Ao eae ate ~ nie ert Riley 4 apt attt ve {hee = wot. fe earn pagans is aes 9 A} « Sah te 4 wit Petty M3 Vath | ee ie ie | Sena oe ot Ae atest ce aa bd \- Pa aay he's ia i. u Ny Ca LET Sen ii ; ; ; ile is Li ; e a i 7 + ol ae PHANT HOUSE. wy ELI -) JN (PE EN hele sANNUAL ~REPORT OF WHE NEW YORK BOGUOeleN, SOCIETY CHARTERED IN 1895 OBIJECGISZOR thE SOCIETY A PUBLIC-ZOOLOGICAL PARK THE PRESERVATION OF OUR NATIVE ANIMALS THE PROMOTION OF ZOOLOGY 1908 NEW YORK OFFICE OF HE “SOCIETY, 16 WALL STREET JANUARY, 1909 fs CopyRIGHT, 1909, By THE NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY 655 859 | ____——_ as AST The Kalkhoff Company New Vork Contents PAGE BoarRD OF MANAGERS . : : : : , a ) OFFICERS OF THE SOCIETY . : : eer OFFICERS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL PARK AND AQUARIUM . pee MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY . : E : : meals REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE . : : oe 3 TREASURER’S REPORTS . ; : ; : : ; ; . 45 General Fund . : : ; , sas Income Account ; : : : : . . 46 Animal Fund . : : : : ; . : wey, Maintenance Fund . : : : : : ; . 48 Ground Improvement Fund . : : . 49 Aquarium Improvement Fund ; : ; ; ) 252 Aquarium Fund , : ' : : : ; ese Stokesy (Bird Bund) = =) 9294 2° -% “S» 4» %§3 REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR ; ; . : : : W.T. Hornaday, Sc.D. 57 AQUARIUM REPORT : : : ; : Charles H. Townsend 85 CoLorR CHANGES AMONG TROPICAL FISHES é . : Charles H. Townsend 93 Lists OF GIFTS Zoological Park : : : EE Heads and Horns . : : : : : : 220 Aquarium . ; 3 : SALT REPORT OF THE VETERINARIAN . ; : ; : W. Reid Blaw, DVS. 137 List oF Brrps_ : BS : : =~ 142 By-Laws ; : , : : ; : : ; : 7A: INDEX ; Z : : ; : : : g 3 , 2-185 List of Sllustrations PAGE ELEPHANT House ; : : F ; . Frontispiece PorTION OF THE ELK Herp. : z : : ; : : : ; 30 NEw ADMINISTRATION BUILDING . : : . ‘ ; ; ; 36 Grounp PLANS oF NeW ADMINISTRATION BUILDING _. ; . 38, 39 ENTRANCE TO GRAND CONCOURSE AND BAIRD Court . ; R Ad Harpy EAGLE ; : : : : : E 3 : : : , . 56 HippopoTAMUS CAGE IN THE ELEPHANT HOUSE : : 60 COLLARED PECCARY AND YOUNG . 2 ; . ; : : : 63 Marin HALL oF THE ELEPHANT HOUSE : ; ; : . : 82 Rep Grouper, PLATE I, FIGURES I AND 2 . ; ; . Facing 93 PorTABLE PHOTOGRAPHIC TANK, PLATE A . : : : : : : 04 New York AQUARIUM EXHIBITION TANK, PLATE A . : : : 94 Nassau Grouper, PLate II, Figures i AND 2 . : : : : : 96 Rep Hinp, Prats II], Figures IT AND2 . . . ; : Sea: 98 Rep PARROT-FISH, PLATE IV, FIGURES I AND 2 . : ; : , ; 100 RED PARROT-FISH, PLATE V, FIGURES 3 AND 4 . ; : : : TO? YELLOW GrunNT, PLATE VI, FIGUKES I AND 2 104 RED-MOUTHED Grunt, PLATE VII, Ficures I AND 2 : : ; 5 IG YELLOW-FIN GROUPER, PLATE VIII, FicurES I AND 2 .. : : : 108 BLuE TANG, PLATE IX, FiGuRES I AND 2 . : are: P : : IIo HocFisH, PLATE X, FIGURES I AND 2 . : : : : : : : 112 TRIGGER-FISH, PLATE XI, FIGURES I AND 2 . : : : : A 5 el Gray SNAPPER, PLATE XII, FIGURES I AND 2 . ; : : : : 116 Rocky Mountain Goat : : 3 : : : : : ; 36 Board of H#anagers Ex-Officio: - { Hon. Georce B. McCLeLian, Mayor of New York. | Hon. Henry SMITH, President Dep’t of Parks. CLASS OF 1910. F. Aucustus SCHERMERHORN, Percy R. Pyne, GEORGE B. GRINNELL, Jacos H. Scuirr, Epwarp J. BERWIND, GEORGE C. CLARK, CLASS Henry FAIRFIELD OSBORN, WILLIAM C. CHURCH, LISPENARD STEWART, H. CASIMIR DE RHAM, Hueu D. AUCHINCLOSS, CHARLES F. DIETERICH, CLASS Levi P. Morton, ANDREW CARNEGIE, JouHn L. CADWALADER, JoHN S. BARNES, MaApIsON GRANT, WILLIAM WHITE NILES, CLEVELAND H. DopcE, C. Lepyarp BLaIr. CORNELIUS VANDERBILT, NELSON. ROBINSON, FREDERICK GILBERT BOURNE, W. AUSTIN WADSWORTH. OF 1911. James J. HILL, GEORGE F. BAKER, GRANT B. SCHLEY, PAYNE WHITNEY. JAMES W. Barney, Wo. PIERSON HAMILTON, OF 1912. SAMUEL THORNE, Henry A. C. Tay ior, Hucu J. CHISHOLM, FRANK K. STURGIS, GEORGE J. GOULD, OGDEN MILLS, ai ad in 7 7 laa ie ‘ ' »> - oy G _ OFFICERS OF THE New York Zoological Society President: HENRY FAIRFIELD OSBORN. First Vice-President: Second Vice-President: SAMUEL THORNE. JOHN L. CADWALADER Executive Committee. MADISON GRANT, Chairman. JOHN S. BARNES, WILLIAM WHITE NILES, PERCY R. PYNE, LEVI P. MORTON, SAMUEL THORNE, WM. PIERSON HAMILTON, HENRY FAIRFIELD OSBORN, e- officio. Secretary: MADISON GRANT, 11 Wall Street. Treasurer: PERCY Ry PYNE: 30 Pine Street. Director of the Zoological Park: WILLIAM T. HORNADAY, 183d Street and Southern Boulevard. Director of the Aquarium: CHARLES H. TOWNSEND, Battery Park. Architects: HEINS & LA FARGE. Consulting Engineer: HH. - ay. Vda COLLARED PECCARY AND YOUNG. BIRTHS IN THE ZOOLOGICAL PARK. The births in the mammal collections were more numerous and important than ever before. The most exciting event of this kind was the birth here, on May 20, 1908, of the first white mountain goat ever bred or born in captivity. Its mother was one of a band of goats born in southeastern British Columbia in May, 1905, and brought here in October of that year. The herd con- tained three males and two females. All of them matured suc- cessfully. The period of gestation proved to be four days less than six months. Two days after birth the kid stood 13% inches 64 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY high at the shoulders and weighed 714 pounds. The kid, which is a male, has thriven continuously, and now is a strong, lusty specimen. The mother, however, gave her life to her offspring. After nursing her young most successfully to weaning time, the heavy drain upon her vitality sapped her strength so completely that she died in October. Another rare and noteworthy birth was that of a Beatrix an- telope. The offspring lived and throve for three months, then by accident broke one of its fore legs beyond all possibility of re- pair, and required to be chloroformed. IMPORTANT BIRTHS IN 1908. 2 Japanese Red-Faced Mon- 5 Fallow Deer: 3¢' 29. keys. Be Hlds Deen70: 1 Campbell’s Guenon. 2 Malay Sambar Deer: 7. 7 lke Ag 29: 1 Mule Deer: J. Bo AsrisiWeer=-2 glen I Virginia Deer: 9. 3 Indian Sambar Deer: 9. 2) Hog Weer ae ApRedpDeer 6 American Bison: 5¢ 19. 2 Barasingha Deer: ¢ 9. t Mouflon: ¢. 4, Sitka Deer 224029. 1 Angora Goat: 9. i Bactrian Camels S- 1 Beatrix Antelope: J. Tadhalnte: Lapin e: 1 Rocky Mountain Goat: 2. 1 Common Macaque. 2 Persian Wild Goats: 9. Timber Wolves. 2 Indian Antelope: 9. Rock Wallaby. WO HN Six-Banded Armadillos. al RecGar yd: GENERAL HEALTH OF THE MAMMALS. The general health of the mammals is excellent. The death- rate is very low, and the appearance of the animals speaks for their condition. Our most serious troubles with them have been due to their excess of vigor and general pugnacity. Again the list of deaths of important animals is very small. It includes I mountain goat, 1 Baker roan antelope, I immature American bison and 1 aged cow, I chimpanzee (new purchase), 1 black leopard (by accident), and 2 sea-lions. ——E—————————————— eC THIRTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT 65 The full list of the mammals living in the Park on January 1, 1909, is as follows: Species Specimens. J TWA) eC pee Gaur eae ee ene ee eee 32 gl aROINGOU AM ieee ne Oe 4 Di sintt co 2 15,5. 68 146 | E/Sratiat O01 eile ae Oey Sey ogee ne I 2 MET SEG DIV Ol teat Gets kl sere rasviole Ble tere ase I 3 IRGLG EIB Ee ne Roentgen Re 35 171 [LITERS a Ane RR ee So ea Ai 251 Mee GS IE ANT Ay eile ents) edicts see Rass ess a 7. 12 | ELCOIGS aT RR pee poe ees eens Lae a 2 6 MOEA Pena ors le Res cbt led be hes 217, 682 Gain over January I, 1908, 29 species; 75 specimens. DEPARTMENTS OF BIRDS. C. William Beebe, Curator; Samuel Stacey, First Keeper. In spite of the fact that no new installations for birds have been provided during 1908, the collections have steadily in- creased, both in species and specimens. This has been accom- plished by a careful concentration of birds in the large flight cages. The present number of specimens in the collection is probably as great as it is possible or wise to reach, with the present accommodations, as any undue crowding is certain to be followed by ill health and constant danger from epidemics. The death-rate has continued to be very low, and in every way the past year may be considered a most satisfactory one for the de- partment of birds. The two most important accessions to the collection during the year were of South American and of Mexican birds. The former were obtained as the gift of the Curator and Mr. Eugene André, of Trinidad, and were the direct result of a private ex- pedition made by the Curator in March and April to Trinidad, and the delta coast of Venezuela.* The especial thanks of the Society are due to Mr. André for his kindness and interest. As a result of the Curator’s trip, over a hundred specimens, in- cluding sixteen species new to the collection, were obtained. Among others were such interesting birds as the sun-bitterns, scarlet ibis, kiss-ka-dee, tyrant birds, white-faced tree-ducks, “*See Z. S. Bulletin No. 30. pages 442-444. 66 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL "SOCIETY macavuanna macaw, lesser yellow-headed blackbirds, and salta- tor and blue tanagers. The second acquisition of note was a large lot of birds ac- quired by direct importation from Mexico. The names of tree- partridges, anis, motmot, green kingfishers, golden-fronted wood- peckers, limpkin, phainopeplas, ptilogonys, and yellow-crowned night heron, will show what interesting birds are included in this lot. A number of these, indeed, are species which have never be- fore been kept in captivity, and the study of their habits is yield- ing facts of great popular and scientific interest. Among other birds obtained during the year, a number are well worthy of especial mention here. The most important were the one-wattled cassowary, North African ostrich, white rhea, giant whydah, golden oriole, Lawrence warbler, Douglas quail, trumpeter, bell-bird, guira cuckoo, chopi, boat-tail and aztec jay. While the collection as a whole contains birds representative of every country in the world, yet the splendid avifauna of our own hemisphere is becoming dominant, and rightly so, for of many of these birds but little is known, and both in showy ap- pearance and interesting ways they are of prime importance. A good-sized flock of turkey and black vultures has been se- cured, and the experiment of acclimatizing these birds will soon be under way. Every available moment which could be spared from routine work and supervision of the management of the department, has been devoted by the Curator to scientific work. Zoologica, No. 2, is almost ready for the press, and will be entitled,“A Contribution to the Ornithology of the Eastern Coast of Venezuela.” An abstract of the Curator’s reasearches in color changes was published in the American Naturalist for January, 1908, under the heading of “A Preliminary Report on an Investigation of the Seasonable Changes of Color in Birds.” A forty-thousand-word manuscript has been made ready for the printer, dealing with the general treatment of birds in cap- tivity, and embracing a digest of the knowledge gained during the care of our bird collections during the past ten years. This will appear in the volume soon to be published by the Society on the care of animals in captivity. A special subscription of $250, from Mrs. Frank K. Sturgis, to be devoted to experimental research, has been of the greatest assistance to Mr. Beebe. In addition to the investigation of the meaning and cause of color, researches in structural comparative anatomy and embry- THIRTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT 67 ology are now being undertaken, with the ultimate object of throwing light on the evolution of birds. A large amount of material on these subjects, with illustrations, is being collected for future publication by the Society. Many of the tropical birds in the collection have never been examined in the flesh, and the disposition of dead specimens is being given careful thought. All the more common species are sent to the officers of public schools, where they are skinned and mounted, and are of permanent value in instruction. The rarer specimens are all sent to museums, or are preserved for the researches of the Curator. The collection of living birds is now the largest in the world in actual number of specimens, and third in number of species. It is the ambition of the Curator to make it one of the first also in the value of its contributions to scientific knowledge. SUMMARY OF LIVING BIRDS IN THE ZOOLOGICAL PARK ON DECEMBER 31, I907. Orders. Species. Specimens. Reiformes, Fe C aS see mca at re araltae eer: 2 2 Struthioniformes, Q@siniches Be oe teas oho. 2 3 Casuariformes, Emeus and Cassowaries.. 3 5 Tinamiformes, inaimouse m. 46 es ate I 2 Galliformes, Quail and Pheasants.... 60 196 Columbiformes, Pigeons and Doves ..... 35 182 Ralliformes, Coots and Gallinules.... 12 30 Lariformes, Gullsvand »Ternsia...2.70- 9 33 Charadriformes, Plovers and Sandpipers... 8 14 Gruiformes, Cranes), Seriemals.s.>:.: II 24 Ardeiformes, Ibises, Storks and Herons 14 30 Palamedeiformes, DEHCALHE RSM eo slain Ac oen = I 2 Phoenicopteriformes, FOAMS OCS. Fee Aeecrstpsis-s I I Anseriformes, Swans, Geese and Ducks. 41 442 Pelecaniformes, Cormorants and Pelicans, 9 22 Cathartidiformes, New World Vultures... 5 EZ. Accipitriformes, Hawks and Eagles; Old World Vultures...... 21 36 Strigiformes, Owls. 4.234 Pepe ory 12 34 Psittaciformes, Parrots, Macaws and Cockatoos ase. 45.5.05-04 51 132 Coraciiformes, Kingfishers and Hornbills 4 5 Trogones, ROS ONS Seis sts) Sas oe ote I I Coccyges, CECkOOS Pe aer ta nese 4 12 68 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY Orders. Species. Specimens. Scansores, WWOWUCANSH sa rast ons cuca eke 5 14 Piciformes, Woodpeckets: 23-- 22... 3 8. Passeriformes, Thrushes, Sparrows, and all Perching Birds....248 1,362 52 Orders) shen tate ere serene eater: ieee oe a 502... Zils DEPARTMENT OF REPTILES. Raymond L. Ditmars, Curator; Charles E. Snyder, First Keeper. A notable increase of both species and specimens is shown in the past year’s census of the Reptile House. Forty-eight more species were on exhibition at the close of 1908 than on the same date of the preceding year. The greatest increase among species has been with the lizards, a fine series of which has been placed on exhibition in special table cases, showing rare African and Australian species. Among the important species of serpents added during the year were large examples of the South American bushmaster and the fer-de-lance, both the gift of Mr. Edward Wheelock Runyan, of this city. A valuable series of Mexican snakes was collected by our special agent, Gustav Sabille. From Africa we received a fine example of the rare black python and a series of puff adders showing many color variations. Australia was repre- sented by typical examples of many deadly snakes of that con- tinent—the brown snake, and an innocuous species, the carpet snake, and a small python. Two large king cobras were pur- chased, and in addition to the large example that has been on exhibition over eight years, they form a striking group of these formidable reptiles. A novelty among the separate exhibits on the main floor of the building consists of a collection of Indian fishes. These were the gift of Mr. Otto Eggeling, of this city. Among them is a pair of climbing perch, a pair of guramis, and several extremely elongate catfish. The climbing perch are particularly interest- ing, as they can leave the water and crawl about on land by means of their peculiarly constructed ventral fins. This species is provided with water sacs connected with the gills, keeping those organs moist for some time while their owner is out of the water. The gurami is also an interesting fish, as it has a habit of build- , ing its nest of bubbles. It often breeds in captivity. THIRTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT 69 Owing to the addition of a number of species of snakes and lizards, it was often necessary to place several kinds together. Hence the system of labeling in the Reptile House is being rapidly changed. Hereafter picture labels will take the place of the plain ones, in order that the visitor may immediately iden- tify the various exhibits. From the time of the opening of the Park nine years ago, the public has continually evinced a keen interest in the exhibit of the Reptile House, and the attendants are called upon to answer a great number of queries. It has steadily been the custom to answer on the labels the questions most frequently repeated, and the descriptive matter in the building is very complete. The alligators incubated and hatched in the Reptile House nine years ago have continued their rapid growth. Observa- tions of these specimens have been of much value. While of considerable importance, the rate of growth of the American alli- gator does not seem to have received much attention except under conditions so far removed from the normal as to be of little value. Our studies demonstrate that alligator farming is quite practical. The eggs are easily incubated, and the young grow fast enough to be marketable for their hides within a period of five years. It was previously imagined that it would take anywhere from eighteen to twenty-five years for a specimen to grow large enough to possess a marketable hide. With the exception of one alligator over twelve feet long, and several large crocodiles, the alligator colony passed the summer in the rock pool outside of the building. All the crocodilians grew substantially. In the pools of the Reptile House they form an imposing display. The specimens hatched and reared in the Park are now about eight feet long, indicating a growth of about one foot per year. After an eccentric career in captivity, extending over eighteen months, our largest regal python, captured on the Malay Penin- sula, has commenced feeding of her own accord. Her first vol- untary meal in the Park consisted of a pig weighing about thirty- five pounds, which was offered when freshly killed. For four- teen months this snake was fed, at intervals of about ten days apart, with two fresh-killed Belgian hares, sewed together with heavy twine, then pushed ten feet down her throat with a bam- boo pole while the snake was held by twelve keepers. Between times she was offered everything known on the menu of a python, but stubbornly refused food. Although a great relief to the members of the Reptile House staff, the news of this big snake 70 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOGIELRY feeding voluntarily may possibly be a disappointment to our vis- itors, owing to the novel spectacle on the days the python was forcibly fed. Two additional specimens of the regal python, each about twenty feet long, were purchased during the past year. CENSUS OF REPTILES, DECEMBER 3], 1908. (helomiay Zia een ee ee aacoeah 44 3c2 Grocodiliamen es 2 .7ptea een. aout 3 62 acertiliam sai saanssiecu: tec cae ee 39 241 Ophidiar it: casein: secre weet ke oe Wha) 340 Batra chiar yin yer sete are sto: 19 287 Lotaliaterscecieenn eins: 182 1,282 The total census of the Zoological Park collections on Decem- ber 31, 1908, is as follows: SUMMARY OF COLLECTIONS. Species. Specimens. Miairimals#tts5 eas nae race eee PG 682 BITS ieee poe hate ae ee ee 563 2,615 Reptiles tases ate eee 182 1,282 Bo talls seanen sone cwene re 962 4,579 Increaseiover 190 7-46= 4. 97 545 CONTRACT WORK IN GROUND IMPROVEMENTS. Conducted under the Direction of the Park Department for the Borough of The Bronx. Martin Schenck, Chief Engineer. W. P. Hennessy, Assistant Engineer. The Elephant House-—Work on the Elephant House was dili- gently prosecuted by the contractors, Messrs. F. T. Nesbit & Company, and on November 15 the building was turned over to the Society for occupancy. The structure is as nearly perfect as it was possible to make it. Externally it is very handsome, its interior is highly successful in every way; it is well lighted, easily heated and ventilated, and affords a spacious and com- fortable home for the animals that it contains. The work of the contractors has been very satisfactory, and the perfection of the THIRTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT 71 finished work is largely due to the high character of the con- tractors’ superintendent, Mr. John C. Coffey. Mr. Coffey is now rendering similar service on the Administration Building. The total cost of this building is $165,546.25, and it is a very fine structure to have been obtained with that amount of money. It was occupied by its animals and opened to the public on No- vember 19, 1908. The Elephant House Yards—No modern elephant house is in any sense complete without a series of yards enclosed by heavy steel fences, in which the animals may enjoy exercise in the open air and sunlight. With the exception of the serpents and a few small monkeys, it has been the rule of the Zoological So- ciety that each animal in the Park should have a comfortable yard connecting with its in-door quarters. To provide play- grounds for adult elephants and rhinoceroses is a very serious task, and involves heavy expenditures. In addition to the heavy interior fences designed to keep the animals from the visitors, another strong steel fence, six feet outside it, is necessary to keep the visitors from the animals. It is necessary also that a complete series of gates should be pro- vided in order that wagons may drive through the yards, com- pletely around the building. The yards for elephants and rhinoceroses must be heavily paved with stone, or concrete, in order that they may easily be cleaned, and also in order that those heavy and powerful animals may not be able to dig up the surfaces of their enclosures. In view of the many difficulties involved in saving the valuable trees in the en- closures surrounding the Elephant House, it was imperativelv necessary that all work on the surfaces of the yards should be performed by laborers and foremen under our own immediate supervision. Steel Fences for Elephant Yards—During October, 1908, a contract for furnishing and erecting all fences and gates for the yards surrounding the Elephant House was let to McHarg-Bar- ton Company at $13,700. Work began promptly, was prosecuted vigorously, and completed within the contract time. The fences themselves, and the gates are of good materials and have been excellently made. As stated elsewhere, much trouble was ex- perienced with the sub-contractor on the concrete work and the setting of the posts. The setting of the posts in the changeable and inclement weather of December and January made a great deal of trouble for all concerned, but the hurry was necessary and unavoidable. NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY ~] lo This contract was completed in March, 1909, and will thus enable the animals of the Elephant House to occupy their yards immediately upon the arrival of the warm weather. The Concourse Entrance, Concourse and Western Approach to Baird Court.—This important contract (which did not include the curbing and sidewalks of the Concourse and Approach) was let in October, 1906, to the John V. Schaefer, Jr., Company, at a cost of $58,379.50. It was completed in the summer of 1908. Walks and Curbing of Concourse and Approach.—For this work a contract was let in September, 1908, to John B. Malatesta, for the sum of $13,699.00. The work was satisfactorily com- pleted in November, 1908. New Soda Pavilion.—This structure was satisfactorily com- pleted in May, 1908, by Kelly & Kelly, at a total cost of $8,959.60, and immediately thereafter began to serve all its purposes. Public Comfort Station—This unfortunate structure was begun by J. J. Buckley in January, 1907, and finally was com- pleted by S. A. Whisten in February, 1g09. This is the contract that was begun prematurely by the first contractor, and had to be relet under very adverse conditions. The total cost of the building is $24,652.39. It is to be opened to the public in the spring of 19090. DEPARTMENT OF MAINTENANCE AND REPAIRS AND OF GROUND IMPROVEMENTS. Herman W. Merkel, Chief Constructor and Forester; E. H. Costain, Assistant Forester and Captain-of-the-Watch. Forestry and Planting.—Owing to the large extent of plant- ings to be cared for, and the great number of buildings that regularly contain tropical plants, the amount of maintenance work necessary in this department is annually increasing. During the winter some very necessary tree pruning and sur- gery was performed in the enclosed portion of the Park. It is eratifying to know that the number of trees that are annually dying has been now reduced to a very small figure, with the exception, of course, of the chestnuts. It is to be noted here that one of our experiments, carried on for the control of the bark disease of the chestnut, points to success, although it is yet too early to make a definite statement. The number of trees pruned or otherwise treated in 1908 was 305. Of the minor planting operations carried out during 1908, were the planting out of 150 permanent shade trees, the transplanting of 106 evergreens THIRTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT 73 from places in the border plantation, where they had become too dense; the temporary planting between the Boston Road and the Public Comfort Station, and the flanking of the west ap- proach to Baird Court with large specimens of rhododendrons. No trees or shrubs were purchased during the year, no money being available; and all the planting was with stock taken from our own plantation or nursery. Insect Pests ——Of insect pests, the elm-leaf beetle, which this year occurred in larger numbers than in the previous four years, was of the greatest importance. The tussock moth, also, seems to be on the increase, and since it is a dangerous matter to employ in a zoological park such stomach poisons as arsenate of lead, with which these pests could readily and cheaply be con- trolled, it may cause us a great deal of trouble. Several bad cases of the cottony maple-scale, and similar sucking insects, were quickly brought under control. The annual occurrence of the tent caterpillar has become less and less serious, because of the continued warfare waged against this most unsightly of all our pests. In connection with this insect, the following figures may be of interest: In 1905, 40,300 nests were destroyed; in 1906, the number was 11,194; in 1907, only 4,541 nests were found: and in 1908, the total was reduced to 3,712 nests. The maintenance cost of forestry and gardening, which in 1908 was entirely inadequate to the work that needed to be done, will have to be recognized more fully hereafter, especially in such places as Baird Court, the Italian Garden and the Concourse. The Italian Garden.—The Italian Garden has proved to be a very popular feature. The central beds were first planted with 8,000 yellow prince tulips, and afterward with 1,600 scarlet sage of a new and dwarf variety called “Zurich.” After the sage was cut down by frost, the center beds were filled with 10,000 yellow pansies, which will make a fine showing next spring. The Care of Lawns is now an important item. The amount of work in that line has been steadily increasing, and is unavoid- ably costly, because on account of the much broken surface and numerous small patches, the grass lawns have to be mowed chiefly by hand labor. Plants in Buildings——The decorating of the large animal buildings with palms and other foliage plants, and the care of these decorations under very adverse conditions, was successfully performed by the force of gardeners and hothouse men. The Society now owns 100 large palms and other decorative plants, ranging in height from eight to thirty feet, and also a great 74 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIELY many smaller plants, including sago palms and ferns. Last year the collection received several notable additions, among which were two large Illawarra palms, presented by Mrs. S. F. Col- gate, and a fine specimen of fan palm, given by the estate of William F. Zeigler, through Mr. W. S. Champ. With the aid of our greeenhouse at the nursery, and our new cold-storage shed for bay-trees, we have been able to keep the decorations of tropi- cal plants up to the standard set in the beginning ; and we believe they are one of the attractive features of the Park. It is hoped that in the near future the greenhouse plant at the Nursery can be supplemented by the addition of another greenhouse. General Maintenance-—The general maintenance, such as the distribution of food and supplies, the cutting and distribution of ice, the disposal of manure and garbage, and the collecting of refuse generally, was successfully carried on by the maintenance force, although on several occasions the amount of work de- manded was very embarrassing. Policing —The maintenance of order in the large Saturday and Sunday crowds, and the general policing of the Park, was largely done under the direct supervision of Mr. Merkel, who, at critical periods, gave this work his personal supervision. The number of persons arrested by members of the Park force was sixteen, and all of them were convicted. The shooting of birds, the building of fires in the woods east of the Boston Road, and peddling, were successfully broken up. The part taken by our maintenance force in “the rubbish war’ was very important, and that campaign has been fully described elsewhere. Repair Work.—In the older buildings of the Park, repairs to roofs, gutters, walls, cage-work, and heating apparatus were made wherever necessary. In the Reptile House, the entire turtle crawls, which formerly were of wood and zinc, were rebuilt in the most substantial man- ner of concrete, stained green with oxide of chromium (the only known green pigment which will not change color). The wreck caused by the female elephant was promptly removed, and the railings, cages, ete., repaired. The slate roof and copper gutters were carefully gone over, and this building is now in good con- dition. The amount spent during the year on this structure was $650. At the Antelope House the copper roof was carefully gone over, and the construction of the skylights was somewhat changed more perfectly to keep out rain and snow. Some minor repairs were necessary to the heating apparatus and to the plas- THIRTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT bo tering around the elephant cages. In November the removal of the largest animals to the Elephant House enabled us to give the whole interior of the building a thorough cleaning and painting. The cost of work in the Antelope House for the year was about $650. At the Bird House, besides many minor repairs, the entire parrot hall and its cages were overhauled, and new and heavier wire netting put on the cage fronts. A brick wall was built in the cellar, to shut off coal gas from the Curator’s office, at the same time making a room that was afterward put into use as a storage room for heads and horns. The roof and gutters have needed almost constant attention. Several partitions of plate glass were put into outside cages, and a great deal of repair work was done around these cages. The entire building was painted inside and outside, the total cost for the year being about $825. At the Primate House a great deal of woodwork was removed from the vicinity of the large cages, and a number of panels be- low the fronts of the cages were taken out and replaced with glass panels. The ceiling lights, which were in danger of fall- ing, were fastened up with wire. The heating plant was entirely overhauled, one new boiler being erected, and necessary repairs were made on the other boiler. A great amount of repair work was necessary on the cage fronts. The cost of the labor and ma- terials expended in this building was $875. At the Lion House the heating plant required extensive repairs, one entire boiler being removed and replaced with a new one. All of the iron work of the inside cages was painted, and also part of that of the outside cages. The roof and gutters also re- ceived some attention. The ceiling lights, which were found to be in a highly dangerous condition, were made safe. This build- ing will require further repairs next year, especially in repoint- ing brick and terra cotta work. The cost of the work was about $500. At the Mammal House it was found necessary to replace parts of many of the inside cages; and the whole interior and exterior of this building was cleaned and painted. Two new sections were placed in the boiler of this building, and the drains were over- hauled and cleaned several times. The total cost of the work in this house was almost $1,300. Repairs and additions to other buildings, and the cost thereof, were as follows: At the Aquatic Bird House the new net, the gen- eral repairs, and the inside and outside painting, cost about $200 ; the Pheasants’ Aviary was painted at a cost of $375; installing 76 NEW, YORK” ZOOLOGICAL SOCIERY electric lights and making repairs in the Feed Barn, cost $200; and repairing the cage fronts and valves in the Small-Deer House cost $100. All the Entrances were painted, and eight exit turnstiles strengthened with iron rods, at a cost of $450. The building of crates, and other work done for the Mammal and Bird Departments, amounted to $475, help being given these de- partments when large animals were shipped, and when keepers were away. Fleating.—The various heating plants are in a rather unsatis- factory condition. The watchmen-firemen are looking after thir- ty-six fires at night, some of which are taken care of by keepers during the day. Owing to the unfortunate fact that the Park contains boilers of nine different patterns, it is almost impossible to keep on hand a complete set of repair supplies, which may become necessary at any time during the day or night. Outside Installations—AIl the fences around the Antelope Yards were painted, at a cost of $350; the Flying Cage was re- paired and painted, which cost $640; and nearly $1,500 was spent in painting, putting in new wooden floors, repairing drains and cement floors, and putting new partitions in the Bear Dens. The many fences surrounding the Asiatic Deer Barn were re- paired and painted at a cost of $175. In the northern Fallow Deer Range the shelter house was repaired and set upon a con- crete foundation, a new shed was built, and the fences repaired, at a total cost of $2605. On Mountain Sheep Hill the cost of re- pairing the fences, setting new fence posts, and building a small shed was $275. The Wolf and Fox Dens were painted at a cost of $165. The boundary fence from West Farms to Bronxdale was repaired and painted at a cost of $140, and putting up tree guards and repairing the fence in the Elk Range cost $130. About $100 was spent in painting the Beaver Pond Fence, and taking stumps and old logs out of the pond. A number of small sheds were built and put up in the various ranges, and $1,200 was spent for supplies, paint and labor for the Boat-House, Soda Stands and Restaurant. GROUND IMPROVEMENT WORK. Early in the vear a shed, seventeen by forty feet, was built in the Service Yard, for the Privilege Department, a part of the boundary wall being used as one side of the house. This was erected on a concrete foundation, with a concrete floor. Part of the machinery and plumbing was installed by our force. THIRTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT 77 Crematory.—A crematory was erected near the Nursery, after designs made by Mr. Merkel. This consists chiefly of a heavy double steel cylinder, four by eight feet in internal diameter, with a double grate and brick ash-pit. The steel shell, as well as the upper grate, is water cooled, and connected with a 150-gal- lon expansion tank. A heavy cast-iron cover, raised and lowered with a differential block, closes the top of the cylinder. This crematory is something which we long have needed, and which gives us adequate means of disposing of offensive refuse in a cheap and sanitary way. The ashes are saved and stored, and supply us with a valuable fertilizer that is free from weed seeds and other objectionable matter. This crematory has proven an entire success, and it only remains for us to protect it from the weather by proper housing. The crematory has been so placed that refuse can be dumped directly into the furnace from carts or cans. The Concourse —At the Concourse all the necessary grading was done, and a large quantity of top-soil was obtained and placed. In accordance with our planting plans a great deal of rock was removed from the hill west of the Approach, and every- thing was made ready for extensive planting operations in the spring of 1909, in accordance with the plans of Chief Forester Merkel. A service road, and walk leading from the Entrance to the Duck Aviary, were built. The surface of the Concourse roadway, which had been left in a rather unsatisfactory condi- tion, was top-dressed and rolled. Part of the road leading from the Concourse to Bronxdale, and a service road for the use of the contractor in erecting the new Aministration Building, were constructed. West of Baird Court.—The walks leading from the West Ap- proach to Baird Court to the Aquatic Bird House, and from the West Approach toward the Flying Cage, as well as a connec- tion with the Service Road, were constructed, and the old road was torn up, covered with top-soil and seeded. A concrete re- taining wall was built west of the mew Soda Pavilion, at the Aquatic Bird House. Walks.—Several important walks, notably those in the vicinity of the Restaurant, and those leading from the Crotona Entrance, past the Camel, Llama and Elk Ranges, were surfaced with our tar macadam, and are now, for the first time, in a perfectly satis- factory condition. The main walks leading to the Elephant House, as well as those surrounding the yards, were built and made ready for tar- 7S NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY ring in the spring. Four walks, leading from the Boston Road, and from the Plaza just inside of the West Farms Entrance to the new Public Comfort Station, were built, and two lines of fence were erected. Elephant House Yards.—The entire surface of the Elephant Yards was graded; and an eight-inch sewer and eight manholes were built for properly carrying off surface water and refuse from these yards. In connection with these yards some very difficult and expensive grading, by means of concrete platforms built on piers, was found necessary, in order to preserve the lives of several fine trees growing there. Several portions of the foundations for iron fences, which come below the depth called for in the contract for their erection, or which were particularly difficult to treat on account of tree roots, were put down by our force. The Telford paving for most of the yards was put in place, and only a little of this, and the surfacing, remains to be done in 1909. In the interior of the Elephant House some 1m- portant ironwork, for the protection of the hot-water pipes from the elephants, and a lot of wire-work for the cage fronts, was erected by our force. Breeding House.—Vhe portable breeding house for birds, with its outside cages, was moved, practically rebuilt, and put upon a foundation of concrete. The Otter Pools were cleaned out and a new concrete platform built in one of them. The old “Soda Pavilion No. 4” was moved to the site of the launch-landing in Bronxdale, and there put upon a concrete foundation. At that point a small dock was built in front of the shelter pavilion. The foregoing completes the list of important operations by our Ground Improvement force for the year 1908. Besides directing this work, the Chief Forester also spent a great deal of time in watching the construction work of the several contractors at work in the Park. DEPARTMENT OF ADMINISTRATION AND PRIVILEGES. H. R. Mitchell, Chief Clerk) and Manager; William Mitchell, Assistant. During 1908 the clerical work in the Department of Admin- istration and Privileges sensibly increased in volume over pre- vious years. Early in the year, a change was ordered in the methods of purchasing and paying for supplies required in ground improvement work, which added considerably to our office work. It was not, however, found necessary to make an increase in the office force. Instead of supplies of this character THIRTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT 79 being bought and paid for by the Society, as formerly, they now are purchased on orders issued by the Park Commissioner, and the bills therefore are forwarded to the Comptroller’s office for payment. Privileges —tIn all lines of business the year 1908 showed a more or. less extensive falling off, due to the panic of the pre- vious fall, and the subsecuent financial depression which con- tinued throughout 1908. [Early in the season this depressed con- dition was brought to the attention of all members of the privilege force, and their personal interest was enlisted in a special effort to bring the results for the season up to those of the previous year. The manner in which our employees re- sponded was, indeed, gratifying, as the figures for the year will show. While the business fell off in some directions, it in- creased in others, so that when the profits for the year were made up, there was an actual gain of several hundred dollars. A large reduction was made in the amount put into new equipment and betterment of plant, over that expended for this purpose in the previous year; and finally, the actual cash re- mitted to the credit of the Animal Fund reached $21,341.43. A few interesting calculations have been made to show the development of the Privileges during the past five years, as com- pared with the increase in attendance during the same period. They are as follows: INCREASES DURING THE PAST FIVE YEARS. (1904 TO 1908, INCLUSIVE. ) SUITE GNC SS Ano ie cee aie wm mE er 23 per cent. ( SEWERS 1D) Se ee a 5 per cent: Net Earnings from Park Privileges. 96 per cent. Profits of Privilege Department, SMMC T A Wnaers tery austers is excite vales ne n52pet cent. Profits from Soda Water, specially.. 271 per cent. Soda Water—TYo our former equipment of fountains was added during the season of 1908, the fountain installed in the new soda pavilion. This is a combination of wall and counter fountain utilizing the double wall fountain which was purchased in Brooklyn about two years ago and has been stored, together with the Becker twelve-foot counter apparatus previously used in the temporary stand near the riding animals. Owing. to the hard times, the gross receipts of this privilege did not increase greatly during the season. The net profits, how- SO NEW YORK ‘ZOOLOGICAL, SOCIELY ever, responded well to the continued economies in maintenance and manufacture. As noted elsewhere, the soda-water business has gained 271 per cent. in net profits during the past five years, or from 1904 to 1908, inclusive. New Soda Pavilion.—The new soda pavilion near the Aquatic 3ird House, was completed early in May, 1908. Our. original plan for this building provided for large doors on all sides, giv- ing it an almost unlimited capacity with perfectly free access from all quarters; but this arrangement was so changed, and the size of the building so much reduced, that it was out of the ques- tion to carry out our plan for placing the fountain in the center of the building. The first busy day after the fountain was opened demonstrated that it was out of the question to handle the crowd without opening the building on the eastern side. A folding door, twelve feet wide, was opened on the east side of the building, and a spacious platform constructed under the shade of a large tree, thus permitting patrons to sit down outside the building. This fountain is located somewhat off the main thoroughfare, and has not as yet done anything like the business of the old location near the riding animal stand. Ice Cream Plant.—Early in 1908 it was decided to put up a new temporary building suitable in form and location, so as to be available eventually as a storage shed, but which could first be utilized as an ice cream factory. This building is eighteen by forty feet, with concrete floor, and is divided into two rooms. A great saving in labor has been effected by having the new plant on the ground level, instead of in a difficult basement. This change made a very satisfactory showing in the profit and loss ac- count for the season. Boating.—During the two years the boating privilege has been operated by the Society, it has more than doubled the net profit received from the lessee during the entire five years it was oper- ated by him. During the season the boating equipment was in- creased by the addition of another carload of Mullin’s steel row- boats, as well as by twenty-five new flat-bottomed wood boats. The entire equipment, including the electric launch, was over- hauled, repainted and put in order before the season opened. A number of the old wooden boats, purchased from the former les- see two years ago, were found not to be worth further repairs and were destroyed. We expect, as rapidly as possible, to replace this old equipment with the best and safest boats that can be obtained. On busy days the business for the launch could not be han- a et me aa “~—s= THIRTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT Sl dled by the “Albatross” alone, and to relieve it somewhat a large eighteen-foot rowboat was fitted up with awnings and cushions. This boat was rowed to and fro on the lake, on regular trips. It proved quite popular, and carried a number of pas- sengers sufficient to demonstrate the necessity of another electric launch. Asa result, an order has been placed for another thirty- foot electric launch built on practically the same lines as the “Albatross.” This boat will be ready for delivery by the opening of the season of 1909. By the use of two launches scheduled so that one will be at the dock loading while the other is out on the trip, it is expected that from fifty to seventy-five per cent. more passengers can be car- ried. That portion of the river used for boating is badly in need of a little work in the way of dredging, and removing old stumps and logs. Rocking-Stone Restaurant—The business of the Rocking- Stone Restaurant showed an increase in keeping with the in- crease in attendance for the year. There was not, however, such a good showing in net profits, for the reason that quite a sum was expended in advertising, and for the music furnished daily throughout the entire season, from May Ist to October Ist. Guide Books.—The Elephant Edition of the Guide Book sold freely throughout the year, and heavy inroads were made in the stock on hand. It is estimated, however, that the present edition will very nearly run through 1909. The net profit from this source for the year was fully up to our expectations. Souvenir Books and Postal Cards——A new and revised edition of each series of the Souvenir Books were issued during 1907. The half-dollar series is now completely exhausted, and the issue of a new edition is under consideration. Strange to say, the sale of souvenir postal cards seems to have been affected by the general depression, more than any other privilege. The usual assortment of sets were kept continually on sale and special efforts were made to bring the sales up to the previous years, but without entire success. A new series of col- ored cards, consisting of thirty-two subjects, was issued just at the close of the season. These cards are from three-color process plates by the American Colortype Company, and in artistic effect they are very satisfactory. They are a great improvement over our previous colored card, printed abroad. Riding Animals——The Riding Animal receipts for the year were satisfactory except the fact that we were again without the use of a riding elephant. The profits of this privilege were about Fn a Ae OT AICI OE =a. : on ~ s eS 4 <3 th of \ MAIN HALL OF THE ELEPHANT HOUSE. THIRTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT 83 the same as the previous year, notwithstanding the fact that the cost of operation was somewhat increased owing to the removal of the soda stand at this location, and the consequent necessity of maintaining a separate cashier for the riding animal business. Toward the close of the season the female elephant ‘Luna” was purchased from the Luna Park Company at Coney Island, with the intention of using her as a riding animal, but we discov- ered that she is so nervous and obstinate it was not considered wise to make any attempt to utilize her as a riding elephant. She will be used for exhibition only. Gate Receipts.—As the Park attendance increases on free days, a proportionate gain has been made in the receipts from admis- sions on pay days. The year 1g08 was no exception in this par- ticular. Many visitors seemed to find it desirable to come to the Park on pay days, in order to see the collections without the an- noyance of encountering the crowds present on other days. DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING. George M. Beerbower, Civil Engineer. Our Engineer's most important work during 1908 was the constant and at times continuous inspection and superintendence of the erection of the steel fences and gates of the ten large yards surrounding the Elephant House. The plans and specifications for this work were made by Mr. Beerbower in 1907, and on them a contract was let to the McHarg-Barton Construction Company at $13,700. The contract provided for the erection of the fences and all copings underneath them, as well as for their manufac- ture. To resist the attacks of adult elephants the gates and fences required to be built to withstand blows or pressure of at least 5.000 pounds delivered at their weakest point. This, of course, calls for very strong steel posts, set deeply in solid concrete, and connected by horizontal rails of steel so heavy that no elephant can bend them. To run such heavy fences over very uneven ground, and secure a result that is sufficiently strong and at the same time not positively offensive to the eye, is a very difficult task. The work of setting the posts, and constructing the concrete copings, proved to be very vexatious. By the McHarg-Barton Company all this work was let to a sub-contractor. In order to secure honest and correct work from dishonest and tricky labor- ers who sought by every possible means to make improper, worth- less work pass as “good,” Mr. Beerbower was obliged to watch 84 NEW YORK (ZOOLOGICAL SOGIETY the construction of every foot of the concrete foundation work. In this he had at the last some assistance from the contractor’s engineer, but no assistance of any value from the city inspector placed on the work by the Park Department. This sub-contract for the concrete work was in several ways a valuable object lesson. It showed how the taxpayers of this city are liable to be robbed whenever a sub-contract falls into the hands of an ignorant or careless man, who is served by laborers that are utterly devoid of all sense of workman’s honor, and who strive early and late to “skin the job.” It is no exaggeration to say that, with the best intentions on the part of McHarg-Barton Company, and with excellent iron- work generally, it was only the constant, hourly presence of Mr. Beerbower on the work, practically with club in hand, that pre- vented the laborers on the concrete work and the setting of all posts, from turning in work looking fair on the outside, but utterly defective within. Matters finally reached such a pass that the McHarg-Barton Company furnished the services of an en- gineer to assist Mr. Beerbower in maintaining on both sides of the Elephant House the close surveillance that was necessary. DEPARTMENT OF PHOTOGRAPHY AND PUBLICATIONS. Elwin R. Sanborn, Photographer and Asst. Editor. The publications issued in 1908 consisted of four regular num- bers of the BULLETIN, the Annual Report and Part II of the an- nual brochure of the National Collection of Heads and Horns. In photography 533 negatives were taken, and 4,071 prints were made. The index albums were brought up to a more per- fect state for ready reference, and the number of volumes was increased to twenty-three. A catalogue of the halftone plates be- longing to the Society was completed and brought down to date. A proof of each plate has been mounted in a serviceable scrap- book, with full data regarding its history. The Society is now in possession of 1,311 halftone plates, chiefly of animal subjects. Mr. Sanborn has devised a plant for the production of trans- parencies and enlargements, which is operated in one of the store- rooms. Satisfactory results are obtained by using the north light, which is reflected into the room by a large metal screen. The difficult problem of photographing live monkeys and baboons received the serious attention of our photographer, who designed a cage especially for his purposes, with which he has already secured some excellent results. OO ees REFORT OF thE DIRECTOR OF THE AQUARIUM TO THE BOARD OF MANAGERS. HE New York Aquarium as a place of recreation for the people, has more than fulfilled the expectations of the City that founded it. In twelve years it has been visited by nearly twenty-two millions of persons. Its yearly attendance, never less than one and a half millions, has steadily increased until the present time, the number of visitors for 1908 being 2,536,147 —an average of almost seven thousand a day. Under the management of the New York Zoological Society, which has for six years been engaged in improving its equipment and exhibits, its yearly attendance has increased by a full million of visitors. The plans of the Society for the betterment of the institution are being steadily carried into effect, and it is now on an excellent basis for the wellbeing of its aquatic life and the satisfaction of the people who visit it. The City has recently granted a new improvement fund of $5,000 to be used chiefly for a new roof and enlarged skylights. The latter improvement will nearly double the amount of light in the building and will contribute not only to the comfort of visitors, but to the health of animals kept in the large floor pools. The work completed during the past year has given the Aqua- rium a splendid sea-water system, which makes possible the keep- ing of many marine forms, hitherto not exhibited here. An un- derground reservoir of 100,000 gallons capacity was filled with ocean water early in July, since which time marine species have been kept in healthful condition. Still more attractive features of sea life will be added next spring, when our collections will be more varied in character than has been possible with the old water system. The sea-water reservoir is demonstrating its value in other ways: Since it was put into operation in July there has been a notable saving of animal life, the loss of specimens due to foul water having been largely eliminated. Losses of specimens at present are due chiefly to fighting among the occupants of the tanks for which there is no remedy. The saving in coal was also important, amounting from Oc- tober I-to December 31 to 147 tons as compared with the same months of previous years. There is a vast difference between 86 NEW YORK -ZOOEOGIGCAE- SOGIELY heating water from the warm underground reservoir, and _ that pumped directly from the harbor in the winter months. The reservoir will eventually pay for itself. The difficulties encountered in the heating of sea water, by means of iron and bronze heaters which corrode and break down, have apparently been solved by the employment of a heavy coiled heater made of chemical lead. It has already lasted much longer than others previously tried and appears to be in perfect con- dition. No other aquarium has the problems to contend with that have developed here, where sea water is heated in winter for tropical species, and fresh water refrigerated in summer for northern species. With warm and cold tanks of both fresh and salt water, it has four distinct water systems regularly in use. The Aquarium is not only ready to do anything that is possible in public aquariums elsewhere, but probably something more, and with the return of another summer collecting season, inter- esting forms of sea life will occupy many of the tanks as perma- nent exhibits. About 200 species of fishes are usually kept in our 94 glass-fronted tanks, and number from 3,000 to 4,000 specimens of native marine- and fresh-water species and tropical species from the Bermuda Islands. These figures do not include the product of the fish-hatchery. The collection of invertebrates is as yet limited to local marine forms, but will later include tropical species of showy colors. The large floor pools contain seals, sea-lions, alligators, crocodiles, large sea-turtles and stur- geons. The table aquaria usually contain about twenty species of fresh-water turtles. During September the large central pool contained two por- poises and a leatherback sea-turtle, the latter weighing 840 pounds. Unfortunately some of the lung-breathing marine ani- mals are not adapted to a long life indoors, and it is perhaps un- wise to repeat experiments with such as are affected by warm air when the building has to be heated. Exchanges of fishes were made during the year with the De- troit Aquarium, the Sportsmen’s Show in Boston and with the Tuxedo Club. Tropical fishes were brought from Bermuda, and local sea fishes were procured by sending tanks to the fishing banks on the steamer “Angler.” Nearly all other specimens obtained during the year were gathered by the collector, Mr. John DeNyse, or by seining parties sent out from the Aquarium to various parts of the lower bay and to park lakes of New York and Brooklyn. OL — — THIRTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT 87 MINOR IMPROVEMENTS. Among the improvements made from the Maintenance Fund may be mentioned the extension of the gas-light system to all tanks on the balcony; the introduction of a steam-heating coil of heavy chemical lead for warming sea water; the galvanizing of all iron gratings on the service gallery to prevent iron rust; the introduction of wicker (rattan) strainers instead of wire to prevent iron rust; the placing of covers over radiators to throw heat outward and protect painted pillars, and the filling of the reservoir with sea water, brought by tank steamer from Sandy Hook Lightship. The Aquarium, notwithstanding the improvements affected during the past six years, is handicapped by its limited space. There is no room for the increase of its collections and it is now difficult to find room for the location of so much as a pump, a filter or coal bunker. In the pump room the men have barely space to move about and the coal-stowage capacity is limited to a six-days’ supply, which endangers the entire marine collection during heavy snow storms when the delivery of coal is uncertain. Growth of Young Sea-Turtles.—Director A. G. Mayer, of the Marine Biological Laboratory at the Dry Tortugas, Florida, presented in July numerous young loggerhead turtles newly hatched, which in the pure sea water now available at the Aquarium have grown and thrived in capacity. Hitherto all at- tempts to raise young sea-turtles at the Aquarium have proved unsuccessful. The requirements for success seem to be pure sea water at a temperature of about 75 degrees Fahr. and a sunny situation. The food used was chopped clam and fish. In these specimens the average length of carapace was 21% inches and the weight 1% ounces. Six months later the average length of cara- / pace was 4% inches and the weight 9% ounces. Large Lobsters—Two lobsters (Homarus americanus) of un- usually large size were received at the Aquarium during the year. The first, received on January 23 from Cranberry Isles, Maine, weighed 14% pounds, its length from tip of antenne to tip of tail being 34 inches. The second specimen, received April 29 from off Atlantic Highlands, N. J., weighed 16 pounds. Its extreme length was 34% inches, length from top of rostrum to tip of tail 1934 inches. Both specimens were males. Neither of these lobsters lived more than a few days. It seems probable that their loss was the result of packing in ice during shipment. The first specimen was mounted for the Aquarium, the second sent to the American Museum of Natural History. 88 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY Octopus.—Upon the installation of the pure sea-water system several specimens of octopus were brought from Bermuda, none of which long survived injuries received during shipment. They had been, unfortunately, crowded into a single tank on the steamer which caused fighting, with the result that none of them escaped mutilation. Another lot was shipped too late in the season and all were lost on the way on account of the low temperature of the water. Under the care of experienced persons these interesting ani- mals can however, be transported safely, and further shipments will be made early in the summer. Labels.——Up to the present time more than 200 labels have been prepared, so that the collections are well supplied with printed information. Most of the labels are illustrated with cuts, which make identification of species simple when two or more kinds are kept in the same tank. All labels are written in terse sentences and printed in large type. ATTENDANCE. The following table shows the attendance at the Aquarium in 1908 by months: January ...Number of visitors 146,428 Daily average 4,723 February .. e Y 129530) i 4,466 Marchal ae. : ‘ 183,592 se ss 5,922 Ardler . zi 200,0606 =) 6,898 Mair scree: - “ 226,058 ~~ 7 7,043 JWinie> ieee S 2Ac 720, ae 8,191 SoU aaa ees i 224,480 “10,467 Auoust, J i 2050500 a : 9,860 September . . Fi 284,124 2 : 9,470 October... * 201,649 “ . 6,504 November . . 142,326 ss 4 4,744 December zi 128:070 “> 2 4,150 OCA Peseta Water ete sae 2,530,147 ‘ 6,948 The increase over the year 1907 amounted to 404,754. THIRTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT S9 The number of visitors for the twelve years of the Aquarium’s history is now close to twenty-two millions, as shown by the fol- lowing table: 11310 yah eres eee Visitors 1,635,252 Daily average........ 4,480 WOOO co. < s . 1,089,471 ns a ee eee 4,028 is.00 | ae a 1,841,330 . OS ier 5,044 LOOOR. << s.- — 1,585,584 - Feds ras ea tase 4,344 LOOM a 5 » : 1,644,856 i SH ee sexeak. farecote 4,506 BOO2 ess ces: 5 1,700,453 ti ee eed as 4,059 MOOS o/c. : 1,547,873 4 eee reer rs 4,240 WOO G00 sch bt 1,625,770 ce Ge te rane icketcn 4,554 OOS e | a. a 1,726,170 7 sane Reet oe 4,729 ROOOLE oe 5 sc : 2,106,509 ii beh ae eee 50771 BOO Hae sys ca. bi 2,131,303 ; Siren Taree 5,839 HOOG rere te ss . 2,536,147 “ ee te oy 6,948 ANO letIeE xs rase re ee Weler 21,770,868 ze “12 years 4,970 The records of attendance for the larger public museums of America and Europe present no such figures respecting visitors. Judging from the patronage of the public the Aquarium is the most popular institution in the world. Fish Hatchery—Vhe United States Bureau of Fisheries has generously supplied from year to year fish eggs from Government trout, salmon, shad and whitefish hatcheries, for the maintenance of the Aquarium exhibit of fish culture. Eggs are received as different species come in season and the hatching trays, troughs and glass tanks show during most of the year fish eggs and young fishes of several kinds in various stages of development. The New York Fish Commission continues to remove to State waters the annual output of young fishes amounting to two or three millions. The Aquarium fish cultural exhibit is an object of frequent in- quiry and undoubtedly awakens an interest in the subject of pri- vate fish raising, which is an occupation of growing importance. Quite a number of men have sought information respecting the methods of fish growing and have availed themselves of the facilities afforded by the Aquarium library. The Director’s article on the “Cultivation of Fishes in Ponds,” published by the New York Zoological Society, in its eleventh annual report, has been republished by the American Fisheries Society and by two magazines devoted to outdoor life, and permis- sion to reprint has been given to the fishery commissions of four different States. Many of the fish culturists of the country re- 90 NEW ‘YORK ‘ZOOEOGICAE SOGIBEY gard private fish raising as a matter of great importance in view of the widespread practice in America of polluting public waters. It is now considered by fishery officers that the continued pollution of our streams is rendering ineffective much of the important work of public fish propagation. The Aquarium has been brought into close relation with this work through its fish-hatching exhibit, its large collections of liv- ing food fishes and its correspondence with the public at large. Another publication emanating from the Aquarium, entitled “The Pollution of Streams,” has also been widely reprinted. AID TO SCHOOL TEACHERS. Small marine aquaria have been placed in more than 300 school houses in the city, the aquaria being furnished by the Board of Education, the animal collections by the New York Aquarium. The work requires but a portion of the time of a single em- ployee, while the animal life is supplied by the collector in con- nection with his regular field work. The furnishing of the ma- terial for school aquaria is thus only a nominal cost to the Aquarium. Classes in biology accompanied by teachers continue to visit the Aquarium Laboratory where there are facilities for observ- ing the smaller forms of marine- and fresh-water life. The number of pupils and teachers thus accommodated dur- ing the year was 5,218, and the number of school aquaria stocked was 86. This work has been under the personal supervision of Mr. Spencer of the Aquarium staff. International Fisheries Congress.—On the forenoon of Septem- ber 28 the Fourth International Fisheries Congress, meeting for the first time in the United States, was specially entertained at the Aquarium. Most of the foreign delegates were surprised to find that New York maintained a distinctly larger and better-stocked aquarium than is to be found anywhere in Europe. It collects and succeeds in keeping aquatic forms, the exhibition of which is not attempted elsewhere. The Congress, after a very active meeting in Washington, spent a day in New York and then visited the principal fishing centers of New England. Delegates were present representing many countries. A splendid series of papers was presented relative to the promotion of fishery indus- tries, the conservation of fishery resources, international fishery regulation, fish culture and biological research. THIRTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT 91 THE TEMPERATURE AND SALINITY OF THE WATER OF NEW YORK HARBOR AT THE BATTERY. A glance at the following table shows that the monthly mean temperatures from June 1 to November 30 were distinctly higher in 1908 than those of preceding years for the same period. The monthly means of specific gravities show a higher density (salinity) from September 1 to December 31 than those previ- ously recorded. The higher temperature and density of the wa- ter of the harbor during the past summer and autumn are un- doubtedly due to the extreme dryness which prevailed during those seasons. Although the new reservoir of stored sea water was put into regular use on July 9, some of the floor pools are still supplied with water from the harbor. In these pools the effect of the higher salinity was perceptible in the better condition of the fishes kept in them; although the results are in no way com- parable with those secured in those tanks supplied from the reser- voir. In the latter, the salinity has remained steady at about 1.021 and the water was moreover, absolutely pure and free from the bad effects of sewage with which the harbor water is per- meated. Record of monthly mean temperatures and specific gravities at the New York Aquarium during the years 1903, 1904, 1905, 1906, 1907, and 1908. (From daily observations made by Mr. We fa-DeNyse:)* 1903 _ 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 Bl of asl g Q95| cs [25| css [25] cs [a5] os es) 22 |53| S8 bs BE 82] BE Ee 22 Be 2E January...... = | is /34/ 1.014/ 35 /1.013|39/1.014/39|1.012/ 41 1.011 February ....)37/1.010/ 33 1.014 33 1.016 | 36) 1.012 | 35 1.014 | 38 | 1.012 March ........ 401.008 36) 1.013 36 1.014/ 38) 1.011} 36/1.013/39/ 1.010 pail tc: 461.009 | 40/1.009 43/1.011/ 43) 1.010) 42) 1.010! 45 1.009 May cs '56 | 1.014 | 52/ 1.010 |52/1.014|52/ 1.013|50| 1.011 | 54/ 1.010 mers yore. 61 | 1.013 | 61| 1.010 | 62 | 1.015 | 62/ 1.013|56/1.013/ 65 1.014 jicly oes 66 | 1.013 | 70| 1.013 | 68 | 1.015 | 69| 1.013 | 65 | 1.015 | 71 | 1.016 August....... 68 | 1.013 | 71| 1.014| 71| 1.016 | 72} 1.014| 70| 1.016| 74 | 1.016 September .. 68/1.013 68 1 O14| 68 1 014|71| 1.015 | 69} 1.015] 71 1.017 October... 62 | 1.011 | 59/ 1.013) 62| 1.014 | 63 | 1.016 | 62 1.012 67 1.018 November..,.| 52 1.014/ 51) 1.013) 51) 1.015 | 54| 1.014] 51| 1.010) 57 | 1.018 December...| 40 1-014 | 59 1.015 | 44| 1.014 43| 1.014) 45) 1.011 | 49 1.017 * Density observations were made with samples of water brought to a temperature of 60 degrees Fahr. 92 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY The chief interest which attaches to this record is the low salinity of the water of the harbor, as compared with that of the open sea, which is about 1.028. The impurity of the harbor water and its low salinity hay e until the present year, made the keeping of marine life in the Aquarium most difficult. Since the pure sea-water supply has been available the losses among marine animals in the tanks for the period from July to December, inclusive, have been reduced about 50 per cent. as compared with the same period of former years. Never before have really large numbers of tropical fishes been carried through to the end of the year, and the numbers of such fishes now on hand encourage the hope that losses during the winter will be reduced to the minimum. This record of six-years’ daily observations is the only one of its kind that has been kept in the City, and, together with the record of specimens lost on account of bad water, throws light on the subject of the pollution of the harbor. The time is approaching when fish life can not exist in the water of the harbor at all—when those lower forms of marine life which assist in the disposal of waste matter will themselves be dispersed. Respectfully submitted, CHARLES H. TowNSEND, Director. a. A i - Re et - - ] m oo fot 4° Ba 7 7 a : a rey yp be ‘Ser wal = | = tas 7 / ee Ch PIVAGCE: i: Figure II. White banded phase RED GROUPER (Epinephelus morio) OBSERVATIONS ON INSTANTANEOUS CHANGES IN COLOR AMONG PRORICAL FISHES. By CHARLES H. TOWNSEND. EARLY all the tropical fishes on exhibition in the New York Aquarium have the capacity of instantaneous changes in color according to their moods or artificial excitements, and their many phases of coloration and markings have become more noticeable under recently improved conditions of management. Since July, 1g08, sea fishes in the Aquarium have been kept in pure sea water supplied from a reservoir containing 100,000 gallons, the use of the brackish and impure water of the harbor having been abandoned, except in certain very large pools. The temperature and salinity of the water approximate those to which the fishes are accustomed in nature. The glass-fronted exhibition tanks, some of which are eight feet long, are lined with artificial rockwork, and have the bot- toms covered with sand or gravel, all of which assists in making the conditions of captivity decidedly favorable. The fishes spend much time resting among the rock crevices or on the white sand below. The various species of fishes from the Bermuda Islands are now maintained in better condition than ever before, and most of them have adapted themselves to captivity, feeding, playing or fighting; in apparently natural ways. It is well known that sea fishes habitually frequenting green or yellow seaweed acquire and maintain the general color tone of their habitat, and that trout from dark water are dark colored, while those inhabiting waters where there is sandy or gravelly bottom are light colored. Such conditions have long been appreciated at the New York Aquarium, where fishes kept in tanks lined with white tiles, ha- bitually wear their lighter colors, only an occasional blind fish remaining unchanged. The pale, colorless blind fishes of the Mammoth Cave gradually become darker when exposed to light in the Aquarium. These fishes, although with eyes practically useless, are still able to distinguish light from darkness. A speci- men from Mammoth Cave which has lived in the New York Aquarium three years has gradually become quite dark. O4 NEW YORK ZOOLOGIECANERS© GlEAnY: PLATE A. Reds e fo ghee eet ve aad N. Y. AQUARIUM EXHIBITION TANK. 6 es = haan THIRTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT 95 One of the large floor pools contains twelve specimens of the striped bass (Roccus lineatus) which have never been moved since they were first placed in the pool fifteen years ago. This pool is lined with white tiles, and all the specimens are pale and colorless while their characteristic stripes are scarcely noticeable. The only normally colored fish in the lot is blind, and it is also undersized, since it has never been able to secure its full share of the daily supply of food. Another white-tiled pool contains skates and rays, all of which became pale and colorless within two days of their cap- ture, and .ceased to exhibit their original rich brown tones. A newly arrived specimen is remarkably conspicuous when placed among them. The changes of color depend upon the eye. In ali these northern fishes, which reflect the tone of their sur- roundings, the changes are slow, requiring days or even weeks, but the color changes of tropical species are sudden, or actually instantaneous. A year ago the following label was attached to all tanks con- taining fishes subject to quick changes in appearance: “This species may change color at any moment. A few minutes’ observation of the fish is usually enough to reveal a change either in color or in pattern of marking. The color cells of the inner skin are under the instant control of the fish. Under natural conditions the changes of color are made chiefly for the purpose of concealment from enemies. They are also used for the capture of prey, for signaling, warning, mimicry, courtship and other purposes.” Through the agency of the label many of the visitors to the Aquarium learned to detect the changes, and found a new en- joyment in watching the more showy species. The methods by which fishes produce changes in appearance are well understood. The color cells in the skin are contractile, and, as they may contain red, blue, yellow, or other pigment, the different coiors result from muscular action upon one or more kinds of cells. The fishes of tropical seas are usually of brilliant coloration, perhaps more so than tropical birds or butterflies, but their re- markable colors are not so well known, as they persist only dur- ing life. Outside of the tropics these fishes are to be seen no- where, except in a few public aquariums. Six months ago I began a series of daily observations on their colors, which have been continued to the present time. While the present article is merely a preliminary account of the be- havior of certain tropical fishes with respect to the display of color, enough has been learned to show that many of those under 96 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY PLATE II. Figure 1. Dark phase. Figure 2. Banded phase. NASSAU GROUPER, (EPINEPHELUS STRIATUS). THIRTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT 97 observation disport themselves habitually under phases of colora- tion which are apparently unrecorded in the standard works on West Indian species. The accompanying photographs will temporarily serve to illus- trate some of the aspects under which the fishes exhibit them- selves, as far, at least, as can be done in mere black and white, without the aid of colored plates, which are not yet available. The only plate in color, that devoted to the red grouper, has been hastily prepared by the artist, by tinting the photographs taken from iife. It has been reproduced by one of the cheaper proc- esses, and is by no means as satisfactory a presentation of the species as could have been secured by lithography. It shows, however, two phases of color fairly well. The ordinary photographs were secured by transferring fishes to a small portable tank, which could be carried into the sunlight. This tank is about fifteen inches in length and the same in height, but only four inches wide. Its use involves considerable hand- ling of the specimens, and all photographs made with it show only those phases of color and markings which are peculiar to frightened and hiding fishes. Photographs made in this way present but one, or, at best two phases of color. There seem to be difficulties in the way of pho- tographing other phases, since they are displayed only when the fishes are undisturbed, in the large exhibition tanks, which are so iarge as to allow specimens to get out of focus. They are, moreover, too dark to permit of instantaneous photography, and the use of flashlight has not yet given satisfactory results, there being a lack of detail. Mr. Spencer’s photograph of the red par- rot-fishes (plate 5, fig. 3) is a fairly satisfactory flashlight, but the fishes were under some excitement and had sought the bottom of the tank. One individual in the rear had taken on the dark hiding colors, but the two large specimens in front were caught in half-mottled guises. A study of the admirable photographs of West Indian fishes by Mr. A. R. Dugmore, published in American Food and Game Fishes, by Jordan and Evermann, shows that they are all pic- tures of the fishes in what may be called their hiding colors, and are, I am authoritatively informed, the results of photography with a small portable aquarium. The objection may be raised that the color phases here de- scribed as habitual among fishes in the New York Aquarium are merely the results of captivity, but this is not the case. Our own photographic results from many of the same species are 9S NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY PLATE III. Figure l. Dark red phase. Figure 2. White-blotched phase. RED HIND, (EPJINEPHELUS MACULOSUS). THIRTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT QQ identical with those secured by Dugmore. Neither are they the results of gradual change, brought about by living in captivity, since changes of color occur hourly; in fact, may occur at any moment and are usually instantaneous. They begin to be in evi- dence within an hour of the arrival of new specimens, or as soon as they recover from the alarm caused by handling, and are produced as long as the fishes live in the tanks, which, in some cases, may be several years. The markings in the Dugmore photographs, as well as those made in the New York Aquarium, are not those produced by mere excitement, but rather those caused by real alarm and the desire to hide. The markings and colors resulting from such moderate excitements as play, fighting, feeding, turning on of electric lights, etc., are quite different and have not yet been caught by the camera, portrayed by the artist, or recorded in the books. The colors shown on many of the well-known colored plates of West Indian fishes are, therefore, not those of normal condi- tions, but rather those of dying, or dead and rapidly fading fishes. The colors so observed are the vestiges of the last color excite- ments of the fishes. Even if painted in a portable aquarium (as some of them were) from newly caught wild fishes, they show hiding or alarm colors only, and represent in each case merely one-of several possible phases of coloration. Fishes newly introduced to captivity do not remember their alarms very long, but emerge from their hiding places wher: quiet is restored. They soon show interest in life, by feeding, fighting and playing, and the observer in the New York Aqua- rium will quickly discover that the fishes habitually masquerade in colors and patterns which are apparently unknown to ichthy- ologists. A little frightening cf most of these fishes drives them to the lower or the darker portions of the tanks, where the hiding col- ors are maintained as long as the fishes try to conceal themselves. The turning on of artificial light usually has an enlivening effect on the fishes, many of them swimming nearer the surface and showing brighter color. It often has the effect of drawing all the specimens of certain species from the bottom to mid-tank or higher. Feeding produces a change in certain species, which may last for some time after they have ceased darting at the par- ticles of food falling down through the water. With few excep- tions, the various sudden changes of color occur in the young, as 100 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY PLATE IV. Figurel. Pale phase. Figure 2. Dark phase. RED PARROT-FISH, (SPARISOMA ABILDGAARDT). THIRTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT 101 well as in the adult specimens, and the heavily scaled parrot- fishes change as readily as the more lightly scaled red hinds or groupers. During the latter part of February, 1909, I had the oppor- tunity of seeing the fine collection of fishes living in the Ber- muda Aquarium, where many of the tanks are as large as those in the New York Aquarium. Observations on the colors of fishes made in Bermuda served to confirm in general those made in New York, but the results were not always the same, due, perhaps, to the fact that none of the tanks were supplied with white sand bottoms or rockwork linings. Some additional phases, however, were noted. The colors and markings are, to some degree, determined by the position of the fishes in the tank. When swimming in mid- tank the fishes are likely to have colors quite different from those assumed when resting against a dark background, while those displayed when at rest upon a bottom of white sand or gravel may differ from both. In the following notes I have frequently referred to the colored plates published in The Fishes of Porto Rico,* by Evermann and Marsh. In reply to my letter of inquiry respecting the methods used by the artists, Messrs Hudson and Baldwin, in making the original paintings for these plates, Dr. Evermann writes: ‘Mr. Baldwin’s work was done without an aquarium. Fresh, fre- quently living, specimens were put in his hands and he worked on them as rapidly as possible to get the colors before material change took place. “The paintings by Mr. Hudson were all made in Key West. The fishes were kept in a small portable aquarium. He was able to get specimens readily from the live-wells of the fishermen’s boats. “The Hawaiian paintings} (about which I had also inquired) were made from live fishes kept in portable aquariums. The Samoant fishes were painted from alcoholic specimens care- fully preserved, color sketches being made from life at the time the fishes were collected.” Dr. Evermann’s information as to the methods employed is im- portant in connection with the observations recorded in the pre- sent paper, as it enables us to define the particular phases of color in each species which the plates show. * Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission 1900. 7 Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, 1903. t Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, 1905. 102 NEW YORK} ZOOLOGICAL “SOCIED™ PLATE V. Figure 3. Dark (left), Pale (right). Photo by L. B. Spencer. Figure 4, From plate 30, Fishes of Porto Rico. Painted from a dead specimen. RED PARROT-FISH, (SPARISOMA AB/ILDGAARD/). THIRTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT 103 The color plates painted with the use of the portable aquarium may, therefore, be classed with the photographs made by the same method. They show phases of color and markings ex- hibted by specimens more or less affected by fright. The plates reproduced from paintings of fresh, but rapidly fading dead speci- mens, may, if very quickly done, show color phases resulting from fright. Otherwise they can show only tints resulting from the slow relaxation of the color cells as the dying fish loses con- trol of them. While paintings and photographs of fishes made in the ways described akove may present very well the colors and markings known to professional fishermen and to anglers—that is, colors exhibited by captured and frightened or dying specimens—tlie most of those with which we are acquainted do not portray the various species in the phases in which they exhibit themselves in life. All illustrations of fishes which are capable of sudden changes in color should, with a view to scientific exactness, be accom- panied with data respecting the phases of color shown, and the methods used in producirg them. Color plates should never be made from dead fishes if living examples can be procured. It is equally important that similar data should accompany written descriptions of colors. The keeping of tropical fishes in public aquariums has now made possible some knowledge of their colors under normal conditions. In written descriptions in general, the familiar caption “Color in life,’ is inexact, since it usually means merely the changing colors of a dying specimen. It does not appear that there is any phase of color in the twen- ty-six species under observation, which can be called the per- manent life color; frequent changes take place dependent upon activity, rest, play, anger, fright, temperature, food, light, or other causes. There are usually two or three phases of common occurrence, others being of less frequent appearance. The color changes are not necessarily connected with the breeding season, since they can be observed daily throughout the year. In the following notes no attempt has been made to write out new systematic descriptions of each species, the object in view being merely to direct attention to the facts that all of the fishes observed have different colors and markings at different times, that most of the phases have been hitherto undescribed, that the changes from one phase to another are sudden, and to state briefly the general character of each phase. 104 PL ATE VI. NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY Figurel. Pale phase. Figure 2. Black-finned phase. YELLOW GRUNT, (HAEMULON SCIURUS). THIRTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT 105 Rep GrouPerR, (Epinephelus morio). This species has many phases of coloration: I. A common swimming phase, uniformly rich fawn color, with small irregular specklings of white on sides, which frequently disappear. 2. Pale olive brown, white bands of head and body distinct. 3. Pale olive brown, dorsal, caudal and anal fins narrowly black-edged, with faint margin of white (plate 1, figure 1). 4. Still paler, with a broad reddish brown band from snout through eye to near first dorsal, fins narrowly black-edged. No other marks. 5. White-banded phase: Body rich fawn color, the white bands of head and body thrown out sharply, fins narrowly dark-edged, with faint margin of white (plate 1, figure 2). 6. Dark-banded phase: Body pale olive, the fawn color becom- ing dusky, so that the fish appears light-colored with dark bands. It amounts almost to a reversal of phase 5. Nassau GROUPER, (Epinephelus striatus). Six phases of col- oration are commonly observed in a tank containing several speci- mens of this species: 1. Uniform dark plumbeous, without markings of white (fig. E plate 2): 2. Uniformly creamy-white, without dark markings. 3. Dark plumbeous above, with pure white under parts up to the level of the pectoral fins. 4. Upper half of body sharply banded, lower half creamy- white. 5. In this phase the uniform dark coloration is deeply suffused with red, most noticeable in old and large specimens, and most distinct on head, but still subject to instant and complete suppres- sion. Very large specimens often take on a rich fawn color, which suffuses the entire body. 6. Uniform dark plumbeous, the body irregularly banded and mottled with white. This is the phase shown in the colored plate by Hudson from life (plate 12, Fishes of Porto Rico), and in the photograph by Dugmore (American Food and Game Fishes, page 384). All photographs of this fish made in the photographic tank show this phase only (fig 2, plate 2). It is the phase usually assumed by the fish when at rest among the rockwork of the large exhibition tank, and can be produced in all the speci- mens instantly by frightening them. It is, however, no more the normal appearance of the fish than the uniformly dark, the uni- formly white, or any other phase. 106 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL “SOGIETY PLATE VII. YELLOW GRUNT, (HAEMULON SCIURUS). Figure 2. Dark phase (left), striped phase (right ). RED-MOUTHED GRUNT, (HAEMULON FLAVOLINEATUM). THIRTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT 107 No two photographs of the banded phase are quite alike, the markings being apparently dependent upon the degree of hand- ling to which the fish has been subjected. Rep Hinp, (Epinephelus guttatus). Many phases. In this spe- cies the extremes of coloration are represented by a uniform and conspicuous redness, usually evident when the fish is in motion, but sometimes observable in the photographic tank, and a pale, red and white mottling when it is at rest. Between these there are many gradations of color and marking. In the first, or bright red phase, the spots are uniformly red on a dark red back- ground. This is well shown in the plate opposite page 386 in American Food and Game Fishes. In the second, the ground color turns pale in places, giving a mottling of white, sharply spotted with red on both dark and light areas. This is a common resting or hiding color. In this phase the fins become pale. Another phase shows a pale ground color evenly spotted with red, the dark ground color entirely disappearing. This color is also developed when the fish is at rest or hiding, and dark fringes may appear on the tips of caudal, soft dorsal and anal fins. Two phases are shown on plate 3. Rep Parrot-FIsH, (Sparisoma abildgaardi). To visitors this is the most interesting among the species subject to sudden changes in color. The changes occur frequently when the fishes are in motion and are decidedly marked in character. In the brightest and most conspicuous phase (fig. 2, plate 4) there is a brilliant and nearly uniform red on the under surface and lower fins; the color comes like a sudden blush, reaching its intensity in two or three seconds. The sides and upper surface at the same time quickly turn very dark brown, especially on the margins of the scales, with the result that each scale is sharply outlined. In the second, fourth and sixth rows of scales, count- ing from the dorsal, each third, fourth, or fifth scale in the row remains pure white, giving the fish about sixteen regularly dis- tributed white spots, which are very distinct in the dark phase, although not distinguishable in the pale phase. The head and the dorsal fin quickly become darker, the pale pink of the tail turns crimson red, its pale band becoming pure white. In its palest phase the fish is almost colorless and nearly with- out markings, resembling a dead fish from which color has dis- appeared. A fairly pale phase is shown in (fig. I, plate 4). Sometimes when in the dark phase the swimming fish, espe- 108 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY PLATE VIII. Figurel. Dark phase. Figure 2. Excitement phase. YELLOW-FIN GROUPER, (MYCTEROPERCA VENENOSA). THIRTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT 109 cially if disturbed by its companions, will turn pale below, the red quite disappearing, while the darkness of the upper parts remains. When the change from the dark to the pale phase takes place slowly, say in four or five seconds, the obliteration of the differ- ent: marks and colors can be easily followed with the eye. More often the change is instantaneous. When the two extremes of coloration are shown in separate fishes, as is often the case, the casual observer naturally supposes there are two species in the tank. Between the extremes of coloration there are several inter- mediate phases, one of which shows a pale fish, quite lacking the white scales and the red underparts, but with the free margins of all scales so dark that they are outlined with a distinctness not to be seen in any other species known to me. ~The phase shown in the colored plate of this species (No. 38) in the Fishes of Porto Rico has not been observed in the Aqua- rium, even after repeated experiments in the large and small tanks. The painting was made from a dead fish and is herewith reproduced on (plate 5, fig. 4). Fig. 1, Plate 4, shows the red parrot-fish in a half pale phase, with the white spots appearing faintly, all red color having dis- appeared. Fig. 2 is the same fish, photographed two minutes later, after the photographer had changed the plate. The rich brown color, white spots and gorgeous red were produced in- stantly for the benefit of the photographer by touching the fish with a stick. Both views were secured in the portable photo- graphic tank. A flashlight photograph by Mr. Spencer of the large exhibition tank shows the red parrot-fish in two additional phases to those described above; the left figure (plate 5) is a half-mottled dark phase, with the head pale and underparts red. The right figure, a slightly-mottled pale phase, only partly red below. Another phase is sometimes assumed when the fish is at rest, the dark upper color and the red under color being separated by a pure white band extending from the upper jaw, through the eye to the lower half of the tail, the fringe of the opercle turning jet black. The palest phase of this species was not observed in the tanks of the Bermuda Aquarium, probably because none of the tanks were supplied with white sand bottoms. GREEN PARROT-FISH, (Sparisoma viridi). This species while not capable of the many changes in color so constantly practiced 110 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOGIEDY PLATE IX. Figurel. White phase Sn, eee 4 2 - s ate OL Pas A p Pend > uM - pees Figure 2. Blue phase. BLUE TANG, (Z7ZU0T7HIS COEZERULEUS). THIRTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT leita by the red parrot-fish, (Sparisoma abildgaardi), has the power of greatly intensifying or obscuring its colors and markings. In its brightest and most showy phase the fish is of a uniform bright green color, with the border of the gill cover a brownish red, the same color appearing on the borders of all scales until they are outlined with remarkable distinctness. In the hiding or resting phase of coloration the conspicuous green of the fish is obscured by much heavy mottling of brown, so much at times that the green disappears under the general suffusion of brown. This coloration is maintained as long as the fish remains quiet against a dark background. PicrFisu, (Orthopristis chrysopterus). Four phases: 1. The ordinary coloration is pale, without markings. This unmarked phase is fairly well indicated by the cut on page 434, American Food and Game Fishes. 2. Seven or eight irregular, vertical, dark bands, not unlike those of the tautog, (Tautoga onitis). 3. These bands are sometimes suddenly cut off at the level of the eye, the entire under parts turning white. 4. Another phase shows coloration under excitement. The vertical bands almost disappear and two longitudinal, broad, dark bands come out, the upper one extending from forehead to end of dorsal, following the curve of the body; the lower band straight, along median line from snout through eye to tail. The lower surface up to the median band is pale white. This colora- tion developed instantly in the larger fish whenever it began following and biting its former mate. The sexes were not dis- tinguished. Since a number of heavily banded tautogs were placed in the tank with a pigfish, the latter has worn its vertical bands habitu- - ally. This fact was noted and reported to me by several of the attendants, independently of my own observation. The pigfish has quite changed its habit of actively swimming about, and now usually rests in the bottom among the tautogs, from which a casual glance does not distinguish it, so nearly perfect is the mimicry. YeELLow Grunt, (Haemulon sciurus). This species when quiet, in mid-tank, is of a uniformly pale golden color with narrow, longitudinal stripes of blue. If excited or alarmed two complete changes may take place: In the exhibition tank the whole school drops lower down, the soft dorsal fin and the most of the tail turning black. If one or more specimens are placed in the small photographic tank and 112 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY PEALE 2X: Figurel. Dark brown phase. RNR Figure 2. Mottled phase. HOGFISH, (LACHNOLAIMUS MAXIMUS). THIRTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT LS carried into the sunlight the fishes sulk upon the bottom, display- ing, in addition to the black dorsal and tail, large irregular and very dark vertical blotches. The customary swimming or mid-tank phase is shown in (fig. I, plate 6). The phase with black fin and tail is represented in fig. 2 of the same plate. It is also shown in American Food and Game Fishes, plate opposite page 430. The small cut, fig. 1, plate 7, shows the mottled phase. The last is usually maintained as long as the specimen is kept in the small photographic tank, but sometimes disappears for a few moments. Rep-MoutHED Grunt, (Haemulon flavolineatum). Ordinary coloration in mid-tank. Uniform pale golden yellow, with nar- row silvery stripes. Coloration when alarmed: The whole school bunches together at the bottom, all immediately assuming a dark-mottled appear- ance, the ground color becoming so dark that the fish is com- pletely changed. The dark blotches disappear at once when the disturbance ceases, the specimens, one after another, assuming their ordinary coloration, with, however, two lengthwise very dark bands, one extending straight from the snout through the eye to the tail, the other curved upward from the forehead to the end of the soft dorsal. These conspicuous bands show at inter- vals until the excitement caused by disturbing the fishes dies down. When specimens are placed in the photographic tank a fourth phase, entirely dark, is assumed and retained. This is shown in the left figure of plate 7, while the phase with two longitudinal bands is shown in the right figure of the same plate. When these two specimens were placed in the photographic tank, both in- stantly assumed and retained the dark unmottled phase. The striped phase of the fish at the right was produced by touching it repeatedly with a stick. Princess RocxkFisH, (Mycteroperca bowersi).* Three phases: Bright-red phase: Pale red ground color with bright-red spots everywhere. Pectorals yellow, all other fins with black edges. A slight plumbeous mottling, making the upper surfaces darker than under. When this occurs—usually when the fish is in mid- tank and over gravel bottom—the plumbeous blotches become red along base of the dorsal and top of tail. Dark-red phase: Usually assumed when the fish rests against the dark tank walls, the paleness of color deepens quickly to * The identification of these specimens is not yet certain. 114 PLATE XI. NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY Figurel. Half-banded phase. Figure 2. Dark phase. TRIGGER-FISH, (BALISTES CAROLINENSIS). THIRTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT 115 dark reddish brown, yellow of tips.of pectoral fins intensifies, also the black tips of dorsal, caudal, ventrals and anal. The red spots remain very bright. Pale phase: The whole fish pale white with heavy black blotches. Frequently all these phases may be observed in a single tank within five minutes, without artificial disturbance of the speci- mens. GAG. (Mycteroperca microlepis?) Black phase: Uniformly dusky black; no marks anywhere. Pale phase: Uniformly pale white, everywhere covered with irregular rings, ovals, half circles, triangles and blotches of dusky brown, extending partly on fins. This species has also one or two intermediate phases. YELLOW-FIN GROUPER, (Mycteroperca vencenosa). Pale phase: Uniformly pale white with mere indications of dark blotches down to median line. Below, small dark spots, also faintly indi- cated. All fins pale and colorless, with narrow dark margins composed of dusky spots on dorsal, caudal and anal. All red of body and yellow of pectorals absent. Dark phase: Dusky gray, under parts spotted with bright red, pectorals tipped with clear yellow, all other fins heavily black- bordered, considerable red ground color on back and tail. Numer- ous dusky blotches on body. Alarm phase: Same as preceding, but pale above median line, darker below. Red on under parts and tail more intense. Dark spots of lower body nearly uniting into large dark blotches. Dark spots of upper body intensely black. These are the principal phases, but there are several others; one of which shows the body white below level of eye, with very dark blotches above. Two phases, one dark, the other a phase of the photographic tank, are shown on plate 8. The upper figure was colored by the artist from the same photograph as the lower. Brack Grouper, (Mycteroperca bonact).* Phase 1. Uni- formly creamy white, anal and caudal black-bordered, with an outside narrow edging of white. Phase 2. Entirely pale, with about eight vertical blackish bands, each broken into three or four nearly square or rectangular areas. Phase 3. Same as preceding, but with body white below level of eye, and fins dusky. * The identification of this species is not vet certain. 116 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY PLATE XII. a Figurel. Ordinary phase. Figure 2. Excitement phase, GRAY SNAPPER, (LU7/ANUS GRISEUS). THIRTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT iia yi Phase 4. Body dusky brown, heavily mottled everywhere a phase connected with fright (see plate opposite page 392, American Food and Game Fishes.) The above are the principal phases to be seen any day, but there are several variations. Ticer Rockrisu, (Mycteroperca tigris). Two phases are usually to be seen at the same time among the specimens in the exhibition tank. In one the general coloration is brownish, the bands which distinguish the species being pale and _ indistinct. Most of the brown effect is produced by very numerous brown spots everywhere. In the other phase the body is almost black, the bands are pure white, and there is more or less white mottling on the tail. This coloration is the one assumed when the fishes are disturbed. Biue Tanc, (Teuthis coeruleus). There are two striking phases of coloration assumed by this species, one a bright blue, the other pure creamy white. In the latter there may be at times faint bluish margins to all the fins except the pectorals. The blue phase is the one usually seen, since it is assumed whenever the fish is in the least disturbed by visitors passing the tank, and this lasts ail day long (fig. 2, plate 9). The other phase is seldom seen until the building is free from visitors, then the fish may settle down toward the white sand bottom and take on a ghostly whiteness (fig. 1, plate 9), but any disturbance instantly brings back the blue color. No amount of experiment in the photographic tank ever pro- duces anything but an intensely blue fish. The figure showing the white phase (plate 9) was made with the help of the en- graver from a photograph of a blue specimen, it being impossible to photograph it. Doctor Fisu, (Teuthis hepatus). Pale phase; Pale white in- cluding pectorals and dorsal, the caudal and lower fins faintly bluish on the edges. Vertical bands faint. Dark phase: Very dark, blue of fins almost obscured. A white band around caudal peduncle behind lancet. Vertical bands very dim. Olive phase: Body and fins pale olive. Vertical bands sharp and distinct. Mouth white. Conery or Niccer Fisu, (Bodianus fulvus). This species is silbject to many and frequent changes in appearance. A com- mon resting color, shows the upper third of head and body very 118 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL, SOCIETY dark brown, with small closely set specks of blue. All other parts, including whole of tail, pure white. The blue speckling is apparent on the white portions also when examined closely. This phase is shown in the photographic plate opposite page 382 in American Food and Game Fishes, but the tail is black. In another phase the white invades the upper dark third, leav- ing about four dark blotches across back and dorsal, with irregu- lar dark lines on head. In a common swimming color the entire body is dark reddish brown, everywhere minutely speckled with intense blue. A fourth phase shows upper and lower thirds of the body dark, the median third pure white. Blue dots indistinct. In a fifth phase (in the photographic tank) the fish becomes a pale gray with the body dark blotched and the blue specks dis- tinct. The coney presents still other aspects of coloration, but the heavy blotches never appear except on a frightened fish, in the photographic tank. Hocrisu, (Lachnolaimus maximus). Three principal phases: Dark brown phase: Uniform pale reddish brown, whole front of head rich brown, a band of the same across base of the tail. A narrow band of this color extends also along the back at base of dorsal (fig. 1, plate 10). Mottled phase: In the mottled phase there are equal amounts of reddish brown and pale white, both tints showing as nearly vertical bands on fins as well as body. When the fish is frightened the pale and brown mottling always appears, showing apparently a hiding color, with the fish usually in a corner of the tank and close against the rockwork (fig. 2, plate 10). Phase 3: Whole body pale and colorless, only faint outlines of the brown marks showing. TRIGGER-FISH, ( Balistes carolinensis). Four phases. 1. Sides and upper parts and all fins uniformly covered with fine bluish reticulations. Under surfaces white, upper dark. 2. Uniformly pale, with a yellowish cast. 3. Pale white, with broad, irregular, vertical bands on upper body, these sometimes forming black blotches close to dorsal (fig. L. plate mp 4. Uniformly dusky, bluish reticulations sometimes appearing faintly. This is fairly well shown in (fig. 2, plate II). Jott-Hrap Porcy, (Calamus bajonado). Three common phases: 1. Uniformly dusky, unmarked. THIRTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT 119 2. Pale silvery, with a greenish cast, unmarked. (see upper figure on plate opposite page 438, American Food and Game Fishes.) 3. Color under excitement; same as preceding, but with five irregular, vertical bands of brownish black. Shown faintly in lower figure of the plate referred to. It is better defined on colored plate 25, Fishes of Porto Rico, but neither show the remarkably sharp bands affected by specimens in the New York Aquarium, SERGEANT Mayor, (Abudefduf savxatilis). Banded phase: Body pale, with five or six vertical black bands. Frequently the pale areas between the bands become yellow. Dark phase: Body and fins nearly black, vertical bands on sides almost obscured. Alarm phase (in the photographic tank): Same as preceding, but vertical bands more distinct, with a white band across fore- head and a white blotch under eye. GRAY SNAPPER, (Lutianus griseus). Three phases: 1. Uniformly pale, dusky above, lighter on head and under sur- faces (ie. 1, plate 12)! 2. Uniformly dark olive brown, still lighter below. 3. Coloration under excitement: The whole fish becomes a shade darker, with a heavy black band, the width of the eye, ex- tending from snout obliquely through eye to front of first dorsal fin. A narrow fringe of black appears on dorsal and anal fins (fis. 2, plate 12). This is also fairly well shown in American Food and Game Fishes, on the plate facing page 432. The brilliantly colored phase on plate 17, Fishes of Porto Rico, has not been observed among specimens in the Aquarium, except as it has been indi- cated occasionally as a faint suffusion of color. SCHOOLMASTER, (Lutianus apodus). Ordinary coloration: Above dusky olive. Yellowish olive below and on all fins, no markings anywhere. Excitement phase: Narrow vertical bands come out sharply on upper part of body. Feeding usually develops the bands dis- tinctly. Phase 3° The brilliant yellow coloration shown in plate 19, Fishes of Porto Rico, is probably correct, as the painting was made from a living fish held in the portable tank. This colora- tion probably results from fright, it has not been observed in 120 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY the large tanks of the New York and Bermuda Aquariums, and the specimens were not tested in the photographic tank. QueEEN TrIGGER-FISH, (Balistes uctula). This wonderfully marked fish has three phases of coloration: one dark, another pale and a third with the fins almost black. The usual blue markings persist in all three without change, except in intensity. In the dark phase, which is the customary dress, the head, below the blue lines, is rich golden yellow, all blue markings are brilliant, the body and fins dusky olive, especially above. The pale phase is quite a change from this, the whole body becoming yellowish white, the blue markings still persisting faintly. The coloration shown on plate 39, Fishes of Porto Rico, is that of a dead and half-faded specimen. Live specimens observed in Bermuda frequently showed the fins black, the lower part of the body rich purplish blue. Cow Fisu, (Lactophrys tricornis). Phase 1: A uniformly pale or yellowish olive phase, with purplish blue reticulations very distinct. Phase 2: Large, very dark blotches spread over body and tail, blue reticulations scarcely apparent. Phase 3: Whole body light brown, blue reticulations becoming dusky. Brue-Heap, (Chlorichthys bifasciatus). Phase 1: Hinder half of body indigo blue, like the head, the black-bordered whitish band between, taking a bluish cast. Phase 2: A sudden change from this leaves the hinder half of body pale greenish yellow, upper and lower rays of tail bluish black and the white band showing pure white. “CiLuck,” (The Bermuda name) (Eqies acuminatus). Pale phase: Pale silvery, the longitudinal rich brown stripes of body very distinct; first half of spinous dorsal rich brown. Dark phase: Uniformly dusky brown on body and fins. Two or three darker vertical blotches occasionally appearing. Note—Mr. L. B. Spencer has kindly furnished photographs of vellow-fin grouper, hogfish, red-parrot and trigger-fish. List of Gifts tern ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. From January 1, 1908, to January 1, 1909. AnonyMous, New York City: Slate-Colored Junco. ARIZONA OstricH Farm, Phoenix, Ariz.: Road-Runner (3 specimens). ARrLT, GERHARD, Chief Engineer, S. S. “Allegheny,” New York City: South American Iguana (3 specimens). Auroot, GrorcE, Kingsbridge, New York City: Chameleon. BaIsLey, Mrs. Euvcenia, New York City: Alligator. Baker, Horace, Kitchawan, New York: Red-Shouldered Hawk, Red-Tailed Hawk. BAUMANN, MAstTER CHartes, New York City: Box Turtle, Spotted Turtle. BeacH, REx, New York City: Alaskan Black Bear. BELLosA, CHARLES F., New York City: Alligator. Benepict, Rarpu C., New York City: Cooper Hawk. BERGGREE, Ernest, Brooklyn, N. Y.: Java Squirrel (2 specimens). BLAKE, Captain H., New York City: White-Tailed Deer. BEOUNT, JR; Fo Roc Raccoon. Bounine, A., New York City: Red Squirrel. BorvEN, SETH A., Fall River, Mass.: Canvasback Duck, American Crow (3 specimens). BowptsH, B. S, New York City: Blue Jay BraprorD, Mrs. C. H. D., Brooklyn, N. Y.: White-Eared Buibul (2 specimens) Brown, E., Hastings-on-Hudson, N. Y.: Night Heron. Brown, Ropert, Portchester, N. Y.: Gray Fox. BrRowNING, WiLLI1AM H., New York City: Bare-Throated Bell-Bird, Gray-Breasted Parakeet (3 specimens). BurRELL, ALEXANDER M., Paymaster, Hamburg-American Line: Caribbean Dove. Bwttrner, Gustav, Chief Steward, S. S. “Prinz Sigismund”: Anteater. CALLEN, Casper R., Brooklyn, N. Y.: Alligator (2 specimens). CAMERON, Mrs. J., New York City: Alligator. Carey, C. C., West Englewood N. J.: Red-Shouldered Hawk. 122 NEW YORK “ZOOLOGICAL, SOCIETY Carson, CHARLES L., New York City: Macaque Monkey. CarTER, Lestie T., New York City: Albino Coyote. CarVER, WILLIAM H., Brooklyn, N. Y.: White-Faced Sapajou. Cueney, Mrs. A. E., New York City: Roseate Cockatoo. CHEVALLAZ, A., Brooklyn, N. Y.: European Starling, Japanese Robin. CHITTENDEN, SIMEON B., New York City: White-Tailed Deer. CLark, W. CampBELt., Newark, N. J.: Ox. Cor, Miss M. S., New York City: Red-Crested Cardinal, Red-Billed Hill Tit. Connon, THomAS T., New Rochelle, N. Y.: Marmoset (2 specimens). CONSTANTINE, Ropert, New York City: Centipede, Cuban Iguana, Scorpion. CorNELL, J. S., Larchmont, N. Y.: Alligator (4 specimens). CRANE, W. H., New York City: Blue-Tailed Lizard, Scarlet King Snake, Chicken Snake Curran. Mrs., New York City: Box Turtle. Curtis, F. C., New York City: Song Sparrow. CusHMAN, Master Merton, New York City: Alligator. Date, Mrs. ANNIE KELLocc, New York City: Golden Baboon. Davies, C. CLARENCE, New York City: Alligator. Davis, Miss Aaron, New York City: Horned Toad (2 specimens). pE Haas, E., New York City: European Blackbird. Devery, E. K., Hastings-on-Hudson, New York: Night Heron. DEwriING, ANDREW W., Baltimore, Md.: White-Throated Sapajou. DvuKE oF Beprorp, Woburn Abbey, England: Kiang, or Tibetan Wild Ass. EBERHARD, Mrs., New York City: Sora Rail. Epen, W. C., Jersey City, N. J.: Alligator. Epwarps, Cyrit, First Officer, S. S. “Clan Macdonald”: Java Monkey. Epwarps, Witt1am, New York City: Macaque Monkey. EccELiInG, O., New York City: ; 2 Climbing Perch, 2 Gurami, 2 Indian Catfish. ENGEL, Miss CuHartotte, New York City: Marmoset. FenHaAur, Mrs., South Brooklyn, N. Y.: Blue-and-Yellow Macaw. Ferrier, Henry, New York City: Alligator. THIRTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT FiscHEr, GEorGE, Yonkers, N. Y.: Gray Fox (2 specimens). Forp, H. W., Morristown, N. J.: Canary. FRANKLIN. JOHN, New York City: Gannet. Fries, Mrs. Ep., New York City: Alligator (2 specimens). FROEDER, GEORGE, New York City: Yellow-Fronted Amazon Parrot. GoEBEL, RicHarp, New York City: Virginia Rail. GotpHorN, Dr. L. B., New York City: Spotted Snake. Gray, WILLIAM H., Yonkers, N. Y.: Barred Owl. GrIGRARD, Miss Marton, New York City: White Rabbit. Groat, Mrs. L. W., New York City: Margay Cat. Gross, FranK, New York City: Wild Turkey (2 specimens). Guccione & Company, D. J., New York City: Badger. bo ~~ Harmony Crus, THe, New York City (through Mr. Henry W’. Roemer): Capuchin Monkey (2 specimens). Harrison, E., Newburgh, New York: Hawk. Harvarp PsycHoLocicAL Laporatory, Cambridge, Mass. (through Dr. M. Yerkes): Cebus Monkey (2 specimens). HATCHER, JR., Epwarp, New York City: Herring Gull. Havens, Acnes A., Williamsbridge, New York City: Ring-Necked Parrakeet. Haywarpb, Captain, S. S. “Clan Macdonald”: Dusky Langur Monkey, Java Peacock. HEINEMAN, L., New York City: Gopher Tortoise (2 specimens). Herren, Mrs. JoHN Pav, Tarrytown-on-Hudson, New York: Flying Squirrel (2 specimens). Herz, D., Dobbs Ferry, New York: Snapping Turtle. Hicox, De Los, West Brighton, Staten Island. 73 Striped Snakes, 16 De Kay Snakes. Hiccins, Tuomas F., Brooklyn, N. Y.: Purple Gallinule. Hipxins, Mrs. H., New York City: Canary (3 specimens), Tovi Parrakeet. Hottoway, Miss Eruet, Brookline, Mass.: Alligator (4 specimens). Hornic, Mrs. E., New York City: Alligator. How tanp, Etta M., New York City: Blue-and-Yellow Macaw. Hutse, Rtcuarp J. E., New York City: Margay Cat. Hurp, Harry, New York City: Angora Guinea Pig (3 specimens). 124 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY Hurter, JuLius, St. Louis, Mo.: Berlandier’s Tortoise. Hustep, JAMES W., Peekskill, N. Y.: Hog-Nosed Snake (2 specimens). Jounson, C. E., New York City: Alligator. Jounstong, E. R., Vineland, N. J.: Coyote. Just, GEorGE FREDERICK, Scarsdale, N. Y.: White-Throated Sapajou (2 specimens). KAEGEBEHN, ALFRED, Hoboken, N. J.: Ocelot. Karr, A. H., New York City: Yellow-Headed Amazon Parrot. KAuFMAN, FRED., West Hoboken, N. J.: Nine-Banded Armadillo. Keator, Mrs. T. R., Bensonhurst, N. Y.: Yellow-Headed Amazon Parrot. Kennepy, W. F., Van Nest, New York City: Blue-and-Yellow Macaw. KENSLER, CorNELIUS, New York City: White-Fronted Amazon Parrot. Kissam, C.°H., Huntington, Long Island, N. Y.: Banded Rattlesnake. Kern, ALFRED J., Tappan, N. Y.: Ring-Necked Snake. Kuinc, Mrs. C. P., New York City: Western Mockingbird. KoECHLING BrotHers, New York City: Tarantula. Kou ter, F., New York City: Short-Eared Owl. _KoopMAN, JoHN, New York City: Angora Guinea Pig. Kotzum, Henry J., New York City: Canary. Kraus. Henry, Brooklyn, New York City: Alligator. Krause. CAPTAIN SIEGFRIED. S. S. “Prinz Eitel Freidrich” : South American Fox. Kroun, Curts., New York City: Great Horned Owl. LAWRENCE. TOWNSEND, Flushing, Long Island, N. Y.: Broad-Winged Hawk. Lerper, Mrs. C. A., New York City. Yellow-Headed Amazon Parrot. Lerpert, Mrs. Lena, New York City: Capuchin Monkey. Locxwoop, J. A., New York City: Alligator. Lunzer, Artois, New York City: Yellow-Headed Amazon Parrot. McComps, Miss Grace, Jersey City, N. J.: Roseate Cockatoo. McIntyre, Frank, Throgg’s Neck, New York City: Yellow-Fronted Amazon Parrot. McLean. ALEXANDER H., New York City: Black Angora Guinea Pig. ManANn, Lawrence, Hastings-on-Hudson, New York: Green Heron. THIRTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT 12: Le Jt MarsHat, Mrs. H. P., New York City: Barbary Turtle-Dove (4 specimens). Metcuert, H., Hoboken, N. J.: Golden Agouti. Mitrrr,; C: F., East Orange, N. J-.: 92 Water Snakes, 42 Garter Snakes, 7 Wood Turtles, 3 Spotted Turtles, 3 Muhlenberg’s Turtles, 5 Musk Turtles, 18 Painted Tur- tles, 12 Frogs, 17 Newts, I Salamander, 5 Ribbon Snakes, 44 Box Turtles, 24 Tadpoles, 32 Salt Marsh Frogs, 22 Pond Frogs, 2 Blacksnakes, 3 Wood Frogs, 2 Leopard Frogs, 2 Red-Bellied Water Snakes, 3 Bull Frogs Total, 339 specimens. Miter, WILLIAM, New York City: Alligator. Mirsteap, R. H., Fishkill Village, N. Y.: Raccoon. MircHeL_, WitiiAM, Chief Engineer, S. S. “Kaiserin Auguste Victoria”: Box Tortoise. Morris, C. H., McConnelsville, Ohio: Great Blue Heron, Copperhead Snake MurpHy, THAppEuS, New York City: Alligator. Nerr, Harotp F., Bedford Park, New York City: Alligator (2 specimens). Nerr, Miss Harriett AGNEs, Brooklyn, N. Y.: Raccoon. Netson, Miss Orca, New York City: Sora Rail. Norton, Georce F., New York City: Glaucous Gull (2 specimens). O’Connor, Maurice. Brooklyn, New York City: Mexican Gray Fox. OsTRANDER, CarLos E., New York City: Spider Monkey. PEAVEY, Ropert W., Brooklyn, New York City: g Hog-Nosed Snakes, 2 Spotted Turtles, 1 Painted Turtle, 1 Milk Snake, 1 King Snake, 1 Ring Snake, 1 Ribbon Snake, 1 Bull Frog. Total, 17 specimens. Puri, ALtFrreD R., New York City: Box Tortoise. Post, Grorce A., Richmond Hill, Long Island, N. Y.: English Rabbit (2 specimens). RICHARDSON, JENNESS, New York City: 1 Garter Snake, 1 Hog-Nosed Snake, 3 Spotted Turtles. Ries, Witt1AM, New York City: Texas Rattlesnake. Ritey, ArtHuR B., New York City: Wood Tortoise. ROCKEFELLER, WILLIAM, New York City: Sarus Crane. Ropverico, Miss Trrx1e, Hoboken, N. J.: African Rock Python. Roe, Mrs. THomas L., Patchogue, Long Island, N. Y.: Marmoset. RoosEvELt, S. M., New York City: Virginia Opossum (2 specimens). Runyon, E. W., New York City: Bushmaster. RiitHimnc, Dr. Henry H., New York City: ; 1 Cumberland Terrapin, 2 Striped Snakes, 2 Pond Frogs. 126 NEW YORK’ ZOOLOGICAL SOGIETY SAUNDERSON, Mr. and Mrs. Armar D., Tarrytown, N. Y.: 2 Lion Cubs. Sawyer, E. J., Lincklaen Center, N. Y.: Red-Tailed Hawk. Scuavorr, Mrs. D. F., Stamford, Conn. : Brown Grackle. ScHNEIDER, J. H. ArtHUR, New York City: Virginia Opossum. ScHotter, E., New York City: Red-Shouldered Hawk. ScHOONHAVEN, Master Georce, Brooklyn, N. Y.: Alligator. SCHUHMACHER, ALBERT, New York City: Screech Owl. SearLEs, L. M., Portchester, N. Y.: Florida Gallinule. Seitz, Mrs. H., New York City: Tortoise. SHELDON, Mrs. R. S., New York City: Yellow Grass Parrakeet (4 specimens). SipneEy, Mrs. GeorcE, Point Pleasant, N. J.: Capuchin Monkey. SIEBRECHT, Henry AcKER, New Rochelle, N. Y.: Cotton-Headed Marmoset (2 specimens). SILVERBERG, Maurice, New York City: Alligator. SMEND, Dr., S. S. “Chemnitz”: Virginia Rail. SmitH, Howarp CAswetL, New York City: Japanese Waltzing Mice. Soares, Mr., New York City: Canary. SPERZEL, ELIzABETH, New York City: Ring Dove. Stewart, M. L., Fordham, New York City: Alligator. STocKWELL, Mrs. F. C., Brooklyn, N. Y.: Box Turtle. Sroxes, Mrs. Horace, Hackettstown, N. J.: White-Browed Amazon Parrot. Stone, Frep. A., New York City: Alaskan Black Bear. StrassMAN, Miss Dorotoy M., New York City: Box Turtle. STraTTon, Rev. K. M., Fishkill, N. Y.: Raccoon. STREETER, JR., D. D., Brooklyn, N. Y.: Pilot Blacksnake. SuLLIVAN, Mrs. M. F., New York City: Yellow-Fronted Amazon Parrot. Susser, Joun M., New York City: Great Horned Owl. SuxporF, CaptaIn, S. S. “Gunther”: Chopi Boat-Tail. Tarsies, Mrs. J., New York City: American Robin. Tarsox, Miss Cora I., Essex Junction, Vt.: Baltimore Oriole. Taytor, G. M., New York City: Tovi Parrakeet (2 specimens). THIRTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT 127 THUMMLER, Fritz, New York City: Tovi Parrakeet (2 specimens). Topp, Dr. A. S., Manning, S. C.: Blacksnake. TownseEnp, C. H., New York City: Northern Yellow-Throat. TRAVELLI, Mrs. CHARLES I., West Newton, Mass.: Purple Gallinule. Turner, Mrs. C. H., New York City: White-Fronted Amazon Parrot. Turner, Miss Emity, New York City: White-Fronted Amazon Parrot and Cage. Turner, J. L., Whitestone, Long Island, N. Y.: White Rat (2 specimens). UrBANSKI, Mrs. AGNES, New York City: White-Fronted Amazon Parrot, American Crow. VALLETTE, S. E., New York City: Java Monkey. VAN DER SMISSEN, Mrs. GILBert J., New York City: Alligator (2 specimens). Van TasseL, Mrs. H. C., Yonkers, N. Y.: Macaque Monkey. Van WICKEL, E. S., Sound Beach, Conn.: Red-Tailed Hawk. VoLLBERG, JOHN, New York City: Sparrow Hawk. WAGNER, GEORGE A., New York City: Snapping Turtle. WatsuH, MicHaeLt T., New York Citv: Tovi Parrakeet (2 specimens). Warp, R. E., New York City: Blue-Fronted Amazon Parrot. Watts, M. H., New York City: Alligator (2 specimens). WELsH, JAcos, Fairmount, N. J.: Jumping Mouse. WEsL_eEy, Mrs., New York City: Tovi Parrakeet. WHITMAN, CLARENCE, Katonah, New York: 3 Reeve’s Pheasants, 1 Golden Pheasant, 1 Silver Pheasant, 1 Am- herst Pheasant, 2 Ring-Necked Pheasants. Total, 8 specimens. WiepErRHOLD, Mrs. Max, New York City: Blue-Fronted Amazon Parrct. WItson, WittiAM S., New York City: Box Turtle. Wotorr, Mrs. A., New York City: Alligator. Work, Horace H., Madison, N. J.: White-Tailed Deer. ZANDER, Gustav, New York City: Diamond-Backed Rattlesnake. Zier, Mrs. M., New York City: Nighthawk. Gifts of Plants. Coueate, Mrs. S. F.,. Yonkers, N. Y.: 2 large Seaforthia Palms. ZIEGLER, ESTATE OF WILLIAM, New York City (through Mr. W.S. Champ): 1 large Fan Palm. 128 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY Miscellaneous List. Boutton, Buiss & Da.tett, Red D. S. S. Line, New York City: Transportation of 14 cages of animals from La Guayra, Venezuela, to New York. Passt BREWING ComPANY, New York City (through A. F. Stoeger) : 10 empty kegs, for bears and elephants. THE WINCHESTER REPEATING ARMS CompaANy, New Haven, Conn. _ (through Winchester Bennett, Second Vice-President). Winchester Rifle, calibre 405, leather case and cartridges. Gifts to the Library. BEEBE, C. WittiaM, New York City: Ricerche Sulla Morfologia Dello Piuma. By Alessandro Ghigi. Exricu, Howarp, New York City: The Gardens and Menagerie of the Zoological Society (London). ~ Volume I, Quadrupeds; Volume II, Birds. HornapAy, WiLLiaAmM T., New York City: Camp-Fires on Desert and Lava. Hornaday. LAWRENCE, TOWNSEND, Flushing, Long Island, N. Y.: The Man-Eaters of Tsavo. Patterson. Osporn, Henry FairFietp, New York City: Evolution of Mammalian Molar Teeth. Osborn. Russ, Epwarp, Hoboken, N. J.: ; On Safari.—Big Game Hunting in British East Africa. Abel Chapman. Camps and Cruises of an Ornithologist. Frank M. Chapman. Across the Sub-Arctics of Canada. J. W. Tyrrell. Through the Mackenzie Basin. Charles Mair and R MacFarlane Report of the New Jersey State Museum for 1907—Mammals of New Jersey (3 copies). The Birds of New Jersey. Wack, Henry WeEtLIncton, New York City: The Story of the Congo Free States. H. W. Wack. Warp, RowLanp, London, England: The Game Animals of Africa. R. Lydekker. List of Gifts TOstnE NARONAL COLLECTION OF HEADS AND HORNS. (April IL 1908, to April i 1909. ) * Bituincs, F. S., Woodstock, Vt. : Big-Horn Mountain Sheep. Mounted head of lamb. BRADLEY, J. R.: Ibex. Mounted head. CAUGHNAWANA FISHING AND HuntTING Crus, of Quebec, Canada (through W. J. Buttfield, New York City) : Canadian Moose. Mounted head (65 inches spread). Disston, Jr., HENry, Philadelphia: Derby Eland, (Taurotragus derbianus). Male. Horns. 43 inches. (World’s record.) Also one smaller pair. Epwarps, Harry, Fairbanks, Alaska: 2 Osborn Caribou. Antlers. FucueEt, Howarp, Philadelphia, Pa.: Black-Faced Caribou. Mounted head. Grizzly Bear Skull. GouLp, GEORGE J.: THE DONALDSON SMITH COLLECTION. INDIA. Sloth Bear, (Ursus labiatus). Mounted head. Indian Bison, or Gaur, (Bos gaurus). Mounted head. India Buffalo, (Bos arni). Mounted head. Tiger, (Felis tigris). Mounted head. AFRICA. African Elephant, (Elephas africanus). Pair of tusks. 1 tusk 7 feet 5 inches; weight 108 pounds; I tusk 7 feet 3 inches; weight Ioo pounds. Ruppel’s Reedbuck, (Cervicapra bohore). Mounted head. Rhinoceros, (Rhinoceros bicornis). Mounted head. Colobus Monkey, (new species), (Colobus guereza poliura). Mounted. Warthog, (Phacochaerus africanus). Mounted head. Giraffe, (Giraffa camelopardalis neumanti). Mounted head. Speke’s Gazelle, (Gazella spekei). Mounted head. Topi Antelope, (Damaliscus jimela). 2 specimens: T head. Lelwel Hartebeest, (Bubalis lelwel). 2 specimens: head and skull and horns. Grevy Zebra, (Equus grevit). Mounted head. Dik-Dik Antelope, (Madoqua guntherii smithii). Mounted head. (Subspecies named in honor of Dr. Smith.) Defassa Waterbuck, (Cobus defassa stefanicus). Mounted head. Abyssinian Buffalo, (Bos equinoctialis). Mounted head. 130 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY Waller’s Gazelle, (Lithocranius walleri). 4 specimens: 3 heads, and I young specimen. Lesser Kudu, (Strepsiceros imberbis). Mounted head. Grant’s Gazelle, (Gazella grantii). Mounted head. : Bright’s Gazelle, (Gazella grantii brightii). 6 specimens: 1 head, 4 pairs of horns, 1 female. Soemmering’s Gazelle, (Gazella soemmeringii). 7 specimens: I male mounted head, female skull and horns, 5 pairs of horns. Beisa, (Oryx beisa). 5 specimens: I female mounted head 1 male mounted head, 3 pairs of horns and skulls. African Black Rhinoceros, (Rhinoceros bicornis). 5 pairs of horns. Ee OU Ota (H. amphibius). 2 specimens: lower jaw, and pair of tusks. Swayne’s Hartebeest, (Bubalis swaynei). 3 specimens: skull and horns. Reedbuck, (Cervicapra redunca). Horns. Peter’s Gazelle, (Gazella petersi). Horns. Coke Hartebeest, (Bubalis coke). Thomson's Gazelle, (Gazella thomsonii). 2 specimens: female. Hart, FRANK, Doylestown, Pa.: Colorado Mule Deer. Skull and horns. Arabian Ibex. Skull and horns. Malayan Sambar Deer. Horns. Persian Wild Goat. Skull and horns. Japanese Sika Deer. Skull and horns. Grant’s Gazelle. Skull and horns. Tragelaphus. Skull and horns. Schomburgk’s Deer. Skull and horns. Siberian Roe. Skull and horns. Pampas Deer. Skull and horns. Clarke’s Gazelle. Horns. Sambar Deer. Horns. House, E. J. Pittsburgh; Pax: Atlantic Walrus. Young Bull. Mounted head. Rhinoceros. Mounted head. Burchell Zebra Mounted head. Grevy Zebra. Mounted head. Three-Horned Giraffe. Unmounted head. Osborn Caribou. Unmounted head Mountain Goat. Female. Unmounted head. Larnep, Epwarp P., Summit, N. J.: Atlantic Walrus. Skull of female. Lover, Sir Epmunp Gies, Leonardslea, England: Loder’s Gazelle (Gazella loderi). Male. Tibetan Shou, or Sikkim Stag, (Cervus affinis). Antlers. Maperra, Percy C., Philadelphia, Pa.: Hippopotamus. Female. Mounted head. Steinbuck. 2 unmounted heads. Zebra. Unmounted head. Oribi. Mounted head. Dik-Dik. Mounted head. Duiker. Two mounted heads. Hartebeest. Mounted head. THIRTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT 131 MiTcHELL, Hon. MAson, American Consul, Apia, Samoa: Snow Leopard. Skin rug. Clouded Leopard. Skin rug. Common Leopard. Skin rug. Mitchell's Lynx. Skin rug. Norton, Georce F., New York: 1 Pair Tusks of Atlantic Walrus. 1 Narwhal Tusk. Addax. Horns. Series of Panorama Photographs of scenery in Lower California. Puiuips, JOHN M., Pittsburgh, Pa.: Rocky Mountain Goat. Unmounted head. Potter, Witson, Philadelphia, Pa.: Big-Horn Mountain Sheep. Male. Mounted head. 54 Photographs of scenery and mountain sheep in Lower California. RADCLYFFE, Percy, London, England: Marco Polo’s Sheep, (Ovis poli). Male. Unmounted head and horns. Runetus, Cart, Brooklyn: Wyoming Moose. Antlers and skull. SENFF, CHARLES H.: Interlocked Moose Antlers from Alaska. Wack, Henry WELLINGTON: Atlin Moose. Mounted head . Gifts to the Aquarium BorLENBURG, Master Seymour, Brooklyn, N. Y.: Snapping Turtle. Brown, C. E., Highland, Ulster Co., N. Y.: Mud Puppy. Bruce, E. K., Thornburg, Iowa: 3 Mud Puppies, 13 Fancy Gold Fishes. Carr, CHRISTOPHER, Brooklyn, N. Y.: Painted Turtle. CHARLEBOIS, ALBERT, Hoboken, N. J.: Yellow-Bellied Terrapin. Criatr, Miss Acnges, New York City: Painted Turtle. Dauustrom, N. R. T., U. S. S. “Mayflower,” Painted Turtle. Davis, A. B., Wading River, L. I.: Two-year-old Brook Trout (19 specimens). Davis, WILLIAM, Staten Island, N. Y.: Collection of Water Beetles. Epertin, F. C., New York City: Young Alligator. EGERLAND, ALEXANDER, New York City: Young Alligator. Fay, Ricuarp S., Newark, N. J.: Young Alligator. FISHER, THEODORE, Staten Island, N. Y-: Blue Crab with Mussels attached to back and claw. Forest, FisH AND GAME Society (Sportsmen’s Show), New York City: 13 Channel Catfish, 8 Mudfish, 7 Calico Bass, 11 Sunfish, 2 Brook Suckers, 9 Pike, 25 Rock Bass, 87 Brook Trout, 1 Lake Herring, 5 Bullheads, 10 Burbot, 15 Wall-Eyed Pike, 40 Rudd, 17 Blue-Gilled Sunfish, 53 Short-Eared Sunfish, 4 Mirror Carp, 16 LargeMouthed Bass, 22 Yellow Perch, 3 Lake Whitefish. Foster, Joun S., New York City: Snapping Turtle. Foster, M. G., New York City: Mounted specimen of Tuna. Gatiup, Miss Anna B., Brooklyn, N. Y.: Young Alligator (4 specimens). GicNoux, The Misses Louise W. and Mirprep, New York City: Slider Terrapin. GotpsTEIN, Isaac, New York City: Spotted Turtle. GovuLpiInc, Harry, New York City: Painted Turtles (7 specimens). Grere, Master Frep., Brooklyn, N. Y.: Young Alligator (2 specimens). HazeE., WiLt1AM, New York City: Yellow-Bellied Slider. Hotgy, Messrs. Lewis, MorreL and Vernon, New Rochelle, N. Y.: Collection of Sea Anemones, Starfishes and Sea Squirts. Hussey, E. A., New York City: Young Alligator (2 specimens). Ketter, E. F., New York City: Striped Catfish from India. | KENNEDY, JoHN, Jr., New York City: Diamond-Backed Terrapin. Know es, E., New York City: Young Alligator. | Kuan, Joun C., New York City: Green Turtle. Lescu, JoHn, New York City: Box Turtles (4 specimens). Levy, Master L., New York City: Box Turtle. Levy, F. B., New York City: Spotted Turtle. Mack, Witi1aM, New York City: Fancy Gold Fishes (2 specimens). Mayer, Dr. A. G., Dry Tortugas, Florida: Collection of Land Crabs and young Loggerhead Turtles. Maywarp, Miss M. G., Orange, N. J.: Young Alligator. ‘ | | Meyre, Diepricu, New York City: 132 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY | Young Alligator. Murr, James, Hoboken, N. J.: Snapping Turtle. NewMaAN, E. W., Brooklyn, N. Y.: Diamond-Backed Terrapin. Nixicu, Nirvan, New York City: Painted Turtle. - THIRTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT 13: WY V~ Norter, CapraIn Nick, Brooklyn, N. Y.: Flounder. Pace, Mr. Brett, Brooklyn, N. Y.: Young Alligator. PaRADISE Brook Trout Co., Paradise, Pa.: 5,000 Brook Trout Eggs. PuHiLiies, MAstER THomas, New York City: Spotted Turtles (2 specimens). Reccio, Rev. Louis, New York City: Box Tortoise. REDFIELD, MASTER Epwarp, Closter, N. J.: 36 Salamanders, Wood Turtle. Rockwoop, Witt1Am H., New York City: ‘2 Long-Eared Sunfish, 4 Yellow Perch, 3 Shiners, 1 Short-Eared Sunfish. Sacer, Mr., New York City: 1 Black Bass, 3 Sunfish. Scott, Cuartes A., Brooklyn, N. Y.: Young Alligator. SEGNINE, FLEETWOOD, New York City: Painted Turtle. Srncer, Gus, New York City: Young Alligator. Smiru, A. J.. New York City. Alligator. St. Joun, Mr., New York City: Mantis Shrimp (2 specimens). STRASBURGER, J., New York City: Young Alligator. SULLIVAN, JoHN, New York City: Young Alligator. TayLor, WiLLiAM, New York City: Box Turtles (2 specimens). TrRUSHEIM, ALBERT, Brooklyn, N. Y.: Box Turtle. Tutte, H. A., Centerport, Long Island, N. Y.: Specimens of Oyster attached to pipe. TuxeEpo Cius, Tuxedo, New York (through Mr. E. C. Kent): Steelhead Trout (1,000 specimens). U. S. FisHertes Bureau, Washington, D. C.: 10,000 Trout Eggs, 1,000,000 White Fish Eggs, 20,000 Quinnat Salmon Eggs, 1,000,000 Pike Perch, collection of Fresh-Water Mussels from Mississippi River. WERNICcH, JosEPH, Brooklyn, N. Y.: Painted Turtle. Wacner, R., New York City: Painted Turtle. Watsu, Joun, Brooklyn, N. Y.: Box Turtle. Warren, Dr. Joun, New York City: Young Alligator (2 specimens). Youne, Mrs. E. N., Brooklyn, N. Y.: Young Alligator (2 specimens). 134 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOGIERY Gitts to Aquarium Library CARNEGIE INsTITUTION, Washington, D. C.: Handbook of Learned Societies. HarcitT, Pror. CHARLES W., Syracuse University, Syracuse, N. Y.: Pamphlets on Zoology. Hoen, Messrs. A., & Co., Baltimore, Md.: 16 Colored Plates of Fishes of North Carolina. New Jersey STATE Museum (through S. R. Morse, Curator), Trenton, Ne JE: Report, New Jersey State Museum. New York Forest, FisH AND GAME ComMMiIssIon (through Hon. J. S. Whipple, Commissioner), Albany, N. Y.: Report, New York Forest, Fish and Game Commission. ParKER, Pror. G. H., Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. : Pamphlets on Zoology. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, Washington, D. C.: Reports and other Publications for 1908. StaTE GEOoLociIst, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Fishes of North Carolina, Smith; Oyster Culture in North Carolina. TownseEnp, C. H., New York City: The Aquarium—H. D. Butler. | U. S. Fisueries Bureau (through Hon. George M. Bowers, Commis- sioner), Washington, D. C.: Reports and other Publications for 1908. WInGATE, Harotp, Academy of Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa.: Proceedings of Academy of Sciences. Purchases BrrLtEM, Mrs. Frep. A., Cranberry Isles, Maine: Large Lobster. Kwno.zi, Louis, & Son, New York City: Turtles (6 specimens). McDona_p, Mrs. JANET, Bayville, Maine: Harbor Seals (4 specimens). Moweray, L. L., Hamilton, Bermuda—Tropical Fishes from Bermuda: 1 Red Grouper, 42 Nassau Grouper, 16 Pig Fish, 2 Hogfish, 2 Spiny Lobster, 53 Hinds, 8 Princess Rock Fishes, 4 Common Rock Fishes, 2 Salmon Rock Fishes, 1 Tiger Rock Fish, 5 Cubbyu, 3 Locust Lobsters, 41 Striped Grunts, 32 Yellow Grunts, 1 White Grunt, 1 Butterfly Fish, 21 Trigger-fishes, 1 Queen Trigger-fish, 82 Four Eves, 4 Yellow Tails, 5 Gray Snappers, 1 Spot Snapper, 10 Cow Fishes, 25 Trunk Fishes, 12 Spotted Morays, 1 large Green Moray, 2 small Green Morays, 71 Squirrel, 1 Porcupine, 136 Angel Fishes, 1 Iridio, 25 Coneys, 4 Octopus, 46 Surgeon Fishes, 4 Blue Tang, 3 Brown Parrots, 21 Green Parrot-fishes, 24 Mud Parrot-fishes, 9 Red-Finned Parrot-fishes, 5 Blue Parrot- fishes, 6 Parrot-fishes, 2 Lady Fishes, 1 Graysby, 9 Sergeant Majors, 1 Bream. THIRTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT 1 ot) Or PISACANO, JoHN, New York City: 3 dozen Crayfishes. SAUNDERS, CHARLES, New York City: Hawkbill Turtle. SMITH, WALTER T., New York City: 400-pound Green Turtle. STANLEY, STEVE, New York City: Horseshoe Crab. STEAMER “ANGLER.”—Collections from the “fishing banks” off the New Jersey Coast: 44 Prickly Skate, 12 Smooth Dogfish, 33 Horned Dogfish, 17 Sea Ravens, 9 Sea Robins, 62 Mutton Fish, 68 Sculpin, 34 Cunners, 114 Swell Fish, 55 Blackfish, 9 Anglers, 2 Fluke, 9 Barndoor Skate, 13 Codfish, 2 Trigger-fish, 12 Hake, 22 Whiting, 1 Yellow Sea Raven, 1 Conger Eel, 8 Sea Bass, 1 File Fish, 7 Bait Bugs, 2 Blue Crabs, 4 Starfish, 2 Lobster, 9 specimens Sea Plant, 2 pieces of Coral, 2 bunches Horse Mussels, 2 Lady Crabs. Tityou, GeorcE C., Coney Island, New York: Sea Lions (2 specimens). WILInSKI, J. J., Brooklyn, N. Y.: Large Lobster. Wi son, Georce C., Belmar, N. J.: 840-pound Leatherback Turtle. Woo:tey, JoHN, Ocean Grove, N. J.: Porpoises (2 specimens). Exchanges DeEtroIT AQUARIUM, Detroit, Mich.: 1 Fresh-Water Sheepshead, 13 Whitefish, 1o Burbot, 7 Mudfish, 1 Crayfish, 6 Suckers, 1 Bullhead, 5 Long-Jawed Gar, 1 Short-Jawed Gar, 11 Necturus, 13 Rock Bass, 10 Pike Perch, 10 Quill-Back, 8 Sauger Pike, 6 Stone Rollers, 15 Red Horse Suckers, 1 Yellow Perch, 2 Short-Eared Sunfish, lot of young Gold Fishes. Tuxepo CLus, Tuxedo, New York: 14 Landlocked Salmon, 15 Steelhead Trout. ‘yIevq [BOIBo0[OoZ ey} UL psley oY} WosJ satvu oY} JO 9UO “6061 NI LVOD NIVINNOW AMOOU RevOkRD WOR THE VETERINARIAN. By W. REID BLAIR, D.V.S. HE general health of the animals during the past year has been well maintained, and the death-rate kept well within what we must consider the normal for our collections. There have been the usual number of interesting medical and surgical cases among the animals during the year; and two cases of rheu- matism, owing to their severity, are worthy of special mention. Rheumatism.—The first case was that of the male African rhinoceros, which early in April was noticed to be in ill-health. He ceased to take any exercise and was found to be lying down a great deal of the time, and when urged to move would do so with slow, stiff and painful movements. The disease seemed to be localized in the joints; the knees and hocks being simultane- ously attacked, and the suffering of the animal was intense. After a few days’ illness he would lie constantly on his side, and when any attempt was made to disturb him he would groan with pain, and could gain his feet only with great effort. Under pressure, all the joints were very painful and much swollen. The skin over and surrounding the articulations was red, dry and hard; the mucous membranes of the nostrils and mouth congested, and the eyeballs greatly injected. This animal was given salol in one dram doses, twice daily, for about a week, but without marked benefit. This drug was then discontinued, and salicylate of sodium substituted, with the result that the animal showed almost immediate relief from the beginning. Improvement continued for three weeks, when entire recovery had taken place. While this was a very striking case, still we have had equally good results in other cases of rheumatism by the administration of this drug. The Altai wapiti has had several attacks of rheumatism, usually coming on in late fall or early winter. Two years ago salol relieved this animal very promptly, but in the two last attacks it was apparently of no benefit, while gradual relief was afforded by the administration of the salicylate compounds. From our expe- rience it appears that the secret of success with salicylate of sodium, and the salicylate compounds generally, lies in the speedy saturation of the system with the drug, rather than its moderate 138 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY and continuous administration. If the salicylate of sodium fails to relieve or give improvement after a few days’ use, there is good reason to believe that the case is not one of genuine rheu- matism. Osteomalacia or Cage Paralysis—Very few cases of this dis- ease have occurred in the Primate collection during the past year, although several animals received as gifts were found to be in the secondary stages of the disease, and, being unfit for exhibi- tion, were consequently destroyed. Rickets——While osteomalacia is a resoftening of the bones oi mature animals in consequence of absorption of the lime salts, rickets, on the contrary, arises from the bones of young ani- mals remaining soft owing to deficient calcification. Notwith- standing an extensive study of both these conditions, we are as yet unable to sufficiently clear up many of the puzzling charac- ters, and determine definitely the relationship between the two diseases. Rickets is seen among young lions, leopards, wolves, baboons, marmosets and other South American monkeys; and in many small mammals, as opossums, badgers and skunks. Probably the chief cause of the disease as seen among wild animals, is the deficiency, of lime and phosphorus in the food. The disease has recently been artificially produced in young dogs, pigs, goats and sheep, by continuously feeding them on food that was poor in lime salts, and these results are fully confirmed from clinical observation and practice. Finally, the fact that animals suffering from rickets are greatly improved or permanently cured by an increased supply of lime in the food, strengthens the theory that deficiency of lime is one of the chief causes of the disease. The development of rickets is a slow process, requiring usually several months. While there does not seem to be an abso- lute constancy in the lesions, aside from the bone alterations, there is usually a period of ill-health and faulty nutrition before any changes in the bones can be recognized. Among young lion cubs one of the first symptoms observed is an awkward, painful gait. The body sways from side to side in walking, and the animal is easily wearied, or found lacking in endurance. It lies down most of the time, and may even per- sistently refuse to get up and exercise. The ends of the bones enlarge near the joints, and the animal walks on the outside ot the foot-pad, owing to partial flexion of the joints. Later on the long bones show signs of bowing; and this is seen principally in the radius and ulna. The back deviates from a straight line. THIRTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT 139 Either it is arched, with the dorsal vertebre prominent, or the back may be depressed, giving a hollow or saddle-back appear- ance to the animal. Growth is greatly retarded, and often the animal remains dwarfed. Rickets in monkeys is shown by great unthriftiness. The hair is dry, rough and faded, and the skin shows a predisposition to eczema. The back is arched and the bones prominent. There is swelling of the joints, particularly of the wrist, elbow and knee; the ends of the ribs are enlarged and the chest caved in. Bron- chitis, indigestion and skin irritations appear, and, if not relieved, the animal continues in a state of malnutrition, and soon dies. In the small mammals rickets is manifested by bony enlarge- ments at the joints, and by button-like thickenings at the union of the ribs and costal cartilages; and curvature of the extremities with the hind legs flexed tightly under the body. The animals lie huddled up a great deal of the time, and when made to move do so with slow, painful movements. Rickets may be mistaken for acute muscular rheumatism, but it must be remembered that rickets is a slow and gradually develop- ing disease, while rheumatism comes on suddenly. In rheumatism there is no bulging and bending of the bones, and unless in the chronic form there are no enlargements at the joints. In prevention and treatment alike, fresh air and dry quarters are absolutely necessary. Lime water, small doses of phosphate of soda or bone dust act beneficially as tonics as well as food material. For the carnivorous animals daily doses of cod-liver oil, given over a long period, is also of great value. Practically all cat animals will take this oil, smeared over meat, and in many cases will lap the clear oil from a pan with great relish. The other substances being practically tasteless no difficulty is ex- perienced in administering them to any animal with the food. Gastro-Enteritis—The number of deaths from gastro-enteritis diminish each year, and during the past year no important large mammal died from this disease. In the buffalo herd, which has heretofore been the greatest sufferer from this disease, the only death to be recorded is that of a very old cow which had been a chronic sufferer from gastro-enteritis for the past five years. Among the animals on Mountain Sheep Hill there has been but few cases of gastro-enteritis. A number of acute cases developed during the late summer and early autumn, but by their prompt removal to the hospital, or Small-Deer House, for treatment they have ail recovered. The male mouflon, which has had no less than five severe attacks of gastro-enteritis, has been kept in the Small- 140 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY Deer House during the past year, and is now in fine condition. The same is true of a number of other animals. Pneumoma.—Fewer cases of pneumonia were seen during the past year than formally, although this was found as a frequent complication in animals suffering from distemper, tuberculosis or enteritis. From our investigation of pneumonia, and clinical experience, we are convinced that a large number of the pneumonic cases which we meet with are due to a mixed infection, although the specific organisms have not been definitely determined. It would appear that the germs of pneumonia are not the same in all cases of the disease, and for all genera of animals. A spherical or oval coccus, arranged in pairs or short chains of four or more, as well as a short rod-shaped bacillus with rounded ends, occurring in pairs, are fairly constantly present. No animal inoculations with these organisms have been made to determine their degree of virulence. Tuberculosis—Outside the Primate collection no cases of tuberculosis have occurred during the past year. Our large chimpanzee “Soko,” which had lived in the Park for about six years, died of generalized tuberculosis. Chimpanzee “August,” another old inmate of the Primate House, died from acute tubercular pneumonia. This latter animal was a chronic sufferer from bronchitis, and on two occasions was seriously ill with broncho-pneumonia, but he rallied well in both instances and made good recoveries. Other cases of tuberculosis occurred in the smaller monkeys. During the past year I have used the “Calmette Eyetest’’ for the detection of occult tuberculosis in monkeys. While as yet my observations have not been extensive, still it appears to be a most reliable method of detecting obscure cases of lymphatic tuberculosis. The test was applied to a chimpanzee which had just arrived, and the animal gave a typical reaction in six hours. It lived several weeks and on autopsy showed extensive lymphatic tuberculosis, the lungs being only moderately affected. Since the lymphatic form of tuberculosis is the most difficult to detect, this method, if future results are as successful as we hope, will be of the greatest value to us in eliminating tuberculosis from our collections. Distemper.—A few cases of this disease have occurred among the small mammals during the year, but with isolation of the infected animals and disinfection of the cages, the disease was promptiy controlled. A pair of Australian wild dogs, recent arrivals from the National Zoological Park, contracted the dis- THIRTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT 141 ease. They were removed to the hospital cages, where one died, the other making a good recovery without nervous symptoms remaining. Of all the diseases with which we have to contend, distemper is the most insidious, and the most fatal, and on account of the large number of species susceptible to this affection, every small mammat which arrives at the Park is viewed with suspicion for two weeks or more. Distemper is universally prevalent through- out the country, and is rarely absent for any length of time from the channels of transportation and animal exchanges, and to make the problem of control all the more difficult it is impossible to determine the medium through which the infection reaches our animals. For these reasons great precautions are necessary. Bronchial Filaria and Rainey’s Corpuscles.—Ilt is now several years since either of these conditions have been found in the animals of the elk herd. The health of this collection has never been so satisfactory as at the present time. The same is true of the red deer and Asiatic deer herds. Unusual Cause of Death.—An unusual cause of death was dis- covered in the female black leopard which died on September Io. At feeding time this animal and its cage mate quarreled over the pieces of meat which were thrown into the cage. The keeper reported that the male leopard fought for the meat which the female had in her mouth, chasing her through the passage to the outside cage, and he noticed that the male returned almost im- mediately with the meat in his mouth. After the keeper had fed the rest of the animals he took a piece of meat and proceeded to the outside cage to give it to the female leopard. Not finding her out there he investigated further, and finally found her in the sleeping box, dead. The autopsy which followed showed the cause of death to bea piece of beef, five inches long and three-fourths of an inch thick, firmly lodged in the upper part of the windpipe and larynx, which the animal in her haste to swallow drew into the windpipe and was unable to dislodge, thereby causing asphyxiation. Among the other unusual causes of deaths were the following: Sarcomatous growth attached to the spleen, weighing 834 pounds, in Eskimo dog “Bridge”; Trawmatic peritonitis in an aoudad ; Pericarditis and cysticerci in a Baker’s roan antelope; generalized infection with Cysticerci in a chamois; septic metritis in a buffalo cow; and foxic gastro-enteritis in a guanaco. Injuries—There were a number of deaths as a result of un- avoidable accidents, among them a young beatrix antelope, which suffered compound comminuted fractures of both fore legs and 142 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY had to be chloroformed. A young black-buck antelope broke its neck by rushing violently against the corral fence. A young buffalo heifer was gored to death by one of the other animals in the herd. There were a number of the smaller animals killed by cage mates. As a part of my report I append a tabulated statement showing the causes of the deaths among the mammals of the Zoological Park during the past year. LIST SHOWING CAUSES OF DEATH AMONG MAMMALS DURING 1908. = 2 = ro S} s =a Bb TOP $9" [et et aes = PHEUMO NIA. 2o.aseate ee ee once saae ap eeee ee Bal oalt ovr) cabal ae | 20 Gastro-enteritist ss... seers esse ceo Zeca oe, fal mania | 15 Malnutrition and Atrophy.............../ Sa secose Tt} os ks i Killed, by Cage Mates).05..22..:...-2- Ras oe RA ee al aa ee | 10 Quarantine (died or destroyed),........ G4) sees coal aeeeeatee aa! | 10 PAD EnewlOsis. 22a.) reals Renae ee ae Oxyechus vociferus (Linn.). Black-necked Stilt ....... Himantopus mexicanus (Miill.). Huropean: Avocet ......... Recurvirostra avocetta Linn. European Curlew ........Numenius arquata (Linn.). 150 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY W himbrelii=s2 jaca oe Numenius phaeopus (Linn.). Dowitcher. 32-92 ieee Macrorhamphus griseus (Gmel.). Wallet aegis hese ere oxt eae Catoptrophorus semipalmatus (Gmel.). Redshankse s.35- cee: cates Totanus calidris (Linn.). Vellow-legsy rn = neces Totanus flavipes (Gmel.). Spotted Sandpiper .......Actitis macularia (Linn.) UUs epee ep teenetcoe Pavoncella pugnax (Linn.). Bartramian Sandpiper ....Bartramia longicauda (Bechst.). Semipalmated Sandpiper. ..Ereunetes pusillus (Linn.). Savderling esses oe oct ae Calidris leucophaea (Pall.). Knobs Ws yas a eo Tringa canutus (Linn.). Wialson: Sniper. socesce< se Gallinago delicata (Ord.). American Woodcock ...... Philohela minor (Gmel.). Sub-Order Oedicnemi. Family OEDICNEMIDAE, ‘Thicknees. Double-striped Thicknee ..Oedicnemus bistriatus (Wagl.). Order GRUIFORMES, Cranes, Seriemas, etc. Sub-Order Grues. Family GRUIDAE, Cranes. Sandhill ‘Cranes afc ae- Grus mexicana (Mill.). Little Brown: Crane =... 5-6 Grus canadensis (Linn.). Whooping Crane .<.)...:... Grus americana (Linn.). Asiatic White Crane ...... Sarcogeranus leucogeranus (Pall.). Saruss@rane cee eee Antigone antigone (Linn.). Baradise Crane... se eee Tetrapteryx paradisea (Licht.). Weéemoiselle Crane gee Anthropoides virgo (Linn.). Crowned: Cranen nna. eae Balearica pavonina (Linn.). Sub-Order Arami. Family Aramipar, Limpkins. Limpkin or Courlan ....... lramus vociferus (Lath.). Sub-Order Eurypygae. Family EurypyGipAr, Sun-bitterns. SUN DIGLerM Ahoy ke ec are Eurypyga helias (Pall.). THIRTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT Sub-Order Psophiae. Family Psopnipag, 'Trumpeters. Common Trumpeter ...... Psophia crepitans Linn. Sub-Order Dicholophi. Family CARIAMIDAE, Seriemas. SErienawenc ems ae eet acre Cariama cristata Linn. ‘Order ARDEIFORMES, Ibises, Storks, and Herons. Sub-Order Plataleae. Family [srpipae, Ibises. Glossy? Ubiss 2 .hthe snes: Plegadis autumnalis (Hasselq.). White-faced Glossy Ibis...Plegadis guarauna (Linn.). Menbe MLDS exces casera ce.re Guara alba (Linn.). SGMULELs Mi bIS* C7 Ae ise. oie ser oe Guara rubra (Linn.). Family PLATALEIDAE, Spoonbills. Reseate Spoonbill ........: djaia ajaia (Linn.). Sub-Order Ciconiae. Family Ciconrmaz, Storks and Adjutants. Wood Ibis ..............Mycteria americana Linn. Indian Wood Ibis’. 7). .... Pscudotantalus leucocephalus (Gmel.). VIBES GOR Ke Sayin aioe a's Ciconia ciconia (Linn.). Black Stork: Si. cs ccc s Ciconia nigra (Linn.). Black-necked Stork ...... Xenorhynchus asiaticus (Lath.). 71/21 Sieh Rams Ao ere ae a Jabiru mycteria (Licht.). indian Adputant = 22-25 +. Leptoptilus dubius (Gmel.). AMAA CULaIG bee eae Leptoptilus javanicus (Horsf.). Marabou, Stork: i505 3... 6: Leptoptilus crumeniferus (Less.). Sub-Order Ardeae. Family ArpemaAr, Herons and Bitterns. European Blue Heron ....drdea cinerea Linn. Great; Blue Heron) . 42.5: -:2 Ardea herodias herodias Linn. Warde ERerOM! a. 2)3c67!1i-3 snd Ardea herodias wardi Ridgw. Greaba White Teron: -. 25-7 Ardea occidentalis Ord. WMericany WOTeLy—.- 6 <2. 5 Herodias egretta (Gmel.). 151 152 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY Little Blue Heron .......#lorida caerulea (Linn.). Reddish@boret sie. rer Dichromanassa rufescens (Gmel.). Snowy Hereb cc: 2 oa ee Egretta candidissima (Gmel.). Louisiana Heron .........Hydranassa tricolor ruficollis (Gosse). Yellow-crowned Night Heron ..............Nyctanassa violaceus (Linn.). Black-crowned Night ELEROnie ose .co eae se Nycticorax nycticorax naevius ( Bodd.). European Night Heron ....Nycticorax nycticorax (Linn.). Greenvierons e532 - a Butorides virescens (Linn.). Amazonian Tiger Bittern ..Tigrisoma lineatum (Bodd.). Tiger” Bittern: oo... Fieterocnus cabanisi (Heine). Least “Bittern 27.45. soho Txobrychus exilis (Gmel.). American {Biiterm, 645.2: Botaurus lentiginosus (Montag.). Order PALAMEDEIFORMES, Screamer. Sub-Order Palamedeae. Family PALAMEDIDAE, Screamers. Crested Screamer ........ Chauna cristata (Swains.). Order PHOENICOPTERIFORMES, Flamingos. Family PHOENICOPTERIDAE, Flamingos. American Flamingo ...... Phoenicopterus ruber Linn. European Flamingo ...... Phoenicopterus roseus Pall. Order ANSERIFORMES, Swans, Geese, and Ducks. Family ANATIDAE, Swans, Geese, and Ducks. Whooping Swan)... 2220 a. Cygnus cygnus (Linn.). BewickiS wanes 2s acre Cygnus benicki Yarr. Whisthng Swan j2222) Cygnus columbianus (Ord.). Trumpeter Swan .........Cygnus buccinator Richards. Mute: (Swale. cn a ae Cygnus olor Gmel. Black-necked Swan .......Cygnus melanocoryphus (Mol.). Black Swans caves acne Chenopsis atrata (Lath.). Semipalmated Goose .....Anseranus semipalmata (Lath.). Spur-winged Goose .......Plectropterus gambensis (Linn.). THIRTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT Ld: Muscovy suck <9 ni) >. 2) Cairina moschata (Linn.). Wood Dmchkts 62 0st 2 ao we dix sponsa (Linn.). Mandarine Duck) 205.4. 22.22 Aix galericulata (Linn.). CoscorobaGoose “2.2 ¢..: Coscoroba coscoroba (Mol.). DMOWAGOOSE. a osc fccde fas Chen hyperborea (Pall.). Greater Snow Goose ......Chen hyperborea nivalis (Forst.). Wild Gray Goose: . 2%... 152 dnser anser (Linn.). White-fronted Goose ..... Anser albifrons (Gmel.). eam GOOSE ice a shegeee cine ce dnser fabilis Lath. Pink-footed Goose ....... Anser brachyrhynchus (Baill.). Bar-headed Goose ....... Eulabia indica (Lath.). @hinese Goose. 222.4... Cygnopsis cygnoides (Linn.). Canada Goose ©. -..2. 2. ..Branta canadensis Linn. Iiutchin “Goose .......... Branta canadensis hutchinsii (Richards). Barnacle Goose .......... Branta leucopsis (Bechst.). rami OOS i448 foie os escie ech sis Branta bernicla (Linn.). Upland Goose 2.452 .056.% Chloéphaga magellanica (Gmel.). White-faced Tree-duck ....Dendrocygna viduata (Linn.). iRulvouslree-duck. ........ Dendrocygna fulva (Gmel.). Australian Tree-duck ..... Dendrocygna arcuata (Horsf.). ava ree-GUCK 24.6 6 eis ews Dendrocygna javanica (Horsf.). Black-bellied Tree-duck ..Dendrocygna autumnalis (Linn.). Bahama Tree-duck ....... Dendrocygna arborea (Linn.). Eeyptians ‘Goose ..2 2... 6+ Alopochen aegyptiacus (Linn.). Tadorna Sheldrake:........ Tadorna tadorna (Linn.). Ruddy Sheldrake ........ Casarca casarca (Linn.). Australian Sheldrake ..... Casarca tadornoides (J. & S.). Mallard SD ugk: sis isc 3, 248.22 fnas platyrhynchos Linn. Smaragd (Duck \. 525 a : a dnas platyrhynchos Linn. var. Blacks Duck 22 cee nt 4nas obscuras Gmel. Australian Gray Duck ....Anas superciliosa Gmel. Gadwall Duckers2 hac. soe Chaulelasmus strepera Linn. European Widgeon .......Mareca penelope (Linn.). Bald patersn.. Gerson otc: eyeneee Mareca americana (Gmel.). European Green-winged cali Ree wg en Nettion crecca (Linn.). American Green-winged Teal ...............Nettion carolinensis (Gmel.). Joris (AW Bbc) cae eaes Jee anaes Dafila acuta (Linn.). | WW 154 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY Garganey (Neale rey seer oe Querquedula querquedula (Linn.). Blue-winged' Teale 3. 4 Querquedula discors (Linn.). Cimnamon? eal) ci ses Querquedula cyanoptera Vieill. Shoveller Duckwas2 2 ee Spatula clypeata (Linn.). Rosy-billed Duckaw. 25... 25) Metopiana peposaca (Vieill.). Pochard sO nek@ey 3 cr Aythya ferina (Linn.). Redhead) Ducks 11. sey Aythya americana (Eyt.). Canvas-back Duck ....... Aythya vallisneria (Wils.). Scaup -Duckea. pean es Marila marila (Linn.). lesser Seaup Duck). .2.-./ Marila affinis (Eyt.). Tutted Scaup Duck v7. : 2.21 Marila fuligula (Linn.). American Golden-eye Duck.Clangula clangula americana Fax.. European Eider Duck ....Somateria mollissima (Linn.). Raddy, aDiiclin eco cies ee Erismatura jamaicensis (Gmel.). American Merganser .....Mergus americanus Cass. Red-breasted Merganser...Mergus serrator Linn. Order PELECANIFORMES, Cormorants, Pelicans, ete. Family PHALACROCORACIDAE, Cormorants. Double-crested Cormorant. .Phalacrocorax dilophus (Swains.). Florida Cormorant ....... Phalacrocorax dilophus floridanus (Ord.). Family ANHINGIDAE, Snake-birds. ila kce- bind) Grater et eae Anhinga anhinga (Linn.). Family Sunipar, Gannets and Boobies. Gane t tt icici ne meen torsion Sula bassana (Linn.). Booby or Brown Gannet...Sula leucogastra (Bodd.). Family Frecatipag, Frigate Birds. Brigate Ding pice actactr ee Fregata aquila Linn. Family PHArETHONIDAE, Tropic-birds. Yellow-billed Tropic-bird. .Phaéthon americanus Grant Family PELECANIDAE, Pelicans. European White Pelican ...Pelecanus onocrotalus Gmel. Red-backed Pelican ...... Pelecanus rufescens Gmel. Brown Pelican s.74<) ono Pelecanus occidentalis Linn. American White Pelican ..I’eclecanus erythrorhynchus Gmel. Black-backed Pelican .....Pelecanus conspicillatus Temm. THIRTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT 15! Or Order CATHARTIDIFORMES, American Condors and Vultures. Family CATHARTIDAE. (SLAVE (5 CO WR ASA ra eee Sarcorhamphus gryphus (Linn.). Kong Vialtare: 225). 3s Gypagus papa (Linn.). Bl acke Valine? oye.c.°s as Catharista urubu (Vieill.). sorkey: Vulture; ©. 6:5 2.02 4 a6 Cathartes aura septentrionalis (Wild). California Condor ........ Gymnogyps californianus (Shaw). Order ACCIPITRIFORMES, Hawks, Eagles, and Old World Vultures. Sub-Order Accipitres. Family Vuuituriae, Old World Vultures. Griffon Vultures s.5.2.42<.. Gyps fulvus (Gmel.). MolbemViltures sty. 2 aes ct: Gyps kolbi (Daud.). Family Fatconipakr, Hawks and Eagles. Caracara. Sees «3k Ga oe Polyborus cherinmay (Jacq.). iNMarcsheltawka ue Noo, «2% Circus hudsonius (Linn.). Plaeris® Pla Wik cs dics 3 one a Parabuteo unicinctus harrisi (Aud.). Sharp-shinned Hawk ..... Accipiter velox (Wils.). Wooper Hawk sin.) e so 3 52 Accipiter cooperti (Bonap.). Sennett White-tailed Hawk. Buteo albicaudatus sennetti Allen. Huropean Buzzard, ..3.-.2. Buteo buteo (Linn.). Red-tailed Hawk .......%. Buteo borealis (Gmel.). Red-shouldered Hawk ....Buteo lineatus (Gmel.). Broad-winged Hawk ...... Buteo platypterus (Vieill.). Lammergeyer or Bearded Multtresscen chee eee Gypaétus barbatus (Linn.). Australian Wedge-tailed 1 Dy (RR eA eee Rteeeeere Uroaétus audax (Lath.). Golden Hagle: 2%. 2). .6% 22 Aquila chrysaetos (Linn.). Rough-legged Hawk ......: Archibuteo lagopus sancti-johannis (Gmel.). Ferruginous Rough-legged | oh d cert dae Archibuteo ferrugineous (Licht.). [age ah esl ed (aera Spizaétus tyrannus (Neuwied.). ibatelenr Baglest3 5. <2 Sav Helotarsus ecaudatus (Daud.). 156 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY White-tailed Sea Eagle... .Haliaétus albicilla (Linn.). Bald) Wagles cases sceecsete Haliaétus leucocephalus (Linn.). White-breasted Sea Eagle . .Haliaétus leucogaster (Gmel.). Vulturine:Sea-Macle 2 = -.- Gypohierax angolensis (Gmel.). European Red Kite ......Milvus milvus (Linn.). English Peregrine Falcon. .falco peregrinus peregrinus Tunst. American Duck Hawk ....F alco peregrinus anatum (Bonap.). Hobby, Balcony aaces ccs er Falco subbuteo Linn. Aplomado Falcon = .25.. =... Falco fusco-coerulescens Vieill. Piceon ilawk: tes oo ae Falco columbarius Linn. White sas tein tee ee Falco brevipennis Berl. Sub-Order Pandiones. Family PANDIONIDAE, Ospreys or Fish Hawks. American: (\OSpreys 30 Pandion haliaétus carolinensis (Gmel.). Order STRIGIFORMES, Owls. Family Srrigrar, Horned Owls and others. American Long-eared Ow]. .Asio wilsonianus (Less.). Short-earedeOwl .3. ye. 2 Asio flammeus (Pont.). Giant Hacle Owl 732. Bubo bubo (Linn.). Great. Horned “Owl. 13... - Bubo virginianus virginianus (Gmel.). Western Horned Owl ..... Bubo virginianus pallescens Stone. Dusky Horned Owl ....... Bubo virginianus saturatus Ridgw. Cape Macle* Owl css: 65. i: Bubo capensis Smith. Snowy: Owl: . .<-* Leucodioptron canorum (Linn.). Himalayan Jay Thrush ...Garrulax leucolophus (Hardw.). White-throated Jay-thrush .Garrulazx albigularis (Gould). Black-throated Jay-thrush..Dryonastes chinensis (Scop.). Red-bellied’ Hill Tit ...... Liothrix luteus (Scop.). Family 'TRoGLobyTIDAE, Wrens. House, Wren seed tie Troglodytes aédon Vieill. Winter Wren ............Nannus hiemalis (Vieill.). Family Mimipar, Mockingbirds. Mockmebird jivea cw oe Mimus polyglottos polyglottos (Linn.). Western Mockingbird .....1 Vimus polyglottos leucopterus (Vig.). Jamaican Mockingbird ....MWimus polyglottos orpheus (Linn.). Curacao Mockingbird .....1 Mimus gilvus rostratus Ridgw. Catbinde sc. it) eee ere ere Galeoscoptes carolinensis (Linn.). THIRTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT 163 Brown) Lhrasher? 3. ..s2... Toxostoma rufum (Linn.). Curve-billed Thrasher ....V7'ovostoma curvirostre curvirostre (Swains.). Blue Mocking-thrush .... .1 Vclanotis caerulescens (Swain.). Family Turpipar, Thrushes. Blves Solitaire eG. tee oo M yadestes unicolor Sel. Mexican Solitaire .......,1 Myadestes obscurus (Lafr.). Guban Solitaire os... <.)- «61 Vyadestes elizabethae (Lemb.). Cuban ODI, sri es eles scot Mimocichla rubripes (‘Temm.). European Blackbird ......1 Merula merula (Linn.). American’ Robin... . 2... <. Planesticus migratorius (Linn.). Goraivg ODM s .ope oi 62022 51° Planesticus tristis tristis (Swains.). Eastern Gray Robin ...... Planesticus tristis assimilis (Cab.). Mexican Tawny Robin ....Planesticus grayi grayi (Bonap.). Tamaulipas Tawny Robin. .Planesticus grayi tamaulipensis (Nels.). uN gee OUZEl 5. Fs acts ssc 2 Turdus torquatus (Linn.). Red-winged Thrush ...... Turdus iliacus Linn. Somer nrash) erst cee» a6 Turdus musicus Linn. Wiood “Whrush: .!s..2..j52'.%% Hylocichla mustelina (Gmel.). VWalsonlehrush: 2405. 2 ays, 2 2d- Ilylocichla fuscescens (Steph.). Gray-cheeked Thrush ....Hylocichla aliciae aliciae Baird. Bieknell) Thrush: ©... ...... .; Hylocichla aliciae bicknelli (Ridgw.). Olive-backed Thrush ...... Hylocichla ustulata swainsoni (Cab.). Efermit. hrashys gees « Hylocichla guttata pallasii (Cab.). Rocka hush 2 techs sarees Monticola sazatilis (Linn.). European Redstart ....... Phoenicurus phoenicurus (Linn.). Red-spotted Bluethroat ...Cyanosylvia suecica (Linn.). White-spotted Bluethroat ..Cyanosylvia cyanecula (Macg.). INGiohbinigale: 2.25 cud) .y. 208 alah dédon luscinia (Linn.). Bmolish, “Robin! +. 3.00. 5.23% Erithacus rubecula (Linn.). Shammaybbrushis 224% <<. tty: Cittocincla tricolor (Vieill.). WWW Chat eeets te See the Se Pratincola rubetra (Linn.). Wiheatearss: %5 ssf -aye)ars ak =o. 0 tile Sazicola oenanthe (Linn.). Black-capped Thrush-RobinCatharus mevxicanus (Bonap.). Blucbinggere chan ser iss Cte Sialia sialis (Linn.). 164 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIniY Family Sytvupa&, Kinglets and Old World Warblers. Wihitethroaty oy scie oe -eters Sylvia sylvia (Linn.). Lesser Whitethroat 2...’ -.- Sylvia curruca (Linn.). Blackcap Warbler... =. .- Sylvia atricapilla (Linn.). Garden, Warblers, sos Sylvia hortensis Bechst. Willow Warbler 3405 a. Phylloscopus trochilus (Linn.). Wood Warblert.-c... 2 -ci-- Phylloscopus sibilator (Sal.). Family VIREONIDAE, Vireos. Red-eyed Vireo ede ea Vireosylva olivacea (Linn.). Warbling Wareolgy 2% ac15 2 Vireosylva gilva gilva (Vieill.). White-eyed Vireo (747... Vireo griseus griseus (Bodd.). Yellow-throated Vireo ....Lanivireo flavifrons (Vieill.). Family AMPELIDAE, Waxing Chatterers. Cedar, Wiarwiee-ter: cheers Ampelis cedrorum (Vieill.). Bohemian Waxwing ..... .: Ampelis garrulus Linn. Family PritoGonatipaE£, Silky Flycatchers. Phainopeplans/cis cm. ase Phainopepla nitens (Swains.). Mexican Ptilogonys .:.... Ptilogonys cinereus cinereus Swains. Family Lanrpag, Shrikes. White-backed Piping Crow.Gymnorhina leuconota Gould. Black-backed Piping Crow.Gymnorhina tibicen Lath. Lead-colored Crow-shrike..Strepera plumbea Gould. Northern) Shrike) 2). 25... - Lanius borealis Vieill. Loggerhead Shrike ...... Lanius ludovicianus (Linn.). Red-backed Shrike ....... Enneoctonus collurio (Linn.). Family Paripar, Chickadees and Titmice. Black-capped Chickadee ..Penthestes atricapilla (Linn.). Marsh ‘Titmouse’... . . - Poecile palustris (Linn.). Great, Titmouse <2 1 = Parus major Linn. Bloe Litmousess acces 2- -cr Cyanistes caeruleus (Linn.). White-headed Long-tailed Dibmouse es ero or Aegithalus caudatus (Linn.). Long-tailed Titmouse .....Aegithalus roseus (Blyth.). THIRTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT 165 Family PaNurIDAE, Bearded Titmice. Bearded auitmouse..........- Panurus biarmicus (Linn.). Family Srrripar, Nuthatches. White-breasted Nuthatch ..Sitta carolinensis Lath. Red-breasted Nuthatch ....Sitta canadensis Linn. European Nuthatch ...... Sitta caesia Meyer. Family CertHiipak, Brown Creepers. Brown, Creeper... . ««.. +: Certhia familiaris americanus (Bonap.). Family MNroTiuripar, American Warblers. Black-and-White Warbler. .Mniotilta varia (Linn.). Worm-eating Warbler ....Helmitheros vermivorus (Gmel.). Blue-winged Warbler ..... Helminthophila pinus (Linn.). lawrence Warbler? . 3...... Helminthophila lawrencei Herrick. Northern Parula Warbler. .Compsothlypis americana usneae Brewst. Nellows Warblers. 2% ..5-..3 Dendroica aestiva aestiva (Gmel.). Magnolia ‘Warbler 2.5 .... Dendroica magnolia (Wils.). Black-throated Blue Vou bl eres ay sencoe cre Sieve Dendroica caerulescens caerulescens (Gmel.). NiyctleaWarblers: 2.3... Dendroica coronata (Linn.). Black-throated Green er boll erase ot Sa oie Dendroica virens (Gmel.). Chestnut-sided Warbler. ...Dendroica pensylvanica (Linn.). iblackpoll’ Warbler’... .- Dendroica striata (Forst.). | ETSY 9 0} (on eae oP ee Dendroica vigorsi (Aud.). Prairie? WALDIEL 5:12 aise. 63: Dendroica discolor (Vieill.). Yellow Palm Warbler..... Dendroica palmarum hypochrysea Ridgw. Bale Warbler 25 5 fcj0.c os wie Dendroica palmarum palmarum (Gmel.). Connecticut Warbler ...... Oporornis agilis (Wils.). Mourning Warbler ....... Oporornis philadelphia (Wils.). Ovenbirds © tenet ci = ete 34s Seiurus aurocapillus (Linn.). Louisiana Water-thrush ...Seiwrus motacilla (Vieill.). 166 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY Woater-thrush ete cise race Seiurus noveboracensis (Gmel.). Northern Yellow-throat....Geothlypis trichas brachydactyla (Swains. ). Yellow-breasted Chat ..... Icteria virens virens (Linn.). Wilson Warbler... 4 4-5) Wilsonia pusilla (Wils.). Canadian Warbler eo ----. Wilsonia canadensis (Linn.). American Redstart ....... Setophaga ruticilla (Linn.). Family Moracituipar, Wagtails and Pipits. Pied Wagtail ......«.....Motacilla lugubris (Temm:)- Yellow Wagtail ..........Motacilla campestris (Pall.). JAMIE VICANY (PAPIE Heo. ,cks) suet a2 Anthus rubescens (Tuns.). Meadow. Pipit(: a. ee Anthus pratensis (Linn.). Family Ataupipak&, Larks. Horned icarkaris stiri Otocoris alpestris alpestris (Linn.). Prairie Horned Warle®...-.51... Otocoris alpestris pratincola Hensh. Sky larkes 20 ears eto aieaced dlauda arvensis Linn. Crested™ Wark 2 oho patsers Galerita cristata (Linn.). Wood Wark. So% ict tcc lovace Lullula arborea (Linn.). Siberian Black Lark .....Melanocorypha yeltoniensis (Frost. ). Chestnut Finch Lark ..... Pyrrhulauda smithi Ayres. Family FRINGILLIDAE, Sparrows, Grosbeaks, and Buntings. J I ? ) o Greentineh) ya. tas et een Chloris chloris (Linn.). elawainc hist eee Coccothraustes coccothraustes (Linn.). Rose-breasted Grosbeak ...Zamelodia ludoviciana (Linn.). Black-headed Grosbeak ...Zamelodia melanocephala (Swains.). Western Blue Grosbeak ...Guiraca caerulea lazula (Less.). Black ‘Seedeater 5 mie tae Sporophila corvina (Scl.). Morellet Seedeater ....... Sporophila morelleti (Bonap.). Trinidad Seedeater ....... Sporophila grisea (Gmel.). Pygmy Seedeater’. 0 5-". Sporophila minuta (Linn.). White-throated Seedeater ..Sporophila albigularis (Spix.). Yellow-bellied Seedeater...Sporophila gutturalis (Licht.). Dwarf Weaver Finch ..... Spermestes nana (Puch.). THIRTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT @abaw Bollfneh: 7. ..5. ¢-<< Melopyrrha nigra (Linn.). Melodious Grassquit ...... Euetheia canora (Gmel.). Yellow-faced Grassquit ...Hwetheia olivacea (Linn.). Bahama Grassquit ........ Euetheia bicolor (Linn.). ey EPOUlOKIay, sate fe siecle = = Pyrrhuloxia sinuata Bonap. ar Nals eect ee tae oe. @ se o's Cardinalis cardinalis (Linn.). live altator. 2 oss. cig, Saltator olivacens Cab. COUPE TITIAVS OE Oe appear eee merece Pinicola enucleator canadensis (Cab.). Canadian Pine Grosbeak ..Fringilla coelebs Linn. SPAM 2 tec: aise 2 = Fringilla montifringilla (Linn.). European Goldfinch ...... Carduelis carduelis (Linn.). American Goldfinch ..... «2 Astragalinus tristis (Linn.). Mexican Goldfinch ....... . Astragalinus psaltria mexicanus (Swains.). Buropean: Siskin .- 23... +: Chrysomitris spinus (Linn.). Siskin+ European Goldfinch.H ybrid. AE SIGKIM 62215 3G ssc Ale 5, 33% Spinus pinus (Wils.). Black-headed Siskin ...... Spinus notatus notatus (Du Bus). 1253 (00 lt ~e ec ae Acanthis linaria (Linn.). Greater Redpoll ..... ’... Acanthis linaria rostrata (Coues). Hoary hedpoll! 5... 6.0: Acanthis hornemannii evilipes (Coues). European Lesser Redpoll . . Acanthis rufescens (Vieill.). Twite or Mountain Linnet. .Cannabina flavirostris (Linn.). Wrmetyimensessccte sass tece ee =. 32s Cannabina cannabina (Linn.). SHG WIE INGH 6 5 oo aks. s scl Montifringilla nivalis (Linn.). Mountains linch: 2is...2.)3 . Passer montanus (Linn.). Bughsh Sparrow :.-. =... Passer domesticus (Linn.). African Cape Sparrow ....Passer arcuatus (Gmel.). Green Singing-finch ...... Serinus icterus (Bonn.). Gray Singing-fineh <...... Serinus leucopygius (Sund.). Black-throated Singing- HNGH ay. CAE cae Serinus angolensis (Gmel.). AB AEA i 8 Pia oss wy Ses Serinus canaria (Linn.). Canary+ European Goldfinch: 20.2... ca Hybrid. Saiprom Hinel 2.) 5. .2e.% Sycalis flaveola (Linn.). PEGS ya TIC hie: £4 oi. S70 sv Sho es Carpodacus erythrinus (Pall.). Parple: Bineby vcr a5 27450 < "= Carpodacus purpureus (Ginel.). 167 168 NEW YORK Mexican House Finch House SF inche sce eee European Crossbill American Crossbill White-winged Crossbill Bullfinch Russian Bullfinch Reed Bunting Yellow-hammer Ortolan Bunting ...... Snowflake White-throated Sparrow White-crowned Sparrow Nonpareil Indigo Bunting —..:.. Slate-colored Junco .... Chipping Sparrow .... Field Sparrow Tree Sparrow Savanna Sparrow Dickcissel Western Lark Sparrow... Vesper Sparrow Sone Sparrow < ... aire Swamp Sparrow ...... Sharp-tailed Sparrow Box Sparrow. 2 tery Towhee Chestnut-capped Buarremon Sparrow. . Pileated Finch Red-crested Cardinal Red-headed Cardinal Green Cardinal @) ‘efe! ej, 0) 0) ie. one ZOOLOGICAL, SOCIETY ..Carpodacus mexicanus mexicanus (Mill.). Carpodacus mexicanus frontalis (Say). Lowxia curvirostra Linn. “- ..Loxia curvirostra minor (Brehm.). ..Lowia leucoptera Gmel. Pyrrhula europaea Vieill. ..Pyrrhula pyrrhula (Linn.). Emberiza schoeniclus Linn. Emberiza citrinella Linn. Emberiza hortulana Linn. ..Plectrophenax nivalis nivalis ( Linn.) . Lonotrichia albicollis (Gmel.). ..Zonotrichia leucophrys (Forst.). Passerina ciris (Linn.). Passerina cyanea (Linn.). ...Junco hyemalis hyemalis (Linn.). Spizella passerina (Bechst.). Spizella pusilla (Wils.). Spizella monticola (Gmel.). Passerculus sandwichensis savanna (Wils.). ..Spiza americana (Gmel.). -Chondestes grammacus strigatus (Swains.). ...Pooecetes gramineus (Gmel.). ...-Melospiza melodia melodia (Wils.). ...Melospiza georgiana (Lath.). .Ammodramus caudacutus caudacutus (Gmel.). Passerella iliaca (Merr.). ..Pipilo erythrophthalmus (Linn.). .-Buarremon brunneinuchus (Lafres). Coryphospingus pileatus Neuw. Paroaria cucullata (Lath.). Paroaria larvata (Bodd.). Gubernatria cristata (Vieill.). Cuban Banana Tanager Red-crowned Tanager Trinidad Black Tanager Brown-headed Tanager Paradise Whydah-bird Pin-tailed Whydah-bird -Spindalis pretret (Less.). -LTachyphonus coronatus (Vieill.). -Tachyphonus rufus (Bodd.). -Chlorospingus ophthalmicus (Du Bus). Family PLocemar, Weaver-birds. .Vidua paradisea (Linn.). .Vidua principalis (Linn.). THIRTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT 169 Family CoEREBIDAE, Sugar-birds and Honey-creepers. BluecSugar-bird:-..0 26.% Dacnis cayana (Linn.). Bahama Honey Creeper ...Coereba bahamensis (Reich.). Yellow-winged Sugar-bird. .Coereba cyanea (Linn.). Family TaNGARIDAE, Tanagers. Green; Ranager! oni. 5 ons Chlorophonia viridis (Vieill.). VioleteHuphonia,)-...: <)... Euphonia violacea (Linn.). Thick-billed Euphonia .Euphonia crassirostris Scl. Bonaparte Euphonia ...... Euphonia hirundinacea Bonap. Superb Tanager. ~... x. soc. Calliste fastosa (Less.). luc anager ssc. Weceisic. Tangara cana cana Swains. Trinidad Blue Tanager ... Tangara cana sclateri (Berl.). White-shouldered Blue PMA CET sic yaron avers tones ce Tangara episcopus Linn. Northern Palm Tanager ..Tangara palmarum melanoptera (Hartl.). DDO Ueda ER 525 aie ore Tangara abbas Lichi. Suarlet, anager... .)..)..... Piranga erythromelas Vieill. Brick-red. Tanager! 5 22.\..-.. Piranga testacea Scl. le pabicn anager cj ia.ys i-10 Piranga hepatica Swains. Northern Silver-beak ARGV CER 2) ola! Reve re nieernnen aie Ramphocelus jacapa magnirostris Clair): Giant Whydabh-bird ...... Coliuspasser progne (Bodd.). Red-collared Whydah-bird .Coliuspasser ardens (Bodd.). Yellow-backed Whydah- Pare eens beegate ten ove she one Coliuspasser macrourus (Gmel.). Red-shouldered Whydah ..Urobrachya avillaris (Smith). Crimson-crowned Weaver ..Pyromelana flammiceps Swains. Orance Weaver> a.m. 7. Pyromelana franciscana (Isert). 170 NEW) YORK "ZOOEOGICAL, SOCIBTY Napoleon Weaver ......... Pyromelana afra Gmel. Red-billed Masked Weaver. Quelea quelea Linn. Russ Masked Weaver ..... Quelea russi (Finsch). Bronze Manitkiny 325-2. Spermestes cucullatus Swains. Magpie: Manikine.33, 2... <7 Amauresthes fringilloides Lafres. QuaillBinch@ nae eee Ortygospiza polyzona (Temm.). Little Ruddy Waxbill .Lagonosticta brunniceps Sharpe. Bane wEimelierrcpdetese et cue eicee Lagonosticta minima (Vieill.), Eayender Waxbill™). 42..- Lagonosticta caerulescens Vieill. Cut-throat.assoatar ase. oa Amadina fasciata Gmel. Red-headed Finch 2s... .-. Amadina erythrocephala (Linn.). Diamond Sparrow ........ Steganopleura guttata Shaw. Crimson-winged Finch ....Pytelia phoenicoptera Swains. CombassOw)cc.-ocuaee eon Hypocraera aenea Hartl. Lebra Hinchtee. nse «ci Taeniopygia castanotis (Gould). Strawberry: Eimchs?3%/.--2 Sporaeginthus amandava (Linn.). Orange-cheeked Finch ....Sporaeginthus melpodus Vieill. Lebra: Waxbillle <7 ecisrne sre Sporaeginthus subflavus Vieill. Java Sparrow (fs. 52s. Munia oryziwora Linn. White Java Sparrow .Munia oryzivora Linn. var. Three-colored Manikin ... White-headed Manikin ... Black-headed Manikin _Munia malacea Linn. .Munia maja Linn. .Munia atricapilla Vieill. Chestnut-breasted Manikin.Munia castaneithorax Gould. Gould Yellow-rumped Manikine 2.2.0.0. Syaoe Munia flavipyrmna Gould. Spice Manikin ...........Munia punctulata Linn. White-breasted Manikin...Munia pectoralis (Gould). Sharp-tailed Finch <........ Uroloncha acuticauda (Hodgs.). African Silver-bill ....... .: didemosyne cantans Gmel. Indian: Silver-bill =. .2... 22 Aidemosyne malabarica Linn. Bengalee gait ake sy seen et Jidemosyne malabarica+Uroloncha striata. Red-tailed Finch 22. 35... Bathilda ruficauda (Gould). Long-tailed Grass Finch. ..Poephila acuticauda Gould. Grassi inchs Soicrn. ree Poephila cincta Gould. Masked Grass Finch ...... Poephila personata Gould. Black-headed Gouldian FeinGhigea oa) eer erarnteetye Poephila gouldiae (Gould). Red-faced Gouldian Finch. Poephila mirabilis Hombr. THIRTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT 171 Pin-tailed Nonpareil ...... Erythrura prasina Sparrm. Wordom Bleu wiih avers s's 36 3's Estrilda phoenicotis Swains. Blue-breasted Waxbill ....Hstrilda angolensis (Linn.). Black-faced Waxbill ...... Estrilda erythronota (Vieill.). Si. Helena Waxbill ....... Estrilda astrilda Linn. Common Waxbill ........ Estrilda cinerea Vieill. Scaly-fronted Weaver ..... Sporopipes squamifrons (Smith). Madagascar Weaver ...... Foudia madagascariensis Linn. Reichenback Masked Weaver eiciapscc is 5 ee stevens Hyphantornis taeniopterus (Reich.). Masked Weaver Bird ..... Hyphantornis velatus (Vieill.). Striped Masked Weaver ...Hyphantornis lineolatus Sharpe. Black and Yellow-mantled WV GAR ope sors cons: olen ote Hyphantornis cucullatus (Miill.). White-headed Weaver ..... Dinemellia dinemelli (Rupp.). Family Icreripar, Cowbirds, Blackbirds, and American Orioles. . ? b) ODORS «0c Ah siacs eee hist 02 Dolichonyx oryzivorus (Linn.). Cowlbirdys ~.a: tcc) 2 aes Molothrus ater ater (Bodd.). Dwart Cowbird ... 24. -'.-- Molothrus ater obscurus (Gmel.). Argentine Cowbird .......1 Molothrus bonariensis (Gmel.). Lesser Trinidad Cowbird...Molothrus atronitens (Cab.). Bay-winged Cowbird .....Molothrus badius Vieill. Red-eyed Cowbird ........ Callothrus robustus (Cab.). Red-winged Blackbird ....Agelaius phoeniceus phoeniceus (Linn.). Vera Cruz Red-winged Blackbird) 2 s.%- i <.2 A gelaius phoeniceus richmondi Nelson. Rufous-shouldered Blackbirdea.- ecco roe Agelaius humeralis (Vig.). Little Yellow-headed Black- pinay cence oie eee Eee A gelaius icterocephalus (Linn.). Yellow-headed Blackbird. ..Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus (Bonap.). Orange-headed Blackbird. Amblyrhamphus holosericeus (Scop.). Meadowlark: ois.-. c0e5 20 Sturnella magna (Linn.). Western Meadowlark ..... Sturnella neglecta Aud. PE GU AN oc; oc eu. s este dae one Icterus icterus (Linn.). 172 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL, SOCIETY Baltimore- Oriole... Icterus galbula (Linn.). Orchard ‘Oriole; 2) 2.- 214 - Icterus spurius (Linn.). Cuban Oriole 42.6 ier Icterus hypomelas (Bonap.). Wagler Oriole ena. a Icterus wagleri Scl. Hooded’ @riole sn rsa. at Icterus cucullatus (Swains.). Yellow-tailed Oriole ..... Icterus mesomelas (Wagl.). Bullock {Oriole ye si. Icterus bullocki (Swains.). Alta Miran Oriole= oes ar Icterus gularis tamaulipensis Ridgw. Purples Gracklesey..cc Quiscalus quiscula quiscula (Linn.). Bronzed Grackle\.3.. 7... =) Quiscalus quiscula aeneus (Ridgw.). Little Boat-tailed Grackle. .Quiscalus lugubris Swains. Great-tailed Grackle .....Megaquiscalus major macrourus Swains. Chopic Boat-tail 4-2 4 = dphobus chopi (Vieill.). Family OrtoLtipar, European Orioles. European Golden Oriole ..Oriolus galbula Linn. Black-headed Indian Oriole. Oriolus melanocephalus Linn. Family EvLaBETIDAE, Glossy Starlings. Purple-crowned Glossy Starlings eee ter Calornis metallica (Temm.). Green Glossy Starling ....Calornis chalybea (Horsf.). Family SturNrIDAE, Starlings and Mynas. English Starling)... 0. Sturnus vulgaris Linn. Malabar Myna- chr sonic. Poliopsar malabaricus (Gmel.). Black-headed Myna ...... Temenuchus pagodarum (Gmel.). Common Myna: .. 22.42... <2 Acridotheres tristis (Linn.). Brown Myna..7 2.6 t oe dcridotheres fuscus (Wagl.). Yellow-crowned Myna ....dmpeliceps coronatus (Blyth.). Larger Hill Myna .......Mainatus intermedius (Hay). Rosée-colored Pastor ....-. Pastor roseus (Linn.). Family Corvipar, Ravens, Crows, and Magpies. Kuropean; Raven jason «1c: Corvus corax corax Linn. American Raven 2]. .<..... Corvus corax sinuatus (Wagl.). INorthern= Ravenya. 2.4 era Corvus corax principalis Ridgw. White-necked Raven ...... Corvus cryptoleucus Couch. THIRTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT. vs UO OSrrse yt erate ras eheteye area as Corvus frugilegus Linn. ACOA: Suara riety nenes o sxees Corvus monedula Linn. AMerIGAN CLOW. ys 78 = «lat Corvus brachyrhynchus (Brehm.). ITS SO ROW? corctegeistsiolres acets Corvus ossifragus Wils. Clark Nutcracker <7... ° =1 Nucifraga columbiana (Wils.). European’ Magpie --..:..- Pica pica pica Linn. American Magpie ........ Pica pica hudsonia (Sab.). White-throated Magpie-Jay Callocitta formosa formosa (Swains.). Green Hunting Crow ..... Cissa chinensis (Bodd.). Wandering Tree-Magpie. ..Dendrocitta rufa (Scop.). Green Jay ..............Xanthoura luxuosa luxuosa (Less.). Rio Grande Green Jay ....Xanthoura luxuosa glaucescens Ridgw. California Tay wise. ss ann 2 Aphelocoma californica (Vig.). Woodhouse Jays... 26%. 2.2 1 phelocoma woodhousei (Baird). Mexican Sieber Jay ......: Aphelocoma sieberii sieberi (Wagl.). Ealamanca Jay .. 3052. Cyanocorax affinis zeledoni Ridgw. MSIE AY: tee acute tao Sires Cyanocitta cristata cristata (Linn.). Floridaxblue Jay oo... .... Cyanocitta cristata florincola Coues. Blue-fronted Jay =..-..-.- Cyanocitta stelleri frontalis (Ridgw.). NZECOCRIAY ccs 5 Sepik sie ce. Cyanocitta stelleri azteca Ridgw. HULOPeala JAY 06 ae soc: Garrulus glandarius (Linn.). WWaneeolated: Jay. ...1....- Garrulus lanceolatus Vig. Canad ae ayes vero sphstekte. Perisoreus canadensis canadensis (Linn.). Alpine (Chough 222.0034 Pyrrhocorax alpinus Vieill. BY-LAWS OF THE NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMENDED TO JANUARV IQ, 1909. ARTIC Be MEETINGS OF THE SOCIETY. SEcTION 1. The office and place of business of the New York Zoologi- cal Society shall be in the City of New York, unless otherwise ordered. Sec. 2. The Society shall hold its annual meeting for the election of Managers, and other business, on the second Tuesday of January, or such day thereafter during the month of January to which said annual meeting shall adjourn. Sec. 3. Special meetings of the Society shall be called by the Secre- tary, upon the request of the President or the Chairman of the Executive Committee, or at the written request of ten members. Sec. 4. Notices of all meetings shall be mailed to each member of the Society at least three days before such meeting. Sec. 5. At meetings of the Society twenty members shall constitute a quorum. Sec. 6. The order of business shall be as follows: 1. Roll call. 2. Reading of minutes not previously read. 3. Report of Executive Committee. 4. Report of Secretary. 5. Report of Treasurer. 6. Report of the Director of the Zoological Park. 7. Report of Director of the Aquarium. 8. Election of Managers. 9. Communications. 10. Miscellaneous business. 11. Reports and resolutions. RAGE ET BOARD OF MANAGERS. Sec. 1. The Board of Managers shall consist of thirty-six members, together with the Mayor of New York and President of the Park Board, or Commissioner for the Bronx, who shall be members e.wv-ffiicio of the Board. Sec. 2. Nineteen Managers shall constitute a quorum, but ten man- agers may transact current business, and adjourn, subject to the subse- quent approval of a meeting at which a quorum shall be present. THIRTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT Li Sec. 3. The Board of Managers shall hold an annual meeting on the third Tuesday of January, or on such day thereafter to which said annual meeting shall adjourn. Regular meetings of the Board may also be called by the Secretary on the third Tuesdays of October and April upon the request of the President or Chairman of the Executive Committee. Special meetings of the Board shall be called at any time by the Secretary, upon the request of the President or Chairman of the Executive Com- mittee, or at the written request of five Managers. Sec. 4. Notices of meetings of the Board shall be mailed to each Manager at least three days before such meetings. Sec. 5. The successors to the outgoing class of Managers shall be elected by the Society at its annual meeting, but vacancies in the Board may be filled for the unexpired term by the Board of Managers, or by the Executive Committee. Sec. 6. A Nominating Committee shall be annually appointed by the Executive Committee, and shall consist of three members of the Society at large, who shall nominate and post ten days before the annual election the names of twelve persons to succeed the outgoing class of Managers in a conspicuous place in the office of the Society. Sec. 7. No person shall be eligible for election to the Board of Man- agers, except to fill vacancies, unless his name shall have been posted as a candidate by such Committee, or by not less than ten members, in writing, in a conspicuous place in the office of the Society ten days before the annual election. All candidates for election as Managers must be Life Members, Patrons, Associate Founders, or Founders of the Society. Sec. 8. Any Manager who shall fail to attend three consecutive meet- ings of the Board, unless excused by vote of the Board, shall cease to be a Manager. Sec. 9. The Board of Managers shall at its annual meeting elect a President, two Vice-Presidents, a Secretary, and a Treasurer, who shall hold office for one year, or until their successors are elected. The Presi- dent, Vice-Presidents, and Treasurer shall be members of the Board. Sec. 10. The Director of the Zoological. Park, the Director of the Aquarium, and all other persons employed by the Society, shall be ap- pointed by the Board or by the Executive Committee, and shall hold office during the pleasure of the Board. Sec. 11. The Board shall, at its annual meeting, elect an Executive Committee and Auditing Committee, which shall hold office for one year, or until their successors are elected. The Board of Managers and the Executive Committee shall also have authority to appoint such other Com- mittees or Officers as they may at any time deem desirable, and to dele- gate to them such powers as may be necessary. Sec. 12. The order of business of the meetings of the Board shall be as follows: Roll call. Reading of minutes not previously read. Report of Executive Committee. Report of Secretary. Report of Treasurer. Report of Auditing Committee. Report of Director of the Zoological Park. Report of Director of the Aquarium. Election of Officers. Election of Committees. Election cf new members. Communications. Miscellaneous business. HH He QNADO WRN AMREWD HA 176 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY Sec. 13. All reports and resolutions shall be in writing, and the ayes and nays may be called on any resolution at the request of one Manager. Sec. 14. Whenever the funds of the Society shall permit, the Board of Managers or the Executive Committee may award medals or other prizes for meritorious work connected with the objects of the Society. ARPTICEE, Tif. OFFICERS. Sec. 1. The officers of the Society shall consist of a President, two Vice-Presidents, a Treasurer, a Secretary, and a Director of the Zoological Park. These officers, with the exception of the Director, shall be elected at the annual meeting of the Board of Managers, but any vacancy may be filled for an unexpired term by the Board of Managers, or by the Executive Committee, until the next annual election. Sec. 2. The President shall preside at all meetings of the Board and of the Society, and shall be ex-officio a member of the Executive and Auditing Committees. Sec. 3. The Vice-Presidents shall, in the absence of the President, perform his duties and possess his powers, acting in the order of their election. Sec. 4. The Treasurer shall receive, collect and hold, subject to the order of the Board of Managers, or the Executive Committee, all dues, subscriptions, warrants from the City, fees and securities. He shall pay all bills as ordered by the Board of Managers or the Executive Committee, and shall report to the Society at its annual meeting, and to the Board of Managers at all regular meetings, and to the Executive Committee at each meeting. He shall keep all moneys and securities in some bank or trust company to be approved by the Board of Managers or Executive Com- mittee. The books of the Society shall at all times be open to the inspec- tion of the Managers. Sec. 5. The Secretary shall be a salaried officer of the Society. He shall be present, unless otherwise relieved by the Board or Executive Committee, at all meetings of the Society, of the Board, and of the Stand- ing Committees. He shall keep a careful record of all proceedings, shall have the custody of the seal, archives and books, other than books of account, and shall conduct the correspondence of the Society. He shall issue all notices and tickets, and shall perform such other duties as the Board may direct. He shall be a member e--officio of the Executive, Aquarium, and Auditing Committees, and of the Scientific Council. Sec. 6. The Director of the Zoological Park shall be elected annually by the Executive Committee at a salary to be determined by said Com- mittee, and paid monthly from: funds of the Society. He shall be the responsible administrative officer of the Park, and shall recommend to the Executive Committee candidates for the various positions in the Park. He shall also perform all such other duties in connection with the busi- ness, scientific, and literary administration of the Society as may be assigned to him by the Executive Committee. Sec. 7. The Director of the Aquarium shall be elected annually by the Executive Committee, and shall hold office until removed or his suc- cessor is chosen by said Committee. He shall be the responsible admin- istrative officer of the Aquarium, and shall recommend to the Executive Committee all candidates for positions in the Aquarium. The Director of the Aquarium shall be ex-officio a member and Chairman of the Aqua- rium Commitee. He shall perform such other duties in connection with the Aquarium as may be assigned to him by the Executive Committee. THIRTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT 1177 ARTICLE, TV. COM MITTEES. Sec. 1. There shall be two standing committees, the E xecutive Com- mittee and the Auditing Committee, which shall hold office for one year or until their successors are elected. Sec. 2. The Executive Committee shall consist of seven Managers, together with the President and Secretary of the Society ex-ficio. Four members shall constitute a quorum, and all meetings shall be called by the Chairman. The Executive Committee shall fill all vacancies in its own number and shall have the full powers of the Board of Managers, except so far as such delegation of power may be contrary to law. Sec. 3. The Executive Committee shall have the control and regula- tion of the collections, library, and all other property of the Society, ae shall have power to purchase, sell, and exchange specimens and books, employ and control all officials and employees of the Society, Park, Noe Aquarium, and generally to carry out in detail the directions of the Board of Managers and the terms of any contract between the City, or Park Board, and the Society. Sec. 4. All the rules and regulations for the examination of applicants for the various positions in the Park and Aquarium shall be made or ap- proved by the Executive Committee. Sec. 5. The Executive Committee may regulate the auditing and pay- ment for all current accounts. Sec. 6. The Executive Committee shall annually appoint an Aqua- rium Committee, whose duties and powers are set forth in Section 11 of Article IV of these By-Laws. Sec. 7. The Executive Committee shall annually appoint a Nominat- . / . . = . . ing Committee, whose duties and powers are set forth iu Sections 6 and 7, Article IT, of these By-Laws. Sec. 8. It shall also appoint a Scientific Council, whose powers and duties are set forth in Section 2 of Article V of these By-Laws. Sec. 9. The Committee shall make a written report at each regular meeting of the Board of Managers. Sec. 10. The Auditing Committee shall consist of three regular mem- bers of the Society, in addition to the President and Secretary, members ex-officio, and vacancies shall be filled by the Executive Committee. It shall be the duty of the Auditing Committee to audit, annually, the accounts of the Treasurer, of the Director of the Zoological Park, and of the Director of the Aquarium, and any other accounts of the Society, and shall report to the Board of Managers at its annual meeting. Sec. 11. The Executive Committee shall annually appoint an Aqua- rium Committee, not to exceed eight members of this Society, who shall hold office until their successors are chosen. All vacancies shall be filled by the Executive Committee. The Director of the Aquarium shall be ex-officio a member and the Chairman of the Aquarium Committee, and such Committee may vest in him any or all of its powers. The Chairman of the Executive Committee and the Secretary of the Society shall also be ex-officio members of the Aquarium Committee. Three members. shall constitute a quorum. The Executive Committee may delegate to the Aquarium Committee such powers as it may deem proper. 178 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY ARTICLE DW, SCIENTIFIC COUNCIL. Sec. 1. The Executive Committee shall annually appoint a Scientific Council of not more than ten members, and shall fill all vacancies. Mem- bers of the Council shall hold office until their successors are appointed. Sec. 2. The duties of the Council shall be to act as an advisory board in all matters pertaining to the scientific administration of the Society, and especially as to the scientific features of the Park, the promotion of zoology by publications and otherwise, and the preservation of the native fauna of America. Sec. 3. Four members, including the Chairman, shall constitute a quorum. The Chairman shall be elected annually by the Council. The Chairman of the Executive Committee and the Secretary of the Society shall be members e.v-officio of the Council. RoR UG bavi MEMBERS. Sec. 1. The present members and such others as shall become asso- ciated with them, under the conditions prescribed by the By-Laws, shall be members of this Society as long as they shall comply with the By-Laws. Sec. 2. Members failing to comply with these By-Laws, or for other good and sufficient cause, may be expelled from the Society by the Execu- tive Committee. Sec. 3. Candidates for membership shall be proposed and seconded by members of the Society. The name, occupation, and place of residence of every member as proposed shall be submitted for election to the Board of Managers or the Executive Committee, and such person, when elected, shall become a member upon payment of the annual dues, or of the fees as prescribed below. Sec. 4. There shall be a class known as Fellows, which shall consist of members of the Society who have rendered marked services to science, and shall be chosen by the Executive Committee. The privileges and dues of Fellows shall be, in all respects, the same as those of regular members of the Society. Sec. 5. The annual dues shall be ten dollars, payable in advance, on the first day of May of each year, but the Executive Committee may remit the dues for the curent year in the case of members elected between Jan- uary Ist and May Ist of each year. The classes of membership shall be as follows: Sec. §. The payment of $200 at one time shall constitute any member a Life Member. Sec. 7. The payment of $1,000 at one time, or in the case of a Life Member, of $800, shall constitute any member a Patron. Sec. 8. The payment of $2,500 at one time, or in the case of a Patron of $1,500, or of a Life Member of $2,300, shall constitute any member an Associate Founder. Sec. 9. Any member who shall donate to the Society $5,000, or prop- erty of equal value, or any Associate Founder who shall donate $2,500, or any Patron who shall donate $4,000, may be elected by the Board of Man- agers or Executive Committee a Founder. THIRTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT 179 Sec. to. Any member who shall have donated to the Society ten thou- sand dollars ($10,000), or its equivalent, may be elected by the Board of Managers or the Executive Committee a Founder in Perpetuity. Such Founder in Perpetuity shall have the power to designate by a last will and testament his successor, who shall thereupon be entitled to all the rights and privileges of the original Founder in Perpetuity, including the right of designating in turn his successor. Sec. 11. Any member who shall have donated to the Society $25,000, or its equivalent, may be elected by the Board of Managers, or the Execu- tive Committee, a Benefactor. Benefactors shall have the rights and privileges of a Founder in Perpetuity. Sec. 12. Persons who have rendered marked service in the science of zoology or natural history may be elected Honorary Members, but not more than three such Honorary Members shall be elected in any one calendar year. Sec. 13. A resident member who shall have rendered marked scien- tific or professional services to the Society in any branch of its work may be elected by the Executive Committee a Life Member, Patron, Associate Founder, or Founder. A resident of New York who shall have rendered marked service in zoology or natural history may be elected by the Ex- ecutive Committee a Permanent Fellow. Sec. 14. Non-residents who communicate valuable information to the Society, or who have rendered marked service in the science of zoology or natural history, may be eletced Corresponding Members. Sec. 15. Benefactors, Founders in Perpetuity, Founders, Associate Founders, Patrons, Life Members, Honorary Members, Permanent Fel- lows, and Corresponding Members shall be exempt from annual dues. AR TIGER, Vill PRIVILEGES OF MEMBERS. Sec. 1. A member’s ticket admits the member and his immediate family to the Park on reserve days, and to all lectures and special exhibi- tions, and may be used by the member’s immediate family, and shall be good for the current year. Sec. 2. Admission tickets to the Park and Aquarium on reserve days are issued to members for distribution, and are good for the current year. Sec. 3 Each member of the Society is entitled annually to a mem- ber’s ticket and to ten admission tickets. Sec. 4. Each member shall also receive one copy of the catalogue or handbook, the report and official publications of the Society, and_ shall have all the privileges of the Library and Members’ Building. Sec. 5. No member shall be entitled to the privileges enumerated in this Article unless his annual dues shal] have been paid. Sec. 6. The Life Members shall have all the privileges of members and ten additional admission tickets. Sec. 7. Benefactors, Founders in Perpetuity, Founders, Associate Founders and Patrons shall have all the privileges of Life Members, and shall in addition receive copies of all scientific works published by the Society. 180 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY Sec. 8 Any member who shall fail to pay his annual dues within three months after the same shall have become due, and after notice of thirty days, by mail, shall cease to be a member of the Society; subject, however, to reinstatement by the Board of Managers or Executive Com- . mittee for good cause shown. Sec. 9. Any person elected to membership who shall fail to qualify within three months after notice of his election shall be considered to have declined his election; but such term may be extended by the Board of Managers or Executive Committee. ARTICLE VIII. FINANCES. Sec. 1. The fiscal year of the corporation shall be the calendar year commencing January Ist and ending December 31st. Sec. 2. Neither the Society nor any of its Managers or Officers shall contract any debt which, with existing debts, shall exceed in amount the funds then in the Treasury, except to meet expenditures for which the City is liable, and for which the Society will be reimbursed by’ warrants from the Comptrollers’ office. ARTICLE TX: AMENDMENTS. Sec. 1. Amendments to these By-Laws may be proposed, in writing, at any meeting of the Board of Managers, and adopted by unanimous con- sent of the Managers present, or if such proposed amendment shall fail to receive unanimous consent, the Secretary shall, with the notices of the next meeting, send a copy of it to each Manager and state that it will be brought up for action at such meeting, when it may be passed by a ma- jority vote. ey Si tia am, ACCOUNT, income, 46 Acknowledgments, 43 Administration building, 36 department of, 78 American Museum, 31 André, Eugene, 65 Aquarium, attendance, 33, 88 Detroit, 86 improvements, 87 improvement fund, 35 labels, 88 maintenance of, 35 New York, 41 popularity of, 32 report, 85 temperatures, QI Attendance, 57 Audit committee report, 54 Aviary, eagles’, 37 Avery, Samuel P., 62 Batrp Court, 77 Beach, Rex, 35, 62 Bedford, Duke of, 62 Beebe, C. William, 32, 65 Beerbower, G. M., 83 Billings, F. S., 42 Birds, department of, 65 list of, 67, 143 Births, list of, 63 Bison preserves, 31 Blake, Captain H., 35, 63 Blue-head, 120 Boating, 80 Boston University, 40 Bowdoin, G. S., 62 Bradley, John R., 42 Brewster, Robert S., 35, 62 Bronx Parkway Commission, 40 Buildings, new, 35 Butnee, Gustav, 35 By-laws, 174 Hudex CARNEGIE, Andrew, 35, 62 Laboratory, 40 Carter, Leslie T., 63 Caughnawana Club, 42 Chittenden, S. B., 35, 63 =Cluck,? 120 eaCoeh Wink 102 Collections, animal, 37 summary of, 70 | Color changes of fishes, 93 Committee, Executive, 31 Concourse, 77 Coney, I17 Cow fish, 120 Crane, Zenas, 62 Crematory, 77 Date, Annie Kellogg, 35, 63 Deaths, list of, 142 unusual causes of, I41 Decennial, celebration of, 31, 32 Department, bird, 65 forestry, 39, 72 health of New York, 4o mammal, 61 medical, 40 Director, Park, report, 57 Disston, Henry, 42 Distemper, I40 Ditmas, Re 1..,.32;01, 6c Doctor fish, 117 Dugmore, A. R., 97, 105 Epwarps, Harry, 42 Eggeling, O., 68 Engineering, department of, 83 Enteritis, gastro, 139 Evermann & Marsh, tot Fercuson, Mrs. Farquhar, 62 Filaria, bronchial, 142 Finances, 33 Fish Commission, New York, 89 182 Fish, green-parrot, 109 hatchery, 89 nigger, I17 pig, 111 red-parrot, 107 trigger-, 118 Fisheries, Congress, International, 41, 90 Bureau, United States, 890 Ford, James B., 62 Forestry, 72 Fund, animal, 33, 47 animal, special, 35 aquarium, 52 aquarium improvement, 52 endowment, 31 general, 34, 45 ground improvement, 34, 49 maintenance, 48 Stokes’ Bird, 34, 53 GaG, 115 Gastro-enteritis, 139 Gate, receipts, 83 Gifts, aquarium, 131 aquarium lbrary, 134 Heads and Horns, 1209 important, 35, 62 Park. 12% Park library, 128 Goat, Rocky Mountain, 63 Grant, Madison, 31, 32 Groat, Mrs. L. W., 63 Ground improvements, 70, 72, 76 Grouper, black, 115 Nassau, 105 red, I05 yellow-fin, 115 Grunt, red-mouthed, 113 yellow, 111 Guide book, 81 Hocrisu, 118 Harkness, Edward S., 35, 62 Hart, Frank, 42 Haupt, Dr -L 62 Hayward, Captain, 63 Heads and Horns, National collec- tion, 41 INDEX Hennessy, W. P., 70 Hind, red, 107 Hopkins, George B., 62 Hornaday, Dir W. ©, 31,232; 43, Obs House, FE: Ji; 42 Elephant, 33, 58, 61, 70, 71, 78, 82 Zebra, 37, 61 Hulse, Richard J. E., 63 INJURIES, I4I Insect pests, 73 Installations, new, 35 Institute, Rockefeller, 40 Italian garden, 73 JENNINGS, Oliver G., 62 Jordan & Evermann, 97 KAEGEBEHN, Alfred, 63 Krouse, Capt. Siegfried, 63 LarNeED, Edward P., 42 Life, wild, conservation of, 31 Lobsters, large, 87 Lounsbery, R. P., 62 MAINTENANCE, department of, 72 general, 74 Mammals, department of, 61 health of, 64 list of, 65 Melchert, H., 63 Membership, 33 Merkel, H. W., 72 Mitchell, H. R., 78 William, 78 Morgan, Ps Jr 62 Morton, Levi P., 43 Nicuots, Mrs. William, 62 Norton, George F., 42 OBITUARY, 42 O’Connor, Maurice, 63 Octopus, 88 Osborn, Wilham Church, 62 Osteomalacia, 138 Ostrander, Carlos E., 63 PARALYSIS, cage, 138 Phillips, John M., 42 Phipps, Henry, 62 Phoenix, Lloyd, 62 Pierrepont, John J., 62 Pneumonia, 140 Policing, 74 Porgy, jolt-head, 118 Potter, Wilson, 42 Pratt, George D., 62 Privileges, 78, 79 Publications, 42 department of, 84 RAINEY’S corpuscles, 141 Repairs, 74 Reptiles, census of, 70 department of, 68 Research, zoological, 32 Restaurant, rocking-stone, 81 Rheumatism, 137 Rickets, 138 Riding animals, 81 Riker, Samuel, Jr., 62 Robinson, Nelson, 35, 62 Rockefeller, William, 35 Rockfish, princess, 113 tiger, I17 Roderico, Trixie, 35 Rubbish war, 57, 59 Rungius, Carl, 42 Runyan, Edward Wheelock, 68 INDEX 183 SANBORN, Elwin R., 84 Saunderson, Armar D., 62 Schenck, Chief Engineer Martin, 70 Schoolmaster, 119 Senff, Charles H., 35, 62 Sergeant major, 119 Smith, Dr. A. Donaldson, 42 Snapper, gray, 119 Spencer, L. B.; 120 Statements, treasurer's, 45 Stone, F. A., 35, 62 Sturgis, Mrs. Frank K., 66 TANG, blue, 117 Townsend, Charles H., 32, 43, 93 Trigger-fish, 118 green, 120 Tuberculosis, 140 International Congress, 40 in wild animals, 40 Turtles, sea, 87 Tuxedo Club, 86 VETERINARIAN, 40 report of, 137 Wort Iecnin ln, (Cy 2 WALKS, 77 Whitman, Clarence, 35 ZOOLOGICA, 32, 66 Zoological Park, attendance, 33 maintenance of, 34 popularity of, 32 ™~ 655859 Biological York zoological Society Annuel report. ve 13(1908) New & Medica] Serials biol University of Toronto BiolowieaMbrary & Medical Serials —— DO NOT REMOVE THE CARD FROM THIS POCKET Acme Library Card Pocket LOWE-MARTIN CO. LIMITED oy ; Hy eae A Ait Ey ¥ +i he Petite RRR x rei ne ig HA Ra Peale beet tae Reb ees HUE Cade fie mi bagi ats bo) hy