motion was carried), Pres. Underwood: I wish to say just a word with regard to Mr. Latham’s part in this exhibit, and particularly with re- gard to the design of the booth. Mr. Latham is altogether too modest a man, and he works in a quiet way. Still waters are usually deep. Ido not know of any one to whom more is due for the work performed there than is due Mr. Latham, and I think it is something we want all to understand. In his report, which I admiced very much, there is that same spirit which always characterizes me in a horse trade. -A horseman once told me I never could trade horses, because I was always talk- ing about the defects in my horse, and that is the trouble with the secretary’s report—he does not say anything of the defects or drawbacks under which he had to labor. There is so much that was good and grand to speak of that it is not necessary to talk about the little difficulties that we were under at times. THE DISCOURAGEMENTS OF THE YEAR. MRS. A. A. KENNEDY, HUTCHINSON. The discouragements of the year have been many. Poor crops and hard times have been the cry. Perhaps, we horticulturists felt it as keenly as any one class, because we wanted to do something grand at the World’s Fair. I, for one, wanted to hand my name down to the coming generation by furnishing some cans of fruit that would make the mouths of those from more favored climes water on account of, the size and delicious flavor of my fruit. But alas, alas, when I fain would have gathered from my garden some- thing that would astonish the nations! I found nothing in the strawberry line but a few little, hard nubbed things not fit to be called strawberries. I gathered enough» such as they were, to make three shortcakes (and they were short- cakes, too). And then my raspberries were so inferior in size that 1 had no desire to see how they would look after they were canned. So I did not can any. I received a letter from our secretary saying, “Cannot you send me some fruit? There must be some somewhere that will do to place on exhibit.” I read it over and over, then said, “Well, it isn’t ‘ = eS ia i A a COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 3809: to be found in my garden, but if there isa place in this region, I will find it.” So I started out in quest of something nice in this line of fruit. I visited farm after farm, but found nothing better than I had athome. I made up my mind that for once Mr. Latham was mistaken, and I came home with something of the same feeling the man experienced when his field of buckwheat had been killed by the frost. After visiting adjoining farms and finding others were in the same boat, he came home and said to his wife, “It isn’t so bad. after all, the neighbors have lost theirs, too.” . Some said, “Mrs. Kennedy, lam discouraged. I don’t believe we are going to make a success raising fruit. Letus go to Florida or Sunny- side where we know we can raise fruit.” I said, “What fun would it be, or what thanks would we have if we did just what every one else could do?” I, for one, would like to do something that every one can’t do. The harder the nut, the sweeter the kernel. And today I am not discouraged. I believe with such leaders as our president, secretary, Prof. Green, Messrs. Harris, Brand, and Dartt, and a score of others I might mention, we shall yet be able to sit under our vine and fig tree and eat fruit to our fill. POMOLOGY AT THE WORLD’S FAIR. J. S. HARRIS, LA CRESCENT. The World’s Fair was by far the greatest of its kind the world has ever seen. It was a success, made so by the American people, and they have shown to the whole world their capabilities. Never before in the history of the world has any nation arisen in its might, used such indefatigable energy in such laudable methods to show honor to the great ones and made it such a grand success, The whole country, yes, and the whole world, will be benefited by the inspira- tion of higher ideals in education, art, literature, agriculture, manu- factures, commerce, etc., and we do believe it has revived and strengthened the patriotism of our people and made them to realize the advancement of this great country in the four hundred years since one of the islands off the coast was discovered by the intrepid mariner, Christopher Columbus, thus opening for the habitation of civilized man a new world. All that is great and grand in human works on this continent has been created in that time. and we are just beginning to realize our capabilities, and the benign influences, will be felt long after this generation has faded away and turned into dust. But I think the greatest and most lasting benefits to the American people will follow from the wonderful exhibitions in pomology and horticulture. Millions of our people saw, admired and studied the great and grand collection of fruits, such as no occasion had ever before brought together—fruits from the cold North, where the win- ters are long and rigorous, and from the sunny South, where the balmy breezes forever blow; fruits of every kind that are used for food, luxury, or that enrich commerce—everything that is beautiful to the eye or pleasing to the taste, from the little red berry that. 310 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. grows upon the creeping vine in the most inclement regions, up through the fruits of shrubs and trees of the temperate zone, to the citrus, pomegranate and palm fruits of the tropics—all were there in the greatest profusion. Fruits “From the proud trees whose heads the sky assails To the lowly vine that loves the dales.”’ When the Beneficent first chose a scene to occupy and develop the moral and intellectual faculties of man and give him the most per- fect enjoyment, he placed him in the garden of Eden. Refreshing bowers and luxuriant verdure, a pure crystal stream, sweet frag- rance and all manner of delicious fruits were the scenes of man’s first blessedness. The crowning glory of the World’s Columbian Exposition was the reproduction of the first Eden, and we predict that it will be the beginning of a new and better era in the condi- tion of the human race; that thousands who beheld the wonderful sights and drank in the sylvan scenes have been inspired of the amiable genius of Horticulture, and returned to their homes deter- mined to improve and fashion them after the patterns of the lovely scenes they beheld at the fair, and plant and raise more and better fruit. Your verdict may be that we are a little visionary in the mat- ter of pomology. Please do not render it until we have finished our plea, and give us the benefit of all extenuating circumstances. Our first, longest and strongest love has been borticulture. From our earliest infancy, down through the years of our life (now almost three score years and ten), pomology has been our most fascinating study. For more than forty years we have pursued it with diligence in the new Northwest, and that, too, under the greatest of difficulties, and we have thought that we enjoyed it most where the obstacles seemed most insurmountable. When the clouds were the thickest and skies darkest, we saw bright gleams of hope beyond. Had that not been so, after such a calamity as overtook us in 1872-3, when everything we had built upon proved like a foundation of sand and the work of twenty years vanished—not in the smoke of fire, but went up in the most terrible blizzard that ever swept over this re- gion—we should have turned our back upon Minnesota, shaken the dust from our feet and journeyed to some more favored region where others had demonstrated that fruit could be grown with cer- tainty and with less labor. Those notions of ours that a pomology could be created that would just fit Minnesota may have been a little cranky. It was our privilege to visit the fair in June, August and October, and spend in all about thirty-five days. It was the one opportunity of our life to see, examine, handle, taste and compare the fruits of North America and some other parts of the world, and make the ac- quaintance of the leading pomological spirits of this and other lands. There were probably 2,000 varieties of apples shown, varying in size from the Siberian crab, up tothe mammoth pippins of nearly two pounds weight; and of every conceivable marking, from palest green and yellow, through russet and almost inconceivable marking of stripes and splashes of blush, pink and scarlet, to the darkest purple reds; and ranging through the forms of oblate, ovate, round, ee bs SSS a COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. Blt conical and oblique. The study of 400 or 500 of them, with which I have been more or less familiar, noting their variations in size, in- tensity of color and quality, as they have been raised in widely dif- ferent localities, was truly interesting. After enjoying such oppor- tunities, and seeing the variations and effects of soil and climate upon fruits, we are more cranky than ever, for we now boldly assert that there is a pomological future for this region, and that it will be hastened as one of the results of the World’s Columbian Exposition. Our first day at the fair, and, in fact, the first week, was unsatisfac- tory, and we were bewildered at the thought of having to see so much in the limited time of ten or twelve days. On the first day we took a hasty survey of the fruit exhibits, and then made our plans for seeing the most in the shortest period of time; but soon cast them aside, resolving to see the most of that which gave us the greatest enjoyment and promised the most lasting good. The result was that we spent a considerable portion of every day among the fruit tables in the Horticultural Building. At our first visit, only such fruits of the temperate region could be seen in their natural state as had great keeping qualities, or could be preserved in cold storage, while the perishable fruits were shown in solution and exhibited in glass jars. The artistic effect was grand, but half the life lesson was lost. At this early date California, and Florida had the advantage over all the other states in being able to make great and gorgeous dis- plays of the citrus and other tropical fruits, and the first conviction of nearly all visitors was that theirs were the greatest and grandest of fruits in the exposition. But with the multitudes having pomo- logical tastes that conviction gradually wore away as they saw, in such profusion, the fruits of other regions in all their varying aspects, as produced under differing environments of soil and climate, and all enquiring minds at once found opened before them a broad field for study and investigation. At this date the exhibits of some of the states were very incom- plete, but continued to grow in magnitude, beauty and interest until near the close of the fair. One of the interesting curiosities at this time was two shipments of apples from New South Wales, picked from the trees just at the time when the trees were in full bloom in our best apple districts. Both were picked and started on the same day; one came by way of San Francisco and was forty five days in transit; the other by way of Liverpool and New York and was about sixty daysin making thetrip. They arrived in fine condition. Only about twenty per cent. were of the familiar varieties grown in our older apple regions, and of these the environment of soil and climate had so greatly changed the appearance that it was difficult for ex- perts to identify them without cutting and tasting. The quality of their fruits proved good and we may find acompetitionin that far-off region that will take the profits off the cold storage stock of Ben Davis and Willows that fill the gap in our summer trade from May until August, by crowding them out with fresher far-fetched stock. There was almost as great a difference observable in the appear- ance of varieties grown in the different fruit regions of this country. In some regions the shades of reds run into browns and deep crim- 312 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. sons, and in others clear, bright scarlets. The yellows, greens and russets differed greatly in the different localities, running and blending into each other. The environment of soil and climate had also a similar effect on the size and form of the varieties. The Bald- win, King and Twenty Ounce of the North Pacific coast and in the ‘Rocky Mountain regions could hardly be recognized as the same varieties so well known in Michigan, New York and New England. And our own Wealthy changes its form and assumes gigantic pro- portions in Colorado and Washington. A plate of them in Colorado exhibit were of the size of our Wolf River and Alexander, but they were the Wealthys still, although no better or more beautiful. In many cases these differences led to warm discussions in deciding upon the correct nomenclature. In the exhibits of Maine, New Hampshire and Nova Scotia, dark red colors predominated. In New York and Ontario the colors were more varied, the reds not being as deep. Kentucky showed more yellowand green. But it was left to Wisconsin and Minnesota to present the clearest hues and finest blendings, as well as the most symmetrical forms. As the season advanced, the beauty and interesting features of the exposition increased. Small fruits began to arrive from points farther north, and before the first ripe strawberries were gone, cherries, plums, peaches and new apples and pears began to appear in some of the exhibits; and at the same time there was set up a fine collection of grapes from Texas. Taking the whole season through, the greatest variety of fruits from over the largest extent of country was probably shown in August. At that time the cherries were not all gone, and plums, peaches, grapes, pears and the earlier varieties of the new crop of apples came in freely, and the changes wrought in the appearance of the tables from day to day was marvelous. Many of the jars were removed, and the cold storage fruit was cleared off, and its place quickly filled with the new fruit of 1893. On the first of September, Wisconsin had the most attractive ex- hibit of apples in the building, Arkansas the largest and Iowa bid- ding fair to get ahead of all competition, while Illinois, Oregon and New Jersey appeared to be ahead in general variety. Later in September and the beginning of October, the features of the ex- position that were most valuable and interesting to Minnesotians and their near neighbors appeared, and it was our happy privilege to put in ten most enjoyable days among the fruit tables and in pleasant associations with numbers of the most noted pomologists of the world, We shall always remember with pleasure the courtesies shown us by Chief Samuels and his assistants, and the hearty per- mits to do as we pleased from the superintendents of the various state exhibits and the facilities they offered to aid us in our study- ing. Our only regret was that we could remain there no longer. We have mislaid a portion of the notes taken while there, but in order to convey to those who were not privileged to visit the fair some idea of the vastness of the fruit show from the Middle and Northern states and Canada in this year of poor and short crops almost everywhere, we will append brief reports of the exhibits as they were from the middle of August until the close of the exposi- tion. Ee > C68T ‘ET 19q079H USaYBL ‘Pues YI1OU 4B MOTA [BTVIET MIVA S.\GIMOM AHL LV LIGINXH LINAA VLOSANNIW COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 313 Arkansas had upon her tables 1,500 plates of fruit, besides some massed displays of sample varieties. Of standard named varieties, there were about 250, and of seedling and unknown varieties of apples, 61; of pears, 16; of peaches, 30; of native grapes, 18. In aver- age size, perfect form, general appearance and quality, together with the number of varieties, the apple exhibit of this state excelled that of all others. Coiorado had a spread of 1,000 plates. In the exhibit there were 130 varieties of apples, 32 of pears, 20 of plums and 15 of grapes, besides a large and beautiful display of fruitin solution. In this exhibit the apples were most beautifully colored,and some of the Wealthys had reached the enormous size of four inches in diameter and were more elongated in form than those that grow here. Our notes on California are missing. According to our recollec- tion her plates of the northern fruits numbered about 800, with about 15 varieties of apple anda fine assortment of pears, peaches, prunes, apricots, plums, grapes, etc. In the exhibition of citrus and tropical fruits her display was beyond description. The Idaho exhibit occupied about 500 plates. There were 60 varie- ties of fine, well-grown apples,16 of pears, including the new variety, Idaho, of which the specimens were large and beautiful, 15 of peaches, 10 of plums, 6 of prunes and 10 of grapes. The Illinois exhibit was a very large one, covering a space of over 3,000 plates. One thousand of these plates were used for apples, of which there were 100 varieties. One hundred and twenty-five varie- ties of grapes were shown on 800 plates, while pears, peaches, plums and other fruits were shown in great profusion, showing that this is a state of wonderful resources. Perhaps, in no one state besides California was such indefatigable energy displayed to make an exhibit that would be an honor to the state asin Iowa. The apple crop of 1892 had been very short in that state, and before the new fruit began to come in they were laboring under great disadvantages. When the exhibit was all up it covered - a space of nearly 3,500 plates, in which they claimed 402 varieties of apples, 25 of pears, 10 of peaches, 59 of plums and 69 of grapes. Among the plums were a number of the Japanese varieties, which promise well in that state and to be useful for crossing with some of our best natives, giving them the inherent qualities they lack to make them popular commercial fruits. In the Kansas eJEUIN there were 800 plates of fenies of 76 varie- ties. There were also 22 varieties of pears and 82 of grapes. The space occupied by Kentucky was covered by 800 plates. There were 100 varieties of apples,24 of pears, of quinces,31 of peaches,16 of plums, 35 of grapes, besides a fine display of persimmons, walnuts, chestnuts and hazelnuts. The fruit of this exhibit was uniformly well grown and nicely displayed. The exhibit of Maine was not a large one. It consisted of 40 vari- eties of apples and 6 of pears, covering about 300 plates. The exhibit was noticeable for the preponderance of the sturdy red coloring of the apples. 314 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. In the Michigan exhibit there were 1,800 plates. There were 50 varieties of apples, 50 of pears, 20 of peaches, 15 of plums and 125 of grapes. Minnesota showed, when at the fullest, 800 plates of fruit, besides that which had been put up in solution and was shown in jars. Of apples and Siberians, there were 125 or more varieties. Of peaches, there were 4 varieties, of native plums, 45 and of grapes, 55 varieties. Minnesota has no cause for being ashamed of her pomological ex- hibit, although the fruit was not up to her usual standard of excel- lence, and fully one-half of the varieties that have been shown atour home fairs were not there. Her fruit had that bright, fresh appear- ance which is characteristic of all the products of this Northwest, (even to the fair maidens), and there were artistic featuress about the arrangement of the display that caught the eye of the thou- sands who daily passed through the hall, causing them to come nearer and examine closer. From the many favorable comments we overheard we think most people were much surprised to see so great a development of the fruits of this state. Missouri occupied a space covered by 1,000 plates. Of apples there were 90 varieties, of pears, 35, peaches, 70, plums, 15 and of grapes, 100. Montana made a modest showing of 250 plates of apples, compris- ing 20 varieties. Nebraska had a show of 1,100 plates, made up of 50 varieties of apples, 7 of peaches and 4 of grapes. New Hampshire showed but 160 plates, having 35 varieties of apples and 3 of pears The fruit presented the same general characteristics as that from Maine. New Mexico had a spread of 300 plates, showing 40 varieties of apples, 10 of pears and a few elegant quinces. New Jersey had a show of 700 plates, in which were 50 varieties of apples, 50 of pears, 12 of peaches, a large and fine collection of grapes, quinces, cran- berries and chestnuts. It was expected that New York would lead every other state in the actual numbers of theold and new of the standard varieties of fruits. Within her borders the commercial nursery business had its begin- ning, and for a long time her enterpising nurserymen raised the bulk of the trees that were used in several states for planting or- chards. She did not disappoint our expectations. Her fruits filled over 3,000 plates. She had on exhibition 1,100 plates of apples in 300 varieties; 500 plates of pears in 150 varieties; 30 varieties of peaches, 90 of plums and 1,100 plates of grapes in 105 varieties. She carried off the palm for having the largest cluster of grapes shown at the exposition. The bunch weighed nine and one-half pounds. The Oregon exhibit was one of the most attractive at the fair. Her fruits were of the largest size, most perfectly developed and of superior quality for such large fruit. In this exhibit we found alto- gether about 800 plates. There were about 100 varieties of apples, 21 of pears, 7 of peaches, 10 of plums, 20 of grapes and several cherries, besides 400 jars of fruit shown in solution. South Dakota had a very interesting exhibit of 100 plates, includ- ing 25 varieties of applesand crabs. The exhibit of Washington was a great surprise. In this we saw many of the varieties that we raise COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. ole in Minnesota, but the climate and soil had so changed their appear- ance that we could scarcely recognize them. Some varieties were of monstrous size. Thespread was 500 plates. There were 45 varieties of apples,18 of pears, 10of peaches and6of plums. We were informed that the fruit was grown in one orchard. West Virginia had a creditable exhibit that we came very near ascribing to some other state. It consisted of 12 varieties of apples and 1 of pears, and numbered 85 plates. And now, last but not least, comes our near neighbor, Wisconsin. Not a single other exhibit from any state showed to better advan- tage. No extra pains had been taken for artistic effect and there was nothing in the way to detract from the fruit or hide defects, and for so large anexhibit itafforded one of the best opportunities for study, observation and comparison of any exhibit in the building. It oc- cupied 1,000 plates, on which were shown 120 varieties of apples, 6 of pears, 10 of plums, 55 of grapes and 4 of cranberries. Besides these there was an exhibit from Sauk county by Fox, Tuttle and others, consisting of 350 plates, on which were shown over 50 varieties of apples, mostly of Russian origin, and 550f grapes. The apples were generally clear and delicate in their coloring, smooth and regular in form and attracted much attention. We will conclude with the Canadian exhibit. This was indeed a great surprise to the majority of visitors. We most heartily con- gratulate our Northern neighbors on the magnitude of the exhibit, its tasty and instructive arrangement, the superior quality and great variety of their fruits and their good fortune in having such affable gentlemen in charge of it. About 5,000 plates were used in making the display, beside several hundred jars of the fruit crop of 1892 in solution. The largest exhibit was from the province of Ontario. It contained 100 varieties of apples, 67 of pears, 42 of peaches, 75 of plums and 79 of grapes. Quebec had 119 varieties of apples, 2 of pears and 7 of grapes. Nova Scotia had 144 varieties of apples, 23 of pears, 10 of plums. British Columbia had 51 varieties of apples and lj of plums. The experimental farm at Ottawa showed 133 varieties of grapes. The show of fruit on the plates from the middle of August to the close of the exposition averaged about 30,000. As this had to be renewed as often as every ten days, it required the enor- mous quantity of about 200,000 plates to keep up the fall exhibits, be- sides the quantities used in making the designs and decorating and allowances for damage and decay in transportation. The officers of the department, the superintendents of exhibits and others saw in this exposition an opportunity for broadening the field of pomology, and bringing its leading spirits into closer and more friendly relations. To effect this a society was organized and named the Columbian Horticultural Society. Weekly meetings were held, at which timely papers were read by a number of the master spirits of horticulture in this and other countries. The in- teristing and knotty questions that continually arose were very thoroughly considered. In June, the American Nurserymen’s Asso- ciation held their annual meeting within the fair grounds. In August, a World’s Horticultural Congress was held under the aus- 316 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. pices of the fair. This called together a considerable number of nurserymen and pomologists from many countries, and doubtless its influence for good will be great and lasting. The sessions of each branch were held in different sections, which proved to be much better than a promiscuous mass convention. It facilitates business and gives each delegate and visitor an opportunity to spend his whole time with that section in which he is most inter- ested, or in which he sees the opportunity of gaining the most good. An outgrowth of this congress was the organization of a World’s Horticultural Society. It is an association of national, state, provincial and district societies of every branch of horticul- ture, and individuals of every horticultural pursuit who desire to join. In this organization, besides our own country, England, France, Germany, Russia, Japan, Mexico and Canada were repre- sented. Your humble servant most sincerely believes that pomology was the best feature of the greatest fair the world ever saw; that it will give a new impetus to progressive horticulture, and prove the beginning of a new and better era in the history of pomology. Pomology has mad@ wonderful progress within the time since our society was organized. Who can tell what the future progress will be until the fruits of the impetus for research and experiment in- spired by the great fair are all gathered in? >) our Orner, — IRRIGATION. DEAR Str: No.7 of the “Horticulturist” received and the contents relished as usual. I see you call for experience in the way of irrigating small fruit. I have done a little in that line in my blackberries this season and am very much pleased with the result and intend to put in a plant of some kind next season to irrigate aJl I can. This season I used a team and tank and irrigated one piece of sixty-five rods. I commenced July 12th and hauled eight tanks of twenty barrels each, making 160 barrels. July 13th, I hauled five tanks of twenty barrels each, making 100 barrels. July 14th, I hauled five tanks of twenty barrels each, making 100 barrels. This gave it a pretty good soaking. On the 18th, I gave it eleven tanks more, making 580 barrels in all. On the evening of the 19th, we had a pretty good rain which did for a week. I intended to haul again on the 29th, but other work prevented. From this experiment I conclude that we must have a very large storage tank or cistern, as it will take fifty barrels to the rod to do it well. My intention at present is to put up a windmill and builda large shallow cistern (partly in the ground and open on top, so the sun will warm the water) on the highest part of my berry field, YOUR CORNER. 317 which will enable me to reach nearly all of the plot by the natural slope of land. I hope to see this subject fully discussed in the “Horticulturist”, as we must have water when needed, to make fruit raising a success. With best wishes for the “ Horticulturist” I remain, yours truly, ; W. S. WIDMOYER. Dresbach, Minnesota, August 15, 1894, A SWINDLE EXPOSED—THE ‘‘MODEL ORCHARD” SCHEME. ; AUGUST 22, 1894. DEAR SIR: Knowing that your society always stands ready to expose fraud wherever found, we take the liberty of calling your attention to a swindling scheme being worked by tree agents upon farmers in southern Minnesota and northern Iowa. It is not a new one by any means, but the manner in which this gang carry on their work is damaging, not only to their victims, but to the horticultural interests of the state, and to those who have for years labored honestly to put the Northwest to the front asa fruit growing section. We refer to the “ model orchard ” scheme. These agents claim to represent some Princeton, Illinois, nursery, but we are informed, as a matter of fact, the only relation between them and that nursery is that they buy their stock of the above company, and re-model varieties to suit themselves. They have operated in the above named territory quite extensively for the past two years, and the outcome of their swindling methods will result in great damage to the fruit growing interests of this and adjoining states. Not satisfied with the ordinary methods of pushing their scheme, they pull down the work and reputation of nurserymen who are doing their best to put into the hands of planters of the North- west something that will give them value received for their time and money, and what long experience has taught them to be worthy of propagation. Their scheme is about as follows: They approach a farmer with a proposition to furnish him with from $75.00 to $80.00 worth of nursery stock, or enough to set out a certain area, agreeing to plant and care for the orchard for a certain number of years, giving the farmer time in which to pay for it, with the exception of one-third of the amount, which is to be in cash, the balance in negotiable paper, payable in one and two years respectively. These notes are imme- diately sold to an innocent purchaser, and the farmer will have to . pay them whether the contract is carried outor not. They have not the least idea of fulfilling their partof the agreement and, being totally irresponsible, cannot be compelled to do so. Should the farmer have an orchard on his place, he is informed that he has been duped, and that the trees are perfectly worthless, as they are “root-grafted;’ and to prove it the operator pulls up a young tree, cuts it off at the union of the stock and scion, and shows the farmer the scar in the tree, informing him that “the only thing to do is to dig up this orchard and to use budded stock, as all grafted trees are worthless and those who sell them are swindlers.” Itis 318 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. hardly credible, but many young and thrifty orchards have been thus dug up. It is the duty of every member of the State Horticultural Society to see that these fellows are exposed and kicked out of this state. A law was passed by the legislature of 1887, requiring all who sell nursery stock grown outside of the state of Minnesota to file a bond of $2,000 with the secretary of state, to protect purchasers of said stock from fraud and misrepresentation. Any agent offering foreign grown nursery stock is compelled to exhibit to each purchaser a certificate from the secretary of state showing that he has filed said bond. The evil effects of this ‘ model orchard” work can hardly be esti- mated. It does not stop at the damage done to the planter in dollars and cents, but it undermines the efforts of all true horticulturists who have the fruit growing interest of the Northwest at heart. The planter who has been duped sets all nurserymen down as frauds, and will refuse to purchase trees or plants for years. These swindlers and, indeed, in self-protection, all agents operating for nurseries outside the state, where they cannot easily be reached, should be compelled to show a certificate from the secretary of state (a copy of which and the law is given below in the case), or in its absence be treated to a good dose of Minnesota law. The farmer who believes that in the digging up of his root-grafted trees and the planting instead of budded ones he has at last found the key to successful fruit growing, should atleast see that all notes given in payment of any “model orchard” are not negotiable, but conditioned upon the fulfillment of the “model orchard” contract by the nurseryman. (It is not easy to sympathize with the victims of this budded tree fraud. With the efforts being made in our state by this society—to say nothing of the many other sources of information—it would seem as though all planters should be fairly well informed on ordi- nary horticultural subjects. Moral: Save your money by paying $1.00 to become a member of this society; and buy your trees only of responsible Minnesota nurseries.—SEC’y.) THE LAW AGAINST NURSERY FRAUDS. AN ACT To prevent the practice of fraud by tree peddlers and commission men, in the sale of nursery stock. Be it enacted by the Legislature of the State of Minnesota: SECTION 1. Itshall be unlawful for any person, corporation or asso- ciation to sell or offer for sale any tree, plant, shrub or vine not grown in the State of Minnesota, without first filing with the Secretary of State an affidavit setting forth his name, age, occupation and resi- dence; and, if an agent, the name, occupation and residence of his principal, and a statement as to where the nursery stock aforesaid to be sold is grown, together with a bond to the State of Minnesota in the penal sum of two thousand dollars ($2,000), conditioned to save harmless any citizen of this State who shall be defrauded by any false or fraudulent representations as to the place where such a —_ YOUR CORNER. 319 stock sold by such person, corporation or association was grown, or as to its hardiness for climate. Provided, that the bond aforesaid shall, when the principal isa resident of this state, be given by such principal, and not by the agent. Sec. 2. The Secretary of the State shall, on the full compliance with the foregoing provisions, give to the applicant aforesaid a cer- tificate under his official seal, setting forth in detail the facts show- ing a full compliance by said applicant with the provisions of this act. And said applicant shall exhibit the same ora certified copy thereof to any person to whom stock is offered for sale. Sec. 3. Any person, whether in the capacity of principal or agent, who shall sell or offer for sale any foreign-grown nursery stock within this state, shall furnish to the purchaser of such stock a du- plicate order, with a contract specifying that such stock is true to name and as represented. SEc. 4. Any person, whether in the capacity of principal or agent, who shall sell, or offer for sale, any foreignu-grown nursery stock within this state, without cemplying with the requirements of this act, or shall refuse to exhibit the certificate mentioned in section two (2) of this act, whenever demanded, or shall by means of any advertisement, circular, notice or statement, printed or written, pub- lished or posted, or circulated by the agency of any officer, agent or other person, or by any other means, shall falsely represent to any person or to the public that said nursery stock is grown in this state,and is hardy and is adapted to this climate, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof by any court of competent jurisdiction shall be punished by fine of not less than twenty-five nor exceeding one hundred dollars, or by imprisonment in the county jail for term of not less than ten nor more than sixty days, in the discretion of the court, and shall be liable tothe party injured in acivil action for treble the amount of damages sustained; and such party in such civil action may sue in his own name on said bond for the amount of such damages. SEc.5. This act shall take effect and bein force from and after its passage. Approved March 8, 1887. o FORM OF CERTIFICATE REQUIRED. To all to whom these presents shall come, greeting: Ly SE ee ee Secretary of State of the State of Minnesota, hereby certify that in accordance with the provisions of Chapter..... .of the General Laws, A. D. 1887, of said state, one.......... did, on the...... aayiot eae: 189.., file with me an affidavit made in due torm, wherein it is set forth, among other things, that the affiant is the agent of one...... ....; that said principal’s ageis .. ..years; that his place ofresidenceis ........ ; that by occupation heisa...........; and that the nursery stock to be sold by said.......... as the agent of said.......... in this State, is grown REM as Pe. inthe! state O£.-°2% . =: I further certify, that......... did, at the time of filing said affidavit with me also file, in the same manner, a good and sufficient bond, conforming in all respects to the requirements of the said chapter...... , hereinbefore referred to. as Given under my hand and official seal, this............ Gays Of a5. otic ae ee eee ALS DE 892. — ; SEAL. eos Secretary of State. 320 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. THE BALDRIDGE TRANSPLANTER. The transplanter shown in the ac- companying cut is the result of twenty-five years practical experience as anurseryman. The most delicate plants moved with them do not even wilt, as the soil is taken up with the plant and the roots remain in their natural position in the soil; thus the plant is not stunted and is insured an earlier and larger crop. Vegetables, flowers, strawberries, cucumber and melon plants, shrub- bery and nursery trees may be moved at all seasons with absolute safety; also corn, cotton and tobacco may be transplanted with great profit and advantagt, taking sprouts from hills that can spare them or from seed beds and plac- ing them where vacancies occur, thereby giving a full stand of uniform size. The Transplanter is made of steel and iron and 1s substantial. It is adjustable as to depth required. Holes in which to set plants, etc., should be made with the same tool they are taken up with. Price with blade two inches in diameter, $1.25; with blade three inches in diameter, $1.50. Manufactured by Rickenbacher & Baldridge, of Columbus, Ohio. The above description is in substance the circular as sent out by the makers. It is not put in here as an advertisement, but tocall your attention to a new implement which is apparently thoroughly practi- cal and useful. Ig was used at President Under- wood’s place in transplanting strawberries last spring, and it was a pleasure in July to see the re- sults of its work this very dry season. (One of the two-inch size—that used for strawber- ries, etc.—can be seen at this office; and if desired, arrangement can be made to furnish them here at manufacturers’ prices, saving the express or freight charges from the factory in Ohio.—SEc’y.) COME TO THE STATE FAIR.—In spite of the dry season, there will be a good display of horticultural products. Do not fail to come. THE MINNESOTA HORTICULTURIST. VOL. 22 OCTOBER, 1894. NO. 9 iculture. = 2 MINNESOTA BEE-KEEPERS’ ASSOCIATION. REPORT OF ANNUAL MERTING, 1894. OFFICERS. J. P. West, President, - - - - - - Hastings Wm. Danforth, Secretary, - - - = - Red Wing L. E. Day, Treasurer, . - - : - = Farmington Vice-Presidents, one from each congressional district. First Cong. Dist., John Turnbull, - s - La Crescent Second th H. J. Ludlow, - - - Worthington Third xs C. C. Aldrich, - - - Morristown Fourth be J. E. Jackman, - - - - Stillwater Fifth gE Wm. Urie, - - - - Minneapolis Sixth es J. M. Doudna, - - - - Alexandria Seventh ‘* James L. Gray, - : - St. Cloud ANNUAL MEMBERS. C.Theilmann, - Theilmanton H.H.Heins, - - - Lydia D. B. Messer, - - Plainview J.C. Pope, - - - - Mora Edward R. Pond, Bloomington J. A. Holmberg, - St. Paul H.L.F. Witte, - Minneapolis J.W.Murray, - - Excelsior H.G. Acklin, - - - St.Paul Mrs. J. W. Blackwell, Alexandria Wm. F. Cross, - - Hamline Frank Moeser, - Minneapolis Barnet A. Taylor,- Forestville John M. Seiler, - Chanhassen E.R. Jaques, - - Crystal J.G. Bass, - - - Hamline A.S. Lovett, - - Minneapolis N.P.Aspinwall, - Harrison W.J. Tingley, - - Stillwater W.H.Bright, - - Mazeppa W.H. Putnam, River Falls, Wis. 322 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. HONORARY MEMBERS. Mrs. Geo. N. Hart, - - - - Hagar City, Wis. Mrs. A. A. Kennedy, - - . Hutchinson, Minn. Mrs. J. McC!ane, - - - - Lake Harriett, Minn. Thos. C. Russell, until Jan., 1896, - - Minnehaha Falls Roy Underwood, until Jan., 1896, = ¥ Lake City PROCEEDINGS. Of the Fifth Annual Convention of the Minnesota Bee-Keepers Association, held in the Lumber Exchange, Minneapolis, Minn., January 10th, 11th and 12th, 1894. Wednesday Morning Session, January 10th. The association was called to order by the president, J. P. West. The members present desired to hear the subject of “Apples and General Fruits” discussed by the Horticultural Society, so it was agreed to take a recess until 1:30 P. M. Wednesday Afternoon Session, January 10th. The meeting was called to order by the president, J. P. West. The reading of the minutes of the last meeting was unanimously dis- pensed with, and the society proceeded to transact its business. The treasurer, L. KE. Day,of Farmington,submitted the following report: A TREASURER’S REPORT. Mr. President, as treasurer of this association, I submit the follow- ing statement of receipts and disbursements for the year ending January 9, 1894: Nandanry 12: 1893; balanceion bande. tl crenlcede ke venice see eee $27.30: Received atthe anminalmCetim oy SOG.. mesieeieieisn staieie/isl tena cients 15.00: I iygal LO) cio bg oy oaa'o bb manufactured from or mixed with glucose, sugar syrup of any kind or any substance whatever not the legitimate and exclusive product of the honey bee, unless the package containing same is so marked and represented as such, and bearing a label upon the package, printed thereon in heavy gothic capitals eighteen point, giving the name of the person or persons having compounded, manufactured or mixed the same, and the name of the substance or material from which it is compounded, manufactured or mixed with. Sec. 2. It shall be unlawful for any person or persons within the state of Minnesota to offer or have in their possession for sale, -sell or cause to be sold, honey which has not been made by the bees from the natural secretions of flowers and plants, but which has been stored or made by the bees from glucose, Sugar syrup or any other material or substance fed to them, unless the same is marked, rep- resented and designated as such, and bearing a label upon each package printed in heavy gothic capitals, eighteen point, thereon, giving the name of the person or persons who-fed or caused to be fed the substance or material from which the same is stored or made,and the name of the substance or material from which the said honey is stored or made. 7 SEc. 3. Any person or persons violating sections one and two of this act shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon convic- tion thereof, be punished for each offense by a fine of not less than fifteen dollars or more than one hundred dollars, or by imprison- ment in the county jail not exceeding thirty days, or both such fine and imprisonment. SEc. 4. The having in possession by any person or persons or firm any honey compounded, manufactured or mixed as hereinbe- fore described or any honey stored or made by the bees as hereinbe- fore described and not labeled as provided in this act, shall be con- sidered prima facie evidence that the same is kept in violation of the provisions of this act. Sec. 5. Itshall be the duty of the State Dairy and Food Commis- sioner and his assistants, experts, chemists and agents by him ap- pointed, to enforce the provisions of this act. SEc. 6. The said commissioner and his assistants, experts, chem- ists and others by him appointed, shall have access, ingress and egress to all places of business and buildings where the same is kept for sale; they also shall have power and authority to open any package, car or vessel containing such articles which may be man- ufactured, sold or exposed for sale in violation of the provisions of of this act, and may inspect the contents thereof, and take samples therefrom for analysis. All clerks, book-keepers, express agents, railroad agents or officials, employes or common carriers or other persons shall render them all the assistance in their power, when so requested, in tracing, finding or discovering the presence of any prohibited article named in thisact. Any refusal or neglect on the part of such clerk, book-keeper, express agent, railroad agent, em- ploye or common carrier to render such friendly aid, shall be deemed a misdemeanor and be punished by a fine of not less than twenty-five dollars or more than fifty dollars for each and every offence. SkEc. 7. In all prosecutions under this act the costs thereof shall be paid in the manner now provided by law, and fines shall be paid into the state treasury. SkEc. 8. All acts and parts of acts inconsistant with this act are hereby repealed. SrEc. 9. This act shall take effect and be in force from and after its passage. Approved April 17, 1893. The association then proceeded to the election of officers for the ensuing year which resulted as follows: [{(See list on first page of this number.) 324 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. The president then delivered the following address: PRESIDENT’S ANNUAL REPORT. Ladies and Gentlemen: It becomes my duty to address you upon matters which I believe interest every bee-keeper in Minne- sota and this association. ; 1. The danger menacing every bee-keeper from the spread of foul brood. So far as I know it is now confined to that portion of the state in which I live. Do you as bee-keepers desire a law to sup_ press and stamp out this disease, which is so dangerous to your interest and success? Ifso, what shall it be, and what steps will this association take in the matter? It seems to me that it would be wise to appoint a committee to ask such legislation as may seem proper to this association. 2. Adulteration. The greatest evil which the honest honey pro- ducer has to contend is the rascal who is adulterating honey with glucose and selling it broadcast all over the state. A law was passed last winter, which, if enforced, will stop its sale, but it is de- fective in that it does not provide for the seizure of the stuff where- ever found. I recommend that a committee be appointed to look after this matter and steps be taken to punish the rascals who are determined to violate the laws of our state. 3. Shall we seek to establish an experimental station at the State Experimental Farm, which is already an honor to the state anda great help to many branches of industry of the farmers of the state. Of course, it will be in a small way at the start, but it may become a great benefit to our industry in the future. 4. I recommend that a committee be appointed to look after and revise the premium list at our state fair, and that we ask for a larger amount of premiums from the State Agricultural Society. Our in- dustry is increasing and growing in importance, and it only needs encouragement and help in proportion as other industries of our great state. We are entitled to recognition, and we must demand it: While the last year has been one of great depression in the finan- cial world, yet the average bee-keeper is not discouraged. While bankers and others interested in finances are in many cases seeking- far off countries, beyond the reach of the strong arm of the law, and others are making assignments, yet the bee-keeper, if honest, pro- poses to stick right to the little busy bee. Improvements are being made in our occupation, and our prospects are brighter than ever before. ,With laws to drive out the dishonorable and miserable scamps who are now]destroying our honey market with the cheap and adulterated stuff, our success is assured if we stand firm and shoulder to shoulder. Discussion of the address resulted as follows: First. It was moved and carried that the executive committee of the association apply to the legislature for an appropriation to be used {in stamping out foul brood in the state, and that the same, if procured, shouldbe expended by said committee. Second. That the chair appoint a committee of three to revise the premium list for honey at the State Agricultural Society. The chair appointed Wm. Urie, E. K. Jaques and H. G. Acklin. APICULTURE. 325 Third. It was moved and carried that the executive committee of the society be instructed to ask of the state fair managers a larger amount in premiums for honey and apiarian supplies for the bee- keepers of the state. Fourth. It was moved and carried unanimously, that a committee consisting of J. P. West, E. K. Jaques and Wm. Urie be appointed to draft resolutions condemning adulteration of honey and sugar, syrup and all kinds of sweets and present said resolutions at the joint meeting of the Minnesota Bee-Keepers’ Association, and the Minnesota State Horticultural Society on January 12th. Fifth. It was voted by the association that the executive commit- tee be requested to present the matter of an experimental station in bee-keeping to the officers at the Agricultural Experiment Station. Messrs. Barnett Taylor, of Forestville, J. M. Doudna, of Alexandria» andC. Theilmann,of Theilmanton, said that if the officers at the Agri- cultural Experiment Station would undertake any such work that they each would donate one colony to the said station, if desired, for such work. The members of the association were of the unanimous opinion that good work was being accomplished at the station for the farmers in the state. The society unanimously passed the following resolution: Be it resolved, That we tender to the Minnesota World’s Fair Com- missioners our sincere thanks for the interest manifested by said commissioners in our industry and for the benefits derived from their causing an exhibit of honey and apiarian supplies from Min- nesota to be made at the Columbian Exposition. Mr. Urie introduced the following resolution which was unani- mously adopted: Resolved, That we tender to Mr. West, our president, our’‘hearty thanks for the able manner in which he has acted as president of this society and for the interest he has taken in our behalf. Recess was taken for ten minutes to enable members to pay their dues and sign the constitution and by-laws, after which C.C. Aldrich read the following paper: BEE DYSENTERY, ITS CAUSE AND CURE. Cc. C. ALDRICH, MORRISTOWN. So much has been said and written on the subject that it seems useless to say more; but asthe question is an undetermined one, and the subject has been given me to express my views, I will say what I did in 1873 and 1874 (see American Bee Journal, Vol. 9, No. 1, 1873), There area uumber of causes that produce this disease. The prin- cipal causes are a surplus of pollen in the brood nest, cold and -dampness, which sours the pollen, the honey absorbing the poison, and the bees by eating the pollen and honey become dis- eased. The causes of an overplus of pollenin the brood nest are several. The colony of bees that hasa surplus of pollen is in an ab- normal condition. Ifthe colony ina honey flow fills its brood nest to a limited extent, the young bees will consume the pollen; but if, after a honey flow, a dearth of honey comes on in August in Minne- sota and the pollen is about all that can be gathered, the consequen- ' i] 326 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. ces are the brood nest is filled with pollen,and unless unexceptional winter quarters are provided the bees will invariably have the dys- entery. In 1873-74, I had fifty colonies of bees,and in my vicinity there were a number of apiaries containing a hundred colonies or more. Bee-keeping was at that time booming, and the proprietors,wishing to make all they could out of their bees, prevented swarming and extracted until the end of the season, and then divided their bees to increase their stock. The results were they lost 90 and 100 per cent. the next winter, while those who pursued the good old way of letting their bees swarm naturally and in season did not loose over 10 per cent. In the winter of 1874, wishing to test my theory, I prepared two colonies of bees for wintering, by taking all of the pollen from one hive and giving it to the other. They were placed in the same cel- lar, and wintered the same. The one without pollen did not spot the snow when set out of winter quarters, while the other was badly diseased. While I claim the reasons given are the principal ones, there are others that help to make up the general results. The hives can have an overplus of pollen, and if the winter quarters are of the proper temperature and not too damp, the bees will winter without much trouble; butif they are allowed to stand out in zero weather and then put into winter quarters with combs frozen and the cellar cold and damp, the bees will invariably become diseased. Most bee-keepers have noticed, I persume, that bees hardly ever are diseased until brood is hatched, as old bees are not expected to eat pollen when good honey is at hand. It seems to me that in giv- ing the cause that the cure can easily be guessed. First. I would follow nature as far as possible in letting the bees swarm naturally. Second. The hive should have a brood nest adapted to its surround- ings, that is, the brood nest should be smaller in a location where the honey season is short than where bees can gather honey the year round. Third. The surplus should not be taken away at the expense of the colony. It is better to crowd the bees a little than to have the body of the hive filled with pollen. For that reason I would not extract until the season was really over. It seems to be folly to kill the goose that lays the golden egg, or extracting in June from the body of the hivein most seasons will end in the loss of the colonies. Fourth. Young queens, not over two years old, should be used. They will keep down swarming, they will be more prolific and help to make up what might be called a loss, by not extracting as soon as the honey is placed in the cells or by removing the boxes early to make a show of whiteness. I am aware that many bee-keepers will not agree with me in my views, as expressed herein. They will say that I am behind the times. But until this question of dysentery is settled beyond a doubt, I shall hold that it is better to go slow and sure than to be running blindly in the dark. . 4 ; , ‘ ~eananle a APICULTURE. oe Is it not better to make a success in wintering than to get a few more pounds per colony and lose them in the winter? In the latter we havea precarious pursuit, that in the end is a loss to the bee- keeping fraternity. For I am of the opinion that bee-keeping is yet initsinfancy; I believe that not one pound in ten of honey is gath- ered that could be if the pursuit could be made popular by success in wintering. If it could be made popular like dairying, more would eat honey, and that would create a demand that in time would make honey a staple article. . But I have digressed from my subject,and I have done so to apologize for what you may think are my short comings. For a person with a few colonies that have the dysentery it is an easy matter to cure them, by having a loose bottom board to the hive. Remove the bottom board and heat it hot over the stove. If the hive is in good winter quarters, once or twice heating of the bot- tom board will effect a cure. When a colony is diseased when set out in the spring, I remove all of the sour pollen and open honey, and replace it with untainted honey, and feed syrup from sugar and rye flour, if pollen cannot be gathered. Hoping that the time will soon come when by proper experiments and observations we shall arrive at a definite conclusion as to the causes and cure of this disease, I will only say that all I might say will not prove anything definite. We should have an experiment station, and such subjects should be decided without a doubt, dis- cussion on this subject will not amount to much unless some ex- periments are made with a desire to prove the truth. An animated discussion followed the reading of this very inter- esting essay, and all the members present took a hand in solving the great problem. The winter of 1892-3 seemed to have been a very disastrous winter for many apiaries in Minnesota, and dysentery seemed to have been the prevailing disease. It was generally admitted that Mr. Taylor was, aS a rule, correct when he said “warmth, dryness and whole- some food will prevent dysentery,” although cases were related where the conditions exactly reversed seemed to exist, and yet the bees wintered all right—but I presume the food was “wholesome”, As a general rule,in Minnesota the season of 1892 was a poor One, and the fall crop of honey was short and poor, or at least the honey was considered poor—so many colonies died from dysentery with all the other conditions apparently the same where the bees had wintered successfully winter after winter. In many cases the col- onies were light and but few young bees. Mr. Urie said that his bees were strong and had plenty of honey and apparently the quality was good, but his bees showed signs of dysentery before they were put into the cellar, and he lost nearly all where he had wintered very successfully before. As to what extent pollen affects the bees by their not having enough, too much or not any or that which is poor, no one present could tell from actual knowledge de- rived from experiments, but there seemed to be a general admission 328 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. that bees should have a certain amount of “wholesome” pollen, and the question was left to be decided hereafter. The following reports were then read: BEE-KEEPERS REPORTS. Report of Frank Moeser, St. Louis Park, Minn. In the fall of 1892, I put 90 colonies (mostly in 10 frame Simplicity hives), in the cellar, of which 65 came out all right, but 25 died on account of dampness in the cellar. Increased the 65 colonies to 70 last summer, and produced 3,000 pounds of extracted honey, mostly white. I have used a 16 frame hive with two queens—separ- ated with a wire screen—used queen excluder, and had them work together in the super—they did well. Report of J. L. Gray, St. Cloud, Minn. Loss in winter and spring of 1893, was 67. Number of colonies in spring of 1893 was 75. Increase,17. Purchased, 36. Total, 128. Comb honey, 400 pounds. Extracted, 500. Total 900 pounds. Beeswax, 90 pounds. I used mostly 9 frame L hives. The poorest season in my experience of 43 years. Report of John M. Seiler, Chanhassen, Minn. I put in the cellar in the fall of 1892, and took out in the spring of 1893, 14 colonies, but 3 died soon after. Ireceived from the 7 strong- est colonies, 15 swarms, and from the next 2 strongest, 50 pounds of honey each, From my first prime swarm of 1893, I received 90 pounds in One pound sections. I have now 20 colonies in the cellar. Report of C. Theilmann, Theilmanton, Minn. Put into winter quarters, fall of 1892, 325 swarms. Dead when set out in spring, 1893, one colony. Lost 35 by dwindling after being set out. Sold in spring of 1893, 43. Started the season with 335. Ob- tained comb honey, 10,700 pounds. Extracted 300 pounds. Sold in fall, 113 colonies. Wentinto winter quarters with 222. Beeswax, 50 pounds. Report of Thomas EK. Russell, Minnehaha Falls, Minn. I put into the cellar, fall of 1892, 22 colonies in good condition, most of them with sealed covers. One died in the cellar through being queenless, and one other of diarrhoea after being set out in the spring. Total loss, 2. Four were worked for comb honey and 16. for extracted, receiving 130 pounds of comb honey and 1,000 pounds of extracted. Total, 1,130 pounds. We increased from 20 to 42 by natural swarming, besides making four nuclei of 4 frames each. We use Root’s dovetailed hives and the Hoffman frames, and find them very satisfactory. Report of Central Apiary, C. C. Aldrich, Morristown, Minn. Placed in the cellar in fall of 1892, 100 colonies. Set out in the spring, 95; lost in wintering, 5; lost by spring dwindling, 7; sold, 10. Increased in season of 1893, 110; united, 7; have now in cellar 103. Have taken 600 pounds extracted and 1,000 pounds of comb; sold 50 pounds of wax. [t was the poorest season I have had for 25 years. Causes, wet spring and very dry summer. Report of Mrs. B. J. Livingston, Center Chain, Minn. APICULTURE. 829 In November, 1892, I put 40 colonies in the cellar, several of them being late and second swarms. They all lived to come out of the cellar, but during April, 1893, I doubled them back to 32. They in- creased during the summer to 42. They are in ten frame hives, heavy with honey, and apparently wintering well—in the cellar, of course. I harvested 2,400 pounds of comb honey; no extracted; no beeswax. There was no linden honey capped at the close of that harvest. Much of my honey was dark, but the very latest gathered was a few hundred pounds of very light honey, almost water white; this with the dainty golden rod honey was my best grade. We have no white clover yet. Report of Mr. Urie, Minneapolis. I started to winter 94 colonies and lost 78, leaving 16 colonies to commence the honey season with. I bought seven colonies, or rather small nuclei, and increased them up to 34 good colonies and took about 300 pounds of comb honey and 800 pounds of nice extracted honey, beside raising a good many queens. I did well, considering the condition that the bees were in in the spring, and it was nota first-class honey season. I am very thankful for what I got. The question then came up as to the comparative merits of queens reared in the South and North, and was thoroughly discussed. It was unanimously decided that queens from the South, as a general thing, do not compare with Northern reared queens for hardiness. It was the advice of all the old bee-keepers present to purchase queens for Minnesota as far north as possible. The discussion also developed the fact that the majority of those present preferred queens reared in the natural way,as theyin majority of cases proved superior to those reared artificially. Thursday Morning Session. THE HONEY EXHIBIT AT THE WORLD’S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. C. THIELMANN, THIELMANTON, MINNESOTA. Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: The honey exhibit and items of interest at the World’s Columbian Exposition, is the sub- ject for a paper allotted to me by our worthy president. This really should have been a part of our secretary’s duty, but as he is not here I will do the best I can. Ido not feel able to give satisfactory information as I did not expect I should have anything to say here about the Columbian Exposition, or I should have made a little closer investigation of the more important things of interest for this association; but I will mention a few things as they came under my observation. I started for Chicago in time to meet with the North American Bee-Keepers Convention, which was held from October 11 to 13. This convention turned out to be one of the largest gatherings of bee-keepers that has ever been held in America. It was a pleasure to meet so many bee-keepers face to face whom we never saw before, though I haveread their writings in the beejournals. Imustsay that I was very much surprised at the personal appearance of some of 53510) MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. them, while others were as I expected to see them, which opinion I had obtained from their writings, and had pictured them before I had seen them. The difference in this respect is a great as when we read a description of a country instead of traveling over the same. We made many personal acquaintances and gained much practi- cal knowledge by attending these meetings. On the other hand, these meetings could have been more fruitfully conducted if there had been less fun; too much of it spoils the business character. It is not a very pleasant duty to be kicking at any one,nor is it fashion- able to do so in this enlightened age, but less so to flatter, where kicking would be more wholesome. Partiality has also found a place for a certain class, which don’t look just right and should be kept out. There were five Minnesota bee-keepers at the convention at the roll call of the different states. I remember Hon. J. W. Thompson and Mr. Barnett Taylor and son—the latter roosted in the same room with me, until to my sorrow the senior member got sick with a cold and started for home before the meeting was over. We also had one of Michigan’s sugar honey advocates, Mr. Hutchinson of Flint, roosting with us. It was a big trial for me to keep silent on the sugar dogma, until the last hour before we parted, when it broke loose. There is some satisfaction in that Mr. Hutch- inson sees his mistake in advocating sugar honey. I understood him to say that he would keep it out of the Review. I felt rather sorry for him when a spirited Ohio bee-keeper came up to him at the hotel and ina laughing and friendly manner looking at his badge, exclaimed, “ Hutch., you had better have a sugar barrel on your badge instead of a bee-hive.” I did not hear Mr. H. say any- thing at the sessions. There was great applause and cheers when Prof. Wiley and Mr. Newman renewed friendship by a hearty hand- shake. The Prof: is a well informed honey man, and a good speaker,and he gave us some interesting lectures on chemistry. R. I. Taylor, the experimenter at the Michigan station, had probably more to say than any other bee-keeper in the convention. The high spirited St. Joe delegate, elected president for the present year, Mr. Abbott, told them frankly that Mr. Taylor and others were well paid from the state for their hair-splitting experiments, in which there was no particular benefit for the average bee-keeper, or words to that effect. Mr. Benton read an essay, “How to Make Bee-Keepers Conventions Interesting and Beneficial.” He told us of the ‘Wanderversamlung’s” in Germany, i. e. wander-meetings, nomadic-meetings, bee-keepers meetings, held here and there. “Mess a mess” is a yearly market in large centers to which all kinds of products are brought and sold. To the “Wanderversamlungs” they bring bee products and sell them for a week or more. Mr. Miller attended to the chair promptly and performed the duties of his office well—he lost his head only once. Dr. Mason is “love” himself, so hearty and friendly, accomodating and oblig- ing, in one word, “all love.” I hardly think he could kill a fly. I was much surprised in A. I. Root’s appearance. Judging from his ila APICULTURE. 331 writings most any one would think that he would be aman of quick motions and temperment, but his movements were moderate and calm; his eyes are small, sharp, nearly stinging; his nose very thin and sharp between the eyes. I like to read Mr. Root’s writings as I can learn much by them; there are many practical hints in them, even if he mixes up business and religion quite often to gain profit. When [ asked him if he came to Chicago on his bicycle, he soberly said “no, I came on the cars all the way.” His son, Earnest, is almost the picture of his mother, who appears to be (judging from the con- versation I had with her) a very sensible, good lady. There were many more noted bee-keepers and editors of bee papers at the con- vention—but my paper is getting too long to say any more about the convention. I arrived at Chicago two days before the convention,which time I spent on the fairgrounds. I first went to see the honey exhibits in the southeast part of the gallery in the Agricultural Building, and found an excellent display from the products of the honey bee, and more machinery in the shape of bee-hives, &c, than I have any use for; nevertheless, there were also many useful implements and practical supplies on exhibition. The Minnesota case was hardly filled up as much as most of the other states, but was strengthened very much the next day with a part of 500 pounds of comb honey which I had sent to Mr. Cooper some time in August. This was a very fine lot and made a good showing with what had been there before, which was mostly extracted honey from last year’s crop. I could not find any one who attended our exhibit, though I enquired considerably, nor could I find my supplies which I had sent for ex- hibition to Mr. Cooper early in the season. They were somewhere in Chicago, but not on exhibition, as they came back to me from Chicago by express after the fair was over, except the cover of the hive was missing. ; After the adjournment of the North American Bee-Keepers Con- vention, at the honey exhibit I met Mr. Secor, the honey judge, right at our case—he said “I am glad to meet you here.” He wanted to know who was in charge of our honey exhibit. Of course that was just-what I had been trying to find out, and told him so. Then we looked the contents of our case over, and we came to the lot I sent. T asked him how he liked that and he said “that is very fine indeed,” You all have probably seen in the American Bee Journal that Mr- Secor has awarded us the prize for the best display of comb honey. The straw skip in the case attracted much attention from the visitors. There was only about half of the honey in the case which I had sent to Mr. Cooper, I don’t know where the balance was. I asked Mr. Cooper aboutit,but he;did not answer my question directly,but wrote among other things that after he arranged the exhibit in the case he was not wanted there any longer, sohe went home. I am sorry to say that other things came to my knowledge of which I would not like to say any thing about here, as it is not any credit to those concerned—it affects us all in that we have made a mistake, or, rather, we were badly deceived. I would advise every bee-keeper, yes, everybody else, to keep their skirts clean from all impurities. 332 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. The old saying is, there is no roses withoutthorns. With us there is some satisfaction in getting the prize, while on the other side we gota licking—therefore let us forget the licking and cheer over the prize. Outside of the title of my paper I will say I did not have a full honey crop but am well satisfied and thankful with what I had—the quality was very fine, which is proved by the honey judges and bee- keepers, as they gave me the first and second prize on comb honey at the Minneapolis Exposition, and I have no doubt that the lot I sent to the World’s Fair did much towards getting the prize awarded to us there. I feel happy and thankful that I was permitted to as- sist in obtaining these gratifying results, over which we all can feel cheerful. Mr. Urie presented the following resolution which was unani- mously adopted, Resolved, that we, the bee-keepers of Minnesota in convention assembled, heartily thank the Minnesota State Horticul- tural Society for the use of the hall for this meeting,which has been provided for us through the kindness and generosity of the said Horticultural Society withcut charge. The following resolution was presented by Mr. Urie and Mr. Jaques, the committee on resolutions, and after a thorough discus- sion by all the members present it was unanimously adopted: Whereas, it is reported,and we believe susceptible of positive proof, that one F. H. Hunt, of Redlands, California, did in the fall of 1893, ship honey to St. Paul, Minn., and did, at the commission house of Smith & Austrain in said city, mix, compound and adulterate the said honey or portion thereof with glucose; and did sell, and offer for sale the said adulterated honey in the city of St. Paul, and in other portions of the state, contrary to the laws of the state; now, therefore, be it resolved, that we denounce the alleged action of said Hunt as dishonest, and a crime against the laws of Minnesota, and that by his said action, he has proved himself unworthy of the pat- ronage and confidence of honest people. Friday Morning Session. This session was held jointly with the State Horticultural Society. After calling the meeting to order President West read the following extract from the report of the Dairy and Food Commissioners for 1893: : HONEY. This article of the dietary, which is so generally known for its pleasant saccharine qualities, has received but a limited amount of attention from the commission; not because honey was considered by this department above suspicion of being adulterated, but owing to the fact that it did not come within the jurisdiction of our law. Our state furnishes an excellent article of honey,and a goodly number are engaged in the business of bee-keeping. Another mat- ter in this connection is well worthy of notice; a large amount of capital has within a few years been invested in apiaries. —_ ees! nar alee oh. bl 7 - - — eS ee oe. APICULTURE. 333 The following figures taken from the annual report of the Com- missioner of Statistics fully illustrate the rapid growth of the honey industry in our state: Meumnbher of hives in -VS89S. .-. ci) 2 scree oS melae. aie oes oe aks 22,063 NitMbeIaOMMAves im 1873.0 F.cr eine crac cal eiavetete «et 10,376 TACECASE TE bw CMY; VEATS eis oesc icles ctariale oles vis ae 11,687 Niumber-of pounds of honey in 3893.5. <2 0.0. 2 vaiecie's 243,466 Namber of pounds! of honeysin 18735 2.2: sae. «os 2 134,276 INCrease in twenty py caLGen ui. saccade. ee eee 109,190 While we recognize the worth of the pure Minnesota product, yet there is much honey on the market that is spurious and adulterated. This evil is on the increase,and today it is a serious problem which confronts the men who desire to produce a pure article of honey. It is, therefore, a matter for our serious consideration; and in order that this important industry may receive a stimulus, it is incumbent upon the legislature to enact laws that will afford it the necessary protection and encouragement its importance demands. In all mat- ters of food we cannot exercise too great care in denouncing the spurious and encouraging the genuine. President West then proceeded to read the presidents annual ad- dress: , PRESIDENT’S ANNUAL ADDRESS. Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: In all walks of life we meet the honest and faithful man and women, we also often meet the false and spurious. There is no occupation, however high, but what contains some dross and adulteration; the merchant and dealer who sells his fellow man food and articles from which drinks are made is often so avaricious and so destitute of all honor and regard for the health of his fellow beings that he adulterates all articles of food that are susceptiable of adulteration, such as honey sugar and sweets of all kinds. I am sorry to confess that the bee- keeper’s ranks have not been purged to that extent but what some rascals are to be found. If there is anything that looks meaner to me and more contemptible than other meanness, or the same mean- ness in other people, it is a bee man who is determined to adulterate honey and palm it off on the innocent as the product of the noblest, and most wonderful little creature which God has made, “the blessed bee.” The man who breaks into my barn and steals my horse is an honorable man compared to the contemptible rascal who knowingly sells meadulterated honey or any adulterated food without inform- ing me ofits nature. The man who came from California with his honey, and deliberately and openly went to work and adulterated it with glucose, and sent it out to be sold, ought ,jto be in Stillwater with Fleury who stole the gold from the Merchants Bankin St. Paul. The latter is not as dangerous to the health and welfare of society as the rascal who is making and selling us adulterated foods and drinks. The time has come when every bee-keeper in this associa- tion in Minnesota must go on record that such rascals must be 334 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. prosecuted. We must demand that every man elected to the legis- lature, regardless of politics, must be pledged to pass laws which will stop the adulteration of honey and all kinds of food, and to severely punish the rascals who persist in the nefarious practice. In 1878, when I first became interested in bee-keeping, there was much said and published in the Am. Bee Journal upon this subject. The board of health of Michigan had occasion to examine some syrup that poisoned a family at Hudson in that state; also, other samples. Prof. R. C. Kedzie of the board, in making the report of the examination of that syrup and other samples, said: “The Anglo-Saxon are pre-eminently a sugar consuming race. There are few luxuries so prized by Americans, for whom the chief articles of table luxuries have sugar as an important element. The large consumption of sugar is not confined to the wealthy, but is almost equally ascommon with those of limited means. To defraud the poor man of his sweet is to cheat him out of his chief table com- fort which his poverty can afford. In making my selections for ex- amination, I obtained specimens only from those who were regarded first-class tradesman. If syrups bought at such places are adulter- ated, we may well suppose that the inferior class of dealers will have no better articles. Some have said that undoubtedly poor people who trade at all groceries are swindled in these syrups, but that the re- spectable citizens who patronize first-class grocers need not appre- hend any such imposition. I determined to follow up ‘the respecta- ble citizen’ and see what syrups he obtained of ‘first-class grocers.” Part of the specimens were obtained near home, but the most from abroad. I have examined seventeen specimens in all, with the general result that two were from cane sugar, and fifteen from ‘starch sugar, or glucose.’ “Specific Results of Examination of Table Syrups. No. 1—Pure sugar syrup. No. 2—Starch sugar syrup; contains some sulphate of iron (cop- peras), and contains in each gallon 107.35 grains of lime. No. 3—The grocer called it ‘poor stuff. I have seldom seen an article that better sustained its recommendation. Made of starch sugar; contains plenty of copperas and 297 grains of lime in a gallon. No. 4—Nearly pure cane sugar syrup. No. 5—Starch sugar syrup; contains copperas and 100 grains of lime in a gallon. Nos. 6, 7,8—All made of starch sugar; contain sulphate of iron and plenty of lime. No. 9—This is the specimen from Hudson which caused the sick- ness in the Doty family. A starch sugar syrup; contains in the gal- lon 71.83 grains of free sulphuric acid, 28 grains of sulphate of iron and 363 grains of lime. No. 10—Contains starch sugar, copperas and lime, amount not estimated. . No. 11—A starch sugar syrup; contains in the gallon, 141.9 grains of free sulphuric acid, 25 grains sulphate of iron and 724.83 grains of lime. a - =e af APICULTURE. 335- No. 12—Contains starch sugar, seasoned with sulphate of iron and lime. No. 13—Starch sugar; contains in the gallon, 58.48 grains of sul- phate of iron, 83.14 grains of free sulphuric acid and 440.12 grains of lime. No. 14—Starch sugar; contains in a gallon, 80 grains of free sul- phuric acid, 38 grains of iron and 262.48 grains of lime. Nos. 15, 16—Contain starch sugar, sulphate of iron and lime. No. 17—Starch sugar, sulphate of iron and 202.33 grains of lime.” “A very important elementin this discussion is the great disparity in sweetening power between cane sugar and starch sugar, or glu- cose. One pound of cane sugar has the same sweetening power as: two and one-half pounds of glucose. In these starch sugar syrups the public is not only treated with compounds loaded with foreign and injurious materials, but they are enormously cheated in the- very thing they seek to buy, viz.: the sweetness.” “Tests. Strong tea will detect iron, or copperas. Lime may be easily recognized in the syrup by a solution of oxalic acid. Dissolve one ounce of oxalic acid in a pint of rain water; if the solution is not clear, let it stand for a few hours till it settles. then pour off the clear solution into a clean bottle and lable it ‘Oxalic Acid—Poison.’ To test the syrup, placea tablespoonful in a tumbler’ half full of rain water, stir it up and add a tablespoonful of the oxalic acid solution. If there is much lime in the syrupitwill show itself by a white precipitate, the amount of which will give some measure of the amount of lime present.” The following was published in“Gleanings”,and taken from a Ger- man Bee Journal, the “Bienenvater”, published in Vienna, Austria. “J. Adulteration with glucose—Takea tablespoonful of the honey to be tested; pour it into a small bottle; then add three spoonfuls of pure spirit, and shake the whole thoroughly together. In abouta quarter of an hour there will form in the bottle a cloudy whitish sediment, and from this you may be sure the honey is adulter- ated. “2, Adulteration with flour, starch, &c.—Pour into a tumbler partly filled with honey a few drops of the tincture of iodine, stirring it thoroughly with a glass rod. Ina few moments, it will, if adulter- ated, be of a bluish color. If the honey is greatly diluted, it will form on the bottom of the glass a sediment of a deep sky blue color. “3. Adulteration with flour—Warm the honey until quite thin; let it cool off, and add very cold water, constantly stirring till the flour separates from the honey and falls to the bottom, where it is easily recognised. “A dditions ef flour can be easily detected in such honey by warm- ing it. It melts very slowly and burns easily. “4. Adulteration with glucose.—Mix honey with boiling water; if it has not an aromatic smell, but smells of starch or fusil, it is adul- terated with potato or starch syrup. “Adalteration of syrups can be detected by putting a little in tea, which will turn the tea black if adulterated.” I speak of these facts because I think and believe that if we can 336 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. stop the adulteration of all kinds of sweets, we will be helping all honest producers and purchasers of such articles, and create a bet- ter market for our honey. If adulteration is dishonest and injurious to health, what is the duty of this association and all honorable men and women? Itis to joinin a crusade against the nefarious prac- tice. Let us here and now pass resolutions condemning all adulter- ation in all forms, as dishonorable and a crime against health; ap- point a committee whose duty it shall be to appoint a sub-committee in every county state to circulate and cause be circulated, petitions asking the next legislature to pass stringent laws to prevent adul- teration of all sweets and articles of food, and put the same under the control of the Dairy and Food Commissioner; tosee that all candidates for the legislature, irrespective of party, are pledged to this end; and to ask all honorable persons to join us in this effort. DISCUSSION. Mr. West: I have an explanation to make in regard ‘to this matter. A year ago this winter I was:appointed to draw up a bill to present to the legislature to prevent the adulteration of honey. It was brought before the legislature and passed. It ‘was amended, and it is considered a very good law to prohibit the sale of adulterated honey. There was another bill up in regard to the adulteration of coffee, which was killed, and the Dairy and Food Commissioner supposed it was the honey bill which was killed, and so when they got out their little book they did not include that law. Sometime after, when I arrived home I saw an article in the American Bee-Keepers’ Journal from J. A. Homburg saying that a man from California was in St. Paul selling adulterated honey, and that he had been to the Dairy and Food Commission about it and they had told him that there was no law against it. I went over to St. Paul the next Saturday, pretty hot, and they told me they did not know there was any law against it. I took down the law and showed it to them, and they were very much surprised. The Dairy and Food Commission did not intend to do anything injurious to the bee-keepers of Minnesota, but it was simply one of those mis- takes that will sometimes happen. They are getting samples now and will prosecute those who are selling adulterated honey. I think it is due the commission to make this explanation, as they had supposed the law was killed. But we have no way to reach this man; he has left the state and we cannot bring him. back to prosecute him as he ought to be. I have a resolution here which I will offer to bring the matter before the association. APICULTURE. 337 WHEREAS, The adulteration of honey, sugar, syrup and all kinds of sweets is ‘largely practiced in the state o Minnesota; and WHEREAS, Such adulteration is injurious to the honest producer and manufacturer, and hurtful and injurious to health, and dishon- est and a fraud in practice. Now, therefore, be it Resolved by this convention, that we are in favor of the passage of stringent laws to prevent such adulteration, and are heartily in sympathy with those laws already upon our statute books making the adulteration of certain foods a crime. We, therefore, earnestly recommend that a committee of three be appointed by this convention whose duty it shall be to appoint a person in each county in this state to circulate or cause to be circu- lated a petition asking the members of the legislature of 1895 to pass laws making such adulturation acrime, and punishable bya severe penalty; and making it the duty of the ‘State Dairy and Food Commissioner to enforce such laws. We also invite all honest citi- zens to join this association in its effort to stop and stamp out this great evil. On motion of Mr. O. F. Brand the resolution was adopted. Dr. Frisselle: Iam quite in sympathy with the general tone of this paper. We heard adulteration objected toon the ground that it is not safe to allow any one to adulterate food products, but I think, also, there is another side to this question. Now, we have heard it stated in this meeting that certain food pro- - ducts contained a certain amount of sulphuric acid, and a cer- al _ tain amount of iron, as though that was something dreadful, but the real fact is that in the manufacture of glucose sugar, the glucose is converted into sugar by the mixture of sulphuric acid, which converts the starch into sugar. This glucose, as it is called, is not properly purified from the excess of sulphuric acid, that is, some of it isleft in. Well, now, what is the effect of sulphuric acid upon the system? The doctors give is asa tonic. It is one of the best known tonics used in medicine, and a small amount of it does not do any harm, but it is healthy; and I think if some people would eat a little more sulphuric acid they would find it beneficial. The same is true of lime. _ Anybody who drinks hard water takes more into the system at one time than is contained in a gallon of syrup. Everybody knows that lime water makes a deposit on the inside of a tea- ; kettle. And the lime does not do any harm. Now, sulphate _ of iron is another thing. Sulphate of iron is a very powerful drug, and I suppose it was the sulphate of iron which produced _ the bad results mentioned here. I think we ought not to be too _ furious in our condemnation, but we ought to look ata thingas itreally is, and to condemn the use of a little sulphuric acid _ would be simply foolish, and I think we ought to go a little bit slow. 338 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Mr. West: There is nothing in my resolution in relation to sulphuric acid. The determination of honest men should be to sell honest goods without the articles being injurious to health; but I am glad to learn one thing; if I need a tonic it is not necessary to go to a doctor and have it prescribed, but I can simply buy some of this adulterated syrup. (Laughter.) I do not suppose any honest man, I do not suppose the gentleman who has just spoken, will admit that it is an honest practice on the part of any one. It simply shows what many will do, if they have no law to restrain them. When I go to a man’s store to buy anything, butter, honey or anything else, and he knows it is adulterated, and I think I am. getting an honest article, that man is dishonest. I should consider it a contemptible and mean thing in myself. I would condemn the action of any man who gets my money for anything that is not what it is repre- sented to be or what I believe I am getting; a man might just as well steal it. Now, another thing. Our resolution is not very furious. These articles were analyzed by Prof. Kedzie of Michigan. He says that in order to use those articles for food a man would have to be tin-lined. I do not mean to say that the people in Minnesota are selling this stuff. Iam told the man who wants it can have this adulterated syrup. I do not obiect so much to this stuff being sold, if the men who sell it will only tell those who buy what it contains. So far as honey is concerned, it would be all right, if he would only put on the bottle what the honey contains. But nobody would buy if they knew it was adulterated. I do not wish to condemn anybody in this resolution. Dr. Frisselle: In regard toadulteration, itis mixing some- thing else with the article we call by the proper name. Now, jin regard to the adulteration of olive oil. I do not suppose in the whole state of Minnesota you could find ten gallons of pure olive oil, but it is made of or mixed with linseed oil, and thatis sold for olive oil. It is just as good; it is a vegetable oil, peo- ple use it and it does no harm that I know of. In regard to syrup. Almost all of the syrups sold in the grocery stores for table use are glucose. There is not one specimen in a hundred but what is glucose almost pure. As I stated before, it is made of starch and sulphuric’ acid. The sulphuric acid is not all taken out, it is there, but there is no harm done. Glucose sugar, called grape sugar, is as good as any sugar. It does no harm. It has less sweetening power than cane sugar. Mr. Theilmann: Lime does no harm? —— a 7 ; k - . APICULTURE. 309 Dr. Frisselle: It makes bones. Mr. Theilmann: Don’t you think we have bones enough al- ready? (Laughter.) Mr. Urie: Iam surprised to hear the doctor advocate the adulteration of food. If this adulteration is allowed to go on we, as bee-keepers, might just as well go out of the business. As it is now, we havea line of Jews peddling this stuff all over the city, and if the idea goes out that this association does not condemn adulteration the whole city will be filled up with this article. I donot suppose we are more honest than other peo- ple, but we try to put up a straight article. I do not believe there are any bee-keepers that are adulterating honey in Min- nesota. Ido not think that any of them adulterate honey. I say as Mr. West has said, it is ashame and a disgrace to the American people; everything is adulterated, coffee, sugars and liquors of all kinds are adulterated. Iam in favor of a law be- ing passed sending a man to the penitentiary who is guilty of it. Every article should be branded with whatever it contains; then if the people want to buy it, I have no objection. But I will do all I can to have a law passed prosecuting the man who adulterates anything. Mr. Taylor: I am not personally very much interested in adulteration, but 1 appreciate Doctor Frisselle’s remarks. I feel just like this, I do not know whether I am in favor of any law against adulteration, except a general law to cover adulter- ation. It is true as he has said, everything is adulterated, and many things are very harmfully adulterated. It is a fact every thing is adulterated, and you can hardly select anything for food but what is adulterated. But we want a general law against adulteration. That is a true principle. In re- gard to this case of honey containing 75 per cent. of glu- cose. Now, gentlemen, let us be cautious about this thing. Any product I buy, I do not care how much is adulterated, so long as I am not harmed by that adulteration, I cannot object to. IfI am not harmed byit, Ido not care. That ought to be taken into consideration and must be, for general purposes. This gentleman spoke about olive oil. I do not think it does any harm if itis adulterated. Itisagreeable, it is healthy and there is nobody harmed. My principle is, that anything that harms no one is all right. Mrs. Kennedy: I would like to ask Mr. Taylor if he would like to have his butter made out of dirty, filthy grease. Just come now, wouldn’t it make him sick? (Laughter.) 340 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Mr. Bertrand (of the State Dairy and Food Commission): I am sorry to hear the last gentleman’s remarks. I certainly disagree with him. Suppose he buys some milk in the city that is watered, it does no harm. If he buys milk at five cents a quart and it is watered, does he want to pay five cents for water? You do not want to pay twelve and one-half cents for honey, when glucose costs only one cent. I will say that honey adulteration in this state, I do not think, has been carried on to the extent we thought. There was some honey bought by Mr. Carmoyer from F. H. Hunt, of California, as pure honey. Analysis showed there was 75 per cent. or more glucose in it; but they found 75 per cent. Is there any man or woman in this room. who wishes to pay honey price and buy glucose? Glu- cose does not harm any one, but does a person want to buy it? We have had a law enacted in regard to the adulteration of honey, and Mr. West will bear me out when I say that the de- partment has been earnest in trying to prohibit the sale of this honey. The laws passed last winter were like all laws passed ina hurry. Mr. Hunt was furnishing a large part of the honey in this state. His honey is now in St. Paul; he is in California. He is beyond our reach. The law gives us no power to prose- cute him, because he is out of our jurisdiction. If it allowed us to confiscate his honey, we would have him. His honey is in St. Paul, and we cannot take it. He is out of the way, and he will take very good care to stay out; and I hope every voice that will be raised here today to speak on this honey question will urge the passage of a law prohibiting the adulteration of foods in every particular, whether it is coffee, sugar or honey. The adulteration may be harmless. We have found coffee which has been gathered from boarding houses and hotels that is coffee grounds which have been dried, pulverized, mixed with rye flour and re-moulded in the shape of a coffee berry. This is sold to the retail merchants who mix it with good coffee and sell it; but 1 do not want any of it. Mr. Taylor: I want to explain. If a pickpocket comes along and picks your pocket, are you not harmed? The position I have taken covers the whole ground of adulteration. I just asked that we be considerate. Now, in regard to the lady here. I presume she drinks tea. Now, I call it nasty, but I am en- tirely willing for you to be your own judge. Iam the judge of my own taste. Mr. Bertrand: I did not wish to be personal or hurt any one’s feelings. If the gentleman meant the pocketbook and health also, adulteration could not be carried on without injur- ing one or the other. APICULTURE. 341 THE ADVANTAGE OF THE HONEY BEE TO HORTICULTURE. BY WM. URIE, MINNEAPOLIS. Darwin’s memorable researches and generalizations in relation to the fertilization and cross-fertilization of plants through the agency ofinsects are notthe best of his many valuable scientific discoveries, nor, yet, are they the least,in their bearings on economic questions. His classic investigations settled the question of the great value of insects in securing full fruitage to many of our most valuable fruits and vegetables. Since Darwin, many scientists have by crucial tests and experiments abundantly confirmed his conclu- sions. Our more inteiligent practical men have also made signifi- cant observations. They note a scarcity of insect’s visits to the blossoms of the first crop of red clover and, also, its failure to bear seed. The alsike clover is freely visited in early June by the honey bee and bears a full crop of seed. In New Zealand the red clover failed to seed at all seasons and there was a conspicuous absence of insects upon the blossoms, both early and late. This led to the importation of bumble bees from England to the earth’s very limit,and now the New Zealand farmers produce clover seed. Gardeners are keeping bees today that their vegetables may fruit and seed more liberally. Even the producers of flower seeds in our cities keep bees in their green- houses as they find this the easiest and cheapest method to secure that more perfect fertilization upon which their profits depends. Secretary Farnsworth of the Ohio Horticultural Society could ac- count for a very meagre crop of fruit a few years since in his vicin- ity, aftera profusion of bloom, only through lack of pollenization: The bees had nearly all died off the previous winter. I have often noted the fact that, if we have rain and cold during the fruit bloom so that the bees cannot visit the bloom, there is a light crop of fruit or, perhaps, not any. Darwin’s researches considered insects as a whole, and it is true that all insects that visit flowers, either for nectar or pollen, do val- uable service in the work of pollenization. Thus many of the hy- menoptera, diptera and coleoptera,and nota few lepidoptera are our ready helpers as pollenizers. Early in the season in our northern latitude most insects are scarce, the severe winters so thin their numbers that we find barely one where we find hundreds in late summer. Then the bumble bees and wasps number scores to each colony, while in spring only the fertile females are found. This is less conspicuously true of solitary insects, like most of our native bees and wasps: yet even these swarm in late summer,where they are solitary or scattering in early spring. The honey bees are a notable exception to this rule. They live over winter, so that even in early spring we may find ten or fifteen thousand or more in a single colony, in lieu of one solitary female as seen in the nests of wasps, hornets and bumble bees. By actual count in time of fruit bloom in May,I have found the bees twenty to one of all other kinds of insects upon the flowers, and on cool days, which are very common in the spring in most locali- / 342 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. ties, I have known hundreds of bees on fruit blossoms, while I could not find a single other insect. Thus we see that the honey bees are exceedingly important in the economy ot vegetable growth and fruitage, especially of all such plants as blossom early in the season. We have all noticed how much more common our flowers are in autumn than in springtime. In autumn we gather the aster and golden rod by armfuls. In May our flowers demand a search, while in California the fieldsin January and February are one sea of blossoms. The mild California winters do not kill the insects. There a profusion of bloom will receive service from the so-called marriage priests, anda profusion of seed will greet the coming spring time. Thus our climate acts upon the insect, and we under- stand why our peculiar flora has developed. Yet, notwithstanding the admirable demonstration of the great master, Darwin, and the observations and practice of a few of our intelligent, practical men, the great mass of our farmers are either ignorant or indifferent as to this matter, and so to the important practical considerations which wait upon it. This is very evident, as it appears from the fact that many legislators when called upon to pass laws to protect the bees, urge that fruit growers had interests as well as bee men, not seeming to know that one of the greatest of these interests rested with the very bees for which protection was asked. If fruit growers and farmers understood the botanical structure of fruit blossoms thoroughly, they would recognize more readily the agency of bees in the fertilization of blossoms. Many of us are familiar with these things, but by far the greater number know or think little about them, and it is for the good of the latter class that I write this. If, for instance, we take the blossom of the cherry as an illustration, we find it is composed of the calyx or outer cov- ering of the bud;immediately inside of this, comes the corolla with its several petals of white. Now, when this flower is opened and spread outin all its beauty and natural perfection before us, we notice in the center numerous small hair-like projections called stamens, and exactly in the center the pistil, which terminates in a small bulb at the bottom which is to become the fruit. Now, the numerous stamens produce pollen, which is inclosed in minute anthers at the head of the stamens and is the fertilizing matter which must be brought in contact with the stigma or top of the pistil. Thus the ovules or seed vessels are fertilized, or impreg- nated, and develop into perfect fruit. One of the agencies for the proper distribution of pollen is the wind; but, sometimes, if we happen to have a few still days during the blossoming period, this would be inadequate to the designed purpose. So nature has placed a little drop of sweet deep down in in the flower at the base of the stamen, and our little friend,the bee, comes flitting about in search of nectar for his future winter stores ; and discovering the tempting morsel he literally stands on his head in an effort to reach it, andin so doing his back becomes covered with pollen from the stamens, and as he reaches down into the flower his back is brought is direct contact with the pistil of the ~_ 7. —_— r ? / APICULTURE. 343 flower, thus performing a very important work in nature’s great plan. What bee-keeper has not noticed bees coming into their hives in the season of fruit bloom with their backs so covered with pollen from the flowers that they had the appearance of being a different race. Truely, there are wonderful things in nature, and it seems as though no individual can fail to see the agency of a higher power in the design of these things. Verily, all things work together for good to them that love good. I believe the honey was placed in plants for the purpose of entic- ing the bees for fertilization purposes. To this end, I continue, we find honey or nectar secreted in such flowers as are incapable of self-fertilization; while those capable of being fertilized through the agency of the wind, etc., secrete no nectar to entice the bee. As an example, we see that wheat, oats, barley, cornand other kinds of grasses are capable of being fertilized by the rustling of their stalks by the gentle breeze, and none of these secrete honey, as all of you know, although there a few who claim that bees secure honey from corn. Then there are ail the clovers, all of the squash and others of the vine family, and buckwheat, none of which are capable of being fertilized through the process applicable to the first. All of these last named secrete honey for the sole purpose of enticing bees and other insects for fertilization so that they may mature seed that the species may be perpetuated. The same thing holds good with trees of all kinds. Hence, the claim put forth by some that the bees injure fruit by taking the nectar out of the blossoms is a false one. Not many years ago, a few jealous persons in a certain township in Massachusetts banished bees fromthe town. The result was that little fruit was raised in the interior of that township, while allalong the boundary fruit was as pleantiful as ever. After this experience regarding their folly,they were glad to welcome the bees back again, when they again had fruit as formerly. In some sections where bees are numerous, fruit growers are troubled at the season while packing fruit and naturally condemn the bees without stopping to reflect upon the advantage to be de- rived from them in fertilizing the trees and vines from which the fruit is taken. In England a fruit grower was surprised to find that in one corner of his garden in which were placed colonies of bees, the trees were heavily laden with fruit, while those more remote had set very sparingly. Then he called to mind the circumstance of its being very dark and foggy during the blooming of the trees, so that the bees flew but a short distance from their hives. The proprietor of a cherry orchard in California found that his trees did not bear remunerative crops after the fiat of the raisin growers banished the bees to a distant canon. Being convinced of the necessity of bees to fertilize the bloom,he procured some colonies, located them in his orchard, and then realized satisfactory returns. Horticulturists and apiarists are like the American Union, one and inseparable. 344 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. DISCUSSION. Mr. Pearce: Now, gentlemen, that is a very important paper. ‘There has not a paper been read here today that is more important to the fruit grower and the farmer. Now, bees of every description seem to be the natural fertilizers of all plants and fruits, and the honey was especially put in the blos- som for that purpose. You never see an apple crop when the weather is cloudy and rainy; then you never see any apples. But if the weather is bright, if it is warm, if it is clear, if all the bees and insects of every description are attracted to the flowers, everything will be fertilized, everything will be loaded with fruit. Now, it has been years and years since I destroyed a yellow jacket’s nest or hornet’s nest. I regard them as a sure indication of a good crop, if the weather is favorable. It is the universal custom to destroy these things. The first thing a farmer does when he finds a yellow jacket nest is to call his boys, and they destroy it. It is the worst thing he could do. Now, I have had the yellow hornets build their nests quite close to my house. Last summer we had one right above the door, aS we went into the ice house and the milk house. We would go in day after day, and they never molested us at all. We went right in day after day, and they knew every one in the family. Ifastrange dog came around or a strange person, they knew it right away. The bees are the best friend of the farmer, the fruit grower and the gardener. They are a source of wealth, a source of satisfaction and one of the greatest lux- uries of life. Mr. Dartt: Mr. Chairman, I believe my friend Pearce has made a misstatement; and although his statement may be true, in some cases it is an exception. Now, he says the first thing a farmer does when he discovers a yellow jacket’s nest is to go up to the house and call the boys, who go out and destroy it. Now, my observation and experience is different from that. I think the first thing he does is to scratch and run. (Laughter.) Mr. Patten: This matter of fertilization to the fruit grower is certainly a very important one. While we have some varie- ties of the larger fruits that are self-fertile, like the Duchess apple, furnishing sufficient pollen, there are other varieties of the apple that have not this ability. We have in southern lowa an orchardist who planted a number of years ago a block of some 140 Jonathan; they were topworked on the Tetofsky, but for twenty years that block has been unprofitable. Perhaps, if APICULTURE. 345 this gentleman had had a colony of bees in that block the result might have been quite different. I do not known how this is. I do know the Jonathan and the Winesap as two examples that have been proved by long trial unfruitful by themselves; whereas, if placed close together in orchard form they each of them become fruitful; so that bees may become a very impor- _tant factor to the orchardist, if he has a block of trees that are unfruitful. This should teach the orchardists this lesson, that it is better to plant several varieties near together. INCREASING THE WHITE HONEY CROP AND FINDING . A MARKET FOR IT. BARNETT TAYLOR, FORESTVILLE. How to increase the white honey crop, and then find a paying market for it, is the great question with bee-keepers. To make bee- keeping pay we must produce a crop of surplus white honey; any- thing but the best grades now go begging for buyers. I once con- tended that dark honey was as good as/any, but I now respect the popular taste that demands clover or basswood honey for table use. There is but little excuse for having one-half or two-thirds of the crop in dark honey. I can get a larger crop of surplus now than ever before, under the same circumstances, and have it all white. But to do tHis one must have, first, plenty of bees, and have them at the first blooming of white clover, and then get the honey stored in the surplus department and not in the brood nest, and to know how to do this is the art of honey production. To have the bees at the time needed we must employ stimulative feeding, and one of the chief advantages of the house apiary is that it gives a more perfect place for doing this than any other plan. In the house the bees are wintered on the same stands they occupied in the working seasou. At theapproach of cold weather I surround the hives with a warm covering of dry sawdust; a feeder, constructed especially for the purpose, is placed on each hive and hive-feeder, and all covered with ten inches of sawdust. These feeders are so constructed that the bees can take the sugar syrup without leaving the warm cluster, and feeding can be done in any weather regard- less of rain or cold. ‘ When spring comes we remove the sawdust down to the top of the feeders which still leaves five inches of covering on the top of the hives to keep them warm and of even temperature on frosty nights and cold days. The entrance to the hive is left open in win- ter, the same as in summer, and the bees are at liberty to fly out whenever the weather is warm enough to invite them to do so. Covered warmly in their dry bed, with opportunity for an occa- sional cleansing flight, the bees will winter well and begin spring work full of health and vitality. As soonas the bees begin to bring in pollen in the spring, which is evidence that breeding has begun, 346 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. each colony should be fed a few ounces of syrup or dark honey each evening. Feeding late in the day prevents the excitement of day- time feeding and leaves the bees free to search the fields for nectar or pollen. And brood raising, once commenced, is never allowed to stop for wet or cold weather, and by the time clover blooms we will have giant swarms waiting for the harvest. At that time, or a little before, the sawdust packing should be removed from the hives, and each hive be given one or more supers, or sections. If working for comb honey, these supers should be at least half filled with sections containing finished combs saved from last year, and on which the comb leveler has been used to reduce all to a uniform size, and the honey in them will be equal in all respects to that built on thin foundation, and will sell in any market at the highest price. We should fill the supers entirely with these combs, if we have a large enough supply; if not,a part ofeach super should be filled with sections with full sheets of thin foundation. When the bees swarm, the new swarm should be hived in a hive containing not more than 600 or 800 inches of comb space, and set on the stand previously occupied by the parent colony,which should be moved toa new stand, the supers being removed from the old to the new swarms, and others prepared like the first, to give plenty of room until the end ‘of the white honey season. By this management we secured last year more than 100 pounds per colony, in a season when bees managed in the old way generally yielded no surplus. Now, friends, I have told you how to work to get bigearly swarms, and then we shall hear less about the failure of the honey crop. We can boast of our improved implements, but when it comes to get- ting an extra force of workers in season for the white honey harvest we are not much in advance of the bee-keepers of fifty years ago. Now, you need not doubt that all this can be successfully done in the out-yard; feeders can be packed on top of single hives by using an extra hive body or a cheap box to hold the sawdust, and keep the top of the hive warm so the bees will cluster up against the feeders. But the house is the cheapest and most perfect place in my opinion for breeding bees early in the spring and securing mammoth colonies in season to gather the white honey crop. DISCUSSION. * Mr. Taylor: At the time I spoke of I had twelve colonies in the hotse. I did not use the house apiary, but a little apiary I was using at that time; it was not built for that purpose at all; but it is a fact that the bees wintered in there in better shape than they did in the house apiary. Mr. Brackett: I am impressed with the value of bees as an agency for fertilizing fruit, but I would like to ask any one, does it really take too much time, so that it would not make it profitable to a man to spend his time caring for his bees? I just want to ask in a general way. I am impressed with the APICULTURE. 347 value of beesand would like to know, butI do not want to take up to much of your time. Mr. Taylor: I will answer that that depends upon circum- stances. A person that has a taste for any thing can learn that thing so much easier than one who has not. If any one really desires to learn about bees that knowledge is easily obtained. I used to tell people when they talked abont the great power some people possess about bees not stinging, that any one can learn that; it is only necessary to understand a few of the natural laws controlling this insect. Any child can learn that. About the time occupied in caring for them, that depends, of course, upon how many bees are kept. A man might keep but a few and get tired, but a few to make it interesting can be kept, with intelligence, without taking up very much time. Mr. Crane: Does it not require a good deal of time to watch bees when swarming? Mr. Taylor: Sometimes it is not necessary to watch at all, but when I make it a paying business and make my support, or living, from it, | watch them with the greatest possible watch- fulness. During the time of swarming my bee yard is not left alone even during the time of taking dinner. Sometimes I run . 200 colonies together, and only those who have had experience know what it is when the swarms are pouring out, twenty to twenty-five swarms a day, and under such circumstances I never leave it at all. A few swarms can be managed without all this trouble, but in the greatest honey years it requires great watchfulness; but anyone can take a few swarms and set them out under a tree and carry on the business on the farm. Mr. Jackins (?): I donot believe that those people, farmers, who are handling a few colonies of bees are making them pay expenses. It is a matter that is surrounded with a great amount of nice details, and, somehow, to make it pay one must be doubly interested and must be able to give a large portion of his own time to the matter. Our friend spoke about two colon- ies of bees; he wants them for a specific purpose, and I say get them by all means, if they are not in the neighborhood. I live up here right in the midst of the largest market garden district in the Northwest, and the more progressive of those market gardeners realize that they cannot get perfect results without bees. Now, get a few stands of bees and put them on your place; they will run themselves. Mr. Urie: I have had an experience of over fifty years, and I am learning something new every year. As this gentleman \ | : ; : j Z ; f q . 4 . : | , [ 348 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. has said, let every one get a few swarms of bees and put them in his garden. Mr. Timberlake: The great trouble with people keeping only a few colonies of bees is, that they expect those bees to take care of themselves. I know of several instances where they have begun and expected it to make a profitable business for them. One man had nineteen colonies in 1892 and made quite a little honey; he left them on the stands all winter, and he had one colony left in the spring, and he got a swarm from that. He said, ‘‘If they will not take care of themselves, I will not take care of them.” If people get a few colonies of bees and expect them to take care of themselves, they will simply find themselves mistaken. Bees want to be looked after as well as any other business. BEES IN RELATION TO FRUIT. J. H. PANTON, M. A., PROF, OF BIOLOGY, ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. (Ontario Experiment Station.) An act passed by the Ontario Legislature last session, referring to the prevention of spraying fruit trees while in bloom, has led to considerable discussion among fruit-growers and bee-keepers. The former feel that they should be permitted to spray whenever they desire, claiming that bees are not killed from visiting sprayed trees in search of nectar, and that this cry of alarm raised by bee-keepers is unfounded. Further, many are under the impression that bees injure ripe fruit, and that it is questionable whether bees are as use- ful in the fertilization of flowers as is claimed for them by their admirers. The bee-keepers, on the other hand, maintain that bees are import- ant in the fertilization of flowersand thus become necessary to fruit production; that they do not injure fruit, and that they are killed where trees are sprayed while in bloom. They go so far as to say that honey is affected where bees have been poisoned by Paris green. In this somewhat confused state of affairs a bulletin bearing upon bees in relation to fruit should be of interest and practical benefit, now the following act (passed April, 1892) is about to be enforced: 1. No person in spraying or sprinkling fruit trees during the per- iod within which such trees are in full bloom shall use or cause to be used any mixture containing Paris green or any other poisonous substance injurious to bees. 2. Any person contravening the provisions of this Act, shall on summary conviction thereof before a justice of the peace, be subject to a penalty of not less than $1.00 or more than $5.00 with or without costs of prosecution, andin case of a fine or a fine and costs bein awarded and of the same not being upon conviction forthwith paid, the justice may commit the offender to the common jail, there to be imprisoned for any term not exceeding thirty days,unless the fine and costs are sooner paid. 3. This Act shall not come into force until the first day of Jannary, 1893. ce ae APICULTURE. - 349 BEES IN RELATION TO FERTILIZATION. During the process of fer- tilization the contents of the pollen grains become mingled with those of the ovules, after which the latter develop into seeds. This takes place somewhat as follows: The dust-like substance (pollen) on the ends of the stamens falls upon the top of the pistil. The outer coat of the pollen grain bursts and the inner pushes out in the form of a tube, which forces its way from the top of the pistil down through it until it reaches the ovary (the lower and enlarged part of the pistil) where the ovules are located. In the meantime a minute structure (germinal vesicle) has formed in the ovule. This point is reached by the pollen tube, an interchange of elements takes place, the ovule is fertilized and at once changes begin which end in the complete development ofa seed. The question naturally arises, How do the pollen grains get to the pistil? This effected, fertilization will in all likelihood take place. Observation shows that this may be done in several ways. 1. By the wind. Where this is the usual way we find the plants are rich in pollen, have no nectar, grow crowded together, in some cases bloom before the leaves appear and are seldom attractive in appearance. The grasses, willows and some maples afford examples of plants largely dependent upon the wind for the transport of the pollen to the pistil. 2. By artificial means. Man can effect the same result by simply taking the pollen and placing it upon the pistil. This has enabled him to cross-breed and hybridize to such an extent that he has de- veloped innumerable varieties of plants of great economic value, as is exemplified in our beautiful flowers and luscious fruits. 3. By birds, which to some extent aid in carrying pollen from plant to plant, especially such as the humming birds. 4. By insects. This, probably, is by farthe most common method in nature, and may be viewed as the chief use of insects. Plants fertilized by insects present an attractive appearance, are rich in perfume and, above all, supply nectar to the insects which frequentthem. It can be readily seen how insects moving about in a flower will become loaded with the dust-like pollen, and in passing to other flowers aid much in transferring the pollen from one plant to another, and thus bring about a cross-fertilization, or, in other words, cross-breeding, which seems as essential to the production of vigorous and fertile plants as it does in animal life. Among insects which aid largely in this interesting process no class is more usefulthan bees. Where imperfect fertilization has taken place fruit is incompletely developed in size and form, so that the quantity and quality are affected. Careful investigation has shown that the fruitfulness of many plants is largely influenced by bees and such insects as search for the nectar and pollen of flowers. Although many flowers have both stamens and pistils in the same flower, still scientific observation has shown that even in these cross- fertilization is favored by the structure of the flower. From obser- vations made it is claimed that orchards with beehivesin them have been more fruitful than those without hives. In some cases bees 350 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY . > have been given access to greenhouses so that the flowers might be fertilized and thus develop more and better fruit under such condi- tions. Flowers have been covered so as to prevent insects reaching them, but light and air admitted. Side by side were others to which bees had access. An examination of the seed showed those of the > former to be weak in vitality, those of the latter strong. In many instances it has been observed where fruit trees were covered with bloom and poor results followed, that the weather at the time of bloom was cloudy, wet and cold and thus unfavorable to bees work- ing among the flowers. Scientific investigation indicates more and more,as the question of fertilization is concerned, that bees are important factors in the production of fruit and thus become co-workers with fruit-growers. BEES IN RELATION TO THE DESTRUCTION OF FRuIT. Along this line of investigation exhaustive experiments have been carried on under the direction of the Department of Agriculture, U.S. Neither care nor expense was withheld by the apiculturist to whom the work was intrusted. Hives were kept within a building from which the bees could not escape. In this, grapes, peaches, pears and plums, varying from green to dead ripe, were placed. The bees were deprived of food and left with the fruit exposed, so that they might feed upon it when hunger affected them. Many came to the fruit from time to time but never broke the skin, but where they found it broken they at once fed upon the exuding juice. They showed no tendency to use their jaws in cutting opena place The test was continued for thirty days, and other bees tried with similar results. In all cases food was taken only from fruit which had been previously broken, ~ Consequently, it appears that bees will not injure perfect fruit,a con- clusion arrived at by many observers before these thorough experi- ments were undertaken. This is what might be expected when the structure of the bee’s mouth is considered. It is quite different in the case of wasps, which are supplied with jaws suitable to break into the skin, and in all likelihood they are the cause of the injured fruit upon which some observers have seen bees feeding. Much evi- dence has been collected upon the amount of injury done by bees to fruit, and it all seems to be in favor of exonerating the bee from the charge of injuring sound fruit. PARIS GREEN IN RELATION TO BEES. In several places where spraying is carried on extensively it has been observed that since the introduction of that practice many bees have perished during the time trees are in bloom, and some observers have noticed that the brood also perished. Before the days of spraying such mortality was unknown. Now although there has been no analysis of the bodies of the dead bees forthe purpose of ascertaining the presence of arsenic, still the death of the bees is so intimately associated with spraying that there seems little reason to believe otherwise than that the bees have been poisoned by Paris green used in spraying fruit trees. However, this will likely soon be settled by an analysis of the bodies of bees supposed to have been poisoned, and I have no doubt arsenic will be APICULTURE. 851 detected. I suggest the propriety of bee-keepers forwarding some specimen of poisoned bees to the chemist of the Agricultural College. Prof. Cook of Michigan has proved by experiment that a solution of Paris green in the proportion of 1 pound to 200 gallons (a common mixture used in spraying trees) proved fatal to bees within 24 hours. Regarding the effect upon honey there is considerable diversity of opinion. The writer is not aware of any experiments having as yet been undertaken to show that the honey is affected, though there is in the minds of some very practical men, such as the inspec- tor, Mr. McEvoy, who is thoroughly convinced, a great fear that honey produced at the time of spraying is a dangerous article of food. The writer would suggest that some such suspicious honey be sent to the chemist already referred to so that there may be no longer any doubt regarding the subject. Experiments in the laboratory and observations by practical men indicate that spraying trees in bloom with Paris green is followed by most disastrous results to bees in the neighborhood and, no doubt, some degree of injury to the trees as faras fruit is concerned. THE TIME TO SPRAY. To spray when trees are in bloom is a great mistake, because it is a waste of material, time and fruit. The plum curculio and codling moth are the chief enemies we seek to destroy with Paris green. The adult of the former lays its eggsin the plum just beneath the skin and is not likely to be present to any great extent till the fruit is set, consequently applying the poison while the trees are in bloom is commencing the attack too soon. If thought necessary to attack insects before the time of bloom, spraying may be done and afterwards, but certainly never while the trees are in flower. In the case of the codling moth, which deposits its eggs in the blossom end of the young apple,a mistake is also made by spraying before the fruit is set, which does not take place till the bloom is off. The portion of the pistil upon which the pollen falls is exceed- ingly tender and sensitive, so much so that the application of such substances as Paris green injure it to so great an extent that the process of fertilization is affected and the development of fruit checked. ‘ With these facts before us as revealed by scientific inves- tigation, it does seem strange that any one should attempt to spray at a time not in accord with the teachings of science, and that any one should feel it a harship toconform to the requirements of alaw calculated to protect the interests of two so important classes as the producers of fruit and honey. Spraying is only in its infancy, but as time rolls on and this practice becomes more general, the prac- ticability of the law referred to will become more evident and the efforts of those seeking to enforce it thoroughly appreciated. loriculture. SOME HINTS ON FLOWERS THAT ALL CAN GROW. A. N. KINSMAN, AUSTIN. I have selected only a few from the many flowers that all can grow, and as the tide of popular favor has decidedly turned towards hardy flowers as the most useful, and as they are no doubt destined to become the flowers ot the future, I will devote my time to those alone. : Among flowering shrubs we will mention the hardy hydrangea, (Paniculata grandilflora). It is perfectly hardy without protection and is very easily grown. It flowersin August when but few shrubs are in blossom and is much admired for its large clusters of hand- some white flowers. It propagates very easily from layers and from hard or soft wood cuttings. The syringa, or mock orange, as it is commonly called, is another well known and popular favorite. There are several varieties, but we will mentiou only one, the Garland syringa. It is very much prized for its highly scented white flowers, which are produced in such great numbers in June. It is occasionally injured in our severe winters, but quickly outgrows any set back it may receive. Among the spireas, or meadow sweets, of which there are many varieties, we will select spirea Van Houtii, a strong growing, hardy. shrub of handsome habit, that is covered in June with masses of large, white clusters. This is by far the best of the species. Itis easily propagated by cuttings and divisions. Golden spirea, or nine-bark, is a most gracefnl shrub, that with its golden green leaves and graceful form pleases every one by its contrast with the foliage of other plants. Where something nice is wanted as a single specimen plant for the lawn, it is especially desirable. The flowers are white and in clusters. It is grown from cuttings and layers. Virburnum opulus, high bush cranberry, is a native shrub. It grows from four to ten feet high, flowers in white, flat clusters in June, followed by clusters of red or yellow fruit, which often hang on into winter. It is propagated by seeds, layers or cuttings. Viburnum opulus sterilis, snow ball or Guelder rose, is a well known form of the high bush cranberry, with sterile white flowers in rounded clusters in June. This very popular shrub is grown from layers and cuttings. Among the herbaceous flowers that are hardy, we will mention achillea, yarrow, or pearl. The flowers are of the purest white and closely resemble a pompone crysanthemum. It blooms profusely from July until frost, Aquilegia, columbine, is a well known pretty plant with flowers of many colors, varying from white to dark blue, and is very desirable. Althea, hollyhock. These handsome and showy plants are well known and valuable. They should be slightly mulched for protection. FLORICULTURE. 353 Dielytra, or bleeding heart, has graceful sprays of heart-shaped pink and white flowers, blooming in May or June. Foliage finely cut and very pretty. They soon grow to immense plants. Helianthus, multiflorus or plenus. The flowers are from three to four inches in diameter, double as any double dahlia and very free ‘blooming. Iris, fleur de lis, German iris. There are several varieties, among the most desirable being Madame Chereau, white-edged and feath- ered violet. Aurea, golden yellow, Princess of Wales, white atropurpurean; rich purple, very fine and early. Perennial phlox. These fine, hardy plants are among the most satisfactory for clumps and borders. They are of dwarf, sturdy growth, perfectly hardy, and in late summer fairly cover themselves with immense pyramidal trusses of brilliant flowers, varying in color from pure white with rosy eye to red with beautiful markings; often six inches across. Herbaceous peonies. These very valuable plants are much neglected, and yet they are among our best hardy plants. Once planted they need no further care, and each succeeding year only adds to their beauty. The varieties commonly known are desirable, but the newer varieties produce very large, handsome, regularly formed blossoms, resembling large roses. Among the hardy lilies I would mention two which are especially desirable, lilium candidum, with pure white flowers, and lilium auratum, or gold-banded lily of Japan, having large blossoms of white and gold. , There are many other hardy flowers that all can grow that I might mention, but as I do not wish to take up any more time at present we will leave the rest. ROSE CULTURE. MRS. I. ATWATER, MINNEAPOLIS. (Read by Mrs. D. Morrison, at the last Summer Meeting). It would be rank presumption in nie to think that I could say any- thing to this society on the subject of rose culture that would be new or interesting. On the pages of your annals are inscribed papers from far more capable pens than mine, and giving the re- sults of wider experience. But, if I understand rightly the busi- ness of your society, one of its functions is to encourage the gener- al cultivation of flowers, making a specialty of roses, and to in- struct the general public in the intelligent and successful treatment of them. I am often asked to explain my own methods of rose cult- ure, and especially in regard to the continuous blooming of perpet- ual roses; and the hope that I may give some useful hints to inex- ponienced amateurs, is my excuse for iia ee on the time of your society. In many gardens in this city, I have observed that perpetual roses do not blossom at all after the June period is over, or, if they do bloom, it is only at rare intervals and with inferior flowers. This ought not to be; perpetuals should bloom all through the sum- 354 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. mer and autumn, and will do so if properly treated. That mine never failed to yield this continual floral harvest, my old neighbors will all testify. The causes of failure in this matter are various. One general cause is that such roses are treated like June, or annual, roses, while they require especial and much higher cultivation. The veriest tyro in farming can tell us the result to his corn or potato crop if the surface of the soil is merely scratched over sufficiently to keep down the weeds. It is exactly what happened to the roses under the care of the ordinary hired man. In the first place, the roses are possibly not carefully planted. The soil should be mellow and thoroughly pulverized, and minute hand work should press it securely about all the tender roots, and ever after the soil should be kept in that condition —no skimming of the surface with the hoe, but at each stroke sinking it to the helve. This opens the pores of the soil, as one might say, and gives dew and water full effect. When I see a rose mound, with its finical, smooth surface, I feel sorry for the roses. Another very common defect is the lack of pruning. I do not hold with some florists that roses, either annual or perpetual, should be very much pruned in the spring. Nature, at that season, is lavish of her bounties. Her teeming bosom yields its rich nutri- ment in limitless profusion, and there is no reason why the branches should not be left in their natural gracefulness and bear their fragrant and lovely blossoms even to their tips. But,in the treatment of perpetuals,the knife should come in play as soon as the flowers are faded. New shoots should now appear from the roots, which will give the second period of bloom, and the old wood must be unsparingly cut back to produce another set of blooming stems, and this process repeated through the season. Some object that such treatment destroys the symmetry of the bushes, That may be, but the immutable fact remains—spare the knife, and you have no roses. In regard to the method and amount of pruning, experience is the only real guide. It was my only teacher, and I found that different roses required different treatment. Those that send up continu- ously from the root strong shoots must. have heroic treatment, while others of more delicate growth will thrive with less pruning. I usually cut back to eighteen inches,but sometimes, when the buds look weakly, to four inches. Meanwhile, the new stems wiil have reached maturity and have begun to unfold their wealth of bloom. These, in their turn, must fall beneath the knife, except, as sometimes happens, strong lateral branches should develop, in which case the pruning process must be delayed. All rose bushes have more or less weak and unproductive branch- es which should be cut out unsparingly at any season. Under this discipline, my Jaqueminots used never to be without roses the season through and would be full of buds when frost came, wre a ia FLORICULTURE. ane It follows, of course, that to produce such rich and continuous development the plant must receive corresponding nourishment. In fact, the soil for perpetuals can hardly be made too rich, too thor- oughly and constantly cultivated, nor, in our hot dry weather, too abundantly watered. A few sprays from the hydrant dashed over the bushes night and morning are well enough as far as they go, but water to be effective should, in abundance, penetrate to the treasures of manure in the soil, thus forming the rich juices that the roots can drink up, and which gives them the power to produce such bounteous results. The soil of my garden was a sandy loam to which in the rose beds was added a small amount of clay. The only manure used was well rotted horse manure, and as much of it was spaded in as could possibly be done. In this matter, a word of warning is neces- sary. A large amount of manure without plenty of water will do more harm than benefit. I should add that every week all the soap- suds from the laundry was put into the soil around the rosebushes. Hoeing was done on an average twice a week, sometimes oftener. I give this simply as my own experience, and can only add that I cannot remember a day after I began to cultivate perpetuals accord- ing to this system that my bushes were without roses, from June to October. My first Jaqueminot was an old fossil that came from the East, for which I paid seven dollars. It had one long big root, so destitute of rootlets that it looked as if it had grown in a plaster cast. I planted it from a sense of duty with not the faintest hope of its sur- vival. During the summer a tiny shoot with a few poor leaves started from the stump; the next year produced several worthless stems, but in the spring of the third year great robust stems shot up from the root three or four feet in height and bore magnificent roses. I had the curiosity to dig down and examine the root and found that plenty of vigorous roots had sprung from the dry old one, and had stretched about in all directions, a fine testimony to the virtue of a rich mellow soil, and “the finest climate in the world.” Some June roses well repay careful and thorough cultivation. By cutting out the old wood, and all weak superfluous growth immedi- ately after they are done biooming, the new shoots will grow taller and more vigorous. And if the soil is enriched and cultivated it will return ten-fold the next season in pa and more double flow- ers with increased depth of color. Let any one try this method with the aoe Yellow Harrison, and after two seasons, it will hardly be recognized as the same rose. The old White Province-Unique is a good subject for such experi- ments; the rose so dear to many of us from its associations with the Eastern home of our childhood, where its graceful loveliness shaded the homely porch, or twined over the lattice that surrounded the well curb, and its perfume filled the air with a fragrance never to be forgotten. A lady from the East gave me a scrubby little bush of it in ’59, which was badly dried up from a long journey; but it recov- ered, and under good treatment grew to an amazing size, and was 356 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY the parent of many plants now flourishing in Minneapolis and other places. But few June roses pay for cultivation in these days of multiplied varieties of perpetuals, which with their continuous bloom are so much more satisfactory. CHRYSANTHEMUM SEEDLINGS. E. NAGEL, MINNEAPOLIS. The interest in chrysanthemums is growing from year to year, and in the last fifteen years there has been a marvelous improve- ment in them, most of which has been accomplished by seedlings. As a general thing, the chrysanthemums are grown from cuttings; seedlings are grown mostly to get new varieties. A great many varieties have come from Japan, the home of the chrysanthemum, but of late years the seedlings produced in this country are fully as good, if not better, than those from any of the old countries; even the French and the English are not ahead any more in the production of new varieties from seed, Of late years, also,a great many of the large Eastern growers have gone into the growing of seedling chrysanthemums, and with the best results. Some of the best va- rieties from England and France are still imported, but at the late chrysanthemum show at the World’s Fair, the seedlings originated in this country were the best. For the last two years, we have been growing some seedlings and have had very good success. We have only grown them in small quantities, but have got a few varieties which compare well with our other best varieties and are hoping for still better kinds. I find it the most interesting work watching them grow and seeing them come into bloom, and always expecting something wonderful. Of course, it does not always come out that way, but the chances are there. To grow seedlings for cut flowers and plants for the trade, it is not profitable, for there are so many among them that are worth- less. Seedlings are grown only to get the new varieties, and those that are good are propagated from cuttings, and in that way we can keep the stock from year to year. As to growing the seedlings: In the first place it is,necessary to get the very best of seed, which can be had of any of the large and reliable seed dealers in the East. Seed may be sown from the first of March to the first of April, and the plants will bloom the first year. Sow in sandy loam in shallow boxes or seed pans; press the earth firm and even, and scatter the seeds evenly; then cover about one- sixteenth of an inch deep with fine sifted loam; water well with a fine sprinkler; keep seed in a temperature from 55° to 65°, and not let it get dry while germinating. When the seedlings are large enough to handle they should be pricked off in boxes similar to the seed boxes, and after growing two or three weeks should be potted off in two and one-half or three inch pots. Keep repotting so as not to let them get pot-bound, same as other chrysanthemums, and any florist that will try it will never regret it. > ee . ‘ a ee as a 7 FLORICULTURE: ?)" 357 DISCUSSION. A Lady: What do you use for a fertilizer ? Mr. Nagel: We use rich soil in the summer, and a little be- fore they set buds we use liquid manure, cow manure in water. A Lady: They bloom about six months from the seed ? Mr. Nagel: Not quite six months. They bloom the same time as the other chrysanthemums. A Lady: How long does it take the seed to germinate ? Mr. Nagel: About three weeks. SHAPE OF GREENHOUSE ROOF. JOHN NORDINE, LAKE CITY. In regard to the question of the advantage and disadvantage of building a greenhouse with the short span to the south, I would say this, that in a greenhouse for growing roses for cut flowers, I would prefer the long span towards the south fortwo reasons: First, when the roses have grown to the height of between three or four feet, which they will do by the first of January, they will make too much shade for the plants which are placed on the broad bench that is always located on the broad span side of the greenhouse, and during the winter the sun never rises high enough to shine over the apex of the greenhouse; this will Jeave about one-fourth of the room in the house in the shade. The second reason I find is that a green- house with the short span towards the south does not need as much watering as another, consequently, the daily spraying of roses can- not be performed in such a house with as good advantage, and dur- ing cold weather there is more surface of glass covered withice which shuts out the light that is so much needed during the dark part of the year. But, for a propagating house I should just as soon take one with the short span to the south, because in this house you will have no high plants to shade each other, and in this house you can more easily keep the low temperature which is required for the propagation of most of the plants; and you do not need to use as much water, because there is not as large surface of glass exposed to the sun. In regard to heating there is little difference, although I am in- clined to think it would require less heat in a house with the long span to the south. ‘ State Fair. THE HORTICULTURAL EXHIBIT AT THE MINNESOTA STATE FAIR, 1894. The fruit and flower exhibit at this fair was probably the largest of its kind ever made on the grounds. The exhibit of fruit num- bered somewhere near 2,000 plates and comprised the usual long list of varieties. This was an extraordinary showing for a year which was decidedly off with Minnesota horticulturists. The booth which was used for our exhibit at the World’s Fair, an engraving of which is shown in the September HORTICULTURIST, was well filled with apples, grapes and canned fruits, and graced with many handsome flowers and decorative plants, which were generously contributed for that purpose by the florists exhibiting at the fair. About 100 glass jars of fruit were shown, being the same that were on exhibition at the Columbian Exposition. They were in excellent condition, considering that they had been put up now two years. The refrigerator cases, intended to preserve and exhibit soft fruits in, were used on this occasion for the exhibit of bread and cake. They proved scarcely large enough for the extraordinary showing in this department. This exhibit of domestic stores attracted un- usual and merited attention. The three long tables in the center of the hall, with seven or nine shelves each, were filled with platés of fruit, with the exception of about one-third of the center table, which contained the ladies’ ex- hibit of jellies and other pantry stores. The show of grapes was of as good a quality as has ever been ex- hibited here, and probably much larger in quantity. A few plates of grapes of extraordinary size were shown, one bunch of Concord in the exhibit of Mr. H. L. Crane weighing the unusual figure of nineteen ounces. While the apples were not aslarge or as highly colored as usual, and in this respect showed the effects of the peculiar season, the list of varieties was of about the usual size. The exhibit of plums was an extraordinary one, the best we recollect ever seeing in the hall. Considering the dryness of the season, much of the fruit was of re- markable size. Some very fine specimens of the Hawkeye attracted much attention, and also one plate of a Russian variety exhibited by Prof. Green was very noticeable. . The larger exhibitors of our society, Messrs. R. C. Keel, Wm. Som- erville and J. S. Harris, were out in full force as usual. Others whose exhibits and presence there during most of the week added much to the interest of the occasion were Messrs. EK. H. S. Dartt, Geo. Miller, O. M. Lord, Clarence Wedge, S. D. Richardson, Ditus Day, F. G. Gould, Dewain Cook, and a goodly number of lesser ex- hibitors who helped to swell the total result. Many excellent exhib- its came from parties who were unable to be present. One of these was a notable exhibit of apples from Mr. Sidney Corp, of Hammond. Mr. J. S. Harris carried off the honors in the shape of first prize on collection of apples by a professional. ; =. jecseenidel STATE PAIR. 359 The tiers of shelves on either side of the hall flanking the fruit ex- hibit were well filled by a fine show of decorative and flowering plants from the greenhouses of Wessling & Hartman, John Vasatka and E. Nagel & Co., all well known Minneapolis florists. Taken as a whole the half of the hall devoted to pomology and floriculture was a very attractive sight, and one lady who saw the horticultural exhibit at the World’s Fair and this exhibit from the same point of view, that is, the balcony in our booth, declared that our hall was more attractive than the horticultural hall at the World’s Fair. The exhibit was highly complimented in all direc- tions, and was one of which our society may be justly proud. The amount distributed among the fruit growers for premiums was about $650, and for flowers about $250. / It was the intention to publish a full list’ of the premiums award- ed, but press of work at the State Fair office must postpone its preparation for the November number. A list of the total of the awards to exhibitors in this department here follows: Wacper W. Ayers 3:50... Sp ODS i A OWE ia Glatt eet eee oben ie 57.00 Mrs) Belle Barton 5. .)..%.- BOL00 2.9 OMMYUMIC ORG Seer ee ee ete 14.50 \itiiaalss Bherhacha etl yee eee eiic L002 Chase Weudlotiy rs ..c tc 29.50 PNAC MES OGG sre teisiie.s) slspenerelein Fe oqOU Mir Se eNVirra Me VO TUS rlschast ay. Ae 18.00 RiGsaeA sos saDCOCw 40 .\.5 4 cc L200). Geo. Maller: oc in co See 23.00 SIGMEYy COPD h.20i.s.cce es: De OUN he warelida COL ose uae 104.00 Wewalin COOK: A402 tes cc 2 DLAC OA Waa ale Ob:clayels MR aan Siyineaerer 31.00 Jaks Jb (Gira al ere Gem Bremer Ured erate De TOO NVI SP at Keir ys mb cue, oe teaty 21.006 1S) Did Dey gaat a Ree 13200) QW Vanes Somenvalle). oa. tenes e 40.00 PIES Day ete oes te bce = ZOO Al red SNeTIOCKs Myon eset 11.00 Ie dB SS Hin BZ: tg Aa dIEOO\ ohn Vasatkall ae: Wenn ane. 09.00 M. M. Frisselle........ Nae Va a OOF ake WES Slimmer a8. seo ie, atels 77.00 es COME a. chase ais fare 19 00ny Clarence Wedoe vonc. can.) 8.50 JO MisiSh 1s Enagi eae OM ae U& 00) WANG SS) Widimoyer uo no. 2.00 Rae ree lyiet's ave yas. 86.00 _- Rudolph Knapheide...... 28 .00 Rea TR en oe ee eee $906 . OO THE ASTER. Perhaps, there is no flower that blooms from seed the first season and then dies that has received more care in its selection and cultivation than the aster. It is the special pet of the Germans, who have brought it to such perfection that from the best seed we very seldom get a semi-double flower. They have dwarfed it so that its blossoms lie flat on the ground, while other varieties grow two or three feet tall. Some have single stems, others are bunched like a tree; some varieties grow stocky and even withstand the wind without tying, like the Victoria and Rose. Some of the pompone varieties are small, no larger than one’s thumb; while others, like the Washington, are three or four inches across. They have made the petals quilled, twisted and flat, curling up and down; they have produced spotted flowers, like the Harle- quin, while in the crown aster, with large double flowers of all colors, the center of each is pure white. We get the Pzony Perfec- tion in twenty-four different colors. There are thirty-six or more distinct varieties of asters,and each variety has from four to twenty- four distinct colors that can be bought separate. Whata beautiful sight when in bloom to see all these kinds and colors growing ina field! The aster is especially distinguished from some of our coarse growing flowers by its slender wiry stem, giving in a boquet or vase that graceful appearance that charms the flower lover’s heart. Itis also a beautiful flower for making designs.—A mateur Gardening. ecretary’s (Yorner, The present paid annual membership roll for 1894 stands at 505. Some seventy-five volumes of paper bound reports, etc., from this library are now at the printers being bound. Be sure you call at the library when in the city, see what we have and get your share of the useful publications always on hand here for distribution. The premiums of plants still due annual members for 1894 will not be sent till spring of 1895, unless specially ordered. Being mainly small fruits, the loss following their delivery this fall would be very general. The notice of the next annual meeting, to be held Jan. 8th to 11th, 1895, will be printed in the January, 1895, number of the “Horticul- turist,” and not be sent out in a separate enclosure as heretofore. On this account this number will be sent out a little earlier than usual, about Dec. 20th, probably. Please take notice. Is there any subject you would like to have discussed at the winter meeting,and any particular person you would like to have look it up? Ifso, please address the secretary at an early day, as the program for that meeting is now being made up. Send in any questions desired to be answered at that time to go into the “Ques- tion Box.” The following paid life members have been added to the list this year: J. R. Cummins, Washburn; E. E. Harris, La Crescent; and L. J. Gjemse, Hader. The first and second joined at the time of the last winter meeting, and the third on Sept. 19. This roll should be larger, and undoubtedly will be in the near future. The Massachusetts society with a comparatively small an- nual list, has several hundred life members at a considerable higher rate than with us. Arrangements have been made for printing what is called the ‘jJournal” of the society, that is, the record of the last annual meet- ing, including the officers reports, etc., apart from the magazine; but it is to be bound in with the twelve magazines at the close of the society year. The magazines make 480 pages and the record and in- dex will make from fifty to seventy-five more, making in all an an- nual report much larger than any heretofore published by our so- ciety. It is the purpose to furnish a cloth bound copy of this volume to each mémber at the beginning of next year, with the under- standing that the magazines received during the past year be dis- tributed where they will do the most good. oe) 1: i ili ii i a allie ail THE MINNESOTA HORTICULTURIST. VOL. 22 . NOVEMBER, 1894. NO. 10 orestry. OFFICERS OF THE MINNESOTA STATE FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, 1894. John H. Stevens, President, — Minneapolis J. O. Barrett, Secretary and Treasurer, - — Brown’s Valley Vice-Presidents, one from each congressional district. First Congressional Dist., Wm. Somerville, Viola Second i Alfred Terry, Slayton Third ff N. F. Brand, - - ~ Faribault Fourth - R. S. Mackintosh, = — Langdon Fifth y S. M. Owen, Minneapolis Sixth As Chas. E. Holt, - - - Duluth Seventh ‘s O.A.Th. Solem, —- = — Halstad EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. S. M. Owen, — - Minneapolis J.S. Harris, - — La Crescent S. B. Green, St. Anthony Park L.H. Wilcox, ~ Hastings Wm. R. Dobbyn, - Minneapolis C.L.Smith, .- — Minneapolis O. F. Brand, -—- — Faribault. FORESTRY MANUAL. J. O. Barrett, secretary of the State Forestry Association, has pre- pared and just issued a tenth edition of the “Forest Tree Plant- ers’ Manual,’ containing a great amount of information on that subject. A few of the articles it treats of are “Indigenous Trees and _ Shrubs,” a very full list of the trees and shrubs found growing in the state, “How to Manage Forest Seeds, Seedlings and Cuttings,” “Entomology,” “Forest Reservation,” “ Forestal Irrigation,” etc., etc. This valuable work in paper cover may be secured of Mr. Barrett by addressing him at Brown’s Valley, Minn., and enclosing four cents to pay postage. It should bein the hands of every one inter- ested in this subject. A. W. LATHAM, Sec’y. 362 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. TREES RECOMMENDED FOR GENERAL PLANTING IN MINNESOTA. Box Elder (Negundo aceroides). Hardy, thick foliage, one of the “fittest;’ ripens seed in the latter part of September. Green Ash (Fraxinus viridis). Very hardy, fast grower, reliable. White Willow (Salix alba). Pioneer in exposed places; valuable. Propagated from cuttings. White Ash (Fraxinus Americana). Grows somewhat faster than the green ash, but is reliable; needs wet, low soil to do well. Ripens seed in October. White Elm (Ulmus Americana). Rapid grower, hardy, long-lived; magnificent. Ripens seed in June. White, or Soft, Maple (Acer dasycarpum). Rapid grower; liable to split down under strong wind; should be shortened at the laterals, retaining the central shoot; needs companionship of other trees. Seeds ripen in June. Basswood (Tilia Americana). Honey-bee tree, valuable, beautiful; needs protection when young. Ripens seed in autumn. Cottonwood (Populus monilifera). A very rapid grower, hence much sought; does well on deep moist soil, but not so reliable on the open prairie. Propagated from cuttings. ; Silver, or White, Poplar (Populus alba). Hardy, rapid BTOWEE: fine grained. Propagated from cuttings. Wild Black Cherry (Prunus scrotina). Hardy when grouped with other trees; graceful in form, rich in blossom and fruit. Butternut (/Juglans cineria). Quite hardy when protected while young; needs rich soil; valuable wood and nuts. Fall seed. Black Walnut (plane nigra). Very valuable; adapted to south- ern half of the state. Jack or Bear Oak (Quercus banisteri). Small, bushy, thick foliage; leaf persistent; excellent windbreak. Burr Oak (Q. macrocarpa). Coarse, tough, trusty. Mix it in your forest. White Oak (Q. alba). Slow grower, tenacious, most valuable. Black Oak (Q. tinctoria). One of the loftiest trees of the forest. Swamp White Oak (Quercus bicolor). Quite common in northern Minnesota in most all alluvial soils; vigorous, luxuriant; fine grain. When young its leaves are downy; in riper age they are silvery on the under side and bright green on the upper surface. It ranks with our lumbermen as the best of the oaks for toughness and durability. It grows to giant size; only give it a chance. Tamarac (Larix Americana). Equal to if not better than the Euro- pean larch. Grown from seed. DECIDUOUS TREES FOR LAWN PLANTING. White Elm, Soft Maple, Tamarac. Hackberry (Celtis occidentalis). Hardy, beautiful. Ripens seed in autumn. Laurel-Leaved Poplar (Populus balsamifera), Foliage thick and healthy; pretty, desirable. Propagated from cuttings. FORESTRY. , 363 Cut-Leaved Weeping Birch ( Betula alba var. laciniata pendula). A variety of the European white birch; hardy in good soil and very attractive; pendulous. Silver, or White, Birch (Setula papyracia). Conspicuous; needs moist soil to succeed well; pretty at all seasons. Laurel-Leaved Willow (Salix Jaurifolia). Dark, shiny leaves rapid grower, close and pretty habit. Propagated from cuttings. American Mountain Ash. Hardy, pretty, the European mountain ash excellingin somerespects. Propagated from seed and ripening in autumn. Wisconsin Weeping Willow (Salix var.). Fine, quick growing pendulous, beautiful. Grown from cuttings. EVERGREENS. White Pine (Pinus strobus). Most valuable and beautiful; long lived, hardy, adaptable to any soil; grown from seed that ripens in autumn. White, or Blue, Spruce (Picea alba). Most valuable spruce we have; hardy when established; should be planted extensively. Grown from seeds. Norway Spruce (Picea excelsa). Strong, fine grower, pyramidal in form, drooping habit, good windbreak. Grown from seeds. Scotch Pine (Pinus sylvestris). Quick growing, coarse, heavy foliage, valuable and a pioneer. Grown from seeds. Red, or Norway, Pine (Pinus resinosa). Rapid grower,pretty,long- lived, hardy when established. Grown from seeds. Arbor Vite (Thuja occidentalis). Needs damp soil,/but does well in any retentive soil when established; improves by cultivation; a pretty and useful hedge. Grown from seeds. Red Cedar (Juniperus Virginiana). Very hardy, lives in spite of ° wind and drouth; valuable wood; an admirable windbreak. There are other evergreens having promise of success for general planting, as tested by Prof. S. B. Green, such as the Colorado Blue Spruce (Picea pungens) and Bull Pine (Pinus ponderosa). HARDY SHRUBS. The following shrubs and vines are recommended by Prof. S. B. Green, horticulturist of the Experiment Station at St. Anthony Park, Minnesota. Common Barberry (Berberis vulgaris). Strong, prickly, suitable for a small, loose hedge; yellow flowers in June; red fruit; very hardy. Other varieties are the Purple-Leaved and Thunborg’s barberry. Grown from seeds that ripen in autumn- Siberian Pea Tree (Caragana arborescens). Close, neat, locust- like leaves, and bright yellow, pea-shaped flowers; pretty; one of the hardiest. Grown from seeds that ripen in autumn, Red Ohio Dogwood (Cornus stolonifera). Small, white flowers in June; bright red bark in winter; very hardy; pretty grouped with other shrubs. Grows easily from cuttings. Weigelia (Diervilla rosea). Hardy, but needs protection in win- ter; rose-colored, trumpet-shaped flowers in June. Pretty. 364 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Burning Bush or Spindle Tree (Enonymous purpereus). Nat- urally six to fourteen feet high, fruit a beautiful crimson; desirable. Grows from seed or green-wood cuttings. Large-Flowered Hydrangea (H. paniculata var. grandifolia). Hardy, handsome; large clusters of white flowers in August; easily grown; clean and robust; must be well protected on the prairies in winter. Grows from soft wood cuttings or layers. Bush Honeysuckle (Lonicera Tartaricum). Ornamental; larg bushes, white and pink flowers. The grandiflora bears still larger pink flowers in June, followed by yellow and red berries; very desir- able. Grown from soft wood cuttings and seed. Garland Syringa (Philadelphus coronarius). Highly scented white flowers in June; needs protecting in the prairie country. Spirea or Nine Bark (Physocarpus opulifolius). Grows strong, six to ten feet high; clustered flowers in late June; makes good screens. Grown from cuttings and seed. The golden spirea excels for its graceful form and golden-green leaves. English Buckthorn (Rhamnus catharticus). A popular hedge plant of Europe and the Eastern States; bears close pruning without injury; robust, pretty white flowers in June; black berries; hardy, even in very severe localities. Grown from seed that ripen in autumn. High Bush Cranberry (Viburnum opulus). Native, vigorous and hardy; grows from four to ten feet high; white flowers in June; clusters of yellow and red fruit hanging on into the winter; a pretty good substitute for cranberries. Grown from cuttings or layers. Prickly Ash (Zanthoxylum Americana). Common, perfectly hardy; makes an impenetrable hedge. Grown from seed ripening in autumn. Buffalo Berry (Shepheridia argentea). Give ita proper place, and it will grow from ten to fifteen feet high; found along the water courses of Dakota and Montana; bears imperfect flowers before the leaves appear; leaves are silvery and pretty; difficult to secure pistillate plants, but in some localities they are all pistillate, as on the banks of the upper Minnesota in South Dakota; hence, must have fertilization; fruit red, having one quite large seed; acid, makes a good jelly or sauce; hardy, and is used for hedges. Grown from seed. Among other shrubs recommended are the Cinquefoil, Smooth and Cut-Leaved.Sumac, Missouri Currant; Common, Red-Berried Cut-Leaved and Golden Elder; varieties of the Meadow Sweet Snow- berry, Lilac, Snow Ball, etc. VINES AND CLIMBING SHRUBS. American Ivy (Ampelopsis quinquefolia). Native, strong, hardy; beautiful, bright crimson foliage in autumn. Surpasses all for un- sightly fences. Needs liberal manuring. Grown from cuttings, layers and seeds. Bittersweet (Celastrus scandens), Hardy, clean, conspicuous and pretty when covered with its orange-colored seed pods. Grown from seed or layers. FORESTRY. 365 Virgin’s Bower (Clematis Virginiana). Native, healthy and strong, bearing a profusion of small white, fragrant flowers in August. Makes a beautiful contrast with the ivy just mentioned. Grown from seeds or layers. The C. rviticella is equally satisfac- tory, having large blue or purple flowers, produciug them all summer. Moonseed (enisperum Canadense). Slender.and pretty, large leaves; succeeds well in partial shade; grown from seed. Wild Grape (Vitis riparia). Coarse but beautiful, covering dead trees or any unsightly object. Hardy anywhere; fragrant flowers. Excellent stock for grafting with the domesticated grapes. Grown from cuttings or layers. A VOICE OF WARNING FROM THE LUMBER SIDE. Address delivered by Col. Platt B. Walker, a lumberman of Minneapolis, at the forestry session of the Horticultural Society, Jan. 11, 1894. MR. CHAIRMAN AND GENTLEMEN OF THE SOCIETY: I ac- cepted some weeks since an invitation from the president of the association to prepare a paper on the subject of ‘‘ Forestry from the Lumberman’s Standpoint.” and I confess that had I anticipated my present feeble condition or my surroundings during the last two days I would have declined the invitation. I have prepared a brief paper which I will present to you and hope it may meet with your appreciation. It is not the purpose of this article to enlighten this society upon the technic of forestry, as I profess a profound ignorance of the sub- ject of tree planting, or concerning the adaptability and care of cer- tain species in certain soils. These matters largely involve special education and experience, which I never have had. First, as to the importance of the subject of forestry. The prac- tical lumberman, who views this subject from a business stand- point, is, perhaps, the best posted individual concerning the grow- ing scarcity of all the more useful woods of commerce. The import- ance of wood as a building material grows less and less, year by year, until we may look forward to the day in the near future when it will be abandoned altogether in favor of iron, brick, stone, terra cotta and other materials, which, under the improved conditions of manutacture, are growing cheaper year by year, until they have reached ‘the point where they are almost as cheap as wood in the beginning, and almost imperishable in their nature. Poverty has compelled the beginner in the Western world to start life in the cheap pine houses and shops, and the flood of immigration to the treeless plains has made an extraordinary demand which has prac- tically destroyed the available timber on nine-tenths the area of the Northwestern pine-producing states.’ The first and second genera- tions of houses and shops from Maine to Oregon have been built of pine. It is not strange, therefore, that we can see the beginning of the end of this most valuable tree. Fe Rta Ren 366 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. The destruction of forests in America during the century (espec- ially the last half) is unparalleled in the world’s history, both in its extent and in the ferocity of its slaughter. The bulk of the timber which adorned the country over, the Middle States in particular, was consigned to the flames to make way for the plow. This timber comprised a long list of varieties of useful and valuable woods. If the oak, walnut, cherry, ash and other woods which went to the log ° heap or into fence rails, were standing today in Ohio, Kentucky and Indiana, it would net enough to give a stone mansion to every farmer in those states. Be it said, in extenuation of this almost crime, that its perpetrators were not prophets and could not see that this world of timber could ever be utilized or would grow into enormous values for domestic as well as export purposes. The de- struction of our pine forests has proceeded for the last quarter ofa century at a rate that will soon deprive us of a supply of this tim- ber. Eastern Michigan is practically denuded and relies on Cana- dian timber to run her mills, and the western half will soon be in the same condition, with no outside supply available for her mills. The Southern States have not, as yet, made such fearful inroads on their timber resources, but they are afflicted with the same mania for destroying which has characterized the Northern States. An- other generation will complete the destruction of the invaluable timber supply which adorns that section of our country. They are offering every possible inducement to secure men and means from any part of the world to come and hew down their forests and carry away the proceeds. The difficulty seems to lie in the low valuation placed upon the timber. This, in the nature of things, will continue until we are compelled to resort to timber culture, as they have in Europe, for our supply. An ordinary lifetime is required to produce trees fit for commercial purposes, and it is very questionable wheth- er any amount of time and labor could ever be made to produce our pine forests, the nature of the pine-producing sections being such as to almost preclude the possibility of attempting anything of the kind. The pine forests once destroyed are gone forever. One of the strangest features of the destruction of pine is, that not the slightest effort, public or private, has ever been put forth to save these most valuable forests from destruction. The government seems to have regarded it as a useless burden and multiplied the means by which it could be gotten rid of, practically giving it away to the first applicant, generally without money or price. The bulk of these lands, in Wisconsin and Minnesota, at least, were given as a gratuity to half-breed Indians and soldiers, who peddled it away for pittances to lumbermen, who value it lightly, because it costs buta trifle. Such prodigality on the part of the government is, perhaps, the prime cause of the reckless waste and destruction as well as the low price of timber and lumber. Among other reprehensible features of our American policy is, and has been, the encouragement of the wood export trade. Time will not permit me here to lay before you the figures showing the fabulous amount of timber which has been shipped to Europe from the United States since the early settlement of the Eastern States. " FORESTRY. 367 Could these figures be given, all would be astonished that any tim- ber remains standing within our territorial limits east of the Rocky Mountains. Maine has been literally stripped of her magnificent endowment of pine, for which she has received comparatively noth- ing, aud the work of clearing up remnants of her once boundless groves still goes on to supply a weak demand in Europe for wood pulp, staves and other small items of forest products. All along the Atlantic coast down to the Carolinas, the same condition exists; while the Gulf States and Michigan are exerting every possible effort to find a market for all their really fine woods in Europe. Michigan has furnished many hundreds of millions of pine deals, the best grade of pine timber, to Europe, and the denudation is still going on in that state as well asin northern Wisconsin to satisfy this demand. To such an extent has this gone on that Michigan has al- ready been forced to resort to Canada for a supply of logs to keep her mills going, and they have received the privilege of securing this supply duty free. The time cannot be far distant when north- ern Wisconsin mills will be forced to the same course from the same cause. Canada for years has been drawing a supply of timber from Minnesota which approximates 200,000,000 feet per year, which they are permitted to cut and export without duty, most of which finds consumption in the Northwest territory. If the price realized for this exported timber was such as to justify the sacrifice of our last timber resources, it might be excusable, butit is disposed of in com- petition with that produced by cheap labor in northern Europe and other portions of the world, so that the cost of its preparation, de- ducted from its selling price, robs the timber of its standing value and hastens the approach of a timber famine in this country. The export of timber from Virginia, the Carolinas, Georgia, Florida, Louisiana and Texas, as well as the more valuable woods of the in- terior states, may be characterized as the most suicidal commerce -in which a nation ever indulged. What can or ought to be done by the nation, state or your association to arrest this destruction are matters which call for the exercise of the greatest wisdom, and it is of such importance as to justify any and all possible efforts. Coming down to the question of trying to secure aid from either state or nation in any way to establish a system of forest raising, I am free to confess the obstacle, at least, seems to be insurmountable. The experiment tried, a few years ago, of giving away prairie land free to those who would cultivate trees on a small.portion of it, proved such a failure that it will never be repeated; and, looking further into the subject, it would be folly to expect county and town aid for the purpose or, still further, to ask individuals to contribute to stocking somebody else’s land with trees by contribution of any sort. Practically, we have nothing left but to urge upon the owners of land the propriety or necessity of setting apart a portion of his land for the purpose, and systematically engaging in raising trees. If one forty out of each one hundred and sixty acres were devoted to this purpose, in the course of fifteen or twenty years some return would begin, and, carefully husbanded, a perpetual supply of fuel would be found in every part. The influence which such a system 368 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. of forestry would have uppn the health, comfort and wealth of this country cannot be measured. Some effort to replace the destroyed forests will, in the not distant future, become a necessity, but how it will be accomplished time alone can tell. It is to be remembered that recently the government has under- taken to preserve for the future use, under proper restrictions, large areas of timber lands which are, as yet, in the virgin state. A list has been furnished by the department, showing the aggregate to be over 17,000,000 acres, divided as follows in the different states and territories: VAUIEYE) ts Ree ek eo GY et ee 1.801.020.) New, Mexico... 2+. eee 311,040 PASEAUZ ONAL: i tole enters ane 300,020) Oregon .<.. 4G sss54'- eee 4,653,440 Walttornniare. ccc. aman 6,208,020) ~Washinoton, 4-25 ee aoe 967,680 Coloradosn=soestcok aeoeeee 3,101,360 * Wyoming s:i:.2:n2. «ee 1,239,040 How far this policy should be extended to other states, would seem proper for discussion by such bodies as yours. The great Red Lake reservation, ofnorthern Minnesota, as well as other smaller reserves, which are soon to be plated upon the market under exist- ing laws, might be added to the forest reserve; otherwise, they must soon fall before the savage attacks of the energetic lumbermen of our state,assisted by those of Canada. By this means four billion feet of timber might be preserved for future use. Should you un- dertake to secure legislation to this end, you would encounter seri- ous obstruction, both in this state and Canada, as well; for it is a fact that the Canadians, who have cut thousand of millions on the north- ern slope of the state, have had resident side partners who were potent powers in state and national legislation, to open and smooth the way of the Canadian lumbermen in Minnesota. The appalling magnitude of the destruction of timber in the Northwest will, perhaps, be made plainer to you by giving the lumber statistics of the cut of white pine in the Northwest for 1892, saying nothing of the enormous hardwood cut. The number of feet is as follows: On WPigsissippi, above Minneapolis iit ci. 6 o6)s2 voce louie ons 109,863,378 PASE SOLA ED EMCSEU TS OMT 2114 ko cte, cM Ne Sa chk e ls Sa le atn's daha ote thor Uh eee a ore Rie 488,724,624 On main river between Minneapolis and St. Louis.... ... 931,806,305 O pat Sy RC Or obser ghee) Be AA Po At eee MLE AR Se Snare rerstsicn 175,891,427 Denil STE LEAD ghey oO Se Be Sea Set ORME cad tice, See's tS pel aR 240,678,500 Leg @csthej clay g: Wie: We Coy geet Aare ee eC GC cra are Te 298,833,782 TEPID AED UD yA alvole~tncihek ne 5 ae dee RS AE pat oe Ae tole Sie Sen ee Sei Tl. 349,394,000 SME a UL SCH LE LALIT ete cAl Mpy ANY alas vanatsocets wets chaterest okors fee (clas aiet dace inl asoie 73,955,000 PATS EMU ATIC CUS ILC he caterers tleisicie ts sich cl ds < whe bio Mintel ape etelelaln Whroiatuws misiaretefenel 273,229,877 Si atl ee Ora has ralyyayentrecs, cos make cieislete vinta Kisie Mieladule ale 286,311,383 Wasconsim Central ratlavialyee tyson. dem sisteree ole ccttaic vteeieie Segcnieels 301,806,875 eae WY RAC ORAS UE | ILO Y or aa ie aca acne crema ocaiptbnta ioe 6 Po 8 ky capo’ Ally 456,153,872 Amt Ste: DIATIC TANWEY sales fiin)n 1 Mininiplem aise cs «kn cist Vag sician 293,565,541 In‘Red River valley? (Estimated) a. ic. opis ees oupweis wees 100,000,000 Maren to Canada, (IN. iW jim ctr f care ec ceche tects «Saha ages ialn eee 150,000,000 Ota. «hides Pent od ble sdee sl wap SEK Menge tens > Gea ae 4,530,215,565 Gentlemen, from these figures it is apparent that the field open before you is wide, and its cultivation demands all your energy and wisdom. If you can accomplish the objects of your association and Shes t age: FORESTRY. 369 establish a wise and enduring system of afforestestizing our prai- ries and denuded forest lands, you will be entitled to and receive the thanks ofall future generations of Americans. In this work, I bid you God speed. RATIONAL FORESTRY. Delivered at the Annual Meeting of the Minnesota State Forestry Association, Minneapolis, Minn., Jan. 11, 1894. ; Hon. O. S. Whitmore, editor of ‘‘ Hardwood,” Chien, being r introduced, made the following remarks preliminary to read- ing his paper: Mr. CHAIRMAN, LADIES AND GENTLEMEN:—I appreciate the honor of being with you tonight to read a paper on **Practical Forestry,” and while here with you, and knowing the great interest that seems to be awakened on the subject, [ would like, before reading my paper, to make a few prelimi- nary remarks with regard to forestry as exemplified at the World’s Fair and the lessons taught by it, if you will allow me to take up a few moments time. I had the honor of being on the jury of awards, and devoted about sixty days to the fores- try department, and had a chance to study very thoroughly, not only in the native exhibits, but in the foreign exhibits; and we have to congratulate the state of Minnesota on its exhibit and the manner in which it was presented there, and the man- 4 ner in which the educational features were brought out and exemplified every day, and the earnest work which your sec- retary did there while in charge of the exhibit. It was cer- tainly in one way the most unique forestry exhibit in the building, and I am proud to say that the awards you received for Minnesota were handsomely earned. In explanation of the fact that Michigan received twenty-one medals and Minnesota a less number, I would like to say here that it was simply owing to the manner in which the exhibit was entered for award. Michigan was entered as a group exhibit in the name of the state commission simply for one award, then the exhibit was divided up and eatered separately in the name of the different competitors, and each one entered his own exhibit as a Special exhibit, not as competing for an award; thus their awards were divided; but your exhibit was entered there as a whole under three or four heads only, and not by individual exhibitors; hence, the difference in the number of awards. IL wish to explain further that the value of the awards depended upon the points of excellence which were mentioned in the Pe es oe ee ee a 370 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. committee’s report, and, whereas, many of these individual exhibitors from the different states and foreign nations got a medal, your state had a list of points of excellence that ex- ceceeded those of any other one state or nation that entered into competition for an award. (Applause.) It was a great pleasure to my department, and it was a great pleasure to me to write the committee’s report and to make the award. I men- tion this simply as due to the state to know why the award stood as it did. The time is rapidly approaching when rational forestry must com-, mand the attention of every lover of his country, but before that time arrives there must be a better knowledge disseminated as to what the science of forestry really means, or, perhaps, what is more important, what it does not mean. The proper idea has apparently been that it consists of two propositions: First, the suspension of further cutting of the forests of the country, as far as possible to do so, by congressional or legislative action, and by moral forces; second, the indiscriminate planting of trees, with the half-formed idea that in some way or somehow this will pay in the dim future. It must further be taught that the Creator did not cloth the earth with forests from any mere sentimental or esthetic motive, but for the good of His creatures who were to inhabit it to the end of time; therefore, that the forests are grown to be cut for the benefit of man- kind, for fuel with which to cook his food and to warm him in winter, and for lumber with which to build a shelter over his head. These are the actual necessities of humanity if it would be in any degree above a savage; if man would not continue to eat his food raw, dress in skins or woven grass and dwell in caves. These wants of the human animal mark the first step in mental and moral development. The next step, the production of food other than the wild game of the forest, pre-supposes the cultivation of vegetable products suitable for his nourishment. This cannot be done in the uncut forests; and as man’s first wants compel his living in a wooded area, he must destroy a portion of the forest that the ground it occupied might be turned into fields, and ultimately into pastures for tamed beasts suitable for food, as the dependence upon wild game became more precarious and the chase irksome; his de- velopment carrying this point further to include domesticated beasts of burden. Had man been content to go down the ages satisfied with the grati- fication of these simple wants, the inroads upon the forests, even to this day, would be small. But the Great Designer of his destiny de- creed otherwise. It was necessary to man’s perfect development that the finer, the «esthetic part of his nature should be cultivated. This demanded something better than a hut of barkor logs. With this demand came the one for better tools than were found in the stone ax and the saw of shark’s teeth. The metals lay in the earth at his feet. But to utilize them required the further destruction of the for- est to feed the smelting furnace and the forge. The development of FORESTRY. 371 the human race, beginning slowly, increased rapidly for a time, then ebbed almost back to barbarism, again flowing forward, sometimes almost stationary, but always forward to the culmination of the nineteenth century and the year of the White City. The log cabin gave place to the cottage, the cottage to the mansion and palace, The step from’ Lobengula in his grass hut in the wilds of Africa to the White House and lofty dome of the capitol at Washington, is a long one, reaching over centuries, but it covers the story. The forest trail gave place to a bridle path, the path to a road, the ford toa bridge; the canoe and paddle gave place to the ship with sails, and finally the apotheosis of progress came with the modern railway and the Atlantic steamship. Each step upward in the human scale has made its demands upon the timbered area. In all ages the husbandman has been the great destroyer of the forest, and logically so. He has ever been the pioneer. He must first advance into the wilderness and create a demand for a town as a market center,and a demand for lines of transportation. The city is born of the wants of a given territory: Primarily, the settler has cut down the forest, first, to make a shel- ter for himself and family and his various belongings, and, sec- ondarily, to make room for fields and pastures. Incidentally, some portion of the fallen timber has been utilized for economic pur- poses outside his immediate wants; it has gone to build the town that has grown up behind him, to build ships, railways, bridges and vehicles of transportation, and for fuel for towns and manufac- tories. Speaking specifically of our own country, it is only within little more than half a century that lumbering as a special industry has begun to destroy the forest simply for the sake of merchandising its products; but that half century has wrought such violent changes in the states where lumbering as a special business has been fol- lowed, that it has roused the thoughtful to ask the question: What will the end be if the present destruction continues with no attempt made to modify its wastefulness? That there has been wastefulness by lumbermen and farmers is beyond question. But the past is be- hind us; we may deplore its extravagance, but we must admit there are extenuating circumstances. Artificial wants of modern civiliza- tion often made the farmer settler extravagant in his treatment of ‘his woodland, while the professional lumberman has been impelled to the same thing by the necessity of making a profit from his operations. The enormous demand for lumber from non-lumbering sections has forced the production, while costly transportation to market has obliged him to leave all the coarser and low-valued pro- ducts unutilized, not more than 20 per cent. of actual bulk of the forest growth ever producing any profitable return. It is a fact that only quite recently has science discovered the means of utilizing forest waste by converting it into by-products of great value in small bulk, thus overcoming the problem of trans- portation to market at a profit. Until recently the only use of lum- bering waste has been to convert itinto small completely finished articles of every day use, and this could only be done in the older 332 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIBTY. portions of the country, where the market was contiguous, transpor- tation charges small, and lumbering carried on on a small scale. But today there is less excuse for waste. Nevertheless, all discus- sion of rational forestry must begin with the proposition, which is akin to an axiom, that forests were given by the Almighty to be cut for man’s benefit, and that lumbering is a business for profit as much as raising wheat or cotton. 1t must also be granted that the owner of a tract of forest land in fee simple has as much legal right to harvest his crop of trees as the owner of a cultivated farm has to harvest his crop of corn when it becomes ripe in the fall. The state, having once granted the fee to land, cannot control the usu- fruct except by enactment in the original deed of conveyance, which must be understood and assented to by the grantee. But methods of usufruct can and should be controlled by the state. Our hur- ried, feverish national growth has caused this point to be greatly overlooked. Should the state act upon it at once, the further destruction of forests by fire could be practically prevented. To accomplish this should be work for practical, rational forestry. Such points can only be barely suggested in this paper, but they include all methods of both lumberman and pioneer farmer which in any manner imperil the interests of others; while, outside of the mere legal questions, there are great moral obligations relating to the general welfare of the commonwealth, which must be discussed by forestry advocates, and up to which all classes must be edu- cated. And these moral obligations relate not only to the present, but to the generations yet to come. Methods that affect cli- matic conditions, the water supply, destruction of navigable water- ways by producing arid conditions; all these may be legal or sim- ply moral questions. Itis the legitimate province of rational for- estry to determine this by careful discussion and examination, and, having done so, to pursue the remedy. This is a utilitarian age; man works for the profit there is in it. The most rational part of rational forestry relating to existing for- ests as to convince the owner of a forest, be he lumberman or farmer, that it is for his interest to improve upon his present meth- ods of treating it. When he shall be made to see plainly that it will pay him and his children to handle his timber as a periodical crop, to be preserved with care, to be cultivated in a certain sense, to be protected from everything that might endanger it, as he would pro- tect his cornfield from weeds and insects; then will rational fores- try have performed its greatest mission. The work of that branch relating to the mere planting of trees and the reforestation of denuded acres is play in comparison. DISCUSSION. Mr. Dartt: I think it is nice to imitate the honey bee, that is said to be able to draw sweets from almost all of its surround- ings. Ihave one little bit of comfort in this great calamity that is befalling us. The first gentleman told us that the tide of invention was setting in to such an extent that when this SS FORESTRY. ate calamity should about overtake us we would be ready to leap out on the score of modern inventions coming to our rescue to such an extent that we would be able to do without timber. I fell inclined to hang on to that bit of comfort and make the most of it. If that calamity does come, it will bring with it inventions that will help us to get along very comfortably without timber. When that time does come, there will be ad- vantages that we do not estimate now. There will be no danger of fires. Those terrible holocausts that have been and are tak- ing place with our present wooden structures, where hundreds of lives are lost, will be things of the past. There will be a great many ways in which we can slip along without borrowing trouble from this calamity side of the question. We will admit everything, but we will look ahead and try to slip out without suffering. ; Mr. J. A.Sampson: Iam glad thatour friend Dartt has sug- gested the idea of inventions. I would also refer to the paper that was read wherein it mentioned the materials that are com- ing to take the place of wood. J would suggest that the manu- facture of wood pulp be encouraged as far as possible, and it would save timber in a large way. Mr. Ayers: There is another point touched upon several times this evening, and to which I am opposed, and that is that forests have no effect on the climate. It is very easy to get along and let those things follow their course, but itis not my doctrine. I believe the Creator has placed troubles in our way which he wants us to overcome, and he rewards us by making us more prosperous. In regard to the climate, we have no data or any records that were kept in the United States that show anything either way on the question. In Prussia and France records have been kept, and it is found that in the woods, especially in the summer time, the air is much nearer the point of saturation (the point near which rain is precipi- tated) than it is on the prairie; about nine per cent. greater. When the wind blows over the forest itis near the point of precipitation. When such an air comes along almost saturated with moisture that is thrown out by those leaves of trees, we get rain. (| I have talked with about a dozen people who live in Dakota, and they have seen it rain in the timber when they had not a drop of rain where they lived. I believe rain often falls in that way. > Even if it does not, we can see that that belt of timber by giving‘out its moisture to the air and protecting it 374 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 4 against the winds will to a certain degree protect the country ~ lying to the leeward of it; that country so sheltered will not dry out so much. There is another experiment that has been tried as to the actual amount of rainfall, as between the forest or open prairie, near Nancy, France. There ‘was a decided difference. It was found that during the spring there was 13 per cent., 23 per cent. in August and 21 per cent. in October more rainfall in the woods than there was in the exposed country. I know of no reason why we should doubt this; everything seems to accord with common sense and reason. We have heard the statement made here that the amount of rainfall in Minnesota has not ‘changed since the country was opened for settlement, and that the destruction of the woods has no effect on the rainfall. The gentleman who made that statement did not stop to think of the thousands of acres that have been put under cultivation. Now, we have acres and acres of grain that sends down its roots to the water and brings it up to the air, and that to some extent certainly compensates us for the loss of our forests about us. Mr. Dartt: When I settled in Wisconsin a good many years ago the fires ran all over that country. When the fires stopped new growths sprung up, and twenty years afterwards there was more growth there than when it was first settled. There is this about it, when that good time comes when we shall need no timber for building purpose, we can save all of our trees together and thus save the moisture, and now I think that is a sufficient reason why we should not be very much alarmed. Mr. P. B. Walker: It had occurred to me to supplement my | paper with a few remarks, but perhaps there has been enough said on the subject. (Cries of ‘‘Go on,” ‘‘Goon.”) I think it is perfectly safe to say that I have had the largest experience west of the Mississippi River of any man in this room. Ihave spent over half a century west of the Mississippi. My early youth was spent in western Missouri, and during my boyhood with my father in journeying over the treeless plains of Kan- sas, Nebraska, western Missouri, Indian Territory and Texas. I grew up in that country, and in my earlier manhood it was my fortune to roam nearly over all the country lying between northern Iowa and the chaparral country of Texas, and even beyond that. After I grew up to manhood, I traveled over the same plains I had traveled over first when a boy with my FORESTRY. _ 375 father, and until up in the sixties I continued to travel over that country; and looking back over the years that have passed, lam greatly encouraged in the matter of forestry, and lam happy to be able to say to you that from my own personal observation between here and the Gulf of Mexico, there are more than a thousand trees growing now where there was one growing when my father first took me over that country. It is impossible to determine what the original country was, whether wood or prairie. I have during the last fifteen years visited portions of south- ern Kansas and the Indian Territory where my father herded large herds of cattle, and where there was not a tree in sight from our tent door, and now you could not tell, looking in any direction, what there was originally, timber or prairie. This is true, that all that country from the chaparral country of Texas to Kansas today has more than a thousand acres of timber where it had one when | was a boy. The same almost is true of Nebraska. In northern Texas there are great plains reaching many miles from streams, that were originally the herding grounds of cattle; today they are simply forests. Looking from our log cabin where I spent my boyhood on the bottoms of the Missouri River, there was not a tree standing, except some that had been standing when we took possession of that plantation. My father planted some trees here; he planted a large number of cottonwoods and other trees native to that country. I planted trees there when a boy on that old prairie farm. Thirty-five years later I went back. The old cabin had disappeared; there were traces of the old well and the foundation of the chimney, but all around there were mag- nificent trees as big as my body, and you could not tell, looking as far as the eye could reach over the prairles, we could not tell whether it had been a prairie or timber country. The same is true of all the country, and it seems to me that all this timber was created for the wants of man, for fuel and for shelter, and that a good Father stands ready and has already provided by the laws he has established to give it to us. It occurred to me to make these suggestions in view of the discussion we have had here, and I trust I have not been con- sidered as intruding myself upon the society. [Applause]. 376 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY THE BILTMORE FOREST SYSTEM. The first practical application of forest management in the United States has been initiated in North Carolina, known as the Biltmore estate,owned by George W.Vanderbilt and superintended by Gifford Pinchot. It covers 7,282 acres. An illustrated exhibit of it occupied a prominent position at the Columbian Exposition in the forestry building. Mr. Pinchot is a well posted forester and understands what he is about. His report of the first year’s work, commenced May 1, 1893, on this estate is very creditable. It gives an elaborate description of the locality on the French Broad river in the western part of that state, its configuration, its geological deposits, its meteorological peculiarities, its natural species of trees, its injured- forest condition, arising from haphazard cutting of the better trees, frequent fires and the brousing of cattle. Mr. Pinchot says that “at the time when the forest management was begun on the estate, the condition of a large part of the forest was deplorable in the ex- treme,” By cutting such trees as was necessary to begin the improvement amid the widespread chaos, and selling the same for lumber, cord wood and railroad ties, there was realized a balance, net, of $392.40, the first year. Itis presumptive that with judicious and economic management, the profits will augment from year to year, and in- stead of raiding the forest for money considerations, it is fitting it to be a profit investment for all the years to come. A nursery has been established on the estate, already containing more kinds of trees and shrubs than there are in the botanical gar- dens at Kew, near London, and the nnmber is being steadily in- creased. Itis the intention to plant these along the line of a road to be called the “Arboretum Drive.” This road, about five miles in length, will run through some of the most beautiful portions of the estate, and will be lined for a hundred feet on either side by the plants of the collections, making this arboretum the finest in exis- tence. The reader will note with what prudence Mr. Pinchot proceeds in the start. He found the “old spreading trees were seriously injur- ing the young growth below them, and it was impossible to found a system of management on the lives of the older specimens, which, in many cases, were already perishing. It became necessary, there- fore, to institute a series of improvement cuttings which should re- move these older trees, and prepare the way for a working plan under the ‘Regular High Forest System,’ the characteristic of which is that the trees of the same age are grouped together, so that there are (theoretically) as many separate groups as there are years in the age of the oldest trees.” He found two limitations imposed themselves at once. “No older trees could be cut where the young crop was very far from being dense enough to protect the soil, and no cuttings could be made which would cost more than the value of the product. The term of six years was tentatively set for carrying out these cuttings and the inaugurating of the working plan. It was almost impossible to set ee ee FORESTRY. 377 a shorter period, for the reason that in many cases all the old trees could not be cut at once, on account of damage to the future crop; and, for the same reason, not less than five years intervene between the first and second cuttings on the same ground. “So far as can be judged at this early date, the improvement cut- tings seem to have accomplished what was expected of them. The appearance of the forest where they have passed is much improved, and the young trees which have been set free are doing well. But, although it is too early to pronounce definitely upon all of their effects, two facts seem to have been established. These are, that large trees surrounded by a dense growth of smaller ones may be felled and removed with comparatively very unimportant injury to the young crop, and that the additional cost of the necessary care, beyond that of ordinary destructive lumbering, is so small as to be out of all proportion to the result. If this latter fact should be es tablished later on in other parts of the United States, as there seems little reason to doubt that it will be, its importance to the future success of forestry will be very great. Its value in practice is enormous.” Under the Biltmore system the working plan is made elastic. Its general objects are three in number: 1. For profitable production, giving the forest direct utility. 2. A nearly constant annual yield which gives a steady occupation to a trained force under a perma- nent organization, and makes regular operations possible. 3. Im- provement in the present condition of the forest. “These general objects are to be attained by means of two systems of management. On the east side of the French Broad the ‘Regular High Forest System’ will be adopted, and the ‘Selection System’ on the west side. In each case the rotation, or the length of time in which a second crop becomes ripe on the same ground after the re- moval of the first, was fixed at 150 years. Ina theoretically perfect forest, under the ‘Regular High Forest System,’ there would be as many sub-divisions as there were years in the rotation. The trees of each sub-division would be of equal age and would differ from those of the next sub-division by one year. In the present case, for instance, the oldest sub-division, bearing trees 150 years of age, would be ready for the ax; and the cutting, after passing over it and then over all the others in succession, would reach it again at the end of 150 years.” “The ‘Selection Forest’ in its perfect state has trees of all ages mixed together everywhere, instead of being separated into groups of uniform age. The annual yield is taken each year from all parts of the forest. But under such a method transportation would man- ifestly be too costly for American conditions; consequently, the ‘Localized Selection System’ was adopted in its place. Under it the annual yield comes from a restricted portion during several years; then from another portion during a like period, and so on, until the cutting has passed over the whole forest. In the present case the yield will come from one-fifth of the area during each period of five years. Consequently, the cutting will return over the same land once in twenty-five years.” { ae ; 378 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. The object in making the Biltmore case so conspicuous in this re- port is to show that order can be instituted in the forests of Minne- sota, where the conditions are similar. The assurances of success are at least 50 per cent. ahead of the venture in North Carolina. Our lumber territory, our transportation by water and rail, our mill facil- ities, our lumber and fuel markets, are superior in every particular. We have at least a hundred-fold more raw material to utilize than North Carolina or any other southern forested state. What hinders Minnesota, then, from undertaking to commence a forest improvement system, not exactly after the pattern of Bilt more, but as our privilege warrants for business enterprise? We have no time to brood over the ruined condition of our forests, nor to berate any one for producing those conditions. Let us accept the situation and see if we cannot make it pay to bring order out of chaos. We cannot reasonably anticipate that lumbermen will pause in their work to consider experimental methods, or turn back to recon- struct where forest injury has been wrought. Even if they were convinced that scientific forestry is the most profitably economic in the long run, it is questionable whether they would or could con- sistently accept the new responsibilities. Their investments, their chances to compete for the mastery, their lumbering shipments, positively forbid any departure from the lines they are pursuing, as viewed from the pending business standpoint. We must be content with the facts that,really, they are friends of scientific forestry, and do countenance the object we have in view, but are not ready to adopt it. ‘ Need the matter in hand be viewed as merely experimental? Ger- many, France and other European nationalities have demonstrated that scientific forestry pays among the millions to the state, to say nothing of the agricultural advantages accuring therefrom. Minne- sota owns vast tracks of swamp lands, raided by thieves, subject to annual fires that seriously injure the soil; lands which, after the timber is cleared, remain idle, weary and desolate. Is it not practical economy to make them pay something to the state by enhancing their value for sale in the future or, better, by keeping them as re- serves in trust and under constant improvement for the benefit of our successors? Prof. S. B. Green suggests the feasibility of utilizing a large tract, a whole township, perhaps, of the university lands as a branch ex- perimental station in the northern part of the state, located among the lakes there and protected by the native trees. The chances cer- tainly are excellent. Under proper management it would more than pay for itself, and be of immeasureable benefit to the state. Itis ardently hoped that our regents will give the suggestion the delib- erate attention it deserves. ee a Sean FORESTRY. 379 THE FORESTRY SITUATION OF TODAY. J. O. BARRETT, SECY. Delivered before the joint session of the Forestry Association with the Horticul tural Society, Jan. 11, 1894. Never in the history of the forestry movement in Minnesota was it in so promising a position as now. The opposition has largely lulled down, at least to consent, and inquiry is everywhere made re-- specting the best methods of promoting, not only tree culture, but tree preservation, against wanton depredationand fire. Let us not pride ourselves as having gained this impetus by our own efforts alone, as a distinct organization. But for what the fathers of this state accomplished along in the sixties and seventies we would not be where we are, occupying vantage ground. One by one many of these pioneers have passed to their reward, but left their ines- timable example to encourage us. But some are left, thank Heaven, co-operating unfalteringly, having never forsaken their first love. Unjust were we in priding ourselves on some degree of victory, did we not repeat and put on record the fact, that, in the early times and in the darkest hours, when the Forestry Association was pronounced dead and ready for burial, the State Horticultural Society, so like Elisha at the departure of Elijah, took the mantle of responsibility on its shoulders, and the Forestry Association breathed in resurrec- tion and lived to see a brighter day. We cannot too largely credit here, for at every annual meeting of this society our association is recognized as a co-factor in fruit raising by tree protection against adverse winds and undue evaporation, thus conserving humidity for the benefit of crops. The year 1893 demarks a new epoch in forestry. Amid Minnesota’s magnificent exhibits at the World’s Columbian Exposition, stood that of forestry, and we will let it speak for itself. The forestry congresses, where talented representatives of different enlightened nationalities met to consider the vital problem involved, worked along the very lines where we work. The vast multitude that came to inspect the endless variety of wood specimens on exhibition in the forestry building, did not only admire but, evidently, resolved to rehabilitate the waste places of their native countries, and thus utilize the grand movement of placing scientific forestry to the front, where it belongs, initiatory to the twentieth gentury, close at hand. Having thus secured good fighting ground, let us briefly summar- ize the duties before us: First, put this righteous vow on record that the proposition, but crudely carved out a few years ago, to have a forest reserve at the sources of our principal rivers and lakes, is destined to materialize in some shape or other. This association has never givenitup. We yield not a foot of ground to be wasted. We reverently swear the deserts of deforestation shall be made to yield their increase under tree beneficence. Let our object be re- peated here; a dense forest wall to guard our agriculture against the polar winds; a dense roof of foliage, on a vast scale, and a leafy floor under it to forestall devastating floods and conserve the sur- 880 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY plus waters to flow to us when most needed; a canal system thence, ramifying over the state, distributing the water economically to se- cure certainty of paying crops, as in the mountain regions farther west; and the necessary establishment of a forest management un- der the control of the government, whereby the extravagant cutting of our yet remaining commercial timber shall be stopped and install- ments of the fittest of the young timber trees, the pines and oaks es- pecially,shall be saved, and new ones planted and cultivated to per- petuate the lumber industry to our successors. Where is the man or corporation that would defeat so practical and necessary an enter- prise in the name of the people and for the people? Our lumbermen are beginning to understand what we are aiming at, conceding that our object is sincere and our labor a labor of love. They are the party most concerned in this movement, and are best qualified to shape a policy. They deplore the fire scourge and are ready to co-operate with any movement that will forestall or quench it. Then, we must consult them and demonstrate more effectually than ever that our object in promoting their interest is to promote the interest of the state. Butthis gigantic enterprise is only a part of our responsible work. A vast prairie country to the west and north of the Twin Cities is not yet mastered. Comparatively, the trees are thin and scattered, not serving the purpose they might if planted more extensively and densely. Tree planting there must go on until the farmers can un- failingly raise clover; until, with this start, they can profitably engage in the dairy industry, asin the more southern portions of the state, where trees are more plentiful; until they discover they can raise something beside wheat, that does not pay costs; until our extreme heat of summer and cold of winter are thereby mitigated, coming to us with healthful humidity on their wings. Beara hand, then, for our cause is the cause of the people’s prosperity. FOREST SAVING VS. FOREST RAISING. PLATT B. WALKER, MINNEAPOLIS. The most important obstacle in the way of any system of forestry —by which we mean the cultivation of trees for ordinary domestic uses—lies in the question of taxation. There is always to be con- sidered the relation which exists between the cost of production and the market value of the product. It is, therefore, proper in con- sidering the subject of tree planting to estimate its cost. The first item would be the cost of the land and the interest thereon, say, for twenty-five years. Then comes the expense of preparing the land for this use; next, the cost of procuring and planting the trees. Then comes the protecting of the trees from stock—in other words, fencing. In the prairie section, the protection from damage by fire would also be an important item. Then, last but by no means least, comes the question of taxation. Estimating the value of a crop of trees produced by cultivation in a period of twenty-five years by the market value of trees in the ee FORESTRY. 381 Middle States, the trees produced would not pay the taxes at the rate now imposed on timber lands in the pine regions of Michigan, Wisconsin and Minnesota. There is not a grove in the three states today, which, at present or prospective value, a business man would think of holding and paying taxes on for a quarter of a cen- tury. The squatters on the pine sections of these states, with the power of taxation vested in them by the state, render such preser- vation of forests out of the question and preclude the possibility of any general system of forestry, such as is practiced in Europe. Undoubtedly, any reduction of taxation would be difficult, if not impossible, to obtain. The new and popular fad of levying all taxes on land is much more likely to obtain than that there will be any movement made to induce land owners to husband their timber for future use. The present system is simply a premium on timber destruction which is offered by the state. Nothing could be farther from the true interests of the people, especially the agricultural classes, than the taxation of timber lands, and to them it owes its existence,and they seem to favor every move to increase the bur- den. These lands will soon be denuded and fire swept as the legitmate fruits of their system. There is no comfort in the reflection that they will soon reap the reward of their folly, because it will fall upon allclasses. Better far that the state should provide not only exemption from taxation, but pay a premium to those who would preserve for future use the timber we now have, than to inaugurate a new and expensive system of bounties for tree planting. The in- terest on the investments will more than keep pace with the en- hancement of value by growth of timber. The circumstance that these lands, for most part, are worthless for agriculture or grazing and will soon have no value whatever to state or owner, is a matter of serious import. Under present conditions they are worthless as a permanent investment. These truths may subject the writer to the silly charge that they are written in the interest of the pine land owner. To suppose this were true does not alter the facts, for it is plain that, while it is to the interest of the public to have forests preserved, it is equally true that it is not to the interest of the owner of pine land to hold it and carry the burden of taxation imposed by the public. Taxation on lands should be proportioned to the income derived from them, and measured by this rule, no pine land would pay taxes; its growth hardly pays the interest on its cost. The fact that the government sold these lands so cheap that many purchasers realized fortunes by investing in them, is a matter hardly worth mentioning in this connection, as it cuts no figure in solving the problem of how to secure a supply of timber for future use and conserve the public interests in the health and wealth-producing influences of forests. To their influence, it is claimed, we owe a heavy percentage of our rainfall. What the result is to be when they are hewn down and their place occupied by an arid sandy plain, remains to be seen; but it cannot be too severe as a reward for the folly of this generation. 382 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. It would seem that such conditions ought to occupy the attention of the Society of Forestry of Minnesota, rather than the study of the question of how to produce forests after we have reduced the state to a condition where it will become the chief question to be dis- cussed. Minnesota now has in existence forests enough, not only to supply her own want at home but some to spare for market, if they are only husbanded as they should be under the fostering care of the state and individal owners. So far as these owners are concerned, their interests are incommon with the public, but if the state can afford to force the destruction of the timber, these owners can do nothing but submit; but they neither can nor will submit any longer than is required to cut and market abroad the last stick under their con- trol. They would be something more than merely ordinary, pru- dent business men, who do not want their property confiscated for the general benefit of the publc, if they failed to slaughter the tim- ber as fast as the market could be made to absorb it at home or abroad. They are entering no complaints whatever, but they “keep sawing wood just the same.” In closing this article, Iwish to expressa regret that the forestry branch of the state university, which would seem to be the only practical organized body to handle the subject, has not, as yet, called the people of the state to the existing condition and impend- ing destruction of our forests. The scientific study of the subject ought not to so far monopolize the attention of the student, that the practical work and necessity therefor should be the paramount topic. The farmers’ sons who receive the course ought to be there converted into practical foresters, whose knowledge covers the whole field from a simple American business standpoint, rather than try- ing to load down their ‘memories with whole lexicons of unpro- nounceable Greek and Latin terms. The state needs practical foresters rather than lawyers, doctors, preachers, actors and “pro- moters.” THE PREMIUM PLAN OF FOREST RESERVATION. J. O. BARRETT, SECRETARY. The author of the article herein, entitled “Forest Saving vs. Forest Raising” is one of the leading lumbermen of Minneapolis, thor- oughly posted in that branch of industry, and, as his article shows seriously deplores the existing conditions, and is ready to co-oper- ate in any conservative forestry movement that is business-like. If, asI doubt not, he utters the sentiment of lumbermen generally, there is a sure prospect that they too will not consent to have an “arid sandy plain” occuping the place where once the grand old woods stood. The pivot of Mr. Walker’s argument is that the tax upon the tim- ber lands is so heavy the owners cannot afford to preserve the grow- ing timber longer than the profits of the present market warrant; nor hold the lands, on account of the tax, afterthetimberis cut. I trust that I correctly state his prémises. If the burden of taxation i”. FORESTRY. 383 is the main cause of the woful neglect to save the remainder of our forests from an absolute wreck, then, in the name of common sense, let the tax system be so adjusted as to be an inducement to men to cease their persistent vandalism, and repent of their sins “before it is everlastingly too late.” Mr. Walker demands that “taxation should be proportioned to in- come.’ A just law that, and the farmers call for it more strongly than any other class. But, on the data of such a law, the farmer naturally asks of the gentleman, “would you or your coadjutors maintain that no tax should be levied on the lumberman’s timber lands, and, if such lands were exempt, would you or they preserve the forest by virtue of that taxexemption? Ifthe competition of the lumber industry is so intense that there is not profit margin enough in paying the tax, should the people of the state be held responsible for the ill luck? As the lumbermen do make profits, yet paying the tax, would ‘the leopard change his spots’ when the taxis lifted? On the contrary, would we not expect that the policy of saving the forest by non-taxation would, if applied, result in greater destruc- tion of our forests because of the surety of greater profits?’ These are pertinent questions. But Mr. Walker suggests a happy departure, and builds wiser than he designed, perhaps. “Better far that the state should pro- vide not only exemption from taxation, but pay a premium to those who would preserve the timber we now have than to inaugurate a new and expensive system of bounties for tree planting.” : If he would take one more step forward—encourage the retention of bounty for tree planting on our prairies, and extend the system to our native forests, that is, “pay a premium to those who would preserve the timber we now have,” the Forestry Association would feel that we surely have a Gladstone in the ‘Lumber House’ to lead the van of victory over the forest vandals. Surely we are not far apart. If he and the rest of his profession will lead off, or back the association in a bill at the next legislature to inaugurate the “ pre- mium system” for forest preservation, the tree reformation will have dawned. Possibly Mr. Walker’s premium plan would take the precedence of lumber profits by lumber risks; and that the remnant of our for- ests would be saved and put on the scale of extension on all non- agricultural lands. Would the premium plan pay? That’s the question to meet in the legislature. Would not the objection arise at once and fall upon it in one crushing blow, that it is unwise and impractical for a state to pay a man for improving his cwn land by tree preservation? But the state has already committed itself to paying the prairie farmer. Where the benefits accrue only to the proprietor, it would indeed be unwise and impractical. A forest is not like a crop of corn or potatoes; it concerns the interests of all the people, and the people, therefore, have just reason not only to encourage tree plant- ing by bounties or otherwise, butto determine where the forests shall be planted and how managed for the most beneficial effects. The legislature ought to understand the great uses of forests in 3884 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. conserving our water sources, in manufacturing soil, in staying devasting floods, in softening down cyclonic storms, in furnishing atmospheric humidity, in supplying the people with fuel and lum- ber and scores of other benefits that cannot be safely ignored. In some parts of Europe, we are informed, where forestry is re- duced to a profitably practical system, the government rewards the proprietor of a forest in installments, for a series of years, to preserve it intact, he using some of the coppice and rotting down wood, if any, for his personal needs. The private forests are thus placed under governmental supervision, allowing no destruction of any of the valuable timber; and when said timber is matured, the goverment cuts and markets enough of it to getits pay back. Thus the pro- prietor is encouraged to plant and conserve his forest by getting a premium in advance, and the goverment subsequently makes itself whole, and the people have the climatic benefit of it. Some such plan seems to beournecessity. It certainly removes the objection of paying out money without a money equivalent returned. TREE PLANTING IN THE RED RIVER VALLEY. Many residents ofthe Red River valley have had much difficulty in raising planted trees, greatly to their discouragement. When trees naturally grow along some of the rivers there, it should inspire them with hope. Evidently, where failure occurs, it is due to improper management. Of course, if their purchased trees are defective, and they are apt to be so when purchased of unscrupulous tree peddlers, or damaged by exposure to sun heat while planting, by shabby planting or by neglect to cultivate after planting, the trees will die, and that speedily. The following extract from a paper by Rev. O. A: Th. Solem, at the forestry session of the Horticultural Society, Janu- ary 11, 1894, gives a sure index of success in that valley under right management. Halstad, where this forester lives, is located in Nor- man county, 47% degrees north latitude.—Secy. Barrett. “Six years ago, I made an attempt to plant evergreens, but was careful not to procure trees from the canvassing agents. I gave my order to a responsible and highly recommended nursery. My trial order gave entire satisfaction, and as a result I now have several thousand trees of different varieties. Last year I had the pleasure of distributing a goodly number of these trees among my friends. “T now have sixteen different varieties of evergreens, ranging from two inches to five feet in height, a majority of which seem to be thrifty and doing well. Scotch pine grows very rapidly. ‘Colorado blue spruce’ grows quite slow, but pleases and engages my atten- tion the most. It is my intention to secure as many as possible of this fancied variety. I have quite a number of this variety from seed. Of deciduous trees, I have a vast assortment, such as elim, American linden, American larch, red cherry, European birch, etc. American larch grows very rapidly here. Red cherry and European birch remain unmolested as yet, but I cannot give any definite opin- ion as to their hardiness, this being the first winter of my experi- ence with this variety. FORESTRY. 385 “T planted a portion of black locust seed last spring. These grew to a height of about eighteen inches, and have not as yet been in- jured by frosts. I noticed that a few of these black locust seedlings had been slightly nipped by the frost, while others remained en- tirely untouched. “Black walnut trees planted four years ago were slightly touched by frost the first spring after being planted; since that have re- mained thrifty and uninjured. “The interest taken in tree culture increases each year, and my at- tention has been called to the fact that more trees were planted last spring than at any other time in the history of the Red River valley; but I cannot refrain from expressing regret in the face of the fact that cottonwood trees are. planted in excess of any other kind, well knowing from personal experience and observation that the cotton- wood is the least adapted to the soil and climate of this country.” FOREST EDUCATION AND ADMINISTRATION IN EUROPE. N. F. BRAND, STATE UNIVERSITY. When civilized man first entered Europe he found the forest reign- ing there supreme. Under the Romans these forests were little disturbed, and upon the fall of Rome a part even of the lands re- claimed were allowed to lapse back to the forestal condition. Even after the northern conquerors had settled down and had begun to partially imitate the civilized ways of the conquered—throughout the middle ages—the forest was not much encroached upon; be- cause of the sparseness of population and the languishing condi- tion of commerce and manufactures. But when Europe aworke from her sleep of a thousand years and commerce and civilization began to renew their old-time activity, then the destruction of the forests began in earnest; and by the mid- dle of the seventeenth century the French government, in order to avert the speedy annihilation threatened, was obliged to issue the celebrated Forestry Ordinance of 1669. Instead of the former hap- hazard cutting of timber, a plan was then instituted which prevailed for over acentury. The forest was divided into blocks, one of which was deforested each year andreplanted. Great results were anticipat- ed from the operation of this system, and fora time it did well; but after a century’s trial, its defects began to beseen. Though the acreage of available forest was preserved the same from year to year, yet the individual trees of later generations were smaller and poorer in quality than were those standing when the ordinance was promulgated. Because of the failure to apply scientific principles, the breed was fast running out. France had meanwhile ceased to be the scientific center of Europe, and Germany had takenits place. In the latter part of the eigh- teeth century a succession of able German scholars turned their at- tention to foresty. Foremost among these were Hartig and Cotta. By these eminent men the forest was dealt with from a truly scien- tific standpoint. The several blocks were to be variously treated ac- cording to the differing nature of their soils, elevations, exposures, 386 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. climates and drainage conditions. Scientific principles were to be applied at every point, “rotation” of timber crops introduced, and the defects of the French system remedied. But under the new sys- tem the forests might no longer be managed by land-owners and lumbermen, but by a trained army of forest experts; and there must be schools in which to train this army. Cotta set himself to the task. In 1811, he founded the first public forestry school at Tharand, in Saxony. From Tharand, the mother school, went forth the foun- ders of the schools which in the next few years sprang up all over Europe; first in Germany, then in Russia, Austria, France, Switzer- land and most of the other countries. Russia has four schools, one of them located on the arid steppe, which the government is trying in some measure to forest. Austria has nine government schools and over eighty private schools. Even bankrupt Spain and Italy have one each. Only Engiand, Turkey and some of the fourth class powers are without them. FORESTRY EDUCATION. And now as to the education imparted at these schools. Take the mother school of Tharand as a good example, and what I say of it willapply in general to most of the other forestry schools of Eu- rope. He who seeks admission as a student must be a graduate ofa German high school, and must have spent at least six months in the service as a forest guard. Then he is admitted to a course of study covering two and one-half years. The studies pursued are divided into three groups; fundamental sciences, professional sciences and additional sciences. I. FUNDAMENTAL SCIENCES. Under the head of fundamental sciences, he is taught the appli- cation of the physical and mathematical sciences to forestry. Applied chemistry teaches him of the chemical composition of forest soils, the chemical changes occurring in the growth and de- cay of trees, and the engredients needed by different varieties. Ap- . plied minerology teaches him to distinguish the different minerals which enter into forest soil; while applied botany introduces him to the special botany of forest trees. In applied zodlogy the stu- dent learns of the various beasts and birds inhabiting the Saxon forests, both useful and injurious; the useful part which some in- sects play in the formation of forest mould and in the destruction of decaying wood and obnoxious vegetation; and,on the other hand, he studies the insects injurious to timber and the approved methods of destroying them. That the forester may not be tempted to leave the lonely forest and return to the gay world, the student is taught all the secrets of the chase and the huntsman’s art, how to use and care for the hound and rifle. And lastly, in applied meteorology, the elements of cli- mate upon forest growth, and the climatic influence of forests upon a) '?' = =. ae os > 2 a FORESTRY. 387 adjacent regions are all duly considered. And thus, as applied sciences, the various fundamental sciences are made the hand- maidens of forestry. 2. PROFESSIONAL SCIENCES. The second group of sciences studied is that of the professional sciences. The educated forester must not only be able to apply the various physical sciences to his work, he must also be able to use the technical rules of forestry embodied in the so-called profes sional sciences. In the first of these, history and literature of forestry, he is made acquainted with the details of the history of forestry systems, the rise and fall of forests in all lands and ages and the voluminous works on the science in all European tongues. Forest culture treats of the seeding of new plantations, cultivation, thinning and trim- ming. In fact, under the head of forest culture is considered about all of what to us Americans constitutes forestry. In forest fi- nances the student learns how to dispose of the thinnings and ripe timber to advantage; the rules governing the payment of forest guards and officials; the approved mode of transmitting the forest moneys, and the ways of keeping forest accounts. Political economy is studied from the point of view of the forest. The production, distribution, exchange and consumption of forest products alone is considered, as well as the economic bearings of the forest upon the general commerce of the world. Under forest administration is considered the composition of the forestry corps, the relation of that body to the general administration of the king- dom, the division of the forest into districts and sub-districts, and methods of supervision, The student is also taught forest mensura- tion—the measurement of lumber, standing trees and plots of timber. He must also know the game laws of the kingdom, and the reg- ulations to prevent forest fires and the trespassing of stock, em- braced under the head of forest police. 3. ADDITIONAL SCIENCES. The third group of studies, the additional sciences, are not direct- ly connected with the subject of forestry. They comprise general finance, Saxon law, rural economy and meadow culture. 4. EXCURSIONS AND OPERATIONS. In addition to the regular lectures, recitations and studies, cer- tain days of the year are set apart for excursions; when the students: under the lead of their instructors, pass from forest to forest, noting the practical application of the principles dealt with in class. Also, whenever there is any important undertaking on hand, such as the building of a forest bridge or the preparation of a new plat for planting, the school will be called to the scene of operations and the senior scholars will be allowed to assist in the work. : 388 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Having finished the above mentioned studies the student is grad- uated; but heis not yet allowed to enter the forestry service as a commissioned officer. He must pass from five to six years in the forest before he can do that. Then after passing a final examina- tion he receives his commission as overforester, and the way to pro- motion is open. THE ADMINISTRATION. Just one word as to the service to which he is then admitted. In Saxony and in most of the European countries it is constituted as follows: The commissioned officers are recruited entirely from the schools. They are of four grades; overforesters, forest-masters, overforest-masters and directors. All the forests of the country are controlled by one or more directors residing at the capital. Each separate forest is entrusted to an overforest-master; the dif- ferent districts of the forest to forest-masters; and the sub-dis- tricts or compartments to overforesters. These commissioned officers wear a uniform, rank with the army and navy officers and receive in some cases even higher pay, and are held in the highest respect by the community. Each overforester works his compartment with the aid of various subordinates, foresters, under-foresters, guards, planters, and for- estry graduates, the rank and file of the forest army. OUTLOOK FOR AMERICA. A closing word, gentlemen, as to the application of this subject to American affairs. America has but just awakened; but she is awake. Witness the state parks set aside recently in New York, Wis- consin and California, and the attempts in that direction in Minne- sota. Witness the recent creation of forest reserves by the national government in Colorado, Wyoming, Arizona, Utah, Oregon, Wash- ington and California; and similar work attempted in Minnesota. And lastly, witness the study of forestry taken up in the schools of the country, and in this particular Minnesota has not lagged behind but stands fairly in the front rank. One of the few courses given in forestry in America is given at our Minnesota School of Agri- culture. Prof. Green conducts a forestry class three days in the week, for a period of twelve weeks each year. This is buta taste of the subject, and that more from the agricultural than from the for- estal point of view. And yet that taste is sufficient to make the stu- dent the friend of the forest instead of its natural enemy, as man is said to be; and to inspire him with aspirations for a fuller forestry education and a better administration of our forests; and, thus, this work at St. Anthony Park, it is to be hoped, may be the seed from which a good school of forestry may sometime spring up in Minnesota. —"T FORESTRY. 389 A MOVEMENT TO PREVENT FOREST FIRES. Report of a meeting held at the Commercial Club rooms, in St. Paul, Oct. 3, 18H. PREPARED BY J. O. BARRETT. What the Horticultural Society and Forestry Association for many years have agitated and plead for, is realized sooner than any of us anticipated. The late terrible calamity at and around Hinckley, whereby hundreds of men, women and children and millions of dol- lars’ worth of valuable property were burned up, have touched the hearts of our people, not for the relief of the bereft sufferers alone, but for a determined effort to avert such destruction for the future. The Commercial Club of St. Paul initiated a call fora mass fores- try meeting in that city on the third of October, 1894, to consider measures for the prevention of forest fires and the preservation of the forest resources of the state. So far as possible, it is of historic importance that the names of the men who came as representatives of business and reform institutions should be put on record. There were present President W. J. Footner, Capt. H. A. Castle, C. H. Chit- tenden, B. Sommers and Secretary McGinnis of the St. Paul Com- mercial club; E. W. Peet, C. C. Andrews, J. D. Ludden, R. C. Jefferson and E. J. Hodgson, of the St. Paul Chamber of Commerce; Col. C. H. Graves of Duluth and H. H. Hart of St. Paul, both members of the state fire relief commission; President John H. Stevens, Secretary J. ©. Barrett, O. F. Brand of Faribault, N. F. Brand of the State Uni- versity, William R. Dobbyn of Minneapolis and Prof. S. B. Green of the State University, members of the State Forestry Association; A. W. Latham, secretary of the State Horticultural Society; Prof. Con- way McMillan and Prof. Hays, of the State University; William Powell, C. S. Cairns, B. F. Nelson, H. B. Hodson and J. T. Hemphill, representing the Minneapolis Board of Trade; C. H. Pratt of Minne- apolis, L. O. Tomblar of Wyoming, Minn.; John Cooper of St. Cloud; H. B. Ayres of Carlton, Minn., who is a representative of the Forestry Division of the United States Department of Agriculture; Maj. W. A. Jones, United States engineer in charge of the rivers and harbors of the Northwest; Maj. Joyce of lowa, who has lumber interests at Shell Lake, Wis.; A. M. Hannaford, Claremont, N. H.; A. H. Lee of Minne- apolis, Prof. Phelps of St. Paul and Charles C. Brown of Duluth. Earnest and co-operative letters were read by Secretary McGinnis, among them one from Hon. W. W. Barrett, superintendent of irriga- tion, forestry, fish and game of North Dakota, who urged a country- wide action along the lines embodied in the call; from Hon. A. Bier- man, state auditor,who said he believed “the railroad and lumbercom- panies would willingly co-operate in preserving the state forests;” from Prof. J. H. Winchell, state geologist, expressing “the hope that the meeting might result in something effective.” He estimates that three-fourths of the northern part of the state has been devastated by these fires, and urged that some measures be taken, not only to prevent the destruction of the natural forests, but to cultivate the areas on which young trees are now growing, and says he will be glad to co-operate in any plan that may be adopted looking to these ends. Prof. E. B. Fernow, Chief of the Forestry Division at Washington, D. C., outlined a practical method by which to re- 390 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. duce forest fires toa minimum. He advocated radical and deter- mined action. He significantly stated that paper legislation would do no good; there must be a well organized forestry department and money to pay forit. The railroads and lumbermen should co-oper- ate, being equally interested with the government and the state at large. Gen C. C. Andrews in a valuable paper called attention to the appalling calamity caused by the forest fires in our state, urging some wise measure to prevent the recurrence of anything so awful. “ Minnesota itself owns 1,269,000 acres of timber land, granted by congress for educational purposes. Although only 20 per cent, probably, of the original pine remains, it is, nevertheless, a vast property,and shows the great direct pecuniary interest our state has in this subject. About 25,000,000 acres of the surface of Min- nesota is natural forest land. The greater part of this is pine, or only suited for pine, and, although the best of the original trees have been cut—trees, many of them, which were 200 years in maturing—yet, if what is left can be cared for from now on under regular forestry management, it will bea rich and permanent re- source, affording remunerative labor for many thousands of people.” Quoting various authorities as to the extent of Minnesota forest fires, the speaker went on to score the general government in selling timber lands at a nominal rate, and contrary to all business or moral ideas. He gave a summary of European forestry, from which most of our ideas are borrowed. The forestry systems of New York» New Hampshire and Maine were then briefly reviewed, and those states complimented upon the work accomplished. Said the gen- eral: “Those three states should be honored for their enlightened action in respect to forestry. Minnesota has far greater forest interests than either of them, and would derive credit before the country, if she could improve upon their plan, es- pecially as to the prevention of fires. Let the subject be agitated by commercial organizations and by literary societies in institutions of learning. Let all the light be obtained that is possible. Also, as the general government still holds about 5,000,000 acres of timber land within our state, an intelligent public senti- ment should strongly support our Minnesota senators and representatives in their efforts to have congress adopt an efficient forestry system to operate in harmony with the plan that may be devised by our own legislature.” J. O. Barrett, Sec’y of Forestry Association, set forth the impor- tance to the state of preserving the forests, and submitted the bill introduced by Senator Allen two years ago. This bill provides for a forestry commission, especially equipped to prevent fires by means of patrols; indemnities, fire wardens, etc. It fixes the respon- sibilities of railroads, compelling them to use spark arresters, clear their rights of way from inflammable material,and holds them liable for damages arising from neglect of law. Provisions are made cov- ering danger from camps of lumbermen and hunters, compelling all such to clear a space of twenty feet radius. Cigars and pipes are forbidden in the woods during the danger season, and hunters are compelled to use non-combustable wads. Stringent provisions are also made against firing felled pieces, meadows and grassy spots during the season when danger may be apprehended. In con- clusion, Mr. Barrett advocated the following: “ More resorvoirs in our state to economize our surplus water, which in the spring runs to waste in the form of devastating floods, to be used for irrigation and navigation by a canal system. “More encouragement for tree-raising on our open prairies, and especially along our river shores and bluffs. “Congressional and state legislation to develop and preserve dense and vast tracts of forests at the sources of our principal rivers, on all non-agricultural and non-mineral lands in our northern woods, but open for railroads and for sales of matured and surplus timber of any sort to lumbermen and manufacturers under wise and economic management. “The extention of our tree bounty law in such a way for forest culture on our prairies or on all needful places in our woodlands, that the acreage may be safely increased, that all parties receiving bounty money for such planting or saving of —. =, > j FORESTRY. 391 trees shall give security to the state, the forest commissioners supervising, so that the premiums advanced in defined installments shall be reimbursed with or without interest by the state selling matured or surplus timber enough thereon to cover such expenditure. “Practical forestry introduced into our educational curriculum. “Por the successful projection of these enterprises under this or some better sys- tem of work, the Forestry Association, that for nearly twenty years has toiled so hard to accomplish, respectfully and earnestly pleads for co operation of lumber- men especially, in unity of force, to the end that human life and property in our woods or on our prairies may no longer be sacriflced or menaced by fires, and that practical forestry, with its sequential humidity and climatic healthfulness may be madea most prominent feature of our legislative policyin our then most en- riched and more beautiful Minnesota.” THE RESERVOIRS. Maj. W. A. Jones said:— “The great reservoirs of the Mississippi are successfully accomplishing the work for which they were designed. In this, the dryest year on record, they are delivering into the river, during a period of ninety days, about 2,200 cubic feet per second in excess of what would otherwise berunning. This is equivalent to about 1,425,000,000 gallons per day. They are insuring a good navigable river from St. Paul to Lake Pepin, and are creating the anomaly of a good riverin its upper reaches which cannot be reached by the ordinary steamboats on the river below because of a lack of water there. “The benefits of these reservoirs do not stop with navigation. They are far- reaching, and extend to the point of being a potent factor in forest preservation. No time should be lost in extending the system to the Minnesota and Red River of the North. The forests furnish a crop standing ready for the harvest; the product is a necessity to civilized man; there is nothing in sight to replace it. It isa straight business proposition to so regulate the harvest that only what is fully ripe should be reaped, and a new crop cultivated in its place. It is a per- fectly feasible matter to perpetuate it. [tis still more of a business proposition to prevent, as much as possible, the destruction and waste of the product. “The climate of Minnesota is more than ordinarily dry, and her forests are thus very much exposed to damage by fire. It is not reasonable to expect that this danger can be whollyaverted. But it can be minimized, and that to such a point as to abolish the great danger to human life. But we cannot readily get some- thing for nothing here below, and it will be best to figure on paying out some money for the preservation of our forests and the lives of our people.’ The matter can only be handled through legislation. The law must provide an organization, together with sure and reasonable penalties. During the danger season the for- ests must be patroled and watched. It might perhaps be wise to combine fire wardens and game wardens in single individuals. There should be a sharp pen- alty inflicted on each and every party who is responsible for starting a fire in the forest. The law should provide an organization of persons, and, above all things, the money for apprehending and punishing offenders.”’ TALKS AND RESOLUTIONS. Prof. Conway McMillan, state botanist, contributed valuable sta- tistics, respecting the causes of forest fires and the ratios of popu- lation per square mile in different nationalities and states, showing in northern Minnesota there is but one male adult in every ten square miles of territory; hence, he agreed that the sparseness of population in Minnesota forests makes their protection much more difficult. Forest fires are not entirely preventable. In Germany, where the best management is in force, fires still occur. They can, however, to some extext, be guarded against and controlled. How to do this must be determined, not upon continental models, but by the development of American methods suited to American condi- tions. It is probable that no forest reserve, forest police or forest warden system yet proposed would be effective. The prevention of fires was a business matter and must have the support of business men. There must be a general arousing of interest or nothing would be accomplished. Talking would do no good and there must bea simple, practical plan proposed. John Cooper, of St. Cloud, thought the prevention of forest fires was entirely practicable with the co-operation of the people of the forest districts. 392 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. E. S. Chittenden introduced a resolution providing for the appoint- ment of a committee of five to draw up a suitable law for the prevention of fires, and endeavor to secure its passage during the coming winter. C. S. Cairns, of Minneapolis, seconded the motion to adopt the resolution, and urged the appointment of men of political influence, urging that such a committee would have much more influence than any other. Col. J. H. Stevens roasted the last legislature for rejecting the bill for the protection of forests drawn by the Forestry Association, and introduced by Senator Allen, and said that if it had been passed, he believed Hinckley would have been in existence today. He believed the Commercial Club had taken the proper step in first agitating public sentiment in favor of such a law before it was introduced. Col. C. H. Graves thought that the coming legislature would be ready to listen to any reasonable demands in the way of protection, though, of course, they would encounter a great many obstacles in the way of pecuniary interests, vested rights and all that sort of thing; but the only way was to handle the question with an iron hand, just as infectious diseases are handled. Prof. W. M. Hays, of the State Experiment Station, spoke of the effect on the soil, and differed with those who contend that the fires benefitted the soil, and held that, in the aggregate, the soil of all kinds was much damaged by the burning over. Prof. S. B. Green said it was time for the state to step in and by experiments determine what the lands from which the trees have been cut can be used for. There is no accurate detailed information on the subject now. For the protection of the standing forests he advocated something in the nature of a police patrol, the details of the plan to be left to a practical commission. Prof. W. R. Dobbyn said the Forestry Association found when they started out that the first move necessary was to create a forestry sentiment, of which there was none. After some years work they have come to a better understanding with the lumbermen and others opposed to them, and with the emphasis added by the Hinckley disaster, he thought the sentiment would pass the law this winter. He deprecated the appointment of a legislative com- mittee of politicians, and wanted the members selec‘ed from the business interests. Mr. Ayers, a forestry expert from Carlton, thought Mr. Fernow’s idea of destroying the tree tops and other debris impracticable, and the expense to the lumbermen would be almost as great as the log- ging operations themselves. He thought a hearty co-operation be tween the people in the forests would be far more practicable than legislation. Mr. Joyce, of lowa, manager of a big lumber company near Shell Lake, said every logger should be required to burn the tops of the trees in the spring. They would find it for their own interest as well as that of the public. The resolution by Mr. Crittenden was adopted and so was a resolution by Prof. Green declaring that‘prac- tical forest management contemplated the use of the timber for the public and its reproduction on the land after such use.” . + Pas eS ne A - Collec tionof apples (amateur).5th, $4.00 “ hybrids sf Ist, 10.00 Duchess of Oldenburg apples . 3d, 50 Wealthy ~3 cous 1.00 Haas aes yr ct 1.00 Fameuse ‘6 es ee 50 Malinda ae? 5, 50 Virginia ee 0 «, 1.00 Florence 6 ees -50 Lou one Seeley 1.50 Early Strawberry eer Pie 10 5 50 Minnesota bmg. (318 50 Totals: vss cdacrhatan sees $21.50 E. H.S. Dartrr, Owatonna, Minn,: Collection of apples (prof.).....4th, $15.00 ‘Sih Dridst isis -.eee 4th, 4.00 Tetofsky apple... Ist, 2 00 Duchess of Oldenburg 6 ee ee 2.00 Wealthy Ow ods 1.00 Whitneys st See 1.00 Minnesota % 1st, 1.50 Collection of hybrids and sib- erian seedlings.. Bocce dee eaelne 5.00 Totaly ee. ceoe cet auceat eres $31.50 M. M. FRISSELLE, Eureka, Minn.: Delaware SPAPC. oe seer seen ee eee 2d, $2.00 INGLE yi Hei ee 6 Seles ae wee stan ants : 1.00 (Rota aiaccs &- nealaale carrecera $3.00 Fk. G. Goutp, Excelsior, Minn.: Transcendant apple..........+. 2d, $1.00 Virginia Ist, 1.50 Hysl op ls a REA OP eo 3d, 50 Rollingstone plum. ........... 3d, 50 Collection cut flowers .......... 3d, 3. ce roses, 6 varieties.... 2d. 3. Twelve in. basket of flowers... 1st, 10 Total \.peees seavaacmenea tee $19. Jno. S. HArkts, LaCrescent, Minn.: Collection apples (prof.).. . Ist, $30.00 ss hybrids, ete. (prof. ) 2d, 8.00 Utters By QPP \ nine. stas 2d, 1.00 Rollins’ Pippin ihc oat ie tied 2d, 1.00 OSErOHON Go. Lo | ei eet 2d, 1.00 Antinovka Rein cee ee 3d, .50 McMahon White SOR Sees 3d, 50 Okabena sf i 3G, 1.00 Walbridge WS Stes che ein 3d, 50 Powers . ON hoa Se Ist, 1.50 Fameuse Sse aucitt Chia 2d, 1.00 Collection seedling apples.....1st, 15.00 Fall variety apple, seedling. .. ad, 3.00 Winter variety « 20; (AGS Go Total. .... er ROAST ONLI te Flinn HOPE EW IOS ENT BA ee te a a ee Ee eee ate Se [7 Variety. Premium. Amt. R. C. KEEt, Rochester. Minn.: Collection of uel (prof.).... 3d, $20.00 hybrids,etc.(prof. Ist 10.00 Tetofsky apple. 2d, 1.00 Duchess of Oldenburg WCAG 1 00 Lieby ogee 3S 1.00 Haas or = wy BOs -50 Gilbert whe. 22 bSte 2.00 Autumn Streaked re eee ons 71 -50 Red Queen Sr cash 2.00 Rollins’ Prolific eee ot 1.00 Hyslop Sf meee OE 1.90 Florence sf eae oe 1.50 Martha Se 1.00 eon seedlings, apples.. 3a. 5.00 hybrids. “ete seedI'gs Ist, 10.00 Winter variety, seedling....... 1st, 15.00 otltins? RiSSebt: o.°-.% si055: 2. ce 2d, 1.00 Pens PIpDPil.. .o2.scedes f--0 . Ist, 2.00 Elgin Beauty.. ceases sods 1.00 Winter White Pigeon... Pes ISte 2.00 Good Peasant.. Sean ee OY 50 RePPOSIICD 2e OS ore wee te is YA Ist, 2.00 INHER NG Pee hse a 0 Ieee se BSE 2.00 PT APATIOL © 2.ioe o-oo ace es ce oes 2G, 1.00 L WALEENIECLI PUN S20. 32 caw eecscess Os (—) —) Oa eos! cases sac debe te $86.00 RupDOLPH KNAPHEIDE, St. Paul, Minn.: Collection of grapes ............ 3d, $15.00 Barry (Roger’s No. =) Grape - - Ist. 2.00 Mencord grape: -..... . . 3d, 50 Delaware Ft eee Pte ener 3d, 50 Herbert De ee aS T oe; 50 PTE GES Se ee Se | Fe 50 Lady OO edae cns2toa_c22 uss 50 LSS ee ee 2d. 1.00 Moore’s Early grape............ 3d, 50 MVMGCHY Pe TADOS:-. -1.~2- -sccfosaseo OU 1.00 US LG) ee tery Aenea eee et Ist, 2.00 Cottage oS CREE ec coiaaaiees ay 1.00 LILG G1 Ce ee eee ere 2d, 1.00 Collection of plums............ 3d, 2.00 Total. $28.00 A.W. LATHAM, Ren ea polis 7 Bee Duchess of Oldenburg pupil: . 2d, $1.00 Lieby apple .... 3 od, 1.00 Collection of grapes.. z Ist, 25.00 Agawam grape....-... 2d, 1.00 Brighton : « 205 1.00 Delaware “ ..... 2d. 1.00 Empire State grape. Ist. 2.00 Herbert grape.... 1st. 2.00 Janesvilie “ 2d, 1.00 Lindley SS eee Isr, 2 00 Lady pte Pere . Ist, 2.00 eassisoten "120: coerce ee ist 2.00 Moore’s Early gTape........---. 1st, 2.00 Pocklington Bat eee sect eas 2 00 Wilder Se NE Ps 1st, 2.00 Worden fd ere 1st, 2.00 Cottage Genes aes Bee Ist, 2.00 Wyoming Red Sno aaa ae 1st, 2.00 Aminia pe Sete ee 1st, 2.00 Martha oop aot ee pear ei 5 1.00 Forest Garden plums........... 2d, 1.00 TOEal 25:7 SSst8sb. Gs cease = = $57.00 CHAS. LUDLOFF, Carver, Minn.: Collection of apis (amateur). 3d. $10.00 hybrids.ete. “ 6.00 Malind fanple.c. 282k cps nt oe Ist. 2.00 Briar’s Sweet apple. ..... 50 Barry (Roger’s ie 43) apple.. , 3: 1 00 Collection of plums............. 1st, 6.00 Weavers plum:. (25.2252 se85% - 1.00 Rollingstone plum pie Sie Se ee 2d, 1.00 VEE oi fe” EO ele eee 3d. 50 Ocheeda Ce a ee ., Ist, 1.50 | | il 9 Ss 8 s AWARD OF PREMIUMS. 397 Variety. Premium. Amt. O. M. Lorp, Minnesota City, Minn.: Fameuse apple... : -- 1st, 2.00 Walbridge “ ... Re oa 2d 1.00 WROREV CRE PUI 5525. cos. aces reas .50 Chene a ee A ee eel fa 1.50 Oeheciat 7 pysao wersre isi als ors oleyevele on eral sel otene piseterOe eo ee eee eile ce eeiees 6.75 1 set sliding doors, 1x 1-6 154. ..: SARE CHAS OSC EE OE eR D Da UU, Material for roof, ready to cover: 2 2 days’ labor: on same. Mose aicisvclontlslstanctotejetancerae 14.00 ROEM reves iets aes etctel Siaie Mlclaveretisloiale ain evatelovePOG eRe ala aTe tO eicile Me eicLee hike eh oni abd netwosiemcend 7.50 PEMA eS! OLititatilG Lab Ot. reise tea cle(ccisevsl Astle lowleiAtm aia sls inianseleinie ane ose sla nictete Cas wae tise 14.00 SES, Gyr Areres a ores ta biked wi pa( 0 WPA) eR ad er ar aur ee vn ne iv Oe oh ee 24,24 Peal outa hess tl ox Om Ate (Lah COT GS ae apiateise rereialetarclotioule eusicte nic eine ele nt erate Ga clovatolate are. Farmels aver 7.82 POMP OCUES HO Xe AO sp AC Ne QA) COTES: aoctetelcrajaiee cles wine cate cy lsc bn cate nle Me olelec te ce bitee eee oue 9.20 40 lights, 16 x 26, A, @19 cents.. 7.60 40 lights, 16 x 26, AA,@ 22 cents..... A 9.00 43 pounds putty, @5cents Rich alo alniacveramtenye oh3y« CHUDUS OO CORG Rae OE DOSe 2.15 GUE GIES A a Smet eis eee SA AP SRA SReny ele Riel ie, HI I ite a eta irs ir eeu Oe cae 10.00 Banrineitioo a0 yards, Ovi GCOMtS acted: cic cists wea eins chemenciotenen entices caindlewitcan eae uote 20.80 INO le SSRIS EHG ARCO CIA OEINO CDCEHIS OO tT RAC CICRICCRIGHE MCeBEREC Herat an SERS MES EEDA EE ES tore $205 .06 Use A glass on inside sash. Use AA glass on outside sash. This is for a first-class addition to any house that is worth from $1,000 to $10,000, and contemplates having it built upon contract. It could be made much more expensive, or a person could do a good share of the work himself, such as building the foundation, making the cement floor and doing the glazing and painting. Theroof could be covered with three thicknesses of tar felt paper, using equal parts of coal tar and resin to cover it with, over which put on gravel, and so make the best kind of a roof and save $10 on expense. The plan provides for rolling glass doors, but they could be left out and oil- cloth curtains made to roll up and let down when spraying the plants, at a saving of $30; so that, with these alterations and doing what is suggested oneself, it would save a cash outlay of about $88 and bring the cost within $125. Let me add a word about the plants. Study to find out what will do the best with you, and confine your selection to a few kinds, but have a plenty of them. I would rather see a plant room full of one kind of plants that were fine specimens of their kind, than an indis- criminate jumble of allsorts, from theugly growing night-blooming cereus toafern. Thisis twice, I think, I have referred to ferns in this article, and now I will speak about them for the third time. What is there more lovely? They thrive well in partial shade, and I would like to see a plant room with nothing else. With ferns and the fra- grant bulbous plants, sacred lilies, freesias,tuberoses, hyacinths and such, I could be supremely happy. Do not try to grow roses, unless you have an abundance of sunlight. In conclusion, let me propose to the farmers who chance to read this article, that if you have kept your fruit garden in good condi- tion, you can sell enough surplus from it in one year to build this addition to your house, or your wife can raise enough chickens and turkeys to doit. Iam not particular how, but get it. 404 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Pres. Underwood: In connection with this subject of flowers, I feel interested in stimulating a particular scheme of mine. I have tried to get all the talk out of you I could and not say much myself, but just now I want to say something about this scheme of mine. How many are there here that have a plant room to the house? Iam going to make the statement that every house that is built ought to have a plant room. I mean aroom distinctively for plants, and I am going to make the proposition that you ought to keep your plants in one room, and that that room ought to be built on every house. The executive committee thought that because I had something to do with building a couple of new greenhouses last year I ought to know all about greenhouses, so they put me on the com- mittee on horticultural structures and greenhouses. I suppose they thought a man knew more when he started in on a thing than he did five or ten years later. All I wish to say, however, on that line is on plant rooms, and I think I do know something about that subject from the experience in my own home during my married life. GREENHOUSE AND BEDDING PLANTS. M. E. POWELL, ST. PETER. Being requested by the society to write on the above subject, I confess Iam greatly embarassed, and fear that my comments will, to you, seem “warmed over,” and simply a repetition of what we all know; that many of the florist members of the society could do the subject more justice, from their long experience and more thorough knowledge, is beyond dispute. In the limited time we have for the presentation of the many varieties grown, the descriptions must, of necessity, be condensed. A botanical classification would be useless, and long lists are very confusing, therefore my aim is to describe only those varieties hay- ing distinct characteristics. Roses.—The first, of course, is the rose, which is the most popular flower grown, and which is mentioned in the earliest sacred writ- ings. Of its primitive history and culture we are in profound ignorance, also as to the origin of some of our most highly prized varieties. It is with hesitation that I give a list of a few of those most grown at the present time, as introductions of new kinds, known as the finest today, will, very likely, be discarded and deemed unworthy of cultivation in a few years. The following is a partial list of those now considered best; Perle des Jardins, Waban, Madam Hoste, Souvenir de Wootton, Catherine Me * b FLORICULTURE. 405 Mermet, Bride, Papa Gontier, Madam Cuzin, American Beauty, La France, Meteor, Bridesmaid and many more of merit. Carnations.—Next to the rose, the carnation is the most esteemed by the flower-loving public. There is no disputing the demand of the people for this beautiful flower. It is easily forced to perfect its flowers out of its natural season, and does best in a low tempera- ture. The greatest difficulty in house culture is that the atmos- phere is too dry and warm for it, and the result is that the little joker, the red spider, gets in his work to perfection. According to our best known writers, the carnation has been cul- tivated more than two thousand years, but it has been improved by hybridization within the last fifty years, so that now our specialists in carnation growing claim that the ideal is almost reached— large flowers, that do not burst the calyx; long stem, with but one flower; luxurious foliage, unrivalled in the wide variety of its rich tints; exquisite fragrance; and, lastly, durability. So thatin the esteem of lovers of flowers, it is close beside the rose. Violets.—The demand for violet flowers during the winter season in Minnesota is very small when compared with that of the Eastern states; some growers there make it their exclusive business. It is not always a success with every one attempting it. ' Some varieties are hardy in Minnesota, blooming in the spring, requiring partial shade in the summer and a slight covering of leaves in the fall. Primroses.— These rank high as house or greenhouse plants. They are of easy culture, and are always grown in pots of a size to correspond with the degree*of vigor of the plant. The double white is the most prolific of all, and the single flowers run through all shades from deep carmine to white. Bouvardias.—These are also grown in immense quantities, but not so much as in days gone by. They are of easy culture, and do well in warm dwelling-houses, if the temperature at night is kept at from 55 to 60 degrees. The flowers are borne in great profusion; the foliage is a bright glossy green. Colors range from beautiful car- mine to white, and flowers both double and single. Heliotrope.—Indispensible for bouquets and vases of flowers. Their rich purple and lavender tints and exquisite perfume are familiar to all. They bloom during the entire season, if not allowed to become pot bound; they require plenty of water anda rich por- ous soil. Begonias.—All the species are interesting, either as pot plants or for bedding out. Begonias are of the simplest culture in any rich soil, if given an abundant supply of water. Some of them have large showy flowers, white; others of the rex type are much admired for their beautiful foliage. Fuchsias.—There are but few varieties which bloom freely, and two year old plants flower the best. They can be trained to any desired form to make ornamental specimens, and can be procured with single or double flowers, of which the double whites and deep purples are very fine. The Calla Lily, so well known, is a native of the Cape of Good Hope and easily culivated. 406 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. The only particular attention it requires is plenty of water,a warm place when coming into flower and an occasional syringing of the leaves to keep them free from dust. There are several species, all requiring the same treatment. The Chrysanthemum, well named the “Queen of Autumn,” is not the flower of our grandfathers’ day, but so much improved by experts in hybridization that it is now the acme of perfection, com- bining wonderful size with remarkable vigor and splendid form. It is indeed difficult to imagine anything more beautiful. Many bright colors and intermediate shades have been added to the list in the last few years. From the almost numberless varieties now grown, it is not easy to select those which will give the best results, as those which do well in one locality are often useless in another. All we can do is to try, and in that way find out which does the best with our soil. They are divided into three classes: Chinese, with large regular shaped flowers; Japanese, whose blooms are large, irregular, fringed and fluffy; and Pompon, with small compact flowers. We might mention many other plants grown in the greenhouse, which are well worthy of more general cultivation, and the numer- ous bulbs which produce flowers, which are highly esteemed by all lovers of the beautiful. Bedding Plants.—It is not my desire to give a complete list of all plants used in bedding, but only those most generally used and of tried varieties. As to the selection of plants, it is best to tell your florist what kind of a bed you want, and let him use his own judgment. .Our experience has been that the average purchaser is very much in need of information, and is often misled by the glowing descrip- tions annually pictured in many of the elegant flower catalogues which are sent broadcast over the country with their wonderful novelties. Our advice to buyers would be to let that neighbor of yours exper- iment with the new varieties; to avoid the very common mistake of planting too many colors in one bed; not to be afraid of getting the soil too rich, or of giving them too much water, if you have a sandy soil. Bedding is a term used by florists when plants are set outin what is known as “Carpet,” “ Ribbon,” or “Massing in Color.” The carpet style is that of planting low-growing plants to form carpet-like patterns, and must be made of such plants as present a smooth, well-defined color, not to exceed four inches in height, set close together, covering up the soil completely. The plants most used for this are, Sedum, Echeveria, and Sempervivum. Bedding in ribbon lines, is usually done along the margin of walks, in different widths, from three to ten feet, as desired; the plants to form a slope to the walk by planting the highest at the back, with the lowest growing in front. Or, they may be planted in a circular bed, the highest plant or plants in the center, and so on, in circles of lower growing plants tothe margin. To keep the plants of each color well defined and smooth is the idea; they will need constant care in pinching back and clipping. Se s- r< FLORICULTURE. 407 The plants used for the above work are different colored coleus, edged with any of the following: Centaurea, Cinneraria Maritimi, or Alternanthera of various colors. Bedding by massing in color consists in contrasting masses of color in flowers or foliage in any number of shades desired, but the effect is best when but few colors are used in one bed. Large beds are very pleasing when formed of one shade, such as scarlet, pink, chocolate or yellow, and contrast nicely with the green of the lawn. They are more admired by people of taste than when so many different colors are placed together. Among the many plants for bedding, there i8 none better for flowering than some varieties of the Geranium; in its almost end- less shades and colors, it certainly seems that the most critical could be suited. Pansies, Verbenas, Petunias, Feverfews, Salvias, Caladium, Es- culentum, Lobelias and Cannas, are all used for the decoration of the flower garden and lawn. For several years there has been an ever-increasing demand for low-growing, large-tlowering Cannas, and certainly there can be nothing more beautiful than a bed of these, with their immense foliage and many flowers of vivid hue. THE CHANGING FASHION IN CUT FLOWERS. F. G. GOULD, EXCELSIOR. We know from history that roses have been considered, and have really, perhaps, stood at the head of the list of flowers for some cen- turies; but in this country, at least, the improvement in fruits and flowers has been stimulated most in the last thirty years. Flowers have not been used for commercial purposes in this country to any extent until since the war of the rebellion, thirty years ago,and most of that in the last ten years. Now,the fashion in flowers, perhaps, is governed by the same rules that all of our habits are affected by. Frequently fashion has considerable to do with the demands for flowers of different varieties. I remember distinctly twenty years ago or more roses, really, had not yet become an article of com- merce in this country. I remember at that date the camelia was the principal flower, and the buds sold for fifty cents apiece. Now, the carnation was scarcely known as acommercial flower twenty years ago in this country. About that time, it was beginning to be grown to some extent. Though they have been for centuries one of the most desirable flowers, at first they had but five petals, a single flower, but at that time they had that delicious clove fragrance, and they were not only agreeable to the sense of smell but they were of the quality that lasts—at any rate, they have been regarded as one of the most useful and beautiful of flowers. The fragrance is different, perhaps, from the fragrance of most flowers, even roses, it hasa stimulating effect,and a person does not tire of it. They 408 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY can be used in the sick room. Now, at the present time the carna- tion happens to be the most valuable, I might say the most fashion- able, flower. They are most used at present, and there are good reasons why they should be used now, if they are desirable. They last twice as long as roses with the same care; they are cheaper and almost as large. As I said at first, they originally had only five petals, but now they have anywhere from twenty-five to fifty. Some of the other flowers that were fashionable a few years ago are scarcely used now. Among them I might mention tuberoses. I think a tuberose has a very offensive fragrance. They are used very little at present; they were used much five or six years ago. The narcissus is now used largely, the choice paper white and the yellow, and the last is really more yellow than it used to be. The sunflower age developed this last among the people. Violets seem to hold their own, perhaps, better than any other flower. There is an immense quantity of violets used, still they are not so general, perhaps, as roses and carnations. WINTERING GERANIUMS. Inits natural state the geranium is a plant which is never wholly at rest; itis, however, very amenable to treatment in cultivation and very patient with bad usage. The proper treatment for bedded plants intended for another season’s planting is to take them up carefully and pot or plant in boxes, and stand ina light place in a temperature secure from frost, yet not high enough to excite active growth. Under these conditions a very little water would be suffi- cient during the cold season. When the weather becomes milder in the spring, and plants start to grow, care for them properly, regu- late the growth and disposition of the branches, and thus prepare them for planting at the proper season. But one may not have the facilities to care for the plants in this manner, and yet want to pre- serve them. A damp cellar is not a suitable place, and may cause them to mould and decay. The plants when taken up can be placed in boxes, most of the foliage be removed, and soil be made onlya little damp; then place the box or boxes in a dry frost-proof cellar where there will be some light. The leaves will soon all fall. By the first of March it will be best to place the boxes containing the plants in the window of a moderately warm room, and give water and start the plantsinto growth. Some leave the plants in the cel- lar until the weather is warm enough to set them out; but they are then in a very enfeebled state, and it takes a long time for them to recover. . TOMATOES UNDER GLASS. A successful enterprise at Grimsby, Ontario, is the growing of to- matoes under glass. Two large greenhouses, 200 ft. long, have been erected for this work, and for two or three seasons past they have been shipping beautiful large tomatoes to the city markets, at from 30 to 50 cents a pound. Each tomato is carefully wrapped in tissue paper, on which is stamped the grower’s name. The “Garden and Forest” notices these fruits as coming into the New York market. F.ntomology. A FEW ENEMIES OF THE PLUM. PROF. OTTO LUGGER, ST. ANTHONY PARK. DISEASES. I suppose all persons hold the opinion that a ripe plum is a fine thing to possess, either to eat or to sell. When we consider that of all fruits the plum is the most promising one for this state, we can only regret that our success depends upon so many factors, and that it can not be attained without very much labor and patience. Yet I have no doubt that plums of superior quality and in large quantities can and will be raised in the future. To be successful in this work it is very important to know exactly what obstacles are to be overcome. Studying the question simply from the standpoint of an entomologist and botanist, such obstacles are chiefly parasitic plants and injurious insects; but as there are a large number of both diseases and enemies, I will only discuss a few of the more important ones. THE BLACK KNOT OF THE PLUM AND CHERRY. (Fig. 1.) Plowrightia morbosa (Schevr.) Sacc.) i + ie z ‘f ee ‘ene. Fig.1. BLACK KNOT OF THE PLUM AND CHERRY.—a, old knot; b, new swell- ing; C, Sumumier-spores upon knot; d, cavity in old knot filled with threads and club-shaped bodies; e, formation of winter-spores; f, germinating winter-spores; a, b, nat. size;-c, d, e, f, greatly enlarged. } 410 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. There can be but few persons interested in horticulture, or even in a general way in plants, who have not seen to their dismay or to their astonishment that this disease is becoming more and more common, and that but few wild plum and cherry trees can be found which are not more or less disfigured by it. In the course of my numerous trips, both in Minnesota and elsewhere, I have made ita point to question people possessing such trees about the origin of the black knots, and have almost invariably received the reply that it was a diseased condition of the sap, or that it had been caused by an insect or by some other mysterious being. Some tried to prove their case by cutting open the more recently infested twigs, and as a general rule succeeded in uncovering some insects, and, presto— cause and effect were proven beyond any doubt whatever. Quitea number of insects utilize the succulent swelling first produced by the disease and revel in its interior, sometimes to such an extent that after leaving the twig there is little else left of the original swelling than a loose and more or less twisted layer of bark. Among other insects the genuine plum curculio infests such swellings, and they were bred from them as early as 1818 by Peck. But, notwithstanding all such evidences, the swelling is produced by a fungus, recognized and described in 1831 by de Schweinitz. More recently the whole matter has been settled beyond any doubt or dispute by the careful researches of Dr. Farlow, who followed all the metamorphoses undergone by the fungus in its host; he discov- ered also the various spores of the fungus. It is strictly of amer- ican origin and has not yet been introduced into Europe, like so many others. All kinds of wild plums and cherries are affected, but cultivated varieties do not escape, though the fungus seems to attack certain varieties of plums by preference. Notwithstanding the claims of originators of disease-proof varieties, their claims are of no value when tested over a more extended region. The first indication of the disease can be noticed in the autumn as a slight swelling of the branch near an old knot (Fig. 1, a), some- times even some distance away from it. In the former case it is probably caused by an extension of the vegetative mycelium in the old knot; in the latter, it is a new infection by spores. When we cut through such a young knot we can observe that the bark, and chiefly the inner bark (Phloém), has become swollen, and in it may be seen the bundles of intertwining threads of the fungus. During the following spring these knots or swellings enlarge more and more until the epidermis ruptures and a dark, greenish-brown mass of tissue protrudes, evidently caused by an abnormal growth induced by the fungus (Fig. 1, b). This mass is quite firm and suc- culent, with an irregular and somewhat cracked surface, quite in- viting to many species of insects. Late in May, we can observe upon the surface of this mass very numerous erect threads (Fig. 1, c), which give it a darkbrown velvety appearance. Upon these threads the roundish summer-spores of the fungus are produced, which are of a brownish color. Later in the season both threads and spores disappear, the knot is no longer velvety, but becomes black, hard and dry—in fact, is dead. Its surface is now divided into small ENTOMOLOGY. 411 roundish spaces, each with a slight depression in the middle. If we make a section through the knot a year after it could first be seen (in the fall), we can see under each roundish space a white spot, which indicates a cavity in the black tissue of the knot (Fig. 1, d). This cavity is filled with slender, colorless, microscopic threads. Later club-shaped bodies (Fig. 1, e) appear among these threads, in which are produced eight colorless winter-spores, which ripen and are able to germinate about the end of January or February. These winter-spores eventually escape and carry the disease to other plants of the same genus. Such wirter-spores (Fig. 1, f) I have re- peatedly sown in water, and they begun to germinate very quickly, growing into germ-tubes. Some brown spores found with the win- ter-spores grew even more rapidly and became quite long in two days. Summer-spores sown upon gelatine change to an elliptical form, germinate and produce a felted patch; later this becomes dark, and soon afterwards forms erect threads, bearing spores. As this disease is caused bya plant fully as injurious to the horti- culturist as the Canada thistle and Russian thistle is to the farmer, there is no reason not to have some laws enacted to prevent its further increase and injury. The knots are readily seen, and can as readily be removed; and as by removing and burning them we can soon control this vegetable pest, it is about time that we should have laws to that effect and enforce them rigidly. PLUM POCKETS, OR BLADDER PLUMS (Fig. 2). (Taphrina pruni, Tul.) Fig. 2. PLUM POCKETS, OR BLADDER PLUMS; a, bladder, nat. size; b, mycel- ium entering plant; c, mycelium forcing its way through epidermal layer; d, €, asci; e, spores, all greatly enlarged. There are few diseases of plants which attract so much attention as this one. Wherever plums are grown, both of the cultivated and wild kinds, this disease appears from time to time, not seldom de- stroying the whole crop. As very often small reddish maggots oc- cur inside these bladders, many people imagine that insects have 412 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. " been causing such gall-like swellings. But this is not the case, as these insects, the larve of small flies, have simply utilized the dis- eased condition of the plum for their own use. The bladders, or pockets, (Fig. 2, a) are caused by the presence of a parasitic fungus which attacks the young plum and, by growing inside its tissues, causes the peculiar growth. It is really strange that until quite recently very little of a definite character was known about the pockets, though they were described as early as 1593 by Casalpin. For a long time many theories were advanced to account for their formations, such as insects, improper fertilization or too abundant moisture at the time of setting of the fruit. Fuckel discovered the true cause in 1861, and a few years later it was thoroughly studied by De Bary. Here in Minnesota the pockets appear soon after flowering, grow rapidly and drop from the trees towards the end of June. First, al- most globular, they soon assume an oblong, oval, twisted or curved shape. They are very variable in size, and some grow to almost two inches in length by an inch in diameter. At first they are smooth» resembling the healthy fruit, but differ from it by a yellowish or reddish color. I recollect the time when, as a boy, myself and other youngsters peeped into every tree to find such bladders, as they were considered great delicacies; evidently, a depraved taste based upon ignorance of the cause that made them. When the pockets reach maturity their color gradually changes to gray, produced by fine gray powder dusted over them, and later they turn to dark brown or black. In this condition they soon become hard and drop. When we cut through such a pocket we find that the walls are quite thick, and that instead of a stone the cavity is filled more or less with the threads of a fungus. But this disease attacks also the younger branches and leaves, which also become contorted, turn gray and die toward autumn. One of the worst features of this dis™ ease lies in the fact that trees once infested are very apt to produce more and more bladders year after year, and that they hardly ever recover. Some varieties are less liable to the disease; it is very common upon the wild red plum (Prunus Americana), the dwarf cherry (Cerasus pumila), the wild black cherry (Cerasus serotina ), and upon the choke cherry (Cerasus Virginiana). A microscopic investigation will reveal three distinct organisms: mycelium, asciand spores. The former is a colorless bundle of filaments or threads; it is most readily seen inside the flesh of the pocket. From there the mycelium forces its way towards the sur- face, and by branching repeatedly forms a rather dense network between the epidermal cells and the cuticle, only one cell in depth (Fig. 2,c). The cells in this network are very short, soon start to grow at right angles,and so form small cylinders standing erect side by side. Before long the cuticle is ruptured and the cylinders appear upon the surface (Fig. 2, d,e). They are the immature asci, and are filled with granular protoplasm, which during growth passes into the free ends and becomes eventually separated by a septum. This separated portion is the true ascus. The protoplasm inside gradually separates into a number of spores, usually eight ENTOMOLOGY. 413 (Fig. 2, c), which are colorless and globose. When ripe these spores rupture the free end of the ascus and escape, indicating that the fungus is only too able to propagate rapidly. When we look at the surface of a single pocket, we can observe countless numbers of asci, and as each contains eight spores, the propagation, and with it the distribution, is very rapid; and yet no one has been able to infect healthy plums with such spores. As the mycelium of the fungus can be detected in the smaller twigs of the tree early in the spring we can be certain that it can live in its host from year to year. We have but one remedy that has proved to be effective, but it is one that requires much labor. If the bladders are removed while still young, and if we cut back the twigs and smaller branches, we can succeed in eradicating the disease in two or three years. POWDERY MILDEW (Fig. 3.) (Podospheca oxycantha (D.C.) De Barry.) Fig. 3. POWDERY MILDEW; e, blotch of mildew, natural size; c, mycelium forming summer-spores; b, haustoria of mycelium abstracting cell-sap from leaf; a, perithecium; d, spore cavity: all enlarged. This disease starts rather late in the season and is frequently very abundant in the latter part of summer and autumn. It appears as white blotches upon young leaves and tender shoots; these blotches (Fig. 3, e) spread rapidly and frequently cover the entire leaf. The threads, composing the blotches, branch and cross in all possible manner, and form a true felt (Fig. 3, c). The denser portion of it is covered with white powder and very minute, black, globular objects (Fig.3, a). Both sides of the leaf are affected. Upon older leaves the injury is slight, but the growing tips and young leaves are ruined. This white felt is the mycelium or vegetative part of the parasitic plant. The threads that form it do not enter the host, but abstract food from it by small suckers or haustoria (Fig. 3, b). The spores (conidia, or summer-spores) form. upon the ends of thicker branches (Fig. 3, c) and if they reach a proper place for germination, they start 414 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. a new fungus, and as they are very small the wind carries them readily from tree to tree. Later in the season other dark-colored spores are formed by true fertilization, which takes place when two threads cross each other (as seen in Fig. 4,b). The young perithecia, or sporocarps, are at first nearly colorless, then gradually assume a yellow, brown and nearly black color. Such a perithecium (Fig. 3, a) is spherical, flattened upon one side and covered with numerous reticulations, which indicate cells below them. Some reticulations produce peculiar and strangely formed appendages peculiar to powdery mildews. Each perithecium contains a single spore-cavity (Fig. 3, d), in which areeight spores. When this cavity breaks open in spring, the spores escape and start new colonies of disease-pro- ducing fungi. All powdery mildews thrive best during a warm and dry summer. If such a dry spell is followed by a light rain, the disease appears everywhere as if by magic. Much and heavy rain has the opposite effect, as it washes down the spores or seeds of these plants. As such mildews thrive only upon the outside of their hosts, they are easily reached by fungicides. During the last summer the disease was very common upon a great variety of plants, in fact, nearly all the members of the rose family were more or less affected. Asa number of shad-berries (Amelanchier Canadensis) were badly infested behind my house, I tried a number of remedies and found that powdered sulphur dusted over the diseased foliage destroyed all traces of the fungus. Some plants of spirza, equally badly in- fested, were treated with a liquid fungicide in the form of a fine spray. Potassium sulphide or sulphuret of potassium proved excellent. One-half ounce of this substance was dissolved in one gallon of water. This fluid is also an excellent remedy against the gooseberry mildew, as I had an occasion to prove. THE BROWN ROT OF THE PLUM-FRUIT. (Fig. 4.) (Monilia fructigena, Pers.) Fig. 4. BROWN ROT; a, b, germinating spores and mycelium; c, spores ar- ranged in chains; d, diseased leaf; e, diseased fruit, and others in which the disease was produced artificially; a, b, c, greatly enlarged; d, e, natural size. epee 6 aa! ENTOMOLOGY. 415 This disease is only too well known in its effects, as it sometimes causes an almost total loss of the peach, plum and cherry crops. At present it is not a common disease in Minnesota, though by no means an unknown one, as I have observed it upon wild plums, cherries and shad-berries in Otter Tail county and elsewhere. The disease is called brown rot, because the fruit becomes brown skrunken and shrivelled, so that nothing remains but a tough skin enclosing the stone; and this sorry looking object, resisting further decay, remains for a long time hanging to the tree (Fig. 4, e). If we investigate the fruit before it becomes “mummied”, or “munrmy- fied,” or before it turns brown, we can see its surface densely cov- ered with tufts of ash-colored spores. The vegetative threads of the fungus extend through the tissues of the fruit, force their way to the surface, and produce spores arranged in chains (Fig. 4,c). As the disease is by no means a stranger in the orchards of the Experi- ment Station I have frequently used the microscope to study mum- my-plums collected for the purpose from the trees or from the ground under them. Although apparently devoid of lifeand harm- - less, such fruits are most dangerous to the orchard. If we place one of them in moist surroundings we will perceive in a very few days that it is thickly covered with tufts bearing spores (Fig. 4, a, b), and these do not belong to fungi growing simply upon decaying fruit. A microscopic study of the dry flesh of sucha plum reveals numer- ous threads, which are composed of large and thin-walled cells, and it reveals also single cells with thick walls of irregular shape. These latter are evidently resting vegetative cells or gemmez. They are well adapted to withstand the rigors of winter and will germinate as soon as conditions are favorable. Other investigations made in the house showed plainly that the spores appearing as chains upon the surface of the fruit during summer also germinated readily and produced spores again. These latter, as soon as they become de- tached, germinate again, and there is no doubt that their germ- threads can enter the skin of a fruit that is not injured, though as a rule there are insects enough to make openings for their entrance. _When such threads enter the tissues of flowers, leaves and tender twigs they spread rapidly and kill them (Fig. 4,°). Later the threads force to the surface and multiply again. The fungus can be detected on the flowers at about the time that their petals drop. At first a slight discoloration appears and this rapidly increases until the flower becomes brown. Such dead flowers remain fre- quently upon a tree for many weeks, or until washed down by heavy rains. Whenever such rotten and sticky flowers come in contact with leaves, etc., they communicate the disease, and as a result the parts affected decay also. Upon leaves the fungus shows first as a slight discoloration which spreads gradually until the larger part of a leaf is involved and turns reddish-brown (Fig. 4, d). Both sides of the leaf are affected, though the upper surface seems more apt to be injured. During wet weather the infested leaves show numerous tufts of fungi, and they have a powdery or mealy appearance caused by the innumerable spores. During this period the parts affected are highly infectious. 416 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. The life history of this fungus may be summarized in a few words: The Moniliasporesare perfectly able to multiply in many ways, and can enter the host. The resting cells or gemme in the dry fruit, still hanging upon the tree or laying upon the soil belowit, winter over and start into fresh activity early in spring. The spores produced at that »eason can reach the plums just forming. Upon the fact that such resting spores remain in the dry fruit de- pends the remedy; and the only safe one is to remove the dead and dry fruits from the trees or from the soil,and to burn them. A clean orchard is in this case, as in many others, a healthy one. All old leaves accumulated below and near the trees should be burned. As many spores live over winter in the cracks of the bark, spraying witha fungicide should be resorted to early in the spring. A solution of 41bs. of sulphate of iron in 5 gallons of water is recommended for this purpose. An application at the time of flowering, another one when the plums commence to form, and others at intervals of two weeks until the fruit commences to color, are necessary. These latter applications should consist of a solution of one-half ounce of sulphurét of potassium in one gallon of water. Judicious spraying will do good, but we can not expect everything from such a treat- ment. OTHER DISEASES. Besides the four diseases described thus far as very injurious to plum trees in Minnesota, there are others almost as destructive, at least in certain years. Such are the plum leaf-blights (Cylindro- Sporium padi), the plum rust (Puccinia pruni-spinose), the leaf. spot, or gun-shot, of plums and several others. But the four kinds described will surely prove that plum trees are subject to many ills, and that we cannot expect to grow this fruit without working dili- gently to deserve a crop. INSECTS. When we discuss the various insects that contest with the horti- culturist to determine who shall have the greatest share of the fruit, the aspeg¢t does not brighten. I have no doubt we all have among our friends some physician whom we like to see in our home, providing he comes as a friend and not as an M.D. I am afraid you entertain a similar feeling towards entomologists. They may be good fellows but you do not like their occupation, or, rather, do not wish to have them call at your place as entomologists. But since your energetic secretary has called upon me as an entomologist, he has to take all the blame if I hurt your feelings by making the statement that your plums are threatened, not with a few insects, but by a host of them. Nor are these insects of such a character that they are easily kept away from your trees, just on the contrary, they consider it their crop, grown especially for them, and, more- over, they do not intend to budge aninch until forced to do so. Some of our enemies among insects thriving upon the results of our la- bors are not easily dislodged, and it will take lots of ammunition and still more of active work to reduce them to such numbers as to be- come powerless to cause damages. » ee ae ENTOMOLOGY. 417 I have a list of over forty species of insects which are found in Minnesota, injurious to the plum. Many of them do not occur every year in large numbers, others are constantly present, but have to be favored by suitable conditions to exert their full powers as destructive insects, while others are common every year and take a large part of our crop. For this meeting I will mention only a few and give their life histories, which must guide us in choosing the remedies we can apply with success. To use insect- icides at random does little good, and frequently more harm than good, and without knowing exactly the habits of our foes we cannot expect to conquer them. Besides, the plum is a tree that is very readily injured by all kinds of arsenical poisons, more so than any other cultivated plant we have in Minnesota. Moreover, the tree is at different times more readily injured than at others, and the use of any arsenical poison has to be restricted as much as possible and be guided with much caution, or instead of killing the insects, we kill the tree. I had during the summer a very peculiar experience with a new insecticide sent out by a Chicago firm, of course, with the usual high sounding claims supported by many testimonials. The direc- tions were given how to‘use this material; andas some trees in my yard had large numbers of leaf-lice upon them I was stupid enough to try an experiment upon my own trees. Result: living lice crawl- ing away; leaves all dead; twigs and smaller branches, ditto; dead foliage of all kinds of plants as far as the spray reached; bad temper; bad language—but no testimonial for the firm expressed in the usual polite terms. Prof. Snyder, of our station, kindly determined the composition of the fluid and found it to contain about equal parts of soluble arsenous acid and caustic potash. The tin can con- taining the fluid, having been kept upon a painted porch, left a mark upon it by having eaten away the paint. The can was thrown away among rubbish in the neighboring woods, causing the death of several trees and of everything living ina radius of over four feet. Perhaps, some of you gentlemen will in future offer me the use of some trees for trial of new insecticides! If you do, please give me your address and a written release from all possible damages. The four most destructive insects to plums and plum trees are Plum Gouger, Plum Curculio, Plum Aphis and Plum Gall Mite. It is hardly necessary to speak in detail about the first two insects as they are too well known, and you can hardly open an entomolo- gical bulletin issued by any of the Eastern, Central or Southern states without finding a description of the one or the other, and of the remedies that will kill them. As far as such remedies are con- cerned I am afraid that much more is claimed for them than is war- _ ranted by facts. Now-a-days Paris green and Bordeaux mixture are a sort of cure-all, and all ills that plum trees are heir to are said to be cured by them. We could only be glad if such were the case, but the millennium has not yet been reached, and some of the older methods of fighting insects have to be used in addition. The Plum Curculio (Conotrachelus nenupher) eats all tender parts of the tree, such as green bark, buds, leaves, flowers and fruit. 418 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Early in spring it feeds upon the former, later upon the latter sub- stances. Knowing this, we can kill large numbers of the curculios which appear early in spring, and we should apply the spray before the trees are in bloom. As the bee-keepers are also in session I will add here: Never spray trees while in bloom. The little Turk deposits eggsinside the fruit, and never upon it. Consequently, the larve can not be reached by any application of poison to the growing fruit. Yetas the beetles continue to deposit eggs for a long time _ they must necesserily take some food, and with the view of poison- ing this food, at least two sprayings should be made after the fruit has set. Such spraying will kill also most other insects that enjoy the foliage of plums, and, consequently, is a very useful and neces- sary operation. Of course, we have to be satisfied with killing a large number of plum-curculios, but we cannot expect to eradicate them by such means. Either Paris green or London purple may be used; each has advantages and disadvantages. If we use the latter we should add an equal weight of quick-lime to prevent the injur- ious action of soluble arsenic. Every fruit-grower should havea good spraying machine, if possible with a Vermorel nozzle. One pound of either poisons in 175 to 200 gallons of wateris an excellent proportion, providing the spraying is done s8o thoroughly that every part of ‘the tree 1t wet. “All fallen fruit should be picked up” is a rule that should be strictly followed. Those horticulturists that have time—if such persons exist—should also use the old remedy of jarring their plum trees early in the morning, and gather and destroy the insects that fall upon a canvas spread under it. The Plum-gouger (Coccotorus prunicida) is also a snout-beetle, but has quite different habits and differs also greatly in appearance The plum-gouger makes a deeper and smaller puncture in the fruit when depositing its eggs, and there is never an indication of the crescent-shaped cut so artfully made by the little Turk. Its larvais also never exposed, but instead of feeding upon the flesh of the plum, it feeds inside of the stone upon the flesh of the kernel. Inside this stone, it reaches the adult stage in the fall, while the mature larva of the plum-curculio leaves the plum and enters the ground for ypupation. Removal of fallen plums is absolutely necessary to reduce the numbers of this insect. There is very little use in spray- ing; jarring the trees is the best method of capturing most of our foes. A closely allied species breeds in our sand-cherries; it has almost identical habits. There is a remarkable difference in the egg-laying habits of the two plum insects, as you can see by studying the figure 5. I have also indicated the method that a third species of snout-beetle has in laying eggs in apples. Plum-tree Aphis (Aphis prunifoliz) and Plum Aphis (Myzus persicze) both occur in Minnesota, but the latter is the more common and injurious. When numerons, these lice distort the leaves and tender twigs, and by clustering upon the young plums cause them to wither or become hard. Asa general rule, they are well hidden in the curled leaves and are not readily reached by dry or wet insecti- ENTOMOLOGY. 419 cides. As all leaf lice absorb their food by suction, contact poison is the only one of use, though finely divided arsenites will kill large numbers. Thebetter method is avery forcible spray with kerosene- emulsion or with fish-oil soap. Even cold water applied forcibly will dislodge and kill many. As the formula for kerosene-emulsion has been given so frequently it is only necessary to state that two gallons of kerosene, one gallon of water and one-half pound of hard soap should be emulsified and added to twelve parts of water. This fluid will kill all lice with which it comes in contact. Whale-oil soap, at the rate of one pound in six gallons of water is also a very useful liquid; a strong decoction of tobacco might also be used. woe Fig.5. a. plum in which eggs have been deposited; b, hole from which plum- gouger has issued (also e); c,d,egg of the same; f, punctures madein feeding by plum curculio; g,waxy secretion; h, work of the same; m2, n, eggs of the same; k, apple injured by apple-curculio; /, egg of same. Pliant-lice. During adry spring and early summer, plant-lice of all kinds increase beyond belief, and if it was not for our many friends among insects that constantly wage war against the lice, it would be almost impossible in our dry region to protect ourselves against them. All leaf-lice increase in summer by budding, or by producing living young, and for many generations nothing but females can be found. Later in the season, or when the sap in the plants infested by them does not flow any more in such rich streams as earlier in the season, the lice become Winged and search for places in which to deposit winter eggs for another season. (Fig.6,d.) They usually select for this purpose the terminal twigs of the tree, and prefer the fuzzy scales of the buds. Here immense numbers of eggs are laid, not alone by the lice under consideration, but by other species as well, as, for instance, by the hop-louse. At first green, these eggs gradu- ally assume a darker color, untilatlast they are shiny black, and are thus readily detected. Such eggs, shown in the accompanying fig- ure, are surrounded by a tough integument, and are not so easily killed by insecticides. Several thorough coatings with soft soap 420 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. during fall, winter and early spring will kill the great majority; and this method of fighting such lice is by all odds the best in Minnesota, and by doing so, we can eventually kill them root andbranch. The peculiar honey-dew, largely produced by these insects early in sum- mer, frequently coats all the leaves, and as itis a fine medium for the growth of some fungi, the leaves soon appear as if coated with soot. % asst i. Fig. 6. a, PLUM GALL MITE; 5b, section through gall; c, gall-maker; d. winter-eggs of PLUM APHIS; a and d, nat. size; b and c, greatly enlarged. The Plum Gall Mite, (Fig. 6, a, bandc) is produced by a very minute mite (Fig. 6, c), a member of the order of spiders. ltis nota true insect. As youall know, spiders differ from insects by having eight, not six legs, by having the body into two parts, not into three, as in the case with insects. Mites again are separated from spiders in not having a deep constriction between cephalothorax and abdo- men, and by having but three pair of legs when young. The mites which produce galls or other deformations are mostly members of of the genus Phytoptus, distinguished by the possession of only two pairs of legs. They are lowly organized mites, possess a very elongated and transversely striated body, and are all injurious to plants. Being extremely small, they have not been studied in the United States to any extent, in fact, most of them have not even re- ceived a name. Until 1851, they were considered as the larve of other mites, but now we know that they are adults. The two pairs of five-jointed, strongly compressed legs are cloSe to the rostrum upon the extreme anterior portion of the body. The number of transverse striz varies in different species. Some have 30, others 55, and still others as many as 80 and more. Nothwithstanding their small size, they move rapidly by means of their legs, dragging the long abdomen after them. A terminal disk assists them to cling to the surface upon which they move, and is also utililized to take hold of whatever it touches. As far as known, the mites hibernate in the buds and begin their attacks early in spring. They attack the unfolding leaves, and by inserting their rostrum in the under ] ENTOMOLOGY. 431 side of the leaf cause the upper side to swell until gradually the gall is formed, which closes below (Fig. 6, b). Here the mites live and multiply. . When we consider how well protected these mites are by the veg- etable structure enclosing them, we can realize at once that neither arsenical poisons nor emulsions are of much use against them after the galls have been formed. Carefully plucking the infested leaves and burning them is the only feasible remedy in spring and sum- mer. By spraying plum trees that are invaded by them during the fall,winter and spring or before the mites have left their winter quar- ters, we may beable to reduce their numbers. At all events, eternal vigilance is the price of a fair crop of unblemished plums. ENTOMOLOGY. J. S. HARRIS, LA CRESCENT. In our part of the state the summer of 1893 was what insect collec- tors would call a bad one, owing to a partial failure of the “bug” crop. The primary winter was exceptionally severe; the spring and early summer wet and cold, followed by a long protracted drouth and, as a consequence, a great many kinds of insect, injurious or otherwise, have been unusually scarce; yet it has been marked by the presence of a few species in exceptional numbers. The winter was one of the most disastrous on record for the honey - bee in our part of the state, and the greater portion of these, proba- bly nine-tenths, perished in their winter quarters or before spring had hardly opened. Most other insects of the bee family must also have suffered severely, for, with the exception of the bumblebee, they have not seemed nearly as plentiful as usual. The small insects of the fly kind, that usually appear in great numbers in early spring and in pleasant days swarm about our blooming fruit trees, were noticeable for their absence, and perhaps to this and the fact that our neighbors had no bees to lend, may be attributed ina large measure the shortage of the fruit crop, through lack of proper pol- enization—although some people think that don’t help much. The oldest inhabitant cannot remember the year before when the mos- quitoes have been so scarce. The common house flies did not appear in greatly annoying num- bers until the summer was well past. The tent caterpillar, that but a few years since was so conspicuous in orchards and fruit gardens, has almost entirely disappeared; we saw but one nest of them during the entire summer. About the codling moth and apple gouger we cannot tell for certain, for in neglected orchards there were few or no apples, and the consequent famine would have been hard on them: Some insects took advantage of our first visit to the World’s Fair to put in their work upon the oak trees about our place without giving us any opportunity to detect or identify him. As it was at the right _ season, we suspect it may have been the June bug. The foliage on many trees was so badly injured as to stop the 429 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. growth and give the trees a sickly appearance, and they did not re- cover their greenness during the season. A species of the grasshopper, or locust, became very numerous in some localities toward fall, doing considerable injury to the pas- tures and injuring nursery and orchard trees to some extent by de- vouring the foliage and eating the immature bark. I expect a method we practiced one season in Ohio would have been a good remedy in the nursery; that was to drive them out two or three times a day with a long rope and a boy at each end sweeping it along the tops. A drove of turkeys will soon clear a nursery of them. In my young orchard I drive them out of the trees and then wash the trunks and main branches with lime whitewash, in which is dis- solved a pound of copperas and a little carbolic acid to each bucket- ful. As the most of them climb the trees the remedy seemed to help considerably toward keeping them off. Toward fall the European «cabbage worms were more numerous than they had been for several years previous. We account for this from the severity of last winter. While no amount of cold will de- stroy the chrysolides of this insect, they have a natural enemy in the ichneumon flies, that some seasons keep them well under sub- jection; but in some of our most severe winters this little parasite has its numbers greatly reduced. Wasps also and some other in- sect that were scarce during the season, prey upon the larvae and afford considerable protection. Early in the month of June an insect known to entomologists as the false chinch bug (Nystus Augustatus (Uhler) made its appearance in great numbers and committed serious depredations upon the strawberry plantations in the southeastern part of the state and in La Crosse county, Wisconsin. The attack was made at a critical period, just after the young fruit had set and needed the full ener- gies of the plant for developing it. This little insect is a true bug, and like others of its kind, feeds by suction and injures the plant by depriving the same of its juices and causing it to wilt. They are very general feeders and often injurious to young buds, radishes, turnips, etc.,and we have seen them on grapes and raspberry plants; in fact, one season we attributed the loss of our raspberry crop to them. Last season their worst ravages were upon the strawberry plants. » During the hot, dry days that occurred between June first — and fifteenth, they could be found crowded upon the stems of the plants sucking the juices, causing the plants to wilt and the fruit to shrivel; and a great number of the plants finally died outright. Like the true chinch bug, dry weather is most favorable for their development, and in a wet season they are not generally numerous enough to do much damage. As with the true chinch bug, one of the best preventatives is clean cultivation. Prof. Keely, entomolo- gist of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, says that it winters un- der_.all sorts of field rubbish, and the careful burning of old weeds and trash will undoubtedly lessen its numbers. He recommends the use of pyrethrum powders and kerosene emulsion as among the most practical remedies. | } d h ‘ J S. MINN. HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 423 SOUTHERN MINNESOTA HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. ANNUAL REPORT, 1893, PREPARED BY CLARENCE WEDGE, SECRETARY. In accordance with Article III, of the constitution of your society, I have the pleasure of furnishing herewith a list of the members of the Southern Minnesota Horticultural Society and a report of the proceedings of their first annual meeting. Ata preliminary meeting of a few horticulturists of Mower and Freeborn counties, held at Albert Lea in October last, F. W. Kimball, of Austin, was chosen president, and Clarence Wedge, secretary, and a committee on program appointed, which in due time announced the following program: Program of the Winter Meeting Of the Southern Minnesota Horticultural Society, to be held in the city of Austin, Wednesday and Thursday, December 13th and 14th, 1893: OPENING SESSION, WEDNESDAY, 1:30 P. M. Prayer, Rev. C. E. Wright; What are We Here For, Pres. F. W. Kimball; Can a Farmer Grow Strawberries, Geo. H. Prescott, Albert Lea, Manlius Asher, Aus- tin; Lawns and Ornamental Trees, G. Seebach; Profit in a Minnesota Orchard, E. D. Ames. Lyle; My Four Best Russian Apples, J. B. Mitchell, Cresco, Ia.; ap- pointment of committees by the president; Question Box. WEDNESDAY EVENING SESSION, 7:30 P. M. Address of Welcome, Mayor of Austin; Response to Address of Welcome, by a member of the society; Tbe Raspberry Patch, J.S. Harris, La Crescent; Will Horticulture Pay in this Country, L. French; Some Hints on Flowers all Can Grow, A. N. Kinsman, Austin; The Influence of Horticulture on Our Homes, O. W. Shaw, Austin. THURSDAY MORNING SESSION, 9:00 A. M. How to Prune the Grape, illustrated, C. R. Ransom, Albert Lea; Plums,a Neglected Fruit, Clarence Wedge, Albert Lea; Evergreens for Shelter, A. V. Ellis, Austin; What Fruit can our Farmers Most Profitably Plant, E. H. S. Dartt, Supt. * of Experimental Station, Owatonna; Report of committees; Question Box. bd THURSDAY AFTERNOON SESSION, 1:00 P. M. Election of officers; a discussion on vegetable gardening led by J.S. Harris, Geo. H. Prescott, and others; Remarks on General Horticulture, J. J. Hunt, Brownsdale; The Growing of Celery, N. I. Johnson, Austin. Discussions will follow each paper read. Everybody is cordially invited to at- tend these meetings and take part in the discussions. Membership in the society which will entitle the holder to receive the cloth bound reports of the State Hor- ticultural Society, a fine book of over 300 pages, $1.00 per annum, payable to secre- tary. FREE ENTERTAINEENT has been provided for all members by the citizens of Austin. Come all and help make the gardens and orchards, the streets, parks and groves of this, our *‘ Blue grass region,” the richest and most beautiful of the state. Day sessions in the auditor’s office of court house. Evening sessions in the court room. F. W. KIIBALL, President, CLARENCE WEDGE, Secretary, Austin, Minnesota. Albert Lea, Minnesota. The programme as above was carried out with the exception of papers by Manlius Asher, E. D. Ames, L. French, C. R. Ransom, J. J. Hunt, and N. L. Johnson, several of whom are known to have been detained by sickness. The papers read before the society and the discussions following were of a nature likely to be helpful to those Ba 424 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. making a beginning in horticulture, and were listened to with marked attention by an average attendance of about fifty. The room in which the meetings were held was especially cozy and pleasant and centributed very much to the good cheer of the occas- ion. The only fruit shown wasa plate of Hibernal and specimen apples of Anisim (18 m) and Regel (169). Upon motion a committee on fruit list for Freeborn and Mower counties was appointed. The report of said committee after con- siderable discussion and some revision was adopted as follows: FRUIT LIST. Apples recommended for general planting:—Duchess, Hibernal. Apples for general trial to be planted in limited quantites:—Boro- vinka, Charlamof, Christmas, Good Peasant, Patten’s Greening, Wealthy, Anisette, Blushed Calville, Breskovka, Anisim, Longfield. Crabs and hybrids for general planting:—Martha, Early Straw- berry, Whitney, Briar’s Sweet, Virginia, Tonka. Crabs and hybrids for trial:—Greenwood, Pride of Minneapolis, Dartt. Grapes for general planting:—Moore’s Early, Early Victor,Worden, Brighton, Delaware. Grapes for trial:—Moore’s Diamond, Plums for general planting:—Desota, Forest Garden, Weaver, Rollingstone. Plums for trial:—Ocheeda, Gaylord, Cheney, Wolf, Rockford. Raspberries for general planting:—Red; Turner, Marlborough, Cuthbert; Black; Ohio, Palmer, Nemaha, Schaffer. Blackcaps for trial:—Older, Kansas. Blackberries for general planting:—Ancient Briton, Snyder, Strawberries for general planting:—Pistillate; Crescent, Warfield; Staminate: Michel’s Early, Wilson, Bederwood. Currants for general planting:—Red Dutch White Grape Victoria. OFFICERS. ° The following officers were elected for the ensuing year: F. W. Kimball, Austin, President. Geo. H. Prescott, Albert Lea, Vice-President. Clarence Wedge, Albert Lea, Secretary and Treas- urer. Executive Committee—E. B. Crane, G. Seebach, Austin. The following were appointed a general fruit committee:—F. S. Haupt, C. L. Hill, James Jorgenson, Albert Lea. A. J. French, G. C. Hawkins, Austin. J. J. Hunt, Brownsdale. The following delegates to the State Horticultural Society were appointed:—Clarence Wedge, Miss Gertrude Ellis and G. C. Hawkins. LIST OF MEMBERS. Honorary—J. B. Mitchell, Cresco, Iowa. Annual—G. Seebach, Austin; O. W. Shaw, Austin; Aaron Kimball, Austin; A. N. Kinsman, Austin; A. J. French, Austin; James Di Smith, Austin; R. L. Johnson, Austin; R. Hobson, Austin; J. Boulton, Austin; Chas. Barnita, Austin; M. Teeter, Austin; G. C. Hawkins, Austin; G. R. Weseman, Austin; M. E. Varco, Austin; F. W. Kimball, Austin; Geo. H. Prescott, Albert ea; Clarence Wedge, Albert Lea; F. S. Haupt, Albert Lea; James Jorgenson, Albert Lea; Philip Lem- S. MINN. HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 495 brick, Rose Creek; Even S. Evenson, Rose Creek; F. Boelk, Lansing; EK. H. S. Dartt, Geneon. James Taylor, Woodlawn; Arne Huseby, Adams; E. B. Crane, irate: Lewis P. Peterson, Breehont Robert Freeman, Glenville; C. L. Hill, Albert Lea. FROM THE SECRETARY’S NOTE BOOK. A motion to put the Wealthy on the list for general planting brought on a lively discussion. It seemed to be the sentiment of a majority of the members that while it was too valuable to discard, it was too unreliable to be placed on a par with the Duchess and Hibernal. The catalpa was reported hardy and satisfactory at points in Free- born, Steele and Mower counties,in the latter county one tree on the premises of Mr. G. Seebach being now about fifteen feet high. The horse chestnut was also bearing fruit in Freeborn and Steele counties. The red cedar was strongly endorsed as the very hardiest tree to plant for windbreak; but the point was made by Mr. Dratt, of Owa- tonna, that some trees, doubtless from southern seed, had proved tender. The white spruce received words of praise on all hands, and seemed to be generally regarded as far superior to the Norway spruce in most situations in our state. The propagation of plums on their own roots was urged and sey- eral points made in favor of such propagation. Letters of regret were read from C. G. Patten, of Charles City, Ia., and Edson Gaylord, of Nora Springs, Ia. Final resolutions were passed thanking the citizens of Austin for their handsome entertainment; the county auditor for the use of his room; the visiting members, Messrs. J. S. Harris, E. H.S. Dratt and J. B. Mitchell, for their wise counsel; and the press of the city of Austin for their help in advertising the meeting. It may not be improper to add to this report an expression of the pleasure and satisfaction the officers of the society have felt in their work, and an encouragement to form similar societies wherever possible in the state. Of the twenty-nine members, probably not more than eight would otherwise have received our state reports, and only perhaps half of the eight have had the benefit of an attend- ance at a horticultural meeting; not to mention the numbers who were interested listeners at the meetings, but who in these close times did not feel like sparing the dollar required for membership. Since the meeting, the newspapers of Austin have published near- ly all the papers read at the meeting, together with the fruit list recommended by the society. The papers of Albert Lea have also printed a goodly share. Thus the suggestions of our best fruit growers and tree planters were enjoyed by, probably, not less than two thousand additional readers. The treasurer’s books show that all this was brought about at an expenditure of only $13.30, and that there is remaining a surplus of $14.70 in the treasury. In the facts above mentioned, we think there is very substantial encouragement for the organization of similar societies, and we are confident that under the care and with 426 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. the help and encouragement of the state society, they might become a most important factor in developing the resources of our state and beautifying and ennobling its homes. PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS. ANNUAL MEETING SOUTHERN MINNESOTA HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. F. W. KIMBALL, Austin. Friends and Patrons of Horticulture: “What are we here for?” Surely not for the reason implied by the question of the delegate from Texas. Were the test of fitness an entire lack of horticultural knowledge and experience, I might consider myself a first-class candidate for any position in your gift. I accepted this position as a seeming necessity, that I might in a small way help this society in its start, and I trust you will so regard it. Being a lover of all kinds of fruit, I have always taken an interest in horticulture, but have been so situated that it is only of late that it could find expres- sion. It was, perhaps, only opportunity that was neeeded to make me an enthusiastic devotee of horticulture, and I am now in a small way trying to carry to a practical solution the dream of boyhood and the oft-time wish of after life. When of late I commenced to read more fully the state horticul- tural reports and in a small way correspond with horticulturists, asking questions freely, I was surprised at what thorough and sys- tematic work was being done in this line, and I became convinced that good could be accomplished in a small way by a county society. Then, without previous consultation, Mr. Wedge proposed this larger organization; and this, our firstregular meeting, is the result of a few friends of horticulture getting together and perfecting an organiza- tion, the intent being to hold winter meetings alternately here and at Albert Lea, thus making it within the reach of all. While I cannot teach you anything relating to horticulture, Mr. Wedge, our secretary, is amply able to do so, and he has succeeded in interesting many of his horticultural friends to be with us, among whom is Mr. J. S. Harris, the pioneer of horticulture in this state, and of whom it can be said no man in this great state stands higher or has given more ungrudgingly of his time and means to develop the great interest he has so near his heart. We expect much, also, of Mr. Dartt, of Owatonna, one of our pioneer nurserymen now con- ducting a state experimental station at Owatonna, who undoubtedly can tell us of many failures, and I hope of some successes—it is through our failures that we finally learn the way to success. We have with us also Mr. Mitchell, of Cresco, Iowa, a nurseryman and orchardist of long standing, who is highly honored in his own state and section,and of whom we are in hopes to learn many things; and who can tell us some valuable things learned in the disaster of 1873. We also hope for the presence of Mr. E. Gaylord, of Nora Springs, Iowa, who has given much thought and study to the subject and has given the world many valuable suggestions, and I am in hopes he can give us valuable aid. It seems to me that almost a new epoch has opened in fruit grow- ing in this section. We can start in avoiding most of the errors of Ae S. MINN. HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 427 the past, and with the few hardy varieties now recognized, we can, if we choose, experiment a little with others and gradually grow up a list of iron-clads. Now, let me suggest that as we gather here for information, that we get all we can out of it; and let no one be afraid to ask questions, forin this way can we more largely gain information. After a paper is read, all shall have a chance to ask questions, bringing out such information as is uncertain to them or freely criticise any ideas promulgated, to be themselves criticised by others; inthis way much can be learned. We will also have a question box, which we wish freely patronized, thus bringing out information on any subject in which any one is interested and which may not be touched upon by the papers, or previous discussions. In this way we hope to awaken an interest through this entire section and bring it fully before the minds of the people that this need not be a section devoid of fruit; and while we cannot raise it as freely and in such an endless variety as in more favored localities, let us remember that what we can successfully raise can be brought to a wuch higher standard of excellence than in the milder climates. What are we here for? I hope not from a purely selfish motive. We wish to awaken an interest that shall never die out, that shall so develop the fruit interest in this section that our children and our children’s children shall bless the day this interest was awakened. The things to learn are: what varieties are hardy and the best means of propagating and caring for them; what nurseries are worthy of patronage, who will only recommend hardy varieties and send out stock true.to name; and what ones to avoid. I am confident that there have been sold and delivered in this town within the year hun- dreds, and perhaps into the thousands, of dollars worth of trees that can bring their owners nothing but vexation and mortification and, perhaps, such disgust that they may never try again, to say nothing of the influence on the neighborhood. Every man with a small patch of ground can grow berries of various kinds enough for a large family, to say nothing of grapes and apples. Then let us strive to make home the more pleasant with plenty of fruit and flowers, and vegetables, thus bringing health, happiness and peace in its train, alike blessing him who grows and him who eats. “INFLUENCE OF HORTICULTURE UPON OUR HOMES.”’ O. W. SHAW, AUSTIN. Read before the Southern Minnesota Horticultural Society, 1893. ; There were two features of the rocky farm up among the New Hampshire hills, where I was born and spent my child- hood, that are most prominent in my recollection. These were the orchards planted by my great-grandfather and the garden cultivated by four generations of the same family. These, indeed, were the ornaments of the homestead; but the former dominates and seems the more personal, and tonight I could, in my thought, goon and locate many a particular tree and recall its name, and smack over the flavor of its fruitage. 428 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. There was the “Harvey” apple in the lower orchard, being the particular property of my grandfather, reaching the maturity and full richness of its flavor about midwinter, and doled out to us boys only on some great occasion or as reward for extraordinary good conduct. Then there was the “Molly” tree behind the cider house, named for a maiden aunt of a previous generation, known to all the boys for miles around, and few of whose apples ever got into the cellar. There was the “Moulton” apple in the upper orchard and the “Long Stems” behind the barn and the “August Beauties” in the little field, but space forbids repetition. The first settlers of that region must have delighted in the plant- ing of apple trees, for they not only created orchards but continued the planting along the stone walls, by the road sides and the lanes leading to the pastures. Oh! the beauty and fragrance of those trees in bloom! and what a spectacle at autumn gathering! Mr. President, such memories are a pleasant heritage and one of such scenes may have lingered uppermost in Wordsworth’s recollec- tion when he penned the incomparable “Old Oaken Bucket.” No- tice that he mentions first the orchard: “How dear to my heart are the scenes of my childhood, When fond recollection presents them to view, The orchard, the meadow, the deep tangled wildwood, And every loved spot that mine infancy knew.” Apples are the favorites of mankind; every eye covets and every hand reaches to them, and we may as well remember that by this fruit Adam is supposed to have lost his moral standing. But aside from the fruit, the trees themselves—what giants they were! And, Mr. President, what a glorious object the tree! How magnificent is a forest of them on plain or hillside! And the single tree, there is scarcely its match for beauty among unintelligent ob- jects on the face of the earth. Solitary, or in the row or group, planted by human hands, or spared by them from ordinary exter- mination near the abode of man, how “expressive and admirable!” Hitherto, with comparatively few exceptions where fortunate locators obtained timber claims, the exigency of creating natural windbreaks at the soonest possible time has led our people of this country to largely surround their dwellings and other farm build- ings with rapid-growing soft trees. But that more ornamental and valuable trees will sooner or later be substituted, not only to sur- round our farm buildings but as well to shade our highways, is not an uureasonable expectation. And would it not be a part of the proper mission of this society to encourage and teach such substi- tution and use? Visionary, say you? Not more so I think than some of the schemes advocated in the good roads convention of re- cent memory. Experiment begets success. I remember twenty or more years ago when there was a popular doubt as to whether evergreens could be successfully grown in this locality. That Mr. Ellis’ were doing so well was said to be owing to either some peculiarity of soil quite uncommon hereabouts or method of cultivation which the public could not get on to. Today the term is applied to one of S. MINN. HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 429 the best appointed and most valuable farms in this state, and this present season a friend told me of his habit of riding out fora smell of Mr. Baudler’s pines. Our own city, we are proud to say, appears during a porfion of the year as if embowered in trees,and examples demonstrate the possi- bilities attending the growing of the best and most valuable. We are beginning to realize the wisdom of planting hard maples, not for permanency only but for beauty as well. The common mistake is setting the trees too close together. It seemsa sacrilegious pro- ceeding to chop out every other one of a particular row, and I was much interested last spring in Mr. Coats’ experiment of transplant- ing the largetrees from his yard to the front of his lot. One lived, the other died. Thereisa fine row of these trees on the north and east sides of the block occupied by H. O. Basford and others. They were planted by William Cook more than thirty years ago. As an ornament for a lawn, a birch now and then looks well. Contrast is one of the finest of all the laws of association, and when planted near an evergreen, the effect of this tree is very marked. There is no reason why we should not plant them, but I don’t be- lieve there are a dozen in town. I think there is one in Mr. Kimball's yard; others, I don’t remember. Some years ago, visiting Mr. Dartt’s plantation at Owatonna I asked him to show mea beech, and he did. ’Twas a seedling, some eight inches high, but all the same it did me good to recognize the buds. I would like to inquire tonight how it is getting along. Then there is the elm. I notice some are being planted abont the city, and there is an especially fine row north of the lot where Mr. Birkett lives. These were set out by E. O. Wheeler, all of fifteen years ago. I am not sufficiently versed in arboriculture to say whether these are the same species that are so prevalent in New England or different, but they appear brothers. It your native Mer- rimac valley, Mr. President, what an object in the landscape this tree is! A very patriarch of the family of shade! The majestic, the: umbrageous, the antlered elm! I remember one of these trees by the roadside opposite my father’s house. I have seen larger, but none of more perfect symmetry and beauty. “One among a thou- sand,” it stood of the multitude which the taste of its early proprie- tor had left dispersed on the broad landscape. How often, on my occasional visits to my mother, have I reached a certain elevated roadway some miles distant as the crow flies and stopped to catch a glimpse of that tree! It stood on the ground as though it “rose in dance,” its full top bending over toward the ground on every side with the dignity of a forest king and the grace of a weeping willow. In my very boyhood, I could look upon it for hours. It was the handiwork and architecture of God, of which the eye of man might never tire, but gaze on with refreshing and delight. But, Mr. President, I have got into a labyrinth and must recall myself, calling at the same time on every man to plant trees. ’Tis a virtue to set out trees; tis loving our neighbor as ourselves. Set out trees, not to make your home outshine your neighbor’s, but for him as well as yourself to look upon and walk under. Plant trees; and whether for ornament or from which you may expect to gather 430 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. fruitful material returns, remember that beside beautifying God’s earth the very act projects you into the future in issues that may be determined long after you are dead. Are théy but saplings? What undreamed of administrations and dynasties they may not outlive? Do you pluck from trees of your own planting apple or plum? Know that from the same branch other hands will pluck apple and plum when your body may have shrunk to a pinch of dust. In this thing you have wrought for pos- terity, and unborn people shall have cause to think kindly of you. THE HORTICULTURAL EXHIBIT AT THE MINNEAPOLIS EXPOSITION, 1893. R. S. MACKINTOSH, ST. ANTHONY PARK. The fruit and flower exhibit at the exposition was arranged to be made during the second and third weeks of the exposition. The rooms set apart for the exhibit were in the part of the build- ing known as the art gallery, which were shelved and decorated for the occasion. One large room was used for the exhibit of grapes and apples. During the time that it was fixed up, it was a beautiful sight to look upon; the bright colors of the Duchess, Wealthy and other apples on one side, blending with the darker shades of grapes in the center and on the opposite side. Asmall room, with rows of apples on either side, was entirely filled with Duchess and Wealthy. The plums were on the side of a room, while in the corners was the display of decorative plants. The flowering plants and cut flowers were located ina large room adjoining. Of our large apple growers, Mr. R. C. Keel, of Rochester, was the only one to make a large show. His display was very good, consid- _ ering the season which he had to grow them in. Being the only large exhibitor, he received the award of most of the premiums, Mr. Williams, of Barnum, showed several new seedlings, some of which are quite promising. The Jewell Nursery Co., of Lake City, had a fine lot of seedlings. On the whole, the display was a credit to the exposition and to the growers, even if it did cost a large sum. Many visitors could hardly imagine that we could produce such fine fruit in our state. The grape display was very fine. As usual the Lake Minnetoka grapes took the lion’s share of the premiums, and they were well earned. Mr. H.L.Crane’s display occupied a table in the center of the room, while on two sides were located the displays of Mr. A. W. Latham and Mrs. Barton, of Excelsior,and Mrs. Underwood, of Lake City. Mr. A. W. Latham’s collection received the first premi- um, and his single plates many others. Mr. A. H. Brackett was the judge of the grapes, and below I give a table of his weights of the plates receiving the first premiums and also the weights of the largest bunches. I also include there- with the weights of the largest bunches of grapes receiving first premiums at the state fair, 1894. — MINNEAPOLIS EXPOSITION. 431 Weight of Grapes at Minneapolis Exposition, 1893, and State Fair, 1894; Minneapolis Exposition. Largest Plate of five ‘State Fair. single bunch, bunches, Largest single OZ. Ibs. oz. bunch, oz. PGR REA. oon so eo eee eee ee 915 ot 814 EL UE Se agen ee eae Tle 2— 3 81, Brighton onda ceed Sworn oticrhe 144, ; 3— T16 1515 MIMO rt. ne ae 22a 13 3—10 19 NA WATIC 100/522: -j3{00 5 > Seiad a Sich 616 1—15 aly, MPOMCES os arsic's oc os cdi t wee 11 3— 7 14 Beanie Victor v2. 0. ook ce SS cote —131, 514 EGHERAES State. 24. 52is. els 4 1— 6 MEI CPG pels: ate ads fos ora nla tatece ey ade 10 2—12 8 LD IDG aes BAS eG een ee ee 17 4— 116 1516 RBABES VA Cb crs cts sa/ave. ola wie soe 5) 1— 8 615 LL BONES ee GERAIS Rai Rena a ae Te 516 1— 7 7 Herre yess 2k So ine 14 3— 6 9 RUSS AS OME seicrad is ee sewer aeons 81, 2— 6 9 NGO ELGE ALY. q <\...,c12to-<'ossue'o 3p 1114 2—15 814 PRouchkeepsie Red ..2 22... 4: 6 1— 7146 ee LEGS siaeg 27d eae 91, 2— 814 1015 MV TLVG |i 0 25 Nae ey en aR ot 7 2— 21, 7 DEE err Se As eee eee 141, 3—1316 9 PERRET 2. ae js vs 2 dk Slats Me PUNE Ee ith Pee x : 6 1 EAL aS se aR ee Or NE Pe Mean ee oie td Sat ae 1114 oS LE eee ee eae eM ASS Be NEN GPS eS: 6 Reman RCO. 52 azote Ne (Sa re ore Va RD ae ee 416 PAMELA Ay Weak sy -Tsfaye ket et ee see Sct ee Nee Pes Se ee 9) LA IGATEI El aS SP sev ES Fa pee nit rat ts 3 IPMGOLACAO.: ope. cca. ce eve sa VE a ine AS et Neots 6 FLORAL DISPLAY. The display of decorative and flowering plants of the first week was very fine. When the electric lights were burning the sight was very beautiful. Many people remarked how beautifully they were arranged. Those competing for the premiums were Messrs. Men- denhall, of Minneapolis; Windmiller & Son, of Mankato, showing tu- berous begonias, and Mr. August S. Swanson of St. Paul. The displays of cut flowers were on the table during the second week. There were three changes during the week: First,came the cut flowers tastefully arranged; second, table decorations; third, original designs. The table decorations were very good. Mr. August Swanson ar- ranged a round table and Nagel & Co. an oblong table. The original design feature was not so well competed for. Mr. August Swanson took us to a valley in the mountains, showing the wild flowers, running water, trees and moss everywhere. In general the show was very good,and those that brought their plants and flowers deserve much credit for their trouble. orestry. TREES FOR THE FARM AND HOME. Extract from an address by Col. John H. Stevens, president of the Minnesota State Agricultural Society. and president of the State Forestry Association delivered at the Farmers Institute, Montevideo, 1888: : We should plant trees: First—for the ornamentation of the farm. I feel confident that I am addressing myself to an intelligent and appreciative class of men, who will be willing to admit this idea for its true value to them on their farms. You know that your farms are worth more for your efforts at improving and beautifying them, not only for market but also for your own personal use. You know that they will sell readier, and that they will bring you more money when sold for the beautiful trees that are planted upon them. You yourself would not take much money to have those trees removed that your own hands have planted and you have watched with care. In all our sterner thoughts of life, we cannot afford to altogether ignore the beautiful in nature and the beautiful in art. To you “A thing of beauty is a joy forever” as well as to the rest of humanity, who are even now panting for the beautiful. Again, “Life without beauty is a dead and unwholesome thing,” and “Trees are fit to minister to man’s manly sense of beauty.” These are the modern expressions of the deep and hidden sense of the beautiful lying under our sterner natures, and which are so successfully ministered to by the grand and majestic beauty of the living plantor tree. The man who could pitch the dwelling designed for the abode and resting place of his family in adreary and open field, treeless and flowerless, is a long way behind the aesthetics of the age, if he is content to leave it so; he has spent the foregoing part of his life for nothing, and has yet everything to learn respecting the beauty of this life. We know that men are alive to their best interests, and that they must and will plant trees around their farms and their homes for beauty and for use. Everywhere we see encouraging examples of movement in this direction, and much may they be extended. THE HOMES OF THE BIRDS. Second—Trees are the homes and meeting places of the birds. Every farmer in our vast country will at once see and recognize the force of this proposition. Birds are the children of the air, and lodge among the branches of our trees. If there are no trees with their wealth of beautiful branches on our place, we can have no birds. If there are no birds, there is no restraint upon the millions of devouring insects that are ever ready to prey upon the crops that the honest farmer needs for his bread and his money. So the rela- tion between the tree planting and the farmer’s pocket is established and is intimately close—closer, indeed, than some of us are aware of. Let us remember that most of the small and beautiful birds that warble among the branches of our trees are insect-eating birds, and are our most intimate and devoted friends, ever working for our in- + 6 Sg Re en ee ee * or Tea a ved x ite, i a daa ea ay ca , : Ni Yaa) ‘ ne : , i ‘ae i = , ‘ le y/ a > “ i FORESTRY. 433 terests. Let us encourage them and their friendly efforts for our good in every possible way by planting trees for their convenience. The tree and the bird! How astonishingly beautiful these organ- ized obiects of kind nature are in their life and their work! Each of them are grand conceptions of Infinite wisdom, and are worthy of our attention and careful study that would fill volumes of scientific and useful teaching. The tree and the bird! How intimately close is the relationship that exists between the departments of the na- tural world, between the vegetable and the animal kingdom, be- tween the merest vegetable and the highly organized beauty of the air! This relationship is easily traced, the one ministering to the daily requirements of the other. Would we have birds to cheer and to bless us, let us plant liberally the trees they love. FARM ECONOMY. Third—The economics of the farm require trees planted. I am sure there is no farmer but will readily appreciate this statement and will immediately pluck up his ears at the mention of it. By the economics of the farm, however, I do not intend the discussion of the most advantageous ways of feeding stock or the best breeds of horses, cattle, sheep, etc., to keep for profit, but, rather, what are we going to do with those waste lands on our farms that are too wet and mucky to be used for the culture of grain, or that are too rough to admit the plough? These are questions of much importance to us, because every acre of our farms is liable for taxation, conse- quently, we, of all men, can ill afford to allow any of it to lieidle. We want it all to bring in something, and something that is useful to us. We advise you to plant the low mucky places with the Ameri- can larch or with black ash, or with elm or willow; and, besides turning a dismal swamp into a field of beauty, it will soon be a source of great profit to its owner. The useless land of this country should be planted as early as possible, though in ever so rough a way, with young seedlings of oak, maple, or even a small quantity of the cottonwood, box elder, elm, white walnut or butternut. It would soon astonish the most incredulous to see the quantity and suddenness of the growth and profits arising from these discarded eyesores of the farm. Allow no stagnant miasma holes or useless eyesores on your place to destroy the symmetry and beauty of your lovely farms. Plant them with trees, so shall they be to you objects of pride and satisfaction and blessings to your country. . HEALTH. Fourth—The healthfulness of the farm. At first sight you may perhaps think that now you have me. We say in ali candor plant them on the farm and town lot for healthfulness. It is well known that trees in their growing action absorb large quantities of gases from the earth and from the air. These gases for the most part are effete animal exhalations that have served a purpose, but are now given off from our bodies’as useless, and worse than use- less to us. These gases are the very life of the trees, and are ab- sorbed by them in large quantities. Again, the trees give off gases that are useless to them, and these gases are the very food of our 434 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY life. Only think of an arrangement like this in the infinitely wise economies of nature! The vegetable and the animal—the one mu- tually dependent upon the other, the lower form living for the high- er, and neither of them living for itself. We have thought that a small but wild plantation of trees as a coppice on the lower end of each town and village lot would be the best advice that could be given by our boards of health. How much effete and decaying veg- etable matter is recklessly thrown out in the back yards of all our town lots and left to decay and poison the atmosphere we are hourly breathing for our life! Its deadly influences are sometimes felt by us and the dear ones of our family circle, when attacked with the varied forms of acute inflammations or with typhoid fever, or the more dreadful diphtheria. A coppice of wild trees, interlaced with vines and creepers, just at the lower end of the lot, would be a calm retreat from the scorching heat, and a reservoir to utilize all the poisons and pesti- lences of the atmosphere. How simple the remedy, and yet we are paying the debt of our negligence of the species of nature. Blocks of trees on the farm would answer precisely the same purposes, and be an everlasting fund of satisfaction and pure enjoyment. Farm- ers, let us plant trees for healthfulness for ourselves and for our families; for what are all the wealth of our coffers of gold compar- ed with the unspeakable blessings of health? MODIFICATION OF TEMPERATURE. Fifth—It is very generally admitted that trees have the power of absorbing and storing up latent heat, and again giving it outin times of extreme coid. Ifthis is so,and we fully believe it is, how fine is the modifying influences that may be exerted on our climate in its depressing moods? Again, it is believed that the tree has the power of absorption of moisture, and in atime of severe drought again giving it out liberally through its trunk and its branches and leaves in the summer time. This influence ascribed to the tree has the effect of cooling and moistening our dry atmosphere during the heated term. This view presents the tree as an enormous labora- tory, utilizing heat and dispensing Coolness and moisture to correct the extremes of our seasons. By the simple means of their agency the extremes of temperature endured in every treeless region may be corrected. But, further, we have sometimes thought, while sit- ting under our spreading trees in the intense heat of summer, that there was always a cooling breeze there, and, consequently, that they were attractive to coolness and breeze. Have you not many times been struck with the same idea? If we had the space at our command, we would like much to en- large here on the subject of windbreaks and storm-stayers, etc., in relation to trees. Weare more than certain that the agency of trees is the mostefficient and effectual wind-breaker that can be adopted. We are almost as certain that the same gentle influences: may be credited with the cooling and refreshing moisture of many a sum- mer shower that visits our plantations. When shall we arrive at a correct understanding of the great laws of nature, and the governing FORESTRY. 435 forces of the world? When shall we learn the proper relationship of one part to another in the arrangements of nature? How can we have the blessings of a fertile and fruitful country without the agency of trees? DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRICITY. Sixth—The distribution of electric fluids in the air. The subject of electricity is a mysterious question that we cannot fully under- stand. Yet we know that the vast treeless plains of our continent are frequently visited with those destructive inflences and the deadly lightning bolt. Every limb and twig and leaf is a silent conductor of electricity. The great prairies of the West are annually visited by these alarming displays of nature to their serious loss and the discomfiture of the people. In tree-growing regions these diplays are less frequent and less severe. Our advice, therefore, is to plan trees around your dwellings, to ward off the influence of destructive lightning. SHADE. Seventh—Trees furnish a friendly shade and cooling breezes for the farmer's children and his cattle. As we have already anticipa- ted this item to some extent, we will here simply say that for this use alone trees will pay far more than they cost. Is it nothing to you that your children have not the cooling shade of the spreading elm tree or the more emblematic maple, under whose spreading branches to enjoy their healthful sports at midday in the height of our heated season? Is it nothing to you that your cattle of pure blood, your horses of noble ancestry, and your sheep of finest clip, are left out standing in the melting heat in a friendly fence corner, and without the grateful shade of one spreading branch over their defenceless heads? Oh,I know you count your interests better than this, and though you would not for your children, yet for your horses, cattle and sheep you will provide the grateful shade that blesses them in the burning noonday. Plant trees! TIMBER. EKighth—Trees supply timber, poles, and brush for the use of the farm. Oh, you say, this is a glaring statement. It will take years upon years after I am old to grow timber, etc., for the uses of the farm from these trees, and we will never see any benefit from the trees we plant! We know from our own experience that trees plant- ed on good soil and doing well for ten years will come into consid- erable usefulness, especially for poles and brush forthe farm. In passing through the southern part of this county last fall with Hon. Mr. Shannon, of Granite Falls, we were amazed at the size and beauty of their fine trees planted on the roadside and in the field. These trees, mostly our cottonwood, maple, elm, box elder, and sugar maples, could not have been. planted many years, and yet they were large, fine-spreading, handsome trees, and an ornament to any country. Be not, therefore, so easily discouraged. Kind nature is generous of any assistance given her, and what can be done in this county can also be done in any county in the state, Plant trees, © ie 436 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. therefore, as nature can do nothing for the man who will not help himself. If you will help her she will award you with the proudest and most satisfactory results to crown your feeble efforts. Try it! PRECIPITATION OF RAIN. Ninth—Trees are an encouragement to rainfall and water supply. This has now become a settled principle in the creed of understand- ing tree planters, and our observation teaches us that it is correct. Trees by means of their influence on the atmosphere increase the amount of condensation of moisture and precipitation. Again, by means of their roots and their action on the soil, they check the force and injury of torrents, and by rendering the ground pdrous and open, largely drink it in, to be given out again when and where most needed. But, again, forests,by means of their abundant foli- age, evaporate or throw off enormous quantities of moisture into the air, and this, after being carried about by the winds, is condensed by the coolness of evening, and falls plentifully upon the neighbor- ing country in the form of pearly dew. So the action of the trees and the relation of the atmosphere is constantly going on, and every time man receives blessings by the mysterious arrangement. Plant trees for moisture! GENERAL BENEFITS. Tenth, and lastly. By planting trees for ornamentation and shade, we shall have more fruit and better fruit, better crops of grain and grass, better horses and cattle and more pleasure and purer enjoyments in life. We need trees around our orchards to give out warming and tempering influences in the springtime when the trees are covered with tender blossoms and the air is loaded with pinching cold. We need the presence of trees around our fields and our homes in summer to condense the cooling vapers and to invite the pleasant zephyrs to fan our parched brows. More especially, we need the presence of trees in our winters to offer a calm resistance to the raging blast and-to shelter the tender buds of our fruit trees from the withering cold and killing frost. We need their grateful presence around the home, of our loved ones, for their presence is cheering to our eyesight, and it is a relief to look upon them while nothing but whiteness’is all around. Let us each in our humble way strive to add our humble mite to the sum total of our engagements of this humble life below by planting a few trees to live and testify of us after our heads are laid low and our hands are still in everlasting rest. NORTHEASTERN IOWA HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 437 7 NORTHEASTERN IOWA HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY— : ANNUAL MEETING, 1894. CLARENCE WEDGE, ALBERT LEA, DELEGATE. The annual winter meeting of the Northeastern Iowa Horticul- tural-Society convened at Mason City, Ia., Nov. 27, 1894. The attendance could scarcely be called large, but the papers and discussions were of a high order of excellence. The opera house was pleasantly decorated with flowers and a large display of fruit added inspiration to the occasion. The apples were below the usual size shown at this meeting and especially wanting in color. A barrel of Duchess, kept in cold storage, were displayed on the table, and seemed to look nearly as well as when put into the barrel at picking time. Your delegate was made an honorary member of the society and accorded more than all the courtesies usually extended to such visitors. Although the season was not a profitable one for horticulturists generally we did not hear a word of discouragement, but all seemed confident that we would be able to adapt our methods to any varia- tions of climate that might come. Reports from the directors being first in order, J. C. Ferris, of Hampton, reports some disappointment with the new things on trial, especially with the fruitfulness of the new Russian apples. C. F. Gardner, of Osage, reports Rockford, Wyant, Wolf, Hawkeye, Desota and Miner the best plums, and the Picea pungens the most beautiful of evergreens—it has been during the past nine years per- fectly hardy. He reports great injury from the white grub on ever- greens from small seedlings up to trees six feet high. Mr. Mitchell, of Cresco, reports the Crescent the leading reliable strawberry, and Warfield has not stood the dry weather so well; also, that Schaffer is the most reliable of the red raspberries, and Ohio and Souhegan of the black. A number of members endorse the Agawam, No. 15, as a good and profitable grape that has been somewhat neglected. Roger’s Hybrids should be commingled in the vineyard with other varieties and should be grown on the cane renewal system, allow- ing no canes to remain longer than three years. Nearly all reports agree that small fruits were not more than ten to twenty per cent. of a full crop the past season. L. S. Johnson, of Clear Lake,in a paper on “Strawberries,” recom- mends planting on ground prepared in a wonderfully careful man- ner. He plows the land very deeply in July; sows toa crop of buck- wheat, which he plows under when in blossom; and then puts sev- enty-five loads of old manure per acre, which remains till spring. As soon as ground can be worked he uses a pulverizer very thor- oughly; then plows under very deep; then pulverizes again and planks before setting plants. Mr. Johnson has four or five acres in berries, and thinks there is no method of succeeding without great care and labor. He keeps all runners cut until the middle of July, allows matted rows eighteen inches wide, raises two crops and then plows under, He frequently has the best crop in the second year; 438 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. finds Warfield, Bederwood, Michels Early, Bubach, Crescent and Glendale the best kinds, in the order named. He thinks $115 per acre clear profit what we may reasonably hope to receive. He uses marsh hay as a winter cover for new beds, and coarse manure for old beds; puts the Crescent among the last on the list. He ships most of his fruit and finds it too soft for distant markets. Mr. John- son’s paper and his work at his place were very generally com- mended. J. M, Elder, of Concord, in a paper on “Mistakes in Horticulture,” says that from the mistakes of the experimental planter we have re- ceived about all of value we now possess, and accords to them all honor. He thinks that not over ten per cent. of tree fruits, other than plums, that have been planted in northern Iowa, have come to profitable fruit bearing; largely due to the fact that buyers, instead of accepting what they may plant with safety, have reached out for new and untried kinds. He advises all to plant from home nurser- ies instead of patronizing traveling mountebanks. “Novelties and frauds are synonymous terms.” Prof. Hanson, in his subject “ Horticulture in the Public Schools,” said that we are fifty years behind the times in this matter. Ger- many is in the front rank. As horticulture is an essential matter in home making it is a subject that all should study. In almost every school yard in Germany there is a nursery. In this they are by their teachers taught how to sow seed, how to plant trees and how to graft. Early impressions being the most lasting, this has a mould- ing influence on the German people that is everywhere noticeable. Teachers are trained for this work in the schools of horticulture. One of the best of these he visited was in Silesia. In these about half the time is given to lectures and half to exercises in the field and nursery. The expense of the teachers’ attendance at these schools is met by the government. Upon the return of the teach- ers who have visited these schools they are expected to recite what they have learned in local teachers’ institutes. W. A. Burnap in his annual address gave away an important se- cret. His success in fruit raising, he said, was entirely due to the fact that in his library there is a complete file of the reports of the horticultural society for many years. Secretary Elmer Reeves, of Waverly, in his report recommended that the report of the Northeast Society be printed separately from the State Society report, and a large number distributed free to ap- plicants. He states that tree planting is surely on the increase, and that a greater number of home gr6éwn trees are being used than heretofore. Blight of the apple being under discussion, Pres. Burnap thinks that blight is very contagious, and that he would as soon intrnduce acase of small pox into his house as he would a known blighter into his orchard. C. G. Patten reports more blight than before in all the years of his experience. The Shields crab is notinclined to blight even among blighting kinds, and one of our best and hardiest trees to use as a stock for topworking. NORTHEASTERN IOWA HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 439 A resolution being introduced: That “blight is contagious and planters are recommended to plant with certain varieties that are known to have such tendency.” Prof. Hansen states that experi- ments have shown that healthy trees can be inocculated by using a knife on them that had been used on diseased trees. After an inter- esting discussion the resolution was adopted. C. G. Patten, of Charles City, recommends that the younger men goon and develop a race of apples that shall be, with other good qualities, free from blight. C. F. Gardner ina paper on “The Goose- berry and Currant” recommends propagating the gooseberry by us- ing hard wood cuttings eight inches long, setin August and covered during the winter witha heavy mulch. English gooseberries may be propagated by top-layering. Varieties recommended are Houghton and Downing. The English varieties will only succeed in a few fa- vored locations. Varieties of currants recommended: Victofia, White Grape, White and Red Dutch,and Long Bunch Holland. Prof. Hansen says that the Houghton gooseberry is very popular for wine making in Europe. He found also common in the nurseries there both the currant and gooseberry grafted three feet high on the com- mon yellow-flowering currant, the belief bein g that the fruit is larger than when on its own roots. Mr. Ivins, of Cedar Falls, thinks the Marlborough hardier than the Turner and one that furnishes a long season of picking. The Lancashire Lad is the best of the English gooseberries and the freest from mildew of any of thatclass. Mr. Mitchell finds the Marl- borough hardy in sandy soil, but a poor fruiter. Mr. Elder recom- mends the application of flower of sulphur as remedy for mildew on gooseberries; he has had great success with it. The Royal Church raspberry is spoken of by Mr. Ferris and Mr. Patten as a good bearer, buta very imperfect fruit. Mr. Johnson al- ways has orders ahead for canning purposes for all the Schaffer he can grow. Nelson Hanson read a paper both humorous and rich in helpful suggestions on planting the grape for home use. Thinks that although grapes may be bought cheap they are generally cheap grapes, and the boys and girls may like to see something on the farm besides corn and hogs; that many have failed in their attempt to raise grapes because they have tried to raise too many pigs, chick- ens, calves and colts in the same enclosure with their grapes; it is not safe to put manure in the soil near the roots of the vines—he has tried this to his complete disgust. At the election of officers all the old ones were re-elected. In his paper on “The Orchard” by S. W. Ferris, he expressed a pre- ference for clay, rather than a sandy soil. Selection of tree is very important. He prefers trees three to four feet high with heads two to three feet from the ground. Set three to four inches deeper than they stood in the nursery; he favors close planting. Duchess, Wealthy, Longfield and Hibernal are goodin hislocality. Plant on north side of hill, or place an evergreen on south side of each tree and keep sheared to three to four feet high. A wash of lye half strong enough to make soap will kill insects. D. J. Purdy, the great apple buyer of Mason City, Iowa, thinks that orchards are not half cared for. It is a mistake to plant poor trees, and a greater to fail to attend to their care. Upon the question of recommending certain varieties, four had tested the McMahon and one recommended it, if planted on dry land; three had tried Mackintosh Ked, and not one recommended it; ten had tried Longfield and eight recommended it—Prof. Hansen especially commended its early bearing. Prof. Budd in his paper on the future of native plums expressed the belief that by crossing the native and foreign varieties we would \ 440 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. procure a larger and finer plum than the Japan. Mr. Patten thinks the Russian plums worthless for his section. Edson Gaylord ina paper on “Tree Protection” emphasized the need of protection for the orchard from the sun rather than from cold winds; would allow the trees to branch well on the south side that they may be self-protecting; mulch the orchard heavily and cultivate four inches deep between the rows two or three times each season. The next meeting of the society will be at Hampton. PLEASANT WORDS ROR THE MINNESOTA STATE AGRICULTURAL SCHOOL.’ Mr. J.S. Harris and myself had the pleasure of spending a day at the State Agricultural School the twenty-second instant. This isa visit that has been thought of often, but as often postponed, but now that it is accomplished the only regret is that so keen a pleas- ure had not been enjoyed before. The sight of 175 earnest young men gathered in the chapel is one long to be remembered. This school has grown remarkably, having an average increase of about thirty per cent. perannum. [do not know the exact num- ber, but remember only two or three years since its being spoken of as having an attendance of forty or fifty. The buildings and ac- commodations on the place for the various branches of study pur- sued include the workshops for blacksmithing and carpentering, the drill hall, the barns devoted to cattle husbandry and veterinary surgery, the dairy, the greenhouses, the two or three large build- ings devoted to general classroom and dormitory purposes, the chemistry building and others, which make an equipment that to an amateur seems very complete. With the number of students in attendance, however, it is apparent that everything is crowded to its utmost capacity. Indeed, when two well grown boys sit ona seat designed for one person, as was the casea score of times in the chapel, itis apparent that something must be done at once to in- crease the accommodations, or else to discourage the attendance. The farmers’ boys are evidently bound to come, and the girls are wanting a chance, too, and ought not to be shut out. We saw plans, preliminary sketches, for a new central bnilding designed to meet the more immediate wants of the school. By all means the present legislature should look after the educational wants of the farmers’ sons. Horticulture is, of course, well represented in this school, both in the experimental fields and in the classroom. Prof. S. B. Green has a very pleasant classroom, seating about sixty-five, and it was our privilege to see it full; and Mr. Harris had an excellent op- portunity there to talk some straight horticulture to the boys, which they evidently appreciated. Dear friends of the State Horticultural Society, visit this school; it willdo you good. You will come away,Iam sure, from a day spent there some years younger, and the reflex influence of your presence and the few words you may say for our cause will have an excellent effect on the work in Minnesota in which we are so much interested. ° A. W. LATHAM, Secretary. IN MEMORIAM. In reviewing the events of the year we should most grate- fully recognize that Divine goodness which has preserved to us so many of the old veterans of horticulture, the pioneer fruit growers, nurserymen and gardeners of the Northwest to a ripe oldage. Within the year three men, whose names have become household words in all this region, have been called to the other side to receive their rewards for well spent lives. They have all contributed largely in developing the horticul- ture of this state and Wisconsin. They were all life members of this society. EPHRAIM WILCOX. Ephraim Wilcox was born in Saratoga Co., New York, June 11, 1812, and died in the town of Shelby, La Crosse Co., Wisconsin, Nov. 17, 1894, aged 82 years, 5 months and 6 days. In 1833, he was married in Oneida Co., New York, to Miss Mercy Adams, an amiable and fitting helpmate, and enjoyed the happy union fifty-nine years, she hav- ing departed this life in the spring of 1892. The fruit of the union was eleven children, seven of whom—five sons and two daughters—survive to mourn his depart- ure. Jn 1842, he came with his family to the territory of Wisconsin and settled in what is now Kenosha county. In 1862, he removed to Trempeleau Co., Wis., where he engaged in the orcharding, nursery and small fruit business. In 1878, he removed to La Crosse Co., Wis., where he founded the Mount Hope Nurseries, planted an extensive orchard and vineyard, and made his home un- til his death. He was a man of sterling integrity and untiring per- serverence, and only those who knew him well are aware of the time, money and persistent effort he has expended to make fruit growing, under great difficulties, a success. In early life, he became an uncompromising abolitionist, and during the war of the rebellion was active in the sanitary commission, and three of his sons were in the union army. He wasa man that never lost faith in the final triumph of right. After the slaves were freed he was an earnest worker in the temperance reform and was perhaps the oldest prohibitionist in the state of Wiscon- sin. He was a member of our state horticultural society and for distinguished service in horticulture was several years since made a honorary life member. 2 iy pe Fy eat 442 OBITUARY. JAMES M. SMITH. James M. Smith of Green Bay, Wis., died early in the summer of 1894. He was also an ardent promoter of Northwestern horticulture and made a grand success of market, vegetable and small fruit growing, and was for many years president of the Wisconsin Horticultural Society. GEORGE PS PERRER: George P. Peffer died at Pewaukee, Wis., in the autumn of 1894. His footprints are seen in hundreds of homes in eastern Wisconsin, that are surrounded with stately deciduous and evergreen trees and beautiful shrubbery; and his new creations in fruit, produced by crossing and hybridizing, have placed the “gates ajar” for great pos- sibilities in the near future of apple culture. The hoary locks of the three have been consigned to the tomb. The world is better for their having lived in it, and the friends of. horticulture in Wisconsin and Minnesota will clasp hands in brotherly kindness over their last resting places. J. S. HARRIS. IMPORTANT!! REDUCED RATES TO ANNUAL MEETING.—The press announces the dissolution of the Western Passenger Association, but itis not likely this will interfere with reduced rates on the railroads to our annual meeting. It will, however, be necessary in order to secure this re- duction that one hundred certificates be presented at the sametime to the railroad agent at the place of meeting. Do NOT FAIL then, by all means, to secure a certificate from the railroad agent at the place of starting out and at all transfer points stating that you have purchased a full fare ticket to the meeting of this society. If all in attendence do this, there will be no trouble about geting back at one-third rate. It is not yet decided definitely where the meeting will be held, but will be announced in the January number in connection with the program. SECRETARY. Your orner, PIONEER TREES.—Jacob Klein, of Houston county, Minn., had a seedling apple tree that has yielded him more profit than any one acre of ground on his farm occupied by the usual farm crops. The seed from which the tree was raised was brought from Ontario, Can- ada, in 1854, and planted in the spring of 1855. The tree was planted outin orchard in 1857, with some 50 or more of others, and is now the only survivor with one single exception. The tree bore a few speci- mens in 1860,and has not failed to produce some fruit every year since; previous to 1872 it was an annual and regular bearer. In 1885 it bore but a few specimens, and since then has born, very heavy crops on alternate years, and the other years light crops. On two years over 30 bushels a year have been gathered from it, and on every bearing year, it produces from 20 to 25 bushels. Mr. Klein estimates that he has gathered altogether 175 bushels of first-class apples, and that the fruit produced has been worth $150. The girth of the tree two feet above the ground is 50 inches; length of trunk to first branch is four feet; height of tree about 24 feet; spread of top 33 feet. The tree leans a little towards the northeast, but has never received any injury from sun scald, and with the exception of the Adelaide of Same age is the only tree in the orchard that was not somewhat injured either in the winter of 1872-3 or 1884-5. The fruit is full medium in size and as perfect in form as if every specimen had been made to order. The quality is very good when in season, usually October, but loses flavor after the season is past. J. S. HARRIS. PEACHES AT HOUSTON Co. FAIR.—One of the greatest attractions of the fair was a liberal show of home grown peaches, some of them still clinging to the branches to show that they were real and not raisedin baskets. They were freshly picked from the trees and were raised atSpring Grove by G. F. Flatin. The variety is a seedling, of which he has six six-year-old trees that this year produced about twenty-five one-third bushel basketfuls. The sizes of some of the specimens were as follows: diameter 28g inches; length from stem to point three inches; weight of single fruit seven ounces. The color is a whitish yellow, mostly covered with deep blush on the sun side. ‘It isa freestone with small pit, thick meat and of delicious flavor. We are informed that the variety reproduces itself true from the seed. J. S. HARRIS. RED WING, Oct. 11, 1894.—“Our crops have been fair and the out- look for next season is bright now. As usual I burnt over my old strawberry field the 19th of July, in the dry time, and they are look- ing fine—with everyone saying ‘You have done it now.’ The field is now worth looking it.” , WM. DANFORTH. ecretary’s (Yorner., Wm. Somerville, of Viola, has been appointed delegate to the winter meeting of the Lowa State Horticultnral Society to be held at Des Moines, Ia., Dec. 11, 1894. SouTH DAKOTA HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.—This society meets in annual session at Vermillion, S. D., Dec. 11-13, 1894. Alfred Terry of Slayton has been appointed a delegate to represent our society on that occasion. PROGRAM FOR OUR ANNUAL MEETING.—Look for the program for this meeting, which will be found in the next, January, number. It will not be sent out to members in a separate enclosure as has been done heretofore. The 24th session of the American Pomological Society will be held at San Fransisco, Cal., Jan. 16,17 and 18,41895. ,The next volume of transactions will be more than usually valuable and interesting. Minnesota ought to have more memberships in the society. Bien- nial membership, $4.00. Life membership, $20.00. J. S. Harris is vice- president for Minnesota. Mr. Clarence Wedge, of Albert Lea, has been"appointed delegate from this society to the annualj{meeting of the Northeastern Iowa Hort. Society, meeting at Mason City, Ia., Nov. 27-29, 1894. His re- port as delegate appears elsewhere in this number. u“estion “Pox. (In replying to a question, give its number.) 6. Is Herbert any more reliable than Rogers Nos. 4,9 and 15? 7. Do you know of any Russian apple, except} Repka Malenka that can be classed as a winter apple? G. J. KELLOGG, Janesville, Wis. 8. Who knows anything aboutjthe “Minnetonka” apple,'being sold by the agents of L. L. May & Co., at $1.50 each—not'more than a dozen to each person? It is advertised as “very large,” an “ideal cooking apple” and “keeps about two months longer the Wealthy.” I would like to know more of this high-priced variety before buying. Sa Pare THE MINNESOTA HORTICULTURIST. VOL. 22 JANUARY, 1895. NO, 12. VALEDICTORY. DEAR FRIENDS.—With this number closes the first year of ‘‘The Minnesota Horticulturist.” It was an experiment under- taken with some reluctance—this subdivided method of sending out our reports—and it has been possible to carry out the plan only through the co-operation of various public officers and co-workers in this society, which has been always willingly given. Has the ‘‘new departure” been asuccess? From the secre- tary’s standpoint it has, decidedly. The magazine has evidently entered a field ready and waiting, andif properly encouraged and supported by the society and the state, as there is every prospect it will be, itis safe to predict that at nodistant day it will occupy a position of high importance, as it does now a unique one. The fact that a large amount of accumulated material, some not so new, had to be worked into this year’s numbers in order to get it on the records, has affected injuriously the purpose of making the magazine ‘‘timely.” But thisall cleared off now,and hereafter the field is open for fresh matter as it comes in. New and advanced methods are being considered, and in the natural course of development, we shall surely make progress in the year 1895. Yours fraternally, A. W. LATHAM, Sgcy, 207 Kasota Block, Minneapolis, Minn. N. B.—The twelve numbers of this year will be bound to- gether with the journal of the last annual meeting of our society, the index and some other papers of value, making a cloth bound volume of some 550 pages, which will be sent postpaid to every subscriber, new or old, upon receipt of the annual fee of $1.00 for 1895—with the understanding that you distribute among your acquaintances the magazines received during the past year. Following the established plan of the society, the ‘‘Horticul- turist’ for 1895 will be sent only to those who renew their membership and subscription. Remittances should be made to the secretary. 446 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. WIND. | E. H. S. DARTT, OWATONNA. Every since the breath of life was breathed into man and he be came a living soul, wind, or air in motion, has been to him a prime necessity, without which he cannot exist. Wind is life, the absence of it is death. If we shut wind from a congregation of people, we sow the seeds of death by instituting lung starvation with resultant diseases. If we shut wind out of the orchard in summer time, we _ cause lung starvation there; for treesin leaf are said to breathe, and when they have absorbed all the life-giving elements within their reach, they sicken, and sometimes die, of blight, sun-scald and mil- dew, diseases which might have been averted by a free circulation ofair. If we shut out wind in winter, we shut off a source of actual heat. Obstructed wind creates friction, and friction creates heat. The orchard can no more thrive without wind than the saloon can thrive without boys. I have not had time to figure out just how rapidly the mercury will rise in an orchard subjected to a wind of thirty miles per hour; but I have always noticed that the heat of discussion always keeps pace with the amount of wind let loose. We always have a windy time at our meetings, and sometimes the heat of discussion is enough to warm up a whole neighborhood. We all have windmills here, and the wind is tempered by the kind of mill it passes through. Elliot’s mill is probably the best mill we have, Itis perfect in construction, is kept well oiled, runs still and is always ready for quiet, forcible business. It enables him to have his own way without making any fuss about it. Now, if we see anything moving smoothly along in the horticultural line without any apparent guiding hand, like the fishpole cars, we may safely calculate that Elliot is not far off nod- ding consent. We would all like the Elliot mill; it would save us lots of trouble; but if we all had it, it would become too common and too monotonous, and we might sigh for the clatter of more noisy structures; for, truly, variety is the spice of life. Latham and Underwood have mills of the Elliot pattern. Latham is studying on attachments, and Underwood has decided to attach a crank to his as an evidence of his political faith—I advise all of you to hitch ona crank. Smith’s mill is an all around mill; that is, it is adapted to all kinds of work. Its power is unquestioned, and it is always ready. If it ever run down, I have not heard of it. Itisa handy mill to have around, for if we get becalmed, we can just untie Smith’s machine, and we are all right. The Brand mill nears perfection in all its parts. It is automatic, will blow cold or blow hot,run fast or run slow, as occasion requires. It is amusing to see the apple list go through this mill. Starting in on Russians, it will scarcely move and emit a cool breeze; as it comes to seedlings,it quickens and warms up, and when it comes to Peerless it goes off with a clatter and runs like lightning. The Harris mill is an all around mill like Smith’s, and a little more so. Power not sufficient for size of the mill. We have sometimes thought Harris long-winded. That is because his mill is so large WIND. 447 that he cannot get up speed. If he could trade a great lot of his at- tachments to Smith for wind, both mills would be improved; the Smith mill would run steadier,and the Harris mill would run easier and faster and do better work. Concentration makes great men; ex" pansion spoils them. No man, however great,can spread himself all over creation without becoming too thin somewhere. An ordi- nary breath makes no perceptible impression. That same breath concentrated creates a whistle, and a little more concentration pro- ducesa yell. We would not have men whistle and yell all the time but we would have them concentrate their thoughts and their wind to a sufficient extent, if possible, to give reason and force to their utterances, especially when those utterances are thrust upon the public. , The professor’s mill is a combination of the oiliness of the Elliot, the adaptability of the Brand and the power of the Smith. Someofthe professors have much solid work to perform. These can get along with the Elliot brand combine. With others, wind is their principal stock in trade, and they must depend on the Smith end of the machine. There is an old saying,“‘much smoke, little fire,” this trans- formed for the professors would read, “little work, much wind.” It does not require much talent to make statement of well known facts, but when it is necessary to make something from nothing, or nearly so, and fix the thing up and clothe it for respectable society, there is room for a lively imagination and a great amount of diversified tal- ent. Whichever part of the mill the professor ties to, he should add a few hobbies of his own and then pull himself together and blow— yes, blow for all he is worth. The average professor that cannot blow a good, sensible, strong blast is not worth a continental. I hope my personal allusions have been kindly received. If not, I will say that I am here and believe it is a sneak of a man who is not willing to face the music and receive his just deserts. I expect to do that here and hereafter. There is one other application of wind to which I will allude. Men frequently fail in great financial enter- prises because they cannot raise the wind. All persons thus troubled should attend the winter meetings of the Minnesota State Horticultural Society, and they will find as much wind to the square inch as in any other spot on the globe. EVERGREENS: ERIK ANDERSON, LAKE PARK. Ornamental trees suffered from last winter (1893-4) as much as ap- ples. I have thirty varieties of evergreens and something over a hundred varieties of deciduous trees, raised mostly from seed, and many from seed I got from sixty degrees north latitude, in Sweden. Nearly all have been sick this summer, and Scotch pines and Nor- way spruces that had grown to be from twelve to sixteen feet high froze clear down; and those not killed have not grown over four or five inches this summer; but all the native trees have stood the win- ter very well. The white pine has grown fully two feet this summer, but I think the hardiest and best of the pine family for this part of the country is the gray pine (Pinus Banksiana). You can possibly draw some conclusions as to this winter-killing from this fact, that the fall of 1892 froze up very dry. 448 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. (_)rnithology. BIRD STUDY. MRS. LOUISE SAMSON, MINNEAPOLIS. “The world is too much with us, late and soon, Getting and spending, we lay waste‘our powers, Little we see in Nature that is ours. We have given our hearts away, a sordid boon.” So Wordsworth says, and how true it is. When we look around on this beautiful and bountiful earth, where the term of this human life is to be spent, we wonder that that life should so often be so devoid of joy. It would seem that mankind in general are blind, voluntarily blind, to much that might cheer andhelp. Surely a love for nature, cherished and cultivated through all one’s life, is one of the surest means of rising above this grovel- ling way of living to which the majority seem prone. It keeps us simple in our tastes, healthy in body and mind and lets us grow old in a much sweeter and more natural way. A love for and an interest inthe natural things around us should form part of our love to God; we should value them for the wonder- ful things in their structure and workings, which show how great He is who made them. This is true with regard to all parts of nature’s kingdom, but it seems especially so with regard to the birds. They are exceedingly interesting to us. The advantage which their power of flight gives them, the attractiveness of their songs, the beauty of their plumage, deservedly place them high up in the order of natural life. Even man exclaims, .““Oh! had I the wings of a bird!” How much would the naturalist give to have the eyes, and advant- ages of locomotion of a bird! These migratory visitants go over such large portions of our broad land, and could tell him where all the rare flowers and insects for which he so assiduously hunts, could be found. They witness the most varied and beautiful scenes for the painter’s brush; they know from afar the dreaded cyclone’s approach; in fact, they are the “traveled” portion of the animal creation. Because they are made to be thus untrammelled and free in their motions, it seems so cruel to cage them. Far better to cul- _tivate a friendly acquaintance with them in their own free, natural way of living and gain their confidence by protecting and helping them all we can. Man has taken such a different course with them, that it will need uncounted seasons of good treatment to overcome their timidity with us. The farmer should, above all others, seek this friendly alliance, for he so much needs their help. Had he no birds on his grounds to destroy his insect enemies, it seems to me he would find their, swarming armies too much for him. Why should he begrudge robin or waxwing the few strawberries or currants they feast on? j ORNITHOLOGY. 449 It was their own activity in gathering food for their spring broods which, perhaps, made the fine berry crop possible. Let him be industrious and ingenious enough to bag his grapes and screen his strawberries, thoughtfully and justly leaving out enough to pay robin for Ais work. “Tis love that makes the world go round,” not selfishness. Sel- fishness clogs the wheels, and blinds us often to our real, true interests, and makes us have a much harder time. A thoughtful interest given to that other world of life which goes on in the tree-tops will tide us over many a weary hour. Sometimes one is favored with a nearer personal acquaintance with individuals. Shall I ever forget the delightful experience I once had witha ruby- throated humming bird in a Virginia flower garden? These true children of the tropics are very sensitive to cold, and I found my little beauty, one cold morning in September, perched on a twig of petunias, benumbed with the frosty air. I took him carefully in my hand and carried him into the house, where he soon became lively. I tried to feed him with a drop of melted sugar. He soon grew quite fond of the dainty, two drops at a time being sufficient to satisfy him. This he would take from the end of my little finger, running the long wiry black tongue around and beneath the nail, as if it were a flower. In four hours he would fly to me and light upon a little twig which I held out to him, to get his treat; then away again to the top of a picture frame or,sometimes, the back of a chair. When- ever he alighted, it was always accompanied by a little cry much like the squeak of a mouse. I have since heard this from wild humming birds. One day we gave him some liquid honey ina small dish. He tumbled in from the edge through the zeal of the small person who was trying to feed him, and was in a deplorable pickle, for the tiny wings were so clogged he could not fly, and the fine soft feathers on his breast were a mass of stickiness. I soaked the little wings in tepid water, and released them, but how to cleanse the little green and gold body! Finally, I took the eye end of a large sewing needle, and dipping it frequently in the warm water tried to comb out the feathers. He was perched on a twig held in my left hand, free to fly if he chose, but there he staid and let me work with him, only moving along a trifle on his perch and squeaking a little, as much as to say, “ Yes, get it off, only please be gentle.” I have never happened to see a wild humming bird bathe, but this little bird much enjoyed splashing the water over himself from the bowl of a silver spoon held in my hand. At night he went to bed by four o’clock perched ona twig in the window, which I trimmed with flowering branches for him—a little green and gold and ruby gem, with tiny head hidden under tiny wings. The little perfect bird form seemed far more exquisite in proportions when quietly perched than when hovering or flying. How little we really know about these birds! Did one ever see a flock in migration? And how can they endure the long flight? I do not mean from Virginia, but we have the same kind in Minnesota. Dr. Hatch says it is the only kind found here. My bird was with me buta few days. One evening at twilight 450 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY when we thought him securely asleep on his perch, some one opened for a small space the outer door of his room, which led into an old-fashioned Virginia flower garden filled with shrubbery. Then there was a sudden whirr of the little wings, and he had left us. I never saw him again. That night there came a chilly rain, after days of drouth. I could scarcely sleep as I heard it, for it seemed to me there was a baby out in the rain. Our Minnesota people are not backward in appreciating the beau- tiful summers of their dear state, and the birds evidently enjoy them, too. How full and glorious a list we have of not only tempo- rary visitants, but the many who raise their broods here—and what Southern state could boast more richly-hued plumage, except in the humming bird family. After the dainty spring warblers comes that imperial red tanager, doubly gifted in dress and song, with his inspiring lilt, “ Be cheery, be cheery, be very merry.” For weeks of one hard and trying sum- mer, that cheery cry acted like a bugle call on the flagging spirits. And the orioles, both Baltimore and the orchard, how they fill the tree-tops around with social and melodious calls! For three sum- mers the orioles hung their nest over our kitchen door, until the heavy snow of last spring broke down the convenient branch. But equal to any of our feathered pets is the cat bird. Perhaps, his greatest charm is his versatility; he is forever preparing one surprises. His song is so varied that often you would think it another bird. One day last spring, while the leaves were scarcely unfolded upon the trees, a young city friend went with us boating along the shore of upper Minnetonka. Suddenly from a thick cedar tree, growing close to the water’s edge, there came the softest, most melodious warble, almost under the bird’s breath, as it were, and continued for at least ten minutes, while we sat and listened. “There is the cat bird,” I said. ‘“ What,’ exclaimed our friend, “That acat bird! I thought they only gave a harsh, disagreeable cry like a cat, while this is the softest, sweetest melody imaginable. I shall never forget it.” Later in the summer, while visiting the World’s Fair, two of us staid for several weeks at that vast and peculiar female caravansary, the “Woman’s Dormitory.” The very first morning I was awakened by an extremely varied, loud and brilliant bird song. I thought I could distinguish so many notes of different birds among them, unmistakably the whipperwill. I said, “what a fine mocking bird some one living near here must possess!” And next day we looked to see if, perchance, his cage hung in sight. But on a morning soon after, the same song came from a tree-top under our very walls, and, behold, it was a cat bird! And so day after day, both morning and evening, the cat bird gave us his beautiful song for the rest of our stay. Such a varied and gifted singer of his family, I never heard elsewhere. We said. perhaps the birds, too, had heard of the won- derful fair, and he had been chosen as delegate for his tuneful powers. The blackbird is another interesting bird, capable of forming strong attachments and of fine imitative powers. If trained while -_ ORNITHOLOGY. 451 young, he may be taught to whistle any simple air. The Germans, who have much patience in these things, say, “you must take him from other birds when about six weeks old, and let a tuneona flute or some other windinstrument be played over to him, morning and evening. Feed him before commencing operations, and place some bribe or other, perhaps a lively worm, in his sight but not in reach, Play the tune with precisely the same time and expression for at least twenty times, then give him a little quiet so that he may, if he will, have opportunity of imitating it. If he should make any attempt, instantly give him his reward, coaxing and praising him meantime. Being a bird of strong reasoning powers, he will soon discover why the worm or other bribe is given him, and will before long understand how to earn it. When once learned, the tune of tunes seems never to be forgotten, but passes, as it were, into his song. ORNITHOLOGY. F. I. HARRIS, LA CRESCENT. I regret that circumstances over which I had no control have pre- vented me from taking usual notes and observations on movements and habits of our native birds, during the past few years, and, there- fore, it is not likely that I can offer anything new on the subject. Ornithology, or the study of birds, is, with the exception of enty- mology, the most important of all the natural sciences to the horti- culturist,and while it is pre-eminently the most interesting and fas- cinating of studies, both to the amateur and professional crank, yet the ignorance of the mass of mankind in regard to even our most common birds is surprising. Judging from my own career, it would help solve the problem of “ How to keep the boys on the farm,” if the study of natural history was more generally encouraged. Of about three hundred species of birds inhabiting our state, either as residents or migratory visitants, comparative few are injurious to the husbandman,and the great majority are either de- cidedly beneficial or, at least, harmiess. In case of a number of water-fowl, for instance, which would seem to be of least benefit, they are good to eat. It has been lately established by our government authorities, in the examination of the stomachs of hundreds of specimens, that our birds of prey are, for the most part, beneficial in the destruction of vast quantities of vermin and insects, which constitute their main food supply during the greater portion of the year; and only a few of the larger species ever molest the poultry yard. So far as my own observation goes I would say, that in our state the destructive spec- ies of this order are confined to the red-tailed and Cooper’s hawk and the barred and great horned owl; and after climbing to a nest of the last named species, containing young birds just hatching—and by way of ornament, five half grown rats—I have forgiven the birds, even after being disappointed in getting a set of eggs to add to my collection. There are, however, a few species which are destructive to vegetation without any redeeming qualitities, and in this last, 452 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. which we might call the blacit list in point of color, anyhow, I will place the entire family of blackbirds, which are so destructive to the cornfield; and will include the cow bird, which, though mainly an insect-eating species, is very destructive to the increase of other more beneficial birds—referring to the parasitic habit this chap has of replenishing his numbers by depositing his, or rather her, eggs in other birds’ nests. The common crow would also look well on this list, and deserves it, wherever numerous enough to do serious damage. I will also in- clude the blue jay in this company,as he can hold his own with any of the others in a cornfield, and is, besides, a persistant robber of birdsnests. Passing over the families of thrushes,orioles and other fruit-eating birds—which itis claimed,but not yet fully proven, consume enough insects to more than repay their indulgence—I wish to call your at- tention to a species equally destructive to the fruit grower and with- out any redeeming qualities. The bird referred to is the yellow-bel- lied woodpecker or sap-sucker (Sphyrapicus varius), and should not be confounded with either the hairy woodpecker (D. villosus) or the downy woodpecker (D. pubescens), both of which it somewhat re- sembles to the casual observer. These last named species are resi- dents and both highly beneficial, being largely insect-eaters. The true sap-sucker is a migratory species, arriving from the south usually about the first week in April and remaining three or four weeks, when the majority pass on to more northern breeding grounds, returning again late in September or early in October and again regaling themselves before departing to more southern climes to spend the winter. His manner of operating is to select the healthiest and most thrifty tree and puncture a semicircle of small holes, usually in several tiers, and feast on the inner bark and exuding sap, returning to the same tree or trees several times dur- ing the day. This may seem a small offence, but I can produce specimens of many trees which have yielded to the treatment and finally have died from no other cause. Many writers claim that the bird does this to attract the insects upon which it feeds, but I have made personal and repeated examination of the stomachs of a large number of specimens killed in the act,and always found them filled with sap and bark, but never yet detected a trace of insect remains. It usually begins on evergreen trees, but later, when the sap has started,attacks maple and other shade trees, and also apple and other fruit and nut-bearing trees. The bird is very unsuspicious and may be easily approached, but likes to keep on the opposite side of the tree from the intruder in the manner of other woodpeck- ers; but remain quiet a few minutes and he will peek around, when I recommend the shotgun remedy. [ had intended referring to the rose-breasted grosbeak and several other species which are decidedly beneficial, but as I have doubtless wearied yow ere this, will defer this dose for another time. " wig PL, Speer, | ~ Pantry tores. PANTRY STORES. MRS. ANNIE BONNIWELL, HUTCHINSON. You have called upon me for a report on “Cooking and Pantry Stores,” and the thought strikes me that that has a wide scope; per- haps “hard times” will call for less scope than usual. But when it comes to cooking, to cook a small dinner,I can do that, or, if a large dinner is called for, give me the material and, in the language of the darkey, “I am wid you dar.” A poor cookcan spoil even a good potato in cooking it, while a good cook can make a pretty good dish with quite poor potatoes. While there are as many different opinions in cooking as there are cooks, and almost every lord of creation will say, “ Zy mother was the best cook I ever knew,” show me the woman that will not arise and say, “Ican cook just as wellas she could,’ and I will show you a woman that does not have ambition enough to care whether potatoes are done, half done, boiled or fried. And speaking of fried potatoes, or almost any other fried food, if Ihad a family that I wanted to kill off, [would give them some- thing fried two or three times a day, and I think I would soon accomplish what I had undertaken. Butif good wholesome food is what you want, in the first place, give me good wholesome flour, white and graham, with plenty of oatmeal for breakfast, white and graham baked in light bread, with just as little warm bread as possible; good meat well cooked (which I will give my receipt for later), vegetables and fruits, well cooked, and seasoned meals regu- lar three times a day, with plenty of good milk and golden butter— not oleomargarine—and you may have all the rest. “But,” says you, “you have not mentioned pie nor cake, what are you going to do with them?” I will pass them over to you; for itis my opinion that they were never meant for human beings to put into their mouths—they belong to our grandmothers’ pantry and stores; and if there is any one that has never tried fruit in their place for dessert let them try it for the next six months, and see if they will not dessert the pies and cakes forever after. RECIPES. Baked Meats or Fowls.—Have a regular meat pan with cover (which can be had at any hardware store). Wash your meats well, with a clean cloth wipe dry, place in your pan, season well with salt, pepper and sage, ifdesired. Put ona little boiling water, and place ina hot oven, baste every half hour, doing it as quickly as possible to exclude air, and roast toa rich brown, but avoid over- doing it and not dry or blacken. 454 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. TOMATO MARMALADE. Five quarts tomatoes, six quarts apples; stew separately, mix well, put in a kettle and add six pounds of sugar, two tablespoon- fuls of ground cloves and three tablespoonfuls ground cinnamon; cook to consistency of apple-butter, or until it will drop from spoon without running. COOKIES. Two eggs, two cups sugar, one cup butter, one-half cup sour milk and one teaspoonful of soda. Mix soft and bake in a hot oven. CAULIFLOWER PICKLE. For one good-sized head, take two pounds white sugar, one quart cider vinegar, one teaspoonful cinnamon, cloves and allspice (tied in a cloth). Cook to a syrup. Steam the cauliflower until tender or untila broom-straw will pass through it readily, turn syrup on while hot, let stand until second day, drain syrup off, scald again, turn over and put away in jars for use. SWEET TOMATO. PICKLES. Seven pounds sliced tomatoes, three pounds brown sugar, one quart cider vinegar, one tablespoonful each of ground cinnamon, cloves and allspice (tied in a cloth); cookthe sugar, vinegar and spices to a syrup; slice the tomatoes, cook in weak salt water until tender, drain well, then place in the syrup and cook fives minutes and put away in jars for use. PANTRY STORES. MRS. E. CROSS, SAUK RAPIDS. To get the best satisfaction out of the different varieties of fruit, itis my aim to have them canned so that they will, when opened, during the long winter months, be as near as possible like they were at the time of canning. One thing I don’t often see mentioned in the different reports is pieplant, which, according to the testi- mony of some of the best physicians in England, contains more good medicinal qualities than lots of the fruits that we talk so much about and isa great deal cheaper. The way that I put it up itis as good as when fresh pulled out of the garden. Pieplant. Peel and cut into small pieces, pour boiling water over it, let it stand one-half hour; than drain and put in bottles and fill up with hot water and seal up. Strawberries. To one quart of berries use one pint of sugar. Let them come to a boil and put in jars and seal up tight. Currants put up in the same way, I find very nice Rasp-erries. I use one cup of sugar to one quart of fruit. I prefer the old fashioned stone jars, as they are making glass jars so thin they are liable to break and spoil lots of fruit. Sweet Tomato Pickles. Slice and put in salt brine twelve hours and then drain. Put your vinegar in a kettle and let it come toa , PANTRY STORES. 455 boil. Put the tomatoes in long enough to change color and then take out and putin jars. Then take fresh vinegar and to one quart add one pound of sugar, horseradish and seasoning to the taste; let it boil and then pour over tomatoes. Pickled Red Cabbage. Slice up the same way as for krout. Putin the jar as you slice it and sprinkle a little salt every three or four inches. Let it stand twenty-four hours, then drain and put in jars and put on hot vinegar with unground pepper, cloves and horse- radish to suit the taste. Then it is ready for winter use. QUESTION BOX. “Will Prof. Green tell us how to exterminate the leaf roller on the strawberry?” Prof. Green: Use aspray with Paris green or Bordeaux mixture. “Has any one fruited the Princess strawberry in the vicinity of Minneapolis? If so, with what result?” Prof. Green: It has not done very well with us. Mr. Elliot: Well, l have, but only in a limited way. I planted a few Princess three years ago and fruited them year before last. I got one plant from Mr. Kramer, and did not take any more than or- dinary care of it; and in the fall, I took from that one plant about fifty plants. I transplanted them in the fall, and they fruited last year; and some of the plants had fifteen to sixteen berries on them, and I liked them so much that I put out several beds. Butlast year was a very unfavorable year, and we did not get any fruit,so I do not think I gave it a fair test. In looking over the different bulletins and reports of nurserymen,they all give it a good recommendation. This year I shall be better able to report, because we have it out at Minnetonka where we can give it better cultivation, and I will give you a report next year. “Tf there is any one who can tell us about ditching, we would like to hear from him.” Mr. J. A.Sampson: I will say that I ama great hand todrain. You often get the very best results from draining a low piece of ground. An open ditch is a very good form for drainage, but unless you can work close around it, I would prefer to have tile drainage. Mr. Dartt: If that drainage means wind drainage, I know some- thing aboutit. (Laughter.). Mr. A. H. Brackett: [havealarge windmillandtank. My ideawas to take the highest point of my land and makea large basin there and during dry spells make use of my tank and basin. My highest point I could irrigate from my windmill tank and the balance from the basin. Itisaclay subsoil, so I think the water might remain inthe basin. I think in that waya good many might irrigate. It would certainly be cheaper than a tank. “When should plum pits be planted, and must they be frozen?” Prof. Green: As to the planting of dry pits, it may be done; but I should crack the stones and allow them to freeze and plant them in the spring. : Mr. Dartt: Do you think freezing is necessary? Prof. Green: I think it is necessary to crack the pits. 456 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. SOUTHERN MINNESOTA HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY— ANNUAL MEETING, DEC. 4-5, 1894. CLARENCE WEDGE, SECRETARY. The following program was prepared for the meeting and carried out with the one exception of the paper on cherries. PROGRAM. OPENING SESSION, TUESDAY—10:00 a.m. Prayer by Rev. G. A. Cooke. Raspberries for the Home and Market—Mrs. Geo. H. Prescott. My Experience with Strawberries—C. L. Gill. Appointment of Committees by the President. TUESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION—1:30 p, m President’s Address—Pres. F. W. Kimball. Facts and Figures from my Orchard—H. E. Nielson. Thirty Years among Minnesota Orchards—Geo. H. Prescott. Some Practical Methods of Grafting, illustrated--Clarence Wedge. The Apple—E. B. Crane, Austin. Peaches in Minnesota—G. D. Barron, Question Box. TUESDAY EVENING SESSION—7:30 p. m. Music—Male Quartette. Address of Welcome—Hon. T. V. Knatvold, Mayor of Albert Lea. Response—O. W. Shaw, Austia. Music—Violin Solo. What I Know about Farming—C. 8. Edwards. Tree Culture Applied to our Lawns and Avenues—D. G. Parker. Discussion. Music—Male Quartette. Hardy Shrubs and Flowers—James Jorgensen. WEDNESDAY MORNING SESSION—9:00 a. m. Report of committees. How to Prune the Grape, illustrated—C. R. Ransom. What one Grape Vine can do—Geo. Gardner. How we Grow Cherries—G. E. Norton. Question Box. Secretary’s Report. Election of Officers. WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION—1:30 p. m. Suggestions on Planting Evergreens—E. H.S. Dartt, Supt. of Owatonna Experiment Station. Budded Trees and the Men who Sell Them—Dewain Cook, Supt. of Windom Experi- ment Station. Discussion on Vegetable Gardening—Led by J. C. Frost, C. L. Hill and others. TUESDAY MORNING SESSION. In the absence of Pres. Kimball, the society was called to order by the vice-president, Geo. H. Prescott, who continued to preside during the entire meeting. Mrs. Geo. H. Prescott in her paper on raspberries recommended the Doolittle blackcap and the Philadelphia red as best for farmers to plant. A new planting ofthe blacks should be madeas often as once in three or four years. For market would set the Gregg of the blacks and the Turner and Cuthbert of the reds. It is a good plan to begin to cover the Gregg quite early, about October 15, while the stalks may be easily bent. SOUTHERN MINN. HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 457 C. L. Hill had succeeded best with Crescent and Warfield straw- berries, was not certain of the value of Michels Karly, had discarded Jessie and Wilson; soil sandy. After setting the plants, uses a rid- ing cultivator, and later a Planet, Jr. Says that if we will inquire about the country of those who failed in raising berries, we will find that nearly all have bought their plants of distant and unknown parties strongly recommends placing something on the runners as they come out to hold them in place and assist them to take root. As a winter mulch, finds coarse marsh hay about the best; straw is too easily blown off, and wet, heavy material likely to smother the plants. If selling on the market, use new, clean boxes well and hon- estly filled. In discussion following these papers: J. C. Frost has found strawberry raising for past twenty years a checkered experience; uses mulch a foot deep for his raspberries, has had good success in raising a mixed crop of raspberries and strawberries, the former in rows a rod apart and two or three rows of the latter between them. At the close of this session an amendment to the constitution of the society was prepared and carried, reducing the membership fee from $1.00 to 50 cents. TUESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION. PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS. The president's address was full of encouragement and hope for for those who will plant wisely and care for diligently. He believes in letting the experiment stations do the experimenting and in the average planter confining his choice of varieties to those that are well and favorably known. Expressed his own intention to set largely of the Hibernal and top-work it with the choice and less hardy sorts. H. BE. Nelson, who has pursued a careful system of bookkeeping in connection with his farm, transferred the following table from his book to his valuable paper on “Facts and Figures from my ‘ Orchard”: “The area of my orchard is two acres, with clay subsoil, sloping to the southwest, located west of a grove and protected with one row of willows on the south and west side. Have about ninety trees. The first year I had apples to spare was in 1880. We 1880. Apples sold from 12 trees, 20 bushels... $16.30 1881. ss s 1 1 Pe tal ay aR e Aint AICTE OCCA OIE EP eee rA OT) 1882. = s f Sieg 9 LO Ss Tia ate a AAS Ly Stat) Aten cee REE 10.00 1883. ey a uw LS aS 25 Frat Ta ety es aioe A cit eay soe CO ee ee 18.10 1885 ss g 17 PAL On Re hp = 250 SSE ORE MARC ERT eae 19.20 1886 : ; ily 15% ° 155 1888 : 34 : 47 CLR ae ee en Re er ah ere eng 39.45 1889 $ : f 10 8 Se primal tersciaiele ni tae) gas Shela ORE 8.20 1890 ss ss fe 49 t 58 TiPna Ih, cctacleceio chro cc sao selelorsare ts east 33.30 1891 ‘ Bs 8 sf ) Se ond OCT RUE ORE MARR Ceaccconoune 8.55 1892 : cS BUR emOD PEL Teme Lt eyiistecaie mieten ete tess 26.45 1894 ' : 30 Ree 70 FSC CaS ae RE RSOCR ap Or aaee Gar se oe 50.30 244 346 $269.00 IAM PLES USCA DyHOUTSO]VIES o a52 csiacers sites ae ole eee eer ae se mee eee ceelesteen 150.00 IEG E CT VGA TS Warsi sey Neesrs lotawctaceted essere ces ehe hate rato oS ae a aoe alae aT RAT COL SV net eS OIA $419.00 Berries! anniwailly., a DO mt 50! Quidam bSs.ccteic ese creecasieen ete senior Seas sale t00 Gardensoruckyandyp obatOes)aesaect cae eno eene nen eee nantes 22.00 FAST S 3, os, s ciereleisteiovate Sayer tercoreta(adata el averote adolopete ek clas ie ttalael ioe eesti ote clot en eee 27.93 otal periwerespers anim <.hcsee s elas nee acies a oimeieni ines ce a oe $61.93 These figure are correct and reliable.” 458 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Mr. Nelson has noticed that a farmer who plants no orchard, in- tending to buy his apples, buys pecks instead of barrels, and his family are fed on pies and pastry instead of the luscious and health- ful fruit. His mistakes have been made in setting on too wet land: and of too tender varieties; has succeeded in raising many trees from layers, but discovers no advantage in such trees. S. Richard- sun recommended deep planting for the apple, which was heartily endorsed by the secretary. Mr. Prescott, in his paper, observed that our apple trees are stand- ing many months with their roots in dry, frozen ground, and their tops at the same time in dry, freezing air, very harsh conditions for shallow-rooted trees. Has observed that the wild apple has a deep tap root, and thinks it is a provision of nature for a supply of mois- ture. Thinks we might imitate nature in this matter to our advan- tage, growing the orchard trees from the seed where the tree was to stand, and grafting at the surface of the ground. S. D. Richardson in digging a cellar where 3-year nursery trees had stood, found that their roots had already penetrated to a depth of four to six feet and over; thinks that any tree will send its roots to any necessary depth. Mr. Crane in his paper on “The Apple,” praised its merits as a fruit and expressed his opinion that as our seasons are growing dryer, we should be careful to plant our trees on the heavier and more re- tentive soils. Mr. Gaylord would encourage the formation of a head well branched toward the south; has observed that in old orchards the “survival of the fittest’ have been among trees so branched. E. D. Ames, the most successful orchardist in Mower county, gave much of his valuable experience in his two-acre orchard, which in 1892 brought him $450 worth of fruit. He dumps the manure from his stables rather indiscriminately among the trees and allows the hens to spread it. Isa believer in low heads and little pruning. C, R. Ransom would not allow the ground to be ridged up about the trees; had once bought an old barren orchard in that condition, and by reversing the condition and applying manure liberally, had brought it toa state of great fruitfuness. G. D. Barren had raised peaches for several years by the method of of setting the tree on a saddle of earth and turning it down and cov- ering each year, partiy with earth and finishing with hay; finds that two men will cover about two dozen trees inaday. Mr. J. Smith has found great difficulty in saving the fruit buds on his covered peach trees. Has tried the Tong Pa and finds it no better in this respect. The credentials of C. F. Gardner as delegate from the Northeastern Iowa Society were read, and by vote of the society he was made an honorary member. Mr. Gardner thought that we should take greater pains to study the anatomy and physiology of plant life. TUESDAY EVENING SESSION. The evening session was one of great value to those interested in ornamental planting. Mr. Parker recommended for avenue and lawn planting the elm, hard maple and linden; would plant fewer trees and use greater care in moving and setting; if setting in grav- elly soil, would move several wagon loads for each tree and prepare a bed of clay for the roots of the tree to rest on, and fill in with good ~ SOUTHERN MINN. HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 4:55 loamy soil; avenue trees should stand notless than thirty feet apart; difficult to secure a vigorous growth without a mulch of some kind. Mr. Jurgenson would not plant roses ina very prominent posi- tion, as they are so unsightly with their winter cover. Some of the trees and shrubs highly recommended in the discussion following were the red pine, white spruce, balsam fir, if properly grown from northern seed; also the hackberry and white fringe. WEDNESDAY MORNING SESSION. The session was opened by a carefully illustrated and instructive talk on how to prune the grape by C. R. Ransom, who is known as one of the most careful and practical grape growers in this section. He said that allowing a young vine to overbear was likely to be very disastrous. A two-year vine had with him borne over thirty clusters and thereby been rendered almost worthless for several years; this year his crop from fourteen square rods was just one ton of fruit, or a yield of about eleven tons per acre. His vineyard is on a steep southeast hillside; soil a mixture of sand and yellow clay. Geo. Gardner has several vines that produce very large crops; he does not practice pruning at all, believesin “letting nature take its course;” has one vine of Rogers No. 15 (Agawam) that this season produced just 100 pounds of grapes. The vine is kept up from the ground on a sort of horizontal trellis of stakes and twine; the vine covers rather less than one square rod of ground. He is inclined to assist nature a little in several ways, covers with earth to protect against our unnaturally cold weather, and uses a hoe and a natural man at the handle to eliminate unnaturally aggressive weeds. Peter Clausen thinks that too late summer pruning will injure the vine; W orden is one of his best varieties. SECRETARY’S REPORT. The secretary’s report showed a past membership of thirty and a balance in the treasury of the society of $15.70. The following officers were chosen for the ensuing year: - President...... aa ane) PW akcinab alas ocpereoe Austin Vice-President........ Geo: HaPrescott: . cet <': e Albert Lea. WE CHELATY eo act tees ais Clarence: Wedee. vies foe 522 Albert Lea. ISxecutive Com... ..62 - Co SEM er re oss lee ... Albert Lea. iBxectutive Comms. a ssa. (At. Speen tern. yeaa Austin. The next meeting of the society is to be held in Austin. WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION. At the last session the discussion seemed to turn to the varieties of apples best adapted to the needs of southern Minnesota. Mr. Mitchell being called on for his list put Hibernal at the head and said that he considered it the best applein this country to plant in this latitude; he places the Duchess next and is in doubt what to place following. C.G. Patten placed Duchess at the head with Patten’s Greening, Hibernal, Good Peasant, Wealthy and Charlamof follow- ing. Mr. Gaylord put Hibernal at the head with Duchess, Malinda, Utters and Wealthy following, the two latter to be top-worked on Hibernal. S. D. Richardson would only name Duchess, Wealthy and Minnesota. C. F. Gardner’s list was Duchess, Tetofsky, Patten’s 460 ~ MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Greening, Malinda and Longfield. Mr. Patten thinks Hibernal and Lieby are not identical varieties; Mr. Mitchell thinks they are. Patten’s Greening was highly praised by Mr. Gardner. In his paper on evergreens, Mr. Dartt said that the Norway spruce has seemed able to resist drouth better than the white spruce, but that the latter will stand more cold; the dwarf mountain pine is one of the best trees for the lawn, perfectly reliable. The arbor vitae does not endure drouth, even as an established tree. Red cedar should be grown from northern seed; has found it unreliable as usually procured from the nurseries. Edson Gaylord gave as his three best and most reliable evergreens, the white pine, white spruce and dwarf Siberian arbor vitae. The meeting was then adjourned. It will be seen by the proceedings that the society was honored by an unusually large and valuable number of visiting horticul- turists. The display of fruits consisted of about fifty-six plates of very handsome and well colored apples. The Wealthy, Hibernal, Repka Malenka, Longfield, Minnesota, Haas and Patten’s Greening being represented. The citizens of Albert Lea, through the Commercial Club, furn- ished free entertainment to all members, and a suite of the pleasant- est possible rooms right in the heart of the city. The attendance, while not all that had been hoped for, was much greater than last year, and all that could be reasonably expected. The local papers of both counties are publishing the papers read at the meeting, and thus new interest and endeavor in horticultural work is greatly stimulated. The membership fee of fifty cents will more than pay all the necessary expenses of maintaining the society and provide a small fund which may be used in several ways to benefit the members. In closing this report of our work, we would call the at- tention of the friends of trees, fruits and flowers all over the state to the benefits and joys ofsuch local meetings. We ought to have a hundréd such scattered all over the state. , LIST OF MEMBERS. ANNUAL FEE, FIFTY CENTS. GH RANSOM soc ecin. eee au Albe rt Lea, Minn. Lewis P. Peterson.. ...... Freeborn. Minn. H. E. Nelson.. aaa P. HeOvergaard=.. 222. .Lerdal, Geo. A. Boye...... beicances e es Sy MR ESC a ee cies sewn ..Glenville, “ A.C. Arneson.. eee sg ss Freemont Snyder..... React ct =. ss Geo. H. Prescott..... oe . Av HesSiprect: Jub sss. Alden, y= Mrs. Geo. H. Prese ott. oe % Ass Jer OnGhies #. 3 IOWA STATE HORT. SOCIETY. 471 edge. Many who are trying to replace their old orchards do not have the courage tc begin ina new place, but make the mistake of planting here and therein the sod of the old orchard, and meet with nothing but discouragement and defeat. This is too true, not only in Iowa but in our own state, and with other as well as orchard fruits. It is unwise and unprofitable. The true policy is to make new plantings on new grounds as soon as the old ones become un- profitable, using for the purpose only young and healthy trees and plants of the best varieties, and giving them intelligent care. In a discussion on strawberries several gentlemen spoke very highly of the Bederwood as being one of the most promising of the newer varieties, it proving one of the most healthy growers and pro- ductive varieties; also, as being one of the most valuable pollenizers for the Warfield, Crescent, Bubuch and some:others; and with some growers, last season, it led all others in yield of fruit, with Warfield, Crescent, Bubuch and Capt. Jack but little behind. The merits of the Japanese wineberry were discussed, and the con- clusion seemed to be that it was utterly worthless for cultivation in Iowa, except as acuriosity. It is simply a small, poor raspberry with a husk, and is not hardy, yet nurserymen continue to sell it as a wonderful fruit, and the people buy and plant it. In the afternoon, J. C. Ferris, of Hampton, read a paper on the sub- ject of “Commercial Orcharding in Northern Iowa,’ in which he took the ground that there was no more profitable branch of farm- ing than raising apples. One prime cause of failure was that so many orchards were planted with varieties that had no business there, and on unsuitable sites and soils, and were never cared for. The requisites fora successful orchard are elevated sites, clay soils, honest nurserymen and intelligent orchardists. M. J. Graham, of Adel, followed with a paper upon the same sub- ject, and gave much excellent advice to those who intend to go into the business, and referred them-to the reports of the society as one of the best sources for gaining information. He spoke as one hav- ing full confidence in the fruit-producing capacity of the state. The evening session was devoted largely to the president’s address and papers by lady members. President F. A. Collman in his ad- dress reviewed the discouragements of the past year that had every- where obstructed the way, alluded to the almost total failure of fruit in many sections, and the very general shortage everywhere, little more than a half crop being harvested in the most favored locality. Yet, he said, “never in the history of our state—if in the history of our country—was there a table loaded with a hundred bushels of more highly colored apples than was shown on ours at the late World’s Fair, and thousands of visitors were surprised to find that the young state of Iowa was at the head of the great fruit states of America.’ He said that a record kept in alphabetical order showed in their exhibit 372 named varieties of apples, 30 unknown and seed- lings, and 25crabs. This to him was an alarming state of things: The tree men had done their people a great injustice in propagating and selling such numbers of varieties as were unprofitable to plant. They were no longer in the experimental stage, but it was an established fact that with adapted varieties they could grow better 472 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. apples and more of them to the acre than any other state in the Union. Their society wasa state society supported by the people: and it was their duty to educate them along all the lines of horticul- ture, or their usefulness would cease or only be found recorded on the pages of past history. Heestimated that more than $1,000,000 was invested in horticulture within the bounds of the state, and rec- ommended that a competent committee be appointed in each dis- trict, whose duty it should be to revise the fruit lists and recommend for future planting only such varieties as have proved profitable and are adapted to their locality. “The time has arrived when this can be done. We have varieties that are a success in every part of the state,—varieties that are good only in certain localities, and va- rieties that are nearly worthless everywhere. It is our duty to pre- pare such lists and scatter them broadcast.” In concluding his address, the president gave some excellent ad- vice to those who would plant orchards. He said that good home grown trees could always be found within a short distance of every planter’s home, and they could be purchased at living rates; so that the trees to plant an acre need not cost to exceed fifteen dollars, and with good care only a few years, they would richly reward the planter. Ata low estimate, they should, at the end of twelve years, average four bushels per tree; and what could be done with the land that would pay so well? But some will say, “In a few years the fruit business will be overdone, and there will be no market for it.” My answer is, “It would be a great blessing if the millions of hungry children of the world could all be supplied with enough good fruit.” But there is nothing to fear on that score. Having proper varieties of fruit and healthy trees to produce the best quality, if it is care- fully picked, honestly packed, judiciously handled and put upon the market in the neatest and best possible condition, it will always sell for more than the cost of production, and we will have a market for more than we Can raise.” Following the president’s address the secretary read his annual report. Init he alluded to the causes of the failure of the last crop of apples and other fruits, and attributed it largely to the scab fun- gus diseases that prevailed so generally throughout the country in 1892, badly injuring the foliage, weakening the growth and prevent- ing the storage of proper nutriment for the production of a crop this season. Miss Etta L. Budd, director of the Melrose Art, School of Des Moines, followed with a paperon “The Laws of Color in Flowers.” The laws of color in flowers were so clearly explained that the audience were instructed and edified. At the close she presented a series of rules for making floral designs to secure the richest har- mony. Mrs. H. Oslome, of Ames, read avaluable paper on “What Woman has done for Horticulture,’ and cited a number of instances where women are making a good livelihood in the various branches of fruit and flower culture. A paper by Mrs. L. H. Pummel,of Ames,on “Fruit as a Diet,” illus- trated the importance of the daily use of fruit as a means of promot- ing health. It was a very able paper. IOWA STATE HORT. SOCIETY. 473 The evening program closed with a paper, “Are Plants Healthful in Living Rooms.” by Miss Mary A. Nichols, a graduate of the Iowa Agricultural College. The results of the latest scientific researches on the subject were presented to the audience in a clear and con- vincing manner. An agricultural education has not taken a single charm from the appearance of the lady. She is a clear, forcible writer and reads with the eloquence of a trained elocutionist. Very seldom does an audience receive so much that is practical,as well as pleasing, in one session as was given to the Iowa horticulturists on this evening. The sessions of the second day opened with a larger attendance from the more remote parts of the state. The program for the day was very full, and the papers and addresses of rare excellence. The “Methods of Cultivation to Produce Plant Food” was introduced by Prof. D. A. Kent, of the State Agricultural College, in a well written paper showing what constituted the elements of plant food. where they are found and how they are made available. He showed up the benefits of good drainage and thorough cultivation, both of which tend to make plant food available, and a frequent shallow cultiva- tion provides a soil mulch which conserves moisture, promotes areation and narrows the extremes of wet and drouth. Charles Root,of Hopkinton, read a paper on “Small Fruits,” under the headings of planting, cultivating old and new varieties, fertiliz- ing the soil, spraying and winter protection. The points are, let each plant be set as carefully as if it was the only one you had, guarding against the roots getting dry—he does not believe in fall planting anything, and holds that one plant or tree well set is worth three carelessly done. Twice a week is none too often to cultivate, especially in time of drouth, when most people fail to give it be- cause there are less weeds to kill. Barnyard mauure is better than commercial fertilizers for small fruits, and the best results come from land that has been heavily manured two or three years before and cropped with corn and potatoes. For winter protection cover reasonably early, asthe root growth will go on after the tops are covered; he uses strawy manure with dirt over it for blackberries. In selling, never send a box to market that is not ripe enough to put upon your own table at supper; do not put the best berries on top and be careful that no green or poor berries find their way into the box; use clean, tasty packages, and the home market for you is made—for people will quickly find you out, and use more berries when they are sure they are all ripe and alike all through the box. He considers Warfield, Crescent and Haverland the most profitable varieties, with Bederwood as pollenizer. “Evergreens for Shelter,’ was discussed in a paper by C. F. Gard- ner, of Osage. To form the best shelter belt they should be set out in single rows with nothing to crowd them on either side of the row. They will then grow with limbs close to the ground and always retain them. White pine may be set twelve feet apart in the row, and if more than one row is used the rows should be from thirty to forty feet apart. Norway spruce should be set six to eight feet apart and the rows twenty or thirty feet apart. Scotch and Norway pine should be given the same distance as the white. A single row Sb OS ee ; 474 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. is worth more as a windbreak than a dozen set in the common way, because if rows are planted close together the lower limbs are soon lost. Three rows thus set are amply sufficient to protect the house and out-buildings on any farm from winds and snowdrifts. “Our Native Fruits” was the title of a paper by B. Mathews, of Knoxville, in which he maintained that from a horticultural stand- point our native fruits have great possibilities, and that from them can be developed through cultivation, selection, crossing and hybridizing many fruits of great value for the Northwest. Other papers on “The Definite Annual Growth and its Relation to Hardi- ness” and “Fruit from the Health Standpoint” completed the papers of the day in which the general public will be interested. The election of officers for the ensuing year took place in the evening and resulted in the re-election of A. F. Collman, of Corning, president and J. L. Budd, of Ames, secretary. On Thursday, November 22d, the society held three long sessions and put ina faithful day’s work. The first paper was on “The Stone Fruits” by J. LL. Budd. He stated that overa large portion of the central prairie section of Iowa, the native sorts of plums and some of the Russians were well laden with fruit, but the long continued drouth following the spring rains so affected the fruit that it was dwarfed in size and lower in quality than in any previous year since our present varieties have been cultivated. The fine speci- mens shown at Chicago were grown on the loose soil of the west slope on sites in the prairie district and on the bluffs with a deep porous sub-soil or in neighborhoods favored with timely showers. The lesson drawn is that the most favorable sites for plum growing are on soils underlaid with a porous sub-soil, permitting the ascen- tion of moisture from below. Yet, he says, we now have varieties of the plum which every home owner in the state can plant witha reasonable certainty of gathering paying crops four years out of five. High culture and rich manured soil gives the best returns of fruit. Trees in bluegrass sod on poor dry soils in such a season as the last do not produce fruit worth gathering. Heading in or short- ening the annual growth of stone fruits has been tried with good result. It is done during the leafless period. The effort is to give a more compact top that shelters the fruit from hot suns, and saves the branches from becoming sunburned. A trial of apricot seed- lings for stocks for root grafting plums proved a bad failure, but experiments with the sand cherry for stocks would indicate that all kinds of plums take wellon them. In this country few trees have been grown from root cuttings, but these few confirm the belief so common in Europe that trees thus grown are hardier and longer lived, and that they bear better than trimmed or grafted trees. Among other good things presented during the day were papers on “Horticulture from a Climatic Standpoint,” “Best Fruit Soils,” “Fruit Lists”, etc. The attendance is said to have been a little less than the average, owing to the meeting being held a little too early in the season, and the next meeting is to be held on the second Tuesday of December. Our Iowa neighbors are very sanguine that fruit culture will in the near future be one of the leading industries of their state. — ee — Se — = er q ; ; 4 * WISCONSIN STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 475 Although they apparently need it less they receive considerable more aid from the state than our Minnesota legislature is disposed to grantus. They receiveannually from the state the sum of $2,500. They have at the present time four district societies, each of which receives from the state $150 per annum; and twelve experiment stations, situated in various parts of the state, are enabled to do some good work through aid extended by the society. WISCONSIN STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. REPORT OF DELEGATE TO SUMMER MEETING, 1893. J. S. HARRIS, LA CRESCENT: The annual summer meeting of the Wisconsin Horticultural Society for 1893 was held at Kilbourn City on June 20th and 21st. A fine program had been arranged for the occasion,which was fully carried out. The attendance of the older members of the society and the larger fruit growers was light; while the attendance of the mem- bers of the local society of Columbia county and of the citizens of Kilbourn City was very good. Free entertainment was furnished for all visiting members. As usual, at meetings of this society, the literary exercises were of the highest order, including a very cordial address of welcome by J. E. Jones, editor of “Mirror and Gazette,” and response by the Sec- retary, B.S. Hoxie, in which he spoke in glowing terms of the Wis- consin horticultural exhibit at the World’s Fair, also the growing interest in horticulture among the children of the state, which is be- ing promoted through the very general observance of Arbor Day in the public schools and the free distribution of plants among the children by President Thayer—which this season amounted to thirty thousand. The papers read were able productions upon timely topics. Among them was one on “The Possibilities of Horticulture,” by Prof. Chester W. Smith, principal of the public schools of Kil- bourn City, “Roses for the Garden,” by J. E. Wright, of Baraboo “Small Fruits and their Necessity in the Family,” by Mrs. Franklin Johnson, of Baraboo, and many others, together with short papers and reports by delegates from local societies, and a free discussion on strawberries. In connection with the meeting was an exhibit ot fruits and flowers. The most prominent and attractive feature of the exhibition was the display of flowers, including roses of the rarest varieties,carna- tions, peonies, pansies and bouquets of wild flowers in great pro- fusion. This society offers premiums at their summer meetings to children under sixteen years of age for bouquets of cultivated and collections of wild flowers, named and tastefully arranged, which adds much to the interest and attractiveness of its meetings, and also enlists the attention and proves a valuable educator of the young people. The largest exhibits of strawberries were made by J. E. Kellogg, of Janesville, and M. A. Thayer, of Sparta, each showing about thirty varieties. I. Boist, of Kilbourn City, showed about a dozen very fine varieties, and besides them, there were quite a number of 476 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. amateur exhibits of from one to three varieties. Mr. Thayer carried off the blue ribbon on greatest and best variety and Mr. Kellogg the red one. Mr. Thayer was also awarded first on best variety for gen- eral cultivation (Warfield), and Mr. Bost first premium for, best quart of any variety, the Jessie being the lucky variety. The first premium on new seedling never before exhibited went to Mr Herbst, of Sparta. The variety is a cross between the Warfield and Jessie, has a perfect blossom, isa vigorous grower, very productive and promising in many Other desirable qualities. Among varieties shown,the Van Deman held its place as the most promising very early variety. Other most promising of the newer varieties, were Haverland, Bederwood, Crosby’s No. 27 and Stayman No.1. Reports from exhibitors and delegates placed the crop as considerably below the average in quantity and quality, and the outlook for a fair crop of other fruits is not very flattering. A novelty of this meeting was the offering of prizes for the best report of the meeting by pupils of the public schools. The first prize was awarded to a girl of thirteen, and the second to one four- teen years old. A portion of the second day was spenton a steam- boat excursion through the dells of the Wisconsin river ; and alto gether the meeting was a pleasant and profitable one, and the hospi- tality of the people of Kilburn City will be long and pleasantly remembered by visiting members. ANNUAL MEETING SOUTH DAKOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, DEC. 11-13, 1894. ALFRED TERRY, DELEGATE, SLAYTON. The annual meeting of the South Dakota Horticultural Society was held at Vermillion, Clay county, S. D., Dec. 11, 12 and 13, 1894. The attendance was very small, but among them your delegate noticed such persistant fruit growers as Hon. Geo. H. Whiting, of Yankton; H.C. Warner, of Forestburg; Prof. L. C. Corbett, of Brook- ings (who, by the way, expects to attend our own meeting in Janu- ary, 1895); E. D. Cowles, of Vermillion, and many others whose names will live in the horticultural world long after they have passed into eternity. There was a magnificent show of chrysanthemums, from the most delicate shades to the darkest varieties. These were all cut flowers, and formed.an object lesson for Mr. H.C. Warner’s talk on their propagation and care. This excellent talk made your delegate de- termine to add to his present small collection this hardy and beau- tiful flower, the queen of the autumn. On another table was an array of preserved fruit, not large in quantity, but perfect in quality. Then came the long table of fruits. This was a sight to behold. Think of it! Away off in the state of South Dakota—the land said to be (7) the land of drouth and of bliz- zards, and where summer is said to enter only when winter waits to catch a second breath. Right in her midst, home grown, fine sam- ples of about fifty varieties of apples, many of plums and other northern fruits. Such an exhibition is a convincing argument that the state can and will stand a peer of the best state in the Union. me Ye ae ANNUAL MEETING S. DAKOTA HORT. SOCIETY. 477 At one end of the table were three or four specimens of Washing- ton apples, quinces and prunes, brought by a lady who had evi- dently expected to excite admiration for the fruit grown ina real fruit state; but the reverse was the result, for the South Dakota specimens equaled them in beauty, and generally beat them in quality. During yourdelegate’s attendance at this meeting, he did not hear one word of discouragement about fruit culture. The finest seedling apple noticed was one grown by a Mr. Michael- son—green, medium size; round, slightly flattened; short stem. Had the season not been so dry, this seedling would probably have grown as large asa Wealthy. E.S. Collar discoursed on the subject of Russian apples, recom- mending the Hibernal, Wealthy and Duchess as about the best. A Mr. Hanson here gave his experience with a certain agent at Vermil- lion, of a well known nursery in Minnesota, who, on being asked if he had some iron clad Russians replied, that he had, but they were very dear indeed. This did not deter Mr. Hanson from ordering three varieties of these expensive trees; but not one tree sent was true to name, and all turned out to be Hibernal, Wealthy or Duchess. The Black Hills fruit farm of a Mr. Thompson was spoken of by Mr. H. C. Warner, who visited it. Onthe farm there are 900 apple trees, of which 700 are in bearing. A portion of them are irrigated; all are clean and healthy and quite free from any disease. Your delegate visited the grounds that are under the care of Secretary Cowles. These are about one-half mile eastof Vermillion. There were to be seen handsome black walnuts twenty years old, with trunks fourteen and sixteen inches in diameter; the soft maple, set trees, nine feet in circumferance at a height of four feet from the ground; the Scotch pine, the red cedar and arbor vitae; plum trees of every northern kind; and last, though not least,a large apple orchard, many of the trees being of perfect shape, their lower branches stretching in every direction six to eight and ten feet. Most of these were very heavily laden with fruit this season. Among the many kinds I noticed, the best shaped tree was a Ben Davis. Here, too, grows the Famuese, Perry Russett, Wealthy, Hibernal, Duchess and many others, including seedlings. Considerable ground is given overto the plum. Mr. Cowles hasa seedling plum of which he is very proud; it is oval, of good size, bright yellow and free stone. Hesaysit was aseedling that grew betweena Miner and a Peach plum and probably partakes of both. This is a very prom- ising seedling and will probably be much heard from hereafter. Three or four kinds of pears are grown in the southern part of the state, the hardiest of which are Flemish Beauty and Bartlett. ___ The tree culture was another subject much discussed, Hon. J. H. Whiting leading in the discussion and bravely defending the much abused cottonwood. Mixed groves were unanimously recommended, and box elder was considered the best “nurse tree,” especially for the ash. Red cedar was considered very hardy indeed, and white birch, black cherry, elm, ash and Scotch pine were recommended as a mixture to set on a five-acre grove. To this list, however, almost every northern tree was added. Your delegate was the medium through which the South Dakota society complimented your society by electing him an honorary member for two years. He was treated with marked courtesy, and he feels sure that much good can be given and received by such visits,especially if the delegation chosen were better horticulturists 478 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. than in the present case; however, your delegate felt proud of your association when he remembered the wonderful show of fruits and flowers he has seen in the Minnesota meetings, of the assistance in this good work given by our legislature, of the “Horticulturist” published monthly, of its large list of members and of the good it has done. The society your delegate visited is without state aid, and as a re- sult publishes no reports and is hnown only to a few of the citizens. Yet,with all this, I met many horticultural heroes, of whom I named a few at the commencement of this report, who are at their own ex- pense and labor pushing the battle to the wall, and I feel sure that ere long the state legislature will see the benefit of horticulture to the state and will make a proper appropriation for its advancement. The benefit of “Experimental Horticulture ” was shown in a very able paper by Prof. Corbett, and Mrs. Cowles’ paper on the “Flower Garden” was very interesting and instructive. ()bituary. IN MEMORIAM. Mrs. Carrie Dartt, wife of E. H. S. Dartt, Owatonna, Minn., Died December 6, 1894. The funeral services of Mrs. Carrie Dartt, wife of FE. H. S. Dartt, were held at their home last Saturday at two o'clock p. m. and were attended by a large gathering of friends of the deceased. She was born in Somersetshire, England, August 25, 1843, and came to this country with her parents at the age of six years, settling in Kingston, Wisconsin, where she lived until her marriage with Mr. Dartt and consequent removal to Owatonna. She has been suffering from poor health for a number of years and was under treatment for some time in Minneapolis two years ago but without permanent relief. In the early summer she became much worse and since August 25th, has been under treatment in the institution at Rochester where she died on Thursday, December 6th. Her disease seemed obscure, and at the last seriously clouded her mind, though she continued to recognize her family and friends. She leaves, besides her husband, only one child, a young man seventeen years of age. Of her parents’ family there remain one sister in England and a sisterin Janesville in this state, Mrs. J. H. Miner, also a half brother and a half sisterin Wisconsin. The remains were brought home for burial and were interred in Forest Hill cemetery. In this sad bereavement, Mr. Dartt has the full sympathy of his large number of friends in the ranks of this society. We will help to bear each other’s burdens. j 1 on a a} in tte aii a a ecretary’s (Yorner, ANSWER TO QUESTIONS.—Can you answer any of the questions that have been asked in late numbers? Please do so briefly, and they will be published. FRUIT FOR THE WINTER MEETING.—There are so few apples, this year, that to make an exhibit every one must bring or send what he has. Let us makea creditable show, even at some inconvenience to to ourselves. ‘ MINNESOTA STATE FORESTRY ASSOCIATION.—The secretary of this association, Mr. J. O. Barrett, wishes the announcement made that the annual election of officers for that society will be held at Lake City, January 8, next. CLOTH BINDINGS FOR THE LIBRARY.—Seventy-five paper bound volumes have been lately bound in cloth and now appear on its shelves in this form. Others are to follow. There should be no pa- per covered books in our permanent library. A CORRECTION.—Through an error in reporting, Pres. J. P. West, of the Bee-Keepers Association,is recorded on page 333, Oct. No., as reading the “Presidents Annual Address.” The title of the article should have been “Adulteration of Honey,’ as announced in the program. The State Forestry and State Bee-Keepers Associations meet at Lake City at the same time as the Horticultural Society, but in getting certificates from the railroad agents, those attending the first two associations must have them read “to the Horticultural Society” or they will be if no use. REDUCED RATES TO ANNUAL MEETING.—The program of our annual meeting, published in this issue, calls special attention to the con- ditions under which reduced rates are offered to those in attendance. They must pay full fare coming,and at the time of buying the ticket a certificate must be procured of the agent, showing that this has been done. If a second or third ticket has to be bought at transfer points on the way,in every case get a similar certificate. Those certificates must be handed to Secretary Latham immediately upon arrival, and when he gets one hundred they can be counter- signed soa return ticket can be bought for one-third rate. There will be no difficulty in getting the required one hundred, provided every one remembers to get their certificates. If any purchase regular round trip tickets, get a certificate just the same. It will count in making the one hundred. 480 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. PROTECT THE TREE BUYER.—“I hope at the coming annual meet- ing we may a good attendance of nurserymen and that we can agree upon a law that shall be framed with special reference to the pro- tection of the average buyer of nursery stock. I knowthere is much sport made of his mistakes and general greenness, but think it is rather dear sport for us home nurserymen.”’—Clarence Wedge. ENTERTAINMENT AT LAKE CiITy.—Don’t neglect to notify Mr. John W. Kennedy of Lake City, chairman of entertainment, by Jan. Ist,as to the length of your stay there, that they may have ample time to make preparation for us. They don’t know whether to count on fifty or one hundred and fifty. We hope it will be the latter number, and it is more likely to be. Don’t miss this meeting! If you area little hard up and feel too poor, come, just the same. To stay away would be a “penny wise, pound foolish” policy. You will learn very much, and especially the things you most need to know; and above all, you will “absorb” inspiration, and go home full of renewed courage. Let nothing keep you away! VARIATION FROM BUDDING.—In the museum of the Southern IIli- nois Normal University is an exceedingly interesting exhibition of bud variation, or sport,in pears. It consists of a specimen fruit of the Howell pear from the parent tree, this specimen measuring eight and one-half inches in circumference with stem one and one- fourth inches long. This is about the normal size of that fruit. Also two fruits from the budded tree. These fruits are five and one-fourth inches incircumference with stems one and three-fourths inches in length. The fruit onthe parent tree grows singly, on the budded tree in groups or clusters of two or three. The budded fruit is not so perfect in development as and the shape differs from that of the parent. The flavor of the fruit from the twotrees is similar. The stock was three or four inches in diameter and the buds were inserted in the limbs. The fruit from all of the scions was alike. No fruit growing from the stock. These specimens were collected and preserved by Prof. George H. French of the S.I. N. U. from the farm of George Elliott, about six miles southwest of this city. FRANK D. WILLIS, of St. Paul. Carbondale, Ills., Dec. 18, 1894. u“estion “Box. (In replying to a question, give its number.) 9. What is the best way to plant apple seed to make it grow? I have tried for four yearsand only successful the first year.—E. C. King. Te , > + nnual N{ceting. 1894. => ‘PROGRAM. Of the twenty-seventh Annual Meeting of the Minnesota State Horticultural Society, to be held in the Lumber Exchange, corner Fifth street and Hennepin avenue, Minneapolis, Minn., Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday and Friday, Jan. 9, 10, 11 and 12, 1894. Keep this program for use at the meeting. The ladies are es- pecially invited. Don’t forget the question box, which may fill every spare mo- ment. ANNOUNCEMENT. The past year has not been on the whole very favorable for the Minnesota horti- culturist, the yield of fruit in many classes being the poorest for several years. If there is a time when we especially need to get together to compare experiences and gather inspiration, it is at the close of such a season. This is to be in an unusual degreea “‘ home” meeting, and in preparing the pro- gram care has been taken to leave plenty of time for discussion of the subjects of most interest to those engaged in horticulture as a livelihood. Few papers have been solicited for the ‘fruit’? portion of the program, the intention being to oc- cupy the time largely with reports and discussions. The usual liberal premium list has been prepared. You are urgently requested to assist in making this exhibit. An assortment of apples from the World’s Fair exhibit has been stored at Chicago, which it is hoped may be in good condition for this occasion. } The Minnesota Bee-Keepers Association will convene in an adjoining room dur- ing a portion of the time of this meeting. A reduction to one and one-third railroad fare has been secured, which will be available, however, only in case two hundred and fifty persons attend who hold receipts or certificates showing that they have paid full fare to the place of meeting. Do not forget, then, in purchasing ticket to call for a certificate from the agent showing that you have bought a full fare ticket to the meeting of this society. It is no more than fair to say that there is no reasonable probability that the required number will be present to secure this reduction; and this notice is pub- lished more for the purpose of calling your attention to the present attitude of the railroads. But do not let this keep you at home. You will be royally wel- comed, and we shall have as usual a ‘“‘ grand good time.’’ You cannot afford to lose it. Members, delegates and visitors reaching the city previous to the opening of the meeting are invited to call at the library, Room 2, No. 427 Nicollet avenue, which is the headquarters of the committee on reception. Papers publishing this program or calling attention to this meeting and send- ing the secretary a marked copy of the paper containing the notice, will receive, when published, a bound copy of the proceedings. J. M. UNDERWOOD, President, A. W. LATHAM, Secretary, Lake City. 1908 Lyndale Ave. S., Minneapolis. RO EE Se aE A ee Remy os rt Net : } 482 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. PROGRAM. : TUESDAY MORNING SESSION—10 o’clock. General Subject—Smal Fruits. Prayer. Opening remarks by the president. Appointment of committee on credentials. Report of committee on small fruits—M. W. Cook, Rochester; E. E. Harris, La Crescent; Wm. Robinson, Hastings; B. C. Yancey, Edina Mills; O. M. Lord, Minnesota City. Suggestions on Small Fruit Culture—M. W. Cook, Rochester. New Strawberries—J. G. Kellogg, Janesville, Wis. Profits of Small Fruit Culture—C. W. Sampson, Excelsior. Entry of exhibits. TUESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION—2 o’clock. General Subject—Grapes, Plums, Cherries and Irrigation. Report of committee on grapes—P. H. Perry, Excelsior; H. J. Ludlow, Worthing - ing; M. Pearce, Chowen. Report of committee on plums and cherries—Jos. Wood, Windom; Mrs, A. A, Kennedy, Hutchinson; H. Knudson, Springfield. ' Native Plums and Their Development—O. M. Lord, Minnesota City. The Sand Cherry as a Stock for Plum and Cherry—Prof. N. E. Hansen, Ames, Ia. Conservation of Moisture in the Soil—Prof. S. B. Green, St. Anthony Park. Irrigation in Minnesota—Hon. S. M. Emery, Bozeman, Mont. Irrigation Applied to Minnesota—A. W. Sias, Pueblo, Col. TUESDAY EVENING SESSION—7:30 o’clock. General Subject—Addresses and Annual Reports. Address of welcome—W. H. Eustis, Mayor of Minneapolis. Response to address of welcome—W. W. Pendergast, State Supt. of Schools. President’s annual address—J. M. Underwood, Lake City. Annual report of secretary—A. W. Latham. Annual report of treasurer—Ditus Day, Farmington. Annual report of librarian—(The library is at room 2, 427 Nicollet avenue, Minne- apolis)—A. W. Latham, librarian: EK. A. Cuzner, assistant, Essex and 27th avenue S.E., Minneapolis. (The assistant has charge of the reports stored at Pillsbury Hall, State University.) The Horticulturist as a Reformer—Wm. R. Dobbyn, Minneapolis. Wind—E. H.S. Dartt, Owatonna. The Climate Changes of Minnesota—Prof. C. W. Hall, State University. Report of committee on legislation—J. H. Stevens, Minneapolis; Wyman Elliot, Minneapolis; F. G. Gould, Excelsior. Appointment of committees on fruit list, award of premiums, president’s ad- dress, obituaries and final resolutions. WEDNESDAY MORNING SESSION—9 o'clock. General Subject—Apples and General Fruits. Prayer. Report of committee on apples (including crabs, hybrids, Russians, etc.)— D. K. Michenor, Etna; G. W. Buffum, Owatonna; W.L. Parker, Farmington; Wm. Duffus, Lake City; W.S. Widmoyer, Dresbach. Laying Out an Orchard—S. D. Richardson, Winnebago City. Report of committee on seedling fruits—J. S. Harris, La Crescent. Report of committee on general fruits— ist Congressional Dist.—C. Theilmann, Theilmanton; R. C. Keel, Rochester. 2d Congressional Dist.—J. S. Parks, Pleasant Mounds; F. S. Livermore, Fair- mont. 8d Congressional Dist.—D. F. Akin, Farmington; E. J. Cutts, Howard. 4th Congressional Dist.—M. C. Bunnell, Newport; J. G. Bass, Hamline. 5th Congressional Dist.—H. L. Crane, Excelsior; D. V. Plants, Long Lake. 6th Congressional Dist.—J. M. Doudna, Alexandria; John Hunter, Anoka. 7th Congressional Dist.—N. P. Aspinwall, Harrison; Erik Anderson, Lake Park, a ee . ANNUAL MEETING, 1894. 483 WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION—2 o’clock. General Subject—General Fruits. My Endeavors to Raise Fruit—D, F. Akin, Farmington. | What Fruit can Farmers Most Profitably Grow ?—E. H. S. Dartt, Owatonna. Report of committee on nomenclature and Gatatonuey S. Harris, La Crescent; Prof. S. B. Green, St. Anthony Park. Report of conimittee on fruit blossoms (cross-fertilization, etc.)—O. F. Brand, Faribault; Dr. M. M. Frisselle, Eureka; R. S. Mackintosh, Langdon. Reports of superintendents of experiment stations— Brofas. B. Green: ...-....-5s0beo.e.- = +--ss00s2--+--Central Station, St. Anthony Park BEET OMMOLOD eR E tin os 5: Garcicrais/sictaars’sreielom Oe vasieeus oreo laislpra Oo sro o nsa aRats cietorotate: Gis ister one alan Sen aie as Owatonna mr ere OG rio, S ASieig sno atara ora &ia\eicraisiasalo/e atalnis) ois Vatom ommrmeieralgjecl sence eels ts abe oa oemts Fergus Falls IDE rerulal (Choyol Sates Gone ca QU CAn Eat BOGAN AE Cero Scnts Raid COOL. COSE a hE cama cr cbse mere ae Windom MOET COP WW COLSON: ais at siclsceie arava iaco/e tafots alsierc le eiel Seieiavaerape) arinneceed oiatar marae date ete ie insists einvaloes oe Albert Lea TASHA SAMPSON (STADES) Cac ia csiesoae wale alse Sele eae a eles ek sea Oa olla Stes Excelsior OmveIcordi(phums and small friits))o. ccc esic sales cine ceacelaceleseeeeicces Minnesota City Caw H. Heideman (plums and small fruits)... 25 -ces cc dooce ccloseecs- sche New Ulm apap Re USOT aterevar secs sis) ccta)s:c Pic's sisisiass avs nstaTeleisiete s/aie Eset sfoft shepehieieit eis tas ner sols wee aia cleetee arse St. Cloud Ele Mes yarian) (apPlES))s . The plan of offering premiums for members seems to be a practi- cable one and, if begun earlier in the season, it would, without doubt, yield satisfactory results. It is possible, perhaps, that some arrangement might be made with the experiment station, so that annual premiums, consisting of some new and worthy varieties of fruits and flowers, might be sent to all members. A suggestion looking towards this has been discussed and may, in the future, yield results. While speaking of this premium matter, I will refer briefly to the plan which was adopted by the executive committee, and which I had the honor of carrying out, of distributing strawberry plants among the children of the state. The following notice was published quite generally in connection with the premium notice: STRAWBERRY PLANTS FREE FOR THE CHILDREN. To encourage an interest in horticultural pursuits among the young people of our state the Minnesota State Horticultural Society offers by mail freesto the first one thousand Minnesota children under 16 (only one in a family) making written application, six strawberry plants of some good variety. The applicant must give namie, age, post office and county, enclosing 4 cents in stamps to payfor packing and postage, and promise to set and care for the plants according to the directions to be furnished, and to make a report of their condi- tion in September, 1893. Please write the word “‘strawberries’ velope. : t ; Application must be made to A.W. LATHAM, Secretary, Excelsior, Minn. The responses numbered 619. The plan being so much in the na- ture of an experiment and quite different from that adopted by Brother Thayer, of Wiscousin, was not advertised as widely as the premium scheme, but the results were, as far as numbers were con- cerned, quite satisfactory. Applicants were required to report in September. This part of the plan, certainly, was not much ofa suc- cess, only five or six out of the 619 making the report. Hereisa specimen: ? in the upper left hand corner of the en- Nov. 15th, 1893. Mr. A. W. LATHAM, DEAR SIR: I would have written to you when I first got the strawberry plants, if [had not lost your address, as my plants died soon after I got them. They merc very. dry when I got them; nearly dead I think. Thank you for sending Judging by this letter and a few others from the children, the criticism seems to be that the plants in such small quantities do not arrive in good condition. However, for all we know, the balance who did not report may have succeeded. A modification, providing that the plants be sent in bulk to the teachers of the state and dis- tributed by them under proper conditions, might yield more satis- factory results. It was my privilege to be present at the summer meeting, held at the experiment station at St. Anthony Park, and the trip which I made from my field of work in your interests at the World’s Fair was well repaid by the pleasure of that occasion. Probably seventy-five were present, and the bright day and the genial hospitality of the people at the station made the gathering one to be remembered. To those who have never taken the opportunity to attend the short summer session it is fitting to say that these gatherings are among the most enjoyable of the society. Come and see, and be profited. I need not say to you that this has been a very unfortunate season for the orchardist and somewhat so for the small fruit grower. In my work at the Fair, I had special opportunity to notice this. If itis true that misery loves company, however, you had plenty of it, for almost the only apples worth anything in the market today are coming in boxes from the Pacific coast and retailing at forty cents adozen. I think that the discouraging apple crop has something to do with the program this year, as very few of our members have shown a disposition to write on this subject, and there will be no long papers to interfere with the discussion of any phase of it that comes up. re i, “7 494 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. World’s Fair. Much might be said on this subject which properly finds a place in a secretary’s report,as a large share of the work in connection with our horticultural exhibit there and its results are intimately connected with the machinery of the society and its membership. In fact, without the existence of the society it would have been prac- ticably impossible, at least in such an unfavorable year, to have made a passable exhibit. It was found to be so iu the case of some of the state exhibits there which were not supported by such an or- ganization. As my special report on this subject will come before you later, I will not take time now any further than to express most heartily my appreciation of the support given me by the fellow members of the society. SOUTHERN MINNESOTA SOCIETY. It is in order to notice the formation of a horticultural society in southern Minnesota, as to the name of which, however, I am not sure, as I understand it is to cover only two or three counties; but” they sent out a very handsome printed program under the title of “Southern Minnesota Horticultural Society.” An application has come from their president for a quantity of reports for distribution, and they are hopeful, as we are also, that much good will come of this. Perhaps, there are other sections of the state that would be specially benefitted as well by a local organization. The Library. Our library will show about the same increase as was made in 1892. No special efforts have been made in this direction, but the usual exchanges and some missing vears of reports from various states, with contributions from Messrs. Wyman Elliot J. S. Harris and others, have made the number of additions a very credi- table one. I will speak of this further in the librarian’s report. Form of Report. In conformity with my steady purpose to widen the field of use- fulness of the society and in every practicable way extend its work, I have given some thought to the matter of a change in the manner of publishing our annual report, to which I wish to call your atten- tion briefly. The change suggested consists in issuing it in twelve parts, somewhat in the form of a monthly magazine, one part to be sent to each member each month. With our present membership this would take some 450 copies. The balance could be bound at the end of the year, 2,000 in cloth and the restin paper covers, as at pres- ent. Each member upon renewing his membership at the begin- ning of the following year might be entitled to a cloth-bound copy of the twelve numbers bound in one book, and the monthlies that had been sent out during the year could be distributed to advan- tage by those who received them. There are many advantages connected with this form of printing the report, some of which areas follows: The present form of report not being issued until about the first of June fails to bring to you early enough in the season to bea benefit that year much informa- tion which you desire. Prior to the first of June, under the proposed arrangement, five monthly issues would have been sent to you, con- taining in all one-half of the whole report, and so selected, as far as possible, as to give you the matter you mostneed. It would also bea convenient way of sending out notices and otherwise communicat- ing with members on any subject. Items of local or timely interest to the horticulture of the state could be sent to you without delay. The members could through this channel, in an easy way, commu- nicate their thoughts to the society. The reports of other horticul- tural meetings and extracts from the bulletins of the experiment stations of the country could be sent at once as fresh material and v4 es, ANNUAL MEETING, 1894. 495 not be kept until they were deprived somewhat of their vitality and usefulness. More pains could be taken to embellish such a periodi- cal and made it readable; and whatever force there is in homeopa- thy might apply to this form of issuing the report. The doses would certainly be smaller and more easily taken, and perhaps it would be easier to sugar-coat it. Its frequent and regular appear- ance would be a constant reminder, and I believe it would be more generally read than at present. As to the disadvantages of such an arrangement, there are none of which I know that, upon reflection, do not cease to be so. I be- ‘lieve such a change would be the means, in our hands, of increas- ing very largely our membership and the influence of the society for good. The additional expense connected therewith, as far as it is permitted to increase, need not exceed the additional fees received from an increase of membership. I have conferred with the public printer and the gentleman in charge of it, and there seems to be no obstacle in the way of the suggested change. I beg you to give this, as it seems to me, very important subject your earnest consid- eration. Financial Report. I have the honor to submit the following financial report ‘for the year: Receipts from annual membership fees for 1892 .............-.... $ 7.00 ee a es of TSS See caemes sch ote recis 349.00 ee ss oy fe NSO4Y oF ee estat ceisieveesee 17.00 Neife mrenml! bership LEOS«s\: sciciee sow slaiele delete acetisenalsis deoren een a tanvan dees 15.00 A Moje ) Glee ren SBCA OtE Aan er Cr Oimcecirarrorciotnccae Gori OUmcetos BeCRce $388.00 Disbursements— IEROS GAS Creo ate a: aes chck fui eo ofaste siotiale ,, ANNUAL MEETING, 1894. . 499 REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON LIBRARY. J. S. HARRIS. We have collected publications for the library of the State Horti- cultural Society during the year 1893 as follows:. Bound in cloth— Statistics of Agriculture, tenth census of U.S. Report of the Secretary of Agriculture, 1892. In pamphlets— An Agricultural Survey of Wyoming. The Russian Thistle and other Troublesome Weeds. Record of Experiments with Sorghum in 1892. Record of Experiments with Sugar Beets in 1892. The Most Destructive Locusts of America, North of Mexico. Rice, its Cultivation, Production and Distribution. Report upon Numbers and Values of Farm Animals. Production and Distribution of the Principal Agricultural Pro- ducts of the World. Report on Distribution and Consumption of Corn and Wheat. Report upon Investigations Relating to Treatment of Lumpy Jaw. Nostrums for Increasing the Yield of Butter. The Prairie Ground Squirrels. Report of the Secretary of Agriculture for 1893. Foods and Food Adulterants. Forest Influences, Bulletin No. 7. Report of Chief of Bureau of Forestry. Report on the Crops of the Year 1892. Reports of Statistican of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, eleven num bers. (The above have been deposited in the library.) Prof. Wm. R. Dobbyn, editor of the “Progressive Age,” then deliv- ered an eloquent and interesting address on the subject: “The Horticulturist as a Reformer.’’ Pres. Underwood: The next subject on our program is “Wind,” and who in our society can so ably bring out and develop this sub- ject as our friend E. H. S. Dartt, of Owatonna? I take pleasurein introducing Mr. Dartt: Mr. Dartt. Mr. Chairman, Ido not know who can, unless it is the last speaker. I did not much expect to come in after such a speech as that, and Iam a little in doubt whether I havetheright. Now meat eaters and horticulturists, he does not seem to connect very closely. I am a meat eater, and I think I havea majority on my side. My idea in regard to meat eating is about as I expressed it on a card I once wrote for a school boy. I used to teach school; don’t know that I was fit, but did. The card read thus: “The lion and the lamb are opposites, ’tis true, Both natures form man, so let them blend in you.” Now, from the paper I am going to read he will say itis clearly - caused by meat eating propensities; I think it is, because it is some- what personal, and I would like to make it personal all round, but I did not have time to hit every one of you, though I have hit a few. Then I have a class on “professors,” and I would liketo have you all consider yourselves in that whenI get to the class of “pro- _fessors.” (Laughter). Mr. Dartt then read a very entertaining paper on “Wind,” E. H.S. Dartt, Owatonna. (See index). A, 500 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Ag fs x Prof. C. W. Hall, of the State University, then delivered a very 4 interesting and instructive lecture on “Climatic Changes Minne- sota.” (Itis to be regretted that on account of the want of needed charts this cannot be reproduced here). The meeting was then adjourned until 9 o’clock, Wednesday. SECOND DAY. MORNING SESSION, WEDNESDAY, January 10, 1894. The meeting was called to order promtly at 9 o’clock by President Underwood, and was opened with prayer by Clarence Wedge of Albert Lea. The first matter on the program was the report of the committee on apples. Reports were read by Secretary Latham from W. S. Widmoyer, Dresbach, (See index) and W. L. Parker, Farmington. (See index.) Following these reports, Mr. S. D. Richardson presented a short but very interesting paper on the subject of “Laying Out an Or- chard.” (See index.) A long and interesting discussion followed. Mr. J.S. Harris: Mr. Chairman, Mr. C. Patten from Iowa, and Mr. Wm. Toole from Wisconsin are with us, and I would like to have them recognized as delegates. I move you that they be invited to participate in our deliberations and that they be made honorary * members for one year. The motion was seconded, and on being put to a vote was carried. Next on the program was the report of the committee on seedling fruits, presented by Mr. J. S. Harris, La Crescent. (See index.) Col. J. H. Stevens: Mr. President, I move that the committee on seedling fruits be continued another year, and in making that mo- tion I would like very much if they would travel througha portion ~ — of the country out in Houston county, or throughout that section, I~ know of several new seedlings in Carver county of great merit,also ~ in Sibley,and one in Le Sueur, and the society is abundantly able to pay the expenses of this commission; and in thus making the rounds they will probably gather up new seedlings that are worth more than anything we have received yet; and I would include in my motion that the expenses of the commission be paid by the society. The motion was seconded by Mr. D. F. Akin and carried. AFTERNOON SESSION, WEDNESDAY, January 10, 1894. The meeting was called to order at 2 o’clock by President Under- wood, and the deferred program of the morning session was taken © up, calling for the reports of committees on general fruits from the various congressional districts of the state. Mr. C. Theilmann, of Theilmanton, from the first cong. district read his report. (See index.) This was followed by the report of Mr. R. C. Keel, of Rochester, representing the same district. (See index.) Some discussion followed this. “ ANNUAL MEETING, 1894. 501 The next report was submitted by Mr. D. F. Akin, Farmington, from the third congressional district. (See index.) This was followed by reports from M. C. Bunnell, Newport, and J- G. Bass, Hamline, from the fourth congressional district. (See index.) H. L. Crane, Excelsior, and D. V. Plants, Long Lake, of the fifth congressional district, also presented reports. (See index.) An interesting discussion followed the reading of these reports. Following this a paper was read on the subject of “My Endeavors to Raise Fruit,” by D. F. Akin, Farmington. (See index.) ‘Here ensued a short discussion. The next subject on the program was a paper by Mr. Dartt: “What Fruit can Farmers Most Profitably Grow?” E.H.S. Dartt, Owatonna. (See index.) This was well discussed. The next matter presented was the report of the committee on nomenclature and catalogue, by Prof. S. B. Green, of St. Anthony Park. (See index). The report of committee on fruit blossoms was read by Mr. O. F. Brand, of Faribault. (See index./ The report of the superintendents of the various experiment sta- tions were submitted through Prof. S. B. Green, St. Anthony Park, superintendent of the central station. (See index. ) Mr. E. H.S. Dartt, of Owatonna, presented a separate report of the work at the Owatonna station. (See index.) A discussion ensued. The next matter on the program was the reports of the vice presi- dents of the society representing the various congressional dis- tricts of the state. The first report submitted was by Clarence Wedge, Albert Lea, of the first congressional district. (See index.) ; This was followed by-the report of S. D. Richardson, Winnebago City, of the second congressional district. (See index.) A short discussion followed. Mr. J.O. Barrett, Browns Valley, representing the seventh con- gressional District, then submitted his report. (See index.) This being the completion of the afternoon’s program, the society adjourned to 7 o’clock p. m. EVENING SESSION, WEDNESDAY, January 10, 1894. The meeting was called to order by President Underwood at 8 o’clock. The general subject for the evening was Floriculture, and the first item on the program was the report of the committee on deciduous trees and plants. Secretary Latham read a report from Dr. J. R. Walker, Loomis, Wash, (See index.) The next subject was “Our Native Shrubs and Vines for Orna- mental Planting,” by C. L. Smith, Minneapolis. (See index.) An interesting discussion ensued. The next subject on the program was a paper on the subject of “Decorative Horticulture for Farmers,” by Wm. Toole, Baraboo, Wis. (See index.) Mr. E. Nagel, Minneapolis, then followed with a paper on the sub- ject ot “Seedling Crysanthemums.” (See index.) 502 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. . “The Changing Fashion in Cut Flowers,’ was the subject of a short talk by Mr. F. G. Gould, Excelsior. (See index.) President Underwood then read a very interesting paper on the subject of “Plant Rooms in the House,” written by himself. (See index.) This concluding the program for the evening, the society ad journed to Thursday morning, 9 o’clock. MORNING SESSION, THURSDAY, January 11, 1894. The society was called to order by President Underwood at 9 o’clock and opened with prayer by Mr. J. A. Sampson, of Excelsior. President Underwood being obliged to attend a committee meet- ing, called Vice-President Wedge to the chair to preside until his return. The first matter on the program to be taken up was the report of the committee on vegetables, the first report submitted being by Mr. W. G. Beardsley, St. Louis Park, who made a verbal report. (See index.) A brief discussion followed. The next report on the subject of vegetables was by Mr. J. A. Sampson, Excelsior, (See index.) This was also discussed. The next topic taken up was “Tomato Culture in the Market Gar- den,” by J. A. Sampson, Excelsior. (See index.) An interesting dis- cussion followed. “Fungicides Applied to Potatoes,” by Prof. S. B. Green, St. Anthone Park, followed. . (See index.) _ This subject was followed by a paper on “Late Blight and Rot of Potatoes,” also Dy Prof. S. B. Green. (See index.) This was also discussed. The next topic on the program was “Potato Culture,” by B. T. Wilcox, Hastings. (See index.) This was followed by a paper on “Growing Vegetables for Ship- ment,’ by L. H. Wilcox, Hastings. (See index.) The report of the committee on cooking and pantry stores, by Mrs. Annie Bonniwell, Hutchinson, was next read. (See index.) This completing the program for the forenoon, the society Aes journed to meet at2 o’clock P. M. AFTERNOON SESSION, THURSDAY, January 11, 1894. The meeting was called to order by President Underwood, and the first topic taken up on the program was a paper on “American Pomology at the World’s Fair,’ by J. S. Harris, La Crescent. (See index.) At this point Col. J. H. Stevens president of the Minnesota Forestry Association, introduced Mr. O.S. Whitmore, editor of “Hardwood,” who made a few remarks and was formally welcomed by the presi- dent. Alderman J.S. Gray: About three weeks ago the sealer of weights and measures introduceda resolution in the city council to create an ordinance regulating the measure in selling berries in this city. I will read a few extracts that you may get the gist of the matter: S72 fe) eS =¥ ~ OR yee nga ee poe a ee a \ tah 1 ras 2 of) De , ae ee ev “ ~ page rah ” ae iy ( : t posh ie es ey ~s oy 504 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. After some discussion, on motion of Col. Stevens the report of the © executive committee was laid on the table until the next day, and the election of officers for the ensuing year was proceeded with. The following officers were elected for 1894. (See tndex.) The meeting then adjourned. EVENING SESSION, THURSDAY, January 11, 1894. The meeting was called to order by Vice-President O. F. Brand. L. Rk. Moyer, Montevideo, presented his report as a member of the . committee on forestry. (See index.) ae This was followed by a paper on the subject of “Forest Education and Administration in Europe,” by N. F. Brand, Faribault. (See | index). Secretary Latham: Many of our members were present at the meeting held at Mrs. Dorilus Morrison’s last winter, where she so splendidly entertained us. At that time a proposition was made looking toward holding a rose fete. A committee was appointed and Mrs. Marrison was made chairman of that committee, and she has sent us a paper on that subject which I will read. . Mrs. Morrison’s paper was then read by the secretary. COMMUNICATION FROM MRS. D. MORRISON. DEAR Mr. LATHAM:—There has been such an uncertain feeling upon my part, owing to our winter plans for leaving the city this month, that it seems more than likely to me I shall be absent from home at the January meeting of the State Horticultural Society. IT regret this extremely, as I should be pleased to be present at the interesting session, to add my word of encouragement and greeting to the members, whom I so pleasantly remember, as well as to listen to the papers and reports, which, I am sure, will be worth hearing. It occurs to me, that instead of preparing any formal report as to the “National Rose Show,’ which was proposed by me at the last year’s meeting of the society, that it may be quite as well for me to briefly state in this letter to you (as secretary of the association and member of the rose show committee) the facts as they have tran- spired, so far as my agency and experience in the matter is con- cerned. Should you desire to bring the subject before the meeting, you are quite at liberty to use this letter as you may deem proper. During our visit to New Mexico, last winter, a wide-spread interest was created at Santa Fé, the présent seat of government for that ter- ritory, where the project of our rose show became noised about. It so transpired that we were visiting there the Governor and Mrs. Prince, the former of whom was the vice-president and the latter the first lady member of the horticultural society of New Mexico. Both the Governor and Mrs. Prince manifested the liveliest interest possible, as well as entire confidence in the feasibility of the undertaking; so much so that they invited me, during my first week’s stay with them, to repeat my paper upon the “Culture of the Rose in Private Grounds” in the drawing-room of the famous old gubernatorial palace there, to which they invited President Arthur Boyd, of the New Mexico Horticultural Society, and about fifty other guests to be present. It will please you to learn that all seemed impressed with the desirability of a national rose festival, and to be in sympathy _ and accord in a way to volunteer every possible co-operation in any future undertaking of that kind which we may decide upon. The following morning the Archbishop Salpointe, who is an aged man | and something of a cripple by reason of rheumatism, sent his niece : ANNUAL MEETING, 1894. 505 as a messenger begging me to call upon him, as he was not only greatly interested in rose culture, but was desirous of listening to the plan and detail of anything looking to an American festival of this regal flower. Archbishop Salpointe is the Catholic archbishop of Arizona, Col- orado and New Mexico, and he possesses in Santa Fé, attached to the archbishopric mansion, magnificent rose gardens, the culture of which afford him the greatest pleasure and delight. My visit to him was attended with much satisfaction, as the good man took me through his fine gardens and voluntarily proposed planting some extra fine specimens of roses with a view to sending them to the Minnesota rose show. The board of trade at Santa Fé hearing that I was especially in- terested in floriculture, very politely sent me a novel and attractive picture of the fruits and flowers of New Mexico, which may eventu- ally find its way into the attractive rooms of the Minnesota society. Continuing our journey, in course of time, we arrived at Hot Springs, Arkansas. I very soon cast about to put myself into ac- quaintance with the horticultural society of that rather unthrifty state. Very soon I learned that years before a society had been in existence, but the impression was, that the horticultural society of the state of Arkansas had (in Southern parlance) “kind’er died out.’’ But I found one energetic woman who was growing fine roses in Hot Springs, supplying the rotundas of the various hotels there; and after a long trip to her home in the suburbs, I at last found her inthe Arlington hotel, personally superintending the ar- rangement and disposition of her posies. She is the wife of Judge Kellam, a prominent man of the state,and she listened with intelligent interest and approval to the plan of a national rose show, expressing willingness and a strong desire to “be one” to represent Arkansas. Madame Modjeska, the great tragedienne, who owns a fine ranch in California where she cultivates roses with pronounced success, has talked with me of our proposed show, making many inquiries, giving some valuable suggestions and a hearty assurance that she would be pleased to send usa glimpse of her famous roses when we get to the point of holding a rose show. Mrs. John A. Logan, of Washington, D. C., perhaps the best known representative woman of our country, has both talked with and written to me with much enthusiasm upon the subject. Mrs. Logan pledges herself to see that the District of Columbia contributes its bravest roses to grace such an occasion, and hints that a choice col- lection from the famous conservatories of the White House may be forthcoming for such an auspicious event. I saw in Boston, last spring, the World’s Fair horticultural repre- sentative from Massachusetts, who gave me every assurance of a creditable showing of roses from the Bay State,and who volunteered as well to come out here with the collection and be present at the celebration, whenever we elect that it shall occur. From Portland, Oregon, as well as from distant states in the far south, I have received letters of inquiry and encouragement; and in conversation last May, with Mr. John Thorpe in Chicago, who was at the head of the World’s Fair horticultural exhibit, he not only spoke strongly in approval of such an undertaking, but remarked that “he had often thought of suggesting such a plan for his own state.” So, my friends, it seems plain, that if we do not get up and act pretty soon upon our own idea, somebody else will; and thus, the prestige and honor of originality and leadership in this important field of beauty and profit will be lost to us entirely, as a state and society. You have so many wiser heads than mine in your active society that it seems something of presumption to me,as I contemplate the situation as it appears from my standpoint, and perhaps still greater temerity, for me to suggest an opinion as to the final outcome of the proposition for a national roseshow. But as I reflect that the honor 506 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. which the society conferred upon me one year ago, by placing me at the head of the rose show committee was not intended as an empty one, and as I accepted it in good faith and not as a mere figure-head, you will pardon me, if in language appropriate to our subject, I no longer “beat about the bush,’ but proceed briefly to present to you what seems desirable and possible, in connection with this interest- ing plan. : It is quite apparent to all that the hard times which have come upon us within the last twelve months, constitute for the time being a formidable obstacle to the formulating of any important under- taking involving money obligations of any considerable sum. A national rose show would obviously need, to begin with, a reas- onable financial guaranty from our citizens to cover expenses in- volved over and above possible receipts. There would need to be money in sight to invest in attractive prizes; for the outlay of trans- portation; to prepare circulars, and send them out; and above all, money to compensate some active man who could, and would, givehis entire time and energies to bringing the affair to the attention of the societies of other states, as well as to prominent citizens everywhere who were in any way interested in the culture of the rose in private grounds. While it is quite true that in the world of business everything seems temporarily at a standstill, I must confess to genuine ad- miration for the state of California which has marshalled her mag- nificient resources for the splendid Mid-Winter Pair atSan Francisco, and for the beautiful Rose Festival of the state, which enthusiastic friends there write me is attracting wide-spread attention. In con- templation of the pluck and spirit of our California brethern,and with a realization of the truth of that homely old saying, that “we must creep before we walk,” might it not be well, in view of the unavoidable present conditions pertaining to a national rose show, to do—next summer or whenever your society considers best—what the state of Minnesota has never yet done, viz: To hold here in Minneapolis, upon whichever date, and at whatever place seems most desirable, a Minnesota Rose Festival, given under the auspices of the society, the proceeds of which, over and above the necessary expenses for prizes, should be devoted to the beginning of a modest fund looking towards the erection of a horticultural building and hall in the city of Minneapolis? Having demonstrated our ability to manage and push forward to success an attractive state rose show, we might be encouraged to undertake on a larger and grander scale, floral triumphs which would naturally supplement and grow out of a more modest under- taking. I cannot bring this imperfect letter to a close, Mr. Secretary, with- out recalling the pleasure it afforded both Mr. Morrison and myself to welcome last winter this society to the hospitalities of Villa Rosa, and to couple with that remembrance the hope that we may be per- mitted the added pleasure of welcoming you all to our home in the summer of 1894, at which time I believe the society will again hold its session in this city. Please extend to the horticultural society the best wishes of Mr. Morrison and myself, with a hearty invitation to one and all, to pass the day of your session next summer under the “shade of our vine and fig tree.” Yours very truly, Mrs. D. MORRISON. Mr. Elliot: It seems to me it is fitting that our society should take some action at this time in regard to this matter, and that it would be well for us to consider this proposition; and to that end I would make a motion that we accept the invitation of Mrs. Morrison to hold our summer meeting this year at Villa Rosa, and leave it with the executive committee of the State Horticultural Society to decide ANNUAL MEETING, 1894. 507 upon the date at some future time. This motion was carried unanimously. Mr. Latham: I want to sav a word about the matter that was un- intentionally omitted. I have had some talk with Mrs. Morison about this rose show. The details have been considered to such an extent that it seems as if there were a reasonable probability that it might be carried out. It requires further consideration, and it seems best that the matter should be left with the executive com- mittee with power to act. I would make a motion that the matter of the state rose Show be left with the executive committee with power to act. The motion carried. r Mr. J. O. Barrett: After the Minnesota Forestry Association re- ceived the courteous privilege to occupy a joint session with the Horticultural Society, I consulted with some of the members of our executive board and we concluded to invite representative parties from the lumber side who would address the people from their standpoint. I accordingly invited our fellow citizen, Hon. Platt B. Walker, a man thoroughly versed in that pursuit, to address us on this subject. I have also invited Hon. O. S. Whitmore, editor of “Hardwood,” of Chicago, a gentleman who is thoroughly versed in the lumber business, who will address us this evening; and it is hoped that after these gentlemen have spoken there will bea full | discussion of the subject, if it is thought proper to do so. I have now the pleasure of introducing the Hon. P. B. Walker. Mr. P. B. Walker then read a paper on “A Voice of Warning from the Lumber Side.” (See index.) Hon. O. S. Whitmore, editor of “Hardwood,” Chicago, followed with a paper on “Practical Forestry.” (See index.) A long discussion followed the reading of these papers. The program being exhausted and the hour being late, the society adjourned until 9 o’clock Friday morning. MORNING SESSION, FRIDAY, January 12, 1894. President Underwood called the society to order promptly at 9 o'clock, and Mr. J. A. Sampson, Excelsior, offered prayer. The subject of the morning session was apiculture, but before taking up the regular program, the committee appointed the day previous on the proposed city ordinance regulating fruit measures made its report through Alderman J. S. Gray, chairman. Your special committee to whom was referred the proposed ordi- nance to establish a standard measure for the sale of small fruits, berries, peas, beans and nuts in this city, respectfully report that in the opinion of the committee the passage of said ordinance in its present form would be a great injustice to the fruit growers, not only of our immediate neighborhood, but to all who have heretofore shipped fruit to this city from the South, for the following reasons: First, that there is a recognized standard of boxes used by nearly all fruit growers, said boxes being, to a large extent, already made for the season, all of which would be useless if the proposed ordi- nance is passed in its present form. Second, that pint boxes are used by fruit growers for shipping tender fruits, such as raspberries, and are made shallow to avoid crushing. This object would be entirely defeated by using the pint box as per ordinance. ~ aay w by 508 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. BS Third, that the change of size in boxes affecting all Southern fruit Ss growers who ship to this city, said growers having their box mater- — ial on hand at this time, would be to practically shut out all South=. ern fruit from this market and leave the fruit consumers unsupplied. We therefore recommend that the secretary of this society bein- structed to request of the city council to strike out sections3and4 of the proposed ordinance. ™ Signed—J. S. GRAY, J. A. SAMPSON, A. H. BRACKETT) 4m M. M. FRISSELLE, ox WM.-... <..2s5en008 ee 1.19 Mrs. Jennie Stager, expense of vice-pres. to annual meeting.... 4.00 Adjourned sine die. A. W. LATHAM, Secretary. Meeting held at the residence of Mrs. Dorillus Morrison, January 13, 1893. All the members were present. As directed by the action of the society, a committee of three, consisting of Mrs. D. Morrison, Wyman Elliot and A. W. Latham was appointed to examine into the practi- cability of holding a national rose show in Minneapolis in 1894, to report to the executive committee at a convenient date. Adjourned sine die. A. W. LATHAM, Secretary. Meeting held at the society library, Feb. 15, 1893. The committee convened at 10:30 a. m., all the members being present except Prof. S. B. Green and O. F. Brand, and proceeded to appoint standing committees for the current year. (For the list see the report-of 1893.) Adjournment was then taken for lunch. Re-convening at 2:00 p. m., Prof. S. B. Green was in attendance in addition to those present in the forenoon. The following resolution was unanimously adopted: Resolved, That we are not in favor of the repeal of the tax levy made in the interest of tree planting, as proposed in a bill intro- duced into the lower branch of our legislature, believing that its repeal would discourage needed planting of trees on our open prairies. Werespectfully ask that the tree bounty law remain in- tact to advance the practical interests of forestry. Upon motion the chairman of this committee was authorized to audit the bill of the shorthand reporter at the late meeting, when presented. Plans under discussion pertaining to the free distribution of strawberry plants to the children of the state, and to the offering of premiums to new members of the society, were referred to a sub- committee consisting of J. M. Underwood, Wyman Elliot and A. W. Latham, with power to act. Chairman Wyman Elliot being called away, J. S. Harris was elected chairman pro tem. The following resolution was adopted without dissent: Resolved, That the executive committee of the Minnesota State Horticultural Society heartily endorse the project of an exhibit of the a. . t ~i EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. 523 products of the state at the next annual Minneapolis Exposition, and -approve of an appropriation of $5,000 by the state legislature to aid in paying the premiums for the same. The following bills were ordered paid: Clarence Wedge, expense as delegate to lowa meeting........ $11.50 L. H. Wilcox, expense executive committee in 1892 and 1893.... 10.00 Mewain Cook, expense vice-president: 2.2... 5.4225 cetas oe Deltas a (ORES It was decided to hold the next summer meeting at the State Ex- periment Farm. Adjourned sine die. A. W. LATHAM, Secretary. Meeting held at the society library, at 2 p. m., June 27, 1893. Meeting was called promptly by the chairman, all the members being present except L. H. Wilcox. Minutes of last meeting were read and approved. Report of Mrs. D. Morrison, chairman of com- mitee on National Rose Show, was read and accepted. It was de- cided to postpone action thereon. Prof. S. B. Green was instructed to investigate the matter of amounts which may be due the society through the State Agricul- tural Society for the payment of premiums, and report later. The following accounts were audited and ordered paid: PMR EAL OSTA LE.) Paes c cieisie = spelen oeisie's Bin eae ao dele eee $79.90 femidachie. expense executive COMMITEE. ia) 16 cl. cscs. cee nee 15.20 en Brad, expense executive Committee. i... 2.05 occ eee ee 4.14 Adjourned sine die. A. W. LATHAM, Secretary. RECORD OF MEETINGS OF EXECUTIVE BOARD DURING 1894. Meeting held in Lumber Exchange, Minneapolis, Jan. 10, 1894. All present except O. F. Brand. The following bill was audited: Ditus Day, expense as treasurer, $9.39. The accounts of the treasurer for the year ending Jan 10, 1894, were examined and found correct. Adjourned to 9a. m., Jan. 11, 1894. A. W. LATHAM, Secretary. Meeting held in Lumber Exchange, Minneapolis, Jan 11, 1894. All the members were present. The following recommendatons were adopted for presentation to the society: (1). That the salaries of the officers for this year be the same as they have been in the past year, viz., president, $25; treasurer, $25; secretary and librarian, $600; assistant librarian, $15; and that the expenses of the executive committee be paid to the place of meet- ing. (2.) That $100, or so much thereof as may be necessary, be ap- propriated to pay the expenses of the stenographer in reporting this meeting of the society. Adjourned to9a. m., Jan, 12. A. W. LATHAM, Secretary. 524 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Meeting held in Lumber Exchange, Minneapolis, 11 a. m., January 12, 1894. All present except Prof. S. B. Green. The annual accounts of the secretary were examined and approved. The following bills were audited and allowed: O. F. Brand, expense of executive committee...............0.0- $9.60 ae Day, expense Of wice-presiderit--4-ceniecaerie Gan hee aeeae 1.55 L. H. Wilcox, expense executive committee Adjourned sine die. A. W. LATHAM, Secretary. Meeting held in Lumber Exchange, Minneapolis, Jan. 12, 1894. All present except Ditus Day. The following bills were audited: J. S. Harris, expense as delegate and as member of executive GWOTELE CE 55 A vy cle agelnsaane sd aces een a ela tas| shanna tale Sale ace $39.35 Rion Mackintosh, expenselotwvice-president.. acaciciecieceie neem 1.75 The subject of publishing the annual report as a monthly periodical was considered, and a committee consisting of Wyman Elliot, A. W. Latham and S. B. Green was appointed with full power to act in the premises. Messrs. J. M. Underwood, J.S. Harris and A. W. Latham were ap- pointed a committee to prepare a plan to be used in organizing local societies through the co-operation of the school district officers. k. C. Keel was appointed a delegate to the forthcoming meeting of the Wisconsin State Horticultural Society. It was unanimously resolved to offically endorse the “Handbook of Horticulture” by Prof. S. B. Green, now being published by “The Farm, Stock and Home.” Adjourned to 9 a. m., Jan. 13, 1894. A. W. LATHAM, Secretary. Meeting held at the library, Jan. 13, 1894. Meeting convened at 9 a. m., all being present but Prof. S. B. Green. The appointment of superintendents of experiment stations of the preceding year was renewed, subject to revision by Prof. S. B. Green. The annual working committees for 1894 were then appointed. (For list see report of 1894.) The subject of a state rose show was considered and the president of the society was authorized to appoint a committee to co-operate with him in the matter, and power to act was given them. It was decided to rent the back office of Elliot and Metcalf asa library and office for this society, to be used in common with them as a private office for one year, at a rental of $10 per month. Adjourned sine die. A. W. LATHAM, Secretary. ae. » _ EE A ee See Sa EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. 525 Meeting held at the residence of D. Morrison, Minneapolis, Jan. 21, 1894. All the members were present. The secretary was authorized to procure more advertising for “The Horticulturist” at his discretion. Adjourned sine die. ; ‘A. W. LATHAM, Secretary. Meeting held at the office library, June 22, 1894. Messrs. Elliot, Andrews, Harris and Latham were in attendance. The accounts of the secretary’s office from Jan. 9 to June 20, 1894, were examined and found correct, and his bill of $669.43 was audited and allowed. Adjourned sine die. A. W. LATHAM, Secretary. Meeting held at the Minnesota State Fair, agricultural building, Sept. 13, 1894. Messrs. Elliot, Green, Harris, Andrews and Latham were present. It was decided to leave all matters pertaining to the location of and program for the coming winter meeting to a committee consisting of Pres. Underwood and Messrs. Elliot, Green and Latham. The following account was audited: jeoeiatris, expenses of executive committee... ....\. scjeede20+- $10.16 Adjourned sine die. A. W. LATHAM, Secretary. 526 LISt OF \ LIST OF ANNUAL PASSES LENE UMN ge IN Ge tain walomlcieiainy ance nals ties ose ata Harrison Akin, D. F.. ..Farmington Aschenbeck, J. H....731 4th ave. N., Minneapolis SONS El sels Mrincaas va anekiodlcdise dce/ssigenece Carlton eater albees SER ce anes hoses coat Faribault Alerich; Op. Ore at diccccocertle neemeo ee .. Morristown Adelman, Wm Phat pica apettenist lates Saks ovaete nets Richfield PATON clatsine vie sc bioe Rone tiae ts meiclve .. St. Peter TSS ETT a Leer AE SE Iga GE wD Saratoga WGC rd DAN OE ROE bc, bCOBCEN Aad bcaso asa sceoc Lyle AMI OLTSONG NALS corascis desrenetel daisleisarenere Lake City An rensy CHAS... wocdetes iectnc seteriet . Brainerd Addison, Bert W..............- /)Walsut Grove ATIC OLSON: Abs A oe are alo.clsielojcat Sate ctte cieas Eden Prairie Austin, Hon. Horace.......... 306 N. Y. Life, Mpls Anderson, Belle. EASE cae Moots coals a te-demi Lake Park eae sacl ck eaisaiette cian he nate Glencoe Brand, F. R SE eh he aS en .-Faribault Buck, SWiltard Sto... ty Pebcd Wee. ee . Alexandria Blair C. ans ksccase ss .-St. Charles BTA, IN bb iccceneradeee “6 éth s st. WN, poe .» Minneapolis - Brand, A. M.. Fac ‘ . Faribault Bonniwell, Mrs. Annie eek takes Seat ah ‘Hutchinson Brackett. A ue .N. Y. Life, Minneapolis Bussee, H. es eee es te ""Station ‘ *A’”’, Minneapolis IBTeWwSter, Erol. E- W)...-- s:4--- St. Anthony Park ESAAEGINs) cli cece ae oe said tea etoes St. Louis Park ERAMLOTG le Misice tesa can debates sp imcore Empire ERtLTINIG LE MES Ge Poe e sion oslo cit lorce eam Ady a+ Newp ort Bishops A goacs jac. se a Bae ee Seis te sacioss Bloomfield Bass, RG eee si Hamline Barrett, e Ore :.912 Wright blk, Minneapolis Eee nee coat er ce, De faaienactomen.. sears Faribault Bassett. itt Bo iijcepave stele ares y2 tee SOE Rushmore ISCO NO OUIM. otete cu bree Goleeiovactele acrecutaie sis tere Madelia Bullis, A. H.. . Winnebago City Blackwell, Mrs. J. W.. ..Fort Totten, INeD: BeATASIGY. WasGr immecs cieclens hiss St. Louis Park Bufferding, Wm. H....... 125 Plymouth ave., Mpls Broughton, A. L.. .....2626 Polk st., Minneapolis Beardsley, B. F....113 Endicott Arcade, St. Paul Buttermore, R. E Se Creer Shanes Lake City Brown, C. F.. . St. Peter Broman, August.. fitactate .... Atwater Brown vO. WE hse cadtaceieesa es Rich fiela Center SPOT MMPS alin Et cireclevep celore maicleoleisiae's Lac gui Parle Busch, Fred ..... Soe steve eieeion ee eC nel a Broberg. Theo. O. Poet. eV aAconia: Barrett, N. W...... ..Clearwater Brunson. W. A.. Pech prcsieeors DELOMUSY ILE Ec eey a EG Airec ti noc. iarvectesee nies Breckenridge TE TULA) ANGLE Cyt egg Pe Re Al RL oe Dover .. Blue Earth City ... Spencer Brook -- Brandon. Manitoba .. Sauk Rapids ..Alexandria eOeaay iis Brownlee, D.G... Blomquist, Osear W.. Bedford, S.A. . sae Berg, Mrs. Helena. AAO OE Barnes, W. K.. Starlets Boodleson, B.J.. Brum, W.. ae heal oved okietine eaten -Rowland Brynildsen, Face eet Rai Mec ‘Graceville MOP BW Vl asec mari aces eats is \reeamele Zumbrota Beckley, M. P.s..3. 5... New Paynesvilie Barber, C. F....81 Arthur ave. S. E., Minneapolis PE HON ge eke. cee cick fei detein elope hee sida > Zumbrota BAN AG. Oe cr akin ees soesins iced adie ss ciate Excelsior WS OHISOHs ELOMUY sess ciswiccleciccis wu oh vie prtecs Wabasha PeECbOT OLE Sa lates oie carey cslace te OP Soteuiira's Excelsior EMULE 2 ON ots cokes Shean oN ois ais. « -lstelbeingae Delavan BATHE) Be Li: cecclets scien ec arisiecass sei VILOQUA, WS. EHO Ue Mc tn tein Aon wetter wistademormc chae' ee Bear Valley Mae) OMY ics wet cas Sivas cpie eticlestebic sx re Chandler, E. M...... 28 Washington aS .. Mpls Cuzner, E.A...... Essex and 27th ave. » Mpls DEOL ba htc ca sivice oioe siete Naren = St. Mita Park PAC OLOHC Ollys Ms On, acc nosey es eon dese ss nase en Dover BEOINES Wick ae ea cate! mace Pesacodewns Red Wing Christian, Chas: H.. mn .Bloomfield Crooker, Mrs. E. Pe esr ¥212 Oakland ave., Mpls Cuzner, Mrs. E A...Essex and 27th av. S.£., Mpls MPROSH MATS: Br cel eat hin pe ongewals Sauk Rapids RIOQUOUTM CIN. Livtes-o=% eae 407 Sykes blk, Minneapolis MEMBERS. MEMBERS, 1894. Oraneshe lie. one tise ochs oe -.+- Excelsior © OOlZrOve; Ion cS ica on eee EA Cleese Ola KEANE: Fy chicos eee St. Cloud > Orawtord) Mipe yes. eee eee “Cuy ahoga val Ow Collar JW snesaneees ee saan ermillion, 8 DE Orickmore, Robtsi.<. 2.-.-.-. <2) Owatonna QOhambers, Willias®2..20..5 2220s Havana | Corbett, Prof. L. C........ - Brooke Ss. D. eee ine Ora ah buat soe eeee -- Rochester Crosby, F. M.. bin cis wo oe Ree AMER S. es 8. oicuaute dict ae eee ares ES f ase, Rev. Bi Ba. d.cce0. sees cele ee Lake Cit 4 Cook, M. W.. nee sc Hie Oass,'Geon I+... 1s rick Sacco eee Portland — Cartiorad) BSHt> >. qose ne eee Watertown ae ; Outs) Hee i eae ee eee - Howard © Oewe, JacoD) ee eo ee Dakota, Minn. Chamberlain, F. A.. ki ae” Saute pares olis Cummins, O. L.. eats -.Washburn — Crandall, W. W.. Pit Seta Sumter Clutton, © Sasso Mein eiese Seiten .. Watertown. S..Da Clow, H.S. co .ci. 2-5 coved css 35 50ers Church, J.P... shea .. Lake City | Ooons, ROA mien cciieha aoe ee Lake City — Crandall, Om Beir, casc..ah ones See Red Wine@ Wary sbi pNiehse: .0.sGcecies snasan eee een N. D: Cook, Dewaint 525 oo se wo eee Coffin, Me ne Sie, ad's pelaie/er 6.018 ble werd ee Jor Ott, ntWs clas eee oe cere eee Farmersburg, Tad Days Lies ee setesk, aay cen ee iy Dar H. = ia, branaiaysc siafeiohee’s sireph ete ences Seo Doudna JOM. phe ee Danforth, Wm Rr SOOM b as Loc > Day, Ditus.. Dampier, Wm................. ’ 20 W. 3d st., at aul Danson i@hisia,.chsns nee 400 Sibley st., St. Paul Doughty AOmM icc. ccc cece ene ee eee Heron Lake Durrell sed ska is otadeen ee ee Beaver Falls — Dresbach, an al Ue aoe fia, aera ee Dodge Center Deletrez, G.W.... -.......-.-.. Fort Benton, Mont. — DeEdons (Wasa i eco chee htarcs ae Tayies s i : Doughty. J COlOnse CA cs.as. Secu e City | Denis; ABs eta koe e as Cedar Rapid Lajas DillmantGeonCs soc oe eee Sleepy Eye — iE ago Pht Bye eet aed eto .. Clearwater Day Jose ee a-ceses Soesgten roeu ROR neee Raymond peda Deeb): Saeed .. Alma City Davidson, R. E.. Wom mau . Alma City — Davidson, Mrs. Abbie................... Alma City Dean, W.. Wis ie esec i at baces ce ade ee Tyler Davis, Mrsida-B.. s.:5 .:.:2.2.0.0s eae Rockville - Hilingsons Halistes. + coeactes Boa ae Ferr Ensberg, Sia. SOL ai > Porat, S; Deal ¢ Engberg. Rev. E.O......... wel cu vole eee Cambridge Ervin, H.C.. et ee t. Cloud — Frankland. Thos............. “"Stonew all, "Manitoba e Buller, \GeiW ss. oe". . Asie A see ee Litchfield Wrisselle,.DriM. M... tecdiee costes cece ureka WwlSOmpesesll- nec ere a 529 2d ave. S., Minneapolis — Purbers Je Bee ei. os Oe cede as avant ane Madelia MPeNCh, Wis. 9 cite oo dace we web aleto are Slayton Brazier: “Wii.e scare cas os caer EK ullerton, | Mrs. O. As. Fuller. J F.. ..1104 8th st. S fig” Viedler, F. H.. Saget ee .) Fergus alisi4 FONT, Yes eee ace Seow nl eee ae bos cee Red Win Frederickson, Lars. . ihe See Cobden M Bietcheri Wini Eiiscas.c oct Sauk Ra a 4 Fairchild, H. ope le of aes: OR St. Paul | Fryer, W. E.. as ees .Genoa_ Flemming, A Mberh.. etikeeecy, oe ‘Garden rer . Gorrish Allens) 1! 05 oeteas. ues seven St. Charle Gmeiner, Rev. John, Bye: House of the Good Shepherd, St. Pau! Green, Prof. S i) ee a Oe. St. Anthony Park GarvinwAs: <3 .Litchfield Center Cys das etic: -.3900 Portland aan Minneapolis — Gibbs, F. eet Anthony Park C Gale, S.C.... . N.Y. Life bid, Minneapolis Gregg, O.0.......... 1425 6th st. S Minneapolis Gonrty, DHOS GG Cave brian es bees Robbinsdale LIST OF Little Falls Mapleton ME aoe og ncaa Sei set nae eereae we ee Glencoe Hastings Se Lake Ce ee ee es ees Byron Zambrota Brainerd Beta mae ae cea taslecet. Hex Victoria Madison, Wis. . Long Lake SV iroqua. Wis. 164 Como ave, St. Paul Spring tow y. . Bloomfield Bloomfield .Bloom field ‘Box 495, Minneapolis .. Camden Place, Minneapolis .307 E. st., .. Minneapolis Ne Bee eevee Bloomfield .. Bloomfield Bloomtield oat Anthony Park St. Anthony Park i. h, 2. Ui Se eee Bloomfield miaselpine. 1. W........-... ..Grand a N. D. “Ailistrom: Theodore East Unior .-.-816 11th ave. N., Minneapolis Anoka ee Albert Lea eisler, Valentine eisler, John ..... New House Austin ~cocotdpeec aoe Oncnee Tap c olin Be Tona | Eee OGLE CRIT ETOE Albert Lea | Bee og Bird Island, Minn. PREIS AN, JOWNN. «0. fe. 022 eee ee acon ore Lake City ill. Miss Loella.. ..Blue Earth City | OTL dhs Cp eee Nassau | : Paynesville | > LTE, te a a ea a Alma City icks, Mrs. paaeeiouF See Oey Sauk Rapids 7 ay BOD PEA nee Bale seat ose Utica Minneapolis | Pine Island | eee ee eee cee reece oe anes Serarisen. Carl... Set Ae Ene aN tr eae ; _ Hagan. EPL Oe Aico laine bad Gtes os wise ees i 2 Hailand, SNe eee cece - ets wc nee eee Sabin a ee ee : .. Davenport. Ia. o, 2125. 12. ee Sk ee eae Olivia Hartmann, re i ae 201 6th st. N. E., Minneapolis Howard, J. A Hammond | Blue Earth City | Bees aac shies) ssclem oes on goto reste Hastings ... Winnebago City | Red Wing | Crystal | Oe ee Oe en eter Sp: ; J Ke son, a oe L Grand Rapids | = ckson, T Brownton | _ Jobnstone, wis ENS aA Pee an Ser Excel | Jensen, Niels.. Bee Ty 7 _ Jentoft, 0. T “Bright. § Elbow Dake | .- Lakeville ee i .. Lake City | .Osceola - Richfield Center . Rochester Ke enning, Chas.. eisel, IP 2) aaa _ Keel, R ee ae _ Keisel, tock. Me rr tah funn lag ot osteewes ‘Edina Mills eeernder, JOHN .......... 2.200 see. eee ss Bloomfield Benants) = Morristown SUES AGE arascdeces mae St. Paul Sekai -Austin *’ Brownsburg a Caledonia ‘... Montevideo Hendrum | Hutchinson MEMBERS. 027 emrein sO Whe nea <2 ace we soba a ccees sc. te Osceola RCT, WEI O Meet ao erct. ceec awit nw haricewle cont sasee Ibsen Kneeland Ni O28 cee Cee. Owatonna Kendall, alias i. sein eat 6 Se Re St. Peter Kramer, A JET CIS 5 Rae Sea ee a Sn ere La Crescent Hetetlesor BD DP Sodas s Woag oe rete not se Hayfield Kirk, WH esee Fae = ae ang earnes Co., Mpls Korstad, iAtea Argyle PinreprieGe: oe ee kaw, ek “Rochester Loverin: H. A......: Maple Plaine Leonard, H. Ce ae cata .1527 N. 6th st. Minneapolis Leonard, Dr. L .. Syndicate blk, PRED ee Lovett, A.S . .-1311 1st ave. S., Minneapolis Lyman, H.M. . Excelsior Latham. R. A. ..2814 Harriet ave. S.. “Minneapolis Hy oOnsWims 2... a cts Clinton ave., Minneapolis Long eiisectoe wate . Excelsior Lindberg. A. I be .. Box 885 Brainerd Bathams ewe. ra Howard Lake .614 Westminster st.. St. Paul F 2024 Cc ten ave., Minneapolis Se .. Minnesota City | Lawson, Wm.. one Mrs. Wm. Lord, O Lehmann, Chas., ..Mound Prairie GOL EI Wit soba ve ca eh ins diee cee bake oss Lakefield Lapham, HEME eee a es ea Anoka Luke, Fred K. ... Brookings, S. D. i@t72 Wetec ose ee cone .-.. Dover GeGWiS: HODUsss. sah ad. eee eate eee ee Caledonia byOns,, Robt Ac... 22.4.2 2220s ssa-225s (2st CLOAPWAbEE awsOthelipbeoc coe Louisburg 4 Schultz, M................ .... .. New Paynesvile SeormiD avid ee. elec tees : ieee Oity 9 Sundberg, C. A. oe .. Worthington Stare, Isaac.. ole'sie 0/010 010 olets)» (eater e eae ler — Smitten. G. W. ..St. Cloud Sandrock, Wm.. "Money Creek © Stenson, Henry . s dow oor . Dawson Stickney AIiSias cass sees series .. Wauwatosa, Wis. | Smith, S.iBe nase sce oss eines eee Keeville © Sigmon d) Re pies. sols eee .Zumbrota — Smith; /OsAn. .ctisclec,seiee vets ce ee eee Clearwater Stone, DriJed\.. 2.02 .c ection esos noes ne eee rgy Studley, H. Lis ..3131 Hennepin ave., iMinneapphia ‘ Schofields MB) soo. s:4.200ek seekers umbrota Seothy (Ps eo seie deisel baeeene eee Zumbrota ’ Samson, Mrs, onise, Box 1505, Benton Harbor, xe : Street, Ay Hac lacey viele wee at cease eee Simpson; Arthuriess.. cas scn ces senate Siey ton Mracy., Ge Aes sioasaoniece nae Water Ds Mav lon iaSeeacs aces cee 25 4th ave. S., Minneapolis | Turnbull, John. anise ..La Crescent Taylor, Barnette... icra ee Forestville Theilmanin: O74 55 6 cekeenteeneee Theilmanton — UM iveydcas sind OMe ee panes anc aerua- 5 ES Rushmore — Thompson, (OSH. 5 .20-.0<5 a0 New London | Thayer, Mrs; PAs. ck usc heeceneee Sauk Rapids — THORN, VR One ioc kas Acie. toanaew) eee Owatonna — Thompson, Thomas Fee ae Grane Sony N. D. 5 Terry, Alfred.. Laid aVec:< eae Meee .Slayton Murner TORN. d.c.ce. sho. ne accetiemeneen :. Shakopee MoomDS; GeO vis deve aces oaticiv ens ee neta Hampton — Trenham, N.J .....2..00. oces sepooe cet OFZ NS HAIN Thorndike. David.....c--..:::«tcseuuae Slayton 4 MOPARS Wil OS scnseces tees tener cine Brookings, 8, D. | Torgerson, DONS: Bok bicremicinerstoeornee Tordenskjold — Tirrellsy GSO! ak icsivc's awe « celcjehieae eae Washburn | TONG, By. ... 6. .c.nccce sees enone coos oe ae th TCHUEO HEE Morrill, H. Asics..ccccsscss oc eame Sheldon, Ia. — Taryvlory Wie dusts face cotbiomace Genrehnee . Litchfield — MOWNSON Gs GOO). coc sacsienl ewes Baraboo, Wis, — Thompson, Mrs: ida.......... Glen Avon, Duluth ~ Urie, Wm....... 2520 Bryant ave. N., Minneapolis Underwood; Jin Wises oe ueniicnningt seme . Lake City — Underwood, Mrs. Anna B.............. Lake Oity — Wiles y Suse: 1819 Russell ave. N., Minneapolis 4 Widmover, W.'S'oe. los tadscclordaeene ....Dres is Ware, HUSONE.. ..c.ccc0ce0 suvccess sacee OWE DONTE Walker, JnOs, aice.ctssks oloctien eee Rose Oreek — Wedge, Clarence.................-seeeus Albert Lea — Wentworth, 8S. S...4313 Nicollet ave., Minneapolis ~ IWiGStis, Je hRX ccrnildis'ccisiein ce coloe'e cali nine nee Ciera ienam Hastings © Wilkinson, Wm..1325 Girard ave. N.. Minneapolis Willwenthweoters ss seaceae secs Richfield Center — Wih1te sD oo. 2 octane va ce cnceite sone 0) eet ieee Willcox ESM. 5.6 se cose echt eeeletee eee ichfield Walker, Platt B., Jr..726 Ist ave. Na Minneapolis — Woodward, F. R....1809 16th ave. S , Minneapolis — Wood worth, Jit sages tacks waecas eeen Monticello Wislreths Hey Cetonteatcceeneee Watertown. §. D Wilcox, TOE oo. A ae ce ... Bastin 3 WATtC EL SE Blo cece 629 5th st. N., “Minneapol WV Bt OM 5 as's cer aicn's Puecicdess sitatee Leonard, ’D. Wilford, SWilssiccsa.ccecccnews sleble +a erent ‘anton Weston, 'GeowAnc...cddeeccse oases . Faribault Wall) OsGariEl ccs. .cecsss resets ...-s Bismarck, N. D. Wickersheim, Wm...... Seared bare touie Oe eee Id eee Walliams, Prot, DT. Avs. ccsscsene ‘Broek s, 8. D. Windmiller, Fr Uiharsch Parnes ankato LIST OF . Sheldon, Ia. Lenora ..Marysburgh Wedge -Zambrota villis, e 'D...202 Chamber oF ¢ Commeree, St. Paul ; ye es .. Faribault ie eis etierciatapelieyeis:sseioteiete nisin sige’ Winthrop Seam ey Clearwater nee a eiehland ave., Minneapolis Meehan seteaieiaie .Bloom BPP s afore yo, So, grmusisToinascrdieiSteiaaie's -. Waukon, Ta. Dy selesiaercias .. Woodstock Cor. Fairview and St. Clair, St. Paul Shiocton. Wis. co” GEOR SOs OS a eee Coulyile, Utah Ree acs Be . Nimrod . Sparta, Wis. Life Members. Beh evessiets vies 85 Bae Congress st.. St. Paul aha eae .. Washburn SEGLEE CRB R ato CaO enane -Hader Peaks ose A tier vis, Se relm ie, Saisie Sista ete -La Crescent ; PMLA ce re cistaie Bienes eis:as. ofeisel aac La Crescent an Vi UNG Se Short Hills, N. J. eg ‘Nagel, Eggert ...... 1118 8 W. OE st., Se ecopae Stager, Mrs. Jennie.. B .Sauk Rapids heaton. D. ‘Ty ke > ee Pa aaa Morris HONORAY MEMBERS. Life Members. udd. PIO, Ue 86 as een areEcES aC Rernnes Ames, Ia. PNVTIOMVUT SS PAST os .c sae clea eee. cee es Minneapolis HEMI OM RY Ge aioe Se scec Gasca ctcecsecnce. Maribault oleman, fons Nigh dese. St. Louis, Mo ; end, Err: lie Wiagissefen ores - Minneapolis BOorp, Sidney... ......0.... Lseessesees Hammond - Dartt, BENS eters cco Kas wessiny fies Sia avs leleie oles Owatonna E Eyatays, oes tae ete . Minneapolis NTRS eRe ee, cr ok a rele's “San Diego, Cal. wie wile 8209 Nicollet ave., Minneapolis BE ik icin s Baty Pose are Ns Excelsior .-Ramsey, S. D ae Pare tere Oye staves F dny sinvetvalecn tein nee ys Excelsior Se re .La Crescent .........Fort Benton, Mont. PPE CPE O ETC EVENS Sea 0ic, orate: Sin aiel'e biacaitlcya-n.a aieteneverata ccwiele Carver margins AN Wii a ccs ceeds. es cnc cesses Excelsior SURVECPRTRUT ES eS Wes mec cs sila oes e gece Reading, Mass. Seoaming, VIET SoD AWW ieee ata ostole la crcye Reading, Mass. MEMBERS. 529 Mendenhall. R. J.. eiajaic avec ude Manning, Miss Sara M.. : .... Lake City Plumb, J. C.. aisle Aas sities oleic cietees. IMT Gon, Wass Phoonix seks anes See .- Delavan. Wis. Paiste Mrs. Wimlgsnecel ane eece stucielneee ote 2 OLsSevs Pearce, \\1) eee Pare ENN ae a (tdsk cre elas . Chowen Reterson-/AnGrew meso wae cele eee eee Waconia IRODErtsOM COL pM Avs one ssn ae St. Paul SbeVenssColo di, decseeste ne: aes Minneapolis Smith, Truman M...... .... ......San Diego, Cal. STash Avy Witsaracctteactald qeneey sey ealers Harbor View, Fla. SMITHS Ce Whe ees toeiss ve ere .-Minneapolis Sarceant Mins gHeyBsserenc- er ctl ocaee. Lake City SOMTER VLEs Wan yose Recep sae ayers las ecules Viola BUCHAN Cw seen ice ee RRR es Baraboo, Wis. TilsongMinslGavhine ase . West pale Wis. Van Cleve, Mrs. C. Oa 603 5th st. S. E ., Mpls Five Year Members. Frank Burnett, elected 1890.......Glenboro, Man. Mrs. Frank Burnett, elected 1890..Glenboro, Man. Edson ee ytorg: elected 1891..... Nora Springs, La. Prof. C. B. Waldron, elected 1891. .... Fargo, N. D. M.A. Th ayer, elected 1891............ Sparta, Wis. G. J. Kellogg, elected 1891.. ... Janesville, Wis. Al 18% Mitchell, elected 1802 ............ Cresco, Ta. Can Hamilton, elected 1892.. ..Ripon, Wis. One Year Members. ProfoN,. EH: Hamnseni,...2.. _.. Ames, vale ZR. DOW Clb banter seins aes ota meee Sparta, Wis. OhasiG eaten: see aces Charles City. Ia. Wits POOLE! cas nic osmietiscioee ene Baraboo, Wis. DECEASED. Life Members. Died. . A. Jewell, Lake City .1878 Be John A. Warder, Synth Bend, rom Nar walee 1883 LB Hodges aSit-w Pauley se aeons ocean eee 1883 D.W. Humphrey, Faribault. . 1885 Marshall P. Wilder, Boston, Mass.. 1886 ChassHoag."Minneapolisysee csc. -aadeeeee ech ce Mrs. Wealthy Gideon, Excelsior Chas. Gibb, Abbotsford, Quebec ik 1 Uy. Cotterell, DoveriCentenc.scssor see aes He Walcox Prem peleaudsswWis-e css sc cueee see en Philip Herzog, Minneapolis J.M. Sa Green Bay, Wis.. ab te Some Geo. P . Peffer, Pewaukee, Wis................. INDEX. A Page Agricultural Education, Prof: SB: Green. . 2... 3.-i>c-- 1.) eee 228 Agricultural School, Pleasant Words for, A. W. Latham........ 440 Alin: 1: Be GeneralMP rusts Dyiis ceisec cic felsuien ease ce tere cence eae 145 Akin, D: E., My Endeavors to Raise Prait,.by s...0.: 0s. .hses seen 130 Aldrich) C.'C., Bee Dysentery; etc:, Dy ici ia. acs. c 200s * 325 Anderson; Erik, Evergreens, Dy.0.i5 2» -\ectnae a's celeste foes lle 447 Anderson brik, General Prouits,Dlyen: aceite coerce iene 151 Anntal Meeting, 1894, Journal Of; . ci 2. ict fee sa ss oy ee 481 Apiculture, Papers and discussions on......................-2008 321 Apples, Behavior of Russian, in 1892, by Prof. J. L. Budd.... . . 107 Apples; Papers and discussions on). 24% .23) 1550).2¢ 22-1 «9 oe 92 Apples, Discussion on, continued. .... 2.25.2 .06 cece ween seen eae 123 Apples, Ro Hi. ButtermoOnescps. 2s cox cya.e esti cie siohe = ilies 2 =) miei slm ms olatte 93 Apple, The Twig or Fire Blight of the, A. F. Woods............. 104 Apple Trees, Distance Apart for—a discussion.................+, 95 Apples: Weel SParker (yi iicice ecu soleln osie elses rialstsla shi heesaleb tn che ae) e coe 93 UP PLES; IW. 9s) WWLGIIOY C11. Sasi cle mig nlals os: dusieweie yp aus teernlt = b inch ieee ee 92 Art-versus Nature; Rev. Dr. Tuttle.p. 4). 2ieie. vas eee «ld oe Aspinwall, NoP; General Bruits, Dyes.

oe epivtelele nein sts istcve sts 93 Fe a ae a ee C - Page. BO AVAL OTIS Ae laccheseee ial aia vias e ace # ostele Te oe Bteie Fini) F Steccjantagletedays esis cones ays sala ote 277 weraycanthemtim Seedlings, BK. Nagel. 2.50.06 F006 Sebo eds cece we es 356 Columbian Exposition, Minnesota Horticultural Exhibit at, Persie ee porwor, Ay We Watharni. 2.2% aldose ce tober acesc ead oles Shs Columbian Exposition, Minnesota Horticultural Exhibit at, eetiatics ibiy CM CCHR CE ViGTO ss Age. oye oig lssieetats Coe ete rate leeds foes res 306 Columbian Exposition, Minnesota Horticultural Exhibit at, mepontat summer Meeting of As W. Watham:..-.2..5..-..-)-+-- 281 SOMITE TLC ES LOL LSOKS oso iece eos oc ee OE hos die a crys he Mee ete a are inecvenar store 3 eemaiiniini cation, tron Dirs. D, MorgiSOn: s420 22. 2je- os se meee 504 Conservation of Moisture in the Soil, Prof. S. B. Green.......... 43 Cook, Dewain, Reports of Experiment Station, by........... 177, 256 ao ke Meow otlall MEriitsy DY ne. c cee = cic cteits oe me is clot secs lace eyo 2m See 7 Cook, M. W., Suggestions on Small Fruit Culture, by. .......... 13 iSpainevewie General Pets, Diya saoee ca sonia eeu ce os.= chair lea 149 Maas eins Ty. Pantry StOLes, DY . eas dak «Ses ea aleneh) aie sels ooa'8 454 Memeo |. oeneral Bruits, Diyict oes. 6c.. siswtoctd 12 clot oe oles a siete alts; eaneceh. A. Asst. Labrarian SReEpoOrt, DYys sath «> - oeiaiclan tn npes on 498 D Darit ey. H.S. Report of Experiment Station, Dy~...........- +. 169 Warttieb ES. What Bruit can iParmers)ete., biys....--s:.c65---. LT eee ee El: NNEC 5 Ve tale setae oR sae ieee dale ee oe aces eines 446 Moya bitus,, breasurers Annial Reports DY. 22. sj. see bs cues . 496 Dany, ley AG CLE ial VEMETLLES, wy: Searels crite terse, ciel eyake dis ousle Lehi tetel wig Siovalss pnts 143 Discouragements of the Year, Mrs. A. A. Kennedy .. ... ......: 308 Dobby wins tk. Villa Rosa and our Hosts) by2:5....2 22162... 5 225 E ALOR OLA OWE Mic Sau EL AEDIG he ic aH Salas o1Sieteher daa oie. tus! sion SA nae eer oe 421 ADO Oleery: IPAPETS (ONG ai sac gies. ce ap, dpe oo AHIR Oe meee Aeon ogenss as 409 AMET Os lg METIS ATOM, DY, o. ccis... 3. Ji, eee 2593 Experiment Station, Wiridom, Dewain Cook:......5..62c20. eee 256 Bxectutive Committee, RecordsOf.. sc. 2.22 eooeas eee eee 522 F Fiedler, f..H., Report) of Experiment Station, by.:+-.. 2-5. sU ee 175 Flowers That All Can Grow, Some Hints on, A. N. Kinsman.... 352 Flowers, The Changing Fashion in, F. G. Gould.................- 407 Fioriculture, Papers dnd discussions on... ....)....'.5.....¢ 269, 352, 401 Forest Education and Administration in Europe, N. F. Brand... 385 Forest Fires, A Movement to Prevent, J..O. Barrett. .....2. 3Joeee 389 Forestry; Papers'and discussionson®, .)20. aaude ee «ca o> oer 361, 432 Forestry Association, Minnesota State, Officers of....... SGD). - 361 Forest Reservation, The Premium Plan of, J. O. Barrett......... 382 Forestry; Rational, O. S. Whitmore: ous. 5.2 + 2he nates 9 ae eee 369 Forestry, Report of Committee on, L. R. Moyer...........05.:.00% 394 Forestry Situation of Today,:The, J. O. Barrett... 0.0.22. sees 379 Forest Saving vs. Forest) Raising, P.B: Walkert?: ... 2s. Je toe 380 Forest System) The Biltmore ar... 5 ppt sete oo heroes ae oe eee 376 Exit} Blossoms: OMB Brags .5), «2 ona. dr tea nie eye v ciate ee eth ee 134 Bruit in thesRed: River Valley, ©. J... Hacen i... 2 4... ee eee 135 BROT ASE TOR LEO 4s i dhs, ite sre ote cece, coe wrote ehavate Retelebhote ohareiee ons irae eee 6 Bruit, My Endeavors' to Raise, by. D. FB. AKin. i o0755.420c00 chee 130 Fruit, What, Can Farmers most Profitably Plant, by E. H. S. Aten, ah cis lave depot csne ee oie lo estees ole iota aus oan ie a ehonatte Mies roma etna vecel aie hire el ee ea ae 111 G General Fruits, Papers and discussions on..................<: 111, 130 Generalebrurtts, ©. Wiemann. yee occas ate ctabacleiciste ole wie eiereie ele eee 138 GenecalPEruits Phe gO pice Gl sae eae crc tt eierera ee fos tater Sondre aibjacae MO Onna 139 General Prgits, sj, oman 4 oeklos 5 Gtk a oe eto wk pumas veel sige eee 141 Generale ruits 5. sIkKLCMhaLrdSOn. «sins cmtee foray Gee ate elena 142 General OR reste Eel) Ay serZ Ca tciataie potent et chadahs ioueseic a wate tatters ciara a nee 143 Ger er alee Citta sy Peles pic's me 5.5 syatnm, nse t a cine Oe alate eis ee 143 GeneralBrurts ys Fee A Di ys oces Givveca Si Mee clon ala encqare ne Sec ors eee 145 GeneralcBraits, |G. ABS tau twp nn o's oss oregonian etn one ciate ae 146 Generavibeurts; DL Cr2bumnell ios. citi oe ahve teats old taeleiic acteers sects 147 SrenecralsPeusts,") bl: StENVENGs. 2 eins mise at ee SA i oe toe) ee Gegerat Eewits) Et MKOCaMe, «mics sin wiscc oases hens « tobe euitenee tee 149 Geucral Pris, Mire jennie Sta ger: 3... veh es Wows once ermal 149 General PrintaAl Gon Elanters. + 2.0. i. eet Shige. sic rin sign si entire ene 150 Generalibruits;. |. On Barrett yess of vag ase malta LORa «bp eh aes rere 151" Generabbritts brik Ari dergoOniorn. cvs aceecatbion, celneea Talccee tare 151 General ernie: Ny Pe, Aspitiwall, . oo ais lin pede we oo deen sheen 152 Ger arraris, WY TITteP Iyer. nes vy dtd Bi p,s'e elem Cheb aon hayes & ARPS ees 408 Gooseberry Culture, Hints on, Ries WAN. GE CCING slase trac iavotaro res. as oie ajar 223 Gould, F. G., The Changing Fashion in Cut Flowers..".-. sasha. 407 Oe PATEN TURE ca pts ols a Noel) Sad Ab ne Ea rine 8 Stlpsarp EAloint Re asiesd Menage Ul ay, eal Oe 39, 120 Grapes, Cross-Fertilization of, Prof. S. B. Green................- 49 Grapes). Aperd ANG CisCUSSLONS OM. st hie. sed ohne «scien ad aietomae 49 me ‘ ile a et eo, i ie x ee eae he Page. Rea SOUP STOM Stee eat oe wads leone ahine Cate otto mec digas a dtebe s 50 iSreenhouse and Bedding Plants, M. E. Powell...............0..- 404 aeaccenhouse Roof, Shape of, John Nordine.......... ...000.6e dee 397 iecen, C. A. Hints on: Gooseberry Culture, by #)........5..0.-..-- 223 Pee ror. 5.05. Apmcultural Rducation, by \.....2... +0545. «20. 228 ereen, Prot. S. B., Central Experiment Station, by...:.:...... 241, 161 freen, Prof. S. B., Conservation of Moisture, 'etc., by:............ 43 meen, Prof. S. B:, Cross Fertilization of Grapes, by :....:.' '..... 49 Green, Prof. S. B., Late Blight and Rot of Potato, by............ 262 Peeee rot. S.\5.; Potato Scab, Dysrry-oierisiere cies sie w]He.0 od doe oa oie = 258 H Peed: Op) orcoitun the Red River: Valley, Dy... 2... 2% 5 oss00 see 135 Risen a-oL. N. Lhe Sand Cherry as,-ete,, Dy .o.055.. 22.0.) oe. 81 Petes oy ales OM AL RE UITt SY DY. 5 cveicis sien hes sects Shea ode 1o dele’ oh oe See elee 8 RAP AaIg Sa lies ©) TL IVCIT OLOGY. os. = ete) ate Sia sient lo tgala’es at fal ato abate 34 534 INDEX. J Page. Jehu; Geo. Wemeta bles Dyck waco teen: abblaes ce ee 220 K Keel, R. C., Annual Meeting, 1893, Wisconsin State Horticultural MO CICLY VAM wate atae's'e ctele ah seme olele ities ae eh nr ee ER Dae oa 68 Keel, RO, General ‘Britis; by. 2: 327 enqsesn sol Ba eae 3 139 Kellogg, G.J., New Strawberries; Etc., yi... So. - uses Pee 7 Kennedy, Mrs. A. A., Discouragements of the Year, by........... 308 Kimball, F. W., President’s Annual Address, Southern Minne- esota Horticultural Society, DYy~. 0 todc8 poses fou ne elon eee 426 Kinsman, A. N., Hints on Some Flowers, Etc., by.............06cs 352 Knwdson, HH. Plume and Cherries, by.i:.;iices:s seston ss wcen See 58 L Latham, A. W., Final Report on Columbian Exposition, by..... 285 Latham, A. W., Librarian’s Annual Report, by...............0c0s 497 Latham, A. W., Pleasant Words, etc., by..... Se A ities 440 Latham, A. W., Report of Columbian Exposition, by............- 281 Batham, A “Ww, Saltutatonys) Diy? 1c ssh ces encase dee cee a 1 Latham, A. W.,,secretary s}Annual Report; Dy-.0:)).2-¢ --- eee 492 Latham, ASW, Valedictory? biyeia-.'c2 ot ss cans sce Stan 445 Latham, Mrs. A. W., The Rose in Scripture, by. ).i2..'.2.4.+ 2 ean 229 Wetter-neadSOctet ye visita ie oh Ace cove aac einen stern ie ee 76 Librarian’s Annual Report, A Wiilathames Gace coo ee 497 Eibrary,.Keportior ‘Commiuttee‘on; JS; Ebartig.o. 9. ...0. eke. aa 499 Kord,@O i How Moneyus Made, bykesecce oc epee eee eee 121 Lord: ©. Native (Plumes byis ti. bse des eee eee ae eee . 62 ord, O. M., Report of Experiment Station, by..2.- 244. o..eeeee ree 186 Lugger, Prof. Otto, A Few Enemies of the Plum, by............. 409 Lumber Side, A Voice of Warning From the, Platt B. Walker... 365 Lyman, H. M:, Report of Experiment Station, by:. 2.9.30 .cce. een 191 rm | Mackintosh, R.S., Horticultural Exhibit at Minneapolis Expo- SCO PL SOS May a ctecpeie oth ots oe achcis oot te a behets, ee terse eae Ce iat eee 430 Members Mets ty Of gl SO4 Sa, cc saercaictete a the ee cle sees oss atatal cee aoa nee heya eee 526 Mendenhall, Je: \).; che Rosemunder Glass, (Dy... 5 sexs ws-< ss se eee 228 Minnesota State Horticultural Society, J.S. Harris............... 226 Model Orchard’ Swindle, Bxposed....5% .icsisa.' vies «wimis owls Seale 317 Morison. lire: ) Communication L6OM) «dct. eles ee ee Cen 504 PAB EL Like DOLEAtLYy fee POT tL ONG DY. bi. aa. ok iam aiasie o.4.0 Ne bie tee 394 Moyer, L.. R., Reports of Experiment Station, by....... 0.0.0.0: 194, 252 Mushrooms, Edible, Department of Agriculture. ...............: 268 Mivers, D. Eb. deport of experiment. Station, DY .. o: sas... ay eee 190 N Nagel, E., Chrysanthemum, Seedlings, Dy... .. 0.0.0 .0..0.cedsewccs 356 New Strawberries and Some Not So New, G. J. Kellogg.......... 17 Nomenclature and Catalogue, J. S. Harris .ocs. sci ss cen ds bane oe 518 Nordine John, Shape of Greenhouse Roof, by .......csiaesiscc- es 357 Northeastern Lowa Horticultural Society, Annual Meeting, 1894. 437 Nursery Frauds, The Law Against...........6. se eece sees sees sees 318 Nursery Law Pronounced Unconstitutional, The........ ....... 398 ~—— INDEX. 53) O Page. DALY OF OLA TTI Wid COX shoo c feiss ors siae) aloe. cine Ua behead Wi sloin Geld oles 441 ee Aly OL GeO Met CHET... katte a onan btiapelaew tn eels oe, estan wikis» eo 441 ECEALY SO bs) AGS ML. OMT Cli, 5 cote. Sote's-eibaja dies Geld g shaveveltie? oiled aloe alee © 441 MOM ALY- Or OS ba CAD) yn ff fe .ccos 2 isie oqscere tore sia SiouBaare’s alacleloeo sible 157 AAO rts: Carrie Dantt, oti irene saree can gieldateiiowawad. © as 478 RMA AtaV EOL Ett p TRCEZO Ors «lie ec, Nys'ece, thas vic par labarareenstele,sgeteuciele!s) Me,al dee 278 Ginicensrol SOCIe ty fOr TSOL. | tea F soc 5 Sette ero sites evans 3 ae rey wistei aha e.ctel usece 2 Prewacd., plan toman, Oo. . Richardson . 2. sesenmselswioecsicd Gina. c ces 94 PAA OOTY OP ce Ds FER AETIS «spect sare oa oa od des stole sla tsieye aera eibine, Se Heide 3.08: 451 BPRAIRILOLO Oy. FE: AGES ON. ox avefe le 's,= sommeees sore ewajn cle sePoleye Ais aea oie essai ens oe, 448 SOmetiny Seely CCI le Se Oy. = aafe cic. . state ars 0 cleter Soleo ae olay oie] stn s\Aies aleiterta nieve 510 P famton, rot, L. Hy, Bees ini Relation to. Fruit; by .34.)8 25.0066. 348 Beniy Stores, irs. Annie, Bonniwell..§ .. cp... 5 i Mame « af Siaale 3's .. 453 PEEVE SLOLCS, DIPS iy. CTOGS rite oni. ae stee om .om ots te ee acle ste: th bats 454 ARTs Whe sss APIS Liye s aiele ls, Hexeteus ei Sclelele sis Stele ar s:cVeyeteses stele @velda overs. l 93 Beaton. General, Bruits, DYsos, sodsees duce cca dues! seine ee dee rte 141 Eanits wom. cbhe straw b erthy,, DIYs 2.285. its> Sele Sse te te oh oeeloeieu a7 miant room for the House, J. M. Underwood... ......552.5 5.05% 401 Plums and Cherries, Papers and discussions on ................97, 81 eaeiasand Cherries, Joseph Wood. oi 5.0.25 cose so ree des boca s 57. Fase Cherniest Ler hat tGSOmM.. 4. anc se seni c ck Oe Gloecis nie eunererts cit 58 ttm) A Rew Bnemies of the,f rot. Otto Lugger. 1.3)... 2852 00 409 PANS ALIN EOnl CELE GWE TU ICs g «eves steiape- statis wie 1) so, ee ate ois ed LIGA earn pa 66 Plum and Cherry, The Sand Cherry as a Dwarf Stock for the, FeO Nee VELAMSONN, oe 2 oarrehe nintac lay dese Se ete ome Coen nektene 81 amiss Native. OF DEW OEGL Ee <2 cn cc sie hc es ol els bese ctatans 5 ovat esate ae 62 EMtatoes, Papers: and Giscussioms; ON; 226. ay.2 ne metic meet 258 otatoi Culture; ae WIC OR 0. seacrane ce te cee « duet series daweis 210 otato,djate Blight and Rot of, Prof. S, B: Green: -....02.704.. 262 ROtatowwcab, Protos. GEECH Neal societies eels Ges cos Mobic 298 Powell, M. E., Greenhouse and Bedding Plants, by .............. 404 Premiums, Award of, at Winter Meeting... o..20 <6 625 a. celts aes 514 remiinis: Awana Of, ati states asitonc yan) secu ibe seis cleinci a citer 396 FeMUCiiIS AW AEGIO Ly OMIM TMT cl Sogn der mes tae aia ete en ethene tele 208 ETremsins, AwarGiOr, Summe;n, WhSOL ss. : a-smeeecine sien eres ee eee Zell iuescott.G: Ec, Straw Denies; CLG yinn sn. as toe ele ie leet 28 Presidents Address, Report of Committee on... .J0, 5..2%-..-22-¢- 510 Presvdents Annual Address, )DisUinderwood sen sacia-ee meee 488 recram ot Anniwa lL Meeting 1304 waist is oie cle: myo eeyelte sete eee bt Ren 481 rocram of Annizal Meeting, 1890. 9.0 forse 1. was sets otie eines ae 462 Q Oumestiony Boxy ..cieles «apie acne ee nee ok te OO LOO a OF 44a 45D tA RO it PAS pPOeLlrics, 6tC:—a GISCUSSION. a. ae oh eataleree ve in eeavetehu Behe ike 222 PAS MEET ICS : |. OacEl ALTIS Ty cacon sts eh pipe staat bheletare carmen eat eee 29 feemarks; by: Day or W. He BRustisiae-meacs ced bares ae Seeree cieke 236 REMAKES Diy: So DE OWEN! %, ciejeapspo sears siensejne clon clove ersie nee oe te ciate 510 536 INDEX. Page Reeve, C. McC., Remarks on Columbian Exposition, by.......... 306 Robinson, Wan. small (Proits Wyse taco mers = 12.522 horses eee eee jfat Rose Culture, Mire: 0. “Aitwaters.<,.cci .c cys neste ae eee eee 353 Rose in Literature, The, by Miss B. V-oW bite 4s. ...|.-. 2. soe 230 Rosein Scripture, The by Mrs. A-W. Lathan." ....°..>).yeemee 229 Rose under Glass; The, RJ. Mendenhall + o.05.0%.0 ops.) RN oda Peo. Richardson, S.'D:, General Fruits, Dy <5... 0... p..kc * ry . ~ ~ _ ¢ v é h = : 4 s . . * + ae se S P i + ‘ ‘ ? ny ey) . Za pe ei Pa eae eae ber = Rew Shen oe in - l'on 7 - o> Co 3 r= Sot SLT ae oe motes