7 BOTANICAL GARDEXA! § Sa ; a, D\ ES ear Gps aS ’ ‘Row. Gibson: [avienZi : eee Fh va AWW VT nbryiaey ‘ i} th i 0 i NN be Te RNA Welieny bine Hu Saad ii i Wh Ay ; I i MI a y ty i i p ty U uf ! iy i Ki ’ ‘eS ee mee fod, ey iF Flak att WePEmeDree tains) PROCEEDINGS OF THE OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE Volume IV, Part 1. ‘Twelfth Annual Report LIBRARY OF THE NEW YORK OHIO STATE a ACADEMY OF SCIENCE lo hoe. ORGANIZED 1891. INCORPORATED 1892. PUBLICATION COMMITTEE: J. H. SCHAFFNER. Jas. S. HINE. GERARD FOWKE. DATE OF PUBLICATION, April 15th, 1904. PUBLISHED BY THE ACADEMY COLUMBUS, OHIO. OFFICERS.—1904. PRESIDENT. E. L. MOSELEY. VICE-PRESIDENTS. LYNDS. JONES, L. H. McFADDEN. SECRETARY. F. L. LANDACRFE. TREASURER. NEW HERBERT OSBORN. BOTAN CAs LIBRARIAN. W. €. MILLS. EXECUTIVE COM MITTEE. Ex-Officio. Pol MOSELEY; HERBERT OSBORN, FL. LANDACRE. Elective. W. E. WELLS, W. F. MERCER. BGARD OF TRUSTEES. WithemonzEnny \Ghaitiiam. teri EXPITeS =... lcs. sso. tees e.csces-> 1906 ee VO RVR TERA LLIN: CX PINES* se wales os os a cleyotte deals ce Se alah e hae 1904 Pee oGHAHDNER atermicexpiceStyas cists ac eece Odec ee he cae. e ies 1905 PUBLICATION COMMITTEE. \: He Scmarmner, (Chairman, tenm, expires . 22. cnc 5 se. sees even ss ts 2905 AGHRARDY HORNE MELT VERDE CS aie iiaic clots scars wicle jus swisuts ele ote oaule sees 1904 JAS S SoBe ee tahoe Soi oS Aes eet pa Ga ne 1906 1892. 1893. 1894. 1895. 1896. 1897. PAST-OFFICERS- PRESIDENTS. E. W. CLAyYPOLe, 1898. W. G. TicHrT, EpwarbD OrTON, 1899. G. F. Wricut, F. M. WEBSTER, 1900. JosuaA LINDAHL, DS: KELLicorr, 1901. A. D. SeExsy, A. A. WRIGHT, 1902. W. R. LazEensy, W. A. KELLERMAN, 1903. C. J. Herrick. 1892. 1893. 1894. 1895. 1896. 1897. 1898. 1899. 1900. 1901. 1902. 1903. 1892-95. VICE-PRESIDENTS. A. A. Wricut, ELten E. Sita. DAS. Keciicort (D> LoyAMeEs: G. H. Corton, Mrs. W. ‘A. KELLERMAN. H. E. Cuaprin, JANE F. WINN. A. L. TreApWELL, Cuas. Dury. C. E. Stocum, J. B. WricHr. Josua Linpaun_, J. H. Topp. Cuas. E. Arpricnt, A. D. SELBy. J. A. Bownocker, Lynps JONEs. H. Herzer, Mrs. W. A. KELLERMAN. C. J. Herrick, C. S. Prosser. J. A. Bownocxer, Miss L. C. Ripp_e. TREASURERS. A. D. SELpy, 1896-98. D: S. KeELiicort, 1899-03. HerrBERT OSBORN. SECRETARIES. 1892. W. R. Lazensy, 1893-94. W. G. TicHt, 1895-03. E. L. MoseErey. TRUSTEES. 1900-03. F. M. WessteEr, 1900 03. J. H. ScHArFNER, 1900-02. H. C. BEARDSLEE, 1901-03. W. R. LAZENBy. PUBLICATION COMMITTEE. 1892-01. F. M. WessTER, 1898-00. S. BELLE CRAVER, 1892-97. W. A. KELLERMAN, 1900-03. J. H. ScHAFFNER, 1892-96. E. W. CLAYPOLE, 1901-03. L. H. McFappen, 1897-99. E. L. MoseELey, 1902-03. Grrarp Fowxes. MEMBERSHIP, February 15th, 1904. LIFE MEMBER. McMirrin, Emerson E........: Benue LOM all SStae New. York ACTIVE MEMBERS. AIKEN, WALTER H., Bot., Station K, Cincinnati ALpRIGHT, CHARLES E., Columbus ARMSTRONG, C. A., Geol., Canton Banu ee, ID) Ent., Logan, Utah Barrp, R. L., Zool., Geol., Oberlin BARNARD, B. C., Beaver Falls, Pa. Bercer, E. W., Berea Brarr, Kate R., Biol., 1457 Neil Ave., Columbus Bracs, J. C., Wooster Bonser, T. A., Bot., Geol., 0625 Superior Ave., Spokane, Wash. Baour, Lizzie E., Bot., Zool., Geol., Phys., Geog., Canton Bownocker, Joun A., Geol., O. U., Columbus BrimpwEL, JouHn C., Ent., Bot., Durham, N. H. BricHam, F. M., 2712. Monroe St., Toledo Britton, J. C., Ent., Dept. Ag., Washington, D. C. BrocKETT, Rutu E., Bot., Rio Grande Bruccer, Harvey, Bot., Clyde Bugsna, Martruias, Ent., 9 Heina St., Cleveland Burcess, A. F., Ent., 1576 Neil Ave., Columbus Burr, Harriet G., Bot., Worthington Carter, CuHas., Ent., : Corydon, Iowa CLAASSEN, Epo, Bot., 429 Woodland Ave., Cleveland CiarKx, W. B. Granville CoperLy, Epwarp D., Bot., : O. S. U., Columbus Cottett, S. W., Bot., Toledo, lowa Cotton, Grorce H., > Hiram Comstock, Franx M., Vert. Zool., Case School, Cleveland Cookson, CuHartes W., Geol., Somerset CopELAND, W. F., Athens Corson, H. C., Akron Davis,. V. H.,. Hort. O. S. U., Columbus Dawson, W. Leon., Ornith., 49 Chittenden Ave., Columbus Detmers, Frepa, Bot., 1315 Neil Ave., Columbus Duntap, Frep, Forestry, 35 Blair St., Ithaca, N. Y Dury, CHas., 524 Ridgway Ave., Cincinnati Durion; CF. TR: 64 W. Roy Ave., Cleveland Duvet, J. W. T., Bot., Washington, D. C., Div. of Bot Epwarps, E. H., Zool., Physiol., 259 W. Clinton St., Cleveland Feret, Apoipn, 520 E. Main St., Columbus FreLp, Irvine A., Biol., 61 Oxford St., Cambridge, Mass. FiscHEer, WALTER, Bot., Miami, Fla. Firynn, Maup, Zool., Columbus FouLx, C. W., Chem., O. S. U., Columbus Fowke, GerArp, Glac. Geol., Arch., Chillicothe Frank, J. N., Bot., Ent., O. S. U., Columbus GARY,. [> Bs. .Geol:; Austinburg GiLL, Grorce W., Geol., 380 E. Broad St., Columbus Grover, F. O., Bot., Oberlin Grices, R. F., Bot., 1318 Forsythe Ave., Columbus HamBteETon, J. C., Bot., Zool., 212 E. Eleventh Ave., Columbus Harry, Scorr G., Ornith., North Buckeye St., Wooster Harrzett, J. C., Bloomington, Ill. Harvey, Ruta S., Ornith., Bond Hill Harvey, Gertrude F., Ornith., Bond Hill Hayes, SETH, Lancaster Hers, W. B., German Wallace College, Berea 6 OHIO STATE ACADAMY OF SCIENCE. nnn ceed UIdE EEE SESSSEsSSSSS ET Granville Marietta Herrick, C. Jupson, Herzer, H., Paleon., Hitiic, Frep J., St. John’s College, Toledo Hing, J. S., Ent., Ornith., O. S. U., Columbus Hosss, P. L., Chem., Cleveland Hort; W,, Ps Bat, Toledo _ Hopkins, A. D., Ent., Morgantown, W. Va Horxins, L. S., Geol., Troy Hevx, Errza FP. T.,. Chem., Dayton Hunt, Tuomas F., Ag., Ithaca, N. Y. James, Davis, L., 127 W. Seventh St., Cincinnati Janney, JoHn J., Hort., 93 Fifteenth Ave., Columbus Jennincs, O. E., Bot., Carnegie Museum, Pittsburg, Pa. Jones, Lynps, Ornith., College Museum, Oberlin Jouvson, C. A., Bot., 235 Columbus Ave., Sandusky Keeter, Miss H. L., Bot., 93 Olive St., Cleveland KELLERMAN, WiLii1AM A., Bot., 175 W. Eleventh Ave.,Columbus KELLERMAN, Mrs. W. A., Bot., 175 W. Eleventh Ave.,Columbus Ketsey, F. D., Bot., 2146 Fulton St., Toledo Krerer, R. J., Attica Kring, W. A., Biol., Westerville LanpacrE, F. L., Zool., O. S. U., Columbus Lazensy, Wn. R., Hort., Bot., O. S. U., Columbus LinDAHL, Josua, Zool., 312 Broadway, Cincinnati Lioyp, JoHn Unt, Court and Plum Sts., Cincinnati Loutm, E. V:., Bot., Ashtabula Luxe, Frep K., Bot., Hort., Mo. Bot. Garden, St. Louis Matty, C. W., Ent., Grahamstown, South Africa Matty, Mrs. C. W., Grahamstown, South Africa MASTERMAN, E. E., Zool, Bot., New London Wooster Painesville Mateer, H. N., Biol, Martuews, Mary E., McCoy, €: T., Bot., 317 E. Mulberry St., Lancaster McELuHinny, FRANK B., Bot., New London McFappen, L. H., Chem., Westerville Mackinnon, J. A., Ornith., Grand Ave., Toledo Meap, Cuas. S., Zool., Bot., 217 King Ave., Columbus Mercer, W. F., Biol., Ohio University, Athens MetcatF, ZENO P., Plympton Mints, W. €., Arch., Biol., - Q@ S& U,. Coltmbus MoorEHEAD, WarRREN K., Arch., Andover, Mass. Morse, Max W., Zool., O. S. U., Columbus MoseEtey, E. L., Zool., Bot., Physiog., Sandusky Neties, Geo. T., U. S. Eng., Of. Hickox Bldg., Cleveland NEWELL, Wit_mon, Ent., Atlanta, Ga. OperHorser, H. C., 1454 Sheridan Ave., N. W., Washington, D. C. OpvensacHu, F. L., Meteor., St. Ignatius Coll., Cleveland Osporn, Hervert, Ent., Zool., O. S. U., Columbus OspurN, Raymonp C., Zool., Ichth., 510 W. 124th St., New York OvuTHWAITE, JosePpH H., U. S. Ordnance, Columbus Oviatt, H. L., Gen. Sci., Norwalk Patuister, H. D., 1138 Independence St., Cleveland Parrott, P. J., Ent., Geneva, N. Y. Peck, Jn EeaGeols ' Delaware PEpPEL, S. V., Chem., Geol., Surv., ; Columbus PIwANKA, THOMAS, 243 Superior St., Cleveland Prosser, C. S., Geol., O. S. U., Columbus Ruwoapes, W. R., Gas Works, Springfield, Ill. Rice, Epwarp L., Zool., Delaware Rippte, Lumina C., Bot., O. S. U., Columbus RoupvesusH, LoweLtt, Owensville Rover, Joun S., Biol., 247 N. Seventeenth St., Columbus Sanpers, J. G., Ent., Bot., Westerville ACTIVE MEMBERS. 7 St. Mary’s Sancer, U. G., Bot., Berea ScHAaL, WILLIAM G.,, ScHAFFNER, JOHN H., Bot., O. S. U., Columbus Scott, Daisy M., 1274 Summit St., Columbus Seaton, Miss F., 103 Glen Park Place, Cleveland Serpy, A. D., Bot., Experiment Sta., Wooster Simkins, J. D., Gla. Geol., St. Marys Stocum, Mrs. BELLE, Wayne Bldg., Toledo Stocum, C. E., Defiance SmitH, Miss I. S., Bot., Oberlin Situ, J. WarrEN, Meteor., Columbus Snyoer, F. D., Zool., Ethnol., Ashtabula SouLte, WILLIAM, 1804 S. Union Ave., Alliance Sra, lla. ; 1062 Madison St., Cleveland Sterk1, Victor, Conch., Bot., ° New Philadelphia Stickney, M. E., Bot., Granville STocCKBERGER, W. W., Bot., Dept. Agr., Washington, D. C. Stoner, Minnie A., Dom. Sci., O. U. S., Columbus StorKE, SopHIA D., 1040 Franklin Ave., Cleveland Surrace, F. M., Zool., Bot., Eaton Sutton, J. G., Physics, Geol., Rushsylvania Sweezey, Orro H., Board of Agr., Columbus THompson, Mrs. Kina, 167 W. Tenth Ave., Columbus *TILLMAN, Miss Opat L., O. S. U., Columbus emt, W: G:, Geol: Albuquerque, N. M. Topp, JosepH H., Geol., Arch., Christmas Knoll, Wooster dixie olay los McConnelsville Tussinc, P. I., Geol., Ada Tyter, F. J., Bot., Plant House., Div. of Bot., Washington, D. C. Watton, L. B., Biol., Gambier Wess, R. J., Bot., Garrettsville Wesster, F. M., Ent., Urbana, III. WELts, W. E., Biol., Antioch Coll., Yellow Springs WERTHNER, WILLIAM, Bot., Steele High School, Dayton WesteGateE, Lewis G., Geol., Delaware WertzsteEINn, A., Bot., St. Marys WHETSEL, J. A. G., Bot., Zool., South New Lyme Wuitney, W. C., Biol., Geol., Westerville WILLIAMS, STEPHEN R., Biol., Miami Univer., Oxford WiLLiAMSON, E. Bruce, Ichth., Ornith., Bluffton, Ind. Witson, Miss S. S., Geol., Phys. Geog., 97 N. 20th St., Columbus WILxkinson, E., Bot., Mansfield Wo re, E. E., Bot., Marietta Coll., Marietta Wricut, G. Freperick, Geol., Oberlin Wricut, ALsBert A., Geol., 123 Forest St., Oberlin York, Harran H., Bot., O. S. U., Columbus Bow ee ath Report of the Thirteenth Annual Meeting OF THE Ohio State Academy of Science. ANNUAL MEETING. The thirteenth annual meeting of the Academy was held at Denison University, Granville, November 27, 1903. All but one of the papers on the printed program were read. Regarding the status of membership, the secretary reported that the executive committee had decided, “the Academy is so small as to make any classification of members unnecessary.” In accordance with a recommendation of the treasurer, the Academy decided that “authority shall be secured from the execu- tive committee before any debt is incurred by any member, officer, or committee.” Hereafter members are not to receive the publications if their dues are in arrears more than one year. The publication committee reported: “During the year four reports have been published, amounting in all to 435 pages. The greater part of the expense of publication was covered by the McMillin fund.” The trustees reported: “During the year the Academy has published three valuable ‘Special Papers,’ Nos. 5, 6 and 7. The studies upon which these papers were based were largely carried on by aid from the Emerson McMillin Research fund, and the expense of publication was mainly met by the further aid of the same fund. It is expected that two more ‘Special Papers’ will be completed and published during the year 1904, and that in addition to this, much research work in other lines will be done. The annual donation of $250.00 by Emerson McMillin for the year 1904 has been received and deposited in the Capital City Bank, Columbus.” The Academy adopted the following resolutions: FIRST. “Resolved, That the rule be established that no paper shall hereafter be admitted to the program of the annual meeting, unless Io OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE; by special vote of the Academy, which shall not have been sub- mitted either in full or in abstract to the program committee and approved by them. Titles of proposed papers may be sent to the program committee or to the secretary at any time in advance of the meeting in order to aid the committee in planning the pro- gram, but this cannot take the place of the absract. Abstracts should not exceed 300 words in length and should be submitted typewritten in the form desired for publication in the proceedings. The full text of all papers designed for publication by the Academy, properly edited for publication and typewritten, should be in the hands of the publication committee not later than the adjournment of the annual meeting.” SECOND, “Resolved, That the Ohio Naturalist be made an official organ of the Ohio State Academy of Science, the Naturalist to print in full papers under 1,500 words in length, and abstracts, not to exceed 300 words in length, of other papers read. All abstracts and other MSS. designed for the Ohio Naturalist, after having been passed upon by the publication committee, shall be sub- mitted in typewritten form to the editor of the Ohio Naturalist within one week after the adjournment of the annual meeting. “The Ohio Naturalist shall publish announcements of meet- ings, lists of publications for sale, etc., whenever the Academy may desire, such announcements not to exceed one-half page of advertising matter in any one issue. Copies of all numbers of the Ohio Naturalist shall be sent to all members of the Academy not in arrears for the payment of dues. “The Academy shall pay to the Ohio Naturalist 50 cents for each subscription of the Naturalist thus sent to its members. “The annual reports, including lists of members, officers, pro- ceedings, the presidential address and such other matter as the publication committee may determine, shall be issued separately by the publication committee. Papers offered for publication which exceed 1,500 words in length may be published by the Academy, when accepted by the publication committee, in the series of Special Papers now running. The publication committee shall assemble the Annual Reports and Special Papers into vol- umes of proceedings of convenient size and page them consecu- tively in each volume. But a part of the edition of each volume of proceedings shall be made up with each Annual Report and Special Papers stitched and covered separately, and offered for sale at the lowest reasonable rate.” REPORT OF THIRTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. II i OD ARN wW 36. 37. PAPERS READ. Preliminary Report on the Development of the Gill in Mytilus Raia pay tae ihc ot einate > & let temte ea a kid tee Epwarp L. RIce Comparative Chart of the Vertebrate Skull....... Cuartes S. Meap iiiemierolozadrOEl Sandusky: bays =< celneete ioaicies = F, L. LANDACRE Ae Newo£ eritmichous InitisOLidtl .ci.dscacse cece ees F, L. LAaNnpAcRE Report on the Reptiles and Batrachians of Ohio........ Max Morse nie F sotarod: Gf Driishhlgke > wrs cise ces asthe were Lumina C. RIpDLE Gatalosume Museum. Collectionss<..4.0.2 0. tence L. B. Watton Exe LACH Calm ISSEChING WE La yar uaa .a: oc ieie vata eee 2 «ete L. B. Watton A Further Contribution to the Hemipterous Fauna of Ohio. . Be rec EN Rene oh Oie oF oe a ibs ake aval ave elouns HERBERT OSBORN Report on the Scale Insects. of Ohio ................ J. G. SANDERS Report on the Orthoptera of Ohio ..................CHas. S. Meap A Supplement to the Odonata of Ohio .............. James S. HINE Notes on the Introduction of the Chinese Ladybird, Chilocorus Sirtisli Sag tits MiGs ao. cee cercrae he rake eerie aleracien 6 A. F. BurceEss Notes on a Macropterous Phylloscelis atra........ HERBERT OSBORN The Breeding Habits of the Myriopod, Fontaria Indianae Boll SUE Mate a AEN mien atone eee A iat wad eee clas Adee eset Max Morse A Statistical Plea for Nature Study ..... .Epwarp L. RIcE Shore Line Topography between Toledo and “Huron, Ohio— IRAN ESt lets LL eSwiete Pe, ccc sicsne oes ociebareeore ser aeitrone ale Lewis G. WESsTGATE Some Rare Forms of Aboriginal Implements ............ J. H. Topp List of the Mosses of Cuyahoga and Other Counties of North- GMS Ne inte e ce ee we ckig tok ate cota eas Epo CLAASSEN Extra-Floral Nectaries and Other Glands........ JoHN H. SCHAFFNER HNOLESAOlta NN Uta bitie) slatits) neemaitace. sure tomes tee Joun H. SCHAFFNER Notes on Some Rare and Interesting Ohio Plants..Orto E. Jennincs The Keeping Qualities of Apples ................ Wo. R. Lazensy DIECESNOEy GelaSthAClae cis ane cra ccciw a's Oe Stsueimerenions oie 2 Wo. R. Lazensy Variation and. invironimenty ssc ac. sen sce char wee L. B. Watton Further Floristic Studies in West Virginia ...... W. A. KELLERMAN Additional Infection Experiments with Species of Rusts...... Sag EE EER Ee IE OM eS IC ICRREE HERE nay W. A. KELLERMAN Mycological Flora of Cedar Point, Sandusky, Ohio—Abstract echoes Wet ie bi Caer SAP OE OCR E AC ae W. A. KELLERMAN Group Names in Natural History ................ W. A. KELLERMAN Historical Account of Uredineous Culture Experiments, with List of Species Abstract: coc sc cle cecle tee ces W. A. KELLERMAN Amiel Repore on the state: Herbarigni ) ea. o.. 2 cate es CS ey SR fen oR a a W. A. KELLERMAN and O. E. JENNINGS On the Occurrence of Fossombronia cristula in Ohio. .Epo CLAASSEN ‘The Agar-agar Method of Imbedding Plant Tissues.......... p RNR Sa EN Shear et ST Py on a a Hartan H. York Report on the Flowering Plants and Ferns of Cedar Point... Pere certs pete pet is ecushend chateaus © Otto JENNINGS Preliminary Report on the Geology and Ecology of Clifton En se ate ee’ eo eente sy CL st eit < ojaee Web Vin Snel W. E. WELLs Waetescon thie. Aradiaas ob OniG 2. 35. vec celeate aaa leie« HERBERT OSBORN PwommoOdr Wrest s PaIONIG se oo cise orsia os aeldn nieten came HERBERT OSBORN E. L. Mosetey, Secretary. 2 ~ 12 OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. NOTICE IN REGARD TO. PUBLICATIONS. Since by a special resolution of the Academy, the Annual Reports and Special Papers are in the future to be collected into definite volumes consecutively paged, it becomes necessary to make some disposition of the reports already issued. It is very unfortunate that a definite and suitable plan of publication was not adopted by the Academy from the very beginning. But although there will be some inconvenience in having volumes consisting of reports specially paged, there seemed to be but one feasible plan, which is to collect the old reports into a number of volumes, each consisting of a number of parts. The reports are therefore col- lected into three volumes and the new plan with consecutive pagi- nation thus begins with Volume IV. The disposition of the past reports is as follows: Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science, Vol. I, consists of the following Reports: Part 1. Constitution, By-Laws, Officers, List of Members, and Historical Sketch; 1891. (Date of publicatlon, 1892.) Part 2. First Annual Report of the Ohio State Academy of Science; 1892. (No date of publication.) Part 3. Second Annual Report of the Ohio State Academy of Science; 1893. (No date of publication.) Part 4. Third Annual Report of the Ohio State Academy of Science; 1894. (No. date of publication.) Part 5. Fourth Annual Report of the Ohio State Academy of Science; 1895. (No date of publication.) Part 6. Fifth Annual Report of the Ohio State Academy of Science; 1896. (Date of publication; 1897.) Sixth Annual Report of the Ohio State Academy of Science; 1897. (Date of pubilcation, 1898.) aoe Part Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science, Vol. II, consists of the following Reports : Part 1.. Seventh Annual Report of the Ohio State Academy of Science; 1898. (Date of publication, 1899.) : Part 2. Special Papers No. 1, “Sandusky Flora.” (Date of publication, May, 1899.) Part 3. Special Papers No. 2, “The Odonata of Ohio.” (Date of publica- ae tion, Mare», 1899.) Part 4. -Eighth Annual Report of the Ohio State Academy of Science; 1899. (Date of publication, 1900.) Part 5. Special Papers No. 3, “The Preglacial Drainage of Ohio.” (Date of publication,.December, 1900.) REPORT OF THIRTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 13 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science, Vol. III, consists of the following Reports: Part Part Part Part Part Part Part a 2: 3. 4. Ninth Annual Report of the Ohio State Academy of Science; 1900. (Date of publication, 1901.) Special Fapers No. 4, “The Fishes of Ohio.” (Date of publica- tion, May, 1901.) Tenth Annual Report of the Ohio State Academy of Science; 1901. (Date of publication, 1902.) Eleventh Annual Report of the Ohio State Academy of Science, 1902. (Date of publication, May 1, 1903.) Special Papers No. 5, “Tabanidze of Ohio.” (Date of publication, May 1, 1903.) Special Papers No. 6, “The Birds of Ohio.” (Date of publication, October 15, 1903.) Special Papers No. 7, “Ecological Study of Big Spring Prairie.” (Date of publication, 1903.) It is the intention of the publication committee to publish title pages and indexes to the volumes as opportunity and funds will permit. As stated, Vol. 1V will be paged consecutively ; and hereafter there will be no difficulty in having the reports prop- erly bound or in referring to articles contained in them. Joun H. ScHAFFNER. 14 OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS. THE DOCTRINE OF NERVE COMPONENTS AND SOME OPTS APPLICATIONS. By C. Jupson HERRICK. The original purpose of the students of nerve components was the analysis of the peripheral nervous system into units which should have at the same time a functional and a structural signifi- cance. This obviously is not the case with the cranial and spinal nerves as commonly enumerated. The structural peculiarities of each of the twelve pairs of cranial nerves, for instance, while fairly well defined in the human body, are very diverse in the vertebrate series as a whole. Thus the facial nerve from being predominantly sensory in lower vertebrates (more than half of its fibers in fishes belonging to a sensory system not represented at all in mammals) becomes in man predominantly motor with only a vestigeal remnant of the sensory components, and even the motor component innervates chiefly muscles new to the mammalia. We might multiply illustrations of the structural instability of the cranial nerves. And that the cranial nerves have any special sig- nificance as functional units cannot be maintained for a moment, no two pairs in the human body having even approximately the same function. But the first measurably complete analysis of the cranial nerves into their components for their entire extent showed at once the presence of certain structural and functional systems of components, the laws of whose distribution have apparently little to do with the serial order of the cranial nerves as commonly enumerated. We have, then, a number of systems of components each of which is defined structurally by similarity of peripheral and central terminal relations, and functionally by the transmission of nervous impulses of the same type or modality. Among these systems are tactile, auditory, visual, olfactory, motor, gustatory, etc., each with very characteristic terminal relations. Now, this structure is absolutely meaningless apart from its function. Let any one who doubts this spend a few months (as I have done) in trying to master and correlate the existing literature of the cranial nerves of vertebrates. Though these descriptions were for the most part written by famous masters of REPORT OF THIRTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 15 he anatomical science, yet in their aggregate they present an indi- gestible mass of confused and meaningless detail, crude fact, well spiced with error, for the most part not worth the prodigeous labor of digging it out of the oblivion of classic tomes of by-gone anatomists. I do not mean to imply that all the problems of cranial nerve morphology are now cleared up; but I do claim that there is no longer any necessity for the further accumulation of uncritical and meaningless fact in this field of research. We have already gone far enough to point the way toward certain lines of fruitful correlation. We can not only correlate structure with structure, but we can interpret structure by function and thus bring out a fuller meaning. We are at least coming into a realization of the fact that we cannot fully understand any structure until we know what it can do. This point of view of course is not new, but as worked out practically in the peripheral nervous system it is exerting a elarifying influence upon our knowledge of the central system also. The present demand in cerebral anatomy is for conduction paths, for functional systems of neurones, and precise knowledge of the pathways between the brain and the periphery is the first step in such a central analysis. The primary function of the nervous system is to facilitate the reaction of the organism to the external forces of the environ- ment. Later, as the reacting mechanism becomes more com- plicated, the nervous system assumes the function of co-ordinat- ing this mechanism, 7. e¢., of reaction to the forces of the internal environment. These two functions lie at the basis of our most fundamental division of the analysis of the nervous system, viz.: (1) the somatic systems (sensory and motor) for bodily responses to external stimuli, and (2) the visceral systems (sensory and motor) for visceral reactions to internal stimuli. Each of these great divisions has been analyzed peripherally, more or less imperfectly as yet, into systems of components, as suggested above. Every such system of nerve fibers performs a separate function, conducts a single type of nervous impulse, either afferent, 7. e., sensory, or efferent, 7. e., excito-motor, excito-gland- ular, etc. The following systems are already distinguishable anatomically : 16 OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCH. I. Somatic SYSTEMS. 1. Tactile, or general Cutaneous. 2. Acustico-lateral, including nerves for lateral line organs (in the Ichthyopsida)’and for organs of equilibration and hearing (in vertebrates generally). These organs and their nerves have probably been derived phylogenetically from the general - cutaneous system and, like the organs of the latter type, are adapted for the reception of various kinds of mechanical impact, either rhythmic or non-rhythmic. 3. Visual (a system of uncertain relationship, provisionally classi- fied under the somatic sensory). 4. Somatic motor, for the innervation of skeletal or voluntary muscles. II. VisceraL SYSTEMS. 5. Visceral sensory, unspecialized sensory nerves of the viscera, dis- tributed chiefly through the sympathetic nerves. 6. Gustatory, innervating specialized sense organs (taste buds) of chemical sense, probably derived piysee meta from the preceding type. 7. Olfactory (provisionally classified here because of the apparent resemblance betwen taste and smell). 8. Visceral motor, distributed chiefly to unstriped and involuntary muscles, generally through the sympathetic system. 9, Excito-glandular, provisionally classified here because of general resemblance to the last mentioned type. There are numerous other systems which can be differen- tiated physiologically, but which cannot as yet be completely separated anatomically and classified, such as nerves for the thermal sensations, muscle sensations, etc., but enough has been done to enable us to lay down the general plan or pattern of the peripheral nervous system as a whole and to define the main path- ways by which stimuli of different modalities reach the brain and are reflected back to the responsive organs. Our anatomical knowl- edge of these pathways is sufficiently well controlled by precise physiological experimentation to enable us to state with confidence that each of the nine systems mentioned above is a real functional unit. The fibers composing these systems may reach the central nervous system through a series of many nerve roots arranged in a segmental way, like the general cutaneous nerves of the spinal cord, or they may all be represented in a single large nerve, like the optic and olfactory. Thus it happens that some nerves, like those last mentioned, are “pure” nerves, while others, like the facialis or vagus, are “mixed,” containing in some cases as many as four anatomically distinguishable components. REPORT OF FHIRTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. In7 It-is a general rule that in the body the components tend to be distributed among a large number of nerves in a more or less: segmental way, while in the head they tend to be concen- trated into a few pathways, or only one, into the brain, an adap- tation which presents obvious advantages for the simplification and unification of the secondary reflex paths from these primary centers. Now, the central nervous system is, as we have already seen, primarily a mechanism to facilitate the reaction of the animal to impressions from without, in other words, to put the body in correspondence with the environment. Its structure is directly determined by the avenues of sense through which these stimuli come in and by the character of the responses to these stimuli which are necessary for the conservation of the organism. In view of the fact that we already possess a detailed know ledge of these peripheral nervous pathways, it is manifest that we have here a most favorable avenue of approach in an analysis of the incon- ceivable complexity of cerebral structure. We must know in detail the possible reflex pathways in the brain for all olfactory, visual, gustatory responses, etc., in the vertebrate type, and then on the basis of such a functional sub- division of the brain the problem of the mechanisms of higher cerebral processes may be attacked with a reasonable hope of suc- cess. The investigation of the internal organization of the brain may be pursued in several ways: I. The direct study of the human brain, both normal and pathological. On account of the enormous practical importance of neurology to both human psychology and pathology, research naturally turned directly to the human brain; but a more unfavor- able starting point could not be found. Il. It is now generally recognized that the complex human brain can best be understood by finding first a simpler pattern such as is presented by one of the lowest vertebrates. Accord- ingly the phyletic method has dominated all recent neurological research. The brains of individual species are studied and mono- graphed, particular attention being paid to the lower members of the vertebrate series in the hope of finding in them a schema or paradigm which can be followed upward through the comparative anatomical series and, after comparison with the ontogeny of higher brains, lead to a reconstruction of the phylogenetic history of the brain. While this method has been of great service, espe- cially to such problems as can be approached from the study of external morphology, it is immensely difficult when applied to the histological problems, and as a matter of fact has not as yet taken us very far. 18 . OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. Ill. A third method, mstead of taking an entire brain as the unit of research, concentrates attention upon a single fune- tional system and seeks to get exhaustive comparative knowledge of it in many types. Starting with a fairly accurate and detailed knowledge of the functional systems at the periphery, we have simply to extend the lines of inquiry here blocked out for us. This gives a type of problem which is much more approach- able than the others. It is not so complex, but more intensive. Of still more importance are the facts that the anatomical data can be directly correlated by physiological experimentation, and the method is open to experimental control all along the line. Our degeneration methods open up possibilities here which are incom- parably more valuable than the most precise anatomical observa- tion. And nature has performed for us a series of experiments which are in a sense the converse of our degeneration methods. The various sensori-motor systems are very unequally developed, some animals possessing one in a high state of elaboration, some another. If therefore we begin our studies on the visual system for instance, with animals such as most birds with very highly developed eyes, and then compare with animals with vestigeal eyes, it is evident that we have here a means of isolating the system for scientific study which has some points of superiority over artificial experimental methods. Fortunately within the group of fishes, whose brains are all constructed on a plan funda- mentally similar, we have the most remarkable diversity in the degree of development of the several systems, so that this is a favorable starting point for this method, especially since the brain is composed almost wholly of the simpler reflex mechanisms with- out the complications which we find in mammals due to the enormous developments of higher associational centers in the fore- brain. Some fishes have huge eyes, some are blind; some have elaborate olfactory apparatus, some very slight; some show a marvelous hypertrophy of the organs of taste, or touch, ete. These organs are all open to physiological study and so the fune- tions can be accurately determined. Then, having found the cerebral pathways for each system where it reaches its maximum development, we can more easily trace out the system in other types, and thus arrive ultimately at a full knowledge of its evolutionary history. All scientific method is both analytic and synthetic. In the phyletic type of neurological method, these two processes are apt to be far separated and the observed facts may remain inert and REPORT OF THIRTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 19 relatively meaningless, because imperfectly understood, inco- ordinated. In our third type of method, on the other hand, it is easier to correlate the data as we go along, the synthesis accom- panies the analysis, and the possibility of experimental control should keep the student im closer touch with his guiding facts and discourage general speculation. As a concrete illustration of the practical method of applying the doctrine of nerve components in the functional analysis of the nervous system, we may summarize briefly the progress which has been made up to date in the study of the gustatory system. In man, as is well known, the sense of taste is not very highly developed. The peripheral organs, or taste buds, are situ- ated chiefly on the tongue, those near its base innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve, and those near the tip probably by the chorda tympani of the facial nerve. But the gustatory pathway toward the brain is very imperfectly understood and many points are still in controversy, while the central path is almost wholly unknown, But in certaim fishes, such as the carp and cat fish, this system of sense organs is enormously exaggerated. Taste buds ‘are found, not only in the mouth, but all over the outer skin and barblets. Direct experiment shows that these fishes actually do taste with these superficial sense organs—unlike some people, their taste is not all in their mouth. The experiments made on the cat fish (Ameiurus) show that these fishes seek their food by feeling for it with the barblets and by means of them they discriminate between edible and non-edible substances, that they habitually use both the sense of touch and the sense of taste for the purpose and that they can be taught to discriminate between tactile and gustatory stimuli applied to the skin and will turn and snap up savory substances and reject objects which feel like them but are devoid of taste. The exact distribution of the gustatory sense organs has been determined and their nerves traced back to the brain. We get the gustatory reaction from the skin as described above in fishes which possess these cutaneous sense organs, and the reaction is not obtained from fishes which do not possess such sense organs and nerves, All of these cutaneous sense organs are innervated from a single nerve, the sensory root of the facial (corresponding to the portio intermedia of human anatomy), which is the biggest nerve in the body. The center in which this nerve terminates in the medulla oblongata is about as big as the entire forebrain, 20 OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF. SCIENCE. instead of being barely discernable by refined histological methods, as in the human body. And the secondary gustatory path, which in man is totally unknown, is the largest single tract in the brain, both in the cat fish and in the carp! The primary gustatory center in the medulla oblongata is bilobed, the “facial lobe,” receiving the gustatory fibers from the skin and the “vagal lobe” receiving those from the mouth. From these lobes there is both an ascending and a descending gustatory path. The latter passes down to the point where the medulla oblongata. merges into the spinal cord and there terminates in a special nucleus which is intimately related to the funicular nuclei, a center for tactile sensations. Here the tactile and gustatory stimuli are co-ordinated and a common descending bundle (terti- ary path) passes back into the spinal cord for the body movements necessary to turn toward the food object. The ascending sec- ondary gustatory path extends upward to a big nucleus under the cerebellum, from which tertiary pathways extend forward and downward into the midbrain (chiefly in the inferior lobe), then backward by a descending path of the fourth order into the medulla oblongata to reach the motor nuclei of the cranial nerves. We have already gone far enough into our analysis of these: secondary and tertiary gustatory paths to make it perfectly safe to predict that all of the habitual gustatory reflexes which we have observed in these fishes can be followed anatomically through the brain for their entire extent. And since we have the strongest reasons for believing that the elementary reflex paths are essen- tially similar in mammals and fishes, we expect to find here an important guide for further, research in human anatomy. So the other sensori-motor systems may be sev erally investi- vated, beginning the attack in each case with some species low down in the vertebrate series in which this particular mechanism is highly developed, and then extending the research to higher and lower types. We may ultimately hope for a subdivision of the brain which shall be both structural and functional, each organ or pathway being given its function or meaning in the system as a part of the machinery of keeping the body in vital, helpful contact with environing forces. The great morphological “head problems,” such as the primitive metamerism and the subsequent marvelous kalaidoscopic changes in structure and function of the component segments, these must all be read through the medium of such an intensive study of these factors upon which all differentiation has in last analysis depended. REPORT OF THIRTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 21 There is another point of view from which I have been some- what interested to develop the implications of the doctrine of nerve components, that of scientific methology in general. It is said that scientific explanation consists essentially in such an organization of facts that they may be generalized or included under certain laws or uniformities which permit a fore- casting of future events. Now, without going into an exposition at this time of the implied philosophy of nature, I think that a little reflection will show that this statement, while true in a certain limited sense, is very defective. What is the nature of this organization of facts from which so great benefits are expected to flow? Can it in last analysis be anything other than the correlation of experience? All of the “facts” with which we deal have grown up in experience; they are in a literal sense the products of our experience. As men of science we have nothing to do with “‘things-in-themselves,” only with phenomena, out of which we have constructed by mental process certain objective things which we regard as real—‘‘con- structs,” or in common parlance, objects, facts, data. By these things which grew up in experience (we have in most cases forgotten how) we measure up and evaluate all new experience. If the new sense presentation is a yellow dog with white feet we assimilate it at once with previous experience and approve it as a valid fact. If, on the other hand, it is a green dog with thirteen scarlet heads each with a forked tongue, we are apt to ask, Am I awake or asleep? or, What was I drinking last night? Such an experience may be vividly real to me, but if awake. and sane I do not accredit it as an object of sense, as a fact of experience, unless I can correlate it with the body of fz already approved. But scientific laws are merely “facts” of wider import, which rest on a foundation of broader experience such that, when objecti- fied, they remain not as concrete elementary experiences but as general categories including many such elements. The scientific generalization or law must therefore be approved or evaluated in a way strictly analogous with that by which we test sense impressions ; that is, to be acceptable it must fit in harmoniously with the whole content of experience—‘‘it must explain all the facts.” In the solution of any scientific problem that method is most likely to lead directly to fruitful results, other things being equal, which favors thé correlation of the data all along the line so that cach correlation may become at once a datum for future research, instead of reserving the major correlations until near the end of 22 OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. the investigation. And in biological research, to return to our text, we must not forget for an instant that the organism is a function- ing mechanism. We cannot hope to understand any animal or plant or organ until we have an exhaustive knowledge of how it works. The anatomical fact is dead and inert unless it is vivified not only by the “salt of morphological ideas” as it was so happily phrased years ago, but also by the fresh warm blood of functional explanations. Anatomy has given place, within the memory of even the younger generation of biologists, to morphology, in which the explanation is indissolubly linked with the fact. Nor can we stop here. No anatomical fact is complete until its physiological sig- nificance is added thereto. Like the old-time descriptive anatomist, the ‘pure’ morphologist (or shall we dubb him “poor morpho- logist ?”) has no longer any tenable standing ground. What I mean is that anatomical structure cannot be understood as the morphology of today demands that it must be understeed without a full knowledge of the functions of the parts, and we must know evolution of function before we can have true knowledge of the evolution of structure. And as a matter of fact the biological public is just now coming into a practical realization of the truth that we must have a comparative physiology parallel with our comparative anatomy. It seems to us now very strange that we have had to wait a whole century after the birth of comparative anatomy for even the beginnings of a realization im practice of this elementary principle. That researches in descriptive anatomy and in pure mor- phology are still necessary and will continue to be called for to the end of the age there can be no doubt: but it is important that we remember that no study of strucure is complete until the whole significance of that structure (including the evolutionary history of both its form and its function) 1s exposed and the whole com- plex of fact and meaning not only woven together into a single fabric, but fitted into the great pattern of reality as a whole in its proper place. Now, no one of us can do this perfectly and, as time advances and the totality of the known becomes ever more vast and intricate, the difficulty grows apace. And yet this we must do in some measure in so far as we hope to rank as real builders in the permanent temple of truth. If we find ourselves unable to see the whole ediflce in its proper perspective (as indeed who can?) we can at least build harmoniously with that nitch in which we find ourselves. Let no man delude himself with the idea that he is building for himself alone, that he builds on no other’s foundation REPORT OF THIRTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 23 or that he can with safety ignore the labors of his coadjutors. Let no research worker hedge himself about and work in isolation ; harmonious co-operation is the only possible way to get that _ breadth of view which all lack as individuals. _In our work on the nerve components we have endeavored to live up to these ideals. In so far only as we succeed in effecting wide and stable correlations from both the antomical and the physiological side can we hope to be able to build a structure which shall endure as a secure foundation for an ultimately complete functional subdivision of the nervous system. } wf eset 334 oe es Snell Papets No. e “The Sesiseiay Deainide of ohie q é PP. 75: By Ws TIGHT; J. AL BOWNOCKER, : rk H. pie and’ GERARD FOWRE 2: ie Special ‘Papets-No. 4: ‘The Fishes of Obi6,’” oP 105: BY: RAYMOND Cc ‘OSBURN - ; so Papett—No. 5. Tabanidae of Ohio.’ ie es By Janus S. TINE | hab @ Re ce ae ¢ By, Special Papers No. 6. * The Birds of Ohio.” > apt ee Pac & Sy Lands JONES bass 4 ; fant Papers ~ No.7. Ecolvdical Stuay ot Big ‘Spring Prairie.” Pp: aie BY THOMAS A. Bonsen,, By ior iP oP os 4 | PROCEEDINGS OF THE OHIO | | STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE | | VoL. w. | PART 2 | _ SPECIAL PAPERS, No. 8 : The Coccidae of Ohio, | _ JAMES G. SANDERS, M. A. === COLUMBUS, OHIO: 1903 PROCEEDINGS OF THE OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE VOETy, LAR F 2. Shale! Coccidae of Ohio, I By JAMES G. SANDERS, M. A. LIBRARY JEW YORE SF EGCIAL PAPERS, No. &. Date of Publication, May 16, 1904. Publication Committee: JOHN H. SCHAFFNER, JAS. S. HINE, GERARD FOWKE COLUMBUS, OHIO. The expense of the publication of this paper is covered by a special grant from the Emerson McMillin Research Fund. WitiraM R, LAzENsBy, F. M. WEBSTER, JOHN H. SCHAFFNER, Trustees. INTRODUCTORY. This paper is the result of two years’ study of the Coccidae in the Ohio State University Zoological Laboratory, under the able direetion of Prof. Herbert Osborn, who has devoted much time to the study of the Hemiptera, of which Order the Coccidae comprise a comparatively small group. It has been the plan of the author to arrange the paper in the form of an illustrated manual, furnishing keys and descrip- tions for the species reported in Ohio. Several species were not deemed sufficiently important to require an extended description and a figure. In the eourse of the work the author has added 32 species to the Ohio list, including six species new to science. One of these (Aspidiotus glanduliferus) was deseribed by Prof. Cockerell, and five (Phenacoccus osborni, Chionaspis gleditsiae, Ch. sylvatica, Aspidiotus piceus and Orthezia solidaginis) were deseribed by the author. On account of the lack of specimens and literature at hand, the author omits the Coccinae in this paper except to list the re- corded species, hoping in another year to work up this group in similar manner. Any assistance in the way of specimens or literature will be gratefully received. In illustrating the Diaspinae, the author has shown on one- half of the drawing the dorsal, and on the other half the ventral surface, and has endeavored to be as accurate as possible in delineating the relative size and position of the gland-orifices, both dorsal and ventral. The male seale has been deseribed immediately after the female seaie, it seeming proper to give first the superficial charae- ters of each one before passing to the microscopic characters of either one. * Presented to the Faculty of the College of Arts, Philosophy and Science of the Ohio State University as the thesis requirement for the degree of Master of Arts. June, 1903 Contributions from the Department of Zoology and Entomology, No. 18 20 28 OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. Mrs. M. E. Fernald’s catalogue of the Coccidae of the World has been followed with reference to nomenclature, and all the exotie species are italicized in the text. The author wishes to thank Prof. Herbert Osborn for his many valuable suggestions during the study of the Coccidae, and the preparation of this paper. Also the author is under great obligations to Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell, Prof. R. A. Cooley and Mr. Geo. B. King for suggestions and verifications of species; and to Dr. E. P. Felt for specimens and literature. LIST OF THE COCCIDAE REPORTED IN ORIG (Including greenhouse species, indicated by an asterisk.) Euleeanium cockerelli (Hunter). Eulecanium fitchii (Sign.) Orthezia solidaginis Sanders. Eulecanium fletcheri (Ck1l.) DACTYLOPIINAE Eulecanium magnoliarum (Ck1l.) Asterolecanium variolosum (Ratz.) Eulecanium nigrofasciatum (Perg.) Kermes andrei King. Eulecanium persicae (Fab.) Kermes arizonensis King. Eulecanium prunastri (Fonsc.) Kermes galliformis Riley. Eulecanium quercifex (Fitch). Kermes kingii Ckll. Eulecanium quercitronis (Fitch). Kermes pettiti Ehrh. Eulecanium tulipiferae (Cook). Kermes pubescens Bogue. Eulecanium websteri (King). Kermes trinotatus Bogue. *Saissetia depressa (Targ.) Gossyparia spuria (Modeer). *Saissetia hemisphaerica (Targ.) Eriococcus azaleae Comst. *Saissetia oleae (Bern.) Phenacoccus acericola (King). DIASPINAE. Phenacoccus osborni Sanders. Chionaspis americana Johns. *Pseudococcus citri (Risso). Chionaspis caryae Cooley. *Pseudococcus longispinus (Targ.) Chionaspis corni Cooley. ORTHEZIINAE *Orthezia insignis Dougl. *Pseudococcus pseudonipae (Ckll.) Chionaspis euonymi Comst. Pseudococcus trifolii Chionaspis furfura (Fitch). COCCINAE. Chionaspis gleditsiae Sanders. Pulvinaria acericola (Walsh & Chionaspis longiloba Cooley. Riley). Chionaspis ortholobis Comst. Pulvinaria innumerabilis (Rath- Chionaspis pinifoliae (Fitch). von). Chionaspis salicis-nigrae (Walsh). *Coccus hesperidum Chionaspis sylvatica Sanders. Eulecanium armeniacum (Craw). *Howardia biclavis (Comst.) EKulecanium canadense (Ck1l.) EKulecanium caryae (Fitch). *Diaspis boisduvalii Sign. *Diaspis bromeliae (Kern.) COCCIDAE OF OHIO. 29 *Diaspis echinocacti cacti Comst. Aspidiotus perniciosus Comst. *Aulacaspis pentagona (Targ.) Aspidiotus piceus Sanders. Aulacaspis rosae (Bouche). *Aspidiotus rapax Comst. *Hemichionaspis aspidistrae (Sign.) Aspidiotus ulmi Johns. *Fiorinia fioriniae (Targ.) Aspidiotus uvae Comst. Aspidiotus aesculi Johns. *Comstockiella sabalis (Comst.) Aspidiotus ancylus (Putn.) *Chrysomphalus aonidum (Linn.) Aspidiotus comstocki Johns. *Chrysomphalus aurantii (Mask.) *Aspidiotus cyanophylli Sign. *Chrysomphalus dictyospermi *Aspidiotus cydoniae crawii Ckll. (Morg.) Aspidiotus forbesi Johns. Chrysomphalus obscurus (Comst.) Aspidiotus glanduliferus Ckll. *Lepidosaphes beckii (Newm.) *Aspidiotus hederae (Vall.) *Lepidosaphes gloverii (Pack.) Aspidiotus juglans-regiae Comst. Lepidosavhes ulmi (Linn.) *Aspidiotus lataniae Sign. *Parlatoria pergandii Comst. Aspidiotus osborni Newell & Ckll.*Parlatoria zizyphus (Lucas). Aspidiotus ostreaeformis Curt. KEY TO THE SUB-FAMILIES AND GENERA Family COCCIDAE. The following table is adapted from Prof. Cockerell’s table in the Canadian Entomologist, xxxi, p. 273, (1899). Subfamilies A. Males with compound eyes; adult female with conspicuous white, waxy lamellae ORTHEZIINAE AA. Males with simple eyes, B. Abdomen of female terminating in a compound segment; anal orifice hairless; scale composed partly of exuviae; adult female without legs DIASPINAE BB. Abdomen not so terminating, C. Female with the posterior extremity cleft; anal orifice closed above by a pair of triangular plates; female secreting a waxy scale not separable from the insect COCCINAE CC. Not as above; triangular anal plates absent DACTYLOPIINAE Subfamily ORTHEZIINAE. A. Female with 8-jointed antennae (One genus) Orthezia Bosc. Subfamily DACTYLOPIINAE. : Tribes A. Female enclosed in a complete sac of waxy or horny texture; skin usually with figure-of-8 glands; legs absent in adult; larva not fringed with spines ASTEROLECANIINI 30 OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. AA. Female globular or reniform, in a hard shell; anal ring with hairs in larva but not in adult; larva fringed with spines KERMESINI AAA. Newly hatched larva with rows of dorsal spines ERIOCOCCINI AAAA. Newly hatched larva without rows of dorsal spines— female with soft, powdery, unarmored body DACTYLOPIINI Asterolecaniini. Insect with a fringe of glassy rods Asterolecanium Targ. p. 33 Kermesini. One genus only Kermes Boit. p. 33 Eriococcini. A. Female anai ring with hairs; antennae and legs well- formed in the adult; adult surrounded by secretion but dorsally naked Gossyparia Sign. p. 38 AA. Adult forming a cottony sac; anal ring with eight hairs; caudal lobes long Eriococcus Targ. p. 38 Dactylopiini. A. Antennae 9-jointed; anal ring of female with six hairs Phenacoccus Ckll. p. 39 AA. Antennae 8- (sometimes 7-) jointed; anal ring with six hairs; body oval Pseudococcus Westw. p. 41 Subfamily COCCINAE. This subfamily, which includes the genera, Pulvinaria, Coccus, EHulecanium and Naissetia, is omitted from this paper, but the author hopes to be able to publish later an account of the species reported in Ohio. Subfamily DIASPINAE. A. Seale of female circular to oval with central, sub-central or submarginal exuviae. B. Secale of male usually resembling scale of female in color and texture; only slightly elongated, C. Last segment of female with six groups of circumgenital egland-orifices Comstockiella, p. 69 CC. Last segment of female with less than six groups of circumgenital gland-orifices; with much elongated chitinous processes extending anteriorly from bases of lobes Chrysomphalus, p. 69 CCC. Chitinous thickenings smaller and shorter or wanting Aspidictus, p. 55 BB. Scale of male white, delicate and carinated Diaspis, Aulacaspis, pp. 51, 53 BBB. Scale of male elongated, not white and without carinae Parlatoria, p. 75 COCCIDAE OF OHIO. 31 AA. Seale of female elongated, with exuviae at one extremity, E. Scale of male similar to scale of female, smaller, F. Scale of female with sharp, central, longitudinal ridge Fiorinia, p. 54 FF. Scale of female plain, convex or flattened Lepidosaphes, p. 73 FFF. Scale of female plain, with very large exuviae Parlatoria, p. 75 EE. Scale of male white, smail, with parallel sides, and cari- nated (except in two species) Hemichionaspis, Chionaspis, pp. 53, 45 AAA. Seale of female usually mining under the epidermis of the host Howardi, p. 5L SYSTEMATIC TREATISE OF OHIO SPECIES Subfamily ORTHEZIINAE. Under this subfamily are included only three genera, viz.. Orthezia, Newsteadia and Ortheziola, neither of the last two named being represented in the United States. Genus ORTHEZIA Bose. Mr. C. P. Lounsbury, in his paper on Orthezia, published as a part of the 32nd Rep. of the Mass. Agricultural College (1894), eives the following generic characters for Orthezia: “Adult Male: Head, thorax and abdomen distinct. Eyes and ocelli present. Antennae long, filiform, nine-or ten-jointed. Wings, two, diaphanous with one furcate nerve. Halteres, each with a bristle which hooks into a pocket in the base of the wing. Legs long, pubescent, with one claw, no digitules. Two or more long, slender, snow-white filaments project from near the posterior end. Adult Female: Head, thorax and abdomen not separated. An- tennae eight-jointed; nine-jointed in maenariensis (Doug.). Tarsus with one claw without digitules. Eyes simple. Anal ring with six setae. Body more or less covered with cereous matter arranged in compact symmetricai plates. The eggs are laid in an elongated ovisac which projects behind the body, and are there carried until they hatch. The insect is active throughout its entire life.” Orthezia insignis Douglas. Fig. 56. O. insignis Doug., Jn. Quekett Micr. Club, p. 169 (1887). O. insignis Doug., Ent. Mo. Mag. xxxiv, p. 169 (188). O. insignis Lounsb., 32nd Rep. Mass. Ag. Coll., p. 111 (1895). Adult Female: Body broad oval; width, 1.2 mm., length, 1.5 mm., ‘exclusive of lamellae, ochreous mottled to dark green; distinctly seg- mented. Arranged around the body beginning with the second thoracic 32 OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. segment, are white, waxy piates or lamellae. In the adult female, the lamellae are united posteriorly, forming a long, parailel-sided mar- supium, which contains the eggs and young. The arrangement of the lamellae can be better shown by a figure than by description, q. v. Antennae eight-jointed, all fulvous except the black, somewhat fusoid eighth joint; the first joint is very stout, the second the shortest and stouter than the remaining ones. Legs light brown, the darker tarsi bearing numerous fine spines. Adult Male: The siender dusky body is about 1mm. in length, and bears two large ovate, transparent wings with two veins united at the base. Wing expanse, 2.5mm. The last segment bears on either side a long white filament. Remarks: This insect is a destructive pest in greenhouses, seriously infesting Lontana, Chrysanthemum and Verbena in the Ohio State University Conservatory. ORTHEZIA SOLIDAGINIS Sanders. ae -Oone alle Sanders, Ohio Naturalist, iv, 4, p. 94 (1904). Adult female: Length (including marsupium), 6mm.; width, 2.5mm. Body completely covered by white waxy secretion in four series; two inner series composed of eight pairs of lamellae extending laterally from median line with tips turned backward and upward, gradually increasing in length to the sixth then rapidly decreasing; the ninth pair jointed at tips forming a ring around anal orifice. The two lateral series are each composed of ten lamellae, all turning back- ward except the first on either side. The second and third lateral lamellae are subequal, the others increasing in length to the long sub- equal eighth and ninth, reaching midway on the marsupium; the tenth pair are very short and inconspicuous. A lamella extends downward between the antennae to the ventral surface. The marsupium is fluted on the dorsal surface, plain ventrally and gradually narrowed and elevated posteriorly. Body, antennae and legs dark reddish-brown. Antennae 8-jointed bearing scattered hairs and with distal ends of joints enlarged; the fusoid eighth joint with a terminal spine and with distal half black. Formula:—3, 8, (4, 5, 2,) 6 (7, 1). Length of joints in mu:—(1) 135, (2) 150, (3) 205, (4) 150, (5) 150, (6) 141, (7) 135, (8) 180. Legs large and strong, rather spiny, with femur and tibia of almost exactly equal length and tarsus more than half the length of tibia; large claw with three to four denticles and a pair of short flattened digitules. The body is thickly covered with tubules about 20 mu long, and small derm-orifices. The anal ring is elliptical bearing six hairs and a narrow chitinous band on each side of orifice, and is thickly dotted. ws We COCCIDAE OF OHIO. Immature stage: Length 3mm.; width, 2mm. Completely coy- ered above by four series of waxy lamellae. The two median series consist of eleven short thick lamellae; the 11th pair being very small and the anterior pair protruding forward over the head in a bilobed manner. The first four lateral lamellae are similar to those of the adult, the fifth and sixth pairs are short, the apparently fused seventh and eighth are again longer, giving the insect a rectangular appear- ance. The ninth lamellae from either side are fused, forming a single long lamella projecting posteriorly on the median line. On the ventral surface are 12 short, broad, subequal lamellae on each side around the margin of the body, and the entire surface has an armadillo appearance on account of the short plate-like lamellae. This stage has 7-jointed antennae. Formula:—7, 3, 2, 4, (5,1) 6. (1) Kem) sie (eo) 20. (4) Sis (br Ts UO) 722 (7) L441. The distal halt of the eighth joint is black. Larval stage: With 6-jointed antennae and two series of large, cottony lamellae on the dorsal surface. Remarks: The author has found only five adults. near Port Clinton, Ottawa Co., O., July 5, 1903. The immature forms have been collected at Port Clinton, Columbus and Georgesville. Subfamily DACTYLOPIINAE. This subfamily is represented in Ohio by six genera of more _or less economic importanee, viz., Asterolecanium, Kermes, Gossy- paria, Hriecoccus, Phenacoccus and Pseudococcus. The only species which have as yet any economic importance in Ohio, are the ‘‘Mealy-bugs,’’ Pseudococcus citri and P. longispinus. ASTEROLECANIUM VARIOLOSUM (Ratz.) Found on Quercus aurea, at Mentor, Lake Co., O., by Prof. Wilmon Newell, Feb. 7, 1900. This seale is of very little impor- tance, as far as known in Ohio. Genus KERMES Boitard. Globular or reniform Coecids appearing like galls and al- ways found on Oaks; rather large, varying from 3—10 mm. in diameter; segmentation obscure or revealed by dark bands, or by rows of dark spots on both. Anal ring without hairs in adult. Larvae are long-elliptical with a plainiv segmented abdomen, which is usually deeply cleft at the posterior extremity, forming two anal lobes whieh bear each a lone hair and one or more shorter ones. Anal rine with six hairs and body fringed with 34 OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. spines. Antennae 6-jointed. Legs usually strong; tarsi longer than tibiae; knobbed digitules on tarsi and claws. A. Secale very convex, approaching a conical form; segmen- tation well-marked by three to five dark lines andrei AA. Seale globular or nearly so, B. Small (3—3.5mm. in diam.) shiny, covered with fine pubescence pubescens Larger, (4—6 mm. in diam.), BB. Usually longer than broad, with pale longitudinal mid- dorsal line kingii C. Grayish-white, marbled with terra-cotta, with three or four contrasty, wavy, dark bands arizonensis Dirty-gray with irregular black spots and transverse pale bands galliformis Bright argillaceous to dull gray in color, a dark blotch on each side of front and one around anal orifice trinotatus AAA. Much broader than long with median longitudinal constriction; conspicuous black spots in transverse rOWS pettiti KERMES ANDRIE King. Fig. 68. K. andrei King, Psyche, ix, pp. 22. 78, 81 (1900). K. andrei King, Can. Ent., xxxiv, p. 160 (1902). “Kermes andrei n. sp. Female scale pyriform in shape, very con- vex, 5mm. high and 5mm. in diameter at the base, varible in some individuals which are nearly hemispherical. Surface shiny. Color, light brown, with three and sometimes four very dark brown bands, these variable in length’and breadth. There are also several suffused dark brown, blotchy spots and round dots, more numerous around the posterior cleft. Segmentation obscure; a median posterior keel-like prominence, which is very much wrinkled above near the region of the posterior cleft. When boiled in KOH, the derm is colorless. Rostral loop dark yellow, stout, not very long. No antennae or legs observed. The larvae which were formed in the body of the female are yellow, elongate-oval, 360 mu long, 160 mu broad. Antennae 6-seg- mented, 3 and 6 about equal and longest; 1 next, then 2 and 5 which are equal. 4 is the shortest. Formula:—(3, 6,) 1, (2, 5,) 4. Antennal segments:—(1) 20, (2) 16, (8) 24, (4) 12, (5) 16, (6) 24. Segments 4,5, and 6 have a few short hairs. Legs short and stout. Femur with trochanter, 76 long. Tibia with tarsus, 68 long. Tarsal digitules, long fine hairs with knobs; digitules of claw reaching a little beyond the claw. Caudal tubercles quite large, each bearing one long stout bristle (120 mu long) and three long stout spines (28 mu long). The marginal spines point backwards and about the same length and breadth as. COCCIDAE OF OHIO. 35 those on the caudal tubercles. Rostral loop reaching beyond the last pair of legs. Eggs oval 320 mu long, 240 mu broad. Hab.: Lawrence, Mass., on white and red oaks. Associated with K. galliformis, and found singly, not in clusters as in the latter. They are not common, and the species seems to be viviparous.” Original description, in Psyche, IX, p. 22 (1900). Remarks: Although the author has been on the lookout for Kermes andrei over the state, it has been found in but two locali- ties, at Columbus and at Minerva Park, about eight miles north of Columbus. At Columbus it was found on Quercus acuminata and Q. alba and on Q. macrocarpa associated with WK. pubescens Bogue. KERMES ARIZONENSIS King. Fig. 70. K. arizonensis King, Ent. News, xiv, p. 21 (1903). The original description follows: “Kermes arizonensis, n. sp. Dead dry adult females globular, variable in size, transverse diameter 3 and 5mm. Color grayish-white distinctly marbled with light yellow or reddish-brown, and having four prominent linear transverse dark-brown bands, somewhat wavy. due to quite large pits at intervals; surface not shiny; speckled with minute black dots. Dead dry half-grown individuals, dark red brown. An- tennae apparently only 5-jointed; joints, 1 (20), 2 (20), 3 (40) 4 (20), 5 (32) mu long. Derm colorless. Rostral loop stout, dark brown. Men- tum small, no legs or other structural characters found. Hab. On oak at Prescott, Ariz., collected by Prof. T. D. A. Cock- erell, March, 1902.” Remarks: Collected by the author on Quercus alba at Salem, Columbiana Co., O., Sept. 7, 1903, and determined by Mr. G. B. King. This is a beautifully marked grayish species, mar- bled with colors varying from hzht-yellow to reddish-brown. KERMES GALLIFORMIS Riley. Fig. 73. K. galliformis Riley, Am. Nat., xv, p. 482 (1881). K. galliformis Lint., 12th Rep. Ins. N. Y., p. 316 (1897). Kk. galliformis King, Can. Ent., xxxi, p. 139 (1899). Kk. galliformis Ckll., Psyche, ix, p. 44 (1900). Kk. galliformis King, Psyche, ix, p. 79, (1900). The following description is taken from Mr. King’s article. “The Genus Kermes in North America,’ Psyche, IX, p. 79 (1900). “A large dark dirty-gray form, which turns to a nearly white color when exposed a season on the twigs. Female scale 6mm. long, 7 36 OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. broad, 6 high, with black spots, and viewed with a hand lens, the scale is seen to be be covered with minute black specks. Newly hatched larvae dirty-gray.” Remarks: First found in Ohio at Wooster, by Prof. Wil- mon Newell. KERMES KINGII CkIll. Bass ae K. kingii Ckll., Am. Mag. N. H., (7), ii, p. 330 (1898). k. kingii Ckll., Can. Ent., xxxi, p. 189 (1899). Kk kingii Cll; Psyehe, ix, p. 44 (1900). K. kingii King, Psyche, ix, pp. 80, 85 (1900). Female seale longer than broad; about 5mm. in length, 4—4.5 mm. proad, and 3.5mm. high. Almost invariably attaching itself in or at the forks of twigs, or at base of leaf petioles. Color bright ochreous or sometimes lighter, marbled with a more reddish tint, sometimes almost terra-cotta, with pale longitudinal dorsal band crossed at segments by short more or less broken dark lines; otherwise the segmentation is very indistinct. Small dark spots not prominent and seattered rather promiscuously; numerous minute specks discernable with hand-lens. Remarks: Found by the author at Pomeroy, O., Aug. 28, 1903, on Q. rubrum, and later on the same host at Salem, and on Q. velutina, associated with AK. pettiti Ehrh., at Lisbon. The specimens from Q. rubrum, at Salem, are much lighter in color than those found on Q. velutina, at Lisbon, O. KERMES PHTTITI Ehrh. Fig. 69. K. pettiti Ehrh., Can. Ent., xxxi, p. 7 (1899). Kk. pettiti Ckil., Psyche, ix, p. 45 (1900). Kk. pettiti King, Psyche, ix. p, 81 (1900). The original description from Can. Ent., xxxi, p. 7, follows. “Kermes pettiti, n. sp. “Female scale about 4mm. broad, 3mm. long and 3mm. high, dark-purplish-brown; some individuals of a lighter color and marbled with brown. A distinct longitudinal groove on the meson indicated by a dark line. Surface without minute black specks. Segmentation not very distinct, indicated by rows of black spots plainly seen through a pocket lens. Ventral surface where it touches the bark, flattened and more or less covered with a yellow secretion. Beak very promi- nent. When removed from twig, scale leaves a whitish powder. When boiled in KOH, derm colorless except numerous brown spots with dark centers scattered over the dorsum. Antennae very obscurely 6-jointed, joint three apparently longest. Legs very small and stout. Tibia as COCCIDAE OF OHIO. 37 broad as long, with a stout spine. Femur and tibia almost equal. Tarsus nearly twice as long as tibia. Claw straight.” femarks: First found in Ohio, by the author, at Cedar Point, on Q. imbricaria, June 28, 1903; found later at Lisbon, Columbiana Co., on Q. velutina, and at Newark on Q. imbricaria. An undeseribed Chaleid parasite, belonging to the genus Cheiloneurus is a common foe of this species, about Sandusky. KERMES PUBESCENS Bogue. Rise bp, Of. K pubescens Bogue, Can. Ent., xxx, p. 172 (1898). Kk. pubescens Ckll., Psyche, ix, p. 44 (1900). K pubescens King, Psyche, ix, pp. 80, 83 (1900). “Kermes pubescens Bogue. Female scale spheroidal, 3.5mm. in diameter, 3 high, pointed and grooved beneath; covered all over with short straggling pubescence. Color rather light brown, with more or less obscure and suffused dark brown bands marking the obsolete segments. Surface shining, with minute concolorous specks but no dark spots or pits.”’ Original description from the Canadian Entomolo- STIS, Free, Wn LUPA GINO) re The larvae of K. pubescens differ from the larvae of any other known species, by having six rows of short conical spines and short caudal setae. The body is narrower and longer and more attenuated posteriorly. In the larvae of K. pubescens and K. ceriferus, the sixth antennal segment is ionger than the third. Remarks: This species has been found plentifully at Mi- nerva Park, eight miles north of Columbus, on Q. macrocarpa. Although there is a Red Oak (Q. rubrum) adjacent, there was not a specimen of AW. pubescens on it. KERMES TRINOTATUS Bogue. K. trinotatus Bogue, Can. Ent., xxxii, p. 205 (1900). kK. trinotatus Quaint. & Scott, Coce. Am., Dec. iii-iv, No. 4 (1901). “Kermes trinotatus, n. sp. Female scale variable in size, averag- ing about 5.5mm. long, 6mm. wide, and 4.5mm. high; rounded above, somewhat flattened behind, convex beneath, front turned down into a more or less beak-like prominence; median groove obscure or broad and shallow; color varies from bright argillaceous to dull gray; surface uniform, more or less conspicuously speckled with black; segmentation obscurely or plainly marked with dark spots. When the median groove is present, it is crossed with more or less dark lines showing the seg- mentation. There is a rounded dark spot on each side of the front, and an elongated dark blotch extending for a short distance above and below the anal opening; hence the specific apellation. 38 OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. “Larvae 416 mu long by half as broad; caudal setae 160 mu long; antennae 100 mu long, 6-jointed; formula, (1, 2,) (3, 4,) 5, 6; 6 longest, 3 and 4 shortest, a few hairs toward tip; marginal spines conspicuous around the head, a prominent one each side of each caudal seta; claws of feet simple, slightly curved inward, accompanied by a few hairs.” Original description. Prof. Bogue then says that the specimens are variable in size, color and markings, so that he thinks it possible that more than one species may be included in the deseription. Remarks: First found in Ohio by Prof. J. S. Hine, at Georgesville, Franklin Co., on Quercus alba. GOSSYPARIA SPURIA (Modeer). Coccus ulmi Geoff. Histoire Abregee des Insectes, 1, 1762, pp. Ay lPoilsy. Gossyparia ulmi Howard, Insect Life, ii, 1889, pp. 34-41. 5 figs. Adult female: Wength, 2—2.5mm., reddish, oval in outline, sur- rounded by an irregular mass of white wooly secretion, forming a cushion, which at first is in the form of lamellae, but later is more or less fused. The segmentation is fairly distinct and rendered more so by the inward projection of the secretion over each suture. After the birth of the young ihe female shrivels up and can be easily jarred trom the eushion. The antennae are six-jointed, second and third longest, fourth and fifth shortest. The legs are small and slender, the tibia shorter than the tarsus. The ano-genital ring bears eight hairs. Adult male: There are two forms of the males; one, the first to emerge from the cottony cocoons, is a form with short wing-pads and a large robust body; the other, the full-fledged males appearing later, are delicate two-winged creatures with large heavy, almost moniliferm, 10-jointed antennae. The males are not easily disturbed and seldom take flight. Larvae: The young larvae are easily recognized on leaves and twigs, as small oval specks about 0.5mm. in length, narrowed poster- iorly. Each segment bears laterally a spine, also a ring of six upon the head and a double row on the back. The antennae are six-jointed; joints 1, 2, and 3 the longest. The full-grown male larvae have 7-jointed antennae. Remarks: This species which is causing alarm in some eastern states is not common in Ohio; in fact, 1t was reported only last year, (1902), in Columbus, by Mr. A. F. Burgess, Chief State Niusery Inspector. ERIOCOCCUS AZALEAE Comst. This Coecid was reported by Prof. Webster, at the Experi- ment Station at Wooster, on a planted shrub, (Rhododendron COCCIDAE OF OHIO. 39 catawbiense). Both males and females are early enclosed in a white, dense, felt-like, ovoid sae about 3mm. long and 1.5 min. wide. The females when removed from the sae are dark purple, have 6-jointed antennae and an anal ring with eight hairs. The dorsal surface is covered with numerous spines and tubercles. PHENACOCCUS ACERICOLA (King). Pseudococcus aceris Smith, E. A., N. Am. Ent., p. 73 (1880). Phenacoccus acericola King, Can. Ent., xxxiv, p. 211 (1902). The adult female is concealed by an irregular cottony mass 6— 8 mm. in diameter, on the underside of leaves of hard maple, appearing not unlike the ovisac of a Pulvinaria. The female itself is about 5mm. in length, oval, yellow and plump; the segmentation showing plainly toward the posterior end. The body surface is covered with spinner- ets which are more numerous posteriorly; also groups of spines are found on the margin of the body. The widely separated, 9-jointed antennae bear numerous, long, flexible hairs. Formula: 9, (1, 2, 3, 5,) (4, 6,) (7, 8). Mr. King says in his description that later in the fall when the females are well-filled with eggs, they bear 8-jointed antennae, with the following formula: 4, (8, 2,) 3, (1, 5, 6,) 7. The adult male issues from a white, closely woven, oval cocoon, usually attached under the rough loose bark of the trunk and larger limbs. Two long waxy filaments issue from the eighth and ninth segments. Antennae 10-jointed almost as long as the red body. Wings large, covered with white powder and iridescent in sunlight. Remarks: The author has found this species on Acer saccharum at Columbus, associated with Aspidiotus comstockt Johns. PHENACOCCUS OSBORNI: Sanders. Plate vii, (lower half). P. (Paroudablis) osborni Sanders, Ohio Naturalist, Vol. II, No. 8, p. 284, 1902. Female: (adult), 2 to 24% mm. in length, 1 to 144, mm. in breadth. flesh-colored and covered with a slight, white powdery secretion. There are seventeen very short, inconspicuous, lateral filaments on each side. Although the filaments are short, spinnerets and numerous hairs are scattered over the surface of the body, being especially numerous in the cephale region. On the anterior ventral margins of the second and third segment, are two large spiracles. The anal lobes, bear each, two long hairs and three short ones, besides the spines. The large, retracted anal ring bears the customary six long hairs, and is con- spicuously dotted. The eyes are prominent, though not large. The antennae are nine-jointed. The formula is as follows: (3, 2,) (4, 9, 5,) 1, 8, (6, 7). The legs are well developed and darker in color than the 40 OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. body; the tibia being nearly three times the length of the tarsi, and bearing a pair of strong spines on the distal end. Numerous hairs are borne by the tarsi but no noticeable digitules. A pair of knobbed digitules is borne by the long single-toothed claws. The eggs are long-elliptical, golden-brown, rather firm, measuring .o mm. x.!5 mm. Male (adult) is an active, well-constructed insect; the thorax contsituting one-half the length of the individual. Measurements: From tip of head to tip of abdomen, .85mm.; wing expanse, 2.8 mm. From tip of head to tip of folded wings along dorso-median line, i1.5mm.; length of wing, 1.25mm.; width of wing, .55mm.; length of balancers, .lmm. Caudal filaments; two about 1.25 mm., and two about ilmm. in length. Front legs; femur .25mm., tibia .55mm., tarsus, .12mm., claw .03 mm. in length. Hind legs; femur .3 mm., tibia .4mm., tarsus .13mm., claw .03 mm. in length. Antennae are 1 mm. in length, the joints measuring; ist, 45 mmm., 2nd, 60, 3rd, 160, 4th, 150, 5th, 135, 6th 120.) the 96, sth, 75. 9thy Gs L0th, 905 Hormulay os) 455 oom iO) (Aa) ale Color: Head, dark reddish-brown; eyes, blackish; thorax, reddish- brown except dark, chitinous parts; abdomen light-brown tinged with yellow. Antennae, reddish-brown; legs, brown to olivaceous with dark- brown tarsi. Caudal filaments, white; wings, semi-transparent with iridescent rose-tint in strong light. Balancers, darker, slightly chiti- nous on costal margin, bearing one long, hooked claw which fits into a pocket in the wing. Although the head is very small and much reduced, and bears four reddish ocelli, the thorax is very large and well developed and bears a black, shield-shaped chitinous plate on the meso-scutum, from which three dark, chitinous bands extend to the anterior margin of the thorax. The legs are long and hairy for their entire length; the tibia bear a pair of strong spines on their distal extremity; the tarsi are armed with numerous spines; the claws are long and curved, and bear a sharp denticle on the ventral margin, near the tip. Two knobbed digitules are present, extending beyond the tip of the claw. The males were found emerging from the pupa-cases from April 13 to 18, and taking wing readily. The females were found, during the winter, under loose bark on the trunks and larger limbs of Platanus occidentalis on the campus of Ohio State University, at Columbus. Not abundant. A Chaleid parasite was reared from specimens collected in February. COCCIDAE OF OHIO. 41 Pseudococcus citri (Risso). (Mealy Bug) Figs. 46, 47, 48. Dorthesia citri Risso, Essai, Hist. Nat. des Oranges (1813). Dactylopius citri Sign., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., (5) v, p. 312 (1875). Dactylopius destructor Comst., Rep. U. 8. Dep. Ag., 1880, p. 342 (1881). Adult female: Length 3.5—4mm., width 2—2.5mm., white or yellow with brownish tinge, darker than P. longispinus, and with less powdery secretions covering body. The seventeen lateral appendages are short and blunt; posterior appendages not much longer than lateral ones. Antennae 8-jointed, less pubescent than in P. longispinus; formula: 832 (17) (564). The penultimate segment bears on either side a very long seta, and two or three very short ones, and two conical projections, the surface of the segment is dotted with orifices. Six slender setae, one-half the length of the setae on the penultimate, are borne by the ano-genital ring, which is somewhat projected from the penultimate segment. Remarks: This species differs from P. longispinus by the absence of the long filaments at the posterior end of the body. The female is oviparous, laying her eges in a cottony sae, which inereases in size with the growth of the adult female. Pseudococcus longispinus (Tare). Bes) 49s 0) bil: Coccus adonidum corpore roseo, ete., Geoff., Abr. Ins., i, p. 511 (1762). Dactylopius longispinus Targ., Catalogue, p. 32 (1869). Dactylopius adonidum Comst., Rep. U. S. Dep. Ag., 1880, p. 341 (1881). Female: Length, 2.5—3 mm., width, 1.5—2mm. White or tinged with yellow, with brown band on middle of back; each segment with a white waxy filament, which forms a border of appendages of varying lengths around the body; those near the posterior extremity longer, and four at caudal end very long, the inner the longer, sometimes longer than body. Entire body appears as if dusted with flour, which is caused by the waxy secretion. Antennae 8-jointed, each joint bearing several hairs. Formula: 8, (2, 3,) (1, 5,) (4, 6,) 7. The legs are long, stouter than in P. citri, somewhat pubescent; tibia twice as long as tarsus. The penultimate segment presents on either side a rounded group of pores and two short, strong spines, also a seta somewhat longer than the anal setae, and several shorter setae. Anal ring large, dotted, with six long setae. 42 OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCH#H. Larvae: The male and female larvae are similar to adult female in shape and color, but the male larva has 7-jointed and the female 6-jointed antennae. Remarks: This is a pest in almost every conservatory, and is difficult to control since the waxy secretion protects it from a spray of water, and only by a spray of considerable force can it be dislodged. Pseudococceus pseudonipae (CkIl.) Dactylopius nipae Davis, Spec. Bull. 2, Mich. Exp. Sta., p. 28 (1896). Dactylopius pseudonipae Ckll., Science Gossip, N. S., iii, pp. 189, 302 (1897). Dactylopius pseudonipae King, Can. Ent., xxxi, p. 112 (1899). The author found this pecuhar Pseudococcus on palms in a greenhouse at Painesville, where it was quite a pest. PSEUDOCOCCUS TRIFOLII (Forbes). Migs. 52, Ho, o4: Coccus trifolii Forbes, 14th Rep. Ins. 11l., p. 72 (1885). Daclylopius trifolii Osborn, Contr. Ia. Ag. Coll. p. 2 (1898). Dactylopius trifolii Davis, Bull. 116, Mich. Exp. Sta., p. 58 (1894). Adult female: 2—2.3 mm. in length, reddish-brown, covered with granular, waxy secretion. A fringe of seventeen waxy processes extends around the body, longer at caudal end, sometimes one-third the tength of the body. The legs are dirty yellow in color, femur and tibia subeygual, tarsus of hind leg more than one-half the length of the tibia. Four digitules, the two superior ones long and slender, two inferior stouter and knobbed at tip. Antennae 8-jointed; joint one swollen, stout, as broad as long. Formula: 8 (321)5(467). The fourth joint varies considerably, sometimes smaller, sometimes larger than 5, 6, or 7. Anal lobe bears one long and three short setae, and a mass of small gland-spots with two conical projections. Ano-genital ring large, dotted, with six long setae, about same length as anal lobe setae. Penultimate segment conspicuously dotted with gland orifices. Remarks: On roots of clover at Columbus, O., not plentiful. Subfamily COCCINAE. This group which belongs here in order of arrangement, has been omitted in this paper, with the expectation of a later ae- count. Lack of material and literature have been the main factors in the omission of this group. COCCIDAE OF OHIO. 43 Genus CHIONASPIS Signoret. This genus was founded in 1869 by Signoret, in the Annals of the Entomological Society of France. In 1897 the group was divided, and in Ohio is reported a single greenhouse representa- tive of the genus Hemichionaspis Ckll. I. Scale of male oval, without carinae, Seale of female 2—2.5 mm. in length; fifth group of gland-spines with more than four ortholobis Seale of female smaller, 1.5—2 mm. in length; fifth group of gland-spines numbering less than four longiloba II. Scale of male carinated more or less distinctly, narrow, A. Median lobes more or less fused, B. Median lobes fused to near tips, notched on outer margin americana BB. Median lobes fused half-way on inner margins, C. Lobes broad, entire, close together caryae Median lobes similar to caryae, but serrate on margin; outer lobule of second lobe, triangular, acute sylvatica Lobes narrower, pointed, second distant from median by half its width gleditsiae AA. Median lobes not fused by inner margins, perhaps approximate, PD. Fifth group of gland-spines from 1-5 pinifoliae DD. Fifth group of gland-spines from 3-11 E. Median lobes broadly rounded, F. Lobules of second and third lobes decidedly rounded salicis-nigrae FF. Lobules of second and third lobes obliquely pointed furfura EE. Median lobes obscurely pointed, short, divergent corni EEE. Median lobes and lobules of second and third lobes pointed and striate euonymi CHIONASPIS AMERICANA Johnson. Fig. 31. Ch. americana Johns., Ent. News, vii, p. 150 (1896). Ch. americana Johns., Bull. Ill. St. Lab. N. H., iv, p. 390 (1896). Ch. americana Cooley, Spec. Bull. Mass. Exp. Sta., p. 41 (1899). Scale of female: Length 2—3mm. Plainly convex, broadest near the middle, of firm texture, white sometimes with yellowish tinge, but usually blackened by a sooty substance which renders it very incon- spicuous. The exuviae are about 0.7mm. long. A conspicuous white mark is left when removed from bark. Scale of male: Length 0.7—lmm. Sides parallel, tri-carinate. Exuvia pale-yellow. 44 OHIO STATH ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. Female: The median lobes are fused nearly to the apex, notched on lateral margin, rounded. Inner lobule of second lobe converging, notched once or twice on lateral margin; outer lobule short, rounded, usually entire. Third lobe broad and flat, scarcely divided, sometimes serrate. A club-shaped process extends anteriorly from between median lobes, also processes at inner margins of second and _third lobes. The gland-spines are arranged as follows: 1, 1-2, 2, 2-4, 5-7. Those in the second and third groups are frequently forked at the tip. Second row of dorsal pores absent; third row with 4-6 in the anterior and 4-5 in the posterior group; fourth row with 4-5 in anterior and 4-6 in posterior group. Median group of circumgenital gland-orifices, 20-30; anterior lateral, 18-42; posterior lateral, 20-30. Remarks: This native species is very common in Ohio on Ulmus americana, and is pretty generally distributed, almost attaining economic importance. Hach female lays about seventy- five purplish, ellipsoidal eggs, in which stage the insect passes the winter, hatching about the middle of May. In this latitude there are two broods. CHIONASPIS CARYAF Cooley. Fig. 29. Ch. caryae Cooley, Can. Entomologist, Vol. xxx, p. 86 (1898). Ch. caryae Cooley, Special Bull. Mass. Exp. Sta., p. 40 (1899). Scale of female: Length, 1.7—2 mm. Dirty white, inconspicuous on bark of -host; texture thick; form irregular and rather convex. Exuviae dark-brown, 0.7mm. long. The first exuviae is easily seen, but the second is somewhat covered by secretion. Scale of male: Length, 0.5—0.7mm. Oblong to elliptical with distinct median carina. The pale-brown exuvia occupies nearly one- third of the scale. Female: Median lobes large, broad, entire, striate, diverging; the inner margins fused half-way to the apex, and a club-shaped chitinous process extending anteriorly. Inner lobules of second and third lobes, much the larger and serrate; the outer lobule of third lobe often obscure or obsolete. The gland-spines are arranged as follows: 1, 1, 1, 1-2, 4-7. The first pair are short and blunt. . The second row of dorsal pores represented only by the anterior group of 1-4; third row, 4-5 in anterior and 3-5 in posterior group; fourth row with 4-6 in anter- ior and 4-5 in posterior group. Median group of circumgenital gland- orifices, 10-18; anterior lateral, 20-29; posterior lateral, 15-22. Remarks: Collected by the author on Catawba Island, Ottawa Co., July 10, 1902; the first report of its occurrence in the state. Several small white hickory trees (Hicoria alba), were COCCIDAE OF OHIO. 45 rather badly infested, causing malformation of the smaller branches and twigs. CHIONASPIS CORNI Cooley. Figs. 26, 27. Chionaspis corni Cooley, Special Buil. Hatch Exp. Sta., p. 15 (1899). Chionaspis corni King, Can. Ent., xxxiv, p. 61 (1902). Scale of female: Length, 1.6—2mm. Somewhat irregular in shape, gradually broadened posteriorily, of rather delicate texture, white. The orange-yellow or brown exuviae are about .7 mm. long. Scale of male: Length, .6——.8mm.; the pale-yellow exuvia occu- pies about one-third of the moderately tri-carinate scale. Female: Median lobes fused for about one-half their length, then they diverge in an almost straight edge to the somewhat pointed apex; usually entire, short and broad. Inner lobule of second and third lobes rounded, entire and much larger than outer lobule. Gland-spines, excepting first, rather long and slender, arranged as follows: 1, 1, 1-2, 1-2, 4-6. Second row of dorsal pores represented by anterior group of 2-5: third row with 4-5 in anterior and 5-7 in posterior group; fourth row with 4-7 in anterior and 6-9 in posterior group. Median group of circumgenital gland-orifices, 9-16; anterior lateral, 17-28; posterior lateral, 10-20. Remarks: This species was first collected in Ohio, at San- dusky on Cornus amomum, by Prof. Herbert Osborn and later by the author. The smaller branches were encrusted with the seales. CHIONASPIS EUONYMI Comst. Fig. 28. Ch. euonymi Comst., Rep. U. 8. Dep. Ag., 1880, p. 315 (1881) in part. Ch. euonymi Kuwana, Pr. Cal. Ac. Sci., (3) iii, p. 75 (1902). Scale of female: Length about 2mm., decidedly broadened pos- teriorly, convex, rather thick and firm in texture, dark grayish-brown. Ventral scale entirely developed, attached along the sides but free at the posterior extremity. Scale of male: Length, 1.5 mm., white, tricarinated with a yellow exuvia. Female: Median lobes, and lobules of second and third lobes, serrulate and pointed. The lobes are far apart, and the lobules are distinctly parted to the base, slightly chitinized on the margins, the inner always the larger. Gland-spines rather short, and arranged as foilows: 1, 1-2, 1-2, 1-3, 1-4. On the ventral margin the spines are short and inconspicuous, situated near each group of gland-spines excepting the fifth. The dorsal spines are longer and situated mesad of the corresponding ventral spine. Dorsal pores rather numerous and 46 OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. promiscuously arranged. Five groups of circumgenital gland-orifices; median, 4-6; anterior lateral, 5-9; posterior lateral, about 4. Remarks: This species was originally described on Huony- mus latifolia, at Norfolk, W. Va. It was reported on Althea, sp. at Cineinnati, Ohio. CHIONASPIS FURFURA (Fitch). Fig. 30. Aspidiotus furfurus Fitch, 5rd. Rep. Ins. N. Y., p. 352 (1856). Chionaspis furfurus Lint., Ist. Rep. Ins. N. Y., p. 351 (1882). Chionaspis furfurus (Fitch) Comst. Rep. U.S. Dep. Ag. 1880, p. 315 (1881). Chionaspis furfura Cooley, Spec. Bull. Mass. Exp. Sta., p. 25 (1899). Scale of female: Length, 2—2.5mm. Grayish or snow-white, very broad posteriorly, flat, thin and delicate, often bent to left or right from the small, yellowish-brown exuviae. Irregular when massed. Scale of male: Length, 0.7—l1 mm. Distinctly tri-carinate, rough- ened above. Exuvia pale-yellow, covering about one-third of the scale. Female: Three pairs of striate lobes; median pair short, broad, rounded, entire, with two oblique, chitinous bars at their bases; second pair usually entire, somewhat truncate, inner lobule the larger, oblique with inner edge thickened; third pair serrate, sometimes prominent, but usually rudimentary. The gland-spines are arranged as follows: 1, 1, 1, 1, 4-9; the first is small or wanting. Second row of dorsal pores absent; third row with 2-4 in anterior and 3-5 in poster- ior group. Five groups of circumgenital gland-orifices; median, 7-16; anterior lateral, 22-32; posterior lateral, 16-22. » v 3.) v Remarks: This is the most common species of the genus Chionaspis in the United States. It can be found upon Apple and Pear trees in greater or less quantity in almost any locality examined. It rarely becomes a serious pest in Ohio, because the lady-bird beetle Chilocorus bivulnerus is predaceous upon it, and usually precludes the necessity of resorting to remedial measures. CHIONASPIS GLEDITSIAE Sanders. Figs. 36, 37. Ch. gleditsiae Sanders, Ohio Naturalist, Vol. III, No. 6, p. 413 (1902). Scale of femaie: Length, 1.5—2mm. Irregular in form, usually very broad posteriorly, somewhat convex. Of rather firm texture, dirty-white, usually blackened and inconspicuous on host. When re- moved, a conspicuous white patch is left. Scale of male: Length, .6—.8mm. Sides parallel, strongly cari- nated. Exuvia pale-yellow, occupying about one-fourth of the scale. COCCIDAE OF OHIO. 47 Female: Broadest toward posterior end, segments prominent. Median lobes broad at base, tapering sharply and serrate. The mesal margins approach at base and apparently fuse, forming a small, club- shaped thickening extending anteriorly. Inner lobule of second lobe very long and narrow, extending posteriorly two-thirds of length of median lobe, and separated from it by almost its own width. Outer lobule rudimentary, rounded. Third lobe rudimentary; lobules faintly serrate. The gland spines are arranged as follows: 1, 1, 1, 1. 3-4; large and conspicuous, decreasing in size toward the median lobes. Spines on the dorsal surface are arranged as follows: first on base of median lobe, lateral of center; second at base of second lobe, between the lobules; third at base of third lobe; fourth about two-thirds of distance to penultimate segment, posterior from the fourth gland-spine. On the ventral surface, the spines are shorter and located just laterad of the corresponding spine. First and second rows of dorsal pores are absent; third row represented by 3-5 in the anterior and 3-6 in the posterior group; fourth row by 2-4 in the anterior and 5-7 in the posterior group. Median group of circumgenital gland-orifices, 4-10; anterior lateral, 15-21; posterior lateral, 8-14. temarks: Abundant on Gleditsia triacanthos (Honey- locust) at Columbus; also found at Newark, Westerville and Cedar Point. CHIONASPIS LONGILOBA Cooley. Ch. longiloba Cooley, Spec. Bull. Mass. Exp. Sta., p. 16 (1899). Scale of female: 1.5—2mm. in length, white or dirty-white in color; texture moderately strong, not unlike Ch. salicis-nigrae. Ex- uviae, light-brown to dull yellow; about .8 mm. long. Scale of male: Small, .6—.8 mm. long, oval and without carinae; exuvia, delicate light-brown or colorless. Female: Median lobes and inner lobule of second lobe long and conspicuous. Median lobes obscurely pointed, serrate, slightly diver- gent with small chitinous thickenings at inner bases. Inner lobule of second and third lobes, serrate, larger than the outer and more pointed than in ortholobis. Inner margin of second lobes bear a small narrow chitinous process; third lobe very oblique. The gland-spines are arranged as follows: 1, 1-2, 1-2, 1-2, 2-8; decreasing rapidly in size toward the meson. Spines are arranged on each surface as follows: first at outer base of median lobes; second and third at bases of outer lobules of second and third lobes respectively; fourth about two-thirds of distance to penultimate segment. The ventral spines are in each case smaller and shorter, and located just laterad of each correspond- ing dorsal spine. Second row of dorsal pores with only the anterior group of 3-5; third row with 5-7 in the anterior and 4-5 in the posterior group; fourth row with 5-6 in the anterior and 5-7 In the posterior a 48 OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. group. Median group of circumgenital gland-orifices, 10-21; anterior lateral, 20-35; posterior lateral, 10-24. Remarks: Found on Cottonwood at Painesville, Lake Co., O., by Mar. G. A. Runner, one of the State Nursery and Orchard Inspectors. the lobes of Ch. longiloba are longer than in any other species except gleditsiae, but the latter can easily be distin- guished by the fused median lobes and th wide separation from them of the second lobes. In the Ohio specimens the cireumgeni- tal giand-orifices are more numerous than in those originally deseribed; inedian group, 14-21; anterior laterial, 24-35; poster- ior lateral, 14-24. In most cases the dorsal pores were more numerous than in the original. CHIONASPIS ORTHOLOBIS Comst. Ch. ortholobis Comst., Rep. U. S. Dep. Ag., 1880, p. 317 (1881). Ch. ortholobis Cooley, Spec. Bull. Mass. Exp. Sta., p. 17 (1899). Ch. ortholobis Newell, Bull. 43, Ia. Exp. Sta., p. 154 (1899). Ch. ortholob/sHunter, Kan. Univ. Quar., ix, p. 101 (1900). Scale of female: Longer than Ch. longiloba, 2—2.5mm.; broadly oval, slightly elongated, usually regular; white to dirty-white. Exuviae, 8 mm. long, brown and more noticeable than that of longiloba. Scale of male: Similar to that of Ch. longiloba. Female: Median lobes close, parallel half-way on inner margins, then each lobe narrows similarly from each side to an obtuse point, or rounded. Inner lobules of second and third Jobes rounded, larger than outer lobules and oblique. The gland-spines are arranged as follows: 1, 1-2, 1-2, 2, 4-5, shorter than in longiloba. The spines are arranged as in the latter. Second row of dorsal pores represented by the anterior group of 4-7; third row with 7-9 in anterior and 5-8 in posterior group; fourth row with 9-11 in anterior and 5-9 in posterior group. Median group of circumgenital gland-orifices, 10-25; anterior lateral, 18-35; posterior lateral, 16-24. They are quite variable in the same specimen. Remarks: Found by the author on Cottonwood at Newark, O. This species also occurs on willow, poplar and butternut. The median lobes are parallel in general direction and so close along the basal half, as to appear fused. There is a relationship indicated between Ch. longiloba and Ch. ortholobis in the absence of carinae on the male scale. This feature distinguishes these two species from all other known species, except that Ch. platani is very feebly unicarinate or the carinae are sometimes wanting. COCCIDAE OF OHIO. 49 CHIONASPIS PINIFOLIAE (Fitch). Figs. 34, 35. Aspidio'us ptvifoliae Fitch, 2nd Rep. Ins. N. Y., p. 488 (1855). Chionaspis pinifcliaeComst., Rep. U. S. Dep. Ag. 1880, p. 318 (1881) Chionaspis pinifolia Cooley. Spec. Bull. Mass. Exp. Sta., p.30 (1899). Scale of female: Snow-white with bright orange or brown exuviae, shape depending upon width of leaf of host, but usually broadened posteriorly and very convex. Length, 3—4mm.; length of exuviae about | mm. Scale of male: Length, 1—1.3mm. The pale yellow exuvia occupies about one-third the length of the tri-carinate, posteriorly broadened scale. Female: Three pairs of thin, striate, well-developed lobes; the median almost circular in outline, entire, separated by about one-third their width, slightly diverging at the apex and joined anteriorly by an arched chitinous process. Inner lobule of second and third lobes, the larger and subtruncate. The gland-spines are arranged as follows: 1, 1. 1, 1, 1-3, becoming shorter toward median lobes. The spines on the ventral surface are short and inconspicuous, situated one mesad the base of the first, second, third and fourth gland-spines respec- tively. Those on the dorsal surface are longer and situated mesad of the corresponding ventral spine. Second row of dorsal pores repre- sented by anterior group of 2-4; third row by 3-5 in anterior and 4-6 in posterior group; fourth row by 3-7 in anterior and 5-8 in posterior group. Median group of circumgenital gland-orifices, 7-13; anterior lateral, 12-20; posterior lateral, 14-18. The eggs are purplish, ellip- soidal; length 0.25 mm. Remarks: Native on various pines and spruces of the United States, especially in the states east of the Mississippi River. Many trees on the Ohio State University Campus are badly infested, appearing at a distance as if dusted with flour. CHIONASPIS SALICIS-NIGRAE (Walsh). Figs. 32, 33, 74. Aspidiotus salicis-nigrae Walsh., 1st Rep. Nox. Insects Ill, p. 39 (1868). Chionaspis salicis Comst , Rep. U. S. Dep. Ag.. 1880, p. 320 (1881). Chionaspis salicis-nigrae Cooley. Spec. Bull. Mass. Exp. Sta., p. 19 (1899). Scale of female: Length, 2.5—4mm., broadest near middle, dis- tinctly convex, snow-white. Exuviae .§<—.9 mm. long, yellowish-brown, sometimes almost colorless. Scale of male: Length, 1—1.2 mm. Slightly broadened posteriorly, with posterior end rounded; feebly tricarinate. FExuvia varying from brown to almost colorless. 50 OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. Female: Median lobes broad, short, rounded, entire or serrulate. Inner lobule of second and third pairs larger than outer, sometimes serrulate. The gland-spines are arranged as follows: 1, 1-2, 1-2, 1-3, 4-6. In this species there are two kinds of dorsal pores. Accompanying the anterior groups are smaller circular pores, also grouped. Oval dorsal pores; third row with 6-9 in anterior and 5-8 in posterior group; fourth row with 6-10 in anterior and 7-10 in posterior group. Median group of circumgenital gland-orifices, 21-36; anterior lateral, 31-45; posterior lateral, 28-32. Remarks: The Willows (Salix) are the usual hosts of this species, although it is reported from Liriodendron tulipifera, Populus sp., Amelanchier canadensis, and two species of Cornus. About 75 reddish-purple eggs are to be found under a seale dur- ing the winter, which hatch about the first of June. CHIONASPIS SYLVATICA Sanders. Figs. 64, 65. Ch. sylvatica Sanders, Ohio Naturalist, IV, 4, p. 95 (1904). Scale of female: Length, 1.5—2mm., somewhat convex, very irregular in shape, sometimes elongated and rounded posteriorly, and sometimes decidedly broadened and truncate posteriorly, giving it a deltoid shape; dirty-white to light-buff. First exuvia persistent, buff; second exuvia brown. Scale of male: Length .6—1mm., white, strongly tri-carinate with parallel sides. Exuvia very small, delicate, semi-transparent covering about one-fifth of the scale. Commonly found on the leaves of its host. Female: Oval in outline, with third, fourth and fifth lobes anter- jor from the pygidium prominent. Median lobes fused to near the tip, diverging widely to rounded tips, then truncated obliquely toward the second lobes; serrate or crenulate on lateral margins. Inner lobule of second lobe serrate, produced on inner margin to a rounded tip; outer lobule reduced, triangular, sharp-pointed, entire. Third lobe slightly produced, serrate. On median line, a chitinous band extends anteriorly to base of median Jobes, expanding to a bulb-like thickening. Chitinous bands extend obliquely toward this from outer margins. Second lobes slightly thickened on inner margins. The gland-spines are arranged as follows: 1, 1, 1, 1-2, 4-6, the first short and blunt. Second row of dorsal pores represented by 1-2 in anterior group; third row by 3-4 in anterior and 4-5 in posterior group; fourth row by 3-4 in anterior and 5-7 in posterior group. Median group of circumgenital gland-orifices, 7-10; anterior lateral, 15-20; posterior lateral, 14-18. Remarks: This seale has been found on Nyssa sylvatica, at four widely separated locations in Southeastern Ohio; Sugar COCCIDAE OF OHIO. 51 Grove, Fairfield Co., Newark, Licking Co., Somerset, Perry Co., Quaker City, Guernsey Co. Howardia biclavis (Comst. ) Fig. 39. Chionaspis (?) biclavis Comst., 2nd Rep. Dep. Ent. Corn. Univ., p. $8 (1883). Howardia biclavis Berl. e Leon., Riv. Pat. Veg., iv, p. 348 (1896). Scale of female: Circular, convex, 2mm. broad, white, variously colored by epidermis of host plant under which it mines. Exuviae marginal, the first projecting beyond the margin of the scale. Female: Median lobes large, broader than long, approximate at base, somewhat pointed, lateral margins serrate, mesal margins diverg- ing; second lobe small, pointed, simply a projection of the segment; third lobe rudimentary, low serrate; fourth lobe broad, low, incised forming two pointed serrate lobules. Plates simple, spine-like, in- creasing in size from the meson; two small ones between median lobes, two between first and second, usually three between second and third, four or five between third and fourth lobes, and laterad of fourth lobes six or seven larger plates. Spines accompany each group of plates on both dorsal and ventral surfaces. Dorsal pores rother numerous, very small, in three interrupted rows. Circumgenital gland-orifices wanting. On the ventral surface accompanying each group of plates, is a group of very small spines. Extending anteriorly within the body wall, from the median lobes, are two long, ciub-shaped, chitinous thickenings, which are characteristic of this species. Anal orifice situated far anteriorly, just anterior of the genital orifice. Remarks: This Coecid was found badly infesting Hibiscus aculeatus in the Ohio State Universty Conservatory. It has a pecuhar habit of mining under the epidermis of the host plant and maturing there. Diaspis boisduvali (Signoret ). Fig. 42. Diaspis boisduvalii Sign., Aun. Soc. Ent. Fr., (4), ix, p. 452 (1869). ° Diaspis boisduvalii Comst., 2nd Rep. Dep. Ent. Corn. Univ. p. 86 (1883). Scale of female: 2mm. diam., circular, sometimes a little elon- gated, white or light-gray. Very large exuviae slightly darker in color, nearly central. Scale of male: White, strongly tri-carinated, usually massed in Jarge numbers and covered with white, wooly hairs. Female: Cephalo-lateral angle of body is prolonged into a small projection. Median lobes are large, wing-shaped, divergent, separated at base, serrate on mesal margins, and attached for entire length of OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. Or no lateral margins to the segment. Lobules of second, third and fourth lobes, subequal: the outer usually lower and broader. Fourth lobe obscure and serrate. There is a gland-spine, located just laterad of the first, second, third and fourth lobe respectively, and iaterad of the fourth lobe at subequal distances are 4-6 tubular gland-spines. Between. the fifth and sixth gland-spines is a dark-colored, pointed projection. of the body wall. The first pair of spines on the ventral surface: project caudad between the median lobes; the second and third mesad. of the second and third gland-spines; the fourth between the fourth and fifth, and the fifth spine between the seventh and eighth gland-~ spines respectively. On the dorsal surface, a small spine at apex of median lobe; second and third spines on lateral lobule of second and. third lobes respectively; fourth mesad of fourth gland-spine; fifth between sixth and seventh plates. Groups of circumgenital gland- orifices distinct, elliptical in outline; median, 8-16; anterior lateral, 20-28; posterior lateral, 15-18. Remarks: In greenhouses on Palms, Orchids, Jlaranta, ete. Diaspis bromeliae (Kerner). This species, which is a great pest where pineapples are vrown, has been reported at Columbus by Prof. E. EK. Bogue. It is similar to Diaspis boisduvali except that the smaller median lobes project beyond the margin of the segment; 1. e., they are partiy free, while in the latter the median lobes are adnate, along the entire side, to the segment. Diaspis echinocactt cacti Coust. Figs. 43, 76. Diaspis cacti Comst., 2nd Rep. Dep. Ent. Corn. Univ. p. $1 (1883). Diaspis cacti Ckll., Can. Ent., xxv, p. 127 (1894). Diaspis cacti Osborn, Contr. Ia. Ag. Coll., p. 5 (1898). Scale of female: Nearly circular, 1.5—1.7 mm. in diam., white to light-gray; exuviae central or subcentral, dark brown. Scale of male: White, unicarinated; exuvia yellowish to brownish. Female: Four pairs of small lobes; the mesal with entire margins, apparently extending into the segment, widest near middle, diverge suddenly to a rounded apex. Lobules of second, third and fourth lobes, subequal, parallel and subtruncate. Plates and spines similar to those of Diaspis boisduvalii. Median group of circumgenital gland- orifices, 6-18; anterior lateral, 16-22; posterior lateral, 12-18. Remarks: Found in Ohio State University Conservatory: badly infesting a night-blooming Cereus. COCCIDAE OF OHIO. or Ww Aulacaspis pentagona (Targ. ) This species was introduced at Wooster on a double flowering cherry from Japan, but did not survive the winter of 1898-99. ( Webster. ) AULACASPIS ROSAE (Bouche). Figs. 44, 45. Aspidiotus rosa e Bouche, Naturg. Ins., p. 14 (1834). Diaspis rosae Comst., Rep. U. S. Dep. Ag., 1880 p. 312 (1881). Aulacaspis rosae Ckll., Bull. Bot. Dept. Jam., p. 259 (1896). Scale of female: Circular or irregular, snowy-white, sometimes with yellowish tinge, 2-3 mm. diam; exuviae sublateral; first larval skin naked showing the segmentation; second covered. Scale of male: 1.25—1.5 mm. in length; white and tri-carinated. Female: Body elongated; the ante-penultimate segment promi- nently lobed and bearing 8-10 gland-spines. Median lobes large, approxi- mate at base, serrulate, diverging, attached to body for entire length. Inner lobules of second, third and fourth lobes, rounded larger than the outer lobule. Fourth lobe nearly obsolete. There is a gland-spine laterad or each of the four lobes and 2-4 near penultimate segment, enlarging as they are further removed from the meson. On the dorsal surface the spines are situated as follows: a very small one on the median lobe, and one slightly larger on the outer lobule of the second, third and fourth lobes respectively, and one about three-fourths of distance to penultimate segment. The spines on the ventral surface are slightly mesad of the corresponding dorsal ones. Dorsal pores in three rows; second row represented by anterior group of 2-3; third row, anterior group, 4-5, posterior group, 5-6; fourth row, anterior, 4-6, posterior group, 6-8. Mesad of second and third lobes respectively, is an elon- gated pore appearing like a lobe. Anterior group of circumgenital gland-crifices distinet, rounded, 18-22; anterior lateral, 25-32; posterior lateral, 26-34. Lateral groups indistinctly separated, sometimes almost continuous. Remarks: Generaliy distributed over Ohio on rose-bushes, raspberries and blackberries. Genus HEMICHIONASPIS CkIl. in the members of this genus the median lobes are fused, and together form a dark-colored semi-circle. But one species has been reported, H. aspidistrae Sign. in which the seale of the female is brown and the median lobes are small and sunken in the pyeidium. 54 OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. Hemichionasipis aspidistrae (Signoret ). Fig. 38. Chionaspis aspidistrae Sign. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (4), ix, p. 448 (1869). Chionaspis latus Psyche, vii, Suppl., i, p. 21 (1896). H. aspidistrae Cooley, Spl. Bull. Mass. Exp. Sta., p. 45 (1899). Scale of female: Length, 1.8—2.5mm. Decidedly broadened posteriorly, rather strong in texture, yellowish-brown or brown. Ex- uviae concolorlous with the scale but brighter. Scale of male: Distinctly tri-carinated, 1—1.3mm. in length. Exuvia bright yellow. Female: Long, broadest near the middle; the four segments anterior to the pygidium are produced laterally almost into protuber- ances, at least very conspicuous. Two pairs of well-developed lobes, third pair rudimentary. Median lobes two or three-notched on outer margin; the two lobes forming a semi-circle and a chitinous club- shaped thickening extending anteriorly, all much darker than the other lobes. The second lobe is widely separated from the median by a prominence bearing a marginal gland-orifice. Lobules of second lobe long and spatulate, the inner the longer and with thickened margins at the base. The gland-spines are arranged as follows: 1, 1, 1, 1, 2-4. Second row of dorsal pores and anterior groups of third and fourth rows absent; posterior groups of third and fourth rows with 2-5 each. Median group of circumgenital gland-orifices, 5-15; anterior lateral, 14-22; posterior lateral, 15-23. Remarks: ‘his species can be easily distinguished from H. theac (Mask.) by comparing the broad, ovate exuvia of H. aspidistrae with the narrowly elliptical exuvia of H. theae. Found on Shield Fern (Cyrtomium falcatum) in the Ohio State University Conservatory. IMormia fioriniae (Tare. ) Fig. 21. Diaspis fiorinia Targ., Studii sub. Cocc., p. 14 (1867) Fiorinia carnettiae Comst., Rep. U. S. Dep. Ag., 1880, p. 329 (1881). Fiorinia fioriniae Cill., Ent. Mon. Mag.. xxix, p. 39 (1893). Scale of female: Yellowish-brown, with first exuvia yellow, and remainder of scale a white thin margin. There is a central, longitudi- nal, dark-brown ridge, and sloping parallel sides more or less wrinkled. Scale of male: Similar to scale of female but smaller. Female: Two pairs of lobes. The caudal extremity of the seg- ment is deeply notched, the median lobes are borne by the margins of this notch; they are confluent at base but widely divergent at apex. The second lobe is deeply incised, the mesal lobule the larger The COCCIDAE OF OHIO. 5d gland-spines are long, simple, tapering; one laterad of each lobe and one on the margin of the segment toward the penultimate segment. Between the median lobes are two spines, neither dorsal or ventral. On the dorsal surface two spines are situated along the lateral margin of median lobes, the posterior one the larger, one on outer lobule of second lobe, one one-third and one two-thirds of distance to the penul- timate segment; on the ventral surface there is a spine situated laterad of each corresponding dorsal spine, except on the first lobe. There is an elongated pore laterad of each lobe, one half-way and one near to penultimate segment. Five groups of circumgenital gland- orifices, the median continuous with the anterior laterals. Median about 9; anterior lateral, 9-12, in partly double row: posterior lateral, 12-16 arranged in double row. Anal orifice far removed from margin, anterior of the genital orifice nearly as far as median group of cir- cumgenital gland-orifices. Remarks: Badly infesting a Kentia Palm in the Ohio State University Conservatory. Excepting the median ridge, this seale is very flat, brownish, and oblong with parallel sides. Genus ASPIDIOTUS Bouche. A. Median lobes rather large; second and third usually small or rudimentary; plates small, spine-like; margin with two pairs of incisions bounded by thickened chitinous processes Diaspidiotus B. Median lobes large and well-developed; second and third reduced or wanting; plates conspicuous, deeply fur- cate and crowded toward median lobes; margins of incisions thickened Hemiberlesia AA. Neither elongated thickenings nor incisions with thick- ened edges present Aspidiotus s. str. Subgenus ASPIDIOTUS s. str. (Type, A. hederae Vall.) This subgenus is characterized by the absence of chitinous thickenings and incisions with thickened margins in the — last segment of the female. The plates are well developed and strongly fringed. The seale is light colored and the exuviae are naked. There appear to be no native American species representing this subgenus. From Ohio two greenhouse species are reported. A. Median lobes very large, broad, notched on each margin near apex and rounded; second and third lobes scarcely one-third of width of median lobes cyanophylli AA. Median lobes a little larger than second lobes and appar- ently extending into the segment; five to eight branched and simple plates outside of third lobe hederae.- 56 OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. Subgenus HEMIBERLESIA Ckll. (Type, A. rapax Comst.) Referring to Hemiberlesia Prof. Cockerell says in Bull. U.S. Dep. Ag., t. s. No. 6.;—‘‘This subgenus really represents a southern modification of Diaspidiotus, with a convex scale and “large median lobes, the others being suppressed. It appears to be exciusively American, and belongs to the tropical and Lower Austral regions, except that one species (A. converus) occurs the upper Sonoran, and another (4. wim) in the corresponding zone in Ilinois.”’ Four species are reported for Ohio, A. ulmi being the only native species. A. Groups of circumgenital gland-orifices present, B. Plates long and complex; first and second plates from median lobes wide and multi-branched; third, fourth and fifth narrower and simpler. Two incisions in margin of segment cydoniae crawii BB. Two cr three plate-like extensions of the segment outside of incisions; a small incision laterad of second incision lataniae AA. Groups of circumgenital gland-orifices absent, C. Median lobes broad, notched on inner and outer margins; inner chitinous process of first incision very long and clavate; plates long and spine-like ulmi CC. Median lobes sharply notched near apex; plates toothed and branched, chitinous processes subequal rapax Subgenus DIASPIDIOTUS (Berl. & Leon.) (Type A. ancylus Putn.) The members of this subgenus belong to the North temperate zone, occuring mostly on deciduous trees. ‘he scale is usually dark-colored and the exuviae are covered with secretion. The median lobes are approximate and the margins of the incisions are thickened. In Ohio, eight species of this subgenus are re- ported. A. Posterior segment of female with short, simple, incon- spicuous plates. B. With second lobe rudimentary or wanting, orange ex- uviae ancylus With second lobe rudimentary, orange exuviae cov- ered with black secretion piceus BB. Second lobe slightly developed uvae BBB. Inner angle of second lobe decidedly developed. Cc. Median lobes of medium length, usually notched on outer mcrgin. COCCIDAE OF OHIO: 57 D. Median lobes converging; inner chitinous processes of first incision, bent or club-shaped forbesi DD. Median lobes about parallel; processes subequal. EK. Circumegenital gland-orifices absent perniciosus EE. Circumgenital gland-orifices present. F. Chitinous processes of first incisions long ostreaeformis CC. Median lobes short and broad, almost truncate, very close, and with second and third lobes forming a semi-circle; dorsal pores very numerous in four distinct rows glanduliferus CCC. Median lobes short and broad, scarcely notched on outer margin; lobes not forming a semi-circle; dorsal pores less numerous juglans-regiae AA. Plates complex, conspicuous; a toothed semi-circular plate between second and third lobes; second lobes often longer than median comstocki ASPIDIOTUS ANCYLUS Putnam. Fig. 5. Diuspis ancylus Putnam, Trans. la. Hort. Soe. xii, p. 581 (1877). Aspidiotus ancylus Putnam, Proc. Davenport Acad. Nat. Sci., ii, p. 346 (1879). Aspidiotus ancylus Comst., Rep. U. S. Dep. Ag., 1880, p. 292 (1881). Scale of female: Circular, 1—1.5mm. diam. Brick-red exuviae covered by gray film of excretion; remainder of scale dark gray, or almost black, except light gray margin. A very delicate, white ventral scale is present. Show a tendency to gather in clusters two or three deep. Scale of male: Of same color as female scale; is much smaller and elongated. Length, 1—1.5 mm.; width, .5—.6 mm. Female: Only the median pair of lobes developed, somewhat separated with the mesal margins parallel; notched on lateral margin about one-third of distance from subtrunecate apex, and frequently notched near apex on the mesal margin. Second lobes rudimentary, truncate, not extending beyond margin of segment. First interlobular incision rather wide and shallow, with variable, chitinous processes, usually straight, the inner the larger. Second interlobular incision similar; inner chitinous processes usually larger than the outer. Sometimes a very small incision laterad of second incision. Small chit- inous process at inner base of each median lobe. There are two plates, usually furcated, caudad of each incision and occasionally a third plate. The spines on the ventral surface are shorter than the dorsal spines, and situated at the base of the lateral margin of the median lobes and the rudimentary second and third lobes. The spines of the dorsal surface are slightly mesad of the corresponding ventral ones; the fourth being about two-thirds of the distance from the median ‘58 QHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. lobes to the penultimate segment. Between the third and fourth pairs of spines, there are three or four irregular, spine-like extensions of the margin of the segment. Four or five groups of circumgenital gland- orifices are present; Median, 0-6, (rarely more than three); anterior lateral, 5-14; posterior lateral, 4-8. Rows of dorsal pores sometimes quite prominent. Remarks: This seale popularly known as ‘*Putnam’s Seale,’’ is not an important economic insect per se, but the possi- bility of mistaking the San Jose’ Scale for this one, attaches to it more importance. The seales are lighter in color, and the ** dot and ring’’ is not nearly so prominent as in the San Jose’ Seale. Remedial measures for the latter are fully as effective for Put- nam’s Seale. ASPIDIOTUS COMSTOCKI Johnson. Fig. 9. A. comstocki Johns., Ent. News, vii, p. 151 (1896). A. comstocki Johns., Bull. Ill. St. Lab. Nat. Hist., iv, p. 383 (1896). Scaie of female: The shape depends upon the position upon the leaf, but usually approaches a semicircular form, attached close to the midrib, veins or veinlets of the leaf. Length, 1.5--2 mm., width, 0.5— 1mm. Large, rather flat, cream-buff, excepting the part which covers the exuviae which varies from yellowish to reddish-brown, or is often concolorous. Scale of male: Length, 1mm., width 0.5mm. Cream-buff or grayish-white, semi-transparent, more or less elongate oval. Exuvia submarginal. Female: There are two pairs of well-developed lobes, the second pair often as long or longer, and as broad as the median pair, which are commonly notched on the lateral margins near the tip. Plates conspicuous. Between the first and second lobes, they are more or less toothed and about as long as median lobes; laterad of second lobe is a broad circular fringe; laterad of this are three Jarge toothed plates. Spines prominent; a pair at outer base of median lobes, a pair at outer base of second lobes, the third on the rudimentary third lobe, and the fourth just laterad of the plates. Four groups of circumgenital gland- orifices; anterior lateral, about 6; posterior lateral, 4. Remarks: Found on the leaves of Sugar Maple. (Acer saccharum) at Columbus. Ohio, associated with Phenacoccus acericola (King). COCCIDAE OF OHIO. 59 Aspidiolus cyanophylli Signoret. Fig. 12. A, cyanophylli Sign., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., (4), ix, p. 119 (1869). Scale of female: Circular, brownish-yellow; exuviae central, bright yellow, covered by white secretion. Scale of male: Similar to scale of female, elliptical in outline, exuvia sub-central. Female: Median lobes very large, as broad as long, notched on each side near apex, appearing to project into the segment; second lobes long, narrow, about one-third the width of the median lobes, slightly notched on each side near apex; third lobe similar but smaller. Plates long, extending beyond lobes, deeply incised; two between median and second, three between second and third lobes, and outside of third lobe five or more simple bi-furcate or tri-furcate plates. Spines long and slender, not exceeding the plates in length; on the dorsal surface there is a spine on each lobe and one two-thirds of distance to penultimate segment; on the ventral surface a spine lat- erad of each corresponding dorsal spine except on the median lobe. A few smaller spines scattered over surface of segment. Four groups of circumgenital gland-orifices; anterior lateral, 4-5; posterior lateral, 3-5. Anal orifice large, remote from margin of segment. Remarks: On leaves of palm, Pritchardia filifera, in Ohio State University Conservatory. Originally deseribed by Signoret at Paris from Cyanophyllum magnificum. Aspidiotus cydoniae crawiit Ckll. Big 9: Aspidiotus crawii Ckll. Newell,on the North American Species of the Subgenera Diaspidiotus and Hemiberlesia. Bull. Ia. State Coll. of Agr. and Mech. Arts, No. 5. 1899. Being unable to procure specimens of this species, the following description, and the illustration are taken from the above bulletin: Scale of female: “Circular, 2mm. in diam., convex, dull-reddish- gray; exuviae suvlateral, inconspicuous with exception of the first skin which shows as a yellow prominence.” Female: ‘Female anal segment with median lobes long and close together, each lobe notched on both inner and outer margins, outside margin of lobe straight below notch; rudiment of second lobe wide, often notched; rudiment of third lobe slightly raised at inner angle. Median incisions narrow, edges straight; second and third incisions small. A small chitinous process at outer base of median lobe; a broad chitinous band surrounding each second and third incisions, either band sometimes, but rarely, divided at apex of incision so as to appear 60 OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. as two processes. Two plates with numerous branches just laterad of median lobe; about three plates, simple and long, on rudiments of second and third lobes. A pair of spines from each lobe and a spine on lateral margin one-third of distance to penultimate segment. Ven- tral grouped glands forward, caudolateral group about opposite vaginal orifice; median none; cephalolateral, 5; caudolateral, 4.” Remarks: This species was originally described from speei- mens brought from Mexico, on grapevine (?), and found by Mr. Alex. Craw in the course of his quarantine work on the Pacifie Coast. Reported in this state from a greenhouse at Springfield, on Satania sp. ASPIDIOTUS FORBESI Johnson. . Risse A, forbesi Johns., Ent. News, vii, p. 151 (1896). A. forbesi Johns., Bull. Ill. St. Lab. N. H., iv, p. 380, (1896). A. forbesi Newell, Contr. Ia. Ag. Coll., No. 3, p. 14 (1899). A. forbesi Felt., Bull. 46, N. Y. St. Mus., pp. 339, 347 (1901). Scale of femaie: Average diam. 2mm., rather convex, dirty gray, but lighter in color and more delicate than A. ancylus or A. perniciosus, with covered, sub-central. orange exuviae. Scale of male: Length. 1mm.; width, .5—6@mm. Darker than scale of female, elongated; the covered, orange-colored exuvia situated anteriorly and more convex. Female: Median lobes prominent, rounded at apex and notched midway on lateral margin, converging and almost meeting. Second lobes narrower, about one-half width of median lobes, obscurely pointed or rounded, and two or three notched on lateral margin. First and second inter-lobular incisions bounded by thick, chitinous processes, the inner the larger and of characteristic curved shape; also club- shaped vrocesses at inner base of median lobes. Usually furcated prolongations of the the margin laterad of the second incision are present. Plates, very inconspicuous -or absent except one or two caudad of second incision. Spines are borne on the ventral surface as follows: one on the lateral base of each lobe, one laterad of second incision one at one-third, and one at two-thirds of distance to penulti- mate segment. The dorsal spines are located just laterad of the cor- responding ventral ones, except the first on the median lobe which is wanting. Rows of dorsal pores not prominent; first of 3-4; second of 5-12; third of 7-15. Five groups of circumgenital gland-orifices present; median, 1-4; anterior lateral, 4-7; posterior lateral, 3-5. Remarks: Prof. Johnson proposed the popular name ““Cherry Seale Insect”? for this Coccid, and speaks of it as the COCCIDAE OF OHIO. 61 most dangerous scale insect then established in Illinois. As far as we have observed it has not become a pest in Ohio, although found in various localities and on several hosts. It can be dis- tinguished from the San Jose Seale by the much lighter color of the seale and the orange-red exuviae; also the ‘‘dot and ring’’ is not noticeable. ASPIDIOTUS GLANDULIFERUS Ckll. Fig. 8. Aspidiotus glanduliferus Ckil., Ohio Naturalist, ii, p. 287 (1902). Scale of female: 2mm. diam., slightly convex, blackish, with large sub-central to sub-lateral orange-ferruginous or almost vermillion exuviae, readily exposed by rubbing; removed from the bark, a con- spicuous white patch -is left. Scale of male: Oval, broad, with covered exuvia and a white dot and ring. Female: Broad oval with deep constriction between head and thorax. Color, bright orange; caudal margin stained with dark red brown. Median lobes very large, broad, scarcely produced; second lobes similar but smaller and more or less serrate, close; third lobes represented by small angular prominence. Chitinous thickenings of interlobular incisions, short and straight, subequal, but the inner the larger. Plates, spine-like; two between median lobes, two caudad of first incision and two or three slightly branched caudad of second incision. Spines quite large; on the dorsal surface, a spine is borne by the first, second and third lobes respectively; the fourth spine at about one-fourth, and the fifth at one-half the distance to the penultimate segment. On the ventral surface, the spines are mesad of the corres- ponding dorsal ones, except that they are lacking on the median lobes. Five groups of circumgenital gland-orifices; median, 4-5; anterior lateral, 15-18; posterior lateral, 7-10. Dorsal pores very numerous in four series; the first (below first interlobular incision) of 3 in a row; the second of about 17, and after a short break, 9-10 more; the third of over 30; the fourth of about 11. Anal orifice very small, level with second dorsal pore of first row. Remarks: This scale was discovered in February, 1902, on the branches of Pinus sylvestris on the Ohio State University Campus, by the author,and sent to Prof. Cockerell, who described it as A. glanduliferus, because of the large number of beautifully arranged dorsal pores in the last segment of the female. Since that time the author has found this seale on Pinus virginiana and Tsuga canadensis on the O. S. U. Campus. 62 OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. Aspidiotus hederac (Vall.) Figs. 10, 11. Chermes hederae Vall., Mem. Acad. Dijon, p. 30 (1829). Aspidiotus nerii Bouche , Schadl. Gart. Ins., p. 52 (1833). Scale of female: Diam. 1.5—2mm., flat, dirty white. dull-orange exuviae central or sub-central, exposed, usually showing segmentation of first skin. . Scale of male: Slightly elongated, white with light-yellow, sub- central exuvia. Length about 1 mm. Female: Three pairs of lobes; median and second well-developed; the third small and pointed. The median are deeply notched on each margin near the apex, the mesal notch being slightly posterior, appear- ing to converge. The thick chitinous median lobes extend into the segment. Second lobes are often notched on lateral margin near the apex. The plates are nearly all deeply fringed; two between median, two between median and second, three between second and third, and about six fringed and two or three forked or simple ones laterad of third lobe. On the ventral surface, there is a spine at the lateral base of each lobe, one at one-third and one at one-half of distance to penul- timate segment. On the dorsal surface, there is a spine mesad of the corresponding ventral spine. The dorsal pores are in four irregular rows; first of 5-4; second of about 7; third of about 6; fourth, near margin, of about 4. Four groups of circumgenital gland-orifices; anter- ior lateral, 8-9; posterior lateral, 6-7, appearing as if surrounded and connected by strips of chitin. Habitat: On a great variety of hosts; citrus trees, palms, eyeads, Muhlenbechia, English Ivy; and on Hepatica hepatica being used for experimental purposes in the greenhouse of the Ohio State University. ASPIDIOTUS JUGLANS-REGIAE Comstock. Fig. 7. Aspidiotus juglans-regiae Comst., Rep. U. S. Dep. Ag. 1880, p. 300 (1881). Scaie of female: Circular, flat, pale grayish-brown, 3mm. diam. Reddish-brown, sub-central exuviae covered with secretion. Ventral scale a white, delicate film. Scale of male: Similar in color to scale of female, but smaller, elongated, with anterior end and exuvia more convex. Length, 1—1.25 mm. Female: Median lobes well-developed, produced, broad and close, round at apex with mesal corners well defined, slightly converging, notched near apex on outer margin. Second lobes narrower and dis- COCCIDAE OF OHIO. 63 tinctly two or three notched on outer margin. Third lobe rudimentary and raised to a point. A small chitinous process at inner base of median lobes; chitinous processes bounding first and second incision, the inner the larger. A pair of simple, inconspicuous plates between median lobes and one or two bifurcated ones caudad of each incision. Spines prominent, borne on the dorsal surface, one by each lobe, one: one-third and another two-thirds of distance to penultimate segment. On the ventral surface, they are laterad of the corresponding dorsal spines. Rows of dorsal pores very noticeable and complete; first row of 3-4; second of 18-24; third of 20-22; fourth, in an irregular row, of 14-18. Five groups of circumgenital gland-orifices; median, 0-5; anter- ior lateral, 8-16; posterior lateral, 4-8. Anal orifice small, level with third dorsal pore of first row. Remarks: This seale which was first described from English Walnut (Juglans regiae) by Prof. Comstock in 1880, has been found infesting various other trees, including some of our more valuable fruit trees, such as peach, apricot, plum, black cherry and pear. It has little economic importance in Ohio. Aspidiotus lataniae Signoret. Fig. 18. A. lataniae Sign., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., (4), ix, p. 124 (1869). Scaie of female: Rather elongated, convex, clear-yellow, trans- lucid at center, dirty white at margin of large elliptical exuviae. Scale of male: Similar to the scale of the female in color, smaller and elongated. Female: Mesal lobes only present, large, prominent, nearly as broad as long, notched on both margins, the inner notch much the smaller and nearer the apex. Two large interlobular incisions bounded by chitinous processes, the inner the larger, and one very small one, bounded by small chitinous processes, laterad of second incision. Usually a small chitinous process at inner base of median lobes. Two simple plates between median lobes; two incised plates caudad of first and second incision and one or more between them. Outside of the small third incision, the margin of the segment is produced to appear almost like two or three simple plates. On both dorsal and ventral surfaces, spines are located as follows: at outer base of median lobes, between first and second incision, just outside of second incision, and one about one-half of distance to the penultimate segment. Four groups of circumgenital gland-orifices; anterior lateral, 4-6, posterior lateral, 3-4. Second and third rows of dorsal pores of 8-12 each, rather straight and distinct although interrupted. Anal orifice large, rather remote from the margin. 64 OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. Remarks: On palm, Areca lutescens, in Ohio State Univer- sity Conservatory. ASPIDIOTUS OSBORNI Newell & CkKIl. A, osborni New. & Ckll., Rep. Ia. Acad. Sci., v, p. 229 (1898). Just before going to press this species was identified on twigs of Quercus alba, collected at Cleveland, Ohio, July 18, 1903, by the author. The grouped-gland-orifices in the Ohio specimens are more numerous than originally deseribed. ASPIDIOTUS OSTREAEFORMIS Curtis. Fig. 3. A_ ostreaeformis Curt. (Ruricola), Gard. Chron., iii, p. 805 (1843). A. ostreaeformis Felt, Bull. 46, N. Y. St. Mus., pp. 323, 352 (1901). A. ostreaeformis Panks, Bull. 34, n. s., Dep. Ag., p. 18 (1902). Scale of female: 1—1.5 mm. in diameter, dark gray, lighter near margin, somewhat convex; exuviae large, eccentric, yellowish to orange. Scale of male: Similar in color to scale of female, smaller with submarginal exuvia. Female: Median lobes short and broad, notched on outer margin and rounded, similar to A. ancylus, but not so prominent, scarcely converging, with inner margins thickened; inner angle of second lobe produced into a blunt point; rudimentary third lobe represented by a small angular prominence, or absent. Long, straight, subequal, chiti- nous processes bound the second and third incisions. Plates very inconspicuous, sometimes furcated; two between median lobes and two in each incision. On the ventral surface, a spine is borne at the lateral base of each lobe and one about half-way to the penultimate segment; the dorsal spines are longer and situated just mesad of the corresponding ventral spine. Dorsal pores in four rows as follows: ist (between first pair of chitinous processes) of 2-3; 2nd, 5-6 and after a break 2-3 more; 3rd of 7-8; 4th, a marginal row of 2-4 and a group of 5-6 near the penultimate segment. The dorsal pores vary greatly in number and position, but there is a certain characteristic arrangement. Median group of circumgenital gland-orifices, 5-8; anterior and poster- ior lateral of about 10-i2 each. Anal orifice small, rather distant from margin and embraced by the inner margins of median lobes. Remarks: This is an European species, which has been in- troduced and is rather conmon in sections of some states, however not common in Ohio. ; COCCIDAE OF OHIO. 6d ASPIDIOTUS PERNICIOSUS Comstock. Figs. 4, 75. A, perniciosus Comst., Rep. U. 8S. Dep. Ag., 1880, p. 304 (1881). A, perniciosus Howard, Yearbook U. S. Dep. Ag., p. 267 (1894). A. perniciosus Webster, Bull. 56, Ohio Exp. Sta. (1895). A. perniciosus Webster, Bull. 72, Ohio Exp. Sta., p. 211 (1896). A. perniciosus Felt, Bull. 46, N. Y. St. Mus., pp. 304, 349 (1901). Scale of female: Circular, slightly convex, 1—2 mm. in diam., gray or dark-gray except the prominent, covered, pale or reddish- yellow exuviae. The exuviae are nipple-like with a shallow, depressed ring about them, which is quite characteristic of this species. Scale of male: Is black in color, rather convex with the nipple- like prominence and depressed ring still more noticeable than in the female. Usually more numerous than the female scales. Female: Two pairs of lobes well-developed. Median prominent. rounded at the apex, notched on the outer margin near the middle, though somewhat variable, and converging. The thickened inner margins of the median lobes extends anteriorly encircling the anal orifice in a characteristic manner. The second lobes are smaller and narrower, though distinct, quite close to the median, notched on the outer margin, pointed and converging. Between the median lobes, and bounding each incision of the segment, are club-shaped, chitinous processes; the inner usually the larger. There are two inconspicuous plates between the median lobes, two caudad of first incision, and three small, laterally serrate ones, caudad of second incision. Often laterad of second incision are wide, furcated extensions of the margin of the segment. The spines of the ventral surface are situated laterad of the corresponding dorsal spines at the bases of the first and second lobes; the third pair laterad of second incision; the fourth pair at one-half of distance to penultimate segment. Groups of circumgenital gland-orifices are absent. Rows of dorsal pores are not prominent, though variable. Remarks: The San Jose Seale is perhaps the most insid- ious of our noxious insects. Its apparent damage is not so great as are the ravages of the Colorado Potato-beetle, Army Worm, Chinch Bug and the Hessian Fly, but frequently a valuable fruit tree becomes so completely encrusted with hundreds of thousands of the seales, and the vitality is so diminished that it begins to wither and die; and then, and often not until then, is the cause discovered. In such a case what would be the proper course to follow? The axe and a hot fire would be the proper thing in such a ease. However, if a tree is only partially infested or the 66 OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. vitality not too greatly impaired, there are several spraying mix- tures which ean be used to advantage, viz.. ‘‘ Lime, sulphur and salt wash,’’ ‘‘Oregon Wash,’’ *‘ Resin Wash,”’ ‘‘ Whale-oil soap wash,’’ ‘‘ Potash Wash,’’ Kerosene emulsion, Crude petroleum, ete. The U. S. Dept. of Agriculture and various State Experiment Stations have from time to time issued bulletins containing infor- mation concerning the San Jose Seale, and recipes for the preparation of the above washes. ASPIDIOTUS PICEUS Sanders. Fig. 66. A. piceus Sanders, Ohio Naturalist, iv, 4, p. 96 (1904). Scale of female: 1.8—2mm. in diameter, flat often subelliptical to oval, with sub-central exuviae; black shading to dark gray toward margin, having the appearance of pitch covered with dust. The raised shiny black, deciduous first exuvia is*~surrounded by an indistinct ring like depression. When rubbed the second orange exuvia appears. The young scales appear not unlike the young male scales of A. per- niciosus. When removed a white patch is left. Scale of male: Elliptical, 1mm. in length, black, with distinct ring-like depression surrounding the lustrous-black exuvia, the poster- ior flap shading to gray. Female: With one pair of lobes, well-developed, prominent, broad, noiched midway on lateral margin, with outer corners well rounded off toward inner angle. Inner margins parallel, not close, bounded by large chitinous processes, which extend, somewhat reduced in density, around the *outer margin to a denser process at outer base of lobe. Second and third lobes rudimentary, sometimes with inner angle of second lobe slightly developed. Interlobular incisions broad and deep, bounded by elongated chitinous processes, the inner usually the larger. There are two perforations anterior to median lobes on a level with the base of chitinous processes of first incision. Between the median and second and the second and third lobes are pairs of di-pointed spine-like plates, two thirds of length of median lobes. On the dorsal surface there is a spine on each of the second and third lobes, and on the ventral surface, each lobe bears a spine on the lateral margin, laterad of dorsal spine, also spines one-third and two-thirds of distance to penultimate segment. First row of dorsal-pores (between first and second lobes) of 2; 2nd row of about 6; 3rd row of 5—6; 4th row (near margin) of 3-—4 orifices. Four or five groups of circumgenital gland-orifices, median sometimes wanting. Median, 0—3; anterior lateral, 15—25, averaging 18; posterior lateral, 6—14, averaging 9. COCCIDAE OF OHIO. 67 Anal orifice very large, removed from margin by about three lengths of the median lobes. Remarks: Found very abundantly on young Liriodendron tulipifera, at Painesville, Lake Co., Ohio, July 21, 1903. This species differs from A. osborni, its nearest species, by the jet- black exuviae, the very large anal orifice, and the numerous cir- eumgenital gland-orifices. Aspidiotus rapax (Comstock). Fig. 20. A. rapax Comst., U. S. Agr. Report of 1880, p. 307. Scale of female: Very convex, gray almost white, translucent, appearing yellow because of color of insect beneath; the sub-central exuviae marked by a brown or black dot and a concentric ring. Ventral seale snow-white and usually entire. Scale of male: Similar to scale of female, scarcely so convex, with exuvia sub-lateral. Female: Median lobes only, well developed and _ prominent, sharply notched on either side, the mesal notch nearer the apex. Second and third lobes are represented by small, pointed projections of the margin. A deep incision laterad of the median and second lobes, bounded by subequal chitinous processes. Two irregularly toothed or branched plates caudad of each incision, with a simple one between them and two or three simpie or furcated ones laterad of third lobe. On each surface, spines are located at the lateral bases of each lobe; the fourth spine at about two-thirds of the distance to the penultimate segment. The ventral fourth spine is slightly laterad of the corres- ponding dorsal spine. Groups of circumgenital gland-orifices absent. Dorsal] pores in two or three irregular rows; the second of about 6; the third of about 4. The anal orifice is very large. Remarks: This is a cosmopolitan insect in warm climates, found upon many hosts; the most important ones being almond, quinee, fig, olive, acacia, locust, willow, eucalyptus, Osmanthus and other citrus trees. ASPIDIOTUS ULMI Johnson. Fig. 22. A. ulmi Jonns., Bull. lll. Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. iv, p. 388. 1896. Scale of female: Almost round, 1.5—2 mm. in diameter, dirty white or tan-colored; the latter owing to the corky covering from the - bark often apparent. New exuviae bright orange-yellow, older material is usually faded. A well developed, white, ventral scale. 68 OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. Scale of male: About .7mm. long, more or less circular, of the same general appearance as the scale of the female. Female: One pair of lobes, prominent, about as long as wide, notched on each side, somewhat rounded. Only a slight indication of second lobes. Mesal half of median lobes extend anteriorly to a conical tip. Inner process of first incision very long, club-shaped and knobbed at anterior end and is very constant; outer process small, narrow. Processes of second incision subequal. Margin of segment thickened for half of distance to the penultimate segment. Two plates caudad of first incision; between first and second incision, three to four, and laterad of second incision three plates. On the dorsal sur- face, a spine is located at outer base of median lobes, between first and second incision, laterad of second incision, and about one-half of distance to penultimate segment. On the ventral surface there is a spine just laterad of the corresponding dorsal spine except the first on the median lobe. Dorsal pores very small, inconspicuous with very long ducts, in three series; ist (extending anteriorly from first in- cision) of 4—5; 2nd of about 16; 3rd of about 9. Prof. Johnson found no circumgenital gland-orifices, but in 25 per cent. of the specimens examined, from one to three orifices were found in the place of the posterior lateral groups which are marked by chitinous bands. Anal orifice small and located anteriorly in distance three times the length of the median lobes. Remarks: Found on the trunks and the older limbs of the white elhn, Ulmus americana and Catalpa, at Columbus, Ohio. ASPIDIOTUS UVAE Comstock. Fig. 6. A. uvae Comst., Rep. U. S. Dep. Ag., 1880, p. 309 (1881). A. wae Newell, Contr. Ia. Ag. Coll., No. 3, p. 12 (1899) Scale of female: Circular, 1.5 mm. in diameter, rather flat, dusty tan-colored, lighter than dry bark of host. Exuviae sub-central, bright- yellow, covered. When removed leaves a conspicuous white spot. Scale of male: Elongated, length 1mm., width 0.5mm, slightly darker than scale of female, with exuvia submarginal and more convex. Female: Median lobes very prominent, parailel, notched on each margin and rounded, the mesal notch slightly nearer the apex; second and third lobes rudimentary with the inner angles slightly produced. Bounding each incision are two subequal chitinous processes, and be- tween the median lobes are two narrow thickenings. There are two simple plates between the median lobes and two serrate ones caudad of each incision. Outside of third lobe, are 3—-5 prolongations of the margin of the segment resembling plates and about as long as the spines. Spines on the dorsal surface are borne, one on each lobe and COCCIDAE OF OHIO. 69 one nearly half-way to the penultimate segment; the ventral spines are shorter and just laterad of the corresponding dorsal spine. Dorsal pores in three rows; 1st (at first interlobular incision) usually 2; 2nd, about 8; 5rd, about 4 and near the penultimate segment a group of 3-5. Median group of circumgenital gland-orifices 0—4; anterior lateral, 4—9: posterior lateral, 3—7. Accompanying the groups are peculiar chitinous bands or folds of the body-wall. Anal orifice embraced by extended inner margins of the median lobes. Immediately anterior from the median and second lobes, the segment is thicker and darker brown. Remarks: Infests grape-vines, having a pecuhar habit of arranging themselves in longitudinal rows on the stem of the host. Not common in Ohio, there being only two infested loeali- ties reported as yet. Comstockiella sabalis (Comstock). Rie 2 5n Aspidiotus ? sabalis Comst., 2nd Rep. Dep. Corn. Univ., p. 67 (1883)- Comstockiella sabalis Ckll. Check. List, p. 335 (1896). Scale of female: Approximately circular, snowy white, 1.5—2 mm. broad, exuviae covered, prominent. Scale of male: Similar to female scale in color, elongated, more convex. Female: There are no lobes or plates; the margin of the segment is rather deeply notched. The female has rudimentary antennae of about two joints and is viviparous. Near the edge of the segment are five very long spines and two similar ones on the penultimate segment. Beginning at the meson on the ventral surface are four small spines equidistant extending to the penultimate segment, which itself bears two. There are also four orifices in two rows extending anteriorly near the mesal notch. There are six groups of circumgenital gland- orifices, anterior lateral, 4-6; intermediate, 5-7; posterior lateral, 8-15. The dorsal pores are very small, arranged in six cephalo-caudal lines. Male: Yellow, wingless, with short, spindle-shaped antennae. Remarks: This Coccid was placed provisionally in the genus Aspidiotus by Comstock in his Second Cornell Report. Found by the author on Sabal Palmetto in the O. S. U. Conserva- tory, at Columbus, Ohio. Genus CHHRYSOMPHALUS > SS ey 2 SN Ce 8 eae SF Sines ‘ g : . . Tie Wer ke re 4 ESS iid : : - = ; : ay, DS . base by — - hit as + cy, —S—— a > . 0 B = < ors) ‘= a a . ie — ay a J \ P SA < i \ LG A ES arenas \ es \ 7 \. i 4 \ ayel ~D. citer Sanders on Coccidae of Ohio. Plate 8. Sanders on Coccidae of Ohio. Plate 9. Sanders on Coccidae of Ohio. a = —_ * a Len oe oa - ¥ eae OO ee ee. —. 2 4 eS eal = im ; } ‘ : J ‘ . : a. = mers * fae Sout yh te Ce ee ee ee ae or — me “4 = ° : - : é ones _. — = = = ee ee 5 as 3 “s oF ae . 2 ee 7 | - 4 4 ' > a é : = ~ Wy ‘. = ri . : _— (4aSaulajs sayfpy) ‘“wmeasnyq [euoNeN ‘S “f 24} Ur 4svo ve WoIg—’GCVAHUAddOO AHL ‘I AlWId PROCEEDINGS Ohio State Academy of Science. Volume IV, Part 3. SPECIAL PAPERS, No: 9: Batrachians and Reptiles of Ohio BY MAX MORSE. PUBLICATION COMMITTEE: J. H. SCHAFFNER, JAS. S. HINE, GERARD FOWKE. Date of Publication, June 5th, 1904. PUBLISHED BY THE ACADEMY, COLUMBUS, OHIO. COLUMBUS, OHIO: SPAHR & GLENN, PRINTERS. 1904. NOTE. The expense incurred in the preparation of this paper was partly covered by a grant of forty dollars from the Emerson McMillin Research Fund, and the expense of publication is met by a further contribution from the same fund. Won. R. LAZENBY, F. M. WEBSTER, JoHn H. SCHAFFNER, Trustees. Le> INTRODUCTOR Yt torn T is only too often that one, not a specialist in some line of scientific work asks bread of those who have devoted them- selves more especially to that department of science and receives but a stone. There are at present many general and local works on the subject of the animals and plants about us, but few are adapted to the non-specialist and fewer still to the layman. ‘To read the majority of these works it is necessary to become conversant, often to quite a degree, with the nomenclature and technicalities used. This, to say the least, is burdensome to a general reader and often results in annulling any interest he may have had in the subject. The present paper is an attempt to put in a form comprehen- sible to general readers an account of the reptiles and batrachians of the State. If the paper is too technical to be used. by any intelligent person it fails of its purpose. It is, however, impos- sible to discuss a subject such as this without the use of any uncommon terms; the very fact that the two groups under con- sideration are themselves generally unfamiliar is a confirmation of this statement. But the attempt has been made in the present paper to reduce such terms to a minimum and to fully explain those that must be used. BHISLORICAL: Two lists of the Batrachia and Reptilia of Ohio have been thus far published. The first was issued in 1838, by Dr. Jared Potter Kirtland (’38), then at the Medical College of Ohio, in Cincinnati. The list embraced a part of the Report of the Zoology of Ohio, arranged by Kirtland and published in the First Annual Report of the Geological Survey of the State of Ohio. The list embraces twenty-seven (27) Reptiles and twenty-one (21) Batra- chians, and brief notes on distribution are added for many of the species. Kirtland collected over a large area and personally examined several of the more important collections in the Eastern States. From such sources he drew the material for his list. The second list, the only available one at the present time, was prepared by Dr. W. H. Smith (’82), a resident of Michigan. The work was based on collections and notes furnished by several institutions in Ohio and by some workers in general zoology. Many of the species were included merely because they had been found in neighboring States and were supposed to occur, likewise, in Ohio, ‘The work is useful, however, as a synopsis of the forms that probably occur within the State’s limits. Aside from these two general lists there are found promis- cuously distributed through scientific literature, notes on our reptilian and batrachian fauna. Thus E. V. Wilcox (’g91), pub- lished a series of observations on the Batrachia of the State in the ‘‘ Otterbein Aegis,’’ issued at Westerville, Ohio. The work was based on the Experiment Station Collection and on personal work in several parts of Ohio. Food-habits, dates and places of the occurrence and descriptive remarks are faithfully recorded. In several cases of uncertainty in identification, the species were referred to Prof. Cope and hence are trustworthy. It is unfor- tunate that the list was not published in a medium of wider circu- lation. Morse (’o1, May and June) listed the Batrachians and Reptiles in the Zoological museum of the Ohio State University, which is almost complete for Ohio. Such are the works exclusively devoted to the State of Ohio. Lists of species in neighboring States have been published which BATRACHIANS AND REPTILES OF OHIO. 97 help in the study of Ohio’s fauna. Thus, Michigan is repre- sented by a list published by Dr. W. H. Smith (’79), the author of Ohio’s list. O. P. Hay (’92) arranged the list for Indiana, while Garman (’91) did the same for Illinois, and Eckel and Paulmier (’02) for New York. Turning to works of a more general character, we have the two works of Cope—the one deal- ing with Batrachia (’89), and the other with the Reptilia (’0o), exclusive of the Testudinata. These two works are primarily catalogues of the U. S. Nat. Mus., and inasmuch as many of the species occurring in Ohio are represented in that collection and in no other, the publications are invaluable. The present list is compiled from the works mentioned and the nomenclature is that of Cope as given in the two works above named, modified in some cases. The nomenclature in the group Testudinata is that adopted by Jordan (’99) in the 8th Edt. of his Manual, which is virtually that of Stejneger. The author has collected in representative localities in the State, covering the northern, eastern, central, southern and a part of the western area. The several museums of the State have been personally visited or lists of specimens have been kindly furnished by the officers in charge. Species that are not represented in any collection by speci- mens taken in the State but which very probably occur within our borders are designated by an asterisk. All species, therefore, that are not marked by an asterisk are bona fide Ohio Batrachia or Reptilia. Acknowledgments are due the officers of the Ohio Academy of Science for funds used in completing the present work and for its publication. Dr. Josua Lindahl, of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History; Professor Lynds Jones, of Oberlin College, and the officers of the Zoological Museum of Western Reserve University have very kindly furnished the writer with lists of Ohio specimens in their respective museums. Professor Herbert Osborn, of the Ohio State University, both in his official and private capacity has materially aided the work, and to him and to his associates, Professors Hine and Landacre, the writer is deeply indebted. Professor C. S. Prosser, of the Department of Geology of the Ohio State University, kindly read the proofs of the por- tion dealing with the fossil forms. . BIBLIO G RAP EY: Baird, S. F., and Girard, C., ’58. ‘‘ Catalogue of N. A. Serpents.”’ Blatchley, W. S., ’91. ‘‘ Notes on the Batrachians and Reptiles of Vigo Co., Indiana,’’ Jour. Cin. Soc. N. H. Butler, A. W., ’87. ‘‘Some Notes on Indiana Amphibians and Reptiles,”’ —2, Jour. Cin. Soc. N. H. Cope, E. D., ’75. ‘Synopsis of Extinct Batrachia of the Coal Measures,’’ Geol. Sur., Ohio, Vol. II, Paleontology. »89. ‘The Batrachia of N. A.,’’ Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 34, Wash. 700. ‘‘The Crocodiles, Lizards and Snakes of N. A.,’’ Rept. of U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, Wash. Eckel, E. C., and Paulmier, F. C.,’02. ‘‘ Catalog of New York Reptiles and Bat.,’” N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 51, 1902. Garman, H.,’91. ‘‘A Synopsis of the Reptiles and Amphibians of Illinois,”’ Bull. Ill. S. Ll. N. H., May, 1891. Hay, O. P., ’87. ‘‘ Catalogue of the Amphibians and Reptiles of Indiana.’’ 92. ‘‘Batrachians and Reptiles of Indiana,’ 17 Ann. Rep. State Geol. Indiana. Holbrook, ’42. ‘‘N. Am. Herpetology,” Philadelphia. Jordan, D.S.,’99. ‘‘Manual of the Vertebrates of the Northern U. S.,”’ 8th Edt. Kennicott, ’65. Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phil. Kirtland, Jared Potter, ’38. ‘‘ A Catalogue of the Birds, Reptiles, Fishes, Testacea and Crustacea in Ohio,’’ First Annual Report on the Geol. Surv. of Ohio (W. W. Mather, Principal Geologist), Columbus. Morse, Max, ’01. May. ‘‘Ohio Batrachia in the O.S. U. Zool Mus.,’’? Ohio UN ali iee Wesel 7/2 701. June. ‘Ohio Reptiles in the O. S. U. Zool Mus.,’’ Ohio Niaz als 20: °01. Dec. ‘‘Salamanders taken at Sugar Grove, Ohio,’’ Ohio Nat, 2)s64) 702. ‘‘Range of the Fox Snake,’’ Science, 15 : 1034. 708. (1) ‘‘ Ohio Batrachians and Reptiles,’’ Ohio Nat., 3: 360. 03. (2) ‘‘ Additions to Ohio Reptiles,’ Rept. Ohio Ac. Sc. for 1903, Granville Meeting. Prosser, C. S., 708. ‘‘The Nomenclature of the Ohio Geological Forma- tions,’’ Jour. Geol., Vol. XI, No. 6. Smith, Dr. W. H., ’79. ‘‘ Catalogue ot the Reptiles and Amphibia of Mich- igan,’’ Supp. to Science News, N. Y. 782. ‘Report on the Reptiles and Amphibians of Ohio,”’’ Rep. of the Geol. Survey of Ohio, Vol. IV (J. S. Newberry, Chief Geologist), Columbus. Stejneger, Leon., ’95. ‘‘The Poisonous Snakes of N. A.,"’ Rep. U.S. N. Mus. for 1893. Wilcox, E. V.,’91. ‘‘ Notes on Ohio Batrachians,’’ Otterbein (Ohio) Aegis, : April, 1891. Zittel, Karl A., 90. ‘‘ Handbuch der Palaeont. ter. Abtheil.’’ Band III, Ver- tebrata, 1887-1890. PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS. In order to make clear the positions which the two groups under consideration hold in the animal scale, the following brief scheme of classification is given : Sub-Phylum VERTEBRATA.—Animals with cartilaginous or osseous spinal column. Class CycLosTOMATA.—The Hag-fishes and Lampreys. Class Pisces.—The Fishes. Class BATRACHIA.—Skin' naked, not provided with scales. Class REPTILIA.—Skin covered with scales. Class AvES.—The Birds. Class MAMMALIA.—Those that suckle their young, as e. g., the horse, dog, man. From the above it will be seen that the living Batrachians differ from the Reptiles by the former having a smooth skin, with- out scales, while the reptiles have scales covering the body. The early stages of Batrachia are spent in the water. The eggs are laid there and develop into tailed larvae, commonly called ‘ tad- poles,’’ which swim about for a certain period, breathing by means of gills. Later, in the majority of species, the larvae emetge from the water and assume a terrestrial mode of life, breathing by means of lungs. The lower forms, however, such as the salamander, require moisture, their lungs being poorly developed, and one or two groups never leave the water, but remain in their lowly condition, breathing by means of gills throughout their lifetime. The higher forms, stich as the toads and frogs, on leaving the water, lose their tails and develop long and strong hind legs for leaping. Passing to the Reptiles we have such diverse kinds of organ- isms as the lizards, with four legs; the snakes, which have lost their legs, and the turtles, which have acquired a hard cover- ing, the shell, to protect their bodies. Very frequently salamanders are taken by the uninitiated to belong tothe lizard group. From the considerations given above, it is evident what the differences are and no confusion should be : 1. In the fossil Batrachia, to be spoken of later, the skin is covered with heavy bony “plates. 100 OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. made. Moreover, when salamanders are considered lizards they are held to be poisonous. ‘This leads toa consideration of the poisonous forms belonging to the groups covered by this paper. No poisonous Batrachian has ever been found. It is only among the reptiles that we meet venomous species and these are infinitely fewer in number than the general mind assumes. Of lizards, only one known species is poisonous, this being the Gila Monster, of Arizona, which has a poison gland in the lower jaw.’ Of the snakes thus far found in Ohio, there are but three- venomous, the large Highland Rattler Crotalus horridus \,.,. the smaller Lowland Rattler Szstrurus catenatus (Raf.), and the Copperhead, These three are dangerous snakes and should be given the greatest deference. As for all the other reptiles. found within our borders, they are harmless. But inasmuch as the snakes have teeth which are far finer than a cambric needle, no one cares to be bitten by them. Case after case of tetanus and blood poisoning as a result of a snake-bite has been. recorded, but this is a far different matter from introduction of venom into a wound. So many superstitions are associated with these forms of animal life that it would be impossible to cover them in this. paper, to say nothing of attempting to disprove them. As classic examples, we may cite the power of salamanders against fire; the- production of warts by toads; the charming powers of snakes ; the ability of toads to exist in air-tight compartments for an. indefinite period. It is needless to say that all these are myths. By the agriculturist they are generally held to be useless, or even obnoxious. Snakes are killed at sight and without discrim- ination ; toads, frogs, turtles and lizards are rarely spared, while: seldom does a salamander escape with its life. Condemnation of such wanton destruction of life cannot be- made in too strong terms. There are but three forms found in Ohio that should be destroyed and these are the three poisonous. snakes mentioned above. Every other species is not only harm- less, but of decided benefit to the farmer. The fight for preser- vation of beneficial reptiles and batrachians must be carried on as. it is being fought for beneficial birds. 2. See Cope, ’oo, 481. KEYS. The following Keys are purely artificial and are as non- technical as it is possible to make them without sacrificing accur- acy. Only the recent forms are considered in the Keys: I. 2. If, 2. 13. 14: 15. 16. E7- 18, Body without scales or plates.— BATRACHIA. 2. Body covered with scales or plates.— REPTILIA. 35. Adult with heavy, external gills. Over 1% feet in length.— Necturus maculatus—p. 106. Adult without external gills. 3. Adults with tails developed.— URODELA. 4. Adults tailless, hind legs longer than anterior pair and fitted for jump- ing.— SALIENTIA. 24. Length over 1% feet. Body large and heavy.— Cryptobranchus alleganiensis—p. 107. Length under 1% feet. Body small and slender. 5. Whole of body bright vermilion red. 6. Body not bright vermilion red. 7. Length 3% in. Body slender. A row of large spots along the sides.— Diemyctylus viridescens miniatus—p. 116. Length 6in. Body heavy, sprinkled with small, black dots.— Spelerpes ruber ruber —p. 114. Toes 4-4. Brown, whitish below.— Hemidactylum scutatum—p. 110. Toes 4-5. 8. Costal grooves under 13 in number. 9. Costal grooves over 13 in number. 14. Length under 4 in.— Amblystoma opacum—p. 107. Length over 4 in. Io. Body with yellow spots or blotches. 11. No yellowon body. With bluish spots or uniformly blackish above. 13. Length under 6in. Yellow spots rounded.— Amblystoma punctatum—p. 108. Length over 6in. Yellow in blotches of irregular contour. 12. Tail but little longer than head and body.— Amblystoma tigrinum—p. 108. Tail much longer than head and body.—Amb6lystoma xiphias—p. 109. No spots ventrally.— Amblystoma jeffersonianum jeffersonianum—p. 109. Whitish spots below.—A mblystoma jeffersonianum platineum—p. 110. Costal grooves numerous, 16 or over in number. I5. Costal grooves 13-14 in number. 17. Without red dorsal band. 16. With red dorsal line.— Plethodon cinereus erythronotus—p. 111. Small, 3% in. in length.— Plethodon cinereus cinereus—p. I11.. Large, 6 in. in length.— Gyrinophilus porphyriticus—p. 112. Length under 3% in. 18. Length over 3% in. 19. A light bar from eye to angle of mouth; white below.— Desmognathus ochrophaea—p. 114. No light bar; yellow below.— Spelerpes bilineatus—p. 113- 102 19. 20. 2k 22s OR. 2A. 25. 26. ae Shite 37: 38. OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. Body bright orange yellow, with irregular black spots; tail longer than rest of body.— Spelerpes longicaudus—p. 113. Body not bright orange yellow; no black spots; tale equal to or less than rest of body. 20. Lower jaw projecting beyond upper. Body slender.— Amblystoma microstomum—p. 110. Lower jaw not projecting. Body stout. 21. Habits terrestrial ; never in immediate vicinity of water. Body spotted with white.— Flethodon glutinosus—p. 112. Habits aquatic, being found in or near water. 22. A dorsal band of brown. 23. No dorsal band of brown.— Gyrinophilous porphyriticus—p. 112. With a series of small red spots on the sides.— Desmognathus fusca auriculata—p. ¥15. No series of red spots.— Desmognathus fusca fusca—p. 115. Toes without terminal discs or suckers. 25. Toes with terminal dises or suckers. 32. Size very large, 5-8 in. in length.— Rana catesbiana—p. 121. Size smaller, not over 4 in. in length. 26. Jaws without teeth. Skin warty.— Bufo lentiginosus americanus—p. 117. Jaws with teeth. 27. ; With a very prominent brownish band running along the sides of head, through the eye, to the angle of the mouth.— . Rana sylvatica—p. 122. No brown band through eye. 28. . Body uniform brownish or green, without blotches, 29. Body with large blotches. 30. Ear smaller than eye.— Rana septentrionalis—p. 121. Ear as large or larger than eye.— Rana clamata—p. 121. Blotches on back arranged it two rows, the blotches of one row being opposite those of the other.— Rana palustris—p. 121. Blotches irregularly arranged, the blotches of one row alternating with those of the other. 31. A longitudinal band on front of thigh.— Rana virescens virescens—p. 120. No longitudinal band on front of thigh. — Rana virescens brachycephala—p., 120. Habits palustrine, on the ground in swamps. 33. Habits arboreal, living in trees and bushes. 34. Toes webbed ; top of head bright green.— Acris gryllus crepitans—p. 118. Toes not webbed ; head brownish.— Chorophilus triseriatus—p. 118. Length over 144 in. Green.— Fiyla versicolor—p. 120, Length less than 1% in. Yellowish.— Fiyla pickeringti—p. 119. Four legs developed. 36. Legs not developed. 51. Body encased in shell. — TESTUDINATA. 37. Body not encased in shell. 47. Shell flattened, leathery and pliable. 38. Shell heavy, firm, more or less arched. 39. . Nostrils at end of snout.— Aspidonectes spinifer—p. 138. Nostrils not at end of snout, but beneath it.—Amyda mutica—p. 138. 39: 4o. Al. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. Cait Boe 53- 54. 55- 56. 57: 58. 59: BATRACHIANS AND REPTILES OF OHIO. 103 Tail with a median crest of tubercles.— Chelydra serpentina—p. 139. Tail without crest of tubercles. 4o. Shell highest posteriorly.— Aromochelys odoratus—p. 139. Shell highest at the middle. 41. Plastron hinged, capable of closing, more or less completely, the shell. 42. Plastron without hinge. 43. Length of shell over 6 in.— Emynoidea blandingi—p. 141. Length of shell less than 6 in. — Terrapene carolina—p. 141. Shell with round yellow spots.— Clemmys guttatus—p. 140. Shell without round yellow spots. 44. Shell keeled dorsally, notched behind.— Graptemys geographicus—p. 140. Shell not keeled nor notched behind. 45. Plastron blotched with black. 46. Plastron not blotched with black.—/Pseudemys hieroglyphica—p. 140. Middle plates of carapace opposite each other.— Chrysemys picta—p. 140. Middle plates of carapace alternating with each other.— Chrysemys marginata—p. 140. Dorsal part or tail bright blue. 48. Dorsal part of tail not bright blue. 4g. Black, with 5 yellow lines.—- Eumeces quinquelineatus—p. 125. Black, with 4 yellow lines.— Eumeces anthracinus—p. 125. A series of wavy lines running across body.-— Sceloporus undulatus undulatus—p. 123. No wavy lines running across body. 50. Three yellow lines on each side of the body. — Cnemidophorus sexlineatus—p. 124. A black and a white but no yellow bands on the sides.— Liolepisma laterale—p. 124. With rattles at the end of tail. 52. Without rattles at end of tail. 53. Blotches on back numerous, smaller arranged in 7 series. Rattles small. Length never over 3 feet.— Svstrurus catenatus catenatus—p. 137. Blotches on back arranged in 3 rows, forming zig-zag cross-blotches. Rattles large. Length 314-5 feet.— Crotalus horridus—p. 138. With a pit between eye and nostril.—Acistrodon contortrix—p. 137. Without a pit between eye and nostril. 54. Body uniformly colored above, without markings. 55. Body with markings above. 62. Color brown. 56. Color greenish or black. 57. Scales smooth.— Carphophiops amoenus—p. 125. Scales rough.— Natrix fasciata erythrogaster—p. 131. End of snout upturned. Body short and thick.— Fleterodon platyrhinus—p. 126. End of snout not upturned. 58. Scales rough. 59. Scales smooth.— Liopeltis vernalis—p. 127. Greenish below. 60. Yellowish below.— Clonophis aestivus—p. 128. 104 OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. Throat white.— Bascanion constrictor—p. Throat color of belly. 61. A ring around neck.— Diadophis regalis arnyi—p. No ring around the neck.— Eutainia sirtalis graminea—p Tip of snout upturned.— Tip of snout not upturned. .63. Top of head bright copper—colored.— Coluber vulpinus—p. Top of head not coppery. 64. Belly reddish or salmon-colored. 65. Belly not reddish. 68. Uniform below, without markings. 66. With markings below. 67. Three white dots on back of head.—,Storeria occipitomaculata—p Scales smooth. A yellow ring around neck.— Diadophts punctatus—p. Scales rough. No collar.— Natrix kirtlandi—p. Stripes above, no spots. 69. Stripes and spots or spots alone. 72. Yellowish below. — Natrix leberis—p. Greenish below, 70. A dorsal stripe. 71. No dorsal stripe.— Lutainia saurita—p, Greyish, dots on either side of dorsal stripe.—.Storeria dekayi—p. No series of spots along dorsal stripe.— Evutainia sirtalis obscura—p Scales smooth. 73. Scales rough. 76. 128. 126. eye Fleterodon platyrhinus—p. 126, 128. SLOreria C oaaas No dots on top of head.— Natrix fasciata erythrogaster —p. EAT 126. 132. 102), Te 132: pegyile Markings in form of minute black dots, scattered promiscuously.— Virginia valeriae—p. Spots in form of blotches. 74. Scales white-edged.— Coluber obsoletus obsoletus—p. Scales not white-edged. 75. No yellow band running back from eye.— Osceola daliata doliata—p. A yellow band running back from eye.— Osceola doliata triangula—p. Pituophis melanoleucus—p. Ground color whitish.— Ground color dark. 77. Belly blotched. 78. No blotches on belly. 79. A lateral series of blotches. — Natrix fasciata stpedon—p. No lateral series of blotches.— Natrix fasciata fasciata—p. Stripes and squarish spots.— Eutainia sirtalis sirtalis—p. Spots, no stripes.— Eutainia sirtalis ordinata—p. Batrachians and Reptiles of Ohio. Glass be RoC eV AS Brongn. Order: STEGOCEKPHALI. This order includes extinct Batrachia that occur in the Coal Measures of Ohio, mainly in the Upper Barren Measures which are supposedly equivalent to the lower Permian of Western Europe.* They were often of enormous length, with shapes resembling lizards. ‘The head and trunk were heavily armoured by bony scales and plates. Twenty-three genera and forty species have been thus far described from the rocks in Jefferson and Columbi- ana Counties. | S2b-Order: PHYLLOSPONDYLI Credner. Family: BRANCHIOSAURIDAE Fritsch. Amphibamus grandiceps Cope, Geol. Surv. Ill., II, p. 135. Pelion lyellii Wyman, Am. Jour. Sc. & Arts, 1858, p. 158. »Sub-Order: LEePOSPONDYLI Zittel. Family : MICROSAURIDAE Dawson. Brachydectes newberryi Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1868, p. 214. Icthyacanthus ohioensis Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., Vol. XVI, p. 573. Tuditanus punctulatus Cope, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1874. brevirostris Cope, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1874. radiatus Cope, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1874. mordax Cope, Geol. Surv. Ohio, Vol. II, Paleont., 1875, p. 385. obtusus Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phil., 1868, p. 213. huxleyi Cope, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1874. longipes Cope, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1874. tabulatus Cope, P. Am. Ph. Soc., XVI, 573. ‘Cocytinus gyrenoides Cope, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1874. Leptophractus obsoletus Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1873, p. 341. lineolatus Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., Vol. XVI, p. 573. Eurythorax sublaevis Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., 1871, p. 177. aeeECOPe 280) Ps 7- 4. Prosser, ’03, 522. 106 OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. Pleuroptyx clavatus Cope, Geol. Surv. Ohio, Vol. II, Paleont., p. 370. Colosteus foveatus Cope, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1869, p. 22. scuttelatus Newb., Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phil., 1856, p. 98. pauciradiatus Cope, Tr. Am. Phil SoceeraAs Keraterpeton lineopunctatum Cope, Geol. Surv, O., Vol. I, Paleont,, p. 371- lennicorne Cope, Geol. Surv. Ohio, Vol. II, Paleont., 372. divaricatum Cope, Proc. Am. P. Soc., 1885. Oestocephalus remex Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phil., 1868, 218. dhe, son; Wowtl, Gres, sil 3 itz, recidens Cope, Tr. Am. Ph. Soc., 1874. Ptyonius nummifer Cope, Geol. Surv. Ohio, Vol. II, Paleont., 374. marchii Cope, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc., 14:24. vinchellianus, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., 1871, 177. pectinatus Cope, Geol. Surv. Ohio, Vol. II, Paleont., 377. serrula Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., 1871, 177. Hyphasma laevis Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Ph., 175, 16. Sauropleura digitata Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1868, 216. newberryi Cope, Geol. Surv. Ohio, II, Paleont., 404. latithorax Cope, Proc. Am. Ph. Soc., 35 :83, No. 154. 6 Thyrsidium fasciculare Cope, Geol. Surv. Ohio, II, Paleont., 365. Family : AistToropA Miall. 6 Phlegethontia linearis Cope, Geol. Surv. O., II, Paleont. serpens Cope, Geol. Surv. O., II, Paleont., 367. Molgophis macrurous Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Ph., 1868, 220. brevicostatus Cope, Geol. Surv. Ohio, II, Paleont., 369. wheatleyi Cope, Geol. Surv. Ohio, II, Paleont., 368. Sub-Order: VEMNOSPONDYLI Zittel. Anisodexis enchodus Cope, Proc. Am. Ph. Soc., 1885. Cercariomorphus parvisquamis Cope, Proc. Am. Ph. Soc., 1885. Orders PROT EIDA. Family : PROTEIDAE. Necturus maculatus Raf. Body long, lizard-like ; external gills, large, bushy, brownish red in life; limbs four, not strong; toes 4-4. Body ashy, blotched with brownish black. Tail long, compressed. A strong fold of integument across throat. Length 2 feet or under. The Mud-puppy occurs in all parts of the State. It is fre- quently taken on hooks while fishing and in nets in the bays and lakes. It is sluggish, but on irritation will snap at an intruding object, and when once it has set its jaws it is a difficult task to 5. Cope (’75) places this genus in the Order Proteida. 6. Zittel (90) makes these genera synonyms of Dolichosoma Huxley. BATRACHIANS AND REPTILES OF OHIO. 107 remove the captured piece. Vecfurus is sometimes killed in num- bers by a fungus, Saprolegnia, which grows into the integument. The eggs are the size of peas and are laid in tin cans, sunken timber, etc., and crevices in still water. Lungs are functional at least, at times. The Mud-puppy may be found often under the ice in the coldest winters. Their food consists, as adults, of worms and small animals. The larvae feed on water plants. Aside from the following, this is the largest of our salamanders. From Cryptobranchus it may be told at once by the external gills. They are nocturnal in habits. Specimens in the U. S. Nat. Mus., recorded by Cope, from Toledo, Cleveland and Columbus. In the Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., collected by Dr. Lindahl, Cincinnati; in Oberlin College, by Lynds Jones, in Lorain Co.; in O. S. U. Mus., by the author, from Sandusky. Order: WRODEL A: Family: CRYPTOBRANCHIDAE. Cryptobranchus alleganiensis (Daudin). Without external gills. Body flattened, sides extending in lateral folds. Neck wide, skin leathery, brownish in color. Toes 4-5. ‘Tail compressed. Length average 2 feet. The Hell-bender is a most dangerous-looking creature, but a more harmless one is difficult to imagine. It is extremely slug- gish in its movements save when in its normal habitat. In search of food its movements are accelerated. It is widely distributed over the State, but is seldom taken in any numbers. ‘They are very common in the Ohio River, where they are known as the ‘* Little Alligator.’’ Their food as adults consists of crustaceans, mollusks and worms. Specimens in the U. S. Nat. Mus. recorded by Cope, from Poland. In the Cin. Soc. Nat. His., collected by Dr. Lindahl in the Ohio River, and by W. A. McCord in Hamilton Co.; specimens in O. S. U. Mus., by E. V. Wil- cox, at Westerville; by Otto Swezey, in the Scioto River; also reported from Columbus. family: AMBLYSTOMATIDAE. Amblystoma opacum Gravenhorst. Back black, crossed by a series of lighter bands. Sides plain. Below dark plumbeous, plain. Costal grooves1t. No dorsal furrow present. Body stout. Length 7% in. or under. This salamander is found under rotten logs in damp places, away from bodies of water. It is sometimes found in quite dry 108 OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. regions. Wilcox (g1) mentions one showing little or no dorsal groove. ‘They are almost the last of the salamanders to go into winter quarters and appear early in the spring when, soon after emerging, they begin to breed. This species is not common in the State. Specimens in the U. S. Nat. Mus., recorded by Cope from Lancaster and Ripley. In Cin. Soc. Nat. His., collected by Rev. Mark, in Hamilton Co.; in O. S. U. Mus., from Portsmouth and Sugar Grove. Amblystoma punctatum Linn. Larger than preceding. Body dark brown or black, with a series of large circular yellow spots over the body, head and tail; on the tail the spots are sometimes confluent. Below anda short distance up on the sides are smaller spots that give a pepper-and-salt appearance. Legs also spotted above as the dorsal part of the body. Costal grooves sometimes Io, generally 11. Length 6% inches. This species resembles somewhat in size and general features the species Hgvinum, but in tégvinum the spots are not circular as in punctatum, but are elongated and often fuse into one another. Moreover, figvizum has twelve costal furrows. Its habits are similar to those of figvinwm, both being more terrestrial than many of the other salamanders, being found under rotten wood away from water, in cellars, etc, The eggs are laid in masses in ponds and ditches. In the State they are found in small numbers, but they are generally distributed. Eastward they replace figrinum. Specimens in the U.S. Nat. Mus., recorded by Cope from Cleveland. In Oberlin College, collected by Lynds Jones in Lorain Co.; in O.S. U. Mus., collected by J. C. Bridwell and E. V. Wilcox at Columbus; also reported from Sugar Grove. Amblystoma tigrinum Green. Above, body yellowish brown to black, with irregular blotches and spots of yellow, sometimes almost forming trans- verse bands. Below, lighter with few spots. Form large, sometimes the spots are inconspicuous. Costal grooves 12. Tail long, compressed. Larg- est and heaviest of the salamanders, save the first two, Vecturus and Crypto- branchus. Vength ro inches or under. The larva of this species is the axolotl of the West, where, over the plains, the pools abound in the spring with the young. Later as summer sets in they undergo metamorphosis and begin a terrestrial existence. The gills are lost and the length increases nearly one-half. Breeding takes place about the first of April. ‘The eggs are laid in pools and are attached to water-plants. The BATRACHIANS AND REPTILES OF OHIO. 109 adults are commonly found in cellars, under boards, near springs, as well as under logs in damp places. When the colder weather of autumn sets in, individuals are frequently found entering sewer pipes where a promise of warmth is given. Several are taken each autumn in the basement of the Biological Hall at O. S. U. This species is generally killed outright by those who believe them to be dangerous. ‘They are harmless. Very common over the State, in fact one of our most familiar salamanders. Specimens in U.S. Nat. Mus., recorded by Cope from Columbus and Marietta. In O. S. U. Mus., collected by E. V. Wilcox and the author from Columbus. Amblystoma xiphias Cope. Similar to preceding, but ground color, light yellow. Tail long, exceeding in length that of head and body. Costal grooves twelve. Head smallin proportion tobody. Lower jaw prominently projecting. Canthus rostralis, distinct. This is a doubtful species, inasmuch as but one specimen is known. ‘This isin the U.S. N. M., being collected at Columbus, Ohio. The present writer has carefully examined every speci- men that has come under his notice and but one showed any approach to Cope’s description. (Cope, 89.) This had the length of tail equal to that of head and body and a slightly pro- jecting lower jaw, while the ground color was a light yellow. (Morse, ’o1, May.) But gradations occur between such a type and the normal form and it is doubtful whether it isa valid species. Specimen in U. S. Nat. Mus., recorded by Cope from Columbus. Amblystoma jeffersonianum jeffersonianum Green. Body slender and elongated. Head long, width being four times in length to groin, Costal furrows 12. Tail nearly equal to head and body. Ground color brown to black, with a sprinkling of light spots a quarter of an inch or less in diameter. Sometimes no spots are visible. Length 8 inches or under. This sub-species differs from the following, Alatineum, by having a wider head, under parts not paler than upper, blotches dirty white, eye smaller. Specimens in the U. S. Nat. Mus., recorded by Cope from Ripley and Cleveland. In Cin. Soc. Nat. His., collected by C. W. Hohn in Hamilton Co.; in Oberlin College, collected by Lynds Jones in Lorain Co. IIO OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. Amblystoma jeffersonianum platineum Cope. Plumbeous, paler below. Width of head less than three times in length to groin. Eye larger. Body-length longer. Costal grooves 12. The sub-species Alatineum resembles somewhat individuals of Plethodon glutinosus, but it may be told from that species by its slenderer shape and the absence of parasphenoid teeth. Little seems to be known of the habits of the sub-species. DeKay gives them as frequenting springy places. (Paulmier, ’02, p. 399.) In the State they are not common. Specimens, in the U. S. Nat. Mus., recorded by Cope from Cleveland. In Oberlin College, collected by Lynds Jones in Lorain County. 7 Amblystoma microstomum Cope. Costal grooves 14. Color black- ish, with a plumbeous tinge, spotted indistinctly sometimes with lighter. Head broad, but small, and fusing with the body without a neck being evi- dent in proportion to body. Lower jaw prominent. Tail not as long as head and body, round, compressed posteriorly. Legs small. Altogether the slenderest species. Length 8 inches. Occurs in the State in general, but more common in hilly regions. They leave the water after breeding and are to be found under logs and partly buried in damp turf. The small eggs are attached to water weeds in little masses. By June they are ready to leave the water. At times this species leaves its winter quarters while it is yet winter, being taken in February. (Garman, ’9gI. ) Specimens in the U. S. Nat. Mus., recorded by Cope from Columbus. In the Mus. Cin. Soc. Nat. His., collected by Chas. Dury in Hamilton Co.; in O. S. U. Mus., collected by E. V. Wilcox at Lancaster, and E. EK. Master- man at New London. family: PLETHODONTIDAE. Hemidactylum scutatum Tschudi. Above brown, lighter below where there is a sifting of dark blotches. Sometimes plumbeous dorsally, snout light. A marbling in the median dorsal region. Costal grooves 13. Length 3 inches. Toes 4-4. This species may be distinguished from those of the genus Plethodon by its having only four toes in the hind feet. It is a rare species for Ohio, but one specimen being thus far recorded. However, Hay (’92) mentions forty being taken at Brookville, Ind., which is within 10 miles of the Ohio-Ind. line. Specimens in the U. S. N. Mus., recorded by Cope from Ripley, Ohio; collected by Hoy. 7. I follow Stejneger in discarding the genus Chondrotus Cope. BATRACHIANS AND REPTILES OF OHIO. ITI Plethodon cinereus cinereus Green. Body slender, plumbeous to ash above ; below a pepper-and-salt appearance, turning to uniform light on the mid-ventral line. Inner toes reduced. Length 4 inches. In alcohol the body becomes brownish. Costal grooves 18. Legssmall and weak, webbing well developed. Distinguishable from the following by the absence of the dorsal band of red. At Sugar Grove and elsewhere the writer has repeatedly taken, along with good examples of the following sub-species, specimens that are referable to the sub-species cinereus. At Worthington, a litter of young was found in which about one-half were provided with the dorsal red band, and the remainder showed no sign of it. For reasons such as these, Jordan (’99) does not recognize the sub-species and the position seems a correct one. It may be said, however, that in the great majority of specimens the red band is evident to a greater or less extent. Specimens in the U. S. Nat. Mus., recorded by Cope from Ripley. In the O. S. U. Mus., collected by E. V. Wilcox at Sugar Grove, and the author at Columbus ; in the Cin. Soc. Nat. His. by Dr. Lindahl at Cincinnati. Plethodon cinereus erythronotus Green. Same as above, but with a median longitudinal dorsal band of red. Cope, ’89, p. 135: ‘‘I have been unable to detect any dif- ference in structure, proportions and general character between this supposed species and the foregoing.’’ Again (1. c. 136), ‘as varieties they are very permanent ones, as I have found all the young of the same brood or set of eggs, whether in the eggs or just escaped from them, uniformly with either dark backs or red ones.’’ From the remarks under the sub-species, cereus, it will be seen that the present writer does not agree with Cope. Wilcox (’91) records ‘‘numerous specimens of erxythronotus’’ at same date and place and under same circumstances as the pre- ceding. Withal the validity of the sub-species is doubtful. Dr. Lindahl of the Cin. Soc. N. H., writes: ‘‘ Common throughout Hamilton Co.; the one colored grey and the chest- nut-black varieties often occurring in the same litter, together with intermediate forms with a more or less faint reddish hue along the back.”’ The commonest of the salamanders in Ohio at the present time. Occurs over the State, being found in numbers almost Tez, OHIO STATHK ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. everywhere, but especially in ravines and around rocky streams. They are not aquatic, their eggs being laid under logs, etc., away from water. The adults are to be found in comparatively dry places under rotten wood and stones. Specimens in the U. S. Nat. Mus., recorded by Cope from Ripley and Lancaster. In the Cin. Soc. Nat. His., collected by Dr. Lindahl at Cincin- nati; in Oberlin College, by Lynds Jones in Lorain Co.; in O. S$. U. Mus., by E. V. Wilcox at Sugar Grove and Morgan Co.; by the author at Youngs- town, Chillicothe, Worthington, Columbus, Nelsonville and in Licking Co. Plethodon glutinosus Green. Form stout, little distinction between head, body and tail. Metallic blue above, spotted with specks of silver. Below lighter, similar in appearance to the preceding. Inner toes developed. Costal grooves 14. Length 6 inches. This species may be confused with the sub-species /Yethodon cinereus or with Amblystoma jeffersonianum. From them, how- ever, it may be distinguished by the presence of fourteen costal grooves. It is purely a terrestrial species, a denizen of the mountains and hills. It is to be found under stones and logs on the sides of hills, often far from water, Smith (’82): ‘‘ They hibernate beneath wet logs and go into the water to breed in April, in Georgia and probably a little later in our limits.”’ Hay (’92) considers them wholly terrestrial, in all probability. It is very common in central, eastern and southern parts of the State. Specimens in the Oberlin College Museum, collected by Lynds Jones from Lorain Co. In the O.S. U. Mus., by the author from Youngstown, Newton Falls and Sugar Grove. Gyrinophilus porphyriticus Green. Yellow to brown above; sides light, with a reddish tinge. Light or grey streaks and blotches on back. Costal furrows 14. ‘Tail compressed, with a well developed keel. Body flattened. A light line from eye to edge of upper jaw. Below not spotted. Length 6% inches. Rare in the State. Intrusions are resented by snapping, and if carricd to extremes, by violent contortions. It is, however, utterly harmless. Smith (’82) gives it as aquatic, being found under logs in damp woods and in water. The adults are gen- erally concealed, the larvae being more readily found. Specimens in the U. S. Nat. Mus., recorded by Cope from Columbus. In the Cin. Soc. Nat. His., collected by Dr. Lindahl in Hamilton Co.; in O: S. U. Mus., from Sugar Grove. BATRACHIANS AND REPTILES OF OHIO. 113 Spelerpes bilineatus Green. Body yellow above, with a brown line running on each side of the median line. Below, white without yellow and without markings. The dorsal bands are made up of confluent spots which are sometimes isolated, causing the bands to be broken. The mid-dorsal region is sprinkled with brown dots. Sides mottled, Tail as long as head and body, not keeled. Costal grooves 14. Length 3% inches. A common salamander. It is found always near running water, although seldom seen in it, but preferring to remain with- in ready access. A rock or stick partially placed in the water is a favorite place for concealment. In boggy areas, around springs and ravines, itis common. Its actions are quick, and this with its excessive slipperiness, renders it hard to catch. Its eggs are attached to the under side of stones partially submerged in the water. ggs have been taken in the latter part of May. The form is distributed over the whole of the State but will be more readily found in the central and eastern portions. Specimens in the U. S. Nat. Mus., recorded by Cope from Columbus, Cleveland and Cincinnati. In the Cin. Soc. Nat. His., collected by J. C. Galloway in Montgomery Co.; in O. S. U. Mus., by the author at Sugar Grove, Worthington, Youngstown, Chillicothe and Licking Co. Spelerpes longicaudus Green. Resembling in a way the foregoing, but tail nearly twice length of head and body. Yellow deeper with irregu- lar black markings. A series of such spots runs along the median dorsal line. Below immaculate. Tail compressed, keeled, spotted as above. Length 5% inches. A terrestrial species. Unlike dz/ineatus, it is found generally away from water, being concealed under logs and stones. In August, at Youngstown, the writer found it abundant along Mill Creek in piles of stones near the water. On being disturbed they would seldom run towards the water but generally in an opposite direction. The common name ‘‘ Cave Salamander’’ is a misnomer, as it is seldom found in caves. Smith (’82) gives it as aquatic, which is certainly a mistake. [de Garman (’91): Very common over the State. Specimens in the U. S. Nat. Mus., recorded by Cope from Cincinnati, Columbus, Lancaster and Highland Co. In the Cin. Soc. Nat. His., col- lected by Dr. Lindahl from Hamilton and Montgomery Cos.; in O. S. U. Mus., collected by E. V. Wilcox at Ellis Station; Dr. Smith at Lancaster, and by the author at Youngstown and Chillicothe. Also at Sugar Grove. IIl4 OHIO STATK ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. Spelerpes ruber ruber Daudin. Body vermilion, spotted with black dots above. Sometimes the spots are confluent. Below the dots are smaller and more closely packed together. Head broad and blunt ; dark bar across eye. Tailshort. Length 6inches. Costal grooves 15. A most beautiful animal. It is a most conspicuous object when uncovered amongst stones and leaves, and whatever use the color subserves, it certainly is not protective, unless as a warn- ing. They will remain motionless when uncovered until touched, when they move leisurely away. It occurs in hilly regions and is aquatic, being found in swamps and around springs. In the hilly regions of the State, common. Specimens in the U.S. Nat. Mus., recorded by Cope from Cincinnati and Columbus. In Oberlin College, collected by Lynds Jones in Lorain Co.; in O. S. U. Mus., from Fairfield Co., and by the author in Licking Co. family : DESMOGNATHIDAE. Desmognathus ochrophaea Cope. Brownish, yellow dorsally, brown laterally. Median dorsal band yellow, with black blotches and dots. Below yellowish, unspotted. Costal folds 13. Size small. Tail cylindrical. No teeth in rear of lower jaw. Length 3 inches. This salamander may be confused with Spelerpes bilineatus or with Desmognathus fusca. From the former it may be told by the yellow on the belly and the presence of a light bar from eye to corner of mouth. From the latter, it is readily told by the rounded tail and (in males) by the absence of teeth in the rear of the lower jaw. It is an eastern species, a resident of the mountains and is placed here on the strength of a single specimen taken at Sugar Grove, December, ’o1, which agrees with Cope’s description. Dr. J. Lindahl, of the Cin. Soc. N. H., kindly examined the specimen and agreed with the writer in his identification. Pre- viously it has not been recorded west of the mountains of Penn- sylvania. Its habitat is given by Paulmier (’02) as ‘‘ under bark ; not aquatic.’’ The Sugar Grove specimen was taken far up on a hill, far from the water—a most anomalous place for LY). fusca, if such it is. In O. S. U. Mus., collected by the author at Sugar Grove. BATRACHIANS AND REPTILES OF OHIO. E15 Desmognathus fusca fusca Raf. Above dark, with a inedian ‘dorsal band of lighter generally brown in color and specked with black. Below grey with black specks forming a marbling. Often the ground color above is brown, the median band being a lighter brown on the belly, the light pre- dominating. Very variableincolor. Costal grooves14. Length 4% inches. The sub-species jzsca, the commonest of our more aquatic salamanders, is distinguishable from the following sub-species, auriculata, by the absence of a series of reddish spots along the sides and also of a conspicuous ear-spot, the latter giving awriculata its sub-specific name. As fusca grows older, it becomes darker and darker, the several markings becoming less and less conspic- uous. It may be found almost anywhere where a stream of water flows over rocks that may give it shelter. On turning over stones, not completely submerged, a specimen or two of this salamander generally is seen making for the water which affords it concealment. As soon as the intruder withdraws, the sala- mander emerges from the water and takes its station beneath a convenient stone. In breeding season, the female les concealed under a stone with the eggs either wrapped in strings about her body or herself curled about the mass. In Ohio this is the prevalent form and is very common in all parts of the State. The larvae attain a length of three inches before becoming mature and inhabit springs and small bodies of water. They are brown, with black dots above, lighter below, retaining also the black dotting. The gills are short and incon- spicuous. Sometimes the back is dotted here and there with livid specks of red, but this disappears in the adult condition. These larvae are the common ‘'‘ lizards’’ of springs and are held to be poisonous. Of course they are absolutely harmless. Specimens in the U.S. Nat. Mus., recorded by Cope from Columbus, Highland Co. and Cincinnati. In the O. S. U. Mus., collected by J. C. Brid- well at Dublin; E. V. Wilcox in Warren Co.; by the author at Sugar Grove, Youngstown, Chillicothe, Newton Falls and Licking and Perry Cos. Desmognathus fusca auriculata Holb. As above, but darker, with a series of red dots along the sides and a black ear-spot. Dark predominant below. Not common in the State. One specimen in U.S. N. M. from Cincinnati. Habits as above. ik kn. Slteye ele Sie oe OFS) UE Columibus DENI RS RE DAG OLA inet ees: cel. Lesa oe 1315 Neil Ave.. Columbus ID LAID, WNigini, INR ASHMo- 6 oc bb 6 6 Oc Missouri Botanical Garden, Sie vouis AD REAVER kos Bere eee ear, Gea atet oe, «rw gaa ort eT ah hee on Westerville AD) Ue CHUA Ge 5 te teres aithnc nape nese seen hi 537 Ridgway Ave., Cincinnati IDWAMROIS MOLT as HSE endian Sia Geechee toan oiees 64 W. Roy Ave., Cleveland Epwarps, E. H., Zoology, Physiology... ..259 W. Clinton St., Cleveland ETE AK OL DIET ep Secu eece seen ae aes oh anes 520 BE. Main St., Columbus Hirer, WrevinGwAL , Biology... 22 ai bea: 61 Oxford St. Cambridge, Mass. TS CIE Re EVV AILEY 5 OLAV tr sewer ic Pettey.) cee eens O..s. Wis Columbus BENTIN MAUD, ZOOS ho. i5 cas epee es woo Wa Oth Ave., Columbus RUE CW GUC ES Ty eee i) Sancti Asko Bd ols O. S. U., Columbus Fowkg, Gprarp, Glactal ‘Goclosy. Axchacology: 2 =. 2405 a5: Chillicothe Frank, J. N. , Botany, LEGROMOUOEW oo capo cans e050 00S O. S. U., Columbus FULLMER, DD Botany Ae oc es ee STE, es ae ee ees eee Berea Gary, L. B. , Geology A ene Pe ERR SE SS Pee ey oe Austinburg Gisss, OUND ate Ae a mre een air eee er ieeaeiegr Norwalk GRrEcory, NAVs tected Aba lesbeanpeer ee RR teem me Bee roe me 116 Olive St., Cleveland GROVER, F. OMe BOLO ae aA CRS togsachel alah ck ae oF ices ME Oberlin 172 OuIo STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE RIE GS ea hy OMENY 7, 2205 oi ernoee pie ne oti te 1318 Forsythe Ave., Columbus Guyer, M. Bie tiie oe ohare Univ. of Cincinnati, "Cincinnati HatsteED, GB Naiienaticnier ean Me ot. ek Gambier HAMBLETON, J: o Botany, Zoology..... 212 E. Eleventh Ave., Columbus Harry, Scott G. , Ornithology Hy ep eres Rie tee North Buckeye St., Wooster HARtZzeLt, i Sd Cpa ek mae University of the Pacific, San Jose, California HARVEY, RurH Se LENO i, oS sain RIDIN to Re NO IROP ACE Bond Hill Harvey, Gertrupe F., OFAN OGL) iets soos = 3 Swe eee a Bond Hill Hayes, Sie TORO, oe ies CRM ene Mrs o Lancaster ILE TI MAN enV VMs Lys eee ee eee oe eee eo a) arsy.ns ho, eee Canal Winchester FEB RMG AAW, De Aa erate: Puce stectoaiears o3e% German Wallace College, Berea PIER RICK Cs | UDSOM ey Mie ianvec Aten oh Sols Somes Heat oe Granville daliomy sor eea eee 0126-70)! Ge ee ee et a SP ae a seg RS AR Rn Marietta TGS ERE Dieta es hte te ot 20 eee lore ed ie os St. John’s College, Toledo Hinks, J. 5S), Entomology, Ornithology... ie. Fae. 3}: O. S. U., Columbus EASE Seeger OUCINESTT Plessis ie SAE Oe kd SEO ere aoe Cleveland Malolos Dane Uses, once tae re AES BaD a ars eee Bowling Green ELON WM ene SOLAN 2s 54. bP ee ese te Ee eae ORE, SIRE, Oe ey eS tue ee Toledo Eigimerie amen sa CCHOMISHY. 05: ee te ses Wate ec ee Dayton Pane AORN Cl s: SA SPICHITUTE sah. ake eh oan) be HE tees ithaca, sNeeye NI PACNE Sie OREISE Sree cnc gos. tye Ree ee ede er aire ate meee cd Adeblert College, Cleveland SERIES DACA IS Saal Beene cra parr EE eg ae 127 W. Seventh St., Cincinnati JANNEY, JOHN J., Horticulture............ 93 Fifteenth Ave., Columbus JenninGS, O. E., Botany.........Carnegie Museum Annex, Pittsburg, Pa. (PmES MIDS, “Ornithology ax. + 26 ee es College Museum, Oberlin SONI Os Ae WOOLY a: ais el eee ace oo COLumbusPAce: , Sandusky epiceme Miss id, la.) Boragy sc 2 xo. oo Se ee 93 Olive St.. , Cleveland KELLERMAN, WILLIAM A., Botany...... 175 W Eleventh Ave., Columbus KELLERMAN, Mrs. W.A., Botany....... 175 W. Eleventh Ave., Columbus Mis nA ONS. nn GAR eusiteg thts Ges White oY ee es eee ee eee Attica Dixie yi Ty, OOo gy Fe as oot SS eae 8 O. S. U., Columbus LAZENBY, WM. R., Horticulture, Botany............ O. S. U., Columbus LDA OSWAS ZOOLORY. oer: sn eee oe 312 Broadway, Cincinnati ISEOVD MON VURTR te Seo). chen tele Court and Plum Sts., Cincinnati Asie NU 9509 OLOIEYES Wesson kA lete ba i ateiae ahem oo Sel ee Re ens Ashtabula WiAtoiree Cs WW oO MIOLO SY. ss Nan oA Kea oe Grahamstown, South Africa MasterMman i, B.- Loolony., Botany... 022i oss os eile 2 oats New London Wane Renna IN ISP OPOR AE oe gis S28 (aS. eae ee hee Oe cl, Meee Wooster IVIPSU TEED WS PV ANI Vy TSIEN niente Uns We tarhes e in ct EWA A hye ey et PSS ee Painesville Mis Cova Cel UR Olai pts a. eee eae ee ioe 317 E. Mulberry St., Lancaster McELHINNEY, FRANK B., ELOY sa ene Seda’, teveeeie Po ee hook New London McBiAn MEN Ly bles iG hemapstray ncn mets osc hice ie ene ot Westerville MacKinnon, J. A., Ornithology OE A aE CREB RE eats et ey Sera ket Paes poe a care of Beecher, Peck*& Lewis, Detroit, Mich. Musp) Cuas. "S32: Zoology, Botany s26 6k 217 King Ave., Columbus MeEmemry Wei. B70lorys i eh2 fi-2%, 6 Seniteyts ae Ohio University, Athens Ju SEG ELSON a) Oi CAR ER IRAE OOP ee ee thon mess pa aaa = Ge eR Plympton Marts, Wi C., Archacology, Biology 2 ntoteo bees ss O. S. U., Columbus MorsE, Max W.;. Zoology 2 3 Sine 600 W. 125th St., New "York City MosEtey, E. L., Zoology, Botany, Physiography ............. Sandusky NeEmrEsGmow ee. es.» pe) Engraver’ s Office, Hickox Bldg., Cleveland NEWELL, WILMON, Entomology.............. Box 583, Shreveport, La. OBERHOLSER, 4H. ‘OX... 1454 Sheridan Ave., N. W. , Washington De OvENBACH, F. L., Meteorology............ St. Ignatius College, Cleveland OSBORN, HERBERT, Entomology, Zoology.......+.+.. O. S. U., Columbus OsBURN. RayMonD C., Zoology, Ichthiology..510 W. 124th St., "New York OUTHWAITE, JOSEPH H, UO SHOTANAN CER eee ee Columbus AcTIVE MEMBERS 173 cua Elen la SGCHCTAL SGLENCE 6 pile ents Norwalk iP ATmereatont. "1 a el Dain olen aero ict oeaO Dorks 1128 Independence St., Cleveland peericCene Poe PONLOMMOIOLY..'. =. os smo s slvlsc eceieels sinere += Geneva, N. Y. IBMPPEE. (0. Vi, \CHOMISIPY. «2. S82 oss o's 431 W. Main St., Louisville, Ky. Bremen. GEO. |i CREWS cr. eee See ey on a ee eo W. A. KELLERMAN and H. H. York Moree lortonb lonamota Cecera ik Ombre terre cere oe near ee ay See ees Some Phases of the Priority Question in Mycologic Nomenclature. . Sob bus SRT S CR PR TE ao ac a tac ae ee W. A. KELLERMAN A meeting of the Academy was held at Columbus, Ohio, on Friday, December 30, at the Great Southern Hotel. At this meeting a paper was presented by Mr. J. C. Hambleton on “The Relative Value and Extent of Scientific and Literary Teaching in a High School Course.’’ The discussion was opened by Mr. Boyd, and participated in by Messrs. Walton, Hall, Landacre, Misses Wilson, Riddle, Orton, and Dr. Dabney. F.L. Lanpacre, Secretary. PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS Formation of Sandusky Bay and Cedar Point E. L. MOSELEY NORTHEAST GALES. No wonder people talk about the weather! What else affects the fortunes of men so much? The night of June 28th, 1902, having decided to take an early train for Pittsburg and so not sleeping as well as usual, I listened to the rain beating against my east windows. Walking with rubber boots to the depot I found gutters overflowing, all the ditches between Sandusky and Cleveland carrying torrents of muddy water, and creeks swollen to the size of small rivers wearing on the load of sediment toward the bay and lake. Others too had reason to remember that northeast storm. The water in the bay rose higher than for fifteen years before. Along the southwestern shore several acres of land were washed away. In Sandusky thousands of feet of lumber were washed off the docks. No boat ventured out of the bay. In the lake the steamer Dunbar foundered southeast of Middle Island. . Of the ten on board five took to the life raft and five to a yawl boat. The boat capsized and two of its occupants drowned. ‘‘The others, Captain Little, his wife, and daughter supported by life-preservers drifted about for several hours until they were borne to the vicinity of Kelley’s Island,” where they were rescued by the heroic efforts of Fred Dishinger, Sr., Fred Dishinger, Jr., and James Hamilton. The next morning a corpse was found on the beach less than two miles west of Huron and a little farther west on Cedar Point close to Rye Beach two more with a life raft bearing the word “‘ Dunbar.’”’ On one was a watch still running and keeping nearly correct Eastern time! On the east point of South Bass Island the waves piled up the gravel into a ridge which remains to this day. Along the east side of the Marblehead Sand Spit at the entrance to San- dusky Bay is a ridge supporting a growth of young willows and cottonwoods. It was probably formed at the same time. “Not only is it true that the work accomplished in a few days during the height of the chief flood of the year is greater than all that is accomplished during the remainder of the year, but it may even be true that the effect of the maximum flood of 180 Out1o STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE the decade or generation or century surpasses the combined effect of all minor floods. In littoral transportation the great storm bears the same relation to the minor storm and to the fair weather breeze. The waves created by the great storm not only lift more detritus from each unit of the littoral zone, but they act upon a broader zone, and they are competent to move larger masses. The currents which accompany them are cor- respondingly rapid and carry forward the augmented shore drift at an accelerated rate.’’—Gilbert. The greatest storms of the past century or those which were most effective because occurring at time of highest water were those of 1857-1862. The water covered the land where the Sandusky Tool Factory stands and the street adjacent so that the workmen went to the building, then a saw mill, in row boats. It flooded the cellars on the south side of Railroad Street. The part of the city near the end of First Street and east of it was under water. These storms damaged the bridge across Sandusky Bay and the rail- road near Port Clinton. Along miles and miles of shore and over hundreds of acres of lowland they killed trees that had stood for centuries. They cut away large slices of Eagle Island at the head of the bay and the last remnant of Spit Island at the mouth of the bay. They cut through the land west of Port Clinton giving an outlet for the Portage River about one-fourth mile farther west than before, but the breach was afterwards closed by the-ly.cs/ &!M.)S. R> R.:Co:, - They built upon the northeast shore of Cedar Point long sand ridges twelve feet high on which hundreds of cottonwoods have since grown to a height of fifty or sixty feet. The preceding statements may suffice to illustrate the sort of changes effected by northeast gales but those who have seen Lake Erie only when it is calm or stirred by winds of moderate force will be further impressed with its power by a brief notice of particular storms which are remembered by old residents or noted in the journal of the weather observer. The northeast storms of 1857-1862 are said to have been more frequent and usually of longer duration than those of late years. Regarding this point a number of old residents agree and they are probably not mistaken, for the records of rainfall at the stations in this part of the country where records were kept so early show that the precipitation of 1857 and 1858 has not been equalled since. Captain Freyensee and Mr. Haas, then in charge of the Swan, are sure that the water became exceedingly high in August, 1857, during a thunderstorm accompanied by a violent SANDUSKY BAY AND CEDAR POINT 181 wind from the northeast. They think this was the highest water ever een at Sandusky. It was, however, of short duration, coming up early in the afternoon and falling during the night. Captain Magle, then in command of the schooner H. C. Post, recalls a storm August 11, 1859, as occasioning the highest water he ever saw in Sandusky Bay. Several persons have told me of a great storm in August, 1861. Northeast gales may have been more violent at other times, but this one coming when the water was already high and lasting several days was probably in its effect the greatest storm of the century. East of where the water works are now located it lifted the railroad track from its bed, and pushed it, in places, twenty feet away. At the foot of Columbus Avenue the dock was about a foot lower than now and did not extend so far north. A track then ran onto the dock from a turn-table south of it. In this storm water covered the dock and a great sea struck two empty cars that had been standing there with such force as to move them along the track and cause them to fall into the tu n-pit. This storm washed away the steamer dock at Kelley’s Island. The water went over the dock at Put-in-Bay, so that no landing could be made. The water has probably never reached so high a stage since. Allan Winters recalls a northeaster in the spring of 1860, a greater one in the spring of 1861, but the greatest of all that of August, 1861. Captain Haas remembers a great northeaster in 1862. There appear to have been none especially memorable in the spring of 1859 but the water was then so high that northeast gales not regarded at the time as extraordinary produced changes in the shores of considerable importance. The Sandusky station of the U. S. Weather Bureau was established in 1877. In the next few years several northeast storms occurred more violent than any in recent years. September 11, 1878, a gale began at five a. M. continuing until 5:45 p. m., Sept. 13, direction northeast and north backing to northwest in the afternoon of the 13th. Maximum velocity Sept. 11, thirty-four miles northeast; Sept. 12, forty-eight miles northeast; Sept. 13, fourty-four miles northeast. Total wind movement in twenty-four hours ending at noon Sept. 15, nine hundred and one miles. Unusually heavy rain on night of the 12th. Twenty-seven steamers, ‘““Among them the largest pro- pellers on the lake”’ and sailing vessels anchored behind Kelley’s Island. July 11, 1879, a gale began at 10:15 a. m. and ended at 3:10 Pp. M. both direction and velocity quite variable. A lull from 182 Ou10o STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 2:40 to 2:45 was followed by ‘‘a storm of wind and rain whose fury was almost indescribable, though fortunately of short duration, the wind reaching a velocity of sixty-nine miles from the north while the rain came down in such a deluge that one could not see two feet from the window, the thunder and hghtning being appalling. The wind for ten minutes or from 2:45 p. mM. to 2:55 p. M. reached and maintained a velocity of seventy-two miles per hour. At least 2.25 inches of rain fell during the fifteen minutes that the storm raged so violently. Heavy seas were dashed over railroad cars standing at least fifty feet from the water. At least one hundred chimneys were blown down.’’—From journal of Sandusky Weather Bureau Office. Some of these statements may be exaggerated as others in the journal, but not quoted, certainly are. August 15, 1879, a severe northeast gale set in at 12:30 P. M., the velocity ranging from thirty to forty miles that day, but from midnight till six a. m., August 16, averaging forty-eight miles and attaining a maximum of fifty-nine miles at 3:30 a. mM. In the afternoon of August 16, the direction was north and the gale ended with a velocity of twenty-five miles at 5:10 p. m. It caused very high seas and damaged several boats in the lake, no vessels of any kind entered or left the bay after the storm began. The total wind movement in twenty-four hours ending at noon August 16th, was nine hundred and fourteen miles. This and the average of forty-eight miles per hour for six hours are, I believe, unsurpassed in the records of the Sandusky office, while the maximum of fifty-nine miles has been surpassed but three times, viz., in the brief storm of July 11th, already mentioned; in a squall, August 9, 1885, sixty-three miles, northeast; and the following: Jan. 31, 1881, a gale from the northeast began at 7:30 a. Mm., reaching its height, sixty-four miles northeast, at 9:35 A. M., Feb. lst, and ending at 5:30 p.m. “The storm was one of the most severe known in these parts, the wind average forty-two miles per hour for eighteen hours; no extensive damage done.”’ The water that winter was too low to be raised to an extraordi- nary height even by such a gale. The highest water in Sandusky Bay since 1862 occurred April 23, 1882. The northeast gale began at 10:15 a. m. April 22, and continued till 4:30 p.m. April 23, the maximum, forty- four miles, occurring at 2:15 a. m. It averaged 32 5-12 miles per hour for twenty-four hours. The bay flooded everything on Railroad Street from one end to the other. At Marblehead a dock was washed away and three others damaged. The schooner Gallatin was wrecked about two miles from Pelee Island. Thirty vessels took shelter behind Kelley’s Island. SANDUSKY BAY AND CEDAR POINT 1838 The effect of some of these same storms in producing lasting changes on Cedar Point and elsewhere about the bay will be mentioned in subsequent chapters. Storms of much less vio- lence than these seem awful to those who are on the lake at the time. On May 3lst, 1903, the water striking the Ohlemacher dock on Marblehead was dashed so high that people at a distance could see it over the tops of the limekilns and on another occasion Alex R. Clemons estimates that the spray went more than fifty feet above the top of this high dock. In front of the large stone house which stands near the lake in Marblehead village a piece of limestone estimated to weigh two and one-half tons was broken loose from the bed rock and moved along shore twenty- seven feet by a single storm. Looking from this place Mr. Clemons has counted as many as seven wrecks, all in sight at one time. EFFECT OF TILTING OF THE LAND. LAKE BEACHES. When the glacier had retreated beyond the northern boundary of Ohio a lake extended along the southern border of the ice. The south shore of this lake was at first about twenty miles south of where Sandusky now is. Its western extremity was at Fort Wayne, Indiana, whence the water flowed to Hunt- ington and via the Wabash and Mississippi to the gulf. As the ice melted from the southern part of Michigan, outlets were formed into the Grand River valley through which the water flowed to another glacial lake occupying the southern part of the basin of Lake Michigan and thence toward the Mississippi through the depression now utilized for the Chicago drainage canal. The later outlets were lower than the earlier ones and consequently the lake level fell and each time it fell its southern shore came nearer Sandusky. Each position of the shore is marked by a beach. - The highest beach extends from Fort Wayne through Van Wert, Tiffin, Pontiac, the southern part of Norwalk and Berlin Heights, from there on east continuing only a few miles from Lake Erie. The middle beach extends through Bellevue, Monroeville, the main street of Norwalk, Berlin Heights and Elyria. The lowest beach passes through Clyde, south of Milan through Berlin Heights and along Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, through northwestern Pennsylvania and western New York. Each beach, when formed, must have been approximately level as it followed the shore of a lake. But they are no longer level. Leverett has found that the lowest one is 168 feet higher at Crittenden, N. Y., than at Cleveland, showing that the land between these places has been tilted to that extent. Old beaches 184 Ou1o STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE near the other Great Lakes SOUS that the whole region has undergone tilting. GILBERT’S RESEARCHES. Whether this tilting is still going on or ceased long ago does not appear from an examination of these old beaches. In 1895. Mr. G. K. Gilbert found evidence that it was still continuing. By comparing the heights above the normal lake level of a bench-mark in Cleveland and one at the head of the Welland Canal with the heights of the same as carefully determined in 1858, it appeared that the land near the northeast end of the lake had risen as compared with Cleveland. In like manner he found that tilting was still going on 1n the region of Lake Ontario and Lake Huron and Michigan. DEEPENING OF THE WATER. Inasmuch as the tilting produces a rise of the land toward the northeast as compared with that toward the southwest it is elevating the point of outlet of Lake Erie as compared with the rest of the lake. As the lake is continually receiving water through the Detroit River and other sources the elevation of the point of outflow raises the level of the water throughout the entire basin. In 1860, H. A. Winters now living in Sandusky, had occasion to visit Eagle Island many times. In a pond too deep for hip boots, but which he crossed with his boat, was a walnut stump whose sapwood had rotted away. The heartwood about four feet in diameter was still well preserved and showed that it had been neatly chopped off. Alvin Fox told him that he had helped to chop the tree in 1828, when the land about it was all dry. Through the summer of 1860 the stump stood in about two feet of water. According to J. W. Lockwood, who lives on the north side of Sandusky Bay near the Plaster Beds, a man named Craighill cut an oak supposed to be two hundred or three hundred years old about 1823 or 1824 on what was then a dry prairie but where there has been a marsh ever since. This marsh borders what is known as West Harbor in the peninsula north of Sandusky Bay. These observations and many others made it clear that the water had deepened but in view of the fluctuations produced by rainfall and the lack of early records of rainfall they did not afford a means of calculating with any degree of accuracy how fast the deepening would progress if the rainfall remained uniform. Not until the fall of 1904 was any means discovered of making such a calculation. It came from studying the parallel ridges which traverse the terminal portion of the Cedar Point SANDUSKY Bay AND CEDAR POINT 185 peninsula. These have been built up by great northeast storms and the approximate age of each of the principal ones has been determined from the vegetation upon it. The older ones are lower than those formed in the past century. By dividing the difference in height between the highest aqueous deposits in two ridges by the number of centuries intervening between their formation I have obtained the average number of feet the water has risen each century. Itis about 2.14. . ==. ‘4 36 4 | 53.6 | 1878 Moariettaly ..-.,5.c00% x al 0 | jl) | 1858 New Lisbon..... - 10 il \) Aare 1866 Steubenville..... be 19 0 | 55.1 | 1857 Butialon f:. Sced. Navy 34 9 60.3 1878 Cooperstown..... = 38 1 58.1 1890 (emer wae $ 25 0 | 42.6 | 1857 iplehanvillivorels cra 5 ob 6 a 20 | 0 61:9 | 1857 ow villeses. 22s 24 0 47.3 | 1857 MERICOxcieis.ca ‘, 21 0 57.3 1857 Palermos: vcs. 222 - 38 8 51.3 1859 Penn Yan: . 3.2.5 = 52 0 44.4 | 1857 Pierrepont Manor “ 21 3 50.7 1866 Rochester, 6-0 < 57 3 48.7 1878 SANDUSKY BAY AND CEDAR POINT 187 December 28, 1904, the wind having blown from the south- west all night with velocity between twenty and twenty-five miles an hour, the water in the bay was 4.1 feet below the zero of the gauge, which represents approximately the mean lake level from 1861-1895. Continuous gauge readings have not been kept at Sandusky except for short periods, but men whose bus- iness has been on the docks for more than twenty years said this was the lowest water they could remember. The high water in the northeaster of June 29, 1902, which was the highest for fifteen and perhaps for twenty years, is said to have reached nearly to the top of H. C. Post and Company’s dock. December 28, 1904, I found the water seven feet, eight inches below the top of this dock, so that the difference was not far from seven Sie uae se) Ua Loi 57 Survey of Lieut C Graham, 1826 188 Ou1o State ACADEMY OF SCIENCE -and a half feet. Only about half a foot of this was due to differ- ence in the stage of water preceding the storms, about three feet to the southwest wind and the remainder to the northeast wind. ‘The maximum wind velocity in the northeaster of June 29, 1902, was only thirty miles. In 1888 the anemometer of the U. S. Weather Bureau office at Sandusky was removed from the West House to the government building which is lower and not so near the bay, causing considerable decrease in the total wind move- ment registered, so a satisfactory comparison of wind velocity in the later and earlier storms cannot be made. In the great storm of April 23, 1882, the water was probably more than a foot and a half higher than on June 29, 1902. This I infer from information furnished by men at the docks. The record of gage readings at Cleveland shows the stage of water to have been about a foot and a half higher at the time of the earlier storm so that the wind effect may have been nearly as great in the later one. Only once in several years is the water at Sandusky raised or lowered from its normal level so much as three feet by the wind, while a change of four feet must be very rare. At Cleveland the change of level due to the wind is generally less than a foot, while at each end of the lake in extreme cases it is six or seven feet The fluctuations in level of Lake Erie due to changes in the amount of water received and lost in a single year are never much more than two feet, and in some decades do not exceed two and a half feet. LAND LOST IN A SINGLE CENTURY. PENINSULA POINT. Map I, taken from a U. S. Government Chart shows Penin- sula Point as it was in 1826. The distance between it and Cedar Point was about 3,000 feet but the water off the end of Peninsula Point was so shallow that when lowered by drouth and wind the distance from point to point was much less. H. A. Lyman, the old lighthouse keeper, told me he had seen the water so low that he thought the distance across was only about 300 feet. The Indians used to swim their ponies across and B. F. Dwelle, who lived until 1902, and many others of the early settlers on the Marblehead peninsula crossed in the same way. Cattle raised on the peninsula were driven to market this way, but not after 1830. LY Sue eee Port Clinton Pp te) R WF A CG E >, Plast erBss PS Sn ew 4 hn aN %, (~ Shore Line 1820 ‘, t ay Rida, BA v A ee iat ee i hi, aa So Ed gels aw D ey Mud Cree igs 5 ie So page. Ge ieee Co ’ Mow 2D. ; : & % Pint cE Crefon Y 2 — Po ERIE Co 2 Se SANDUSKY CO. lo ps OS One] ---Shors- or iON Wh ING 23) EAMES: Dill ye eit watson Ne one ae wel ke te. Ve Map II. 190 Onto STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE Some of the sand dunes near the south end of Peninsula Point were nearly as high, Mr. Lyman said, as the highest on Cedar Point. Three other persons recall their height as twenty feet or considerably more. Along the west side was clay covered with black soil several inches deep. The trees were not willows and cottonwoods alone, as on Marblehead bar which has since formed farther west, but white oak 214 feet in diameter, red oak, shell bark hickory, ash, elm, buttonwood, basswood and red cedar. Mr. Lyman wrote me: “quite as large timber on it as there is on Cedar Point, viz., sycamore and oak.”’ At one time there was an orchard. Before 1834 the lake had made an opening through the northern end, after which it was known as Spit Island. The government spent ‘$40,000’ in trying to save it. A large boarding house was erected for the workmen who built a crib along the whole length of the lake side. But in spite of efforts to protect 1t from the waves, it was worn away at both ends and the last remnant disappeared in the high water of about 1860. EAGLE ISLAND AND SQUAW ISLAND. In 1820, when the first survey was made Eagle Island in the western part of the bay (see Map II) contained 134.42 acres. There are now, 1904, two remnants which together contain less than two acres. The western one of these as seen from the Steamer Hayes Aug. 30, 1904, appeared to be entirely marsh. The island being located where the waves of the bay attain con- siderable force has suffered from every northeast storm, those of 1858—’62 dealing it some severe blows. Miles Pearson told me that his mother, who was born in 1809, when a girl used to walk to the island from the south, crossing a channel on a plank, or in dry times stepping across. At that time the cattle used to go there to graze. Porter Wright told me that he walked to the Island and could have ridden a horse all the way; there was no danger of miring. He remem- bers when it had more than a hundred eagles’ nests and it was unsafe, after the eaglets were out of the nests and on the ground, for a man to cross the island without carrying a club. Eagles’ nests were also numerous on the neighboring mainland. Squaw Island at the mouth of the Sandusky River, through- out the early part of the century was connected with the penin- sula to the west, which was much wider than now. As late as 1855 it was separated merely by a channel for small boats. In 1873 the channel had widened to 230 feet, and in 1904 it was about 600 feet. It is said that the Indians used to swim their ponies from Peach Island to Squaw Island and then ride along the north bank of the river to Fremont. SANDUSKY Bay AND CEpDAR POINT 191 RECESSION OF THE Bay SHORE. Map II shows the present shore line taken from the topo- graphic sheets of the U. S. Geological Survey except the north- east portion, the sheet for which has not yet been issued. The broken line shows a portion of the shore as it was at the time of the first surveys 1809-1820. In quite a number of places lines running from section lines to the bay shore whose length is recorded in the original surveys have been remeasured in recent years by local surveyors or by myself and these data, as well as a comparison of the old plats with the recent maps published by the U. S. Geological Survey, have enabled me to estimate the amount of land lost. The greatest change has been along the south shore from Martin’s Point west. Here the bay is wider than farther east and as erosion is accomplished mostly by the northeast storms, which raise the level of the water, the waves beat upon this shore with greater force than on the shore oppo- site. The west line of section 34 Portage Annexation, northwest extremity of Erie county I found in 1904 had shortened about 66 rods since the first survey. The middle line of the west half of section 35 Charles Judson found in 1895 had shortened 62 rods. At other places the change shown by surveys is not so great. However, the survey by Sylvanus Bourne, 1820, of Township VI North, Range XVI East lst Meridian, at the west end of the bay, gives no measurements for the portion lying south of Mud Creek Bay and the shore line in this part of the township is not correctly drawn on his plat. Porter Wright who has owned much of the land in this region told me in 1904 that the whole west shore of the bay south from Eagle Island had washed away as much as eighty rods within his remembrance. He is seventy years old. At Dudrow’s in Townsend Township he knows the recession of the shore is more than that. Miles Pearson thinks 100 rods of land north of the mouth of Raccoon Creek has washed away in the last fifty years and 60 rods between Raccoon Creek and Pickerel Creek in the same time. These estimates H. A. Winters who also has long been familiar with the region considers not too high. At five places on the south shore of the western half of the bay, according to estimates of the several land owners, encroach- ment of the water has been from three to six rods in as many years, most of it in the last three years, because the water has been high. For seven or eight years preceding the last three there was hardly any encroachment in some of the places. In the western extremity of Erie county, where the road turns south, I found the bay eating it away, Sept. 2, 1904. The old 192 OuIO StaTE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE plat shows the nearest part of the shore 49 rods away. Charles W. White estimates that the shore was 15 or 20 rods farther north about twenty-five years ago. Just west of this the north- west quarter of section four, Townsend, contained: 1820 122.21 Acres. 1886 about 80 $ 1890 ; 70 sd 1904 : 65 . About an acre of this farm, 1. e., a strip a rod wide, disap- peared in the storm of June 29, 1902, already referred to and another acre in a northeaster the latter part of March, 1903. The whole north shore of the bay from the mouth of the river nearly or quite to the bay bridge has receded since 1820, but less than twenty rods in most places. The west line of Section 4 Danbury township is given in the original survey, Wright and Mulhall’s, as fifty-seven chains. In 1904 I found it to be but 47.11 chains, showing a loss of nearly forty rods. The shore line in their time was probably near where Presque Isle is now. south of section 9, Portage Township, were 21.42 acres of school land according to the survey of P. F. Kellogg, 1820. Only three acres of this now remain, but some forty rods south of the present shore may still be seen at time of low water the remains of a chimney marking the site of a house. J. W. Lockwood remembers being there about 1835 when there was quite a yard between the house and bay. Between Venice and the western part of Sandusky the shore has receded about twenty rods. The amount of land replaced by open water since 1820 may be roughly estimated as 223 square miles, without counting any west of Eagle Island. The amount converted into marsh, including the marshes west of Eagle Island, is probably eight or ten square miles so that the total loss of land about Sandusky Bay may be as much as twelve square miles. MARSHES. The recession of the shore line has been due both to erosion and higher water, the formation of marshes to the latter cause alone. The greatest change has occurred at the head of the bay. Seen from the deck of the Steamer Hayes, August 30, 1904, when about half a mile west of Winous Point, the marsh and open water appeared to extend three miles or more from north to south. A great part of this was dry land during the early part of the 19th century, but how large a part it seems impossible to ascertain. A plat of the region giving the results of a survey completed in 1893 by Edgar Brennan, C. E., distinguishes tilla- SANDUSKY BAY AND CEDAR POINT 193 ble land, including woods, from marsh. By inspecting this map and making a rough estimate of the percentage of tillable land in each section, I conclude that in the sections, Nos. 21, 22, 23, 26, 27, 28, 34 and 35, the total amount is not more than half a sec- tion. From the plat of Bourne’s survey of 1820 it would appear that these eight sections then contained about 51% sections of land. Part of this is now open water, part of it marsh. In several other sections of Bay township a good deal of marsh has formed within the past century. Porter Wright who went there in 1836 remembers that section 35, now nearly all marsh, used to be dry land. In section 2 of Riley township he owns 200 acres of marsh which formerly was dry land. Mulkerry stumps are still standing there where now the water stands half the time. He estimates that more than a thousand acres of marsh south of Graveyard Island used to be dry land except after heavy rain. “Honey locust, elm and poplar used to grow over a good deal of the land where the water now (1904) is 214 feet deep. All the way from the bay to Peach Island was good dry land, mostly prairie; there was a streak of timber half or three quarters of a mile south of the river, some of it still standing on the highest ground. All the marsh from Raccoon Creek to South Creek was prairie land covered with blue joint and hoop pole grass (Spartina cynosuroides), a grass seven or eight feet tall which does not grow where it is wet. The region between South Creek and Green Creek is now marsh, but when I came here it was mostly dry land.”’ The total amount of land west of Eagle Island converted into marsh or open water since 1820 is probably six or eight square miles. In Margaretta Township, Erie County, the recent ‘topographic map shows about 123 square miles of marsh. Most of this was probably above lake level until after 1820. On the north side of the bay the marshes are less extensive. At the east end of the bay the marsh that extends from the mouth of Pipe Creek to Rye Beach has spread over considerable of the low land along its inner margin within the past century. Two miles east of Perkins Township the late Albert Judson, county surveyor, found the line originally run by Almon Ruggles and supposed to mark the border of the land at the time of the early survey, to cross the marsh about half a mile out from the present margin of the land, the water and mud over the inter- vening region being a foot to 18 inches deep. This was in 1887. A lot, half a mile square, had been converted into marsh. Between this and the Perkins Township line the recession of the shore line he found to be very much less. Walter Devlin says, cattle used to go out half a mile toward Cedar Point farther than 194 Ou1o STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE now and find pasture and places to lie down, though they had to: wade through perhaps a foot of water near the hard ground from which they started, where the water was deeper than farther out. WHAT THE WATER HAS COVERED. SUBMERGED HuMAN REMAINS. Squaw Island at the present mouth of Sandusky River rises. two feet or a little more above mean lake level. The soil is sandy and probably alluvial. Graves have been found in all parts of the island including parts washed away in recent years. In some of these the bones were below the present water level. On August 27, 1904, I visited this island with John Fitzgerald, keeper of the Winous Point Club House, who had often found bones there. A cottonwood fifteen inches 1n diameter whose roots had been loosened by the high water had fallen on the land the year before, and had earth still clinging to its upturned roots. Imbedded in this earth I found a molar, a rib and two cervical vertebra, all human, also fragments of Indian pottery. All of these must have been beneath the water, probably a foot. or more below the level of August, 1904. A few yards from this cottonwood another had fallen from the same cause and lay parallel to the first, its diameter about thirty inches. In the earth brought up by its roots Mr. Fitzgerald had seen human leg bones, which before the tree was uprooted must have been below the water a foot or so. That these graves on Squaw Island are not very ancient may be inferred from the fact that in one of them was found a silver gorget on which is engraved the lily of France. This is now owned by Charles Sadler of Sandusky. The early French settlers about the head of the bay used to bury their dead on Eagle Island, which at the time was probably part of the mainland. Some thirty years ago the graves had been washed out and skulls still sound and other bones in great numbers lay on the beach. Graveyard Island where the “‘French”’ or “ British in 1812’” buried their dead has been almost if not completely submerged at times of very high water. On the north shore of the bay east of Hartshorn’s dock, on land owned by Mary Cook, a grave was found in 1903 close to shore. There was a tradition among the old residents of the peninsula that at this point an Indian burying ground had once extended out where the bay is now. At the northeast corner of the city of Sandusky, near the ship yard, copper kettles and Indian trinkets were washed out by the high water of 1858. SANDUSKY BAY AND CEDAR POINT 195 Graves of some of the early white residents of Sandusky just west of Ilg’s brewery were opened by the waves so that cof- fins stuck out of the bank and bones fell out 1850-’52. SUBMERGED FORESTS. Persons who came to Erie county in the forties remember seeing about the marshes connected with the bay many dead trees which they believed had been killed by high water, as the trees were standing where it was too wet for such trees to grow. Allen Remington, who came in 1839, saw great numbers of dead trees that had been recently killed by high water standing where there is now marsh in the eastern part of Sandusky Bay. Lake Erie in 1838 reached a higher level than ever before. Many trees were killed also by the high water of 1858-62. George Hinde, who owned a large tract of land in the northeast corner of Perkins Township, Erie County, had hickory trees two feet in diameter killed at that time. In the northwest corner of Huron Town- ship eighty acres or more from a tract of 213 owned by Walter Devlin had become marsh by 1904. On a good deal of this were walnut trees. J. W. McGookey, who lives in Margaretta Township, Portage Annexation, says: ‘“‘About 1858—’62 large trees of oak, elm, and many other kinds were killed by water standing over their roots, along all the farms near his place and on the school lands in the northwestern part of the township. Many other forest trees were washed into the bay, as was also an orchard north of the land now owned by Lewis Neill.” Jonas Pearson of Vickery, informs me that in or near the northeast corner of Riley Township, Sandusky County, sixty acres of timber, hickory, oak and ash, were killed a number cf years ago when the water came up and stayed up several years. Porter Wright told me that in section 36, Riley Township, on land he formerly owned, oak, hickory and large elms were killed by high water at about the time of the Civil War. Also on land he still owns in sections 35 and 36, well back from the bay shore, all the biggest and best ash, oak, elm, and hickory, many of them he thinks two hundred years old, were killed at the same time. He never saw elsewhere such a heavy growth of timber as on Graveyard Island and Eagle Island. It was principally honey locust. In 1860 Allan Winters rowed his boat among the standing trees at the head of the bay. He says a hundred acres or more of them were killed by high water at that time. His observations were chiefly north of the river and so refer to differ- ent sections from those mentioned by Wright or Pearson. In the part of the bay north of Townsend Township abund- ant remains of a prostrate forest extend out half a mile from the 196 Ounto State ACADEMY OF SCIENCE present shore, according to J. W. Lockwood, who found them so close together as to make it difficult to steer a scow among them. Later J. G. Yeckley, who lives near, confirmed the statement that trunks with roots attached extend out half a mile from the present shore. He took from the water some five hundred trees still quite sound, using them for posts. They were mostly oak and hickory, though others got out a few of walnut. The main object in removing the timber was to clear the bottom so as to permit the hauling of seines. He spent parts of three years in this work. In the marshes east ‘of Sandusky I found in March, 1898, a number of prostrate trunks with roots extending down some distance so that I thought they must have grown there before the land had been converted into a marsh. A number of these were sixty rods or more from the present shore of the marsh. From the shallower part of the marsh nearer shore I was informed that in a dry season hundreds of walnut trunks had been removed for timber, and that a number of walnut stumps were still stand- ing where the ground was too wet for trees of that kind. “In tracing the west line of Huron Township across the marsh in 1885 it was found that the original survey made about 1810, referred to trees standing at different places where for many years past has been only marsh.’’—Ed. Hinde. Hunters in pushing their skiffs through the marsh often strike submerged timber with their setting poles. Besides wal- nut I found basswood, cedar, pine, beech, and sassafras, but it is not certain that all of these grew near where they now lie. Planks have been found two or three feet below the surface of the marsh. The floods of 1858—’61 carried not only these but many trees that had been uprooted. All that had been growing on Cedar Point between the Carrying Ground and the vicintiy of Rye Beach were swept off into the marsh. These have perhaps all rotted since, but others of kinds more enduring that grew along the Huron River or other streams may have been carried into the lake by the freshets of that time and washed over the Cedar Point bar by the northeast storms. Cedar stumps still standing where the trees grew have been found in several places about the bay, their roots and in some instances their tops below the water level. Sept. 11, 1904, the high water of the summer having washed away a portion of Rosebush Point (near the end of Cedar Point) I noticed a num- ber of stumps, cedars and others, with roots at or below water level. A root of one of the cedars was fourteen feet long. Nov. 19 when I was on another part of Cedar Point the dredge at work near the south end of the lagoon between ridges No. 2 and 3 SANDUSKY Bay AND CEDAR PoINT 197 brought up a cedar stump whose roots the men said must have been two or three feet below water level. The water at the gage at the time was about .6° below 0. They had previously found in the work on the lagoon three or four cedar stumps below water level, the roots two or three feet below. In 1894 or 1895, Chas. Dildyne saw several cedar stumps in a group west of the Black Channel and not far from its mouth. They had been cut with an axe but their tops are below water except in very dry times. Three other persons have told me of seeing these same stumps or some in the same vicinity. In 1894 and 1895 William Hertlein worked a piece of land between Venice and Bay Bridge, which other years has been covered with water. He found many cedar stumps still in place, The muck was three or four feet deep but the cedar roots were, partly at least, in the clay underlying it. The water in May, 1904, he said was as much as three feet above the uppermost roots. SUBMERGED Mart BEbs. The marl used by the Sandusky Portland Cement Works at Bay Bridge was formed from calcareous springwater probably above lake level. The greater part of the two hundred thousand tons used for cement has been taken from below mean lake level, the bottom of the deposit being about five feet below. At Willow Point a gravel beach half a mile long several rods wide and rising two or three feet above mean lake level has been formed of pebbles most of which are calcareous tufa. The marsh back of the beach rests upon clay and contains no tufa. The pebbles must have been derived from tufa beds that formerly existed where the bay now is, but at what level cannot be told. SUBMERGED VALLEYS AND THE BOTTOM OF THE BAY. The possibility of tracing the valleys of streams through the bay occurred to me in 1898 while gathering data in regard to submerged timber in the marsh east of Sandusky. A hunter who had often pushed a boat through the marsh told me that along a line extending out from the mouth of Plum. Brook a setting-pole would go down through the mud about 12 feet whereas on either side it struck hard bottom at two or three feet. A fisherman of whom I enquired regarding the character of the bottom of the bay told me that in setting stakes for his nets west of Johnson’s Island he had found that the soft mud was very deep along a line from the bay-bridge toward the range- lights south of the island. 198 Onto STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE In January, 1901, I began making holes through the ice and testing the bottom by means of an auger welded to an iron rod along which would slide an arm provided with a set-screw, making it convenient to push, turn or lift the auger at any depth the rod would reach. The water of the bay is mostly less than 12 feet deep. The rod used the first winter was 18 feet long. Where the mud was very deep extensions were put on. The original rod was lost with the point about 30 feet in the mud and 3914 feet below the surface of the ice near the old range lights an of Johnson’s Island. Later I used a rod 20 feet long with an extension piece 12 feet long. The bottom of the bay is nearly level so that soundings giving the depth of the water do not disclose any valleys (Map IX). By testing the bottom at numerous points along lines transverse to the general course of the stream it was found “that off the mouth of each stream was soft mud containing organic matter and readily distinguished from the glacial drift on either side. “It had been thought the glacial clay might be softened by being covered by water so long, but experience showed that as a rule the weight of two men would push the auger but a few inches or a foot or two into this clay, whereas it might be pushed twenty feet or more into the deposits made since the glacier. The agitation of the water by waves has caused the loose mud to fill the original valleys, making the bottom of the bay approximately level. These valleys made by the streams, when they flowed miles farther than now to reach lake level are thus traceable by the lines of soft mud. On the maps showing the location of borings it is not a fault of the draftsman that the lines are not parallel and do not inter- sect others exactly at right angles. On these maps I have attempted to give the location of the borings as actually made, though it may have been the intention to make them along north and south or east and west lines. The difficulties in always carrying out such intentions were several; unreliability of a compass in determining the directions accurately ; mist obscuring landmarks I had intended to use; errors in maps and charts. In some of the earlier work the drawbridge across the bay in the L. S. & M. S. bridge was used as a landmark. After a time it was discovered that more than ten years before the drawbridge had been changed to a position nearly 1000 feet farther southeast but that the charts of Sandusky Bay with corrections to date still represented it in the old position. The platting of work done east of the mouth of Pipe Creek and in the marshes beyond was especially difficult because the border of the marsh is so indefinite and there was nothing in the vicinity le “a 7 8 8) 9 aL " is “ 14 17h 1 a4 154 oh uA a, 2% (Oy ay as aN D 1% 4A, q 13y Ss % wh ] 5 e 6 \ \ \ Pt arier 10. 18 1§ IN .0.0- 4 ig co 10 Map III. 10 ae rf We a a: we 28 9a ade UM array ByVsBae 727/778 ay < # BL RONG suki Moa [agqwroae » a7 g Is § is \it ay my 10 |% th TTP AA wanitevey MH AAMA AI He ST ee 8 as Woe uy 19> IW gerte OF) ’ ' G e Ryans ot o 17h, Lrrenty 4o . We? AM wy ‘| was is 1 1 1 fhmeg. ” . aig Mi fie “4 “ ai ” ct ie 6 1s sf “a “4 = __ toe = = Fo WDA Mrs i cai y y y Ler as EL UNG /6 ay to : 1) ah nA 2% 2° ” 7799 »® By ms 7 TON AA Uh = Se ar or Figures show distance in feet from upper surface of the ice to upper surface of glacial clay; ( ) location or depth a little indefinite. 200 OnIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE from which measurements could be made, and scarcely anything visible within two miles whose location is given on any chart or map. The plat in the auditor’s office was found to be in error to the extent of forty-five rods. No detailed and accurate map of the region exists to this day. In the work done the first winter the importance of careful location of the holes with ref- erence to points on shore was not realized, their location with reference to other holes sufficing to show—what was not pre- viously known—that it was possible to trace these submerged valleys. Sometimes in tracinga-valley it became desirable to test the bottom a short distance to one side of the line we had been following. Accordingly we measured off 16 rods or some other distance at what seemed to be a right angle to the main line and on making a hole there decided to go farther in the same direction. The deviation from the direction intended was usu- ally discovered in some way either before or at the time of platting the work on the charts, even though it required a jour- ney of several miles the next day to reach the spot again and trace the angles on paper. The location of borings shown on Map III, with the exception of those enclosed in parenthesis, are believed to be correct within ten rods or a little more, most of them much nearer than this. With reference to other borings in the vicinity the error in the location is very small, if made the same winter. Nearly a hundred boys have assisted in this work and in determining the age and height of the aqueous deposits in the ridges on Cedar Point, some of them many times. Altho cerv- ing without pay, often in bad weather and enduring fatigue they have made no complaint. I wish there were space to mention their names. On one occasion a boat was taken along on the ice, at another time a life preserver. Both proved useful. Twice at least the shore has not been reached until after dark and on one of these occasions there were some anxious parents. Many mittens have been lost or discarded and many tools, large or small, gone to the bottom of the bay or farther, but no lives have been lost or hmbs broken. Feet have been wet and sometimes more, but few colds have been taken and many probably avoided or cured by the vigorous outdoor exercise. I am indebted to Mr. August Klotz who has generously put at my disposal without charge the resources of his machine shop, and to Charles Judson, C. E., who has often loaned me his instruments and assisted in other ways. SANDUSKY Bay AND CEDAR POINT 201 SANDUSKY RIVER. I have not tested the bottom of the bay farther west than Danbury, 82 degrees, 50 minutes west longitude, but Adam Hayder in driving stakes for fish-nets has noticed a zone of deep mud extending from Eagle Island to the Bay Bridge. Into this he drives the stakes six feet and then does not know that they touch clay. This belt of deep mud is as wide as the length of eight leaders, 35 rods each, and the northern margin of it is about this distance, seven-eighths of a mile, from the shore at the Plaster Beds and as much as a mile at the Port Clinton road. From the south side of this belt of mud on the meridian of Port Clinton hardpan extends toward Willow Point. Off Willow Point for the length of six leaders, stakes will hold, but the next six lengths stakes do not hold, the blue clay or hardpan being too hard. I found no place near the bay bridge where the hard bottom was quite thirty feet below the ice. It is not likely that any- where farther west the river ever cut much deeper than this, for in the portions of the bay bridge where piles were driven the rock is nowhere much more than thirty feet below mean lake level. Nor does the valley deepen appreciably for about three miles east of the drawbridge. South and southwest of John- son’s Island a depth exceeding thirty feet was found in quite a umber of places. Here the river received several tributaries and its valley is probably considerably deeper than farther west. The borings do not show any tributaries farther west and it is not likely that any important ones existed between the bay bridge and the vicinity of Johnson’s Island. Among the old dismantled range lights southeast of Johnson’s Island the hard bottom is at least forty feet below mean lake level and may be considerably more than this. The greater part of a day was spent in attempting to trace the valley farther east but deep sand prevented reaching the clay except in a few places. The deep water off the end of Cedar Paint and in 1842 a deep depres- sion between the end of Cedar Point and the dismantled range lights, with glacial clay only 20 feet below lake level a short dis- tance to the south and to the north, show that the Sandusky River once flowed where steamers now pass in and out of the bay. TRIBUTARIES TO THE SANDUSKY RIVER. Lines of borings across the bay indicate the course, though they- do not show in detail, the submerged valley of Meadow Brook which now enters the bay west of Hartshorn’s dock on the Peninsula, and a stream now entering the bay east of Bay 202 Out1o State ACADEMY OF SCIENCE Map IV. Buried Valleys under Sandusky Bay. Compare with Map III. Bridge station giving outlet to the water from the Rockwell springs and formerly the other bold springs at Castalia. By means of a canal the water of these other springs has been diverted to the stream that discharges at Venice. This stream five hundred years ago extended nearly two miles farther north- east than now, joining Mill Creek about 82 degrees, 45 minutes W. longitude, 41 degrees, 28 minutes N. latitude. The former course of Mill Creek has been worked out in detail but near its confluence with Sandusky River south of Johnson’s Island its location is not entirely certain. Here the river valley was prob- ably so deep below the surrounding country that even short tributaries cut deep ravines on approaching it and the multi- plicity of these makes it difficult to work out the ancient topography in detail. Between Mill Creek and Pipe Creek no important streams enter the bay nor do the numerous borings indicate that they were ever here. North of Sandusky the surface of the clay slopes gradually toward the former course of the river. East of the Pennsylvania Railroad dock a little creek for- merly entered the bay. Its water is now carried by Whiskey Run sewer. The valley was easily traced as far as the dock but, owing to its small size and the fact that its banks were cut down by the waves of the bay, I was long puzzled to know what became of it beyond the dock or dredged channel. Certain SANDUSKY BAY AND CEDAR POINT 203 spots farther north where the mud is deep, found when making lines of borings not designed to show the valley of this stream, were supposed to be due to it, but the connection was not found until a number of trials were made. From the Pennsylvania dock the valley extends nearly north. PipE CREEK. The tracing of the former course of Pipe Creek was not sat- isfactorily completed until parts of four winters were devoted to it. The first attempt, March 16, 1901, served to show that it was traceable, but the work could not be carried far because of the weakening of the ice which in the warm sun thawed rapidly that day—more rapidly than in the open bay where the water under it 1s deeper and consequently not warmed so fast. In the following winter many borings were made between Pipe Creek and Cedar Point and the valley appeared to reach the Point near the west line of Huron township. When, however, the borings were platted as well as the poor maps would permit it seemed probable that the deep muck near the west line of Huron Town- ship was due to the former confluence there of two small streams not shown on the maps, though they may be seen by one walk- ing along the L. S. & M.S. R. R. east of Pipe Creek. They must have broadened and deepened as they went on through what is now marsh. Deep muck found near the Carrying Ground was assumed to be in the submerged valley of Pipe Creek. The next winter we were disappointed in finding the ice unsafe east of Pipe Creek, but in December, 1903, we traced the valley without any difficulty from the present mouth of the creek to the Carrying Ground and later in the winter under the Carrying Ground and out into the lake. VALLEYS UNDER THE MarsH. Some long lines of borings in the marsh east of Pipe Creek together with some shorter ones near the mouths of the streams served to show quite well the buried valley of Guston Inlet and less fully that of Plum Brook and a small stream entering the marsh beyond the West Huron Club House. All these valleys are filled with muck that is easily penetrated by the auger. Mingled with the organic matter is alluvium brought by the streams in time of flood and in the vicinity of Cedar Point a small amount of sand, some of it no doubt having been blown over the ice in winter. ‘got Jo sovyans roddn mojoq AvIO Jo Joo} ut YRdop Aoys soinsty ‘ysvo IOYJAV] Ysivwi oy} SuLtoyuo suuvorsjs Jo pue Y org odrg jo Aoyva poring “A 4VN aati NOLSAD SANDUSKY BAY AND CEDAR POINT 205 THe Biack CHANNEL. This does not properly belong under the head of submerged valleys but as it is popularly believed to be a remnant of some former stream, it seems best to mention it here. As the entrance to Sandusky Bay was much narrower in the early part of the 19th century than now, it has been supposed that at an earlier date no opening existed there but the course of the Sandusky River was continued by the Black Channel and the outlet was at the farther end. This is disproved by the fact that glacial clay and even rock make a continuous barrier between Sandusky and Cedar Point. The Black Channel and the smaller channels running through the marsh do not follow the buried valleys. The latter pass under them and have no connection with them. These modern channels give outlet to the bay for the streams which a few centuries ago had separate outlets into the lake. They also serve to distribute the water over the marsh or carry it from the marsh when the wind raises or lowers the level of the bay. At such times the currents may be quite strong and this serves to keep them open and deep as they are. They may be compared to the tidal inlets in the salt water marshes. The Black Channel has had its present position for at least sixty years. It is not, however, very old because three centuries ago Pipe Creek and the streams farther east had no connection with Sandusky Bay. Then there was not a continuous marsh extending from Pipe Creek to Rye Beach but each creek was bordered by marsh separated from those on each side by dry land. CHARACTER OF THE Post-GLAcIAL DEPOSITS AT THE BOTTOM OF THE Bay. These have not been studied carefully, the aim having been to find the depth of the glacial deposits below the surface. In the West Huron marsh the material overlying the glacial clay is composed largely of the remains of marsh vegetation, black or dark brown, extending in places to a depth of twenty feet. In the submerged valley of Mill Creek muck was found at a depth of 32 feet of such purity as to show that a marsh once existed there. Sometimes on withdrawing the auger marsh gas bubbled up through the hole in the ice; on one occasion it issued in con- siderable volume so that when lighted it produced quite a blaze. In ‘this and other valleys in the bay muck has been found at various depths, but it does not constitute a large percentage of the material filling the valley. This must have been transported 206 OuIo STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE and in most instances probably consists of a mixture of materials from many places, some of it washed into the bay by streams, some derived from action of the waves on the shore. Materials from the same sources are found over much of the bottom of the bay but I do not recall finding muck or other remains of old marshes far from the present shores except in the submerged valleys. The thickness of the post-glacial deposits in any part of the bay can be determined approximately by subtracting the depth of the water given on the government chart of Sandusky Bay from the depth of the clay shown on Map III, allowing one or two feet for difference in water level at the times depths were determined. The water in winter is lower than in summer and so I have generally found its depth less than that shown on the government chart. In some places scarcely any mud covers the clay. In many places the uppermost part of the clay is so soft that the precise level at which it is struck cannot be told from its resistance to the auger pushed into it, but when pulled out it clings to the auger and an inspection of it as it is being removed with a stick rarely leaves any doubt as to whether it is clay or mud. The latter not only looks different, but has much less tenacity. In a great majority of cases the clay is blue, but in some places both near the south shore and the north shore it is red, not having been long enough in contact with organic matter to reduce the ferric to ferrous compounds. In some places, e. g., along the line extending north from the foot of Wayne Street to the Outer Range Rear Light, the transi- tion from mud to clay is abrupt. Here the mud is so soft that it is difficult to tell when the auger first touches it and the weight of one man is sufficient to push the auger nearly or quite to the clay. The hard and nearly level surface of the latter probably indicates that it was planed off by the waves a few centuries ago when the lake and bay had reached a high enough level. Shore currents probably carried the products of erosion away, leaving the bottom free from sediment. When the water had become so deep that the lower layers were no longer subject to agitation by the waves, light particles easily held in suspen- sion and so carried far from their source were deposited here, gradually forming a bed of soft mud resting upon the firm glacial clay. In going north along this same line, which is on the meridian of the court house, no sand was noticed until we were a mile from shore, where it was barely perceptible, gradually increasing toward the north. At a mile and a quarter it was necessary to SANDUSKY BAY AND CEDAR POINT 207 turn the auger through six or eight inches of sand. From here on the sand increases rapidly. A quarter of a mile south of the Rear Range Light we bored through six feet of it without reach- ing the bottom. The layer of sand found between a mile and a mile and a quarter north of the city is not at the surface of the mud but a few inches below it, while several feet of mud inter- vene between the sand and the clay. As long as the entrance to the bay remained narrow it is probable that great waves travers- ing the lake were checked enough there to prevent sand being carried so far toward Sandusky, but when the washing away of Spit Island widened the opening much of the obstruction was removed and the great storms of about 1860 distributed sand (some of it, no doubt, derived from Spit Island) farther in the bay than it had come before. In later years the narrowing of the entrance by the construction of a submerged jetty extending northwest from the Outer Range Front Light as well as the scarcity of great northeasters may have prevented further accessions of sand and given time for mud to be deposited on top of that which was left here in former years. We have never found thick deposits of sand except where it had apparently come in from the lake. The bar west of Biemiller’s cove has much sand and gravel which has been moved along shore from the north, but a short distance west of the bar the sand forms only a thin surface layer. WORK OF THE GLACIER AND PREGLACIAL CHANGES. The glacier rested heavily on the region about Sandusky and left its impress on the rock in many places, the grooves of Kelley’s Island and Marblehead being larger than are known elsewhere. Near the north shore of the bay large grooves have been noticed north-east of Hartshorn’s dock and at the Ohlemacher quarries. Al sng the south-east shore of Johnson’s Island are numerous disiinct grooves extending beneath the water. On the higher ground back from shore they are con- tinually being uncovered in stripping the rock as the quarry is extended and a number of fine ones have been quarried away in the last three years. In the city of Sandusky wherever. the overlying clay is sufficiently deep to protect the rock from weathering, its removal discloses glacial marks. Near the bay we have noticed them at the Ship Yard and in the basement of Emerich’s drug store. In the summer of 1904 when the founda- tion was being prepared for the concrete work at the foot of Columbus Avenue, a piece of limestone showing plain glacial marks was broken off twelve feet below the surface of the water. 208 Onto STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE Besides the valley now partly filled by Sandusky Bay several other rock valleys in the vicinity lie sensibly parallel to the main axis of Lake Erie. The parallelism of these valleys to each other and to the grooves makes it probable that all of them were made by the glacier. Although the general movement of the glacier over Ohio was more nearly southward the motion of the lower portion of the ice in this vicinity during the time that most of the erosion was done was about seventy-five degrees west of south, the direction being determined by the valley now filled by Lake Erie. Under the bay the glacial deposits are of the same character as on the land. Overlying the rock is hardpan from a few inches to two feet or more in depth, containing pebbles and boulders in abundance, the greater part of them of limestone which the glacier transported but a short distance. The matrix in which the stones are imbedded contains a large percentage of calcium carbonate which probably accounts for its toughness compared with the clay above it, which the auger penetrates with much less difficulty. In the lower part of the clay are boulders but not so many as in the hardpan. Pebbles are very numerous within a foot or so of the rock. Limestone boulders appear to predominate near the rock to a greater extent than at a higher level—judging from some exposures on the land. Except within four feet of the rock the clay seems to be almost free from stones of any size. It must have been held in suspension by the water of the glacial lake and gradually settled to the bottom at a distance from the foot of the glacier. PREGLACIAL CHANGES, No deep preglacial valley runs through Sandusky Bay. At the power house on Cedar Point the rock is 46 feet below water level. Off the end of Cedar Point the water is 40 feet deep. West of the entrance to the bay in 1842 was a circular depression in which the water was 42 feet deep. In the vicinity of the old range lights south of Johnson’s Island soft mud extends to a depth of forty feet or more below mean lake level. I know of no attempts to find the rock at greater depths at the entrance to the bay or west of it. In the bay bridge of the L.S. & M.S. Ry. the piles are driven to rock which is in most places less than 30 feet below the surface of the water. The longest space without piles is 1700 feet but the rock does not slope toward it in such a way as to indicate a rock valley there. How much of the broad but shallow valley occupied by Sandusky Bay resulted from preglacial erosion I have no means of judging. SANDUSKY Bay AND CEDAR POINT 209 Gypsum has been quarried near the north shore of the bay, 3 miles west of the Bay Bridge, for about three quarters of a century. At first it was ground by a windmill, but about 1835 by a steam mill. Thirty-ton schooners anchored a mile out in the bay and loaded for Detroit, Erie and other ports. This is said to have been the only locality on the Lakes where plaster was obtained at that time. The gypsum beds lie mostly below lake level. Long ago about four acres of the bay at Plaster Beds were diked off, the water pumped out and gypsum quarried. A few years ago one of the plaster companies operating at Fletcherville several miles west of Plaster Beds mined gypsum Map VI. Rock between Sandusky and Cedar Point. Figures give depth in feet and tenths below 0 of water gage. — indicates rock was not reached, but, if following a number less than 21, was probably within one foot. 210 Ou1o State ACADEMY OG SCIENCE under the bay until the water broke through the roof of the mine. Gypsum has also been found near shore between Fletcherville and Plaster Beds, and in 1902 a good bed was found 11% miles. south of the bay on Mr. Meggit’s farm in Margaretta Township. In view of its occurrence both north and south of the bay and near the bay near the north shore it seems probable that it once extended over considerable of the region now occupied by the portion of the bay west of the bay bridge. The relatively rapid solution and erosion of the gypsum compared with the more resisting limestone may have produced this broad valley. Much of the earlier plaster was derived from boulders, so it is likely that the glacier assisted in enlarging this valley. East of Sandusky the depth of limestone below the surface 1s shown on Map VI. An inspection of this chart will show that over most of the region the rock is not far from level. It rises near the Sandusky shore and near Biemiller’s cove. It drops off rapidly to the north just as it does along the city front, also to the east of a line extending from the Jarecki Chemical Works to the Lake Laboratory. In other parts of the bay I have never struck rock except in a few places near shore, e. g., near the mouth of Mill Creek and near the south end of Johnson’s Island. CEDAR POINT. Cedar Point is the peninsula, 734 miles long, forming part of the eastern boundary of Sandusky Bay. It is not, as has been supposed, a mere sand spit, but has a foundation of clay resting upon the rock and extending, in the middle section, nearly up to low water level. It may be divided into three portions which we will call the bar, :the middle or dune section, and the terminal or ridge section. THE BAR. This is a low narrow strip of sand extending from Rye Beach, 2144 miles west of the Huron River, to the Carrying Ground, a distance of about 434 miles. The height of the crest above mean lake level averages about 61% feet, in the highest places barely exceeding ten and in the lowest descending to a little less than five. From the crest toward the lake a bare beach slopes steeply for a foot or two then gradually to the water whose height of course determines its breadth. At low stages of the water, such as prevail in fall and winter, the breadth is about four rods, continuing for miles with little variation. It does not SANDUSKY BAY AND CEDAR POINT Palle at any place extend out into wide reaches of sand flats for the water off shore deepens more rapidly than that adjacent to the terminal portion of Cedar Point. Away from the lake the slope is quite gradual and the distance from crest to marsh is between eleven and sixteen rods throughout a great part of the length. In the vicinity of the west line of Huron Township and the mouth of the Black Channel the breadth is twenty-four rods or more. Quite near Rye Beach the breadth in the fall of 1904 was only 2-4 rods and most of the way for the first mile between three and six rods. In a number of places the lake has washed the sand over onto the marsh making little projections two or three rods long, so that the shore of the marsh has not an even outline like that of the lake. Some of these were made in 1904 and others apparently within a year or two before. COMPOSITION OF THE Bar. The visible material of the bar like that of the remainder of Cedar Point is largely sand, consisting of quartz, magnet te and garnet, but unlike the remaind r it has throughout its whole length gravel at the surface. On the bare beach the gravel is abundant and many of the pebbles are as large as hens’ eggs, the quantity and to some extent the size increasing as one goes toward Huron, the direction from which they have come. They consist largely of quartzite and other metamorphic rocks derived presumably from boulders in the clay between Rye Beach and Huron. Limestone is scarce and not from any beds in the vicinity. Shale fragments flat, angular and dark are scattered over the beach or strewn thickly upon the sand more or less apart from the hard pebbles. They too increase in abundance as one approaches Dr. Esch’s place where a bed of Ohio shale outcrops, showing many spherical calcareous concretions three feet in diameter, some of them with tops cut off by the glacier and still bearing the scratches. Near Rye Beach fragments of brick of various sizes, rounded like the other pebbles, attract attention by their red color. These are probably from a brick house belonging to Jabez Wright, grandfather of Mrs. Esch, and a well known surveyor three quarters of a century ago. The house stood north of the present shore and south of a road, on the north side of which was an orchard. The lake took the orchard, the road, the house, and finally the man, who after a dark night was found dead at the base of a high bank where the lake had encroached upon the new road. A list of the things washed ashore or drifted along the Cedar Point beach would fill pages. Among the more common PHD Ou10o State ACADEMY OF SCIENCE are fragments of wrecks, and other driftwood, articles of various sorts thrown or lost from boats, coal, cinders, nuts, fish, bones of various vertebrates and shells of molluscs. We once found on a lonely part of the beach the skeleton of a swan which probably after being wounded perished on the lake and was entombed in the sand near the crest of the beach by the same storm that brought it ashore. Even the cartilages of the trachea with its curious convolution inside the sternum were still pre- served. Various things through long attrition by sand and pebbles have come to resemble the latter so closely that their nature is a puzzle to the novice—wood, coal, peat, brick, drain- age tile, pottery and glass made opaque and quite free from sharp points or edges. The source of the last when its nature is comprehended may not be so puzzling to account for as that of the peat which occurs at various places along the lake shore to the very end of Cedar Point. This is derived from the remains of marsh vegetation which once flourished where the lake is now. The bar is not so far out as formerly and part of the marsh that was originally behind it is now in front of it. These fragments are perhaps broken loose in winter, when the water is low and the ice that has been resting upon the exposed marsh, sometimes in winrows ten or fifteen feet high, is drifted ashore by the wind. At least I found many large and angular ones nearly free from sand after the ice had broken up Jan. 1, 1905. Some of them were fifteen inches thick and more than four feet in length. A long line of these extended northwest from a point about 2% miles from Rye Beach. Toward Rye Beach for quite a distance none were noticed though within a mile or so of it there were a dozen or more, increasing in size toward the beach, the largest eighteen inches long. There are never large ones on this part of the beach. The small ones are derived from the marsh at the outlet of Sawmill Creek close to Rye Beach. The portion of this marsh now covered by the lake bristles with the roots of button- bush so close together that no large masses of muck are loosened from among them. A third locality from which the muck is derived is probably along the shore of the Carrying Ground. Between the buried valleys of Plum Brook and Sawmill Creek the clay is probably so near the surface that soon after the marsh muck was uncovered by the lake moving the bar over onto the marsh, it was torn loose and perhaps ground to pieces by the waves but I cannot say but what some still remains where it was formed and now covered by the sand and water of the lake. Allen Remington and Jacob Lay have seen large quantities of peat cast ashore by storms occurring when there was no ice. The former says the storms accompanying the high water of SANDUSKY Bay AND CEDAR POINT Zales 1859 uncovered the bog and threw large masses of peat on the shore in such numbers that one could follow the shore for miles jumping from one to another. In 1904 we found peat in the sand between two ridges near the lighthouse which were formed about 1860. It had been moved along the shore and cast up by the waves. Years later Mr. Lay saw peat strewn along the beach almost as thickly as described by Mr. Remington. VEGETATION OF THE BAR. The vegetation of the bar is scanty and limited with rare exceptions to such species as grow on poor soil. Andropogon scoparius, Panicum virgatum, ‘Populus monilifera and Salix of several species—amy odaloides, wheeleri, cordata, lucida, alba vitellina—constitute probably nine-tenths of it all. On October 8th I walked the whole length but with that exception have not traversed the greater portion of it, save in winter. Besides the species mentioned above, the following are all that I have noticed, those among the first being more common than those toward end of the list. Solidago canadensis Equisetum robustum Teucrium canadense Equisetum pratense Ascelpias syriaca Prunus virginiana Verbascum thapsus Platanus occidentalis, 8, Oenothera biennis Ulmus americana, 4, Euphorbia polygonifolia Quercus velutina, 5, all small, Ptelea trifoliata Quercus imbricaria, 1, Cornus Fraxinus pubescens, 2, Vitis riparia The last three species near Rye Celastrus scandens Beach only. Rhus typhina Rosa carolina Nepeta cataria Achillea millefolium Erigeron canadense Xanthium canadense Andropogon furcatus Gnaphaluim polycephalum Sporobolus cryptandrus Eupatorium perfoliatum Muhlenbergia mexicana Strophostyles angulosa? Cenchrus tribuloides Lathyrus maritimus, about a mile Lycopus sinuatus and a quarter from Rye Beach, the Gentiana andrewsi1 only place I have found it in Ohio. Pastinaca sativa Liriodendron tulipifera, one, Neila opulifolia, one. Doubtless a dozen more could be found by searching in summer for a single day, perhaps a score by trespassing on the marsh a yard or two, but compared with the 395 species, or thereabouts, which I have found on the older portion of Cedar Point, this list is small indeed. In all this barren waste of nearly five miles there is not a cedar nor pine and I believe no maple, black cherry, hackberry, mulberry, basswood, locust or any nut bearing tree, except a few oaks within three quarters of a mile ne: Out1o STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE of Rye Beach and too young to bear. Aside from cottonwoods, willows and one of the buttonwoods I noticed but a single tree more than about twenty-five feet tall. Of plants as common in the dune section of Cedar Point as the cactus, bearberry and sea sand-reed I saw not one on the bar. Between the crest and the vicinity of the marsh only a few of the plants in the preceding list are met except at rare intervals, a waste of beard-grass and panic-grass with here and there a cottonwood or willow being all that meets the eye. Throughout the entire length of the bar and also in much of the dune section the vegetation is scanty except in a narrow belt along the bay shore. Here the wind that blows across the sand transporting the finer grains has its velocity checked by the marsh vegetation and so drops its load. Moreover the bar slopes so gradually from the crest that a strip several yards wide near the bay is but a few inches above water level. As water may be found anywhere by digging down to lake level, the sand near this level is kept continually moist by cap- illary action, but several feet above it the sand at the surface often becomes quite dry. Even at the same height above the water the fine sand contains much more water than the coarse and so is better suited to meet the needs of plants. To test the two sorts, sand was taken from among the bushes near the bay and from a point a few rods nearer the lake where the vegetation was scanty. The former was much the finer. The following experiments were tried with them. Hollow cylinders of glass and iron with cloth tied over the bottom were filled with sand and made to stand upright in shallow water so that the water was drawn up through the sand by capillary action. The fine sand contained a small amount of organic matter and when thoroughly dry was not readily wet even by water poured upon 1t but once wet it drew up much more moisture than the coarse sand and retained it longer as shown by the tables. SANDUSKY Bay AND CEDAR POINT 215 CENTIGRAMS OF MoIsTtTURE FOUND IN TEN GRAMS OF SAND TAKEN From Tor or SAND FiILLInc Pipes STANDING In SHALLOW WATER. | | Height | | above |Coarse | Fine | Differ- Date Conditions ibottom.| sand | sand | ence j cm. | Nov. 9| Waterinjar barely exhausted) 14 | 45 115 70 “10 | Water supply exhausted more (lohan PZ invo vouch ase Ark Pane 14 | 40 Dec. 14| Water supply exhausted | AOU VIeNGAaVSh = 4 sete cracls 4 38 41 38 fy Lo) PWaters cm ideepingar.cs: 1 14 40) SEO) 70 melo VW aterslcmqdeepanuyanr...u. |. 23 3 5 2 nee 2 |) aken from about 2) .em:. belowsstitlace a eee 20 38 fo i Maken tron about 4° em: belowesticiacewserar rr ere ily 30 Jan. 16) Taken from middle of cylin- | der which had contained 14 | em. of sand. Water ex- | hausted several weeks...... i 4 | 56 52 216 Outo StTaTE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE RESULTS FROM PLANTING OATS IN COARSE SAND AND FINE SAND. Height Height | Height | above Number of of Number | water sprouted | tallest | shortest Date of cm. Date Ex- mm. mm. planting amined oO o oO o oO S o re o) Ss © g o a o Se ss S| So ae gel S S| oO Ay O Ay O Ay oO oy oO oy Now LOM WO) et) yet2>| 12" | Now.-To: 0 2, | Nov. 16. | 8 A. M. 1 ae Nov. 16. | HAS 2 9 Nov. 17 3 9 Nov. 18. 3 Mahe I pl Snore Nov. 22 4 9 | | Nov. 28. 4 62), 90) 122 5 | 70: | Oct. 26. 6 COmle2 OMe Zien NO vee OB wal |) Nov. 19 0 il 4! | Nien Git One 2a) 21 13 Oct. 26 62. 6 "70. 70. Nove. 9 O00] Dec. 12. * a Octe2i7- 4 Ae eS 8 | Nov. 9 1 O GN ory lean etal Os 20 Nov. 17 4 4 8 8 | Nov. 22 3 2 | | Nowe28.) 41), 2).) 67) 65 e25aleaes | Dec. 12 Aes 505, 380 55 Octeecie 2 » 8 | 10 | Nov. 22 0 Ps 60 32 | Dec. 12. O » 100 97 peal | 4 * No roots. t+ One with roots 40 mm. long, another 23 mm. SANDUSKY Bay AND CEDAR POINT PAT THE Bar ENCROACHING ON THE MarsH. In 1885 Albert Judson, county surveyor, found that the west line of Huron Township had shortened “twelve rods”’ since the original survey made by Almon Ruggles in 1807. Near Rye Beach he found the shore had moved landward about ‘twenty rods.” A survey made by Rolla Chase in 1903 at the eastern border of Rye Beach showed the lake had there encroached on the land about 25 rods since 1816. The marsh at the outlet of Sawmill Creek, just west of Rye Beach, formerly extended out where the lake is now. The present marsh is well filled with liv- ing buttonbushes. In the lake on the other side of the bar the roots still stand where buttonbushes formerly grew. They have been seen as far out from the present shore as “‘fifteen rods.’’ some may also be seen projecting through the sand of the bare beach and one of these was noticed with green leaves. The cut bank and a few undermined trees show recent encroachment of the lake on the part of the bar extending from Rye Beach a little more than a mile. Some of the sand and gravel washed out has been carried over onto the marsh as may be seen in a number of places; more of it has probably been transported along the beach toward the northwest. At the mouth of the Black Channel I found that on the bar near the bay shore the auger after being turned through three or four feet of sand could be pushed to a depth of ten feet below water showing that here the bar had encroached on the marsh. This was Dec. 27, 1901. Attempts made the following month at four other places on the bar were unsuccessful in finding muck. In one of them the auger after boring 8 feet through the sand was stopped by a pebble or other obstruction. In the others it was turned after much labor to a depth of 11, 13, and 18 feet, and pulled out with improvised levers and in the case of the deepest a little turning. This led me to doubt whether the whole bar had moved onto the marsh. However, Jan. 28, 1905, I found a place in the marsh several rods from the bar where so much sand was mingled with the muck as to make it impossible to push the auger through it. The same day we succeeded in pushing the auger through several feet of muck beneath the bar a little less than two miles from Rye Beach. This convinced me that at the places where I had failed to find muck, the reason was that it had become so filled with sand as to prevent pushing the auger through it. In one at least of the places where trial was made Jan., 1902, the sand brought up was blackened with organic matter. At the Carrying Ground the bar rests on marsh muck and the muck extends out under the lake at least 38 rods, probably 218 Outo StaTE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE much farther. At one place the muck under the bar was found to extend to a depth of 18 feet below water level. In the lake 30 rods from shore the muck extends to a depth of 10 to 13 feet along a line parallel to shore more than 60 rods in length. In the deepest place it doubtless is quite as deep as under the bar, 18 feet, though where borings were made, the clay was not more than 13 feet from the surface. Much of this submerged bog had but a few inches to a foot or two of sand over it when I examined it in February and March, 1904. At two or three places in the lake between the Carrying Ground and Rye Beach unsuccessful attempts have been made to push the auger after turning it some distance into the sand. A little more than two miles from Rye Beach the auger was turned down to 9 feet below top of ice and turned more easily the last two feet than nearer the surafce, as if the muck still remained, but with sand enough in it, to prevent pushing the auger through it. In driving stakes for fish nets more than a hundred rods off shore a mile and a half or so southeast of the mouth of the black channel Captain Steible tells me they used to strike what they believed to be muck. A large blunt stake would rebound and penetrate but little at each blow. This was where the water was sixteen feet or more in depth. He has seen along the beach when the water was low a sheet of muck two or three rods long. The sand usually prevents one from seeing any muck until it is washed ashore. In the season of low water from 1891-1901 there was prob- ably no encroachment on the marsh excepting that produced by the wind, and the trees along the shore of the marsh show that there has been no general encroachment for several decades. But the northeasters at time of the high water of 1858-1862, swept away the trees, and moved the whole bar over onto the marsh. Allen Remington remembers one cottonwood in partic- ular, which served as a landmark for fishermen, much larger than any tree now on the bar. It stood not far from the mouth of the Black Channel and about 1856 was nearer the bay shore but when he began fishing, 1859, was about midway between the bay and the lake. Ina few years more the beach had moved to it and it fell into the lake. At the point where this large cot- tonwood stood the encroachment on the marsh prior to 1857 could not have amounted to much during the life of this tree, else the shore of the marsh would have been farther from the tree but the fact that throughout much of the length of the bar there were no large trees probably indicates that it had not remained stationary for a great length of time. SANDUSKY BAY AND CEDAR POINT 219 Later than 1864 John Steible used to tie his boat to large stumps in the lake about where Remington’s cottonwood stood. He remembers a three-foot cottonwood that stood a short dis- tance southeast of the Carrying Ground and a few other large ones near it but no large trees of any sort on other parts of the bar. OPENINGS THROUGH THE Bar. At times of very high water openings have been made through the bar deep enough for the passage of fishing boats. According to Jacob Barker there was an opening in 1838 at what he called the lower carrying ground at or near the mouth of the Black Channel. The high water of 1858—’60 raised by northeast gales washed over the bar throughout its whole length. About 1858 Palmer Jackson witnessed the rapid enlargement of an opening at the Carrying Ground. When first seen it was about ten feet wide, but in half an hour had widened to twenty rods and later to more than a quarter of a mile. Many willows and other bushes were swept away. In the spring of 1859 the high water cut through the bar about 214 miles from Rye Beach, 1. e., a few rods west of the east line of section 4+ of Huron Township. Allen Remington remembers this as being open all that season. James Galloway thinks it remained open four or five years.. He says it was about thirty feet wide at the top and deep enough in the deepest part for a pound boat. The correctness of the loca- tion as given by him is confirmed by the fact that near the spot he assigns I found in the marsh several rods from the bar so much sand mingled with the muck as to prevent pushing an auger through it. Captain Steible recalls an opening at or near the same place about 1867—’69 though it was not open for about three years after he began going there, i. e., 1864. On the lake side it was choked with sand and re-opened a number of times. The Clarks who used to haul their fish along the beach to Huron were prevented for some time by this opening. He has seen the water go over the bar for its entire length. He built a break- water to prevent his fishing shanty located on about the highest ground from being washed away. The water covered the floor of the shanty a number of times. He says the bar is higher now in many places than it was then. About 1876 or 1878, also years of high water, an opening was made through the bar near the southeast end of the Carry- ing Ground. Through this Jacob, Henry and John Lay, who had nets in the lake, passed several times with a pound boat. It was formed by a severe northeast storm in the spring, the water going over the bar for a mile or more. It remained open at least 220 Ouro State ACADEMY OF SCIENCE till some time in the summer but was closed again in the fall and reopened a year or two later. The sand point projecting into the bay at the west line of Huron Township is supposed to have been formed by sand washed through an opening. In the bay near this point the muck extends to a depth of twenty feet. qondeion pao eaned cides cen secon - 1906 Cov LPR RT CR eiLEIN SEX PIT OS! ren. y op eoieitavesi Seer sist te eliele epcltue eens a ees. avenssctsle 1907 CBs HAGE w Day bELIMn EXPUBCS <0 ctayccsere OLLIE, ater Nias elena Sh uersoe 4 Stine epee ee ae Rio Grande BROOKOVER Ms CEUASG Gotu aiaioe eae fk sous: dee ye 3uchtel College Akron SRI GERM AR Vine tes OL ILI), toy ae a cheeks ce Seen hale ae teens Se ete Fremont SUBNA, MATTIAS, Entomology........--.--+++5-- 8 Heina St., Cleveland Burcess, A. F., Yntomology...Dept. of Agriculture, State House, Columbus (GATINTE Veee RIB AUN Ks hlG COLO Otisepenct ty aera eae nhs aici nasa ores eee ce Seti coer, cates Granville CARTER, CHAS., Hntomology.........- State Normal School, Albion, Idaho GUNASHNG Hino, Botaniyie- o.oo ce ae 2537 Woodland Ave., S. E., Cleveland © UC TEANTRI ES CWA Bia NS» 2 a ere ey St RAE BRN Ye PE 0 © he Granville CUEVNNGHME ch whe pS OVAM Amram enc aAtiaieds sptostec rocis aces aha ael al meters Cedarville Coprrny, EH. D., Meteorology, Botany......... Weather Bureau, Columbus Corn, A: D.; Physics... .- PEN Reet a aN Unt ED &. S. U., Columbus (COT St Wigan 1EXOUCT OU] o ede a ase eka did Oc Univ. of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa (Comanoiny,” GHACIGO TEL NE 4 cient ont eeero ce RENE tea ORE ores iene Cs ich ee oth Hiram Comstock, FRANK M., Vert. Zoology.............. Case School, Cleveland COOMORAE Gy Dam AnGheOlo Guinea ace tel. sme) cle 1432 Hunter Ave., Columbus Corton, E. C., Entomology....... State Crop. Pest Com., Baton Rouge, La. CORMIEAINID IRV Lietemratpen tar tA tes nee rk Syn Se et Ne ta cuaters aunt Athens [DA Teainy ayes, (OHS E/AESUG IVAN es a ge Univ. of Cincinnati, Cincinnati DAES SN eel OO NRTLOIDULALT Cake ark F an cutee nec Sy eke oes O. S. U., Columbus DEMERS. HIRED ACES OL OIUineo ae ci shel cakes ees ee 1315 Neil Ave., Columbus DO VV ees OL CMEC OMLOLOGY se see ne ae R. D. 1, Delphos DUNLAP, PRED, Horestry.......... U. S. Forest Service, Washington, D. C. [DAGTETR NIST, SD LER ae Bes ae ference oa Re Re ee Westerville IDR, CRUNS)..c sesccaencanonscssucsunsnan ca IniGlayeny eve, Ciaroimmenol UIEROING we ea ee mre Rarer eee ee Eas eucusn creed aie ares av 64 W. Roy Ave., Cleveland Epwarps, E. H., Zoology, Physiology 7317 Clinton Ave. N. W., Cleveland HMI ieAD OLEH eae eee oe Sanne eee D200. Mam ste. Columbus HiME IRVING Ate B10LOGYi.... 22 sae... 5 oe 61 Oxford St., Cambridge, Mass. Fiscner, Watrer, Botany....109 Maryland Ave. N. E., Washington D. C. 320 OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE EISCHBAGH pila IPE BLOLOUR menisci Grote aceite eke ores eee Newport, Ky. Livan, MAUD: Z7G0logy= 45-4) sash ee ee eooo WV. oth) Aver (Columbus Fowke, GERARD, Glacial Geology, Archacology..105 N, 2d St., St. Louis, Mo. HRANKS JeeiNe, boLangy. EivtOmOlOgyian. sai ee ee ee O. S. U., Columbus LRT UEY Rt eer MIS OL OLIV A Reh ree ree eve eit, io hope oekaki elie O ahis alle a sete oso Ant Berea CARY palm unG COLOGR Iss toa eaten Pee nes Rota Seen sions Aete eee Austinburg (Grippers ofl DYNA VAUDY. 0 Saito ne Oe, eli 2B a as ue AY Bie ey Eited Ot Ab An ae dee each Coie ote ieee: Milan GREGORY Wie Mineet rs eric, pe ras ose pr ene re Mica ene ee re 116 Olive St., Cleveland GROVER Hs OSE OLR eine tee nets Gane le ae cite co scsi ora « Drage eearauese saree Oberlin CaniGicisy late IN IEOUGHM) oo ole 3 oo Cama oan oe 1318 Forsythe Ave., Columbus (GURY a IVIEM IRS AS npc SON eee OME i sy ee, Bi Univ. of Cincinnati, Cin¢innati VATS TED Gls MC tem OLUGS risa oe cree can eaier es a) oc seit seers Gambier HAMBLETON, J. C., Botany, Zoology..........- 212 KH. 11th Ave., Columbus HANSEN, HERMINA J., Biology........... Hughes High School, Cincinnati ISDN itn) ta PR odd i 6 Caps nert aie eid Big aes Univ. of the Pacific. San Jose, California lalsurkyiape, IRAN EE isin OL UANOUCO Siclt e md ames e ccinas Obie un Fond ol Bond Hill EDA VY eN CHR ERODE ea OnMULNOLOGY Mn ae es ciae cle ba voteneneueionst rat Bond Hill [Ei LNS TSS ofS) OU US Cage ae St Pen ON een SUES einer) 'a Sy Gree Lancaster ETD TENTVAGN AVIV Mires ee irsesare es fod Rect Woe quia cable ve aie A si eesWeree sets Canal Winchester BRITS NAV Bie ee Oar A ee pee ee RAE ee, naa IS Crs AIS ERI crn a Columbus MRR TGKen Cane SONG: Rice coy netic Ge each maureen? Meda eg eer iam ae Granville RZD RAs Le ONLOLO OU an cine seh canis eee Oe houses uence eet Marietta GHG POREDE SM terete as ee eo a tae Sr St. John’s College, Toledo Hine, J. S.. Entomology, Ornithology................ O. S. U., Columbus GUUS ON pee A ne eR OOLO GUS Acura sie cutceney Stes, on, esc ees poten aoe aed eee Ada HOBESs Paibe Chemistiay sss. oe Western Reserve Med. College, Cleveland ALOIS, (Cro Wha (Gai Niy, (BHO Mo gidia s Min hou yosaccdgenuaedase Oxford OUD Vie OLCIVY cer amts, tae ee ener acres 1004 Jefferson Ave., Toledo UO EZ Aubrey OME IUUSTN I. tae cise) Ne eccut actieis iets Ree Meaeeteere hie Dayton Hurprarp, G. D., Geology, Physiography.............. QO. S. U., Columbus RUINED AERO MEA Sie ee ALIUCTELUIUN El wn cic ciao se Glacie eee nero epee ener Ithaca, N. Y. ENED Red) mE MG COLO OE iene tick: oct eatie falos Nein d ceo omegeee Re Reet oeracae Lancaster SAGES ON Cam. A OOLOMU racy sos te ier oe et acuoped= hes cuote ions O. S. U., Columbus ANIC Cul or ce anna vane le see se Adelbentacollleresm @leveland oN iTaE ha 1 Danis hel Dea erences, Gicye ar ctepcmon eee eee 127 W. Seventh St., Cincinnati JANMNEY, JOHN J., Wonrticwltune..2...5..0-25- 93 Fifteenth Ave., Columbus JENNINGS, ©. H., Botany....-.... Carnegie Museum Annex, Pittsburg, Pa. Jones, F. T., Physics, Chemistry, Mathematies...35 Adelbert St., Cleveland VONESe MND Se LOTTE NOLOGY ate oe oaaysat ee neke College Museum, Oberlin JONES, ROBT. RALSTON, Geology.......- U.S. Engineer’s Office, Cincinnati RUD S ONT Ca eAt aS OUMLIMR pwr tere bcs tall en susite coe 235 Columbus Ave., Sandusky Tipinisinse. IMIS 10s Tbas 13 meloe oo ec ae se bee kode 93 Olive St., Cleveland KELLERMAN, WILLIAM A., Botany......-. 175 W. Eleventh Ave., Columbus KELLERMAN, Mrs. W. A., Botany........ 175 W. Eleventh Ave., Columbus TRGiipinolse SNRs oc) etna a nag te eens DIES OORENG ocho Old an ee ehd nes epee cca Upper Sandusky Kocu, H. E., Zoology, Physics........ Park and MeMillon Sts.. Cincinnati GAIN CRE aly weet OOLO GU. Grete ete ey oie yin O. S. U. Columbus LAZENBY, WM. R., Horticulture, Botany..............- O. S. U., Columbus [aise NWN ve Te CKO OV Mine oo, qekelow0 mini ooo Bra a 6 Geueecy reels ces mrctcna Westerville ENO ATaO, MORONS AON concacca5cedoebeoogs 312 Broadway, Cincinnati TOD ee OEU Nes WRIG sacesuckerce ero oe cate oe ewes Court and Plum Sts., Cincinnati Ib ORCUR Ste MLD. Vleck EXON Tei Tie ore Benitene ichats em eue tts ohm Eo d 2A Ai ooratco eo! Ashtabula NUNGIRM OM die NE OnmminieNicawe & apltoo bce mccsa deomomoeooasgc ban We Spee Ne Sed Ook care of Beecher, Peck & Lewis, Detroit, Mich. MOUNTING. (Cs AWS ORM [oas Ad ntd wa awins.6o SOdoe eco ma oho om dacwoos Texas IMUNREIyzormaL Xl. Ibe, linea ss Soe maadenae nS hooabeosouwe New Lexington NIRS, Be Ik, Aoralloreiis IXOVHOUTs 2 Sia nn aooe oso be oMouS OSE New London TVIGAAEETIENVU;GlS cIVICAUR Yoon Havetel oe as eect tis hi sucn DIME Lees UR ns tee peel eee Painesville ACTIVE MEMBERS 321 WMG COE CO MIB OCA met. ns cs KA otal ase 317 E. Mulberry St., Lancaster NGDAINInnte Jie Hw OLOGY sc. atrertants tevciepacteicien, | coeeae are ea oencesl Athens MIGRIEERDNININYas LURAGN Ken 3s SOLON nina Joceeecin dale cc tleneaces New London MCHAD DEINE lala © CWCMUISUA a: Bia backs ai aslerousia stat na cs the es Westerville MEAD, CHAS. S., Zoology, Botany............... 217 King Ave., Columbus Mercer, W. F., Biology Ohio University, Athens JMIDTROAUEION “HADENTO) 4 | edie ree Caan Ghd Oia me eect ee gi aE omar tin Mele Plympton NITES AVView Gs AT. CHACOLOge a BIOLOGY... 4-28 ener O. S. U., Columbus Morsm) Max W., Zoology. .:... 20..56- 600 W. 125th St., New York City MosEtEY, E. L., Zoology, Botany, Physiography................ Sandusky NELSON, JAMES A., Zoology, Embryology.................. Ithaca, N. Y. NERVE Ts VWVELEMON eH tLONUOLOGY i. <4 sia alice cies sis eis else Baton Rouge, La. OBBRHOLSER Ha (Ora. as sss ee = 1349 Harvard St. N. W., Washington, D. C. OpENBACH, HF. L., Meteorology............ St. Ignatius College, Cleveland OsBorn, HERBERT, Hntomology, Zoology.............- O. S. U., Columbus OsspuRN, RAymonp C., Zoology, Ichthiology....510 W. 124th St., New York Ocnm WAIN JOSHPHa He UimSa Ondiloncennsonnae secon eae re Columbus OAT BE A Pie MAI CTROUMIS ENA AAS citi oo Slane Siang Go ea inion See Norwalk | PANTETUTIESH UD) 23H] a LS pal D aang renee nics elo eRe oe 1128 Independence St., Cleveland AR ROUa ard me LMHONUOLO Qtiein cmtia cea cteba Sens oie see Geneva, N. Y. RBERPME MS Vs ONEMISEIY ik ia ee es eee ne 1538 N. High St., Columbus PICKMEA GOS Je, (Chemistry. ase eee < St. Ignatius College, Cleveland EZEWAD INGA: | SELON AS oreic, 00055 01 Sw f'n: enehs: Sele eaters 243 Superior St., Cleveland IPAROISIOIROM(O, Sha (CAOIONI Wicd = icra ieencucercin coos cuted e.g alt ote O. S. U., Columbus [PAGANS TOs «rales! oll KON AUDI cate ee ER ORR OOP GOES cS tric ern cite ee Clayton RACEMIE ID WEAR DML te OO LOO Ms Se cckan act tence) see ets ea Mee lemeace oe Delaware RUDD, ALAIN ON Gps sonen oe pie ano ee ado Sea one Ee oea ec O. S. U., Columbus FROUDE UW Semel GO WAST Tiss garrscs icract musts eve ats = arc alee) eancuenerhs 8 eae Owensville IROrip2, DOMES Shy JEON eo eg lee aie oe omni oe 247 N. 17th St., Columbus SAND RES ann Creme MLOnLOLOGYs BOLWNY > aise a sere mse aera = Spor (gel es teas Bureau of Entomology Dept. Agr., Washington, D. C. SAN CHR al Ogs Game OLUMUY teu Mel ctat ete ioG ktie teenie an einen aes Newark SUTTON TONS AIG IRL se SOY 07700) ao onde Gro co chBiG Okdieetrel Can. PAINE O. S. U., Columbus SHAUL O Nege VIS Sie Miectestonseeeere eyelets wunbe rs kee eat vice 103 Glen Park Place, Cleveland SEE Ves uD) nets OL ON) Marya ia lees ears aeererswer mele Shei Experiment Sta., Wooster SHEN SS We IDL GHKEIOU CAWOG ena wieig ao cta g dade Soba o os ouRE oo monDe Newark SHO CUM: MIRGA WB WTAE crs isc. trate Cy onsalsts Se peela atobars tones ats Wayne Bldg.. Toledo STL OXCAUEM Es (Cag dl Diss mie porethe Neto Ree ea icy Coe cn eee Ue oie aa er eS Defiance SUMO Ga DS OLY AOOLOGY =o wat-verere «ale 1 siZiebeee 450 Spicer St., Akron SMITH, J. WARREN, Meteorology.........=.... Weather Bureau, Columbus SOI, IR AD, PAOOUOT I JAW MOG /o.00 8 oOudonacvd s00n eH oe oes aoe Ashtabula SSO WIRE eV TADAUNID. woes adele a cant ee) 814 thet, seta Saie ee 1804 S. Union ave., Alliance SHUNT C1 Le OD ped eter dare We cr Greens nai ih ane ten eae At cae 92 Wadena St., Cleveland STAUFFER, CLINTON R., Geology................390! King Ave., Columbus SRBEKI VIlCROR, Conchology, Botany. ..0c-.-4:65.-2.5.- New Philadelphia SIPICH TINS Miley UDigs TAXCO OM onces Gace DO Nc oo Bote OD Cie ai Noe eS Granville STOCKBERGER, W. W., Botany........ Dept. Agriculture, Washington, D. C. STONE a VEONINTH EAL WOmestic SClence. .5. 4.6 sass. 2: O. 8. U., Columbus SHOT QVACION TS MULE, AA OOTKOV ET ital BXOVAUIOU [alae s © tie Giga cre CO Goe.Bolod aig cre Faton PICAENO ING Uh (Cas IAIN UGS (COOL amu oe aoe fos de abe po orneas Rushsylvania i aniayaong,.. (Out KON el teerods o..0 8 on cid ocidee 1019 Olaho Lane, Honolulu, Hawaii SIAC Ys RAPA BOR a Ns Re yale, here T A Siesie) spe oe oie eer a i= nascar Suis Mest elcaes cunsioes Bedford APONCE SON, wMIRSSMIGENG= «06. ars aa cle sis ne oe os 167 W. Tenth Ave., Columbus Mrs MTSSmOPAT Me BOTY ca. osc ace ehas se ae O. S. U., Columbus ‘Thierens Wo (Gh. GOO aU ioteree oe Ro ced OI OIC een Albuquerque, N. M. Topp, JosepH H., Geology, Archaeology........ Christmas Knoll, Wooster RGD aOR O Beate tae vavet eee chscsectonchoepovaien 8 Ete vile asus eretirattene svat taels Vermillion 322 : OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE DRUGS HG Ae yg garenn te ered eee Saree ier ememe hates oes ete Pies oe McConnelsville Atwacins ING Vey BOM cogs e5 68 Bureau of Plant Industry, Washington, D. C. TYLER, HARRIET Burr, Botany.. Bureau of Plant Industry, Washington D. C, WANE Hook Js Mow elant Pathologiias-445. 45. Experiment Station, Wooster VASE UL es Ghee act a eal uae ets oases ah Western Reserve University, Cleveland WAVGATORECO NN TIRE. SIBLE SVE TOM OV 0) G-3 far oka me taa Se ces ct gehen eam eesee cacao Gambier WUD saga Be cl ie J BXOUAAIIOD) ee tata ce Sociol aretc S O\a a oe once arch oceerere: Garrettsville WessterR, F. M., Entomology...U. S. Dept. Agriculture, Washington D. C. VWrernmr. \WanGIAM "Botany... 52.202- 5. .5-. Steele High School, Dayton NVESMGADH MB WiAlS e Gorn GiGOLOQH arpa ae satie -ccle sy ea ones he oer Delaware WHIZSTHIN- AS BOLnYna eae eee. .2.009) W. JA lst Sty iNew Yorks Neve WuetseL, J. A. G., Botany, Zoology. ...193 Jefferson Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y. \Wascpengre Wo Cle JOO, (HADUOG is od cost cn edocado Geneon sux Westerville WAaInNTAING WEUARRYe le BIOLOGY: acres oe eee Univ. of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (KATES. (Slum psi, Io. JOG ese onad sba8 506 Miami University, Oxford WILLtAMson, E. Brucr, Jchthiology, Ornithology.......... Bluffton, Ind. WVOLH RE aE Te ES OL OTIYier cs cer mo.) eco oes eas outer Marietta College, Marietta \Waeisms Gh Imire KCxtnlloxiiow socaoe daciosoonhodocsbeoanooo es Oberlin YOM NG ue alyeicen ie Bsa bap eaoudcou dposuo gr ac obo piuD pion Alliance York, Hartan H., Botany....Dept. of Botany, Columbia Univ., New York Report of the Fifteenth Annual Meeting of the Ohio State Academy of Science ANNUAL MEETING The fifteenth annual meeting of the Academy was held in Cin- cinnati on November 30, December 1 and 2, 1905, the president of the society, Professor Herbert Osborn, presiding. On Thursday evening an informal meeting took place at the Museum of the Society of Natural History. On Tuesday at 9:30 a. m. the meeting was called to order by the President in Room 27, Cunningham Hall, at the University of Cincinnati. The report of the Secretary was presented and ac- cepted. Reference was made to the Field Meeting at Cedar Point, Sandusky, July 5-8th, in conjunction with the American Micro- scopical Society. This was attended by about 25 members of the Academy, and excursions were made to Johnson’s Island, Kelly’s Island, Put-in-Bay, and other places of interest. The Executive Committee reported the following names elected to membership during the year: MEMBERS ELECTED BY THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE AIGA Dies Cn Hee ALG LOU A bye We aes nk en eas ia a, ae Gambier PackMan Mi W., Zoology, Cytoloey ois :0 i. ln oes bac eh Sona +++e+............Medical Department Western Reserve, Cleveland CLEVENGER J, (Es, botany, Zoology... 0.6 oh. s soe so eee es noes Cedarville Cotton, E. C., Entomology, Botany.......... Ohio Dept. of Agr., Columbus Co0vEr, (As B. Archeology .22. 4.000002 eden: 1432 Hunter Ave., Columbus ISCHBAGHAEE Ey UBIGlORY F/M e oA Sea dee wie es oe Newport, Kentucky ELENES Oh uteoe EL Pm OOLOMNY VS TAD suerte s aN te she ee AT, wate re ey Ada HOKE Gro W cr Georraphy,, Biology ss.) 0. . osncuhs ca Yds ceed ss Oxford HouBeARD 3G. D.sGeolegy, Physiography. 0.7... .s2. November 205, 1905: °:...2.......5.. $216 48 The Board has again received the annual contribution of Mr. Emerson MeMillin of $250.00 to the research fund. Wn. R. Lazenspy, Chairman. JOHN H. SCHAFFNER, A Membership Committee, consisting of Mr. Dury, Dr. Guyer and the Secretary, was appointed by the President. They subse- quently reported on the following names. These were duly elected. 326 OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE MEMBERS ELECTED BY THE MEMBERSHIP. COM- MITTEE, DEC. 1-2, 1905. BENEDICT, STANLEY M., Physiology........ Univ. of Cincinnati, Cincinnati BRAAM, Maximinian, Biology............ Hughes High School, Cincinnati BRANSONGOHE es, GeOlomye occ sce ae excites, ee cases em iastehs states) Bemesy chology. se. eee Uniy. of Cincinnati, Cincinnati OMB Ym EIR AUN Ko" GGOl Oeiyias tier creepers eisienen te ie 2. = come agence oieaee eae Granville HANSEN, HERMINE J., Biology.......... Hughes High School, Cincinnati MAT TZ ONES | Crete SAT COACOLO DV a isnt ays hark eteisie ie S15 miles ere ee New Lexington MGCDANTET Je clic, se DLOLORY gaat ues eta tages) Fuse chs ete eaee eae ee oie Athens Wilnat sn sEAR RY BIOLOMyiy cere eri eee Umi. of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Reading of papers commenced at 10:15 and continued until 12:05 p. m., when, after the appointment of a committee consisting of the Secretary, Prof. Landacre and Prof. Rice, to consider a re- vision of the Constitution and report at the next meeting, the Society adjourned to luncheon provided by the local committee. At 1:15 p. m. the Society listened to the address of the President on “The Origin of the Wings of Insects.” This was illustrated by an excellent series of lantern slides. At 2:15 p. m. the reading of papers commenced and con- tinued until 4:30 p. m. when a brief recess of ten minutes occurred. This was followed by Prof. Herrick’s paper, “On the Present Status of Comparative Psychology.” At 5:30 p. m. the Society adjourned to partake of a dinner served by the University. At 7:30 p. m. President Dabney of the University of Cincin- nati, delivered an address entitled, “Our Modern Universities.” This was followed by an informal reception in the parlors of the University. On Saturday the meeting was called to order at 9:10 a. m. Attention was called to the death of two members during the year, Prof. A. A. Wright of Oberlin, and Rev. F. D. Kelsey of Toledo. A resolution urging the necessity for a biological survey of the Panama Canal Zone before the cutting of the canal was unani- mously adopted and the secretary was instructed to transmit the resolution to the proper authorities at Washington. A committee, consisting of the retiring President, Prof. Her- bert Osborn; the incoming President, Prof. E. L. Rice; and the Secretary, was appointed for the purpose of bringing the matter of a State Natural History Survey before the next session of the General Assemmly. The Committee on Nomination of Officers, Prof. C. J. Herrick, Prof. W. C. Mills, and the Secretary, which had previously been elected by ballot, reported and the following were elected for the coming year: President — Dr. E. L. Rice, Delaware, Ohio. Vice-Presidents — Mr. Chas. Dury of Cincinnati, Ohio, and Professor Lynds Jones, of Oberlin, Ohio. Secretary — Dr. L. B. Walton, Gambier, Ohio. REPORT OF FIFTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING 327 Treasurer — Professor J. S. Hine, Columbus, Ohio. Librarian — Professor W. C. Mills. Columbus, Ohio. Executive Committee (ex-officio) — Dr. E. L. Rice, Delaware: Dr. L. B. Walton, Gambier; Professor J. S. Hine, Columbus (elective): Dr. M. F. Guyer, Cincinnati; Dr. L. G. Westgate, Delaware. Board of Trustees — Dr. G, B. Halsted (in place of retiring trustee). Publication Committee — John H. Schaffner. A committee was also appointed for the purpose of securing the co-operation of the libraries in the state to the end that scien- tific papers be rendered more available for members of the Society. This committee consisted of Prof. Mercer, Prof. Durrant, and Prof. Westgate. Invitations to the Society to meet at Columbus in November. 1906, were read from President W. O. Thompson, and from the Secretary of the Biological Club of the State University. No definite action was taken, the matter being left to the Executive Committee. After resolutions were passed expressing the appreciation of the Society for the courtesies extended by the people of Cincinnati, the faculty of the University of Cincinnati, and the officers of the Museum of Natural History, and, furthermore. thanking Mr. Emerson McMillin, of New York, for his continued interest in the welfare of the Academy, the Society adjourned. The following is the complete program of the meeting. Rorert F. Griccs — “Report on the Willows of Ohio ” J. H. Toop — “The Relation of Medicine to Anthropology.” Henry F. Kock — “Observations on Euglena viridis and Buglena sanguinea.’ E. W. Bercer — “Habits of the Pseudoscorpionide principally (Chel- anops oblongus Say) .” H. P. Fiscupacn — ‘Some Notes on a Myxobolus Oceuring in a Diseased Fish (Abramis chrysoleucas) .” H. J. Hirr1ig —‘A New Case of Mutation (Commelina nudiflora) .” F. Carney —“The Geology of Perry Township, Licking Co.,’”’ illus- trated by lantern slides. CHARLES Dury — “How to Collect and Breed Xenos.” L. B. Warron — “A New Species of Japyx (J. macgillvrayi) with some Notes on the Morphology of the Hexapoda and Chilopoda.” J. S. Hine — “Notes on sore Ohio Mammals.” W. A. Kerrerman -— “Corn Rust Cultures.” W. FF. Mercer — “The Relation of the Motor Nerve-Endings to the Voluntary Muscle in Amphibia.” J. H. Scnarrner — “The Reduction of the Chromosomes in Micro- sporocytes.” A. D. Core — “Optical Experiments with Electrie Radiation.” M. F. Guyer — “Guinea-chicken Hybrids.” L. G. WesteéaTe — “Glacial Erosion in the Finger Lakes Region, New York. L. B. Warton — “The Naidide of Cedar Point, Ohio.” Harris Hanpcock — “The Present State in the Development of the ElHptie Functions.” W. C. Mitts — “Mammalia of the Baum Village Site.” W. R. Lazenny — “Foreign Trees Naturalized in Ohio.” 328 OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE E. W. Berger — ‘Notes on the Fall Webworm (Hyphantria cuneda) in Ohio.” J. 8S. Hint — “Life-History Notes on Three Species of Mosquitoes.” A, M. Minter — “Recent Classification and Mapping of Lower Ordo- vician in Kentucky.” Illustrated by lantern slides. S. R. Witttams — “The Anatomy of Boophilus annulatus Say.” C. J. Herrick — “On the Present Status of Comparative Psychology.” W. A. KeLLeERMAN — “A Botanical Trip Through Gautemala.” — I]lus- trated with lantern slides. HERBERT Osporn — “Further Report on the Hemiptera of Ohio.” J. M. VANHooxk — “‘Ascochyta pisi, a Fungus Disease of Seed Peas.” Lynps Jones — “Additions to the Birds of Ohio.” W. A. KELLERMAN -— “Exhibition of Selected Gautemalan Plants.” J. H. Topp —“The Garden of the ‘litans — Its Geology.” CiHaAs, BRooKoverR — “The Prosencephalon of Amia calva.” KE. L. Moserey —‘“The Cause of Trembles in Cattle, Sheep and Horses, and of Milk-sickness in Man.” G. D. Hupparn — “Physiography and Geography.” W. C. Mitts — “Description of a Teepe Site, Baum Village Site.” C. BE, BALLARD — “A New Gregarine from the Grasshopper (Melonop- lus atlanis).” W. R. Lazenspy — “Habits of Introduced Weeds.” G. B. Hatstep — “An Application of Non-Euclidean Geometry.” W. F. Mercer — “Development of the Respiratory System in Amphi- bians.”’ GERARD FowkKE — ‘Superficial Geology between St. Louis and Cairo.” W. C. Mirirs — “Human Jaws as Ornaments.” L. B. Warton — “Some Laboratory Methods.” W. R. Lazensy — “Notes on the Germination of Seeds.” F. Carney — “Glacial Studies in the Vicinity of Newark.” A. F. Burcess — “A Preliminary Report on the Mosquitoes of Ohio.” W. A. KeLierMAN, H. H. York and H, A. Gieason — “Annual Re- port of the State Herbarium.” Lynps Jones —“A Contribution to the Life History of the Common Tern (Sterna hirundo).” Fr. O. GRroveR — “Notes on Some Ohio Spermatophytes.” W. B. Hermes — “Studies on Insects that Act as Scavengers of the Organie Beach Debris.” ALBERT WETZSTEIN — “A List of the Plants of Auglaize Co., O.” R. E. Brockerr — “Some Plants on the Campus and in the Vicinity of Rio Grande College.” Lumina C. RippLe — “Bembicidee of Ohio and Notes on Life History of Microbembex monodonta Say, and Bembex texana Cress.” C. F. Jackson — “A Key to the Families and Genera of Thrysanura with a Preliminary List of Ohio Species.” Jas. A. Nretson —“A Note on the Occurrence of Sex Organs in Aelosoma.” Josiua LiInpaAnt — “Barite in a New Form (Pisolitic) from a 1,400 Foot Boring for Oil at Saratoga, Texas.” Vicror SrerKkit— ‘Preliminary List of Land and Fresh Water Mol- lusea of Ohio.” Victor SterKI — ‘A Suggestion with Respect to Local Fauna Lists.” Victor STERKI— “Some General Notes on the Land and Fresh-water Mollusea.” On December 28th an informal meeting of the Academy was held in connection with the Allied Educational Societies at Colum- bus, Prof. Herbert Osborn acting as chairman, and Prof. J. H. REPORT OF FIFTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING 329 Schaffner as secretary in the absence ef the regular president and secretary. ‘lhe following program was given. Epwarp Orton, Jr. — “Report on the Reonomic Work of the Ohio Geological Survey.” CHARLES 5, PROSSER — “Status of Stratagraphical Work in Ohio.” C. E, SHERMAN — “Progress of the Topographical Survey of Ohio.” Miss 8. 8. Wirson — “Elementary Seience in the High School.” EK, P. DurRANT— “Amount, Time, «nv Purpose in View, in High ool Biology. Seas “Lecture and Demopstration in Light and Color.” G. B. WaALToNn, Secretary. Gambier, O., February 14, 1906 PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS SUGGESTIONS. Preliminary to the address proper which will be of a scien- tific nature, I desire to call attention to a few matters of concern to the Academy, matters which seem to me to be of importance in connection with its further growth and usefulness, and to offer a few suggestions. In ‘the fifteen years of the Academy’s existence it has accom- plished many laudable undertakings and has been the means of stimulating and furthering investigations in a number of different lines. Among the most important of its functions is the means it has given for co-operation and acquaintanceship among scientific workers of the state. Numerous papers on geology and the natural history of the state which have appeared from time to time in its publications are the tangible results of the efforts of its members. The use of the McMillin Research Fund has been, perhaps one of the most important influences in its work in recent years, and the amount of scientific investigations and the number of creditable papers which have been gee as a result of the encourage- ment derived from this fund is, it seems to me, a remarkable and creditable showing for the money used. Among the important contributions which may be found listed among the papers credited to this fund are, Studies of Preglacial Drainage in Ohio, The Fishes of Ohio, The Ecology of Big Spring Prairie, The Tabanidae of Ohio, An Annotated List of the Birds of Obi io, The Coccidae of Ohio, Reptiles and Batrachians of Ohio, and other studies are in an advanced stage of progress and reports of these will soon be fortheoming. When we consider that this has been the result of a contribution of $250 per annum through a series of eight years we may flatter ourselves and congratulate the donor as to the showing made. Another matter in which the Academy was influential was the establishment of the Topographical Survey which has be ae progressing steadily and which when completed will furnish a basis of knowledge for many other lines. Our pro- ceedings and special papers form a creditable series and are yearly erowing more valuable. In taking note of various lines of organized science in the state it will be an easy matter to see what lines are being most thoroughly pushed and where the Academy may best exert its efforts. The State Geological Survey is ably conducted and _ re- ceives such support from the state as to make steady progress in this important line of investigation... The Studies cf the Archeo- PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS 331 logy and History of the State, supported by the state in the Archeological and Historical Society are constantly increasing in value and justifying the expenditure of state funds which are appropriated for the purpose. In the State Board of Health much work of a scientific character is being accomplished and while bearing directly upon the public health at the same time contributes import fant additions to general science. Still other agencies accomplish excellent results. The scientific workers of the state are, I presume, all seriously hampered for the want of extensive library facilities and it seems that it would be desirable, if possible, to inaugurate some system of co-operation between the different scientific workers of the state and the libraries, especially the State Library, in order to better this condition. The librarians fortunately co-operate in publishing lists of periodicals which are available in each library so that for this particular feature we can hardly ask an improvement. The plan, however, might be extended to cover exchange and further purchase of scientific books of an expensive character or publica- tions of societies which are from their nature available in but few libraries and which from the fact that they are seldom in demand could readily be used at different institutions or by Jifferent workers with very little danger or inconvenience. The State Library has a few important serial publications, but I understand that its policy with reference to scientific publications has been to leave them for the State University, a policy which I hope may be modified, especially with reference to certain sets of journals which are practically inaccessible to all scientific workers of Ohio. The librarian has very cordially received a suggestion regarding some co-operation, and I feel assured that any resolution passed by th Academy would receive his cordial attention. The plan which strikes me as possible would be for the Society to appoint a committee of three, representing different in- stitutions, which might take the matter in hand, determining how far it would be possible to publish lists of serial journals available in the libraries of different institutions, including the State Library; to receive from members of the Academy suggestions as to publications that are especially desirable in their lines of work and to present lists of such as would be recommended to the State Library with the request that so far as possible such sets should be completed or provided for in the State Library. The arrange- ments by which books may be obtained from the State Library are already so admirable that probably no change would be neces- sary to make such journals accessible to all established scientific workers of the state. Another matter which seems to me to be of particular import- ance and which may properly claim the efforts of the Society is that of greater support for the investigations upon the natural 332 OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE history of the state. Information upon the plants and animals existing in the state is so evidently desirable that the arguments for it seem hardly necessary. It may be briefly mentioned, how- ever, that aside from the scientific questions as to distribution, abundance, increase, decrease, and extinction of species in the state all of which should be investigated before further changes occur, there is a great need of investigation in connection with various interests. They would form a sound foundation for the more exact teaching of science in our schools, a branch which is becoming more and more of fundamental importance in education. They have a very direct and important bearing upon the public health. Their service to the medical profession, represented by the Board of Health would no doubt be fully appreciated. The aquatic resources of the state, especially the fisheries interests, dependent upon the aquatic life of various forms would be enormously helped by an exhaustive study of the aquatic life of the different. rivers and lakes. While the Academy can through its individual members con- tribute considerably to the desired end, in such investigation the progress must of necessity be slow and there would seem to be every reason why investigations in this line as in Geology and Archeology should be directly supported by assistance from the state. Natural History Surveys are in progress in a number of different states and their results have proved of the utmost import- ance both as aids in education and as a foundation for economic applications. If the suggestion meets your approval it would seem to me well worth while to appoint a committee to take this matter into consideration and to suggest legislation to provide for such a survey. Another item which has occurred to me at different times is the representation of different branches of science in the Academy. The work during recent years has been very largely in the line of Geology and Natural History, a fact which is very easily accounted for on the basis of the local interest in these subjects, but it seems to me very desirable that the Academy have a strong representation in other branches as well and there are, I feel certain, many ques- tions which lie in other fields of science which might be studied with advantage in connection with this organization. The chem- ical problems connected with our water supply, coals, soils, ete., have certainly local interest and reports upon such problems would be particularly welcome in our meetings. The only suggestion in this connection I would offer now w ould be that our members as individuals exert their influence with their associates and friends in other branches of science, urge them to take part in our proceed- ings and in any way possible encourage their affilation with our Society. The valuable work done by the Cincinnati Society of Natural History is a good illustration of the usefulness of local PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS 333 societies. I wish we had such a society in each of the large cities of the state. But such societies come only from the self-sacrificing effort of some individual or group of individuals. They cannot be forced into activity at will. The topic to which I wish to ask vour attention and which I present as the annual address provided for at each annual meeting may be entitled: THE ORIGIN OF THE WINGS OF INSECTS. Insects were evidently the first of all animals to acquire the power of flight. Except, perhaps, the birds, they have remained to the present time the most successful aerial navigators and they present certainly the greatest variety of wing structure. They are the only creatures among the invertebrate groups that have suc- ceeded in developing the power of independent flight. From an economic point of view the wings of insects constitute a most important fact since it is bv this means that they are rapidly distributed from point to point and their destructive effects greatly enhanced. ‘To the systematist the wings are of the utmost importance since they furnish the basis of classification for all divisions of the class. They have been plastic structures easily molded by adaptation and changes both by elaboration and reduction are numerous. It becomes, therefore, a matter of special interest to inquire into the structure of these organs and to trace, if possible, the mode of their origin. While such a study may not add anything to the solution of the practical problem of aerial navigation for man it will certainly instruct us to learn what we can as to how a problem so difficult for man was solved by such apparently insignificant animals. Insects began to fly, that is, insects were provided with wings and we assume that they could fly, away back in the paleozoic age probably millions of years before any such locomotion was pos- sible to birds or even the more ancient flying reptiles. The most ancient of the fossil remains referred to as a winged insect are the Protocimex Silurica of the Ordovician of Sweden and next is a primitive orthopteran species formerly thought to be closely related to cockroach and called Paleoblattina douvallia taken from the middle Silurian.* It may seem to those unfamiliar with the methods of biology that inference as to the character of these forms from fragmentary fossils is of doubtful value yet so firm is our conviction as to’ the certainty of the association of certain types of structure that we build up around these little fragments, depicting the structure of an insect wing, though separ- _ *Dr. E. H. Sellards (Am. Jour. Sci. Vol. XVI. p. 524) states the doubt existing as to the accuracy of the reference of these fossils to insects. Later appearance of first winged insects does not, however, alter the sequence of habit and structure for which this paper argues. 334 OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE ated by immense gaps in geological time, all of the mechanism of a tracheated flying arthropod. That they were insects, that they had a tracheal respiration and that they were capable of flight must be accepted else we may as well call in question the w hole mass of knowledge based on fossil remains and which we so confidently accept as indubitable history of the forms of life which peopled the earth in past ages. So much for the antiquity of the organ which we have in dis- cussion and we may perhaps give pause for a moment to think how long since and by what lowly creatures was the problem of aerial navigation solved, a problem so attractive yet so elusive to the powers of man. How then was the problem solved, what were the factors conspiring to provide for flight ? It is hardly necessary to remark that the wing of an insect is a totally different structure from the wing of a bird. The most superficial observation as well as the most elementary knowledge of anatomy is sufficient for this. Their minute structure and the process of their growth are, however, less familiar and in order to secure a firm foundation for the discussion of the mode of origin we must show something of this fundamental structure and its agreement in different kinds of insects —a bit of dry anatomy, a skeleton on which we may hang our threads of theory. The insect wing is fundamentally a sack the membranous walls of which are supported by a series of stiff rodliike “nerves” or “veins”. mea mene > SE AT NT Se er Address, W. C. MILLS, s ‘Librarian , OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE Seliger! Page Hall, Ohio State University. — ; COLUMBUS, OHIO” cue Academy of tate Volume IV, Part 8 “SPECIAL PAPERS, No. 12 liminary Catalogue = 3 ~ Ae 2 OFTHE’ Fresh-water SS : ‘BY THE ACADEMY IMBUS,OHIO) | PROCEEDINGS OF WHE Ohio State Academy of Science Volume IV, Part 8 SPECIAL PAPERS, No. 12 A Preliminary Catalogue Of THE: Land and F resh-water Mollusca of Ohio BY V SEER KI LIBRARY NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN. PUBLICATION COMMITTEE : JOHN H. SCHAFFNER Ble RICE J. C. HAMBLETON Date of publication, April 10, 1907 PUBLISHED BY THE ACADEMY COLUMBUS, OHIO NOTE. The expense of publication of this catalogue is covered by a grant from the Emerson McMillin Research Fund, and a small grant was also made previously to assist the author in meeting necessary expenses incurred on a number of collecting trips. WILLIAM R. LAZENBY, Ci ji. HERRICK; GCG BakltarsTre Dp; Trustees. JUN 7 = 1907 INTRODUCTION The following catalogue of Ohio Mollusca, an abstract of my hand list, is published at the request of conchologists, and of members of the Ohio Academy. As indicated by the title, it is a preliminary one, imperfect, and not complete either as to the species and forms occurring in the state or as to their distri- bution. It is based partly on earlier lists, especially those of the wmeniiy of Cmcmnat, by Shaffer, Byrnes, ““O. G, B.” Harper and Wetherby, and partly on recent collecting in several counties by other conchologists, and my own collecting of over twenty years, in various parts of the State. The only vicinities worked up fairly well, and of which approximately complete lists have ’ been published, are those of Cincinnati, a classical collecting ground for nearly a century, and New Philadelphia, Tuscarawas County. Much careful collecting has been done also in the vicinity of Columbus, since the forties of the last century, by Moores, Higgins, Surface and others, but only a very incomplete catalogue of the land mollusca has been published. The late Geo. W. Dean and his friend, Geo. J. Streator (now in California), have collected principally in Portage County, A. Pettingell in Summit Co., John A. Allen in the vicinity of Cleveland and on the lake islands, and E. L. Mosely at Sandusky. It is expected that more students of nature, in all parts of the state, will direct their attention to, and collect our land and fresh-water mollusca, recent as well as fossil, wherever such can be found. Very much work is yet to be done, and these animals are of great interest, especially with respect to zoogeography. Then the time will come when it 1s possible to work up a more complete and elaborate ‘‘fauna’”’ of the state, with more data on the distribution over the main drainages, and the various kinds of soil and surface formation, with tables, charts, etc. Also closer comparison with the faunas of neighboring states will then be in place. Earlier work and earlier lists will be reviewed, and literature cited. During recent years, mollusk lists have been published of the States of New York, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois and Wiscon- sin, and local lists of Pennsylvania. None of them pretends to be complete; yet, with Ohio added, they facilitate a fair con- ception of the fauna of this part of the continent. Ohio, being in the Interior Region of the Eastern Sub- province (W. G. Binney) of the Nearctic Province, has that characteristic fauna, in a general way. Yet there are some 367 LIBR NEW BOTAD GARI 368 OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. features of special interest. The northern part of the state is in the drainage of the upper St. Lawrence River, which has fresh- water forms of the Atlantic Sub-province mixed with some of the Mississippi drainage. Also there are a number of boreal and circumboreal species. The Northeast, the so-called Appa- lachian Corner, seems to be inhabited by some specifically Appalachian snails also, e. g. Gastrodonta lasmodon and collisella, Hyalina lamellidens and an unidentified Hyalina; and more may be found. The southern part of the state has some southern, forms, outside of the Strepomatide and Unionide of the Ohio River, such as Gastrodonta gularis, Omphalina levigata and friabilis, Polygyra appressa, obstricta and stenotrema, and prob- ably others. Western species extending as far eastward as Ohio, are Zonitoides leviusculus, Vallonia parvula, Bifidaria holzingert. The distribution of all of these species, and even- tually others, should be ascertained more exactly. But it must be understood that our mollusca are rapidly and considerably decreasing in numbers, by deforestation and cultivation of the land, draining of lakes, ponds and swamps, and consequent disappearance of springs, brooks and smaller creeks, or their being dry during a large part of the year, result- ing in the disappearance of mollusca. In the rivers and larger creeks, the water comes to its lowest stages, with sudden floods rapidly receding. Shade, as a protection from insolation, is taken off by cutting down the trees on the banks of water courses. The canals, which were great routes for mollusca, are more and more neglected, and partly abandoned. To this comes the contamination of waters by city sewage and factory refuse, and already a number of rivers are barren of life or rapidly approaching that stage. These factors certainly affect all groups of fresh water animals, not only the mollusca. And of late years, the Unionide are destroyed in wholesale slaughter, by the shell and pearl hunters. Thus, not only the number of individuals is rapidly reduced, but many species are threatened with extinction over large tracts of the territory. Therefore it is imperative that we take a careful inventory of our fauna as rapidly as possible. To the main catalogue of recent mollusca are added a few supplements: a list of species not or little known up to recent years, mistaken for or mixed up with others; a list of species not yet known to occur in the state, but probably to be found; lists of fossils collected. With respect to the general catalogue, a few remarks may be in place. Of common, and widely distributed species, of which Ohio is within the area of general distribution, it was thought MOLLUSCA OF OHIO. : 369 unnecessary to cite numerous localities, except of such as are comparatively little known. ‘Over the state’’ seemed sufficient, even if such a species has actually been seen from few places. I am well aware of the fact that some widely distributed, and even generally common species, may be absent over stretches of many miles, or in whole river systems,—if not simply overlooked. To ascertain and register such gaps of distribution*, and also their causes, may be possible when the whole territory is worked up better than it is at the present time. On the other hand, it seemed to be in place to add some notes on such species and forms which are of special interest with respect to either their systematic position, variation or distribution, things which constitute the characteristic features of a local or state fauna. The list was intended to contain the species and varieties known to occur in Ohio, and recognized as such, seen by myself or cited on good authority. There are, however, a few excep- tions, much to my regret. I am not familiar with many of the Pleurocera and Gontobasis, and also with some Anodonta of the St. Lawrence drainage. More material from all over the state, and special study, will be necessary in order to ascertain which of them represent valid species, varieties or local forms, and their distribution. As varieties, I regard only such forms which, although connected with the typical, somewhere, by intermediate spec- imens (otherwise they would represent distinct species), main- tain their characteristic features over a larger or smaller territory ; in short, propagate as such. Individual variations, such as albinos}, reversed (usually sinistrorse) specimens, and _ shells with imperfectly or abnormally formed apertures, as occasionally found with the normal forms, cannot be regarded as varieties, in the accepted sense of the term. In regard to classification and nomenclature, I have fol- lowed, for the most part, our leading conchologists, in some instances contrary to my own views. A faunal list is not the place for controversies on these topics. Where yet dissenting, I believe to have good reasons, e. g., in adhering to Hyalina instead of Vitrea, Patula instead of Pyramidula. Pisidium versus Corneocyclas has been vindicated by higher authority than myself. For recognizing Proptera as a genus, I have given * As an example of this kind, the fact may be cited that none of the four species of Proptera has been found in the Tuscarawas River (with its thirty-six species of Unionide, and possibly more), while at least two or three of them are widely distributed over the state. + Such are found especially of many species of Polygyra and Patula; but I know of no instance where any of them are constant and conse- quently constitute varieties. 370 OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. sufficient reasons, and more might be cited. The reasons for my arrangement of the Unionide are stated elsewhere. As to the terms NEPHROPNEUSTA and BRANCHIOPNEUSTA: Von Ihering has found that the pulmonal cavity of the former has developed in connection with the nephridium, and they are related with the Nudibranchiata, that of the latter from the branchial cavity of the Tectibranchiata. Consequently, Stylommatophora and Basommatophora cannot be ranged, collectively, under one group, Pulmonata, as in contrast to the Prosobranchiata. Synonyms are added where it seemed necessary or advisable with respect to earlier lists and books to be consulted. Species introduced from other continents, are not an integral part of the Nearctic fauna, however interesting they may be, in several respects, and in order to mark this, their names are printed in different type (capitals). Certainly they swell the number of species recorded, but the number in itself is not of principal importance. It has been said that species and forms not identified, or of which descriptions have not yet been pub- lished, should not be included in faunal lists. In my opinion, they must be there, being parts of that fauna, and their syste- matic position and characteristic features should be pointed out. A few words may be in place with respect to the mollusca of Lake Erie Almost all Unionide (I have seen about thirty species, and there are probably more), are represented by forms more or less different from those of the rivers, generally being smaller, of different shapes, and often colors. Some of them have been described as species, e. g., Unto rosaceus De Kay, lerber Lea, hippopeus Lea; in fact they are varieties, lake forms, of Lamp- silis luteola, Obovaria circulus, Quadrula plicata, respectively. Corresponding forms of other species might, or should, be named and described. Of Spheriide and Gastropoda, a few lake forms are also known, and more will be found. All mollusca of the lake should be systematically collected, and compared with the inland forms as well as with those of the other great lakes. It has been suggested that keys for identification be added. I am sorry to say that this could not be done. Simpson states that it is impossible for the Unionide. After repeated attempts to work up keys for the Spherudz, I had to give it up, mainly on account of the almost endless variation of a large part of our species. For most of the Prosobranchiata, it would be equally impossible. For identifying the ‘“‘land mollusca’”’ of Ohio, keys have been published by the Academy*. A few species were added since, but they do not materially affect the keys. * In the fifth annual report, 1896, (by the writer); I have a number of copies, with additions, on hand, for distribution. MOLLUSCA OF OHIO. 371 For identification and registration, specimens may be sent to me, and IJ am also willing to give directions for collecting and preparing such. To several conchologists, I am under obligation for much valuable information, especially to Mr. Bryant Walker, of Detroit, Michigan. As it is customary to give the numbers of species listed, the same is done here. The numbers are only approximately cor- rect, e. g., the species of Pleurocera and Gomtobasis may be reduced, those of the Spheriide will be added to. NEARCTIC INTRODUCED TOTALS Nephropneusta....... 92 5 Berri Branchiopneusta...-. .. 47 | 47 Prosobranchiata...... tt i | 45 Gastropoda....... —182 | —189 \ Gah (GsakiGl ea ae eS ae 83 | 83 Beveridae.. jose. cess 39 | | 39 Pelecypoda........ es 122 Motal Strada. 305 6 | oll MARKS AND ABBREVIATIONS: A + (dagger) in front of a name, means: recent addition over earlier lists (except mine, of Tuscarawas Co., 1894 and 1900). An X after a name: should be looked for especially. An ! after a locality: |] have seen and verified, or identified specimens, t= teste. A personal name in parenthesis after a locality, is that of the collector, or sponsor. “Pal.” after a name: the species is also distributed over the Palearctic province. New Philadelphia, O., January, 1907. Catalogue of Recent Mollusca. GASTROPODA. NEPHROPNEUSTA. ZONITIDA, Gastrodonta gularis (Say, Helix). x Cited by several conchologists; I have seen no specimens from Ohio. +Gastrodonta collisella Pilsbry. New Philadelphia (St., one specimen of the same form as from eastern Tennessee. Gastrodonta suppressa (Say, Helix). Cincinnati; Portage and Tuscarawas Counties (St.) ; probably over most of the state. 7Gastrodonta lasmodon (Phillips, Helix). x Rootstown, Portage Co. (St.). Gastrodonta demissa (Binney, Helix.) ‘““Ohio’”’ (Wetherby). Gastrodonta ligera (Say, Helix). Over the state, common. Gastrodonta intertexta (Binney, Helix). Over the state, not as common as the preceding. Gastrodonta interna (Say, Helix). Columbus, Cincinnatt. Zonitoides nitidus (Muller, Helix). Pate Over the state, at wet and damp localities. Zonitoides arboreus (Say, Helix). Over the state, common everywhere; colorless, or greenish, specimens are occasionally found. Zonitoides limatulus (Ward, Helix). Columbus; Cincinnati; (not e. g. in Tuscarawas Co.). Zonitoides minusculus (Binney, Helix). Over the state, common. A reversed (sinistrorse) specimen was found near New Philadelphia (St.). 7Zonitoides leviusculus (Sterki, Hyalina). x Troy! (Shepherd) ; Tuscarawas Co. (St.). Zonitoides exiguus (Stimpson, Helix). Over the state. Zonitoides milium (Morse, Helix). Over the state. 73 Os 374 OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. Omphalina friabilis (W. G. Binney, Helix). x Cincinnatt. Omphalina levigata (Pfeifier, Helix). Cincinnati. Omphalina fuliginosa (Griffith, Helix). Over the state. Omphalina inornata (Say, Helix). Cincinnati; Columbus; Portage Co.! (Streator); Cuyahoga Co.! (Allen); Akron (Walker) ; probably over most parts the of state, but e. g. not found in Tuscarawas Co. Omphalina subplana (Binney, Helix), cited from Cincinnati (O. G. B.), has not been found by other conchologists. tHYALINA [VITREA] DRAPARNALDI (Beck, Helix). Nursery east of Painesville (St.). Introduced from Europe. HYALINA CELLARIA (Muller, Helix). Greenhouse at Kent, Portage Co.! (Dean). Introduced from Europe. tHYALINA ALLIARIA (Miller, Helix). Greenhouse at Painesville (St.). Introduced from Europe. Hyalina wheatleyi (Bland, Zonites). Portage Co.! (Streator); Cuyahoga Co.! (Allen); Tuscarawas Co. (St.); probably over the state. Hyalina radiatula (Alder, Helix), hammonis Strom? electrina Gould. Pal. Over the state, common; colorless specimens are found occasionally. Hyalina binneyana Morse. Cincinnati; Midvale, Tuscarawas Co. (St.). fHyalina—sp. x Midvale, Tuscarawas Co. (St.).[Umbilicate, spire flat, almost concave, radial striz very fine, regular and crowded; the same has been seen from the southern Appalachians]. Hyalina indentata (Say, Helix). Over the state. {Hyalina ferrea (Morse, Striatura). Portage Co.! (Streator); Summit Co.! (Petingell); Tus- carawas Co. (St.). Hyalina multidentata (Binney, Helix). Cincinnati; Portage Co.! (Streator); Summit Co.! (Pet- tingell); Tuscarawas Co. (St.); probably all over the state. {tHyalina lamellidens Pilsbry. Garrettsville, Portage Co., t. Pilsbry. Euconulus fulvus (Miller, Helix). Pal. Over the state, common. (Je) ~] Or MOLLUSCA OF OHIO. yEuconulus chersinus (Say, Helix). Over the state, common; in some sections more common than fulvus, e. g. in Tuscarawas Co. In earlier descrip- tive works, and lists, these two species were understood as one, under one name or the other. tEuconulus sterkii (Dall., Hyalina). x Summit Co.! (Pettingell) ; Tuscarawas Co., where the types were collected (St.). Probably over the state, but overlooked for its small size, like some other minute mollusca. LIMACIDA. *LIMAX MAXIMUS Linné. Cincinnati (Lindahl); Wooster, Agricultural Station! (Web- ster); Nursery east of Painesville (St.). Introduced from Europe. LIMAX FLAVUS Linné, introduced from Europe; probably in greenhouses and nurseries; I have seen no specimens. AGRIOLIMAX AGRESTIS (Linné, Limax). Cincinnati; I have found it at Cleveland, Garrettsville, Ravenna, Navarre, Tiffin, Defiance. Introduced from Europe.* Agriolimax campestris (Binney, Limax). Over the state, common everywhere. A bluish gray form, or eventually a variety (plumbeus) was found at Scio, Harrison Co. (St.), adult and young specimens, side by side with the ty eel brownish form, in striking con- trast. [Mr. Geo. H. Clapp has found the same at Pittsburg, Pa.] CIRCINARIIDA:. Circinaria concava (Say, Helix), Selenites, Macrocylis concava. Over the state, common. Appears to be absent from Put- in Bay, t. Allen. HELICIDA—POLYGYRINA. Polygyra profunda (Say, Helix), Mesodon projunda. Over the state. Albino specimens (without reddish bands) are occasionally found. Polygyra sayana Pilsbry, Helix diodonta Say, sayi Binney. Cincinnati (Shaffer). Polygyra multilineata (Say, Helix). Over the state, especially in river bottoms, swamps, etc. Decidedly variable, with respect to size, shape and color. Specimens without red bands (form alba), and reddish all over (form rubra) are occasionally found. *Some conchologists, however, believe it to be native of North America, being so widely distributed. 376 OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. Polygyra albolabris (Say, Helix). Over the state, common and variable. On the lake islands (Put-in Bay, Kelley’s) Allen found a reddish form, constant, in the marshy lowlands; minor Sterki, form or var., at New Philadelphia (St.). Polygyra zaleta (Binney, Helix), exoleta. Columbus; Cincinnati; Medina and Defiance Counties (St.); Put-in Bay and Kelley’s Islands, uplands (Allen); probably over most of the state, yet wanting over wide stretches, e. g. not found in Tuscarawas Co. Polygyra thyroides (Say, Helix). Over the state, common in most parts. Polygyra clausa (Say, Helix). Cincinnati; Columbus;. Lorain Co., cited as rare, by Dr. Hubbard, in litt., 1858. =o Wags Polygyra mitchelliana (Lea, Helix). 1 Bi? Cincinnati; Columbus; Portage Co. (Dean, Streator); Harrison and Tuscarawas Counties (St.); Defiance (St.) Polygyra pennsylvanica (Green, Helix). Cincinnati; Columbus; Cuyahoga Co. (Allen); Tuscarawas Co. (St.); probably over the state. Polygyra elevata (Say, Helix). Cincinnati; Columbus; Defiance (St.); probably over at least the southern and western parts of the state. Polygyra dentifera (Say, Helix). x Cimcmnati (Byrnes); “Obio,” t W..G. Binney. Polygyra appressa (Say, Helix). Cincinnati. Polygyra obstricta (Say, Helix). Cited from the state (W. G. Bmney); 1] have’ seenens specimens. Polygyra palliata (Say, Helix). Over the state; albinos are found occasionally. Polygyra inflecta (Say, Helix). Over the state. Polygyra fraudulenta Pilsbry, Helix, Triodopsis fallax auctt. Over the state, common. Polygyra tridentata (Say, Helix). Over the state, common and variable. Specimens ,from various places have the peristome without teeth, or with mere traces of such, but do not constitute a variety. Polygyra tridentata discoidea Pilsbry. Cincinnati. Polygra stenotrema (Say, Helix.). Cincinnati. OO ~] =~] MOLLUSCA OF OHIO. Polygyra hirsuta (Say, Helix.). Over the state, common. Albinos are not infrequent. Polygyra fraterna (Say, Helix). - Over the state, common, albinos are occasionally found. This is what has been taken for monodon Rackett, plus var. jraterna in earlier descriptions and lists. Peed monodon (Rackett, Helix), /eat Ward. Cincinnati; Columbus; lake islands! (Allen); Defiance (St.). Not found e. g. in Tuscarawas Co, This is the. Helix leat, or monodon var. leat of descriptive works and lists. At least in Ohio, the two species appear to be distinct, and have always been so regarded by the Cincinnati and Columbus conchologists; at Defiance, I have found the two side by side, without any intermediate spec- imens. PHILOMYCIDA. Philomycus caroliniensis (Bosc, Limax), Tebennophorus caro- liniensis G. W. Binney. Over the state, common, but becoming rare in many sec- tions. Variable, and its color variations are said to indicate varieties and even distinct species, by some conchologists. These slugs should be carefully collected and studied. tPhilomycus sp.—pennsylvanicus Pilsbry? x Near Chippewa Lake (St.). Decidedly distinct from the two other species. About 30 mill. long, slender, light col- ored, the sole tinged with blood-red; the jaw has a number of somewhat rib-like, irregular ridges. The animal is as active as a Limax. {Philomycus dorsalis Binney, Pallijera dorsalis Morse. Tuscarawas and:Defiance Counties (St.); probably over the state, but overlooked. (It is in none of the Cincinnati catalogues. ) ENDODONTID&. Patula [Pyramidula] solitaria (Say, Helix). Over the state, less common than the following. Patula alternata (Say, Helix). Over the state, common, at some places abundant. Albinos are found occasionally, also reversed age specimens, ¢. g. at New Philadelphia (St.) Patula perspectiva (Say, Helix.) -Over the state, common, preferably in the forests, on and in decaying wood. Albinos are found occasionally. Patula striatella (Anthony, Helix). Over the state, common, preferably in the open. 318 OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. Helicodiscus parallelus (Say, Planorbis), H. lineata Say. Over the state, common. Punctum pygmeum (Draparnaud, Helix), minutissima Lea. Pal. Over the state, common. Sphyradium edentulum (Daparnaud, Pupa), Pupa simplex Gould. Pal. Cincinnati; Husdon, Summit Co.! (Pettingell) ; Tuscarawas Co. (St.); probably over the state. Listed as Pupa, Vertigo and /sthmia edentula, but does not range under the Pupide (as swown by the writer). VALLONIIDA. Vallonia pulchella (Muller, Helix). Pal. Over the state, common, somewhat variable. 7Vallonia excentrica Sterki. Pat Lake, Tuscarawas, Guernsey, Hamilton and Defiance Coun- ties (St.); East Cleveland!, in lawns, by tens of thous- ands (Allen.); probably over the state. This seems to be one of the few species which have rather increased in numbers, in consequence of deforestation and cultiva- tion of the land. Vallonia costata (Muller, Helix). Pal. Over the state. It has been hsted as pulchella var. costata, but is quite distinct; the ribs are not the only distin- guishing feature, but also the shape of the whorls and of the aperture. 7Vallonia parvula Sterki. x Sandusky (St.); Put-in Bay! (Allen), Walker. FAM, -——.* Strobilops labyrinthica (Say Helix), Strobila labyrinthica. Over the state, preferably at damp places. TStrobilops affinis Pilsbry. Summit Co.; probably over the state. {Strobilops virgo (Pilsbry, Strobila labyrinthica virgo). X New Philadelphia (St.); seems to prefer elevated and dry places. PUPIDZ. Pupoides marginata (Say, Odostomia, Pupa), Pupa fallax of authors. Over the state. Bifidaria procera (Gould, Pupa). Cincinnati; Columbus; Hamilton (St.); probably over most of the state, but e. g. not found in Tuscarawas Co. Listed as ‘“‘Pupa rupicola’’ Say, for which (southern species) it has been mistaken. *Some years ago, I ranged Strobilops under the Pupidz, but believe that it was a mistake. MOLLUSCA OF OHIO. 379 Bifidaria armifera (Say, Pupa). Over the state, common; oftener found at dry places than any other species. Bifidaria contracta (Say, Pupa). Over the state, common. {Bifidaria holzingeri (Sterki, Pupa). Cincinnati! (Billups); Troy! (Shepherd); Put-in Bay! (Walker); Kelley’s Island! (Allen). Bifidaria pentodon (Say, Vertigo), Pupa curvidens Gould, sPupa cincinnatiensis Judge. Over the state, common and variable. This species has been mistaken for and mixed up with B. tappanzana (‘‘ pent- odon’’), later known as curvidens Gould, recently changed to pentodon, by Vanatta and Pilsbry. Bifidaria pentodon gracilis Sterki. New Philadelphia (St.). This form is widely distributed outside of Ohio, e. g.in Alabama, and has been regarded as a species by some conchologists. Bifidaria tappaniana (Adams, Pupa). Over the state, common. The form curta Sterki at wet places. This has been known as Pupa and Bifidaria pentodon Say; the name was recently changed to the above, by Vanatta and Pilsbry. Bifidaria corticaria (Say, Odostomia, Pupa). Over the state. Pupa (Pupilla) muscorum Miller (nec Linné). x Cited from Ohio (and no doubt to be found, being known from New York, Michigan and Illinois). Vertigo milium (Gould, Pupa). Over the state. Vertigo morsei Sterki. Castalia, Erie Co. (St.), and probably over the north-western part of the state, being known from north-east Indiana, and Michigan. Vertigo ovata Say. Over the state, common and rather variable. Vertigo ventricosa (Morse, Isthmia). Over the state. {Vertigo ventricosa elatior Sterki. Summit Co.! (Pettingell); Stark and Tuscarawas Counties (St.). Probably over the state. (Has rather the sig- nificance of a species.) ({)-Vertigo pygmza (Draparnaud, Pupa), callosa Sterki. * Pal. Columbus! (Hy. Moores a. os.). The most western station known. Rather different from European and North American pygm@a seen, and probably a variety, (but 380 OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. the name, callosa, being preoccupied, would have to be changed). Vertigo decora (Gould, Pupa). Columbus, cited by Surface. The place seems to be outside of the range of its distri- bution, and probably pygm@a was mistaken for it, which I received, as “‘modesta,”’ fromthelate Hy. Moores. {Vertigo tridentata Wolf. Summit Co.! (Pettingell); Cincinnati! (Billups); Troy! (Shepherd); Tuscarawas Co., Columbus, Hamilton . (St.). Probably all over the state. {Vertigo parvula Sterki. Summit Co.! (Pettingell). Vertigo gouldii (Binney, Pupa). Summit Co.! (Pettingell); Portage and Tuscarawas Co.s (St.). Probably over the state. COCHLICOPID Cionella lubrica (Miller, Helix), Cochlicopa lubrica, Ferussacia subcylindrica auctt, not Linné. Over the state. SUCCINEID&. Succinea ovalis Say, obliqua Say. Cincinnati; Medina and Tuscarawas Counties. (rare, St.). Succinea retusa Lea, ovalis Gould. Over the state, common and variable. Succinea retusa higginsi-Bland. Sandusky; Put-in Bay; South Bass Id. (Walker). Seems to be a form of retusa. Succinea aurea Lea. : Cincinnati. The Cincinnati conchologists have regarded it as a distinct species; others regard it as a form, or variety of retusa. Not being familiar with it, I am unable to judge on its merits. Succinea avara Say. Over the state, common everywhere. Succinea avara vermeta Say. Tuscarawas Co. (St.). It seems that this form is not simply an incidental form of avara, being absent at many places where that sp. is common, but more or less prevalent, or common at some stations, and consequently a variety. MOLLUSCA OF OHIO. 381 BRANCHIOPNEUSTA. AURICULIDA. Carychium exiguum (Say, Pupa). Over the state, common and variable. {Carychium exile H. C. Lea. Over the state; seems to be more on elevated and dry places than exiguum, although the two are found associated. PHYSID#. Physa ancillaria Say. Summit Co. {Physa ancillaria magnalacustris Walker. Lake Erie (St.,), t. Walker. Physa sayi Tappan. Meyer’s Lake, Canton (St.); ‘“Pippin Lake, Portage Co.,”’ from where the species was originally described. Physa heterostropha Say. Cincinnati; Cleveland (Allen); Tuscarawas Co.(St.); prob- ably over the state. Physa gyrina Say. Over the state, common and very variable. Physa gyrina elliptica Lea. Tuscarawas and Medina Counties (St.). Physa gyrina hildrethiana Lea. La Grange, Lorain Co. (Walker). Physa integra Say. Over the state, preferably in rivers and creeks. Physa anatina Lea. Tuscarawas river, and Nimishillen Creek, at Canton (St., t. Walker). May be a variety of integra. {Physa aplectoides Sterki. x Portage Co.! (Streator); Tuscarawas Co. (St.). Very small and slender; distinct, t. Walker. Aplexa hypnorum (Linneé, Bulla). Over the state; at some places out of water, on damp ground, e. g. Tuscarawas Co. (St.). LYMNAZ ID. Lymnea stagnalis Linné. Pal. Kent, Portage Co. (Dean). jLymnza megasoma Say. X Mahoning River at Alliance (St.) Lymnea palustris Miller, elodes Say. Pal. Over the state. 382 OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. Lymnea reflexa Say. Cincinnati; Lockland, Hamilton Co.; Sandusky; La Grange, Lorain Co. (Walker); Cleveland (Allen); Garrettsville. Lymnea reflexa kirtlandiana Lea, extlis Lea? Cincinnati; Cuyahoga Co.! (Allen); pond near Congress Lake (Walker); Poland (Walker); Tuscarawas Co. (St.). Regarded as distinct by some conchologists. Lymnea columella Say. Over the state, common. Lymnea columella chalybea Gould. Kent, Portage Co. (Walker). Lymneza catascopium Say. Cincinnati; Lake Erie. Lymnea desidiosa Say, obrussa Say, t. Baker. Over the state, common and very variable. +Lymnza desidiosa modicella Say. Summit, Stark and Tuscarawas Counties (St.); Hiram, Portage Co. (Streater, Walker); Circleville (Walker). Probably over the state. Lymnea humilis Say. Over the state, common and variable; often out of water, on damp ground. Probably this Lymneza was found, common, on flower pots, in a greenhouse at Painesville (St.). Lymneza humilis var , t. Baker (unnamed). New Philadelphia (St.), with strongly malleate surface and open umbilicus. *Lymnea sterkii Baker Near Dover, Cuyahoga Co. (St.). {Lymnea parva Lea. Summit, Tuscarawas, Franklin, Butler, Auglaize and Defiance Counties (St.). Probably all over the state, but overlooked until recently. Lymnea caperta Say. Cuyahoga Co.! (Allen); Elyria (Walker); common in Portage, Summit and Stark Counties, rare in Tusca- rawas Co. (St.). It is listed in none of the Cincinnati catalogues. Lymnea haldemani Deshayes, gracilis Jay. X Sandusky Bay (Walker); cited from Congress Lake, Planorbis glabratus Say. Cincinnati (Harper and Wetherby). Planorbis trivolvis Say. Over the state, common and variable. A specimen of 26 mill. diam. was found in the Nimishillen Creek, at Canton (St.). MOLLUSCA OF OHIO, 383 Planorbis trivolvis lentus Say. Cincinanti; Columbus (Walker). Planorbis campanulatus Say. Summit, Stark and Tuscarawas Counties (St.). Planorbis bicarinatus Say. Over the state, common. Planorbis dilatatus Gould. Over the state. {Planorbis dilatatus buchanensis Lea (t. Walker). New Philadelphia (St.). {Planorbis opercularis multilineatus Vanatta, opercularis orego- nensis Vanatta. X Geauga Lake, east of Cleveland (Allen, t. Vanatta). Planorbis excacuous Say, exacutus. Over the state. tPlanorbis rubellus Sterki, exacutus var. rubellus. Portage Co.! (Streator); Summit, Stark and Tuscarawas Counties (St.). 7Planorbis umbilicatellus Cockerell. Summit and Tuscarawas Counties (St.). Planorbis deflectus Say. Garretssville, Portage Co. (Streator, t. Walker) ; Tuscarawas Co. (St.). This needs careful revision, since specimens of several other species have been identified as deflectus. Planorbis albus Muller, dirsutus Gould. Pal. Stark and Tuscarawas Counties (St.); probably over the state. Planorbis parvus Say. Over the state, common and variable. {Planorbis circumlineatus Tryon. Summit and Tuscarawas Counties (St.). Some conchologists regard it as a variety of parvus; so far as my materials show, 1t appears to be distinct; at any rate not simply a synonym of parvus. Segmentina armigera (Say, Planorbis). Over the state, common, preferably in quiet water. ANCYLIDA:. Ancylus diaphanus Haldeman. Cincinnati; Tuscarawas Co. (St.). Ancylus fuscus Adams. Cincinnati; Tuscarawas Co. (St.). tAncylus Kirklandi Walker. Summit Co. (Walker); Tuscarawas Co., e. g. common in the Tuscarawas River (St.). Ancylus parallellus Haldeman. Ohio Canal at Navarre, Stark Co. (St.). 384 OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. Ancylus tardus Say. Cincinnati; Tuscarawas Co. (St.). Probably over the state. Ancylus rivularis Say. Cincinnati; Cuyahoga River (Allen); Tuscarawas Co. (St.). tAncylus sterkii Walker, MS. Tuscarawas River, common; Maumee River (St.). [Shell rather small, slender, with the apex decidedly posterior, near the right margin, and markedly oblique. ] Ancylus shimeki Pilsbry. Tuscarawas Co: (t,): tAncylus pumilus Sterki. Tuscarawas River (types), Miami Canal at Hamilton (St.). {+Gundlachia —-_—-’ meekiana Stimpson. Pools near New Philadelphia (St.). Thornburg, Cuyahoga Co., on Nuphar leaves in a slough on the Cuyahoga River (Allen), may be of another species. *Gundlachia ? sp. X Tuscarawas Rixer at New Philadelphia (St.). [The same has been seen from Indiana; very small, 2 mill. long, and of a shape quite different from other Gundalchia; may represent a distinct genus. ] PROSOBRANCHIATA. HELICINIDA. Helicina occulta (Say, Helix), has been cited, but I have seen no specimens. VIVIPARIDA. Campeloma ponderosum (Say, Paludina). Ohio River. Campeloma subsolidum (Anthony, Paludina.) ‘“Ohio, northern part;’’ Ohio Canal near Cleveland (Allen). Campeloma integrum (Say, Paludina). Over the state, common. Regarded as a variety of decisum, by some conchologists. Campeloma integrum obesum Lewis. Cincinnati; Miami Canal at Middletown, Ohio Canal at Columbus; Hudson, Summit Co. (Walker). Campeloma decisum (Say, Lymnza, Paludina). Lake Erie and tributaries; Mahoning River, Miami River, Miami Canal (Walker). Campeloma decisum fecundum Lewis. Ohio Canal at Columbus, Miami Canal at Cincinnati(Walker) MOLLUSCA OF OHIO. 385 Campeloma rufum | (Haldeman, Paludina). Canal at Columbus (Call); Summit and Tuscarawas Coun- ties (St.). Sandusky River (St.). Possibly not distinct from integrum. Lioplax subcarinatus (Say, Paludina). Ohio River; Lake Erie,—tributaries? STREPOMATID& (Pleuroceride). Pleurocera canaliculatum (Say, Melania). Ohio River; Tuscarawas River, rare (St.). Pleurocera elevatum (Say, Mel ania). Ohio,” Pleurocera undulatum (Say, Melania), = monilijerum Lea? Ohio River. Pleurocera neglectum, Anthony. Ohio River at Cincinnati; Great Miami River, Ohio Canal at Circleville (Walker) Pleurocera labiatum Lea (= var. of neglectum?). Cincinnati; Scioto River. Pleurocera conicum (Say, Melania). Cincinnati. Pleurocera subulare (Lea, Melania). Lake Erie, common. Other psecies listed from Ohio: Pleurocera eli pticum Anthony. Pleurocera pallidum Lea. Pleurocera simplex Say. Pleurocera troosti Lea. Goniobasis livescens (Menke, Melania). Over the state, common and variable Goniobasis livescens depygis Say. Over the state. Seems inseparably connected with livescens, eee, extreme forms of the two are very different; g. in the Tuscarawas River all possible intermediate ee are found together—abundant. Goniobasis semicarinata (Say, Melania). Cincinnati; Rocky River (Allen). Goniobasis vicina Anthony. “Ohio’’ (Walker.) Goniobasis pulchella Anthony. Cincinnati; Little Miami River (Walker). Goniobasis gracilior Anthony. Kent, Portage Co., Springfield Lake (Walker); Ohio Canal and Tuscarawas River at New Philadelphia (St., t. Simpson). Goniobasis elata Anthony. Elyria, Vermilion River (Walker) 386 OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE, Goniobasis brevispira Anthony. Gambier, Knox Co. (Walker). Goniobasis exilis Haldeman. Scioto River (Walker). Goniobasis laqueata Say. ‘“Ohio”’ (Walker). Other species (7) listed from Ohio: Gontobasts gibbosa Lea. Gontobasis haldemant Tryon. Gontobasts infantula Lea. Gontobasis lithasioides Lea (=var. of livescens?). Gontobasts ohioensts Lea. Lithasia obovata Say. Ohio River, up to Marietta (Call.) Angitrema verrucosum Rafinesque. Ohio River at Cincinnati. Anculosa costata Lea (=carinata Bruguiere?). Ohio River. Anculosa prerosa Say. Ohio River. Anculosa trilineata Say (=viridis Lea, syn. or var.?). Ohio River. RISSOID (s. lat., AMNICOLID# etc.). BITHYNIA TENTACULATA (Linné, Turbo). Lake Erie! (Streator); Ohio Canal in Stark Co. (St.). Intro- duced from Europe, and now widely distributed over various states. The central part of the operculum is distinctly spiral, not concentric! Somatogyrus subglobosus (Say, Paludina), zsogonus Say.* Over the state. A form from the Ohio River, at Cincinnati (St.), is rather different and may represent a variety. Somatogyrus integer (Say, Melania). Over the state, common. Pomatiopsis lapidaria (Say, Cyclostoma). Over the state, common; often far away from water. Pomatiopsis cincinnatiensis (Anthony, Cyclostoma). Cincinnati; Columbus. Amnicola limosa (Say, Paludina). Over the state, common and variable. Amnicola limosa porata Say. Meyer’s Lake at Canton (St.). Amnicola limosa parva Lea. New Philadelphia. *Some conchologists, e. g. F. C. Baker, regard S. isogonus as distinct from subglobosus. MOLLUSCA OF OHIO. 387 y+Amnicola lustrica Pilsbry. Cuyahoga River; Springfield Lake; Ohio Canal at New Philadelphia (St.). Probably over the state. Amnicola cincinnatiensis (Lea, Cyclostoma). Over the state, common in rivers and creeks. yAmnicola walkeri Pilsbry. Geauga Lake, east of Cleveland! (Allen). tAmnicola pilsbryi Walker. Meyer’s Lake at Canton, Ohio Canal at New Philadelphia (St): y+Amnicola nickliniana Lea. Springfield Lake. yAmnicola emarginata Kuster, obtusa Lea. Lake Erie and tributaries; Ohio canal at Navarre and New Philadelphia (St.). y7Amnicola sp., undescribed, t. Walker. X Lake Erie and Ohio Canal in Stark Co. (St.). [The shell is small and very slender, very different from all other Ohio Amnicole.] {Lyogyrus pupoides (Gould, Valvata). Springfield Lake (St.). VALVATIDA, Valvata tricarinata Say. Over the state, common in all kinds of waters. Forms with one or two keels more or less obsolete are found with typical specimens. Valvata tricarinata simplex Gould. Lake Erie at Sandusky (Walker). Valvata bicarinata Lea. X I have seen no specimens of the typical form from Ohio. Valvata bicarinata depressa Walker. Lake Erie at Sandusky and Vermilion (St.). Valvata sincera Say. = Ohiose {Valvata lewisi Currier, striata Lewis. Springfield Lake (St.). 388 OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. PELECYPODA. UNIONID#@. Truncilla triquetra Rafinesque. Both drainages, Lake Erie. Truncilla sulcata (Lea, Unio), U. ridibundus Say = female. Ohio River. Truncilla sulcata delicata Simpson. Lake Erie drainage—? Truncilla foliata (Hildreth, Unio). x Ohio River, Cincinnati. Truncilla personata (Say, Unio), U. pileus Lea. X Ohio River — and tributaries? Trincilla perplexa (Lea, Unio). Ohio River; Scioto River. Truncilla perplexa rangiana Lea. Ohio, Scioto, Tuscarawas, Mahoning Rivers. Truncilla perplexa cincinnatiensis Lea. Ohio River at Cincinnati. Micromya fabials (Lea, Unio), U. lapillus Say. Both drainages; in nearly all rivers. Lampsilis ventricosa (Barnes, Unio), U. subovatus Lea is the male form, occidens Lea, the female. Over the state, decidedly variable; common in Lake Erie, very small to medium sized, of somewhat peculiar shape and appearance, representing a variety. Lampsilis capax (Green, Unio). Ohio River. Lampsilis ovata (Say, Unio). Ohio River; Great Miami River (Walker). Lampsilis multiradiata (Lea, Unio). Both drainages, over the state. Lampsilis luteola (Lamarck, Unio). Over the state, common and variable; common in Lake Erie and decidedly variable, some forms being very small. Lampsilis luteola rosacea DekKay. Lake Erie. Lampsilis radiata (Gmelin, Mya). x St. Lawrence drainage; Portage River! (Oberlin collection). Lampsilis ligamentina (Lamarck, Unio). Both drainages, generally common; abundant e. g. in the Tuscarawas River, large and much inflated. Not in - the Mahoning River, t. Dean ? Se) QF ido) MOLLUSCA OF OHIO. Lampsilis ligamentina gibbus Simpson. Ohio River. Lampsilis orbiculata (Hildreth, Unio). Ohio River and probably some of its tributaries. Lampsilis higginsii (Lea, Unio) is considered a variety of orbiculata, by some conchologists; I have not seen it from Ohio. X Lampsilis anodontoides (Lea, Unio). Ohio River; Great Miami River (large). ;+Lampsilis fallaciosa (Smith) Simpson. x Ohio River at Cincinnati (St.), and probably at other places. Lampsilis recta (Lamarck, Unio). Both drainages; Lake Erie (small); not in the Mahoning Rover,t, (Dean: Lampsilis nasuta (Say, Unio). St. Lawrence drainage, Lake Erie; probably also in the Ohio drainage, at least along the divide. In Muzzy Pond, near Rootstown, Portage Co., specimens were found (St.), to 118 mill. long, the largest of any known, t. Simpson. Lampsilis subrostrata (Say, Unio). ‘“‘Ohio;’’ I have seen no sepcimens (although it is doubtless at least in the north-western part of the state). Lampsilis iris (Lea, Unio). L. Novi Eboract Lea = syn. or var.? Both drainages; Lake Erie (St.). Lampsilis ellipsiformis (Conrad, Unio), U. spatulatus Lea. Ohio River. Lampsilis glans (Lea, Unio). Both drainages; Ohio River; Maumee and Auglaize Rivers (St.); not in the Tuscarawas River. Lampsilis parva (Barnes, Unio). Over the state (both drainages, Lake Erie); rivers, creeks and canals. Plagiola securis (Lea, Unio); Obovaria lineolata Rafinesque ?) Ohio River. Plagiola elegans (Lea, Unio). Both drainages; Ohio and Little Miami Rivers; Maumee and Tiffin Rivers (St.); Lake Erie (Prof. Moseley, 5t.); not in the Tuscarawas River. Plagiola donaciformis (Lea, Unio), U. zigzag Lea. Both drainages, Lake Erie. Obovaria circulus (Lea, Unio). Over the state. So far as evidence goes, U. lens Lea is the female form, circulus the male, the latter generally TAMUiekemaeM anes hts kh aie) Sep\ee tas yee gle alin oe Re ae * These male and female forms are much more different from each other in shape, than those of ellipsis, and of retusa. 390 OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. Obovaria circulus leibei (Lea, U. lezbez). Lake Erie. “Obovaria lens var. depygis, Conrad.” ‘“‘Ohio,’’ in check list, is unknown to me. Obovaria ellipsis (Lea, Unio). Ohio River, common. Obovaria retusa (Lamarck, Unio). Ohio River. Cyprogenia irrorata (Lea, Unio). Ohio drainage: Ohio, Great Miami, Scioto, Tuscarawas, Mahoning Rivers. . . Obliquaria reflexa Rafinesque, U. cornutus Barnes. < ee Both drainages, but not everywhere; Ohio, Scioto, and Mahoning Rivers, not in the Tuscarawas; Lake Erie(St.) Pytchobranchus phaseolus (Hildreth, Unto). Both drainages, Lake Erie. Tritogonia tuberculata (Barnes, Unio). Ohio drainage, generally. Quadrula plicata (Say, Unio). Ohio and Little Miami Rivers. Quadrula plicata hippopoea Lea. Lake Erie. Quadrula undulata (Barnes, Unio). Both drainages, generally common. Quadrula heros (Say, Unio), U. mulliplicatus Lea. Ohio River, Little Miami River. Quadrula cylindrica (Say, Unio). Ohio River and most or all of its tributaries. Some speci- mens have none of the nodose projections, e. g. from the Tuscarawas River. Quadrula metanevra (Rafinesque, Obliquaria). Ohio River, common. Quadrula metanevra wardii Lea. Ohio River; Sugar Creek, tributary to the Tuscarawas River (St.), but not a trace of it was found in the River, nor of typical metanevra in the river or creek. Quadrula tuberculata (Rafinesque, Obliquaria). Ohio River; Little Miami River; Tuscarawas River (St.), large and heavy, often with regular transverse undula- tions above the posterior umbonal ridge; Maumee and - Tiffin Rivers, near Defiance (St.). Quadrula granifera (Lea, Unio). Ohio River; tributaries? Quadrula lachrymosa (Lea, Unio), U. asperrimus Lea. Both drainages, decidedly variable. The Lake Erie form is. little inflated and has few tubercles; a simliar form in the Ohio Canal near Cleveland (Allen); not in the Tuscarawas River. MOLLUSCA OF OHIO. 391 Quadrula fragosa (Conrad, Unio). Ohio River at Cincinnati, seems rare; Scioto River. Quadrula pustulosa (Lea, Unio). Ohio River and most of its tributaries; decidedly variable in regard to size, shape, and surface sculpture: from smooth to covered with tubercles all over.—A form from the lake drainage, e. g. the Tiffin River (St.), 1s considerably different from the high, coopertana-like form of the Ohio River and tributaries: more elongate, “quadrate,’’ approaching lachrymosa in outlines; the same is known from Michigan, Indiana (Kankakee River, St.), Illinois and Iowa (t. Walker), and seems to represent a variety, may be = schoolcrajtensis Lea. X Quadrula pustulosa kleineriana Lea. ‘Entire Mississippi drainage; Lake Erie,”’ t. Simpson. Quadrula cooperiana (Lea, Unio). Ohio River; tributaries? Quadrula pustulata (Lea, Unio). Ohio River at Cincinnati; Mahoning River (Dean, Streator) ; cited from the Tuscarawas River, by Dean; I was not able to find a trace of it and suppose some form of pustulosa was mistaken for it. Quadrula subrotunda (Lea, Unio). Ohio River; Scioto River; Tuscarawas River, a form with very heavy shell, the beaks quite anterior, the shape of the mussel being much like that of P/. clava, the lines of growth coarse and markedly regular; a very small, slight form seems to be in Lake Erte. Quadrula kirtlandiana (Lea, Unio). Ohio River and some tributaries: Mahoning River, from which Lea had his types; Tuscarawas River, common and very variable, from the subrotunda form to much elongate, and some specimens much resembling (old) @sopus; one large and heavy specimen has numerous small muscle scars scattered all over the inner surface within the pallial line. It seems that kirtlandiana is doubtfully distinct from subrotunda, and half grown specimens agree with Lea’s description and figure of the last named species. Quadrula zsopus (Green, Unio). Ohio River and tributaries, Scioto, Mahoning, Tuscarawas. NoTEeE.—@sopus certainly ranges nearer the Quadrula of this group than with Pleurobema; it closely resembles kirtlandiana in features of the shell and soft parts. [Simpson himself was in doubt where to range this and the following species. ] 392 OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. Quadrula.cicatricosa (Say, Unio), varicosa Lea. Ohio River. Quadrula pilaris (Lea, Unio). Ohio River at Cincinnati. Quadrula ebena (Lea, Unio). Ohio River. Quadrula pyramidata (Lea, Unio). Ohio River and tributaries; large and heavy specimens in the Tuscarawas River. Quadrula plena (Lea, Unio). Ohio River. Quadrula obliqua (Lamarck, Unio). Ohio River, and some tributaries. Quadrula solida (Lea, Unio). Ohio River; Scioto River. These last four species are closely related to each other, and should be revised. Quadrula trigona (Lea, Unio). Both drainages, not common. Quadrula rubiginosa (Lea, Unio). Over the state, generally common.—In some specimens from various rivers (Ohio, Tuscarawas, Tiffin), where the gonad was for the most part a testis (‘‘males’’), a few acini were found to be ovarian, containing ova. Quadrula coccinea (Conrad, Unio). Over the state, variable. In the Tuscarawas River is a form higher than the ‘‘typical’’ one, resembling kirtlandiana in shape, but with the soft parts quite different, and usually with a few undulations in the middle of the disks; it may represent a variety. Quadrula coccinea paupercula Simpson. St. Lawrence drainage; probably in the state. Pleurobema clava (Lamarck, Unio). Both drainages; e. g. in the Maumee; not in the Cuyahoga River, t. Dean. Pleurobema bournianum (Lea, Unio). X Scioto River; Ohio River at Cincinnati (Byrnes). Unio crassidens Lamarck. Ohio River, common; Scioto River. Unio gibbosus Barnes. Over the state, common and variable in regard to size, shape and color of the nacre: dark purple to salmon to white (the latter = arctior Lea); a very small form, with the beaks more anterior, is in Lake Erie. Unio tetralasmus camptodon Say. Ohio River at Cincinnati; Great and Little Miami Rivers. MOLLUSCA OF OHIO. 393 Unio tetralasmus sayi Ward. Scioto River, e. g. at Circleville (type locality). Unio complanatus (Solander) Dillwyn. x St. Lawrence drainage; (among numerous Unionide col- lected from Lake Erie, at Sandusky and Vermilion, at various times, no specimens were seen, St.). One was found in a race on the Tuscarawas River, at New Phil- adelphia; evidently the mussels have migrated from Lake Erie, over the divide, probably by way of the Ohio ‘canal. Margaritana monodonta (Say, Unio). Ohio River at Cincinnati (still!), but not common. Proptera alata (Say Unio). Both drainages; large e. g. in the Great Miami River; com- mon in Lake Erie, rather small. Proptera levissima (Lea, Symphynota), U. oluoensis Say. Ohio River, and tributaries—? Proptera gracilis (Barnes, Unio). Both drainages; common in Lake Erie. Proptera leptodon (Rafinesque, Unio), Symphynota tenutssima Lea. Both drainages, not common; a specimen from “ Cleveland”’ is in the Oberlin collection. None of the four Proptera species have been found in the Tuscarawas River. Symphynota compressa Lea (known as Unto pressus Lea). Over the state. Symphynota costata (Rafinesque, Alasmidonta), Al. rugosa Barnes. Over the state; the Lake Erie form is quite small and of somewhat difierent shape. Symphynota complanata (Barnes, Alasmodonta). Over the state, in rivers, creeks, canals, lakes. Alasmidonta marginata Say, Al. marginata var. truncata B. H. Wright, Al. truncata Simpson, Synopsis. Over the state, both drainages; a small, slight form in Lake Erie. Alasmidonta — (the eastern, or Atlantic drainage form, or species): Lake Erie and tributaries (7). x Aiasmidonta calceolus (Lea, Unio), Margaritana deltoidea Lea. Over the state, common. Arcidens confragosus (Say, Alasmodonta.) Ohio River at Cincinnati. Lastena lata (Rafinesque, Anodonta—Lastena), U. dehiscens Say. Ohio drainage, not common. 394 OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. Hemilastena ambigua (Say, Alasmodonta), U. hildrethianus Lea. Ohio drainage; Lake Erie (St.). Strophitus edentulus (Lea, Anodonta). Over the state, common and very variable. ¥ _ bs oe ‘ - 7 : ao ~ . ‘ ~ =. 0 ~s 4 é a ert bh = J = . - id . 4 - = <7 a roe = 7% ‘ = be F : 7 ae » a) Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science VOLUME IV, PART 9 Fifteenth Annual Report PROCEEDINGS OF THE OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE Volume IV, Part 9 Fifteenth Annual Report of the Ohio State Academy of Science 1906 Organized 1891 Incorporated 1892 Publication Committee j- Ht. -Schatiner. J. ©: Hambleton Bl Rice Date of Publication, April 25, 1907 LIBRARY NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN. Published by the Academy Columbus, Ohio Officers === 1907 PRESIDENT, CHAREES DURY: VICE-PRESIDENTS. W. F. MERCER, FRANK CARNEY SECRETARY. EB, WALTON: TREASURER. JSS. EEN E- LIBRARIAN, WC. MIEILS: EXECUTIVE COM MITTEE. Ex-Officio. CHARLES DURY, JAS AS; TRUDNTIB, aBaaViAe DOING Elective, 12 (Co WOES. /\, 1D); (COMAZ, BOARD OF TRUSTEES Wires MEAZENPY. \Ghaitiman ‘term ‘experies'. da s,s < a's ect wee mace 1909 OREM IERRICKS KELME PIRES. oc cicakis-y ee doe clks he ad ct eee Ge Se moss 1907 (Com ee PAU STED Lenin EXP IheSe art tron. s Gavel nee eis sd disvenn oan beds 1908 PUBLICATION COMMITTEE. eel SCHAFENER: “Chairman, term Expires’... cc oc abasacecs< os ce ves 1908 eplenn RCE tenimuexpiheSa..442 0.0 1s'be « tity EER ERC CIDR GGG he oy erat 1907 Se Gmmi SNIBED TON LEGMTEX PIPES. Asac.gs ene nc adcdv ec eccecseavenreher. 1909 Past Dfticers PRESIDENTS. 1892. E. W. CLAYpote, 1899. G. F. Wricur, 1893. Epwarp OrTOoN, 1900. Josua LINDAHL, 1894. F. M. WessTEr, IIIS VANS IDE Siping 1895; D2 oacavceocoesaonome Wheaton College, Wheaton, II. CoperLy, E. D., Meteorology, Botany........Weather Bureau, Reno, Nev. 408 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science COUEATID) Py Ses aeatrctns hig: sitet SOR omc O. S. U., Columbus COETONTE GEORGE plier 0 mire ae saa. eee tS yo ENS oy Sele eae Hiram Comstock, FRANK M., Vert. Zoology............ Case School, Cleveland CoovER AUS eA rGHacologienrennia a Wintec oe moe O. S. U., Columbus Conrons ECs Entomology aren ee eee Experiment Sta, Knoxville, Tenn. (GOPHITANID BWV aotic Bi evict anes dlanes ces roe earn Clark Univ., Worcester, Mass. IB RATB INTE Vem @FIEAS Saw ee ee meet. es Acro eto Univ. of Cincin., Cincinnati DARICUN Gas @EInS Rey ere tee as 475 Manhattan Ave., New York, N. Y. ID AVASHEV EME l OMLIGULLURE eee ors Aeeaer en ee O. S. U., Columbus ID ERMERS PMREDA MS OLUI\inawe icles Gite ome nielne oy 1315 Neil Ave., Columbus DunNnwap, Frep, Forestry.......... U. S. Forest Service, Washington, D. C. ID ACEI ID sy RAS Gs ee eins er Pers eit See A ee hanes Meer Westerville DRYAS 7, ch ares Stas oe Shae we colds Goel Ido way Aves, Cinachammenes DIniONpA Carli wIReee snes cee ee Shee eae OL Vie Over Awe sm Glevelemmal Epwarps, E. H., Zoology, Physiology..........259 Clinton St., Cleveland FEIEL, ADOLPH. : oh els tga deee eee 020) Ee Main St. Columns FIELD, IRVING Ke SB ialesa PRES ee east EIST ae Oe Westminster, Md. BUNK S BRUCE CBOLAMYs As conte sunt ce oases ao eee one ere ree Oxford FISCHER, WALTER, Botany........ ..U. S: Dept: of Agr, Burean of Plant Industry, Washington, D. C. irisersinyvetst, dale IPA Ibolioris ccacaddacosnpdacs <2 wens New ponteye BIER EMER VIE LS teen ops chore eae teveteia clement c teers ith St. near oud Cincinnati HGNIN A NUS UD eAOOLO RY). =... te aasete cnc ace 338 W. 6th Ave., Columbus OG Zellels BPO LOC iris 2 1-1. Me coees oR rea a eee Box 264, Gambier TRO e NID, IDE UL AMBIT OSS aeons eata eee Ota so nm orh an tries Egy o é Granville FowKeE, GERARD, Glacial Geology, Archaeology.........105 N. 2d St., St. Louis, Mo. PRaNk wi eC otany AE ntomolosy)....0 one d< amcor eee O. S. U., Columbus PICU REE EIS I OLOMG) cos oes sidis oe 2 foe ee ete ea ene oe ee Berea (GAR WAM eM eG CONGO. «Bolin stone esc 251 Northampton St., Buffalo, N. Y. (Ginnie, DEAE openers core eee as Ae ans ie .Milan (GREGOR VE Vi Vite peter opis he ance casei eevee 116 Ole St, “Clev eland Grover © se Bolan). peroccs as ages ek oe he eee Te Pee eee Oberlin Grices, R. F., Botany. ..... es... <+-. o-->21318 Forsythe Ave:,Colanmias (GER AON rc, terete} = Gyedorn aio ciavew atm ers Uniy. of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Hiaustep, GBS WMathemaucs...:.6s-0--.0---- Box 68, Greeley, Colorado HamMBLeTOon, J. C., Botany, Zoology...........212 E. lth Ave., Columbus Hansen, Hermina J., Biology.......... Hughes High School, Cincinnati Hartzert, JeC..2..2.4....... Univ: of the. Pacific, San Jose, Calitionme EVAR VEN RUMELS al OMMIEWOLO OY an 8 wcpstaie te cies tie eteleeiete le none Bond Hill Harvey Geretruoe Es. Ornithologiian..- sore ee aces cece] fee eee Bond Hill Epa Po Bialo eccrine Cote erat sles sree Galerie eae Athens Hawkins, L. A., Botany......Bureau of Plant Ind., Washington, D. C. EWASva SSS WIL Slee Al's Sees pte Sap ieee Rk ene cee Ny ee eee Dayton Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 409 TBI UAT Segoe VAIS ice Up eae ee See eg ay ee Canal Winchester IRUDRAVIGE Woo) Be ee nate ear Gey. SS a ane re nt Ree Een eRe gn TG Columbus EMER RICK GAs |WMSONE Sarmiento sll nae aolnteieate be Svenaran ewe tsveree pened Grae Granville IER ZER allen CUCOMLO LOS erect ee euler este seein teri San Nae lai cues the Marietta iMG. REDS). .... 2. eee St mounts « Colleseuslioledo Haine, J. S., Batowicioes. Senanalies Se ete ee O. S. U. Columbus Hef ON WAG walls AO OVO SA pause seein Relat -ccol cents shal suease avs se worelote needs tere se eaters Ada FELOBES wl | CHEMISIT Ys ane. oo: Western Reserve Med. College, Cleveland OE GEO WeGeooKra pny, \B10lO gyn sera ans cetercyt tee eae ole Oxford COUNT ele OTC Eras Sepals ake acti © ata 1004 Jefferson Ave., Toledo ROU: TEGAN Ae al Re CVS] Zoe aii. eR Ec Geir ici ae creo Dayton OU SER MS Sy BLO MLONO C4) can = cnt Aare oe Sra Sie chee eaters Patera, 2 oO the Wooster Husparp, G. D., Geology, Physiography............... ©} S; Ue Columbus EIDE) OB NG. COLO Wits tence chit Ded ereouce ROS Eee Oee oO Stamnes Lancaster SINGS ON Cope Ey = AO OL O Sas sean os oso a. hess feyaves OS wi LS O. S. U., Columbus JAI CASE ees aN ERS”, <. o e te a Adelbert College, Cleveland 1 ARS) Dai en ere ee 7 eran ee ee 127 W. Seventh St., Cincinnati JANINE Ne ORUNG | ehlOMIIGULIIKE.\4ee ase ane 93 Fifteenth Ave., Columbus JENNINGS: OF ES Botany... 2. --5- Carnegie Museum Annex, Pittsburg, Pa. jonns) Ieynns) Ornithologwes.cc.s 0. . ss eaee er College Museum, Oberlin Jones, Rogpt. Ratston, Geology...... U. S. Engineer’s Office, Cincinnati WDSON GSAS OLIN ir atecnyeerain tere He see 235 Columbus Ave., Sandusky KpEERReMViISS inves (SOLON Wne nt. atk oaks ne .93 Olive St., Cleveland KELLERMAN, WILLIAM A., Botany....... 175 W. Biey enth Ave., Columbus KELLERMAN, Mrs. W. A., Botany........175 W. Eleventh Ave., Columbus [TIONS AIREAAI een. a BO eR OR Oe eee Se Oe ee eee cee Upper Sandusky Kock, H. E., Zoology, Physics...........3148 Jefferson Ave., Cincinnati JEAN AGRE Dale 70 ONO ac AA 2 ieee Aca nes orev ees O. S. U., Columbus WAZENBY, WM. R., Horticulture, Botany.......-....O. S. U., Columbus Sree VICAR va a GeOlORIE Hien arise hoes ANA roe ei eeemaeee Westerville ILI DYNEOL, OSWINS. AQ ONG de ae anaee on pola sea ao - Station E., Cincinnati Goa eu) OHUINGD WRI yy tsce give eee oie ae ees Court and Plum Sts., Cincinnati MAT. Cy Wi 2ntom olagye sa. 4 s8ess2 anes Dept. of Agriculture, Columbus NEAR M ZONE CG: iese Ar ChOeCOlOgVausecias Saas acon coe ee New Lexineton IMASTERMAN, Ea. Zoology) Botany. ...0:.4..2425-4202-.-.New Loudon IMDANTITET DENIS, AVY Je Neva tate etic ee Rect Ae TPS FRR Ary i Sardis MaTHews, Mary E.. Ea oad CUO bE ato bon eee ..... Painesville MceAari ALG, Aero OMOTNA Seen aor ne Aayskhichame cs ovata O. ‘Ss. uP Columbus McCaAMPBELL, EUGENE ID, JOKE OUD onde dade as oo O. S. U., Columbus McCaAuGHEY, VAUGHAN, Biology..... 475 Manhattan av, New York, N. Y. MGC GONNETI LARRY DEO 7MILLOLO SN tien eee ines = sect roe ae Cadiz Mic Coven Gal Sofa rere ea tee lime \Malbenrys St, lancaster IMIGID Asti [> 1s, JEVONORN 365 bop one bo Oomac Oca anomie moter inte: Athens MG EGEIININE Va MRAN Kan Sue OLUUVEE eieyns ser a anacen cineca News Jzondorm 410 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science IMIG Anon I JEL (GQIG IST ANa Anica ue Gao co acob oem aE antago nL Westerville IMME oN, Abele n BIO e ed cau ue woo noob oO oe hoes Nea poSemeed Db.cng Berea Meap, Cuas. S., Zoology, Botany..............217 King Ave., Columbus MERGER AV Gee TOO CA)o- meister aia aie aiesicte sae ene: Ohio University, Athens MetcaLFr, ZENO P. Are Na AP Ie MO RTS Sorts © I /SRANDI TONE Mitts, W. C., Us enacoloey: ilo. PAs OT tte arr oeh <0) Sy hoe Columbus MORSE VASE ZOOLO Pinner eae ohn Ae 600 W. 125th St., New York City IMORSE= VWVEE Gee btOLO SING COLOR Ns nee ieee. cee nee O. S. U., Columbus Mores. (Cy leh. Ono po ueedeacadoadenodod ec es unos McConnelsville Mosetey, E. L., Zoology, Botany, Physiography.........-.0.+.: Sandusky NrEson, JAMES A. -Zoology, Embryology... on. on 566. 1+ oozes IithacayeNeae NeEwELL, Witmon, Entomology. . ee ; .Baton Rouge, La. OBERHOLSER, H. C.... 1349. Elaty ard St, N. W., Ww ashington, D. C. OpDENBACH, F. L., Met te arcloey .ses.evss-. St. Ignatius Collese, Cleyelama Osporn, HerBert, Entomology, Zoology.............- O. S. U., Columbus Ospurn, Raymonp C., Zoology, Ichthiology. .510 W. 124th St., New York OUTER ARTE , DPOSEDET: Tl cof 55S GwisinSians poe se wld eine. magn ee eee Columbus @yisimstele wee Gemendl SiClCNGE. cas, ee sie aaa eee Norwalk [RASTETATS Roe ees SIO) aed presale ae cee aeneys ele Terlingua, Brewster Co., Texas PEpPe., S. V., Chemistry.............++..-+.-1538 N. High St., Columbus Picket, Gro. J., Chemisiry................St. Ignatius College, Cleveland IZTWONIKAA SURELOMUIA'S I sy \brorets Scie cieje > on os erie ee 243 Superior St., Cleveland IBORTEREMEED s4)).aCe ac ee rttene x ead erqetne 916 New Hayden Building, Columbus PROSSER A Ge SEN GC COLO Ri ec. cr here anne oe, een pee O. S. U., Columbus PME |p ElLOMER Om HOlOgVen. «ces eee acre ire Clayton IGE EDWARD) 1S. ZO OLDS Vin 5 ee pases Sera Bees ee eet ntorte Delaware IV OUDEBUS EH wleOW EDD: sue © orem «sone, os ee some ene eee Owensville Royer, JoHN S., Biology. See neat eee ene N. Ath ‘St, Columbus SANDERS, J. G., aomoloay. “Borin IE Loy din IT a Olo ROP .Bureau of Entomology Dept. Agr., Washington, D. C. SANDERS, ie E. Jia)5 4b bad s - New Philadelphia Sireizisinig IMs dase IDOL CU iigw ontene aeistia tener Oh en ae roto pop crkda Granville SrocKBercer, W. W., Botany......Dept. Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Stoner, Minnie A., Domestic Science... 0... 60 ce en. O. S. U., Columbus SMR Cres CVI e OOLO RA ME OLIN Y A tars 25.5 ota cltctoe apse waste A> mara Eaton SSWVIBE Zn MOTTO) Ulta 5 Sey sauh cals yates sisy= 1019 Olaho Lane, Honolulu, Hawaii “Dati NI SIO Meera ein ee om ace DEE ee Oceana Se cme an ocr Bediord PPEONIeSON WIRSS KKCING2 tsar sencier oe ci ome 167 W. Tenth Ave., Columbus TL, IMEI: QIN Jk, ISOHMOINe Rs ecocncacsbooeonpadocac Tucson, Arizona “THGiESE, AVS (Gan NGO ON an ea ein ch atacle Mactan RS CARI cho piers Albuquerque, N. M. Topp, JosepH H., Geology, Archaecology........ Christmas Knoll, Wocster MIRO Dee OT Ones sees eerie mr aniateuetee = eu cete Picleis ise aiesehncte ree cscs eraereua ore Vermillion Thats SBE es ee ok ae ee isin eet eaten Aine conor irae ce McConnelsville Miva eis VS OLCTIG) so Bureau of Plant Industry, Washington, D. C. TyLer, Harriet Burr, Botany. . ..Bureau of Plant Industry, Washington, D. C. Van Hook, J. M., Plant Pathology......... Experiment Station, Wooster WS ANTEIE DS LEA ee sone cers oem ieee Western Reserve University, Cleveland WALTON, ID lin ISICON eno Gee cae osc Sac uan iar ms omao Apo OD bon OL Gambier Wii; TR wip WSIOHaile a teicia datacenter a mttaer ele Ucon bie or Gar rettsville Weesster, F. M., Entomology..U. S. Dept. Agriculture, Washington, D. C. WYBLILE,. JSsies JOM UMa ceo copes databa Sones oon boom. pecc McConnelsville WERTHNER, WILLIAM, Botany...............- Steele High School, Dayton NMESTGATE. Mem WIS 1G GeOlO ais te ctiys cic ore ss ainieressrenait > olereseus nicht Delaware \Wi/arGanaiiny, Val, JExO7 NG ena uaeeoeno ono. 309 W. 141st St. ,New York, N. Y.- DSN NVE C.. BtOlOe ye, GEOLOGY ac. onic sios eae n ce ewes Westerville Wrenane HARRY IES Biology... -..- 25-1 Univ. of Cincinnati, Cincinnati WiuiaMs, STEPHEN R., Biology...............Miami University, Oxford Wutamson, E. Bruce, Ichthiology, Ornithology..........Bluffton, Ind. RVGCRE doer POTANYs oo hak nites So) Da ess Marietta College, Marietta WiRTCHia KGS SMREDERTC Ks G:COl0 29) od ous, re mn avoneict oe Stearioueeiane < ciotareuns ome Oberlin BVO AUINGNUR SV Ame UAE SEO CRG ae cores vac, svcr-eucie CMSA shes) casket tetera trate! eraretays aa Alliance MOR Kemet ARIVAN allel OLA Viner see erie eile Univ. of Texas, Austin, Texas Youne, R. A., Botany.. ..Div, Seed and Plant Introduction Washington, D. C. Report of the Fifteenth Annual Meeting of the Ohio State Academy of Science ANNUAL MEETING The sixteenth annual meeting of the Academy was held in Columbus on November 29 and 30, and December 1, 1906, the First Vice President of the Society, Mr. Charles Dury, of Cin- cinnati, presiding, owing to the unavoidable absence of Prof. E. ee ixice,-the President: On Thursday evening an informal reception was held at the residence of Prof. and Mrs. Herbert Osborn, 485 King avenue. Thursday morning at 9:45 the meeting was called to order by the Vice President in room 46 of Physics Hall, of the State University. A committee on membership consisting of Prof. Hine, Prof. Lynds Jones and the secretary, together with a committee on resolutions consisting of Prof. Guyer, Prof. Stick- ney, and Prof. Waite, was appointed by the chair. The report of the secretary was presented and accepted. The report of the treasurer, Prof. J. S. Hine, was presented and after ref- erence to an auditing committee consisting of Messrs. Burgess and Adams was accepted. The following is a brief summary: REPORT OF THE TREASURER FOR THE YEAR 1906. For the year since our last annual meeting the receipts, ‘ncluding balance from last year, have amounted to $209.05, and the expenditures to $207.75, leaving a cash balance of $1.30. RECEIPTS. Balance frommlasteycalseerene eee eee ene $0 47 Membershipuducsmanns ce eaten ee ee 188 00 BroOmesdlerot publicaiouss es see aaeer cee eee nS ElIh(e 2) Ue ae eee aes rm SNARE MT Roe ANB, Sie esng Ce a M7 $209 05 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 413. DISBURSEMENTS. Hor printine ime rannitiallenep Ole teererie ei $60 00 183 subscriptions to the Ohio Naturalist..... 91 50 Miscellaneous sey nearin re ie Seeteee one ners 56 25 Balances D\eceminetsdlse| OU Opas wee eree eee 1 30 CIRC Geileenrar Pin see tee ARE eae nr ic i otra © $209 05 Respectfully submitted, James S. HINE. Prof. Lazenby, chairman of the trustees, presented the following report, which was approved and accepted. Mention was made of the continued interest in the Society manifested by Mr. Emerson McMillin in his gift of $250. RE POR DOF fPHE, BOARD OF TRUS TERS: The annual appropriations from the “Emerson McMillin Research Fund” have been continued the past year, and the total amount assigned for research has been somewhat larger than usual. The Board of Trustees feel that excellent work has been done by the Academy through the aid of this fund, and express the hope that this work will be continued with unabated energy and enthusiasm until the “Natural History of Ohio” is more complete and up-to-date than that of any other state. We again have the satisfaction of acknowledging the con- tribution of $250 by Mr. Emerson McMillin for the year 1907. We present the following financial statement for the past year. WILLIAM R. LAZENBY, C. J. Herrick. FINANCIAL STATEMENT OF THE EMERSON McMILLIN RE- SEARCH FUND, OHIO ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. 1905-1906. RECEIPTS. OO ee alancevonshands Novae 1O0De see eeiseec see oo: $216 48 Check from Emerson McMillin, Nov. 26, 1905......... 250 00: $466 48 414 Proceedings of the Oo State Academy of Science EXPENDITURES. 1906 Mar. 13. Spahr & Glenn, printing 500 copies ‘‘Willows of ONO Pg Reo ore eth ere Nee on ee cree $67 00 Sept. 20. Dr. V. Sterki, research work on Ohio Mollusca.... 11 45 24. Prof. W. B. Herms, research work in Zoology...... 40 00 20, Jesse EH. Elyde, research work in Geology........... 21 40 Oct. 8. Prof. F. Carney, research work in Geology.........-. 40 00 8. Dr. V. Sterki, research work on Ohio Mollusca.... 15 75 INOvANEG Hee Diem Sten cmmeseanchmVlollttscalneseieriaeeen ree ae 10 05 19. Prof. Chas. Brookover, special study of neurenes in GU Gye =I5 IS) Years Same cain nist pirmmh rien creme ea reece 35 00 Balance on hand, $225.73. Of this balance $53.60 have been appropriated, but not expended, leaving unappropriated balance of $170.13. WILLIAM R. LAZENBY, for Trustees. Noy. 30, 1906. We have examined this report and have found it correct. A. F. Burcgss, Cuas. C. ADAMS, Auditing Committee. The report of the publication committee was presented, ap- proved and accepted. Prof. Osborn, chairman of the committee on the Natural History Survey, presented a report. It was moved and seconded that the report be accepted, the committee be enlarged, and that an appropriation not to exceed $50 be made to meet the ex- penses incurred by the committee in the efforts to establish the survey. The librarian presented a report which was approved and accepted. LIBRARIAN'S REPORT. I herewith take pleasure in presenting to the Treasurer of the Ohio State Academy of Science my report upon the sales of the publications of the Academy: Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 415 PMinounimonenand November 29th 190 5messs. cocteseieeceee seer ae $2 27 Cash received from Annual Reports and Special Papers....... 18 09 ALAN I es ets speech Bares eS TCP east caer Rome at Sere eee CA ar CEI MTN rola $20 36 REPORT OF EXPENDITURES FOR THE YEAR 1906. Paid out for postage on letters and publications sold............ $1 59 TOSS ES Sweet SNA | Sor. ear ne deer ee eres tetns Gets ethno eee e e Soee 30 Hotepo stave one special seaner Non Wee anac dcebieene incase ciel 6 36 ROstaZ ec One HoUunreenth emia MINE DOLtsercm ea eeelacia ie eeelisieriee 4 38 Large envelopes for sending out reports and printing............ 3 75 MioneyemuiGied MOvienEtOutlenMlreCastite ie mms recess ieieieiee rele 4 20 Total expenditures and cash paid Treasurer.......... $20 58 Wa. °C) Miniws: The report of the committee on the revision of the con- stitution was presented. Moved and seconded that the report be accepted, the committee be enlarged by the addition of the executive committee, and continued, and that a revision of the constitution and by-laws be printed and submitted to members of the society for approval at the next annual meeting. It was ° the sense of the meeting that the preliminary revision be pub- lished in the Ohio Naturalist. At the request of the chairman of the committee on libraries, the report was deferred to the last business meeting. After an address of welcome from the chairman of the local committee, the Society proceeded to the reading of papers. At 12:05 P. M. the Society adjourned to a luncheon pro- vided by the University. The Society met at 1:30 P. M. and listened to an interest- ing address by Mr. Dury, First Vice President, on the Natural History of the lower Rio Grande. After an election of a nom- inating committee consisting of Prof. Osborn, Prof. Landacre and the secretary, the Society again proceeded to the reading of the special papers, and adjourned at 5:30 P. M. ‘At 7:30 P. M. the members of the Society and their friends listened to an address by Prof. J. A. Bownocker on “Earthquake 4160 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science and Volcanic Phenomena.” This was followed by an informal reception. The Society reassembled at 9:20 Saturday morning. The nominating committee reported and the following officers were elected for the coming year: President — Mr. Charles Dury, Cincinnati, Ohio. Vice-Presidents — Prot. W. F. Mercer, Athens, Ohio, and Prof. Frank Carney, Granville, Ohio. Secretary — Professor L. B. Walton, Gambier, Ohio. Treasurer — Professor J. S. Hine, Columbus, Ohio. Librarian — Professor W. C. Mills, Columbus, Ohio. Executive Committee (ex-officio) Mr. Charles Dury, Cincinnati; Prof. L. B. Walton, Gambier; Prof. J. S. Hine, Columbus, (elective); Prof. F. €. Waite, Cleveland;; Prof. A. D. Cole, Columbus. oe Board of Trustees — Professor W. R. Lazenby (re-elected). Publication Comnuttee — Professor J. C. Hambleton. The membership committee reported on the following, who were duly elected: Hawkins, L. A., Botany, O. S. U., Columbus, Ohio. Sanders, E. A., Botany, Geology Chillicothe Ohio. Hawk J. F. Biology, Athens, Ohio. Foltz, H. L., Biology, Gambier, Ohio. Foote, E. H., Biology, Granville. Bolin, W. C., Newark. The following names were elected by the Executive Com- mittee during the year: DarlinoG Ae. Zoology and | Botany. +4. + Portland) Chauty\Cor. Nae WAVING,» JReGSiaie TEXT Ohnse Ackcte e Giniid Coe cee ons bia or oicoro ota & McConnelsville Inloiiser, Ja iS, 1Srionmiolloeny, osaa00 oobnaeseue Ohio Exp. Station, Wooster Prohampaminey, Wr Jaleo, Oise ovollOyars adn ococanascebccnd0c0cedontouceans Clayton McCaughey, Vaughan, Biology and Geology. .Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y. Boson COLd ayaa ZOolory | GerOLozoam ine ipantictllaty) lees nen riaetae Sr Sosa oneKGre ta Herre PRE University of Cincinnati, Cincinnatt Smith, Ethel M., Biology, (Ornithology in particular),............ Pe atric dr oN ET COR a eer URE RE ae eres Rame, Ashtabula Co. Gilbert, Harriet A., Biology, Physiography and Physiology..... Painesville Siaiceial, Avie li, Witolloyai, gaclocs ooeoo0c0 00000 cba. 634 Nessle St., Toledo Morris, C. H., Biology (Ornithology in particular)...... McConnellsville Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 417 iMicCarnip belle pis sana ne sere nen abiiieilesetrects O. S. U., Columbus IMIGIRGain TD Ais Be cites Dabs Cees DCre Oe ie OO Te ee ECO Ea Bee ace! IMlentelnGin Give NWe A atte, eng 8 te ds. Sidi a Pros ao DAIS Re. en gic oo ae Sardis NYO Tae MeN nae Bere aS Se cydeaye Nake ees RL Dgr Bos Rips eed age va corny Shei O. S. U., Columbus Peortemanelak, Ip, Ces oo coo beud cose da nnceomouoy cacaaous go on Collbiam rns. O) aio) Adams, C. C., Ecology......Cincinnati Society, Nat. Hist., Cincinnati, O. Samer I. Wo [Bowens sb. docenascesaens Univ. of Cincinnati Cincinnati, O. Nic Eall eAG Ge allontuicil tune: eer ceecm ieee oe Os! US Columbuss ©} Morse, W. C. Geology, Zoology, ard Botary. .1950 High St., Columbus, O. eink, JBMRDISOs SlBYoyshaligs pe anne ae olde Go ein Miche tolole cer ae ne ee Oxfoncdy©: Under new business it was moved and seconded that the dues be increased from $1.00 to $1.50 a year. This was re- ferred to the Executive Committee. It was moved and seconded that the By-Laws be amended to the effect that the dues of the Librarian be omitted. Carried. It was further moved and seconded that it be the sense of the Academy that no formal session be held at the Christmas meeting of the Allied Educa- tional Associations. Carrid. The following resolutions were passed: Be it Resolved, That we, the members of the Ohio State Academy of Science extend our heartiest thanks to the author- ities and staff of the Ohio State University for their numerous courtesies in connection with the Sixteenth Annual Meeting of the Academy, and we that further signify our appreciation to Pro- fessors Osborn and Cole individually of their special favors to the Academy. Be it Further Resolved, That we express our sense of obli- gation to Representative C. V. Trott for his efforts in behalf of the interests of the Academy. Furthermore, be it Resolved, That we signify to Mr. Emer- son McMillin our great appreciation of his continued interest in the efforts of the Academy and for his substantial contributions to the suppor of the projects of the same, and that we extend to him our sincere thanks for his numerous favors. M. F. Guyer, Chairman. BC. NVCATTE: Mo E> STICKNEY. After this the Academy adjourned. 418 bo 13 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science The complete program of the meeting was as follows: A study of Pilacre petersti B. & C. 5 min. R. A. Young A Preliminary List of the Land and Fresh water Mol- lusca of Ohio. 5 min. V. Sterks Better Results in Science Photography. 10 min. G. D. Smith Notes on a Sandusky Bay Shrimp Palemonetes exilipes. 12 min. W. B. Herms Platycnemic Man in Ashtabula Co. 5 min. F. D. Snyder Cell Division in Euglena oxyuris Schmarda. 5 min. L. B. Walton A small agaric with a disputed name. 6 min. W. A. Kellerman Occurrence of Rare Birds in Ohio in 19066. 5 min. Lynds Jones Some Physical Properties of Wood. 10 min. W. R. Lazerby Ohio Archeological Atlas. 5 min. W. C. Mills On the Occurrence of Phytophthora infestans and Plasmopara cubensis in Ohio. 8 min. A. D. Selby, Experiments to test the difference of Hydrocyanic Acid Gas in the Fumigation of Houses. 8 min. A. F. Burgess The Specific Name of Necturus. 8 min. F. C. Waite Address by the Vice-President, Chas. Dury: “The Natural 14 15 Histcry of the Lower Rio Grande.” Weather and Crop Yield. 15 min. J. W. Smith An Ecological Survey of Isle Royale, Lake Superior (Illustrated with lantern slides). 18 min. C. C. Adams A Successful Mutant of Verbena Without External Isolation. 10 min. J. H. Schatiner A Lantern Talk on Lichenists. 20 min. Bruce Fink The Vicissitudes of the Cincinnati Ice Dam. 20 min. G. F. Wright A Botanist’s Second Trip to a Tropical Country (Illustrated with lantern slides.) 20 min. W. A. Kellerman Notes on Guatemalan Hemiptera with description of a few new species. 10 min. Herbert Osbcrn A Spear Point containing a nugget of gold. 3 min. W. C. Mills “Esperanto,’ a Universal Language for Science, 8 min. Ivy Kellerman The Public Drinking Cup. A report on the Species of Bacteria found in ten Examinations. 5 min. E. F. McCampbell Interesting Foreign Seeds Disseminated in Alfalfa. 5 min, A. D. Selby Address: “‘Earthquake and Volcanic Phenomena,” with special refer- bo Or ence to the San Francisco earthquake and the volcanoes of the Ha- waiian Islands (illustrated with lantern slides.) J. A. Bownocker. Notes on some Interesting Protoza from Cedar Point. 5 min. Cora M. Box 45 46 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 419 x Juvenile Kelps and the Recapitulation Theory (illus- trated with lantern slides) 15 min. R. F. Griggs An Ecological and Experimental Study of Sarcopha- gidz with relation to organic beach debris. 15 min. W. B. Herms Critical Notes on some Ohio Agarics and Polypores with exhibitions of specimens. 15 min. J. C. Hambleton Further Observations on the Naidide of Cedar Point. 5 min, ‘ L. B. Walton Auerswaldia ohionis Kellerm. nov. sp. 5 min. W. A. Kellerman Notes on the Myriapod Polydesmus sp. 3 min. S. R. Williams The Development of the Sporangium in Equisetum hyemale L. 8 min. L. A. Hawkins A Simple Cultural Method for Procuring Protoza for Class-room Study.5 min. Lynds Jones The Correllation between the method of distribution of Taste Buds and their Nerve Supply in Amerius. F. L. Landacre Development of the Pineal Region in Ophidia. 15 min, J. E. McDaniel Histogenesis of Heart Muscle of Chick. 10 min. H. L. Wieman On the Dipterous Fauna of Ohio. 5 min. J. S. Hine Observations on the Habits of Senotania rubroventris Mac. 3 min. Herbert Osborn On the Commissures of the Medulla Oblonganta of Fishes (read by title). Cae iletgnick Collecting Mollusca in 1906. 5 min. V. Sterki A Southern Wolfiella indigenous in Central Ohio. 8 min. W. A. Kellerman Shading of Plants with Colored Cloth. 10 min. W. R. Lazenby New Species of Ohio Hemiptera. 5 min. Herbert Osborn Fossil Land and Fresh Water Mollusca (in loess?) found at Defiance, Ohio. 5 min. V. Sterk: Note on a Method of Collecting Scutigerella, Scolo- pendrella, Japyx, Campodea and other minute forms. 3 min. L. B. Walton Annual Report on the State Herbarium. 4 min. Freda Detmers Footprints of Prehistoric Man in Perry Co. 10 min. C.. L. Martzolff The Glacial Dam at Hanover, Ohio (illustrated with lantern slides). 25 min. Frank Carney Preglacial Erosion in Ohio. 15 min. G. D. Hubbard Corrosion by Ribers, Glaciers and Waves (illustrated with lantern slides). 10 min. L. G. Westgate Boundary of the oldest Drift Sheet in Licking county, Ohio. [Slides.] 5 min. Frank Carney Harness Mound Explorations. 15 min. W. C. Mills Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science Glacial Folding of Subjacent Strata near Huron, Ohio. 5 min. E. B. Branson The Radnor Esker System. [Slides.] 10 min. L. G. Westgate Aboriginal Manufacture of Bone and Stone Imple- ments. 10 min. A. B. Coover A Buried Valley along the Rocky Fork east of Gahana, Ohio. [Slides.] 5 min. G. D. Hubbard Pre-Wisconsin Drift in the Finger Lake Region of New York. [Slides.] 10 min. Frank Carney A Fauna from the Cleveland Shale of Lorain Co. 5 min. E. B. Branson The Pottsville Formation of Eastern Licking County. [Slides.] 10 min. Frank Carney Gambier, O., March 30, 1907. L. B. Watton, Secretary. PROCEEDINGS ae Ohio State Academy of Science VOL. IVs Part 10 = Special Paper No. 13 S = - The Protozoa of Sandusky Bay and Vicinity --F. L. LANDACRE ake PUBLISHED BY. THE. ACADEMY ea AS OHIO. ae oe if ea eS PROCEEDINGS OF THE Ohio State Academy of Science Vor: IV.) Parr 10 Special Paper No. 13 The Protozoa of Sandusky Bay and Vicinity By F. L. LANDACRE LIBRARY NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN PUBLISHING COMMITTEE John H. Shaffner Ky Rice J. C. Hambleton DATE OF PUBLICATION FEBRUARY 18, 1908 PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY COLUMBUS, OHIO The Protozoa of Sandusky Bay and Vicinity. F. L. LANDACRE. The collection of fresh-water Protozoa of Sandusky Bay exclusive of the Sporozoa was begun as a preliminary survey of the Protozoan fauna of that region. The faunal work was meant to precede a more extended study of the Protozoa with a view to determining the life history and relationships of many doubtful forms, and their value as a food supply of fresh-water fishes. | No attempt has been made to describe new species in the present paper although many have been found which are appar- ently new. The large number of intermediate forms found prob- ably indicate a greater degree of variability of known species rather than a large number of new forms. The region about Sandusky seemed to be paticularly favor- able for a large Protozoan fauna and the work there has shown this to be true. It is particularly rich in Infusoria and Mastigo- phora, but contains a smaller representation of Sarcodina than one would be led to expect. The region is poorest perhaps in Rhizopods. This is due probably to the fact that the swamps there contain no sphagnum. When the collections were first begun it seemed probable that the plankton of Sandusky Bay and the Lake would be par- ticularly rich. This expectation, however, has not been fulfilled but the marshes and stagnant pools, on the other hand, have been found to be unusually rich. Owing to the peculiar condi- tions present in Sandusky Bay the attempt to study the vertical distribution was not productive of good results. Neither is the study of the surface towings at all satisfactory. The work was begun with the expectation that faunal regions could be mapped out, but the results here are also largely negative. The probable reason that the plankton of Sandusky Bay is small both in quantity and number of species, is, that the water is shallow; this causes an unusual amount of sediment in the ti water when agitated by the wind. Sandusky Bay is rarely clear. oN { 423) 22 ‘ LIGR AY NEW Y! BOTAN Gs IM AF ES 424 The Protozoa of Sandusky Bay and Vicinity. The lake itself while furnishing a large number of Crustacea has given, at least near the shore, a very small number of Protozoa, even though they do occur with such frequency in the coves mentioned. A great majority of the species of Protozoa, in this region at least, can be found in localities where duck-weed thrives abundantly. Almost any condition of temperature, light, or varying amounts of vegetation will furnish a good Protozoan fauna, especially of Mastigophora and Infusoria and Suctoria if the common duck-weed, Lemna minor, can be found in abund- ance. The collections are confined to Sandusky Bay and vicinity with the exception of a few species from a small pond in Columbus, and a few Rhizopods from sphagnum taken from Licking Reservoir. The work was done during the summers of 1902, 1903, and 1904. The original plan involved a study of the seasonal dis- tribution of the Protozoa in this region, but owing to the fact that work was confined each year to the months of June, July and August no serious study of the seasonal distribution could be made. This has not been attempted since 1881-2, when C. M. Vorce made such a study in the vicinity of Cleveland. A great majority of the species catalogued are found in three localities. A brief description of the topography of San- dusky Bay will make this clear. Sandusky Bay is a shallow, almost land-locked harbor averaging about twelve feet in depth, some fourteen or fifteen miles in length, with a width of some- thing like two miles. The portion of the Bay lying next to the main land contains numerous marshes and a number of sluggish streams enter it. The shore of the Bay lying toward the north is separated from the lake by a long sand spit known as Cedar Point, which throughout the greater portion has a sandy shore. At the western portion of Cedar Point there is a large marsh known as Biemiller’s Cove. This marsh, with a well-defined channel kept open by the rise and fali of the lake due to the action of the wind, has an average depth of about three feet. It is a typical marsh with dense vegetation along the shore, a good deal of decaying vegetation in the bottom. On the southern side of the Bay near the city is the cove which I have designated as The Protozoa of Sandusky Bay and Vicinity. 425 the Water Works cove. This is separated from the lake by a railroad embankment, but is open to the bay. In this cove is a smaller cove which I have designated as the Basket Factory cove, where a great deal of timber is allowed to remain before being manufactured into baskets. There is a bare possibility that the large number of species ascribed to this locality may be due to the fact that they were imported with the timber. I am inclined to think, however, that this if true would furnish conditions favorable to the development of the Rhizopods. The basket factory cove was not unusually rich in Rhizopods as one would expect it to be if the species had been imported. These three localities, Biemiller’s cove, the Water Works cove ,and the Basket Factory cove, furnish by far the larger part of the fauna of this region. All three of these localities contain enormous numbers of small fish and are densely packed except in the channels with vegetation. One can not help being impressed even on superficial obser- vation of the importance of the Protozoan fauna as a means of food supply for small fish, although no attempt has been made as yet to determine just what species and to what extent they are used as a source of food supply. The work was undertaken with a view of determining first just how extensive and in what manner the species were distributed in this region. The list is not offered as a complete survey of the Protozoa of this region. Undoubtedly many more species could be added if the time were taken to make the survey more complete. The system used in classification is largely that of Biitschli, although the large number of new species and genera by Ameri- can authors makes the interpolation of genera necessary, which may sometimes not fit perfectly into the original description. It is a very striking fact that of all the species of Protozoa recorded in America almost one-half are new; but of those found in Sandusky approximately only one-fifth have been described by American authors. In arranging the bibliography a special effort has been made to collect all those papers which would be of any value systematically, and especially those written by American workers. No attempt has been made to include papers dealing with the morphology or physiology of Protozoa. The European 426 The Protozoa of Sandusky Bay and Vicinity. papers aside from monographs have not been listed. It seems important to get these American papers together and find out just what has been done by American workers and what our fauna contains. An attempt to establish a synonomy may be made later. The task of arriving at any scientific classification of Protozoa is exceedingly difficult owing to the fact that no type specimens are preserved and many papers have been pub- lished not only with inadequate descriptions but with poor draw- ings and no bibliographies. One can sometimes overcome the difficulty presented by a poor description provided the drawing is fair, and he may even form some conception of what the author had in hand with poor descriptions and drawings if he knows what papers he was describing from. Bibliographies heretofore have been very rarely given with American papers. While there are undoubtedly many good species described, the difficulty of determining just what has been done is very great. While this bibliography may omit a few papers it is practically complete for American authors up to 1904. A portion of this work was done while acting as field assist- ant for the United States Fish Commission. The writer is under obligations to the trustees of the Emerson McMillan Fund of the Ohio Academy for assistance in securing literature, especially some of the more expensive papers. The author desires to express his obligations to Prof. Herbert Osborn, Director of the Lake Laboratory at Sandusky. O. S. U. Lake Laboratory, Cedar Point, Sandusky, Ohio. The Protozoa of Sandusky Bay and Vicinity. 427 The Protozoa of Sandusky Bay and Vicinity. Class Sarcodina Subclass Rhizopoda Order Amoebida Family Amoebidae Genus Amoeba Ehrbg. Amoeba proteus Leidy; on aquatic plants from Water Worxks cove. Amoeba verrucosa Ehrbg.; on aquatic plants from logs in Basket Factory cove. Amoeba radiosa Ehrbg.; on aquatic plants from Water Works cove. Genus Pelomyxa Greeff Pelomyxa villosa Leidy; in ooze in tow- ings from Biemiller’s cove. Genus Hyalodiscus Hertwig & Lesser Hyalodiscus rubicundus H. & L.; on roots of duckweed from Water Works cove, common. Family Arcellidae Genus Arcella Ehrbg. Arcella vulgaris Ehrbg.; common in all collections of vegetation and towings at Sandusky. Arcella vulgaris var. angulosa Leidy; on vegetation from basket factory cove. Arcella discoides Ehrbg.; in sediment from basket factory cove. Arcella mitrata Leidy; in towings from Biemiller’s cove. Arcella dentata Ehrbg.; in vegetation of Basket Factory cove. Arcella artocrea Leidy; in towings from Biemiller’s cove. 428 The Protozoa of Sandusky Bay and Vicinity. Class Sarcodina — Continued. Genus Hyalosphenia Stein Hyalosphenia papilio Leidy ; on sphagnum from Licking County Reservoir. Hyalosphenia tincta Leidy; on sphagnum from Licking Reservoir. Genus Pamphagus Bailey Pamphagus hyalinus (Ehr.) Leidy; vege- tation from Biemiller’s cove. Genus Difflugia Leclerc Difflugia spiralis Ehrbg.; in towings from Biemiller’s cove; in sphagnum from Licking County Reservoir. Difflugia constricta (Ehrbg.) Leidy; in sediment from Water Works cove. Difflugia pyriformis Perty; in sediment from Water Works cove. Difflugia pyriformis var. vas Leidy; in sediment from Biemiller’s cove. Difflugia urceolata Carter; in towings from Biemiller’s cove. Difflugia corona Wall.; in vegetation from Basket Factory cove. Difflugia lobostoma Leidy; in plankton of Biemiller’s cove. Difflugia crateria Leidy; in plankton of Water Works cove. Genus Nebela Leidy Nebela collaris (Ehr.) Leidy; in sphag- num from Licking County Reservoir; also from Biemiller’s cove, disk like form pronounced. Nebela caudata Leidy; on decaying float- ing vegetation from Biemiller’s cove, the spined rarer form, see Leidy (161) above. The Protozoa of Sandusky Bay and Vicinity. 429 Class Sarcodina — Continued. Genus Heleopera Leidy Heleopera petricola Leidy; among sphag- num in Licking County Reservoir. Heleopera picta Leidy; common in sphag- num in Licking County Reservoir. Genus Centropyxis Stein Centropyxis aculeata Stein; on decaying floating vegetation from Biemiller’s cove. Centropyxis aculeata var ecornis Leidy; on vegetation from Water Works cove; on sphagnum from Licking County Reservoir. Genus Assulina Ehrbg. Assulina seminulum Ehr.; on sphagnum from Licking County Reservoir. Family Euglyphidae Genus Euglypha Duj. Euglypha alveolata Duj.; on plants from floating island on southeast side of bay, a spineless variety; on sphag- num from Licking County Reservoir. Euglypha ciliata (Ehrbg.) ; Leidy; among algae from college lake (east), Co- lumbus. Genus Trinema Duj. Trinema enchelys (Ehrbg.) Leady; in towings from Biemiller’s cove. Subclass Heliozoa Order Aphrothoracida Genus Vampyrella Ceink. Vampyrella lateritia Fres.; among algae from basket factory cove, abundant. Genus Actinophrys Ehrbg. Actinophrys sol Ehrbg.; on vegetation from Basket Factory cove. 430 The Protozoa of Sandusky Bay and Vicinity. Class Sarcodina — Continued. Genus Actinosphaerium Stein Actinosphaerium eichornii, Stern.; on walls of fish tank, San. Hatch. abund- ant. Order Chlamydophorida Genus Heterophrys Archer Heterophrys myriapoda Archer; in vege- tation from stagnant pool. Order Chalarathoracida Genus Raphidiophrys Archer Raphidiophrys elegans Hertwig & Lesser; among duckweed roots from Biemil- ler’s cove, rather common. Raphidiophrys viridis Archer; in floating decaying vegetation from Biemiller’s cove. Raphidiophrys pallida Schulze; on algae from basket factory cove. Closely re- sembling ‘“‘viridis’ except granules are pale and diameter 1/800 in. Genus Acanthocystis Carter Acanthocystis chaetophora (Schrank) Lei- dy; among roots of duckweed from Water Works cove. Acanthocystis pertyana? Archer; numer- ous among algae, duckweed and wil- low roots from college lake and run at Columbus. Order Desmothoracida Genus Clathrulina Cienk. Clathrulina elegans Cienk; on duckweed roots from basket factory cove, three individuals; on sphagnum from Lick- ing County Reservoir. The Protozoa of Sandusky Bay and Vicinity. 431 Class Sarcodina — Concluded. Genus Biomyxa Leidy Biomyxa vagans Leidy; in decaying vege- tation from Biemiller’s cove. A form answering the description of the above given by Dr. Leidy was found several times in August, 1903. It is placed after the Heliozoa with no at- tempt at classification. Class Mastigophora Subclass Flagellidia Order Monadida Family Bikoecidae Genus Stylobryon De From. (Poterroden- dron?) Stein. Stylobryon petiolatum (Duj.) S. K.; on duckweed from basket factory cove. Family Heteromonadidae Genus Cladonema S. K. Cladonema laxa S. K.; on duckweed roots, much more branched than figured by Kent and stalks much more difficult to see; in constant motion. Genus Deltomonas S. K. Deltomonas cyclopum S. K.; on Cyclops from creek near Sandusky. Genus Anthophysa Bory d. St. Vincent. Anthophysa vegetans (Miill.) S. K.; common. Order Choanoflagellida Family Craspedomonadidae Genus Monosiga S. Kent. Monosiga steinii S. K.; on duckweed from basket factory cove and on stalk of Epistylis plicatilis. Monosiga brevipes S. K.; on Vorticelli campanula from Biemiller’s cove. 432 The Protogoa of Sandusky Bay and Vicinity. Class Mastigophora — Continued. Monosiga consocialtum S. K.; on the pedi- cel of Carchesium polyporum from ice house cove. Monosiga globosa S. K.; on roots of smart weed, Polygonum emersum, from Biemiller’s cove. Monosiga woodiae Stokes; on algae from Biemiller’s cove. Genus Codosiga James-Clark Codosiga grossularia S. K.; on algae from Biemiller’s cove, rare. Codosiga utriculus Stokes; on Lemna from Biemiller’s cove. Codosiga umbellatum (Tatem) S. K.; species on Cyclops from Biemillers cove. _. See Stokes, pl. Ill; fey aa Codosiga botrytis (Ehr.) S. K.; on duck- weed roots from basket factory pond. Codosiga candelabrum S. K.; on Cyclops from Biemillers cove. Codosiga assimilis S. K.; on algae from Biemillers cove, rare. Genus Salpingoeca James-Clark Salpingoeca boltoni S. K.; attached to al- gae from Biemillers cove, rare. Salpingoeca oblonga Stein; in vegetation (algae) from Biemillers cove. Salpingoeca gracilis J. Clk.; on algae from Biemillers cove, one among duckweed. Salpingoeca amphoridium J. Clk.; on duckweed from basket factory cove. Salpingoeca amphoridium J. Clk.; on ped- icel of Epistylis plicatilis, var. with short pedicel. Salpingoeca fusiformis S. K.; on algae from Biemillers cove. The Protozoa of Sandusky Bay and Vicinity. 433 Class Mastigophora — Continued. Salpingoeca cylindrica S. K.; on algae from Biemillers cove, rare. Salpingoeca carteri S. K.; found on Clad- ophyra from basket factory cove, one specimen found. Order Polymastigida Tribe Distomea Genus Hexamitus Duj. Hexamitus intestinalis Duj.; in small in- testine of common toad from Cedar Point. Order Euglenida Family Euglenidae Genus Amblyophis Ehr. Amblyophis viridis Ehr.; on vegetation from basket factory cove. Genus Euglena Ehr. Euglena sanguinea Ehr.; in stone quarry near Sandusky, very abundant. Euglena oxyurus Schmarda; on Cera- tophyllum and duckweed from bas- ket factory cove. Euglena spirogyra Ehr.; on vegetation of basket factory cove. Euglena deses Ehr.; on vegetation of bas- ket factory cove. Euglena acus Ehr.; on vegetation from basket factory cove. Genus Colacium Ehr. Colacium vesiculosum Ehr.; parasitic on Cyclops; length 100 », width 65 uy, sessile of pedicle 10 p, base of pedi- cle brown 50 p, in diameter circular or horseshoe shaped, chloroplasts ar- ranged around border, three or four showing on each side, eye spot nearly central slightly nearer anterior end. Solitary, sometimes two together. 434 The Protozoa of Sandusky Bay and Vicinity. Class Mastigophora — Continued. Colacium steinii S. K.; boat landing, Ce- dar Point. Colacium arbuscula St.; on Rotifer (col- ony bearing unidentified on algae parasite), from Biemillers cove. Colacium calvum Stein; on algae and duckweed roots from Biemillers cove, common. Genus Trachelomonas Ehr. Trachelomonas piscatoris (Fisher) Stokes; in towings from Biemillers cove and on decaying vegetation. Trachelomonas hispida (Perty) Stein; on vegetation of basket factory cove; also another form similar to the above but with spines on the ends and smooth in the middle. Trachelomonas armata (Ehr.) Stein; on vegetation of basket factory cove; a form with many short spines on pos- terior end. Trachelomonas cylindrica Ehr.; in decay- ing vegetation from Biemiller’s cove. Trachelomonas volvocina Ehr; in decay- ing vegetation from Biemiller’s cove. Genus Phacus Nitzsch. Phacus pleuronectes (O. F. Mill.) Duj.; in vegetation of basket factory cove; chlorophyll arranged in rectangular masses on ventral border. Phacus triqueter Ehr.; on vegetation of basket factory cove. Phacus pyrum (Ehr.) S. K.; on vegeta- tion of basket factory cove. Phacus longicaudus (Ehr.) Stein; on vegetation of basket factory cove; The Protozoa of Sandusky Bay and Vicinity. 435 Class Mastigophora — Continued. Genus Cryptoglena Ehr. Cryptoglena conica Ehr.; on vegetation from Biemiller’s cove. Genus Chloromonas S. K. Chloromonas pigra (Ehr.) S. K.; in in: fusion from decaying vegetation from Biemiller’s cove. Genus Chloropeltis Stein Chloropeitis hispida (Eichwald) Stein; in decaying vegetation from Biemil- ler’s cove. Chloropeltis ovum (Ehr.) S. K.; in de- caying vegetation from Biemiller’s cove. Family Astasiidae Genus Astasia Ehr. Astasia trichophora (Ehr.) Clap.; on Ceratophyllum and duckweed from basket factory cove. Genus Distigma Ehr. Distigma proteus Ehr.; among decayed vegetation from Biemiller’s cove. Genus Atractonema Stein Atractonema teres Stein; in decaying veg- etation from Biemiller’s cove. Family Peranemidae Genus Urceolus Meresch. Urceolus cyclostomata (Stein) Meresch. ; in decaying vegetation from Biemil- ler’s cove. Synonym, Phialonema cyclostomum (Stein) Kent. Genus Paramonas S. K. Paramonas ovum (From) S. K.; in tow- ings from Biemiller’s cove. 436 The Protozoa of Sandusky Bay and Vicinity. Class Mastigophora — Continued. Genus Anisonema Duj. Anisonema grande (Ehr.) S. K.; in tow- ings from Biemiller’s cove. Syn. A. acinus Duj. Genus Entosiphon Stein Entosiphon sulcatus (Duj.) S. K.; on algae from logs of basket factory; on algae from college lake, east, Colum- bus, rare. Order Phytoflagellida Suborder Chromomonadina Family Chrysomonadidae Genus Dinobryon Ehr. Dinobryon stipitatum Stein; in plankton of in vegetation. Dinobryon sertularia Ehr.; quite common vegetation. Genus Mallomonas Perty. Mallomonas plosseii Perty; among algae from basket factory cove. Genus Synura Ehr. Synura uvella Ehr.; in basket factory cove. Genus Uroglena Ehr. Uroglena volvox Ehrbg.; taken in tow net at boat landing in Biemiller’s cove, one specimen. Family Cryptomonadidae Genus Cryptomonas Ehr. Cryptomonas ovata Ehr.; in decaying veg- etation from basket factory cove. Genus Chilomonas Ehr. Chilomonas paramaecium Ehr.; in vege- tation infusions from basket factory cove. Chilomonas cylindrica (Ehr.) S. K.; on Ceratophyllum and duckweed from logs near basket factory. The Protozoa of Sandusky Bay and Vicinity. 437 Class Mastigophora — Continued. Suborder Chlamydomonadina Family Chlamydomonadidae Genus Chlamydomonas Ehr. Chlamydomonas monadina Stein; occur- ing in the septic tanks of the experi- mental sewage disposal plant at Co- lumbus, Ohio, and in connection with the diatom Navicula, completely ob- structing the sand filters used there. The clogging seems to be due to both these forms, although either seems capable of doing it alone. The resting vegetative stage seems to form the mat causing the trouble. Chlamydomonas pulvisculus Ehr.; in pools left on beach by high surf at Cedar Point, abundant. Genus Chlorangium Stein. Chlorangium stentorinum Ehr.; attached to Entomostraca from Biemiller’s cove. Suborder Volvocina. Family volvocidae. Genus Gonium O. F. Miller. Gonium pectorale Mill.; taken in tow net at boat landing near Big Nat’s cove, occasional. Genus Pandorina Bory de St. Vincent. Pandorina morum Ehrbg.; in Big Nat’s cove at point of boat landing in tow net, numerous. Genus Eudorina Ehr. Eudorina stagnata; in tow net in Big Nat’s cove at point of boat landing, common. Eudorina elegans Ehrbg.; in plankton of cove, common everywhere. 438 The Protozoa of Sandusky Bay and Vicinity. Class Mastigophora — Concluded. Genus Volvox (Leeuw.) Ehr. Volvox globator Ehrbg.; in tow net at boat landing in Big Nat’s cove. Subclass Dinoflagellidia. Order Diniferida. Family Peridinidae. Genus Peridinium. Peridinium tabulatum (Ehr.) S. K.; tow- ing near shore at landing near Biemil- ler’s cove; also a blue form resem- bling the above in every respect (young?). Genus Ceratium Schrank. Ceratium hirudinella O. F. Muller; in plankton of Biemiller’s cove, com- mon. Class Infusoria. Subclass Ciliata. Order Holotrichida. Family Enchelinidae. Genus Holophrya Ehr. Holophrya ovum Ehr.; among duckweed roots from Biemiller’s cove, one spec- imen. Genus Trachelophyllum C. & L. Trachelophyllum vestitum Stokes; from towings taken in Biemiller’s cove. Trachelophyllum apiculatum (Perty) S. K.; in towings from Biemiller’s cove. Genus Prorodon Ehr. (Euchelyodon C. & L.) Prorodon farctus C. & L.; in floating de- caying vegetation. Genus Lacrymaria Ehr. Lacrymaria truncata Stokes; body not markedly striate except at anterior end. The Protozoa of Sandusky Bay and Vicinity. 439 Class Infusoria — Continued. Lacrymaria lagenula C. & L.; in towings from Biemiller’s cove, one specimen seen. Genus Lagynus Quennerstedt. Lagynus elegans Eng.; in towings from Biemiller’s cove. Genus Trachelocerca Ehr. Trachelocerca versatilis Miuill.; in veg- etation and towings from Biemiller’s cove. Trachelocerca olor (Miill.); Ehr. among duckweed roots. Genus Coleps Nitsch. Coleps uncinatus C. & L.; in vegetation from basket factory cove. Coleps hirtus Ehrbg., in vegetation of basket factory cove. Genus Didinium Stein. Didinium nastutum Mill.; in decaying vegetation from basket factory cove. Family Enchelyidae S. K. Genus Tillina Gruber. Tillina flavicans Stokes; in infusion of dead leaves, very common and all stages represented. Family Trachelinidae. Genus Amphileptus Ehr. Amphileptus anser Ehr.; in vegetation from basket factory cove. Amphileptus gigas C. & L.; in vegetation kept in jars, basket factory cove. Amphileptus margaritifer Ehr.; among algae and duckweed from basket fac- tory cove. Genus Lionotus Wrzes. Lionotus diaphanus Wrz.; in towings from Biemiller’s cove, common in vegetation. 440 The Protozoa of Sandusky Bay and Vicwmity. Class Infusoria — Continued. Lionotus fasciola (Ehr.) Wrzes.; on walls of fish-tank, rare. Lionotus wrzesniowskii S. K.; on algae from basket factory cove, in process of fission. Genus Loxophyllum Duj. Loxophyllum meleagris Duj. (Ehr.); in vegetable infusion. Genus Trachelius Schrank. Trachelius ovum Ehr.; among Lemna from College run, Columbus, (one specimen ). Genus Loxodes Ehr. Loxodes rostrum Ehrbg.; in sediment and vegetation from Biemiller’s cove, rather rare. Family Chlamydodontidae. Subfamily Nassulinae. Genus Nassula Ehr. Nassula rubens C. & L.; on algae from logs at basket factory cove. Nassula ornata (Ehr.) ; on Ceratophyllum from basket factory cove. Nassula ornata var. conica Ehr.; on Cera- tophyllum from basket factory cove, common. Nassula flava C. & L.; in towings from Biemiller’s cove, common. Subfamily Chilodontinae. Genus Chilodon Ehr. Chilodon megalotrochae Stokes; a form answering this description was found on the gills of a crayfish from creek near Infirmary. General form cor- rect, abundant, possibly only a young stage of C. cucullulus as a larger one was seen later. The Protozoa of Sandusky Bay and Vicinity. 441 Class Infusoria — Continued. Chilodon cucullulus (Miuill.) Ehr.; in de- caying vegetation from Biemiller’s cove. Suborder Trichostomina. Family Chiliferidae. Genus Leucophrys Ehr. Leucophrys patula Ehr.; in Licking Res- ervoir, among sphagnum, common. Genus Frontonia (Ehr.) C. & L. (Cyrtosto- mum Stein). Frontonia acuminata Ehr.; dark pig- mented variety, pigment-spot. Genus Colpidium Stein. Colpidium colpoda Ehr. Schrank sp.; as- sociated with colonies of the bryo- zoan Plumatella. Genus Loxocephalus Kent. Loxocephalus luridus Eberhaud; in tow- ings from Biemiller’s cove. Genus Colpoda O. F. Miller Colpoda cucullus O. F. Mill.; in towings from Biemiller’s cove. Family Urocentridae Genus Urocentrum Nitsch. Urocentrum turbo O. F. Miller; on Lemna from Biemiller’s cove. Family Microthoracidae Genus Microthorax Eng. Microthorax sulcatus Eng.; in towings from Biemiller’s cove, common. Family Paramoecidae Genus Paramoecium Stein. Paramoecium aurelia Miill.; common. Paramoecium caudatum Ehr.; in Biemil- ler’s cove. Paramoecium bursaria Ehr.; from duck- weed roots from basket factory cove and Big Nat’s cove. 442 The Protozoa of Sandusky Bay and Viciity. Class Infusoria — Continued. Family Pleuronemidae Genus Lembadion Perty. Lembadion bullinum Perty; in towings from Biemiller’s cove. Genus Cyclidium Ehr. Cyclidium glaucoma Ehr.; in infusion of weeds from basket factory cove. Family Opalinidae. Genus Anoplophrya Stein. Anoplohrya_ striata Duj.; in aliment- ary canal of large earthworm from San- dusky. Anoplophrya branchiarum Stein; in respi- ratory appendage of Gammarus pulex from Biemiller’s cove. Genus Hoplitophrya Stein Hoplitophrya falcifera Stein; in alimentary canal of earthworm from Sandusky. Genus Opalina Purkinjie and Valentin. Opalina dimidiata Stein; in rectum of common toad, Cedar Point, larval stage. Opalina ranarum Purk.; in rectum of common frog. Order Heterotrichida Suborder Polytrichina. Family Plagiotomidae Genus Conchopthirus Stein Conchopthirus anadontae Ehr. sp. ; in body fluid of Unio from Sandusky Bay. Conchopthirus curtus Eng.; in body fluid of Unio from Sandusky Bay. Genus Plagiotoma Duj. Plagiotoma lumbrici Duj.; in intestine of earthworm. Genus Metopus C. & L. Metopus sigmoides Miull.; in towings from Biemiller’s cove. The Protozoa of Sandusky Bay and Vicinity. 443 Class Infusoria — Continued. Genus Spirostomum Ehr. Spirostomum ambiguum Ehr.; in floating decayed vegetation from Biemiller’s cove. Family Stentoridae Genus Stentor Oken Stentor igneus Ehr.; on algae (Clado- phora) from basket factory cove near ice house, one specimen. Stentor caeruleus Ehr.; in vegetation of basket factory cove. Stentor roeselii Ehr.; on algae from col- lege lake (east), Columbus. Stentor polymorphus Miull.; among duck- weed roots from basket factory cove. Genus Chaetospira Lachmann Chaetospira mtelleri Lach.; on willow roots. Suborder Oligotrichina Family Halteriidae Genus Strombidium C. & L. Strombidium claperedi S. K.; among algae from basket factory cove, occasional. Genus Arachnidium S. K. Arachnidium globosum S. K.; on duck- weed from basket factory cove. Family Tintinnidae Genus Calceolus Diesing Calceolus cypripedium (J. Clk.) S. K.; in fish tank in Laboratory building, San- dusky. Order Hypotrichida Family Oxytrichidae Genus Urostyla Ehr. Urostyla grandis Ehr.; seen on Hydra fusca first, but afterwards in water. 444 The Protozoa of Sandusky Bay and Vicinity. Class Infusoria — Continued. Genus Kerona Ehr. Kerona polyporum Ehr.; parasitic on Hy- dra fusca. Genus Stichotricha Perty Stichotricha cornuta C. & L.; on decay- ing vegetation from Biemiller’s cove. Genus Uroleptus Stein. Uroleptus rattulus Stein; on floating de- caying vegetation from Biemiller’s cove. Uroleptus piscis (Mull. sp.) ; on Cerato- phyllum and duckweed of basket fac- tory cove. Genus Opisthortricha S. K. Opisthotricha parallela (Eng.); S. K.; on duckweed roots from Biemiller’s cove. Genus Oxytricha Ehr. Oxytricha acuminata Stokes; on decay- ing vegetation from Biemiller’s cove. Oxytricha caudata Stokes; in decaying vegetation from Biemiller’s cove. Genus Stylonychia Stein Stylonychia mytilis Ehr.; in decaying in- fusions. Family Euplotidae Genus Euplotes Stein Euplotes patella Ehr.; in vegetation of basket factory cove. Euplotes charon Miull.; in vegetation of basket factory cove. Genus Aspedisca Ehr. Aspedisca costata Duj.; in vegetation of basket factory cove. The Protozoa of Sandusky Bay and Vicinity. 445 Class Infusoria — Continued. Order Peritrichida Family Vorticellidae Subfamily Urceolarinae Genus Trichodina Stein Trichodina pediculus Ehr.; parasitic on Hydra fusca. Subfamily Vorticellidinae Genus Scyphidia Lachmann Scyphidia fromentellii S. K.; on Carche- sium polypinum from Water Works cove. Scyphidia inclinans D’Udek.; on Nais from basket factory cove. Scyphidia physarum C. & L.; attached to Physa in material from basket fac- tory cove. Scyphidia limacina Lach.; in respiratory cavity of Planorbis. The form ob- served answered the above description except that the body was packed full of chloroplasts and striations were visible only under most favorable con- ditions. Found in great abundance. Scyphidia constricta Stokes; on foot and tentacles of Planorbis, numerous. May this form not be the same as S. limacina and differences being due to chloroplasts. Genus Spirochona Stein Spirochona gemmipara Stein; on Gam- marus from Castalia, common on all appendages. Genus Gerda C. & L. Gerda fixa D’Udk. ; attached to debris from Biemiller’s cove. 446 The Protozoa of Sandusky Bay and Vicinity. Class Infusoria — Continued. Genus Vorticella Linn. Vorticella hamata Ehr.; on duckweed roots from Biemiller’s cove. Agree- ing with the above except that it is shorter and thicker. — Vorticella nebulifera Ehr.; on roots of duckweed from basket factory cove. Vorticella microstoma Ehr.; on algae from college lake, Columbus. Vorticella campanula Ehr.; in vegetation of basket factory cove. Vorticella citrina Ehr.; in vegetation from basket factory cove. Vorticella nutans Mull.; on roots of Lem- na from basket factory cove. Vorticella lockwoodii Stokes; on willow roots from college lake, Columbus. Vorticella alba From.; found attached to bristles of Gammarus. Vorticella rhabdostyloides Kell.; on Cy- clops agreeing in every detail obtain- able; also on worm. Vorticella conosoma Stokes; attached to Conochilus volvox. Vorticella aquae dulcis Stokes ; attached to various crustaceans, faintly striated. Vorticella chlorostigma Ehr.; on duck- weed roots, variable in shape, ciliary disc depressed, transverse striations quite fine. Vorticella fasciculata Mull.; on Lemna. Vorticella vestita Stokes; on willow roots from cove near basket factory, com- mon. Vorticella parasita Stokes; attached to dragon fly larvae. The Protozoa of Sandusky Bay and Vicinity. 447 Class Infusoria — Continued. Vorticella appuncta From.; among roots of duckweed from basket factory cove. Vorticella telescopica S. K.; on duckweed from basket factory cove. Vorticella monilata Tatem.; on roots of duckweed from basket factory cove. Vorticella cratera S. K.; on duckweed from basket factory cove, not com- mon. Vorticella lemnae Stokes; on duckweed from Biemiller’s cove. Vorticella aperta From.; on moss (Bry- ales) from Licking Reservoir. Vorticella smaragdina Stokes; on duck- weed roots from Biemiller’s cove. Vorticella floridensis Stokes; on duck- weed from Biemiller’s cove. Vorticella convallaria Linn.; on duckweed from Biemiller’s cove, occasional. Vorticella elongata From.; on sphagnum from Licking County Reservoir. Vorticella similis Stokes; on duckweed roots from Biemillers cove. Vorticella crassicaulis S. K.; on Cyclops from Biemiller’s cove, quite variable in shape and sometimes showing transverse, striations, also on setae of worm. Vorticella communis From.; on duckweed from Biemillers’ cove (several), a few individuals showing faint trans- verse striations, colony of 25. Genus Carchesium Ehr. Carchesium polypinum (L.) S. K.; on Lemnaceae from college run, Colum- bus; in duckweed from Biemiller’s cove. 448 The Protozoa of Sandusky Bay and Vicinity. Class Infusoria — Continued. Genus Zoothamnium Stein. Zoothamnium adamsi Stokes; on Clado- phora from the government docks at Cedar Point, agrees with the above except that I cannot find striations on stem or body. Genus Epistylis Ehr. Epistylis cambari Kell.; on Cyclops from Biemiller’s cove; on gills of Cam- barus from Pipe creek. Epistylis vaginula? Stokes; on willow roots from east college lake, Colum- bus. Epistylis nympharum Eng.; in Water Works cove. Epistylis tubificis D’Udk.; on dragon fly larva from basket factory cove, also on Gammarus and Tubifex, on snail and dragon fly larva. Individ- ual colonies found on dragon fly lar- va containing 30 individuals. Stalk Z profusely branched. Whole colony five times length of one zooid. Pri- mary stem equals one zooid. Irreg- ularly dichotomously branched. Epistylis articulata From.; in vegetation from basket factory cove. Epistylis leucoa Ehr.; in decaying vege- tation from Biemiller’s cove. Epistylis anastatica Linn.; on algae from government docks. Epistylis steinii Wrz.; on Gammarus pu- lex from Biemiller’s cove. Fpistylis pyriformis D’Udek.; on insect larvae, an unidentified Ephemerid from Biemiller’s cove. The Protozoa of Sandusky Bay and Vicinity. 449 Class Infusoria — Continued. Epistylis umblicata C. & L.; on Cypris from basket factory cove. Epistylis plicatilis Ehr.; in vegetation of basket factory cove; on Ceratophyl- lum; stalk shorter and stouter, sec- ondary branches short, primary long, zooids curved somewhat full of green granules. Epistylis flavicans Ehr.; on root of duck- weed from basket factory cove, both single and branched colonies found. Epistylis invaginata C. & L.; on Cyclops, very numerous on one individual from basket factory cove. Epistylis digitalis Ehr.; on Cyclops from screenings in Biemiller’s cove. Genus Rhabdostyla Kent Rhabdostyla ovum S. K.; on Cladophora from Biemiller’s cove. Rhabdostyla brevipes C. & L.; on dragon fly larvae from Biemiller’s cove; on duckweed roots. Rhabdostyla chaeticola Stokes; on setae of Nais from basket factory cove. Rhabdostyla vernalis Stokes; attached to Cyclops from Biemiller’s cove. Rhabdostyla invaginata Stokes ; on Cypris and Cyclops from screenings in Bie- miller’s cove. Genus Opisthostyla Stokes. Opisthostyla pusilla Stokes; on duckweed from Biemiller’s cove. Genus Opercularia Stein Opercularia allensi Stokes; on species of Clepsine, a number of parasitized in- dividuals were found all at the same place. 450 The Protozoa of Sandusky. Bay and Vicinity. Class Infusoria — Continued. Opercularia nutans Ehr.; on roots of Lem- na from college run, Columbus; on duckweed roots at Sandusky. Opercularia humilis Kell.; on the leech Clepsine from Biemiller’s cove. Opercularia lichtensteinii Stein; on duck- weed roots from Biemiller’s cove. Opercularia berberina Linn.; attached to dragon fly larva from Biemiller’s cove, rare. Opercularia articulata Ehr.; on willow roots from cove at ice house. Opercularia stenostoma Stein; on willow roots from college lake, Columbus; on gills of cray fish from creek at In- firmary. Opercularia elongata Kell.; on duckweed roots from Biemiller’s cove. Opercularia rugosa Kell.; on duckweed roots, Biemiller’s cove. Genus Thuricolopsis Stokes Thuricolopsis kellicottiana Stokes; at- tached to algae and willow roots from basket factory cove. Thuricolopsis innixa Stokes; on willow roots from college lake, Columbus. Genus Cothurnia C. & L. Cothurnia annulata Stokes; among algae from Biemiller’s cove. Cothurnia imberbis Ehr.; attached to algae from the willow roots from col- lege lake (east), Columbus. Cothurnia elongata From.; attached to algae and willow roots from Biemil- miller’s cove. Cothurnia spissa From.; on duckweed roots from basket factory cove; in college lake, Columbus. The Protozoa of Sandusky Bay and Vicinity. 451 Class Infusoria — Continued. Cothurnia variabilis Kell.; attached to gills of Cambarus from creek near Sandusky, never attached to each other; from Columbus also. Genus Stylocola De From. Stylocola ampulla From.; from algae in basket factory cove. Genus Vaginicola C. & L. Vaginicola tincta Ehr.; on roots of duck- weed from basket factory cove. Vaginicola leptosoma Stokes; on Lemna roots from basket factory cove. Vaginicola grandis Perty; on willow roots irom college lake, Columbus, agrees with above except that there are few or no green granules. Vaginicola inclinata De From.; on Clado- phora from college lake (east), Co- lumbus, body extruded about 4 its length from lorica. Vaginicola ingenita (From.) S. K.; on Zygnum from basket factory cove. Vaginicola gigantea D’Udk.; on wil- low roots from college lake, Colum- bus, agreeing with above but body extruded 4 its length from lorica. Vaginicola crystallina Ehr.; on Lemna from basket factory cove. Vaginicola vestita From.; on roots of Polygonum emersum from _ Biemil- ler’s cove. Genus Platycola S. K. Platycola coelochila Stokes; on Lemna roots from near basket factory cove. Platycola regularis De From.; on dis- carded skin of Culex larva. 452 The Protozoa of Sandusky Bay and Vicinity. Class Infusoria — Continued. Platycola decumbens (Ehr.) S. K.; at- tached to willow roots, Columbus; in basket factory cove, Sandusky. Platycola gracilis From. sp.; on duck- weed roots from Biemiller’s cove. Platycola truncata From. sp.; on duck- weed roots from Biemiller’s cove. Genus Pyxicola S. K. Pyxicola carteri S. K.; on algae from Bie- miller’s cove. Pyxicola annulata Leidy; on willow roots from college lake, Columbus, body has boss like prominence at point of attachment. Syn. P. striata Kell. A. S. M. 84. Pyxicola pusilla S. K.; on algae from basket factory cove. Pyxicola constricta Stokes; on willow roots from college lake, Columbus, also common at Sandusky. Pyxicola affinis S. K.; attached to algae from college lake, Columbus. Genus Pyxidium S. K. Pyxidium inclinans (Miull.) S. K.; on duckweed from Biemiller’s cove. Pyxidium cothurnoides S. K.; on decay- ing vegetation from Biemiller’s cove, and on Entomostraca. Genus Thuricola S. K. Thuricola operculata Gruber; attached to willow roots, Columbus. Thuricola valvata (Wright) S. K.; on roots of duckweed from basket fac- tory cove. Genus Lagenophrys Stein. Lagenophrys ampulla Stein; on Gamma- rus pulex from Biemiller’s cove. The Protozoa of Sandusky Bay and Vicinity. 453 Class Infusoria — Continued. Lagenophrys nassa Stein; on Gammarus pulex from Biemiller’s cove. Subclass Suctoria. Family Podophryidae. Genus Sphaerophrya C. & L. Sphaerophrya hydrostatica Eng.; on de- caying vegetation from Biemiller’s cove. Sphaerophrya magna Maupas; in Chlamy- domonas culture from moist sand on beach at Cedar Point. Genus Podophrya Ehr. Podophrya brachypoda Stokes; on algae from ice house cove, also on Oper- cularia stenostoma from basket fac- tory cove. Podophrya diaptomi Kell.; found on Cla- dophora from basket factory cove, Sandusky, one individual. Podophrya quadripartita C. & L:; at- tached to algae from lake, Columbus, and on Epistylis flavicens. Podophrya fixa Mill.; on Cyclops from Biemiller’s cove. Podophrya cyclopum C. & L.; on Cyclops sp., common; also on Gammarus. Podophrya lichtensteinii C. & L.; at- tached to thorax of Gammarus pulex from Biemiller’s cove, one specimen. Podophrya infundibulifera Hartog.; on Cyclops from Biemiller’s cove. Family Acinetidae. Genus Acineta Ehr. Acineta stellata S. K.; on algae from Bie- miller’s cove, also among duckweed roots. 454 The Protozoa of Sandusky Bay and Vicinity. Class Infusoria — Concluded. Acineta mystacina Ehr.; on algae from basket factory cove, especially on algae among duckweed roots, long and short forms both common. Acineta lacustris Stokes ; on algae (Clado- phora) from basket factory cove near ice house; also from college lake, Co- lumbus, common. The Protozoa of Sandusky Bay and Vicinity. 455 A Bibliography of North American Fresh- water Protozoa. Bailey, J. W. 1850. Microscopic Observations made in South Carolina, Georgia and Florida... Smithsonian Contributions, Washington. 1850, II. 1853. 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Proc. ‘Calit. Aci Se) Vol.) 3. ‘pp: 142. Stiles, C. W. 1894. Report on a Parasitic Protozoon. Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., pp. 173-189. Stokes, A. C. 1883. Notes on Htereophrys myriopoda. (A Record with Obserations on Habits.) The Microscope, Vol. III, No. 5, pp. 208-211. 1884. Notes sur un Infusoire nouveau. Journ. Microg., 8, pp. 423-437. 1884. Notes sur quelques Parasites nouveaux. Journ. Microg., 8, pp. 556-72. 1884. The Reproduction of Clathrulina elegans. science, Vol. 4, p. 303. 1884. Has Salpingoeca nicrolata S. K. a Fresh-water Hab- itat? Am. Journ. Sc., Vol. 28, pp. 25-6. 1884. New Members of the Infusorian Order Choanoflagel- lata SS, Kc TT. Am. Micr. Journ., Vol. 5, pp. 43-45. 1884. Notices of New Fresh-water Infusoria. Am. Micr. Journ., Vol. 5, pp. 121-5. 1884. Phialonema cyclostomum St. Am. Micr., Journ., Vol. 5, pp. 226-230. 1884. Notes on some apparently Undescribed Forms of Fresh-water Infusoria. Am. Journ. Sc. (3), Vol. 28, pp. 38-49. 1884. Change ir the Generic Name Solenotus. Am. Journ. Sc. (3), Vol. 28, p. 158. The Protozoa of Sandusky Bay and Vicinity. 467 Stokes, A. 1884. 1884. 1884. 1884. 1884. 1884. 1884. 1885. 1885. 1885. 1885. 1885. 1885. 1885. 1885. C— Continued. A New Infusorian belonging to the Genus Pyxicola. Am Journ. Sc. (3), Vol. 28, p. 24. Metopus from Guelph, Canada. Proc. Canadian Institute, Vol. 1, pt. 4. Notes on a New Infusorian. Am. Nat., Vol. 18, p. 659. Notes on some Apparently Undescribed Infusoria from Putrid Waters. Am. Nat., Vol. 18, p. 133. A New Vorticella. Am. Nat., Vol. 18, p. 829. Notes on some New Parasitic Infusoria. Am. Nat., Vol. 18, p. 1081. Tintinnidium semiciliatum (Stokes) S. K. and Pha- lansterium consociatum (Fres.) Cienk. A Rec- ord of Observation of these two Species. The Microscope, Vol. IV, No. 5, pp. 102-104. What is the American Form of Paramoecium ? The Microscope, Vol. IV, No. 6, June, 1884. Some New Infusoria from American Fresh-waters. Ann Rept. Prenton, Nat.’ Hist. Soc. (5), Vol. 15, P. 437. Another Vorticella with two Contracting Vacuoles. Amy Nati Volo ig pesto, Notes on some apparently Undescribed Fresh-water Infusoria. II. Am. Journ. Sc. (3), pp. 313-328, pl. 3. A New Symbiotic Infusorian. Journ. N. Y. Micr. Soc., Vol. 1, pp. 152-4. Notices of New Fresh-water Infusoria, IV. Am. Mon. Micr. Journ., Vol. 6, pp. 183-190, 14 figs. A: New Choanoflagellate. Am. Mon. Micr. Journ., Vol. 6, pp. 8-12, 7 figs. Notices of New Fresh-water Infusoria, III. Am. Mon. Micr. Journ., Vol. 6, pp. 121-127, 9 figs. Key to the Vorticellae. The Microscope, Vol. 5, p. 97. 468 The Protozoa of Sandusky Bay and Vicinity. Stokes, A. 1885. 1885. 1885. 1885. 1886. 1886. 1886. 1886. 1886. 1886. 1886. 1887. 1887. 1887. 1887. C— Continued. A New Vorticella. The Microscope, Vol. 5, p. 34. Some apparently undescribed Infusoria from fresh- water. Am. Nat., Vol. 19, pp. 18-27, 8 figs.; Vol. 19, pp. 433-443, figs. I-10. A Little Infusorial Teratology. The Microscope, Vol. V, No. I, pp. 7-II. Vorticella limnetis n. s. The Microscope, Vol. V, No. 7, pp. 145-146. New Members of the Infusoriae, Order Choanofla-. gellata. Am. Mon. Micr. Journ., Vol. 7, pp. 227-9. New American Fresh-water Infusoria. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., Vol. 17, pp. 98-111, pl. I. New Species of Fresh-water Infusoria. Am. Mon. Micr. Journ., Vol. 7, pp. 81-86, 18 figs. New Hypotrichous Infusoria. Proc. Am. Philo. Soc., 1886, pp. 21-30, pl. I. Proterospongia pedicellata. The Microscope, Vol. VI, No. 5, pp. 105-106. May, 1886. A Food Habit of Chilodon. The Microscope, Vol. VI, No. 6, pp. 120-124, June, 1886. Notices of New Fresh-water Infusoria. Proc. Am. Philo. Soc., Nov. 5, 1886. Notices of New Fresh-water Infusoria. Journ. Roy. Micr. Soc., 1887, pp. 35-40, pl. 1. Notices of New Fresh-water Infusoria. Proc. Am. Philo. Soc. Sept. 16, 1887, pp. 224-255, pl. 2: Some New Hypotrichous Infusoria from American Fresh-water. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., Vol. 20, pp. 104-114, pl. I. Notices of New Fresh-water Infusoria. Am. Mon. Micr. Journ., Vol. 8, pp. 141-147. The Protozoa of Sandusky Bay and Vicinity. 469 Stokes, A. C— Concluded. 1888. 1888. 1888. 1888. 1889. 1891. 1893. 1894. 1894. New Fresh-water Infusoria. Proc. Am. Philo. Soc., Vol. 24, 1887, pp. 244-255. A Preliminary Contribution toward a History of the Fresh-water Infusoria of the United States. Journ. Trenton Nat. Hist. Soc., Vol. 1, 1888, No. 3, PP. 71-345, pl. 13. Notices of New Infusoria Flagellata from American Fresh-water. Journ. Roy. Micr. Soc., 1888, pp. 698-704, pl. 1. A Generic Synopsis of the Sedentary Fresh-water Peritrichae. Am. Mon. Micr. Journ., Vol. 9, Apr. 1888, pp. 59-64, 2) Re New Peritrichous Infusoria from the Fresh-water of the United States. Jour. Roy. Micr. Soc., 1889, pp. 474-477; 477-482. Notes on New Infusoria from the Fresh-water of the United States. Journ. Roy. Micr. Soc., 1891, pp. 697-704. Undescribed Infusoria from the Brackish Waters of Eastern U. S. Journ. Roy. Micr. Soc., 1893, pp. 298-302, pl. 5. Notices of Presumably New Infusoria. Proc. Am. Philo. Soc., Vol. 33, 1894, pp. 338-345, pl. F: An Undescribed Vasicola with an Interesting Habit. Journ. N. Y. Micr. Soc., Vol. 11, 1895, pp. 47-51. Tuttle, Albert. 1871. Note on the Infusoria Flagellata and Spongiae Ciliata. Am. Journ. Sc. and Arts, Series 3, Vol. 1, 1871, pp. 113-14. 1872. One of our Common Monads. Am. Nat., Vol. 6, 1872, pp. 286-80. Worrey;, H.,B; 1go2. An Unusual Occurrence of Dinoflagellata on the California Coast. Am. Nat., Vol. 36, pp. 187-192, figs. 3. 470 The Protogoa of Sandusky Bay and Vicinity. Vorce, C. M. 1881. Forms observed in Water of Lake Erie. Proc. of Amer. Soc. of Mic., Aug. 1881, pp. 51-64. 1882. Microscopic Forms observed in Water of Lake Erie. Proc. of Amer. Soc. of Mic., Aug. 1882, pp. 187-197. Walker, James. 1897. A Strange and Undetermined Form of Pond-life from Brooklyn, N. Y. Journ. N. Y. Micr. Soc., Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 75-6. Walton, L. B. 1905. Actinolophus minutus. A new Heliozoan with a re- view of the species enumerated in the genus. The Ohio Naturalist, Vol. V, No. 3, Jan., 1905. Whipple, G. C. 1894. Synura, Injurious to Drinking Water. The Amer. Mic. Jour., Vol. XV, Sept. 1894, No. 9. 1897. Biological Studies in Massachusetts, III. Geograph- ical Distribution of Microscopical Organisms. Am. Nat., Vol. 31, pp. 1016-26, No. 372. Whipple, G. C. and Parker, Hor. N. 1899. Note on the Vertical Distribution of Mallomonas. Am. Nat., Vol. 33, pp. 485-491. Whipple, G. C. 1900. Chlamydomonas and its Effect on Water-supplies. Trans. Am. Micr. Soc., Vol. 21, pp. 97-102, pl. I. Wilson, H. V. 1900. Notes on a Species of Pelomyxa. Am. Nat., Vol. 34, pp. 535-550, figs. 11 Wright, R. Ramsey. 1880. Trichodina pediculus, parasitic on the gills of Nec- turus. Am. Nat., Vol. 14, 1880, pp. 133. INDEX. GENUS. PAGE PAGATITMOCYSEIS) 42.44 ii si otulelo ts 430 PEMETELE PAG I Fiche koeneds ctalnane mela cio 453 Wetinosphaerium ............. 430 PREEINIOPHEYS, 21a'e clei 'astere sine ston > 429 VICI LVODIMISHY.: /c s'-cle'eloiatencliaiercle 433 LE STR OTA DE es SG Re Bee eta 427 mean tleptiS: 4... lie ee eee 439 METI GOMETIA ) 2 /chs'.%alatolelarel's lee ste vic 436 PAGO PIOPULVAN ete serhucemicicer: 442 PAGEEMO PIV SAL oierchs)statete cic fetal sterol eye 431 APaChinditine |.)././.. ieeede aos o2 440 PRC CI ACA Gta ic ch coved eis etc 427 BNSC CISCAE Ee totter tale cert etaters 444 ANSTO, (AGE Pe. MERE eR Bearer SIO Le PUSEAGT CU MEI eihaat sects Staletdtene arta 435 PMELACLONEMA . 2 /sic)s ajsicle ws. cecil 435 EE OMEV AE Farle ohorslor, evel estas ciels 431 MEAN CEOMISH poh ete. iente hoictte 443 aE Chesititiy pty! cite 447 Sear LOH. o cy v ices soe e ss 429 CCEALIIINE |)... ino cde oadens oa 438 BisetOSpita, 2... eases actors 443 WOMMMOMONAS) Hos 7oyaele ison 436 Chiilodont was/is oe oe else 440 Chiamydomonas! 5.210 eile 437 @ilonanoiim: .)y i ose) eony- 437 Ginloromonasis aecct arte cs 435 PMOLODELENS: 4/56 oc cle tlatalnl ninfete's 435 SladOnenna: hee ae v. iyk ate 431 Glatinelinasvan sce eens ciera cc 430 PAIS IB deseleta(t S25 + velo dae! ae 433 GGlaciita ess hiedeeles set etelecie-s 433 Colensme es oka iaisonwesice © 439 LGU 70c EE Trs NERA eR oe a 441 Gol podauerins dates Nacsats aches sles 441 GENUS. PAGE. Conecopthisus' ss syne coe 442 Cotineniatan epee ee c: Sadeune 450 Cry peo elena oes ts aes cuer oe. 435 Cryptomlonasts asses a oneness 436 Gyelrdtimic ss ae wre 442 Deliomonas. sit seek Lace eae 431 IDyrateaiybh rsh Ghent a as 1A ee Di 439 Dis iors Re ai iene Sed am Fae 428 Dino bry Oncaea saeieels ae de re 436 ID WGyiteaanteth Sa BAS Aes ee Le 435 EENEOSIPNOI s,s teat ses ee ee eee 436 ESpiSbylisth cs certe ies oo ee eae 448 it donitiahe cecra eta oo) 0 ease ea toe 437 RD el Paine Poon So ee) A iN eet 433 Bagly plate yeceateie tefsiststers so 429 AI pPlOES ye oe sie oiey= siete) =. afar aoe 444 Freontonia) v.03 =2 tes ate os 441 GOES. toi ice 5 hieiakey hee: 437 Gerald sperma oes sites hneie ae 445 EVIE EEA, ae cla ats wie eae palsies 429 FUGtEROM MAYS cates ale cele iets 430 ERG PATTHEMS® cf batt ieiercea syatelerey tore 433 EVGIOpH Ya 2.\5 5 .\ Sv'e-e~. e203 ae 438 Eloplitapurya: 23.0 a.h occas 449 Etyal OAS CUS Mave ote etreeien sere 427 Pivalosphenia ioe. se ai walters 428 RETOna, ba cicsicestee eee eee 444 Racrymiahias wose ses one 438 Lacenophtys. %..<4ucarrelaaly a 452 Mea yantig: Ss. fahe apne iat o eiaterer eye 439 472 Index. GENUS. PAGE GENUS. PAGE, Wembadionynesciacwon eee eke 442 \Salpingoeca iis fie ane 432 IWEUCOPOTY SMe cee cme AAT) Seyphidia oes eee eee 445 TIGNOTUS I Me te Ears ae AZo); Sphaerophryaiaesce seen 453 iLoxocephalts ) 2 .ouo4 cc ok AAs “Spicochona) Mik cue ore eee ee 445 HOMO ESM Reni nal teeth aan ZA0 eG SpiroOstomiumy lee en ae 443 Moxopiaylliataa vee Mersee Meer AAO) 1 Stentor is eset cease eee 445 Watlomonasre eau cea nike eee 436 Seen eice Bn ts ia 5a Stromiubidacim 24) eee 443 WESTOP encase sie cnecrs nanan nel 442 . Stylobryons i Sr ers aRei 431 IMPGrOENO RAR Tet See Gare cates 441 M 5 43] Stylocolawieicts Aaa ene 451 Re aR TRC Wen Ce Stylonychia)\uit. sein Sele 444 ASS Mere Mtoe ate 1 VEL A4Q\" “Syntira |): Shes r eye 436 Nebel sae ei ercaia ic iatueracen ane aes 428 Millan ie Ga ner eee 439 Opalina ........ 26+ sees eee 2) Dharicolay 0. 5st ame 452 Opercularia Peete eens 449, /Thuricolopsis) i). 01.45 suesee 450 Opisthostyla ween eee teens 449 Trachelomonas .............. 434 Opisthotricha tees eee ee eee 444 Trachelophyllum .... 4... 08 438 WECM al cieiehy: civ = -inig = ys)? 444. "Trachelocerca. sjc0., dates eee 439 [Ser a PN Dee 498 Trachelius PU PRE SARMAIA RIN Gs 440 } )' picho dima