Lieu rare parpahP A spRA™ RAAAR ACPA WAaA : (onan Aen neni at heh AanayyhAhOA _ - yy oN = on Seca il nai : see ch aa aaa pA aAA Ae. aahh fete oe wh ECONO AARRARACS BARN ae DAN RAR rR athe — penn ap / Nn as An eta sahe pleneneelenect LEAS Ae Rant caattt ee SEN as eG “ = “AA CAAPAARA BA pra ete ever ee pron santo ieee ‘gua ae daannes VINE Ae Var \ . On | 1 inet eect ot ae iogueved gee OMIYIIMEN TTS MG a x Ys catgut min vadeoyde ybesain u pare ti sapesttnt tH vyde 43 AS Ww B oad oa Y ; yo ei wih Poles 4 tert Pee iY \ MS f ae Nee 4 eh el UN eee eLeehe ae MAS ee ae vigil t] wel “Ww Mi. Y , {! al Mederen aa wate I aa Neve iy de La ‘ Rea | bs ra FOP EL ey ove ey ee “aw tes f Iv! | et < wert é wv iw nd Saw weg wv ir pcb y'3 id dd Ss even uf i s+ eee t ‘dead da “bed OM tt wv" eatin ; jejuddled i Te vest He yee “i s yun" vive ol etetitis Hw? : sib ds wi Luly pe eet Mercroacnasieet vs : AS, abe een jae WY wade g- vy “WN ¥ Co eed dt od Sieg Hi, vucdewan WW vin! a tLe iy fe deadat* way 6 ; ety spoil ris RA jd ae aiid d be J ws! a ~~ ww ~ ~ wy , ey nae “am 4 ae THA a F a te toede ry : Py ) joged" see “4 s hdd eas Oe: ree hast i Serr ky vty ADA II? pd SS ev ¥ "ht Wisi sgvend'e (figs) Cadet eee None ylation wv Ps aw’ = ; a a ay. hs Sal ge eens ‘ Pet a 4 5 arte ve 4 ye : ‘ V h ais ( 2 ts 4 oo} A Ro 2 g ( j Be ian . a Ee aot % , 4 % { , 6 : a Gnas fh > F : d J 3 - 4 abe as Ce 4 PIAS 4 | aM Lees é . te nel | ne pt 47 ! f aS 3 - af . af + nS ; PE AIL Ret Rete er & lh sad ta ae a eae ad Tay a he err, are he : wo . ‘ 4 od Nes! PO! 2 ‘@ ' dy ©, 4 z ame sietcesey Vy yl | aan Tiisatea on sia : Me igv'v'y' ww WU vim, vw oly bh the be eh AJ 7 ES H he ivy wy, Jd Ae Chae ae igo w' - AS og ot Wee ss hese Wiig eeedbe vegrver™ = & ROAD, Ase “ih w oe v | on Aedes HF, y/\ eh, wid | v wk vy f WwW LF ay th ae 2 Le wy wie 2 | FS gd wey « vv eae oe Wy “hy ij LG. jan ake oY, ee wi w ; v ieee ee a Ae RS I RS OD BSS Sara Fo MS AAS ii \ AN { ee fae Be oe & 2 ie | bh, Rows | 7 4. fed Ne ee, ee ee a re 4h a ten J AS) aX PROCEEDINGS OF THE OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE Volume IV, Part 1. Twelfth Annual Report OF THE OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE ORGANIZED 1891. INCORPORATED 1892. PUBLICATION COMMITTEE: J. H. SCHAFFNER. Jas. S. HINE. GERARD FOWKE: DATE OF PUBLICATION, April 15th, 1904. PUBLISHED BY THE ACADEMY COLUMBUS, OHIO. oii ; Oh A eae} Seen tu a Aig ie ay a 5 es Bi a Gi eth Se Ria ey Fale ii: ORRIGERS 1904. PRESIDENT. EK. L. MOSELEY. VICE-PRESIDENTS. LYNDS JONES, L. H. McFADDEN. SECRETARY. ee eewN DA@ Ras: TREASURER. HERBERT OSBORN. LIBRARIAN. Wee GC: MILES. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. Ex-Officio. Pee Ey MOSEERY. _ HERBERT OSBORN, Pal CAN DACRE: lective. WE WELLES; : W..F. MERCER. BOARD OF TRUSTEES. Wo IR, ILAvAniNiEN,, (liieitingena, Weim Oxqpines so5d50 cob daue so eeuoso ae aoe ERVIN EERSMER te Hite XM ImeSe er reinee ss lin) deen eN sO Ole ee Rete S CLARRNEREAtennilnexpinestmemnce rads untant Geen |i wseereaiceeNs PUBLICATION. COMMITTEE. J. H. ScHAFFNER, Chairman, term expires .... GERARD HO WAKE NRE TIT MITES em norte! que, elle climes ames ees my atMl ge Doe ae ONAN S MMEMDN GE Sa Lett ERD INC Sia mete hs ... 29240 Wall tSt., New York ACTIVE MEMBERS. AITKEN, WALTER H., Bot., : Station K, Cincinnati AericHt, CHarLes E., Columbus ArmstronG, C. A., Geol., Canton BALL, -E.. D5 Ent, Logan, Utah Bairp, R. L., Zool., Geol., | Oberlin Barnarp, B. C., Beaver Falls, Pa. Bercer, E. W., Berea Brair, Kate R., Biol. 1457 Neil Ave., Columbus BreAcix 3, © Wooster Bonser, T. A., Bot., Geol., 0625 Superior Ave., Spokane, Wash. Baur, Lizziz E., Bot., -Zool., Geol., Phys., Geog., Canton Bownocker, JoHN A., Geol., O. S. U., Columbus BripWELL, JoHN’C., Ent., Bot., Durham, N. H. BricHamM, F. M., ; 2712 Monroe St., Toledo Britton, J. ‘C., Ent., - Dept. Ag., Washington, D.C. Brockett, Rutu E., Bot., Rio Grande Bruccer, Harvey, Bot., Clyde Busna, Matruias, Ent., 9 Heina St., Cleveland Burcess, A. F., Ent., 1576 Neil Ave., Columbus Burr, Harriet G., Bot., Worthington Carter, CHAs., Ent., Corydon, lowa CLAASSEN, Epo, Bot., 429 Woodland Ave., Cleveland CLARK, W. B. Granville CoperLy, Epwarp D., Bot., O. S. U., Columbus CottetT, S. W., Bot., Toledo, lowa Cotton, GrorcE H., Hiram Comstock, Frank M., Vert. Zool., Case School, Cleveland Cooxson, CHartes W., Geol., Somerset CopPELAND, W. F., Athens Corson, H. C,, Akron Davis, V. H., Hort., a O. S. U., Columbus ‘ Dawson, W. Leon., Ornith., 49 Chittenden Ave., Columbus. DeEtTMErS, Frepa, Bot., 1315 Neil Ave., Columbus Dunwap, Frep, Forestry, 35) Blain St. althaca, NEY Dury, CHAs., 524 Ridgway Ave., Cincinnati Dutton, C. F., Jr, 64 W. Roy Ave., Cleveland Duvet, J. W. T., Bot., Washington, D. C., Div. of Bot Epwarps, E. H., Zool., Physiol. 259 W. Clinton St., Cleveland FEIEL, ADOLPH, 520 E. Main St., Columbus Fietp, Irvine A., Biol., 61 Oxford St., Cambridge, Mass. FiscHER, WALTER, Bot., Miami, Fla. Frynn, Maun, Zool., Columbus FouLKk, C. W., Chem., O. S. U., Columbus Fowxe, GERARD, Glac. Geol., Arch., Chillicothe Frank, J. N., Bot., Ent., O. S. U., Columbus Gary, L. B., Geol., Austinburg GILL, Grorce W., Geol., 380 E. Broad St., Columbus Grover, F. -O., Bot., Oberlin Grices; Rob. Bot, | 1318 Forsythe Ave., Columbus Hamesieton, J. C., Bot., Zool., 212 E. Eleventh Ave., Calumbus Harry, Scotr G., Ornith., North Buckeye St., Wooster Harrzett, J. C., Bloomington, Il. Harvey, Ruts S., Ornith., Bond Hill Harvey, Gertrude F., Ornith., ’ Bond Hill Hayes, SETH, Lancaster Herms, W. B., German Wallace College, Berea 6 OHIO STATE ACADAMY OF SCIENCE. Granville Marietta Herrick, C. JUDSON, Herzer, H., Paleon., Hitiic, Frep J., St. John’s College, Toledo Hing, J. S., Ent., Ornith., O. S. U., Columbus lalones, 125 IL, Clea. Cleveland IElona, Wis IPL, Bot, Toledo Hopkins, A. D., Ent., Morgantown, W. Va. Flora, Ib, S, Geol, Troy ldlown, Bian IPR I, Chagrin, Dayton Hunt, Tuomas F., Ag., Ithaca, N. Y. James, Davis, L., 127 W. Seventh St., Cincinnati Janney, JoHn J., Hort., 93 Fifteenth Ave., Columbus Jennines, O. E., Bot., Carnegie Museum, Pittsburg, Pa. Jones, Lynps, Ornith., College Museum, Oberlin Ihomsom,, Cs A Bo, 235 Columbus Ave., Sandusky KEELER, Miss H. L., Bot., 93 Olive St., Cleveland KELLERMAN, WitLiAm A., Bot., 175 W. Eleventh Ave.,Columbus KELLERMAN, Mrs. W. A., Bot., 175 W. Eleventh Ave.,Columbus Ketspy, F: D, Bot., 2146 Fulton St., Toledo KGIBEERS eRe ale Attica Kune, W. A., Biol., Westerville ILANDAGRE, He Zool. O. S. U., Columbus LAazENBy, Wm. R., Hort., Bot., O. S. U., Columbus LINDAHL, Josua, Zool., 312 Broadway, Cincinnati Lioyp, Joun. Uri, Court and Plum Sts., Cincinnati ILiouartse, 1B, Wi, Bot. Ashtabula Luxe, Frep K., Bot., Hort., Mo. Bot. Garden, St. Louis INU Siena (Cs WE, Bate. Grahamstown, South Africa Matry, Mrs. C. W., Grahamstown, South Africa MASTERMAN, FE. E., Zool, Bot., New London Wooster Painesville Mazterer, H. N., Biol., MatHews, Mary E., MicGoxGir wBot: 317 E. Mulberry St., Lancaster McELHINNY, FRANK B., Bot., : New London McFappen, L. H., Chem., Westerville Mackinnon, J. A., Ornith., Grand Ave., Toledo Meap, Cuas. S., Zool., Bot., 217 King Ave., Columbus Mercer, W. F., Biol., Qhio University, Athens Mercatr, ZENO P., Plympton Mirns, W. ©, Arch, Biol, O. S. U., Columbus MoorEHEAD, WaArRREN K., Arch., Andover, Mass. Morsz, Max W., Zool., O. S. U., Columbus Mosetey, E. L., Zool., Bot., Physiog., Sandusky Neties, Gro. T., U. S. Eng., Of. Hickox Bldg., Cleveland NEWELL, Wit_mon, Ent., Atlanta, Ga. OBERHOLSER, H. C,, 1454 Sheridan Ave., N. W., Washington, D. C. OpEnsBaAcH, F. L., Meteor., ~ . St. Ignatius Coll., Cleveland Ossorn, Herpert, Ent., Zool., O. S. U., Columbus OszpurN, RAymonp C., Zool., Ichth., 510 W. 124th St., New York OutHwatrte, JosEepH H., ; U. S. Ordnance, Columbus Oviatt, H. L., Gen. Sci., Norwalk ATETEISMERE Malian) 1138 Independence St., Cleveland PRaARRomr, Boj, Ent. Geneva; Nay: Prox Ji 3) (Geol: Delaware PEppEL, S. V., Chem., Geol., Surv., Columbus PIWANKA, THOMAS, 243 Superior St. Cleveland Prosser, C. S., Geol. O. S. U., Columbus Ruoapes, W. R., Gas Works, Springfield, Ill. Rice, Epwarp L., Zool., Delaware Ripp_e, Lumina C., Bot., O. S. U., Columbus RoupesusH, Lowett, Owensville Rover, Joun S., Biol., 247 N. Seventeenth St., Columbus SANnbERS, J. G., Ent.; Bot., Westerville ACTIVE MEMBERS. 7 St. Mary’s Berea Sancer, U. G., Bot., ScHaAaL, WILLIAM G.,, ScHAFFNER, JOHN H., Bot., O. S. U., Columbus Scott, Daisy M., 1274 Summit St., Columbus Seaton, Miss F., 103 Glen Park Place, Cleveland Setpy, A. D., Bot., Experiment Sta., Wooster Srmmxins, J. D., Gla. Geol., St. Marys Stocum, Mrs. Bertie,’ Wayne Bldg., Toledo Srocum:, (225 Defiance SmitH, Miss I. S., Bot., Oberlin Smiryu, J. Warren, Meteor., Columbus Snyper, F. D., Zool., Ethnol., Ashtabula Soule, WILLIAM, 1804 S. Union Ave., Alliance Siam, IL ID, 1062 Madison St., Cleveland SterKi, Victor, Conch., Bot., New Philadelphia Stickney, M. E., Bot. Granville STocKBERGER, W. W., Bot., Dept. Agr., Washington, D. C. STonER, Minnie A., Dom. Sci., O. U.S., Columbus StorKE, SopHia D., 1040 Franklin Ave., Cleveland Surrace, F. M., Zool., Bot., Eaton Sutton, J. G, Physics, Geol., Rushsylvania SweeEzey, Orro H., Board of Agr., Columbus THomeson, Mrs. Kine, 167 W. Tenth Ave., Columbus TirtMAN, Miss Opat L., O. S. U., Columbus tierr, We G: Gedl:; Albuquerque, N. M. Topp, JosepH H., Geol., Arch., Christmas Knoll, Wooster Won Jala aus McConnelsville Tussine, P. 1.,- Geol, Ada Tyter, F. J., Bot., Plant House, Div. of Bot., Washington, D. C. Watton, L. B., Biol, Gambier Wess, R. J., Bot., Garrettsville Weesster, F. M., Ent., Urbana, Ill. Wetis, W. E., Biol., ; Antioch Coll., Yellow Springs WERTHNER, Wittiam, Bot., Steele High School, Dayton WestTcGateE, Lewis G., Geol., Delaware WetzsTEIN, A., Bot., St. Marys WuHetseL, J. A. G., Bot., Zool., South New Lyme Wauttney, W. C., Biol., Geol. Westerville WILLIAMS, STEPHEN R., Biol., Miami Univer., Oxford WiLiiaMson, E. Bruce, Ichth., i Ornith., Bluffton, Ind. Witson, Miss S. S., Geol., Phys. Geog., 97 N. 20th St., Columbus Witxinson, E., Bot., Mansfield Wore, E. E., Bot., /Marietta Coll., Marietta WricHt, G. FrepERICK, Geol., Oberlin WricHt, ALBERT A., Geol., 123 Forest St., Oberlin York, Hartan H., Bot., O. S. U., Columbus Report of the Thirteenth Annual Meeting OF THE Ohio State Academy of Science. ANNUAL MEETING. The thirteenth annual meeting of the Academy was held at Denison University, Granville, November 27, 1903. All but one of the papers on the printed program were read. Regarding the status of membership, the secretary reported that the executive committee had decided, “the Academy is so small as to make any classification of members unnecessary.” In accordance with a recommendation of the treasurer, the Academy decided that “authority shall be secured from the execu- tive committee before any debt is incurred by any member, officer, or committee.” Hereafter members are not to receive the publications if their dues are in arrears more than one year. The publication committee reported: “During the year four reports have been published, amounting in all to 435 pages. The greater part of the expense of publication was covered by the McMillin fund.” __ The trustees reported: “During the year the Academy has published three valuable ‘Special Papers,’ Nos. 5, 6 and 7. The studies upon which these papers were based were largely carried on by aid from the Emerson McMillin Research fund, and the expense of publication was mainly met by the further aid of the same fund. It is expected that two more ‘Special Papers’ will be completed and published during the year 1904, and that in addition to this, much research work in other lines will be done. The annual donation of $250.00 by Emerson McMillin for the year 1904 has been received and deposited in the Capital City Bank, Columbus.” The Academy adopted the following resolutions: FIRST. “Resolved, That the rule be established that no paper shall hereafter be admitted to the program of the annual meeting, unless IO OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. by special vote of the Academy, which shall not have been sub- mitted either in full or in abstract to the program committee and approved by them. ‘Titles of proposed papers may be sent to the program committee or to the secretary at any time in advance of the meeting in order to aid the committee in planning the pro- gram, but this cannot take the place of the absract. Abstracts should not exceed 300 words in length and should be submitted typewritten in the form desired for publication in the proceedings, The full text of all papers designed for publication by the Academy, properly edited for publication and typewritten, should be in the hands of the publication committee not later than the adjournment of the annual meeting,” SECOND, “Resolved, That the Ohio Naturalist be made an official organ of the Ohio State Academy of Science, the Naturalist to print in full papers under 1,500 words in length, and abstracts, not to exceed 300 words in length, of other papers read. All abstracts and other MSS. designed for the Ohio Naturalist, after having been passed upon by the publication committee, shall be sub- mitted in typewritten form to the editor of the Ohio Naturalist within one week after the adjournment of the annual meeting. “The Ohio Naturalist shall publish announcements of meet- ings, lists of publications for sale, etc., whenever the Academy may desire, such announcements not to exceed one-half page of advertising matter in any one issue. Copies of all numbers of the Ohio Naturalist shall be sent to all members of the Acar not in arrears for the payment of dues. “The Academy shall pay to the Ohio Naturalist 50 cents for each subscription of the Naturalist thus sent to its members. “The annual reports, including lists of members, officers, pro- ceedings, the presidential address and such other matter as the publication committee may determine, shall be issued separately by the publication committee. Papers offered for publication which exceed 1,500 words in length may be published by the © Academy, when accepted by the publication committee, in the series of Special Papers now running. The publication committee shall assemble the Annual Reports and Special Papers into vol- umes of proceedings of convenient size and page them consecu- tively in each volume. But a part of the edition of each volume of proceedings shall be made up with each Annual Report and Special Papers stitched and covered separately, and offered for sale at the lowest reasonable rate.” [= ~ CHARM w 36. 37. REPORT OF THIRTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. II PAPERS READ. Preliminary Report on the Development of the Gill in Mytilus een eau rs sac elie ebae as corte evra Arcleaig Slar Slay Epwarp L. RIcE Comparative Chart of the Vertebrate Skull....... CHarLes S. MEap sihe Protozoa ot Sandusksy, Bay, Gece sss ciel aici «elon F, L. Lanpacre NeNiewe enitrichous liltisoimlates scent sci esse F. L. Lanpacre Report on the Reptiles and Batrachians of Ohio........ Max Morse Tiare IProworsoe) On IBirmisin Ibe Foncoodenseacedoacds Lumina C. Ripple Gataloguine Museum! Collections ..-22..-.---- ..L. B. Watton A Practical Dissecting Tray . .L. B. Watton A Further Contribution to the Hemipterous Fauna of Ohio.. Be SRT Be et Re TAG ean ee ca ee ke Herbert OSBORN Report on the Scale Insects of Ohio ................J. G. SANDERS Report on the Orthoptera of Ohio ..................CHas. S. MrEap A Supplement to the Odonata of Ohio .... ..JAMES S. HINE Notes on the Introduction of the Chinese Ladybird, ‘Chilocorus sismibic. tim ONO) Sogaosodoseccduscooosoooooo0Ds A. F. BurceEss Notes on a Macropterous Phylloscelis atra........ HERBERT OSBORN The Breeding Habits of the Myriopod, Fontaria Indianae Boll NN ah ERT Ne acne ae ASN eae cee arsy oyzde alates Onin ar atisr lets Max Morse A Statistical Plea for Nature Study .. .Epwarp L. Rick Shore Line Topography between Toledo” and. “Huron, Ohio— Eantesne: slides =. os... _......LEwis G. WESTGATE Some Rare Forms of Aboriginal Implements STEM Tistaneye tees J. H. Topp List of the Mosses of Cuyahoga and Other Counties of North- GHB, OV awlOV res SAE ede Ce naan tcl Bay RINE Si Ue Epo CLAASSEN Extra-Floral Nectaries and Other Glands. . ..Joun.H. SCHAFFNER Notes on Nutating Plants ....... : .Joun H. SCHAFFNER Notes on Some Rare and Interesting Ohio Plants. .Otto E. JENNINGS The’ Keeping Qualities of A PRIS AN Geen ae .Wmn. R. LazENBYy Seeds of Celastracez ...... ee Se Wy Ro Lazeney Variation and Environment Bight A ESS LO Sit VE L. B. Watton Further Floristic Studies in West Virginia ...... W. A. KELEERMAN Additional Infection Experiments with Species of Rusts...... Salts Rie aay eR RRL Ma St ak Gh eRe a oe ET W. A. KELLERMAN Mycological Flora of Cedar Point, Sandusky, Ohio—Abstract Bean UE Ones acter eR IL at Mc acne BMGT Unk WSS W. A. KELLERMAN Group, Names: in) Natural blistony ais). tes es oe W. A. KELLERMAN Historical Account of Uredineous Culture Experiments, with Iist of Species-Abstract i225... 2... 2.6... W. A. KELLERMAN Annual Report on the State Herbarium ..... AA At eMC rot s URMONN SS W.. A. KELLERMAN and 16) °E, “JENNINGS On the Occurrence of Fossombronia cristula in Ohio. .Epo CLAASSEN The Agar-agar Method of Imbedding Plant Tissues.......... RIM ee Seam Ue uUIN amare Cur aed aE ata alec a icsclatin ilotgentat Hartan H. Yorx Report on the Flowering Plants and Ferns of Cedar Point.. Rp ite Vey Neen entraury 5, SieieNGiloray wyaiaih 3 of atanaver aie chet Otto JENNINGS Preliminary enor on the Geology and Ecology of Clifton (ORS eet ey ry reiaice cinke sini eroaleteie te eabayene NeewVe oh WELLES INotessom tie wAradicaer ot | OliO js a0 eles sisltersice © HERBERT OSBORN JN TRG Osis URilkexornGl Rees Gadnonocon abo b0oG- HERBERT OSBORN E. L. Mosetey, Secretary. 12 OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. NOTIGE: IN; REGARD, TO PUBLICATIONS: Since by a special resolution of the Academy, the Annual Reports and Special Papers are in the future to be collected into definite volumes consecutively paged, it becomes necessary to make some disposition of the reports already issued. It is very unfortunate that a definite and suitable plan of publication was not adopted by the Academy from the very beginning. But although there will be some inconvenience in having volumes consisting of reports specially paged, there seemed to be but one feasible plan, which is to collect the old reports into a number of volumes, each consisting of a number of parts. The reports are therefore col- lected into three volumes and the new plan with consecutive pagi- nation thus begins with Volume IV. The disposition of the past reports is as follows: : Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science, Vol. I, consists of the following Reports: Part 1. Constitution, By-Laws, Officers, List of Members, and Historical Sketch; 1891. (Date of publicatlon, 1892.) Part 2. First Annual Report of the Ohio State Academy of Science; 1892. (No date of publication.) Part 3.. Second Annual Report of the Ohio State Academy of Science; 1893. (No date of publication.) Part 4. Third Annual Report of the Ohio State Academy of Science; 1894. (No. date of publication.) Part 5. Fourth Annual Report of the Ohio State Academy of Science; 1895. (No date of publication.) Part 6. Fifth Annual Report of the Ohio State Academy of Science; 1896. (Date of publication, 1897.) Part 7. Sixth Annual Report of the Ohio State Academy of Science; 1897. (Date of pubilcation, 1898.) Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science, Vol. II, _ consists of the following Reports: Part 1. Seventh Annual Report of the Ohio State Academy of Science; 1898. (Date of publication, 1899.) Part 2. Special Papers No. 1, “Sandusky Flora.” (Date of publication, May, 1899.) Special Papers No. 2, “The Odonata of Ohio.” (Date of publica- tion, Mare, 1899.) Part 4. Eighth Annual Report of the Ohio State Academy of Science; 1899. (Date of publication, 1900.) Part 5. Special Papers No. 3, “The Preglacial Drainage of Ohio.” (Date of publication, December, 1900.) Part i) REPORT OF THIRTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 13 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science, Vol. III, consists of the following Reports: Part 1. elanheo: Part atte artes: Penrie Gy, IP Wes (Se) Ninth Annual Report of the Ohio State Academy of Science; 1900. (Date of publication, 1901.) Special Papers No. 4, “The Fishes of Ohio.” (Date of publica- tion, May, 1901.) . Tenth Annual Report of the Ohio State Academy of Science; 1901. (Date of publication, 1902.) Eleventh Annual Report of the Ohio State Academy of Science, 1902.- (Date of publication, May 1, 1903.).- Special Papers No. 5, “Tabanidz of Ohio.” (Date of publication, May 1, 1903.) Special Papers No. 6, “The Birds of Ohio.” (Date of publication, October 15, 1903.) Special Papers No. 7, “Ecological Study of Big Spring Prairie.” (Date of publication, 1903.) It is the intention of the publication committee to publish title pages and indexes to the volumes as opportunity and funds will permit. As stated, Vol. 1V will be paged consecutively ; and hereafter there will be no difficulty in having the reports prop- erly bound or in referring to articles contained in them. Joun H. ScHAFFNER. 14 OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCKH. PRESIDENTS ADDRESS. THE DOCTRINE OF NERVE COMPONENTS AND SOME OFRATSVA PPE LE AAO Ss: By C. Jupson HERRICK. The original purpose of the students of nerve components was the analysis of the peripheral nervous system into units which should have at the same time a functional and a structural signifi- cance. This obviously is not the case with the cranial and spinal nerves as commonly enumerated. The structural peculiarities of each of the twelve pairs of cranial nerves, for instance, while fairly well defined in the human body, are very diverse in the vertebrate series as a whole. Thus the facial nerve from being predominantly sensory in lower vertebrates (more than half of its fibers in fishes belonging to a sensory system not represented at all in mammals) becomes in man predominantly motor with only a vestigeal remnant of the sensory components, and even the motor component innervates chiefly muscles new to the mammalia. We might multiply illustrations of the structural instability of the cranial nerves. And that the cranial nerves have any special sig- nificance as functional units. cannot be maintained for a moment, no two pairs in the human body having even approximately the same function. But the first measurably complete analysis of the cranial nerves into their components for their entire extent showed at once the presence of certain structural and functional systems of components, the laws of whose distribution have apparently little to do with the serial order of the cranial nerves as commonly enumerated. We have, then, a number of systems of components each of which is defined structurally by similarity of peripheral and central terminal relations, and functionally by the transmission of nervous impulses of the same type or modality. Among these systems are tactile, auditory, visual, olfactory, motor, gustatory, etc., each with very characteristic terminal relations. Now, this structure is absolutely meaningless apart from its function. Let any one who doubts this spend a few months (as I have done) in trying to master and correlate the existing literature of the cranial nerves of vertebrates. Though these descriptions were for the most part written by famous masters of REPORT OF THIRTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 15 anatomical science, yet in their aggregate they present an indi- gestible mass of confused and meaningless detail, crude fact, well spiced with error, for the most part not worth the prodigeous labor of digging it out of the oblivion of classic tomes of by-gone anatomists. ; I do not mean to imply that all the problems of cranial nerve morphology are now cleared up; but I do claim that there is no longer any necessity for the further accumulation of uncritical and meaningless fact in this field of research. We have already gone far enough to point the way toward certain lines of fruitful correlation, We can not only correlate structure with structure, but we can interpret structure by function and thus bring out a fuller meaning, We are at least coming into a realization of the fact that we cannot fully understand any structure until we know what it can do. This point of view of course is not new, but as worked out practically in the peripheral nervous system it is exerting a clarifying influence upon our knowledge of the central system also. The present demand in cerebral anatomy is for conduction paths, for functional systems of neurones, and precise knowledge of the pathways between the brain and the periphery is the first step in such a central analysis. The primary function of the nervous system is to facilitate the reaction of the organism to the external forces of the environ- ment. Later, as the reacting mechanism becomes more com- plicated, the nervous system assumes the function of co-ordinat- ing this mechanism, 7. ¢., of reaction to the forces of the internal environment. These two functions lie at the basis of our most fundamental division of the analysis of the nervous system, viz. : (1) the somatic systems (sensory and motor) for bodily responses to external stimuli, and (2) the visceral systems (sensory and motor) for visceral reactions to internal stimuli. Each of these great divisions has been analyzed peripherally, more or less imperfectly as yet, into systems of components, as suggested above. Every such system of nerve fibers performs a separate function, conducts a single type of nervous impulse, either afferent, 7. e., sensory, or efferent, 7. ¢., excito-motor, excito-gland- ular, ete. The following systems are already distinguishable anatomically : 16 OHIO ‘STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. I. Somatic SYSTEMS. 1. Tactile, or general Cutaneous. 2. .Acustico-lateral, including nerves for lateral line organs (in the - Ichthyopsida) and for organs of equilibration and hearing (in vertebrates generally). These organs and their nerves have probably been derived phylogenetically -from the general cutaneous system and, like the organs of the latter type, are adapted for the reception of various kinds of mechanical impact, either rhythmic or non-rhythmice. 3. Visual (a system of uncertain relationship, provisionally classi- fied under the somatic sensory). 4, Somatic motor, for the innervation of skeletal or voluntary muscles. : I]. VisceraL SYSTEMS. 5. Visceral sensory, unspecialized sensory nerves of the viscera, dis- tributed chiefly through the sympathetic nerves. 6. Gustatory, innervating specialized sense organs (taste buds) of chemical sense, probably derived phylogenetically from the preceding type. : Olfactory (provisionally classified here because of the apparent resemblance betwen taste and smell). 8. Visceral motor, distributed chiefly to unstriped and involuntary muscles, generally through the sympathetic system. 9. Excito-glandular, provisionally classified here because of general atta resemblance to the last mentioned type. 7 There are numerous other systems which can be differen- tiated physiologically, but which cannot as yet be completely separated anatomically and classified, such as nerves for the thermal sensations, muscle sensations, etc., but enough has been done to enable us to lay down the general plan or pattern of the peripheral nervous system as a whole and to define the main path- ways by which stimuli of different modalities reach the brain and are reflected back to the responsive organs. Our anatomical knowl- edge of these pathways is sufficiently well controlled by precise physiological experimentation to enable us to state with confidence that each of the nine systems mentioned above is a real functional unit. d The fibers composing these systems may reach the central nervous system through a series of many nerve roots arranged in a segmental way, like the general cutaneous nerves of the spinal cord, or they may all be represented in a single large nerve, like the optic and olfactory. Thus it happens that some nerves, like those last mentioned, are “pure’’ nerves, while others, like the facialis or vagus, are “mixed,” containing in some cases as many as four anatomically distinguishable components. REPORT OF THIRTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 17 It is a general rule that in the body the components tend to be distributed among a large number of nerves in a more or less segmental way, while in the head they tend to be concen- trated into a few pathways, or only one, into the brain, an adap- tation which presents obvious advantages for the simplification and unification of the secondary reflex paths from these primary centers. Now, the central nervous system is, as we have already seen, primarily a mechanism to facilitate the reaction of the animal to impressions from without, in other words, to put the body in correspondence with the environment. Its structure is directly determined by the avenues of sense through which these stimuli come in and by the character of the responses to these stimuli which are necessary for the conservation of the organism. In. view of the fact that we already possess a detailed knowledge of these peripheral nervous pathways, it is manifest that we have here a most favorable avenue of approach in an analysis of the incon- ceivable complexity of cerebral structure. We must know in detail the possible reflex pathways in the brain for all olfactory, visual, gustatory responses, etc., in the vertebrate type, and then on the basis of such a functional sub- division of the brain the problem of the mechanisms of higher cerebral processes may be attacked with a reasonable hope of suc- cess. The investigation of the internal organization of the brain may be pursued in several ways: I. The direct study of the human brain, both normal and pathological. On account of the enormous practical importance of neurology to both human psychology and pathology, research naturally turned directly to the human brain; but a more unfavor- able starting point could not be found. II. It is now generally recognized that the complex human brain can best be understood by finding first a simpler pattern such as is presented by one of the lowest vertebrates. Accord- ingly the phyletic method has dominated all recent neurological research. The brains of individual species are studied and mono- graphed, particular attention being paid to the lower members of the vertebrate series in the hope of finding in them a schema or paradigm which can be followed upward through the comparative anatomical series and, after comparison with the ontogeny of higher brains, lead to a reconstruction of the phylogenetic history of the brain. While this method has been of great service, espe- cially to such problems as can be approached from the study of external morphology, it is immensely difficult when applied to the histological problems, and as a matter of fact has not as yet taken us very far. 18 OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. Ill. A third method, instead of taking an entire brain as the unit of research, concentrates attention upon a single func- tional system and seeks to get exhaustive comparative knowledge of it in many types. Starting with a fairly accurate and detailed knowledge of the functional. systems at the periphery, we have simply to extend the lines of inquiry here blocked out for us. This gives a type of problem which is much more approach- able than the others. It is not so complex, but more intensive. Of still more importance are the facts that the anatomical data can be directly correlated by physiological experimentation, and the method is open to experimental control all along the line. Our degeneration methods open up possibilities here which are incom- parably more valuable than the most precise anatomical observa- tion. And nature has performed for us a series of experiments which are in a sense the converse of our degeneration methods. The various sensori-motor systems are very imequally developed, some animals possessing one in a high state of elaboration, some another. If therefore we begin our “Settles on the visual system for instance, with animals such as most birds with very highly developed eyes, and then compare with animals with vestigeal eyes, it is evident that we have here a means of isolating the system for scientific study which has some points of superiority over artificial experimental methods. Fortunately within the group of fishes, whose brains are all constructed on a plan funda- mentally similar, we have the most remarkable diversity in the degree of development of the several systems, so that this is a favorable starting point for this method, especially since the brain is composed almost wholly of the simpler reflex mechanisms with- out the complications which we find in mammals due to the enormous developments of higher associational centers in the fore- brain. Some fishes have huge eyes, some are blind; some have elaborate olfactory apparatus, some very ~slight; some show a marvelous hypertrophy of the organs of taste, or touch, ete. These organs are all open to physiological study and so the func- tions can be accurately determined. Then, having found the cerebral pathways for each system where it reaches its maximum development, we can- more easily trace out the system in other types, and thus arrive ultimately at a full knowledge of its evolutionary history. All scientific method is both analytic and synthetic. In the phyletic type of neurological method, these two processes are apt to be far separated and the observed facts may remain inert and N REPORT OF THIRTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 19 relatively meaningless, because imperfectly understood, inco- ordinated. In our third type of method, on the other hand, it is easier to correlate the data as we go along, the synthesis accom- panies the analysis, and the possibility of experimental control should keep the student in closer touch with his guiding facts and discourage general speculation. As a concrete illustration of the practical method of applying the doctrine of nerve components in the functional analysis of the nervous system, we may summarize briefly the progress which has been made up to date in the study of the gustatory: system. In man, as is. well known, the sense of taste is not very highly developed. The peripheral organs, or taste buds, are situ- ated chiefly on the tongue, those near its base innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve, and those near the tip probably by the chorda tympani of the facial nerve. But the gustatory pathway toward the brain is very imperfectly understood and many points are still in controversy, while the central path is almost wholly unknown. But in certain fishes, such as the carp and cat fish, this system of sense organs is enormously exaggerated. Taste buds are found, not only in the mouth, but all over the outer skin and barblets. Direct experiment shows that these fishes actually do ‘taste with these superficial sense organs—unlike some people, their taste is not all in their mouth. The experiments made on the cat fish (Ameiurus) show that these fishes seek their food by feeling for it with the barblets and by means of them they discriminate between edible and non-edible substances, that they habitually use both the sense of touch and the sense of taste for the purpose and that they can be taught to discriminate between tactile and gustatory stimuli applied to the skin and will turn and snap up savory substances and reject objects which feel like them but are devoid of taste. The exact distribution of the gustatory sense organs has been determined and their nerves traced back to the brain. We get the gustatory reaction from the skin as described above in fishes which possess these cutaneous sense organs, and the reaction is not obtained from fishes which do not possess such sense organs and nerves. All of these cutaneous sense organs are innervated from a single nerve, the sensory root of the facial (corresponding to the portio intermedia of human anatomy), which is the biggest nerve in the body. The center in which this nerve terminates in the medulla oblongata is about as big as the entire forebrain, 20 ” OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. instead of being barely discernable by refined histological methods, as in the human body. And the secondary gustatory path, which in man is totally unknown, is the largest single tract in the brain, both in the cat fish and in the carp! The primary gustatory center in the medulla oblongata is bilobed, the “facial lobe,” receiving the gustatory fibers from the skin and the “vagal lobe” receiving those from the mouth. From these lobes there is both an ascending and.a descending gustatory path. The latter passes down to the point where the medulla oblongata merges into the spinal cord and there terminates in a special nucleus which is intimately related to the funicular nuclei, a center for tactile sensations. Here the tactile and gustatory stimuli are co-ordinated and a common descending bundle (terti- ary path) passes back into the spinal cord for the body movements necessary to turn toward the food object. The ascending sec- ondary gustatory path extends upward to a big nucleus under the cerebellum, from which tertiary pathways extend forward and downward into the midbrain (chiefly in the inferior lobe), then backward by a descending path of the fourth order into the medulla oblongata to reach the motor nuclei of the cranial nerves. We have already gone far enough into our analysis of these secondary and tertiary gustatory paths to make it perfectly safe to predict that all of the habitual gustatory reflexes which we have observed in these fishes can be followed anatomically through the brain for their entire extent. And since we have the strongest reasons for believing that the elementary reflex paths are essen- tially similar in mammals and fishes, we expect to find here an important guide for further research in human anatomy. So the other sensori-motor systems may be severally investi- vated, beginning the attack in each case with some species low down in the vertebrate series in which this particular mechanism is highly developed, and then extending the research to higher and lower types. We may ultimately hope for a subdivision of the brain which shall be both structural and functional, each organ or pathway being given its function or meaning in the system as a part of the- machinery of keeping the body in vital, helpful contact with environing forces. The great morphological “head problems,” such as the primitive metamerism and the subsequent marvelous kalaidoscopic changes in structure and function of the component segments, these must all be read through the medium of such an intensive study of these factors upon which all differentiation has in last analysis depended. REPORT OF THIRTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 21 There is another point of view from which I have been some- what interested to develop the implications of the doctrine of nerve components, that of scientific methology in general. It is said that scientific explanation consists essentially in such an organization of facts that they may be generalized or included under certain laws or uniformities which permit a fore- casting of future events. Now, without going into an exposition at this time of the implied philosophy of nature, I think that a little reflection will show that this statement, while true in a certain limited sense, is very defective. ’ What is the nature of this organization of facts from which so great benefits are expected to flow? Can it in last analysis be anything other than the correlation of experience? All of the “facts”? with which we deal have grown up in experience; they are in a literal sense the products of our experience. As men of science we have nothing to do with “things-in-themselves,” only with phenomena, out of which we have constructed by mental process certain objective things which we regard as real—‘‘con- structs,’ or in common parlance, objects, facts, data. By these things which grew up in experience (we have in most cases forgotten how) we measure up and evaluate all new experience. If the new sense presentation is a yellow dog with white feet we assimilate it at once with previous experience and approve it as a valid fact. If, on the other hand, it is a green dog with thirteen scarlet heads each with a forked tongue, we are apt to ask, Am I awake or asleep? or, What was I drinking last night? Such an experience may be vividly real to me, but if awake and sane I do not accredit it as an object of sense, as a fact of experience, unless I can correlate it with the body of fact already approved. But scientific laws are merely “facts’’ of wider import, which rest on a foundation of broader experience such that, when objecti- fied, they remain not as concrete elementary experiences but as general categories including many such elements. The scientific generalization or law must therefore be approved or evaluated in a way strictly analogous with that by which we test sense impressions ; that is, to be acceptable it must fit in harmoniously with the whole content: of experience—“it must explain all the facts.” In the solution of any scientific problem that method is most likely to lead directly to fruitful results, other things being equal, which favors the correlation of the data all along the line so that each correlation may become at once a datum for future research, instead of reserving the major correlations until near the end of 22 ' OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. the investigation. And in biological research, to return to our text, we must not forget for an instant that the organism is a function- ing mechanism. We cannot hope to understand any animal or plant or organ until we have an exhaustive knowledge of how it works. The anatomical fact is- dead and inert unless it is vivified not only by the “‘salt of morphological ideas” as it was so happily phrased years ago, but also by the fresh warm blood of functional explanations. Anatomy has given place, within the memory of even the younger generation of biologists, to morphology, in which the explanation is indissolubly linked with the fact. Nor can we stop here. No anatomical fact is complete until its physiological sig- nificance 1 1s added thereto. Like the old-time descriptive anatomist, the “pure” morphologist (or shall we dubb him “poor morpho- logist?”) has no longer any tenable standing ground. What I mean is that anatomical structure cannot be understood as the morphology of today demands that it must be understood without a full knowledge of the functions of the parts, and we must know evolution of function before we can have true knowledge of the evolution of structure. And as a matter of fact the biological public is just now coming into a practical realization of the truth that we must have a comparative physiology parallel with our comparative anatomy. It seems to us now very strange that we have had to wait a whole century after the birth of comparative anatomy for even the beginnings of a realization in practice of this elementary principle. ; That researches in descriptive anatomy and in pure mor- phology are still necessary. and will continue to be called for to the end of the age there can be no doubt; but it is important that we remember that no study of strucure is complete until the whole significance of that structure (including the evolutionary history of both its form and its function) is exposed and the whole com- plex of fact and meaning not only woven together into a single fabric, but fitted into the great pattern of reality as a whole in its proper place. Now, no one of us can do-this perfectly and, as time advances » and the totality of the known becomes ever more vast and intricate, the difficulty grows apace. And yet this we must do in some measure in so far as we hope to rank as real builders in the permanent temple of truth: If we find ourselves unable to see the whole ediflce in its proper perspective (as indeed who can?) we can at least build harmoniously with that nitch in which we find ourselves. Let no man delude himself with the idea that he is building for himselt alone, that he builds on no other’s foundation REPORT OF THIRTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 23 or that he can with safety ignore the labors of his coadjutors. Let no research worker hedge himself about and work in isolation ; harmonious co-operation is the only possible way to get that breadth of view which all lack as individuals. _ In our work on the nerve components we have endeavored to live up to these ideals. In so far only as we succeed in effecting wide and stable correlations from both the antomical and the physiological side can we hope to be able to build a structure which shall endure as a secure foundation for an ultimately complete functional subdivision of the nervous system. ee y ‘ i j Yast ES ON ‘hirteenth Annual Report PROCEEDINGS OF THE OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE Volume IV, Part 5 24/490 Thirteenth Annual Report OF THE CHO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 1904 ORGANIZED 1891 INCORPORATED 1892 PUBLICATION COMMITTEE J. H. SCHAFFNER Jas. S. HINE E. L. RICE DATE OF PUBLICATION, JUNE 15th, 1905 PUBLISHED BY THE ACADEMY COLUMBUS, OHIO iy ‘T ee the vitae y Ofttrers, 1905 PRESIDENT. HERBERT OSBORN. VICE-PRESIDENTS. C. W. DABNEY, F. M. COMSTOCK, SECRETARY, L. B. WALTON. TREASURER. JAS. S. HINE. LIBRARIAN. W. C. MILLS. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE, Ex-Officio. HERBERT OSBORN, JAS. 5S. HINE, L. B. WALTON. Elective. F. C. WAITE, : S. R. WILLIAMS. BOARD OF TRUSTEES. APNGSRS See UNGER VE CINE XO IT eso e ett ineiiy. navi s nace eee cee Sem 3) oot Dio Me, IRUGIoy Acero) oe opi tert ye Gaety orm G05 Oeil a Giaie doin ocolds din heona.n Plast Oftirers PRESIDENTS. 1892. E. W. CLAYPOLE, 1898. W. G. TicutT, 1893. EDWARD ORTON, 1899. G. F. WricHrt, 1894. F. M. WEBSTER, 1900. Josua LINDAHL, 1895. D.S. KeLuicort, 1901. Ui aoe po ood = Rio Grande BIRO OKOME Rae CHASE: eae pain tec ieee tomar aeeetenens Buchtel College, Akron BIRWGEERS GEVARViE Vee OLO NY Al aes San i ech hate ty Cee op aco Fremont Busna, Matruias, Entomology................. 8 Heina St., Cleveland Bourcesss, A. F., Entomology..Dept, of Agriculture, State House, Columbus BOA AUR RMP Te Crt els OL GL 109) ae eee enim me nn oO CN AIPA Worthington CARTER) CHAS = Ho MLOMLOLO LY) a ec) hona es tiegee esi see RA a ain Corydon, lowa CHAAGIDING 1DIDO JEXOHMOHINa Go kana ce oseeuae be 429 Woodland Ave., Cleveland GIACRIe CEN pts aati arn aot hry eae arn nea aineiGtr Ain, gia oa nd nee te a Nya a cro ee Granville CoBERLY, Epwarp D., Meteorology, Botany. .Weather Bureau, Columbus COLLEEN Sait DOLE INV very meee reunite Meee caneen Nemenn am Toledo, Lowa, CopmmTon GEORGE eles ea Ne rer cn el ee ee Sth oon le) Ree yan Hiram. Comstock, Frank M., Vert. Zoology............ Case School, Cleveland (COMET SIE IND ANAC) Be ieee aaa drtesel Oh sie ees eran name ae eM CREAR aC reat a a Vn Athens. IDASBINE Vee GETAISS WVis cere cutee cara pen ecncetsea eee Univ. of Cincinnati, Cincinnati ID ARIS. We Ele: ISIOPUCINMO 5 oh osee Gb aba noe seue 6 eek O. S. U., Columbus DETMERS HREDA, BOLANY 2550-1 s 8 ores oe 1315 Neil Ave., Columbus DuNLAP, FRED,-Poresiry:...-....: Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis: IDG ARTEU AI Sfape el Bysrel Baan Basins nian toner ise Material huni aco) 2, Sera a Sl eau eti sa Westerville. BUI WAN CHAS A pas le NS ee one Sm ce Tes 537 Ridgway Ave., Cincinnati DUE RO NA COME eae e cas acaccy ee eee keene 64 W. Roy Ave., Cleveland Epwarps, E. H., Zoology, Physiology.....259 W. Clinton St., Cleveland PEEL AD OMPH a se neni a tees eo Ol OB Maing sot Colundbus OE DRIVING ¢Aut DB ZOLO RW. are ner a tele 61 Oxford St., Cambridge, Mass. ISiEKGrEN ON, NN ban. JEXCHOMBVom nao os Golbis's OM Bibb oe op o/ O .S. U., Columbus DIVININGS VAUD ZOOL RV ie enieno yi.) erate 338 W. 6th Ave., Columbus RO WIKe Ch IWerNCLCMUS Tynes ia sce ela Minis .caketeleie O. S. U., Columbus FowkeE, GERARD, Glacial Goelogy, Archaeology............-. Chillicothe VAIN TKera| NE OLA IVs EMLOMLOLOR I)... 4b aie. ats eee: O. S. U., Columbus LPOG, IDs dU, JOHOR S an ntdn tide meen Miee tec cols 8 vido moa boo d\o.4 Berea COARVeMIC nD HG COLO SAI Tae (nF oo. ae G hian el cea EME aoe Ge. sa Austinburg CUBES SAID AN Vol peti eh sgn nth Meant Sul) AWE oes he MUSE PALA Tels head Norwalk (GRIEG ORS ee Wee et nek Ce Dea eee carat artes 116 Olive St., Cleveland GROVER WET Over DOLD ac atniic yo e. camta tum Re NSP ee ce Manes ates + se 8\s Oberlin 172 Onto State ACADEMY OF SCIENCE RIGGS, IR, 18, IHOUCVs oo eoenecorgococodc 1318 Forsythe Ave., Columbus KGHOAIONSe aN [asd pte Glo ciote miei Bid.a 6 cra.lbIO Univ. of Cincinnati, Cincinnati TSA Sano), (Ge IBY IVIGTHUAMOBIES, omc Cock anoc oo begbededbuco ocr. Gambier HamBLeETON, J. C., Botany, Zoology..... 212 E. Eleventh Ave., Columbus lsUNimire, Soon Cr, OMHOHOM. oocccbcooc soc North Buckeye St., Wooster IBUARaNAinpHe, -|/5 Creo Oaobo. University of the Pacific, San Jose, California lsUniwion, Ion S., OmpHwOlysoococcascodmeecxa0cas0ccccss Bond Hill lg, Cama IB, On GHvO)s oooccsncnbecccocorosns Bond Hill IBLAG Ide SHOHO St Wis ia ako oi gical mig eo ea gO ONS Do GN Uc o.o Mee aos Lancaster TelipiaeamUAIN, WWM, “Aho go on olo a too woe oe bh oooh cind 6 amos Canal Winchester TERNS SVs a spe arcucne amen eiaee roast ee ceer Sue elvan sks German Wallace College, Berea JEliniwRGI<, (Cy |OSONS 664 clon baeemomodaboongGougoddcoc ade se Granville Istarmwasie, IBl.. JECUROPWORNs 6 occa ccacgenboo coos een eon cc e906 Marietta lalate, IMD) Pao do dows discos kos se cba ode cbc St. John’s College, Toledo Hine, J. S., Entomology, Ornithology.........-.-.-- O. S. U., Columbus Islommine, IP) Ie, CAS Masso soo masdepacdpoocs och sce o Haan. Cleveland LOCK UUn eee OR a eR Oe ee oS CUO Sins Bowling Green lalonan, WW IPs 5 BOM s games ouessodoose oases cca coco enon st ess Toledo SiO, maw IP, INS. CUAOSH Mo goin blo Goo Roloc bee head o spade cc Dayton Jeter. AEKONRAS IL. A NRUOUTA, Goh ooo ob no 56 b0b 255 oe tiracaray Nee AJGAUNI® Gem © Ge peu ttos Aira hac ee ven hue eee heey ae Adeblert College, Cleveland aniss, IDAWHIS; Wotals oo'g6 4.6 ace cosmo 127 W. Seventh St., Cincinnati JANNEY, Joun J., Horteculture............ 93 Fifteenth Ave., Columbus JENNINGS, O. E., Botany.........Carnegie Museum Annex, Pittsburg, Pa. OnIIS, IENANIOS, OP MHIOHOWs 6 See o ss 5h050n0000 College Museum, Oberlin [WOSON, Cus VOUS oe eo coe bec anos 235 Columbus Ave., Sandusky KG aia Man MOSSale Wy VeOuCWMs oa ag so8 dace aie de oh uo 93 Olive St., Cleveland KELLERMAN, WILLIAM A., Botany...... 175 W Eleventh Ave., Columbus KELLERMAN, Mrs. W.A., Botany....... 175 W. Eleventh Ave., Columbus JeGiriah gh i scatel SH ea Nee oe pbnoner eR Mire Miner Recor a LRbirtC ag Son eshoscre aaa ine Attica ILARIDACIID, IDS I OWN Soscccaobdcocscoesoono0s O. S. U., Columbus WAZENBY, WM. R., Horticulture, Botany..:......-.- O. S. U., Columbus LA DAE JOSWNY ACQOWWs oddotaeesadooee 312 Broadway, Cincinnati TEE OSI) aie LOMUNG AWA Tesch oie Se evict sacar ch sie stele Court and Plum Sts., Cincinnati Ibonaatiets 18), Weewlaxooneienensaiold nie e NRRL eneic 6 8 «Gl cen Oic-e oS owahd cid ole Ashtabula INIVASTe esac CAN ene 2 40 LOLO Ra) eee ye eee Grahamstown, South Africa IMAG HDRON IN Ie AOMO, JBOVOH IMs s 600 bea 6 cca obs ccs New London INGA ERE ee IN A NOLO ayia cuentas ve rao eb Sacre ee rene oa APY Wooster IM GRABER ASV aN UNG et Gil Dy cite at ican Sunes ard Mm eee rah coon ae 0 5 ote Painesville MieCoxr, Cos, IBOHHIMs ccc cece cosssoboec 317 E. Mulberry St., Lancaster IMIS IB Lan NON, JOAN IB, JOUOHOMs conc conadvayo0dc0656 539 New London MGIMADiOON, Ibi, Jel, CWALOSH Ms oboccecsocseunooGos dove uo 0e Westerville IMACIGIONION, Ilo Boy QregHtHhOeMccaccbhoocceccccocsgusrdoccacscec Se cid Soa Eee care of Beecher, Peck & Lewis, Detroit, Mich. Wiis Mey, (Cie, Si, ZOU, ICME. so 5 dc odo 4 5™ 217 King Ave., Columbus Niacin, Wo JP, JBUUOLM as so uaoo coo oee sou gg e Ohio University, Athens Miter CAR ZAIN Ota lope) Win gerne siya tain oSnoh a e oe Lapa eM eC Plympton Minis, We C., Ancaaaolorsy), IB0WOBsoc0800g00nc006s¢ O. 5. U., Columbus MORSE MIAKERWi Zoology emis ae: 600 W. 125th St., New York City Mosetey, E. L., Zoology, Botany, Phystography ............. Sandusky INGETRIES Go OF wl ae ae U.S. Engraver’s Office, Hickox Bldg., Cleveland NEWELL, WiLmMon, Entomology.............. Box 583, Shreveport, La. OBERHOESER, El. Cha. 1454 Sheridan Ave., N. W., Washington D.,. C. OpDENBACH, FP. L., Meteorology... ...5-.-.. St. Ignatius College, Cleveland OsBORN, HERBERT, Entomology, Zoology............ O. S. U., Columbus Ospurn, Raymonp C., Zoology, Ichthiology..510 W. 124th St., New York (OyoaenirAuns, @sinecelel, Wi Se Oneweroeees Jeo boacckabencss4: Columbus AcTIVE MEMBERS 173 Onna, Jeb I. Caaaals SHGHEIs sao ne b.4.06 che Oe Oo tho Ab Glo cee Norwalk SL VAUPIET SAE Rnatbed a ID) MIN tes sp Ace snc) aie te catteowe Gast ¢ 1128 Independence St., Cleveland PARROT, JP, Weg JUOLIMOM 5 oc coduaddsoodsedobougH ood Geneva, N. Y. IREPPE LA Os Veg CHCMLISLI as ceisler 431 W. Main St., Louisville, Ky. Pucreiat, Cron |\5, CVeAMS as oo aoe oe aa St. Ignatius College, Cleveland ERTVWUO NIA CTO MAS Cli Sree uoeigicc. sae ale ars ele OhY yt RN Sa ns sf < * Vine & A N ol g : sf 5 Sy i S E 3 * x BD GL a on of ay ¥ > i Se ap \ Ee SANDUSKY BAY AND CEDAR. PoINT 205 THe Brack CHANNEL. This does not properly belong under the head of submerged valleys but as it 1s popularly believed to be a remnant of some former stream, it seems best to mention it here. As the entrance to Sandusky Bay was much narrower in the early part of the 19th century than now, it has been supposed that at an earlier date no opening existed there but the course of the Sandusky River was continued by the Black Channel and the outlet was at the farther end. This is disproved by the fact that glacial clay and even rock make a continuous barrier between Sandusky and Cedar Point. The Black Channel and the smaller channels running through the marsh do not follow the buried valleys. The latter pass under them and have no connection with them. These modern channels give outlet to the bay for the streams which a few centuries ago had separate outlets into the lake. They also serve to distribute the water over the marsh or carry it from the marsh when the wind raises or lowers the level of the bay. At such times the currents may be quite strong and this serves to keep them open and deep as they are. They may be compared to the tidal inlets in the salt water marshes. The Black Channel has had its present position for at least sixty years. It is not, however, very old because three centuries ago Pipe Creek and the streams farther east had no connection with Sandusky Bay. Then there was not a continuous marsh extending from Pipe Creek to Rye Beach but each creek was bordered by marsh separated’ from those on each side by dry land. CHARACTER OF THE PostT-GLAcIAL DEPOSITS AT THE BOTTOM OF THE Bay. These have not been studied carefully, the aim having been to find the depth of the glacial deposits below the surface. In the West Huron marsh the material overlying the glacial clay is composed largely of the remains of marsh vegetation, black or dark brown, extending in places to a depth of twenty feet. In the submerged valley of Mill Creek muck was found at a depth of 32 feet of such purity as to show that a marsh once existed there. Sometimes on withdrawing the auger marsh gas bubbled up through the hole in the ice; on one occasion it 1ssued in con- siderable volume so that when lighted it produced quite a blaze. In this and other valleys in the bay muck has been found at various depths, but it does not constitute a large percentage of the material filling the valley. This must have been transported 206 Ou1o STaTeE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE and in most instances probably consists of a mixture of materials from many places, some of it washed into the bay by streams, some derived from action of the waves on the shore. Materials from the same sources are found over much of the bottom of the bay but I do not recall finding muck or other remains of old marshes far from the present shores except in the submerged valleys. The thickness of the post-glacial deposits in any part of the bay can be determined approximately by subtracting the depth of the water given on the government chart of Sandusky Bay from the depth of the clay shown on Map III, allowing one or two feet for difference in water level at the times depths were determined. The water in winter is lower than in summer and so I have generally found its depth less than that shown on the government chart. In some places scarcely any mud covers the clay. In many places the uppermost part of the clay is so soft that the precise level at which it 1s struck cannot be told from its resistance to the auger pushed into it, but when pulled out it clings to the auger and an inspection of it as it is being removed with a stick rarely leaves any doubt as to whether it is clay or mud. The latter not only looks different, but has much less tenacity. In a great majority of cases the clay is blue, but in some places both near the south shore and the north shore it 1s red, not having been long enough in contact with organic matter to reduce the ferric to ferrous compounds. In some places, e. g., along the line extending north from the foot of Wayne Street to the Outer Range Rear Light, the transi- tion from mud to clay is abrupt. Here the mud is so soft that it is difficult to tell when the auger first touches it and the weight of one man is sufficient to push the auger nearly or quite to the clay. The hard and nearly level surface of the latter probably indicates that it was planed off by the waves a few centuries ago when the lake and bay had reached a high enough level. Shore currents probably carried the products of erosion away, leaving the bottom free from sediment. When the water had become so deep that the lower layers were no longer subject to agitation by the waves, light particles easily held in suspen- sion and so carried far from their source were deposited here, gradually forming a bed of soft mud resting upon the firm glacial clay. In going north along this same line, which is on the meridian of the court house, no sand was noticed until we were a mile from shore, where it was barely perceptible, gradually increasing toward the north. At a mile and a quarter it was necessary to SANDUSKY Bay AND CEDAR POINT 207 turn the auger through six or eight inches of sand. From here on the sand increases rapidly. A quarter of a mile south of the Rear Range Light we bored through six feet of it without reach- ing the bottom. The layer of sand found between a mile and a mile and a quarter north of the city is not at the surface of the mud but a few inches below it, while several feet of mud inter- vene between the sand and the clay. As long as the entrance to. the bay remained narrow it is probable that great waves travers- ing the lake were checked enough there to prevent sand being carried so far toward Sandusky, but when the washing away of Spit Island widened the opening much of the obstruction was removed and the great storms of about 1860 distributed sand (some of it, no doubt, derived from Spit Island) farther in the bay than it had come before. In later years the narrowing of - the entrance by the construction of a submerged jetty extending northwest from the Outer Range Front Light as well as the scarcity of great northeasters may have prevented further accessions of sand and given time for mud to be deposited on top of that which was left here in former years. We have never found thick deposits of sand except where it had apparently come in from the lake. The bar west of Biemiller’s cove has much sand and gravel which has been moved along shore from the north, but a short distance west of the bar the sand forms only a thin surface layer. WORK OF THE GLACIER AND PREGLACIAL CHANGES. The glacier rested heavily on the region about Sandusky and left its impress on the rock in many places, the grooves of Kelley’s Island and Marblehead being larger than are known elsewhere. Near the north shore of the bay large grooves have been noticed north-east of Hartshorn’s dock and at the Ohlemacher quarries. Along the south-east shore of Johnson's Island are numerous disiinct grooves extending beneath the water. On the higher ground back from shore they are con- tinually being uncovered in stripping the rock as the quarry is extended and a number of fine ones have been quarried away in the last three years. In the city of Sandusky wherever the overlying clay is sufficiently deep to protect the rock from weathering, its removal discloses glacial marks. Near the bay we have noticed them at the Ship Yard and in the basement of Emerich’s drug store. In the summer of 1904 when the founda- tion was being prepared for the concrete work at the foot of Columbus Avenue, a piece of limestone showing plain glacial marks was broken off twelve feet below the surface of the water. 208 Ou10o STaTE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE Besides the valley now partly filled by Sandusky Bay several other rock valleys in the vicinity le sensibly parallel to the main axis of Lake Erie. The parallelism of these valleys to each other and to the grooves makes it probable that all of them were made by the glacier, Although the general movement of the glacier over Ohio was more nearly southward the motion of the lower portion of the ice in this vicinity during the time that most of the erosion was done was about seventy-five degrees west of south, the direction being determined by the valley now filled by Lake Erie. Under the bay the glacial deposits are of the same character as onthe land. Overlying the rock is hardpan from a few inches to two feet or more in depth, containing pebbles and boulders in abundance, the greater part of them of limestone which the glacier transported but a short distance. The matrix in which the stones are imbedded contains a large percentage of calcium carbonate which probably accounts for its toughness compared with the clay above it, which the auger penetrates with much less difficulty. In the lower part of the clay are boulders but not so many as in the hardpan. Pebbles are very numerous within a foot or so of the rock. Limestone boulders appear to predominate near the rock to a greater extent than at a higher level—judging from some exposures on the land. Except within four feet of the rock the clay seems to be almost free from stones of any size. It must have been held in suspension by the water of the glacial lake and gradually settled to the bottom at a distance from the foot of the glacier. PREGLACIAL CHANGES. No deep preglacial valley runs through Sandusky Bay. At the power house on Cedar Point the rock is 46 feet below water level. Off the end of Cedar Point the water is 40 feet deep. West of the entrance to the bay in 1842 was a circular depression in which the water was 42 feet deep. In the vicinity of the old range lights south of Johnson’s Island soft mud extends to a depth of forty feet or more below mean lake level. I know of no attempts to find the rock at greater depths at the entrance to the bay or west of it. In the bay bridge of the L.S. & M.S. Ry. the piles are driven to rock which is in most places less than 30 feet below the surface of the water. The longest space without piles is 1700 feet but the rock does not slope toward it in such a way as to indicate a rock valley there. How much of the broad but shallow valley occupied by Sandusky Bay resulted from preglacial erosion I have no means of judging. SANDUSKY Bay AND CEDAR POINT 209 Gypsum has been quarried near the north shore of the bay, 3 miles west of the Bay Bridge, for about three quarters of a century. At first it was ground by a windmill, but about 1835 by a steam mill. Thirty-ton schooners anchored a mile out in the bay and loaded for Detroit, Erie and other ports. This is said to have been the only locality on the Lakes where plaster was obtained at that time. The gypsum beds lie mostly below lake level. Long ago about four acres of the bay at Plaster Beds were diked off, the water pumped out and gypsum quarried. A few years ago one of the plaster companies operating at Fletcherville several miles west of Plaster Beds mined gypsum Map VI. Rock between Sandusky and Cedar Point. Figures give depth in feet and tenths below 0 of water gage. + indicates rock was not reached, ‘but, if following a number less than 21, was probably within one foot. 210 Onto STATE ACADEMY OG SCIENCE under the bay until the water broke through the roof of the mine. Gypsum has also been found near shore between Fletcherville and Plaster Beds, and in 1902 a good bed was found 114 miles south of the bay on Mr. Meggit’s farm in Margaretta Township. In view of its occurrence both north and south of the bay and near the bay near the north shore it seems probable that it once extended over considerable of the region now occupied by the portion of the bay west of the bay bridge. The relatively rapid solution and erosion of the gypsum compared with the more resisting limestone may have produced this broad valley. Much of the earlier plaster was derived from boulders, so it is hkely that the glacier assisted in enlarging this valley. East of Sandusky the depth of limestone below the surface is shown on Map VI. Aninspection of this chart will show that over most of they resions thes tock 1s) notary trom level. Wt aisessweammnmc Sandusky shore and near Biemiller’s cove. It drops off rapidly to the north just as it does along the city front, also to the east of a line extending from the Jarecki Chemical Works to the Lake Laboratory. In other parts of the bay I have never struck rock except in a few places near shore, e. g., near the mouth of Mill Creek and near the south end of Johnson’s Island. CEDAR POINT. =92 Cedar Point is the peninsula, 734 miles long, forming part. of the eastern boundary of Sandusky Bay. It is not, as has been supposed, a mere sand spit, but has a foundation of clay resting upon the rock and extending, in the middle section, nearly up to low water level. It may be divided into three portions which we will call the bar, :the middle or dune section, and the terminal or ridge section. Tip BAR This is a low narrow strip of sand extending from Rye Beach, 244 miles west of the Huron River, to the Carrying Ground, a distance of about 434 miles. The height of the crest above«mean lake level averages about 614 feet, in the highest places barely exceeding ten and in the lowest descending to a little less than five. From the crest toward the lake a bare beach slopes steeply for a foot or two then gradually to the water whose height of course determines its breadth. At low stages of the water, such as prevail in fall and winter, the breadth is about four rods, continuing for miles with little variation. It does not SANDUSKY Bay AND CEDAR PoINtT PAWL at any place extend out into wide reaches of sand flats for the water off shore deepens more rapidly than that adjacent to the terminal portion of Cedar Point. Away from the lake the slope is quite gradual and the distance from crest to marsh is between eleven and sixteen rods throughout a great part of the length. In the vicinity of the west line of Huron Township and the mouth of the Black Channel the breadth is twenty-four rods or more. Quite near Rye Beach the breadth in the fall of 1904 was only 2—4 rods and most of the way for the first mile between three and six rods. In a number of places the lake has washed the sand over onto the marsh making little projections two or three rods long, so that the shore of the marsh has not an even outline like that of the lake. Some of these were made in 1904 and others apparently within a year or two before. COMPOSITION OF THE Bar. The visible material of the bar like that of the remainder of Cedar Point is largely sand, consisting of quartz, magnet te and garnet, but unlike the remaindr it has throughout its whole length gravel at the surface. On the bare beach the gravel is abundant and many of the pebbles are as large as hens’ eggs, the quantity and to some extent the size increasing as one goes toward Huron, the direction from which they have come. They consist largely of quartzite and other metamorphic rocks derived presumably from boulders in the clay between Rye Beach and Huron. Limestone is scarce and not from any beds in the vicinity. Shale fragments flat, angular and dark are scattered over the beach or strewn thickly upon the sand more or less apart from the hard pebbles. They too increase in abundance as one approaches Dr. Esch’s place where a bed of Ohio shale outcrops, showing many spherical calcareous concretions three feet in diameter, some of them with tops cut off by the glacier and still bearing the scratches. Near Rye Beach fragments of brick of various sizes, rounded like the other pebbles, attract attention by their red color. These are probably from a brick house belonging to Jabez Wright, grandfather of Mrs. Esch, and a well known surveyor three quarters of a century ago. The house stood north of the present shore and south of a road, on the north side of which was an orchard. The lake took the orchard, the road, the house, and finally the man, who after a dark night was found dead at the base of a high bank where the lake had encroached upon the new road. A list of the things washed ashore or drifted along the Cedar Point beach would fill pages. Among the more common Di? On1o State ACADEMY OF SCIENCE are fragments of wrecks, and other driftwood, articles of various sorts thrown or lost from boats, coal, cinders, nuts, fish, bones of various vertebrates and shells of molluscs. We once found on a lonely part of the beach the skeleton of a swan which probably after being wounded perished on the lake and was entombed in the sand near the crest of the beach by the same storm that brought it ashore. Even the cartilages of the trachea with its curious convolution inside the sternum were still pre- served. Various things through long attrition by sand and pebbles have come to resemble the latter so closely that their nature is a puzzle to the novice—wood, coal, peat, brick, drain- age tile, pottery and glass made opaque and quite free from sharp points or edges. The source of the last when its nature is comprehended may not be so puzzling to account for as that of the peat which occurs at various places along the lake shore to the very end of Cedar Point. This is derived from the remains of marsh vegetation which once flourished where the lake is now. The bar is not so far out as formerly and part of the marsh that was originally behind it is now in front of it. These fragments are perhaps broken loose in winter, when the water is low and the ice that has been resting upon the exposed marsh, sometimes in winrows ten or fifteen feet high, is drifted ashore by the wind. At least I found many large and angular ones nearly free from sand after the ice had broken up Jan. 1, 1905. Some of them were fifteen inches thick and more than four feet in length. A long line of these extended northwest from a point about 2% miles from Rye Beach. Toward Rye Beach for quite a distance none were noticed though within a mile or so of it there were a dozen or more, increasing in size toward the beach, the largest eighteen inches long. There are never large ones on this part of the beach. The small ones are derived from the marsh at the outlet of Sawmill Creek close to Rye Beach. The portion of this marsh now covered by the lake bristles with the roots of button- bush so close together that-no large masses of muck are loosened from among them. A third locality from which the muck is derived is probably along the shore of the Carrying Ground. | Between the buried valleys of Plum Brook and Sawmill Creek the clay is probably so near the surface that soon after the marsh muck was uncovered by the lake moving the bar over onto the marsh, it was torn loose and perhaps ground to pieces by the waves but I cannot say but what some still remains where it was formed and now covered by the sand and water of the lake. Allen Remington and Jacob Lay have seen large quantities of peat cast ashore by storms occurring when there was no ice. The former says the storms accompanying the high water of SANDUSKY Bay AND CEDAR Point 2S: 1859 uncovered the bog and threw large masses of peat on the shore in such numbers that one could follow the shore for miles jumping from one to another. In 1904 we found peat in the sand between two ridges near the lighthouse which were formed about 1860. It had been moved along the shore and cast up by the waves. Years later Mr. Lay saw peat strewn along the beach almost as thickly as described by Mr. Remington. VEGETATION OF THE Bar. The vegetation of the bar is scanty and limited with rare exceptions to such species as grow on poor soil. Andropogon scoparius, Panicum virgatum, Populus monilifera and Salix of several species—amygdaloides, wheeleri, cordata, lucida, alba vitellina—constitute probably nine-tenths of it all. On October 8th I walked the whole length but with that exception have not traversed the greater portion of it, save in winter. Besides the species mentioned above, the following are all that I have noticed, those among the first being more common than those toward end of the list. Solidago canadensis Teucrium canadense Ascelpias syriaca Verbascum thapsus Oenothera biennis Euphorbia polygonifolia Ptelea trifoliata Cornus Vitis riparia Celastrus scandens Rhus typhina Nepeta cataria Erigeron canadense Andropogon furcatus Sporobolus cryptandrus Muhlenbergia mexicana Cenchrus tribuloides Lycopus sinuatus Gentiana andrewsii Pastinaca sativa Equisetum robustum Equisetum pratense Prunus virginiana Platanus occidentalis, 8 Ulmus americana, 4, Quercus velutina, 5, all small, Quercus imbricaria, 1, Fraxinus pubescens, 2, ’ - The last three’species near Rye Beach only. Rosa carolina Achillea millefolium Xanthium canadense Gnaphaluim polycephalum Eupatorium perfoliatum Strophostyles angulosa? Lathyrus maritimus, about a mile and a quarter from Rye Beach, the only place I have found it in Ohio. Liriodendron tulipifera, one, Neillia opulifolia, one. Doubtless a dozen more could be found by searching in summer for a single day, perhaps a score by trespassing on the marsh a yard or two, but compared with the 395 species, or thereabouts, which I have found on the older portion of Cedar Point, this list is smallindeed. In all this barren waste of nearly five miles there is not a cedar nor pine and I believe no maple, black cherry, hackberry, mulberry, basswood, locust or any nut bearing tree, except a few oaks within three quarters of a mile 24 Ou1o STaTE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE of Rye Beach and too young to bear. Aside from cottonwoods, willows and one of the buttonwoods I noticed but a single tree more than about twenty-five feet tall. Of plants as common in the dune section of Cedar Point as the cactus, bearberry and sea sand-reed I saw not one on the bar. Between the crest and the vicinity of the marsh only a few of the plants in the preceding list are met except at rare intervals, a waste of beard-grass and panic-grass with here and there a cottonwood or willow being all that meets the eye. Throughout the entire length of the bar and also in much of the dune section the vegetation is scanty except in a narrow belt along the bay shore. Here the wind that blows across the sand transporting the finer grains has its velocity checked by the marsh vegetation and so drops its load. Moreover the bar slopes so gradually from the crest that a strip several yards wide near the bay is but a few inches above water level. As water may be found anywhere by digging down to lake level, the sand near this level 1s kept continually moist by cap- illary action, but several feet above it the sand at the surface often becomes quite dry. Even at the same height above the water the fine sand contains much more water than the coarse and so is better suited to meet the needs of plants. To test the two sorts, sand was taken from among the bushes near the bay and from a point a few rods nearer the lake where the vegetation was scanty. The former was much the finer. The following experiments were tried with them. Hollow cylinders of glass and iron with cloth tied over the bottom were filled with sand and made to stand upright in shallow water so that the water was drawn up through the sand by capillary action. The fine sand contained a small amount of organic matter and when thoroughly dry was not readily wet even by water poured upon it but once wet it drew up much more moisture than the coarse sand and retained it longer as shown by the tables. SANDUSKY Bay AND CEDAR Point 215 CENTIGRAMS OF MoIsTURE FOUND IN TEN GRAMS OF SAND TAKEN From Tor or SAND FILLING Pipes STANDING InN SHALLOW WATER. Height above |Coarse Fine | Differ- Date Conditions bottom.| sand sand ence cm. Noy. 9| Waterinjar barely exhausted) 14 45 115 70 “10 | Water supply exhausted more iGiniarrate2 ASIN @ UNS eaee re ee ne 14 40 Dec. 14 Water supply exhausted aAboubstivexcdlaiycrrnc scene nis ce aaa et i pears: 41 38 MELON Vater Cimadeep ania. «acca 14: 40 110 70 ee WOM AWatericm, deeprim jatc cq) 23 3 5 2 iene leladbalxeniarnom ms albout. 2a0.cm-: lbelowasuukaceycs «seen a 20 38 eel balken= Special Papers—No.. 6. “The Birds. of Ohio.” pp 2a. ee ee By LYNDS_ JONHS I ge ae eeu iaeath pr dses Price SOG. 7 . Prairie.”” pp. 00. By, THomas, A, BONSER . « Price $e di 4 AEs ‘Specikl Papers—No. 8. «The Coccidae of Ohio, I. ate i que at ‘PP. 66," By JAMES G. SANDERS. roe Reap Nets Price 35¢. | Special Papers—No. 9. Batrachians and Reptiles of wee AW 2 Ohio.” pp. 54. By Max MORSE) IAs 1.eNs 7 Brier S5e On. Special Papers—No._ 10,3)" Ecological Study » of Brush | Lake.” pp, 20. By JOHN H, SCHAFFNER, OTTO : H. Je NNINES, and FREDRICK J, te Ne a Pave > 35¢ a These publications v will be sent to any, address postesia, on reveint ai price, Official Organ of the Academy, THE OH10 NATURALIST. i adda | W.C. MILLS, CW aaaie | Librarian | OHIO. STATE: ACADEMY OF SCIENCE Page Hall, Ohio State University, ow COLUMBUS, OHIO adem; "i of Scienc us PART 7 BESS Ww k io State Cc PROCEEDINGS OF THE OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE Volume IV. Part 7 Fourteenth Annual Report OF THE OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENC ORGANIZED 1891 INCORPORATED 1892 PUBLICATION COMMITTEE J.H. ScHAFFNER Jas. S. Hine Jobe RICE DATE OF PUBLICATION, OCTOBER 1, 1906 PUBLISHED BY THE ACADEMY COLUMBUS, OHIO Officers - 1908 PRESIDENT. EDWARD: L. RICE. VICE-PRESIDENTS. CHARLES DURY, LYNDS JONES, SECRETARY, L. B. WALTON, TREASURER. JAS. 8S. HINE. LIBRARIAN. W. C. MILLS. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. Ex-Officio. EDWARD L. RICE, JAS. 8. HINE, L. B. WALTON. Blective. M. F. GUYHR, L. G. WESTGATE. BOARD OF TRUSTEES. Wo IR, IbAvamnipy., Claenbeonghal, Wein GORE 6 ob 5 on cooceoDogD0UeobOr ‘1906 C, J, IBbsIRWOIK, Worm, @x 1908 Past Offtcrrs - PRESIDENTS 1892. E. W. CLAYPOLE, 1899. G. F. WricHt, 1893. EpwARD ORTON, 1800, Josua LINDAHL, 1894. EF. M. WEBSTER, 1901. A. D. SELBY, 1895. D. S. KELLICOrT, 1902. W. R. LAZENBY, 1896. Gambier HAMBLETON, J. C., Botany, Zoology.......... 212 HK. llth Ave., Columbus HANSEN, HEeRMINA J., Biology........... Hughes High School, Cincinnati FEAR AZT eli men mera Ue ael msi e Univ. of the Pacific. San Jose, California TELUENiSNG, IRIDAEl Sian OOOH COUOUWn e.adc% cdo bates ood go 1 Bonde ooco Bond Hill loLNiRvione, (Gianni) IN OMMCUWOUOG) . coos co dosccasccacccodacacs Bond Hill Tea BENN ASSAF) O08 PR HORSE Meh tL a tsi IO Pte aA Men ese ni ees ty Pern ach a cel of Lancaster (FeLETCAUIN AY CV Vessel Fan) Mest EIA pSieat a eal estas ee aeecireey meron es Canal Winchester ERE RE SEWN ems ge teaee iets teenies) alae wana week Es cle Yona at st Raa ante tc aN ee Columbus HBRRTCIS HS HeUIDS ON facie eth rie n a spate cris ere eel oe Rema Bee ahs Me Maeiaae Granville IMR ZERY Ele GLEOnbOlO Gay iad a niau wetted cia) dons oes each csne otteacte UE Marietta FUDEETG SBIRED Ig elimierye tetas elearning Sin cone pons St. John’s College, Toledo Hine, J. 8.. Entomology, Ornithology................ O. 8. U., Columbus TEX SON. ALVES ZO OUOG Yin ran fevaaeoe ou. ore stn Slane eyo eekeite yee eek eee Ada OBES, Pal Ohemistiy samc: Western Reserve Med. College, Cleveland lel@icanl, (Cino, Woy CeOOAHONY, IBUOUOGsass0c5-0rcancsesccccoccsores Oxford OTM le SOLON aaa eccrine 1004 Jefferson Ave., Toledo II@enKe 5 ioZN IES Ds ORNGUISUTU ood oc cdo dooce deacg@onebewousoeses vic Dayton Huprparp, G. D.. Geology, Physiography.............- O. S. U., Columbus JELUVGD, USKOMONS) IN, ALGMAGUUUMe.occo46cec000c00000sb00006000 Ithaca, N. Y. AASYATDED S1 edi see nGr C QUO Ae mcpec cece arssn is ts ee a Raa he eke ce ere etey vet Meet See Bava Laneaster AU NCresony, Ob iss VAOOUOGY ss aesio salbavacecdoccuvacnaeey O. S. U., Columbus AHS) (Cabaret Hehe none nen Adelbert «Collecem Gleveland AA GOSS D ANAS Ibe Uiaials mel olari a Be ales orators 127 W. Seventh St., Cincinnati JANNEY, JOHN J., Horticulture.............- 93 Fifteenth Ave., Columbus Honors, OL 1s, BOUTS os.ao6 eo 6 Carnegie Museum Annex, Pittsburg, Pa. Jones, F. T., Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics. ..35 Adelbert St., Cleveland MONS, IAS, OpeowHiOlOG ss s¢secclaacecesauves College Museum, Oberlin JONES, Rospr. RALSTON, Geology........ U.S. Engineer’s Office, Cincinnati AT wiDsOny, Oy Ns, VROUGMI sic bbc eae De ale dno oa0.8 235 Columbus Ave., Sandusky Tiara ya, IMGISS, TEL Dis IBOUGNY) sos 5551555000008 800006 93 Olive St., Cleveland IKELLERMAN, WILLIAM A., Botany........ 175 W. Eleventh Ave., Columbus KKXELLERMAN, Mrs. W. A., Boteny........ 175 W. Eleventh Ave., Columbus TRGTIGIER: RSS IPT AN ACL My ea hea ta Cue ee eagles eA Upper Sandusky Koon, H. E., Zoology, Physics........ Park and MeMillan Sts., Cincinnati IDADACIG, INS I, ACQUOGIU oouGscasagsubossadooepans de O. S. U. Columbus LA7ZENBY, WM. R., Horticulture, Botany..............-- O. S. U., Columbus Tia WAR YO NEL GeO VOC) Dibaees\aacstee see titegey chart Oe pi Mntute (ches a aaa rege Westerville ANID ATete, VOSA, ZOWOGMscaccoccacastesasaconc 312 Broadway, Cincinnati LLoyD, JOHN URI..... Naa Peay Soca eae Court and Plum Sts., Cincinnati IO LGp WEBAUH ental Alea EROLAOH DO Aa La See I Sta iver ol aun sercy Ui. dane escent Ore a meen chm oreo 8 Ashtabula MONCIKGaiNONT Ue Wes OirMdnOUOGMascoccesodcascouseeonoceboreesas Ce T ES. wna: -.....eare of Beecher, Peck & Lewis, Detroit, Mich. IMD Nici cae CHE WAM (ARON UOUOU Maas ao dose ob old sliocid oop OU domes ood .s 540. Texas NPAenvAIG, (Of Ibe AWAAMCOMOG a's o2556602005500cce5 3000000 New Lexington MASTERIMAN. Lamhe. Zoology Botany asus os = eee eee New London TNIVACTSETIT WIS Sr ICACRG Sela ve eenacbictciece Seah woe ec inet et Te pele ete aE rel as Painesville ACTIVE MEMBERS 321 MICCOX, Cy "Woy BOUT s oscsccscdbdcorouene 317 E. Mulberry St., Lancaster MODASNTE Tp IPM Kin BCOLOGUL aaa ohh Meee ek etc el Win biota ay. ue Athens MCHMEMmNINEY. SHRANIC IBY Botanyo..........0.-.+.+0--..+-. New London NCHADDENE tke OWCMUStniind dees ants sos qtedoe eke once. Westerville Merap, Cuas. 8., Zoology, Botany............... 217 King Ave., Columbus Mercer, W. F., Biology Ohio University, Athens Mtr CENT Ee ABN OM APAR I Seo nuntoedncm (ME iv tartmyt hy aca Miers ante ol) oye ag to, Plympton Mitrs, W. C., Archaeology, Biology.................. O. S. U., Columbus Morsr, Max W., Zoology.............. 600 W. 125th St., New York City Mosrtry, HE. L., Zoology, Botany, Physiography................ Sandusky Netson, JAMES A., Zoology, Hmbryology.................. Ithaca, N. Y. NEWELL, WinMON, Entomology........)...............- Baton Rouge, La. @BURHOESER, H.C... 050.000. 1349 Harvard St. N. W., Washington, D. C. OvENBACH, I. L., Meteorology............ St. Ignatius College, Cleveland OsBorRN, HERBERT, Lntomology, Zoology.............. O. S. U., Columbus OsspuRN, RAymonp C.. Zoology, Ichthiology....510 W. 124th St., New York OUTHWAITE, JosEepH H., U. 8S. Ordnance....................... Columbus Ov mane Ma GenenwlySClencenn) seca eeee vate ote eee Norwalk PATI IPM R vib Dae cisue cet cl sac dual ot die aye ers 1128 Independence St., Cleveland IPAIRIROMI, IE, “Voy JOOMOUOGYs oo0cccosbocoucuodgaeonse does Geneva, N. Y. IPPC, So Woy ClOGMMISUTM soon boobs sbeebs ob bo ox 1538 N. High St., Columbus PICKEL, GEO. J., Chemistry............... St. Ignatius College, Cleveland EIN OINIKOAY RMRET ONDA) tevevois sacs mierda busyeeaee| sees 243 Superior St., Cleveland IBROSSURM Osa Se G.COLOMI Ms sential tee eens ya iae Ne Se O. S. U., Columbus ZO MVIURE Yeas MEL ONISR Gene gectien to cue eid avactareies a aiaile Suis te- a oaettgiaeates Gicle Clayton IRC, Io yAR) I ONO > snctcposodasuoououbae ues nauasnbooue Delaware RODE, IOMOMN OL, JOU ocecoeetboonooobboenA ue ce 0. 8. U., Columbus NOW HB WISiele MIMO NHI PO a ayel tte sss scetape eaten Siepallel elicacte ms cidutenle eatielienn aes Owensville IROwinin, HOw Se, MOUOUMemcaoaccksasucoocecens 247 N. 17th St., Columbus SANDEE Se Ga Lntomology. Botany s) 55.44 )4.5 45. eee ee ay Oreo haem Bureau of Entomology Dept. Agr., Washington, D. C. SAB GRAM GOES OL LILO Ms Arta bbe arin arlene Muon ace depeNehatnar/4) ep ze ae Newark SCEAMIMNIOR, -d/, laly, IRQ) soceccoseonodekvouceps oes O. S. U., Columbus SYBATROR, VERSIE Ss cites re etanct enol ee eet Mee ears ae 103 Glen Park Place, Cleveland SIDED, VAS) Doi LECH MO la leol8 io or orale Nlisa Ciees Oban cna’ Ble Experiment Sta., Wooster STMIIONS, Vo ID, GCAxCieHs CADUOGM>satscccacnaehocoduguosccasaucude Newark SROCUME MRC BREW cee dese. eee Bee arya ie een Wayne Blde., Toledo SRO C Wie Oso eam Par ko ute UNOS Sy eK ais eiesaa oy aiterslanuiy c yatta airecnpn ake Defiance SmitH, G. D., Botany, Zoology.............+..206- 450 Spicer St., Akron SmMitH, J. WABREN, Meteorology.............-. Weather Bureau, Columbus Swanag, IR, ID ZOoOlogiy, JHUMWOUOU Is conc accscpoobesun sono ono n Ashtabula SOUs, WWE. ceeomes abemod ean pe oeee 1804 8S. Union ave., Alliance SHIVAMTIT eI MD) estes ee rune cry cl eat whale a wines tn es Seaveey ecemeea one 92 Wadena St., Cleveland STAUFFER, CLINTON R., Geology................390 King Ave., Columbus STERK1, Victor, Conchology, Botany........2.....-.... New Philadelphia SUI OKA ere Veen BOLO sha Bannan Ure. th a Rl eP a ASE Sener erste Mig eeinesy areveee Granville STOCKBERGER, W. W., Botany........ Dept. Agriculture, Washington, D. C. STONER, Minniz A., Domestic Science................ O. S. U., Columbus SURPAGR, I, INI, ZOOUOG;, BOW) scoccctabossoddsnosboseobo sense Faton Swinow, J, Ch, /epsnes, COUGH, .oscconcecearacbeudcanasgooc Rushsylvania Siwwiniazaahys (Ouneatoy ale es eee ls Site 1019 Olaho Lane, Honolulu, Hawaii SIPAGYAIRO RAPP AUEB TR TED be iors aria dea aides syavas A) usiaiaviay ss culetsieyateuee sUhual siewaearenstal es Bedford THOMPSON, Mrs. KING.............:.-.....- 167 W. Tenth Ave., Columbus DimnmaAn, Miss OpaAn 1, Botany....................- O. S. U., Columbus ‘ihneisar, Wo Cm CGeolonisoosdccascocdsa sono bonds 45 clon ox: Albuquerque, N. M. Topp, Josep H., Geology, Archaeology........ Christmas Knoll, Wooster PROD DSO TO neler etal eda cw nah so) cle ak A Ve eae oe arctlatre nh vata ier eile bel seats Vermillion 322 OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE MC Ge appa a LAN DP ental rere nt nena aia Resists auielinaa Mia ne, Pe ee ay Ns McConnelsville Tyier, FP. J., Botany........ Bureau of Plant Industry, Washington, D. C. TYLER, HARRIET Burr, Botany..Bureau of Plant Industry, Washington D. C. Van Hoox, J. M., Plant Pathology.......... Experiment Station, Wooster Whaat Gi) isan Rael Ae ys a epee Western Reserve University, Cleveland WaAnTon yy His Bs oe Beovo guy css cs sen cluk cidade, eee ores Mean One Gambier NYY T EN ea BEB lame OX OOH oh nem cas td eae tacit ehegetor a aad ici cimeeee aia wi. oesee Garrettsville Wesster, F. M., Hntomology...U. 8. Dept. Agriculture, Washington D. C. WERDEINER, VWWiGLERAI JROtCUnY {= 25.24.5825 4.8 Steele High School, Dayton NNAniShey Nano LIONS (ES. i CCOUOG Meo a orcidine a ors Gico bin o eco dio comeG &c Delaware WrrzsrHine AN Botanyou. dees...) 009 Wo Va4ilist Site iNew Worl iN ye Wuetset, J. A. G., Botany, Zoology....193 Jefferson Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y. Waren, WW, Ch, Buologe, GeolOGUs.cer0chcscacosctoscvcscce Westerville Wal MCAUNE IELATRIR Ys! lien BOLO GE ae eve selene Univ. of Cincinnati, Cincinnati WALETAMS. SiHPHBN) Ri, Biologyn. 4.22505 s4es- Miami University, Oxford WILLIAMSON, H. Bruce, Ichthiology, Ornithology.......... Bluffton, Ind. WOmig, 1, 1.4 JBOUCNOL .cccscecdee00dcved0ec006 Marietta College, Marietta \WWiricaan, (Cy, IMinmiormanoi, COUOCM co osccobocecondcconuscoreoous bes Oberlin NOANININYE STU AU SEO CIE Gaye ers tah alin Wwe Wunyicchele gah cpssneceten A gaan ERE Ia Alliance Yorn, Hartan H., Botany....Dept. of Botany, Columbia Univ., New York Report of the Fifteenth Annual Meeting of the Ohio State Academy of Science ANNUAL MEETING The fifteenth annual meeting of the Academy was held in Cin- cinnati on November 30, December 1 and 2, 1905, the pea ot the society, Professor Herbert Osborn, presiding. On Thursday evening an informal meeting took place at the Museum of the Society of Natural History. On Tuesday at 9:30 a. m. the meeting was called to order by the President in Room 27, Cunningham Hall, at the University of Cincinnati. The report of the Secretary was presented and ac- cepted. Reference was made to the Field Meeting at Cedar Point. Sandusky, July 5-8th, in conjunction with the American Micro- coun Society. This was attended by about 25 members of the Academy, and excursions were made to Johnson’s Island, Kelly’s Island, Put-in- Bay, and other places of interest. The Executive Committee reported the following names elected to membership during the year: MEMBERS ELECTED BY THE PXECUTIVE COMMITTEE NOV. 27, 1904, DEC. 1, 1905. ATLA, (CL 1s, IBKOONVeg soe oma uudada epee ses be cloboomoouuo od Gambier BLACKMAN, a W.., Zoology, Cy holoowey en nile uerpee cuca eam creas es Pie i Medical Department Western Reserve, Cleveland ChayisnGim, dl, IP, Bows, Hoollonysciaccedsucoocussocunen goon Cedarville Corton, E. C., Entomology, iBotaiyaesne ee Ohio Dept. of Agr., Columbus Coovrer, A. B., Michcolocyet =n ye eee 1432 He Ave., Columbus Fiscuracn, H. P., IBIOIO Oy Apres wae oe resus ee caret an Newport, Kentucky IBGDRS ON) ANS TEL Aol oven van siercib ep aso mised sibinre ole 9 6 eral aiaara ice scectio.o cen aaa HoKE, Gro. W., yeography, TB SIC0'If0) 87ers ese OR GRE eo ol acetone anaes Oxford HUBBARD, G. Dy Geology, Phy siography CAN NE eR Rete ats ot eRe Columbus Hype, J. E., Geology 5 aa crue Sg os Socio Den stn oan cae ea Den etn taro ar Lancaster JACKSON, C. F., Zoology i oecorigtn-n Ae ae SOOT Te RE Cai Onn Com ICS eh olor Columbus JoNnES, F. T., Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics. .35 Adelbert St., Cleveland Jonrs, Rost. RALSTON, Geology........ U. S. Engineer’s. Office, Cincinnati Kock, Hi. H., Zoology, Physies........ Park and McMillan Sts., Cincinnati NELSON, JAMES, Zoology, RRIMOMAVONOBA ss bocdodc0bG600000000 TIthaea, N. Sciumim, O, “IW, IPROVO: sc Pees Pages deeoousopcovenoocUsmocHnaD Re Oslo ator Re eR ama Med. Dept. Western Reserve Univ., Cleveland Sivourige, Ch IDL) IBowsmy, Aoollojnys sige ce bonuocescccoos 450 Spicer St., Akron memoir, CIR. Crxollenrg. oeonnesoobe ooo bl ooo 390 King Ave., Columbus Wan Hoo, J; M., Plant Pathology............ Experiment Sta., Wooster 324 OntO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE The report of the Treasurer was presented and after reference to the Auditing Committee was accepted. The following is a brief summary: REPORT OF TH. TREASURER FOR THE YEAR 1905. For the year since our last annual meeting the receipts, in- cluding balance fron: last year, have amounted to $246.14, and the expenditures to $745.67, leaving a cash balance of 47 cents. RECEIPTS. ByMleWNE® Thro, MAS WEA losoobecocsco soos bdonuasane $64 85 Membership ditesie aie ini tetecei chant iinea niente, Cae seer 158 00 TON SANS Oi UGINCAUTOM? os ocacecconsenvagccdcounce 23 29 Eicon eal Lites ele Se Bren AM cdi eM ROR ADV EN ra tL RURIC UL $246 14 EXPENDITURES. Hor pmntvine jthe Amnually Xepornte sense seems cee #98 56 152 subscriptions to the Onro Naturalist.............. 76 00 Mas Celilame ous) sz ies Cran aha Mane lie ato trie aa Ae A eriec rae 70 64 Ibyallennee IDyeeermmoere We, WOO) ssccacacacccccneeanoscoce 47 AR OP AMIENS) hae LOS RN ARES Sone) Lee dae Rae $246 14 Respectfully submitted, JAMES 8. HINE. The report of the wibrarian was read and adopted. It was moved and carried that the report be published. LIBRARIAN'S REPORT. Members of the Ohio Academy of Science: I herewith take pieasure in presenting to the Academy my report upon the receipts from the sale of the publications of the Academy. ANMOWIOE im Inehacl IDeweermloys-- WN, WOO. co cccccosesncuccocnccoscucee $0 13 Cash received for Annual Reports and Special Papers........... 21 43 ROG U Caste sere Mine nce ga tke eee Sane ake eee Ua eas coke oat ct ee RIES ma $21 56 REPORT OF EXPENDITURES FOR YEAR ENDING DEC. 1, 1905. Paid for postage on letters and publications.......... $1 55 Paid? ior: CXEESS: 4 55 fore Suse wae ceaaeds cae ae anes oem eh 62 Paid for postage 13th Annual Report................ 6 74 IPeinGl iiore jouemmnrtiover BUNG JOAITAPS so 2645 5'4 6 ssa0cateacvcss 1 28 10 19 Cast jail tmeasumer, Wikny 2. IQOD.. oss csedcononeanose #5 40 Cash paid treasurer, October 30, 1905............... 2) 50 Cash paid treasurer, November 1, 1905.............. 1 20 9 10 $19 29 Cash on hand December 1, 1905...........°......... $2 27 Total number of pub. sold wuring the year................... $21 43 otal emumibervoL pulse SOlG alsin ye anaes ren eel lla tr ee 7 96 TCT ASO. AB hele Th Sale gar ouet MARIRE Mere cepebeae eneeeae eee eae $13 47 [ call the attention +f the members to the fact that the early REPORT OF FIFTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING 325 numbers of the Academy publications are about exhausted and advise those having an interest in science to avail themselves of the opportunity to secure a complete set of the publications for their library. Our exchange list has also increased during the year and we now have the publication of twenty-six scientific societies and col- leges available for reference by members of the Academy. I urge upon the members the necessity of a correct mailing list and should they change their address to notify, at once, the Treasurer or Librarian. Respectfully submitted, Wm. C. Mruts, Librarian. REPORT OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES. The appropriations made during 1905 were somewhat less than usual, it being deemed wise to reserve the balance for pub- lication. The Board of Trustees feel that excellent work has been done by the Academy, and realizes that not a little of this has been ac- complished by the aid of the “McMillin research fund”. If the work so well begun is continued it will not be long until the “Natural History of Ohio” is quite as complete and more up to date than that of any other. RECEIPTS. Balance on hand November 16, 1904................ $114 89 Check — Emerson MeMillin-— Nov. 29, 1904........ 250 00 ovale esc CEPR URS On te train a eS dae SEA Ree $364 89 EXPENDITURES Specials eapersNios dO beaarrypeee ss ecuwie ion era oe ease $30 00 Herbert Osborn, expenses for travel in research’ work OND SINAC USH 7 Acadia el sue rane uate) Ia Eatees Sakis ener eM Beis seoten 22 00 R. F, Griggs, expenses for travel in research work on SSN Vill OWSasiecra At Aceich sus cual. womtieuerian specie ye aasuer cole pares 20 92 Guitss tors apers ony. VWallllowsierrn cicie earaiycl ruse) a 47 49 Herbert Osborn, expenses for reasearch work on Slim SECESAAte en ere naan ante tees Mitty Bhee Meee seep 25 00 $148 41 Balance on hand November 20, 1905................. $216 48 The Board has again received the annual contribution of Mr. Emerson MeMillin of $250.00 to the research fund. Wm. R. Lazenpy, Chairman. JOHN H. SCHAFFNER, A Membership as consisting of Mr. Dury, Dr. Guyer and the Secretary, was appointed by the President. They subse- quently reported on the following names. These were duly elected. $26 OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE MEMBERS ELECTED BY THE MEMBERSHIP COM- MITTEE, DEC. 1-2, 1905. BENEDICT, STANLEY M., Physiology........ Univ. of Cincinnati, Cincinnati BrRaaM, Maximiian, Biology............ Hughes High School, Cincinnati BRANSON, a eh Geol ery Mri arpa aie att susie haus, eh eaten Sa aeee OU oURN oe nen Oberlin BREESE, B. _ Psychology pace yabean state ayo ea le Univ. of Cincinnati, Cincinnati CaRNEY, FR Ae Geology Pons ella hee cam: Gea hye eae na ices Wiccan ae Granville HANSEN, HERMINE J., Biology.......... Hughes High School, Cincinnati IMUNiniorog (OC), Is PEMA COMO. ao cabo goon onsadseoaaucases New Lexington MGB AINGEES, jis MES M MB IONO yin eae cestecns evs Cvs cases tedeateee Setters me eae Athens WiEMAN, ElARRY, Biology.s5.-.....-.-..- Umy. of Cincinnati, Cincinnati ere of papers commenced at 10:15 and continued until 12:05 p. m., when, after the appointment of a committee consisting of a oe Prof. Landacre and Prof. Rice, to consider a re- vision of the (Comeaien itor and report at the next meeting, the Society adjourned to luncheon provided by the local committee. At 1:15 p. m. the Society listened to the address of the President on “The Origin of the Wings of Insects.” ‘This was illustrated by an excellent series of lantern slides. At 2:15 p. m. the reading of papers commenced and con- tinued until 4:30 p.m. when a brief recess of ten minutes occurred. This was followed by Prof. Herrick’s paper, “On the Present Status of Comparative Psychology.’ At 5:30 p. m. the Society ‘adjourned to partake of a dinner served by the University. At 7:30 p. m. President Dabney of the University of Cincin- nati, dire an address entitled, “Our Modern Universities.” This was followed by an informal reception in the parlors of the University. On Saturday the meeting was called to order at 9:10 a. m. Attention was called to the death of two members during the year, _ Prof. A. A. Wright of Oberlin,-and Rev. F. D. Kelsey of Toledo. A resolution’ urging the necessity for a biological survey of the Panama Canal Zone before the cutting of the canal was wnani- mously cae d and the secretary was instructed to transmit the resolution to the proper authorities at Washington. A committee, consisting of the retiring President, Prof. Her- bert Osborn; the incoming President, Prof. E. I. Rice; and the Secretary, was appomted for the purpose of bringing the matter of a State Natural History Survey before the next session of the General Assemmly. The Committee on Nomination of Officers, Prof. C. J. Herrick, Prof. W. C. Mills, and the Secretary, which had previously been elected by ballot, reported and the following were elected for the coming year: President — Dr. E. L. Rice, Delaware, Ohio. Vice-Presidents — My. Chas. Dury of Cincinnati, Ohio, and Professor Lynds Jones, of Oberlin, Ohio. Secretary — Dr. L. B. Walton, Gambier, Ohio. REPORT OF FIFTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING 327 Treasurer — Professor J. 8, Hine, Columbus, Ohio. Librarian — Professor W. C. Mills, Columbus, Ohio. Executive Committee (ex-officio) — Dr. BH. L. Rice, Delaware; Dr. I. B. Walton, Gambier; Professor J. S. Hine, Columbus (elective); Dr. M. Ff. Guyer, Cincinnati; Dr. L. G. Westgate, Delaware. Board of Trustees — Dr. G. B. Halsted (in place of retiring trustee). Publication Committee — John H. Schaffner. A committee was also appointed for the purpose of scevring the co-operation of the libraries in the state to the end that scien- tific papers be rendered more available for members of the Society. This committee consisted of Prof. Mercer, Prof. Durrant, and Prof. Westgate. Invitations to the Society to meet at Columbus in November, 1906, were read from President W. O. Thompson, and from the Secretary of the Biological Club of the State University. No definite action was taken, the matter being left to the Exeentive Committee. After resolutions were passed expressing the appreciati™ of the Society for the courtesies Sal by the people of Cineinnoti, the faculty of the University of Cincinnati, and the officers of the Museum of Natural History , and, furthermore. thanking Mr. Emerson McMillin, of New York, for his continued interest in t’e welfare of the Academy, the Society adjourned. The fellowing is the complete provram of the meeting. Rorert F, Griccs — “Report on the Willows of Ohio” J. H. Toop — “The Relation of Medicine to Anthropolozy.” Henry F. Kock —“Observations on Huglena viridis and Huglena sanguinea.” E. W. BerceEr — “Habits of the Pseudoscorpionide principally (Chel- anops oblongus Say).” H. P. Fiscupacnh —‘Some Notes on a Myxobolus Occuring i 1 Diseased Fish (Abramis chrysoleucas) .” H. J. Hi1ie —‘A New Case of Mutation (Commelina nudiflora).” F. Carnry — “The Geology of Perry Township, Licking Co..” illus- trated by lantern slides. CHARLES Dury — “How to Collect and Breed Xenos.” L. B. Warton — “A New Species of Japyx (J. macgillvrayi) with some Notes on the Morphology of the Hexapoda and Chilopoda.” J. S. Hinr — ‘Notes on some Ohio Mammals.” W. A. KELLERMAN -— “Corn Rust Cultures.” W. F. Mercrr — “The Relation of the Motor Nerve-Endings to the Voluntary Muscle in Amphibia.” J. H. Scuarrner — “The Reduction of the Chromosomes in Micro- sporocytes.” A. D. Corn — “Optical Experiments with i lectric Radiation ” M. F. Guyer — “Guinea-chicken Hybrids L. G. WresteatEe — “Glacial Erosion in the Finger Lakes Region. New ‘York. L. B. Warton — “The Naidide of Cedar Point, Ohio ” Harris Hannecock — “The Present State in the Development of the Elliptic Functions.” W. C. Minis — “Mammalia of the Baum Village Site.” W. R. Lazensy — “Foreign Trees Naturalized in Ohio.” 328 OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE E. Ww. Brercer — “Notes on the Fall Webworm (Hyphantria cunea) in Ohio.” J. S. Hine — “Life-History Notes on Three Species of Mosquitoes.” A. M. MILLER — “Recent Classification and Mapping of Lower Ordo- vician in Kentucky.” Illustrated by lantern slides. S. R. Wittrams — “The Anatomy of Boophilus annulatus Say.” C. J. Herrick — “On the Present Status of Comparative Psychology.” W. A. KELLERMAN — “A Botanical Trip Through Gautemala.” Tllus- trated with lantern slides. HERBERT OSBoRN — “Further Report on the Hemiptera of Ohio.” J. M. VANHooKk — “‘Ascochyta pisi, a Fungus Disease of Seed Peas.” Lynps Jones — “Additions to the Birds of Ohio.” W. A. KELLERMAN -— “Exhibition of Selected Gautemalan Plants.” J. H. Toop — “The Garden of the ‘titans —Its Geology.” CHAS. BrookoveR — “The Prosencephalon of Amia calva.” KH. L. Mosrtey —“The Cause of Trembles in Cattle, Sheep and Horses, and of Milk-sickness in Man.” G. D. Hupsparp — “Physiography and Geography.” W. C. Mitts — “Description of a Teepe Site, Baum Village Site.” C. E, Battarp — “A New Gregarine from the Grasshopper (Jfelonop- lus atlanis) .” W. R. LAzensy — “Habits of Introduced Weeds.” G. B. Hatstep — “An Application of Non-Euclidean Geometry.” W. F. Mercer — “Development of the Respiratory System in Amphi- bians.” GERARD FowkKE — ‘Superficial Geology betw een St. Louis and Cairo.” W. cs Mitts — “Human Jaws as Ornaments.” L. B. Watton — “Some Laboratory Methods.” W. R. LAZENBY — “Notes on the Germination of Seeds.” F. Carney — “Glacial Studies in the Vicinity of Newark.” A. F. Burcess —“A Preliminary Report on the Mosquitoes of Ohio.” W. A. KELLERMAN, H. H. York and H. A. Greason — “Annual Re- port of the State Herbarium.” Lynps Jones — “A Contribution to the Life History of the Common Tern (Sterna hirundo) .” F. O. GRovER — “Notes on Some Ohio Spermatophytes.” W. B. Hermes — “Studies on Insects that Act as Scavengers of the Organic Beach Debris.” ALBERT WETZSTEIN — “A List of the Plants of Auglaize Co., 0.” R. E. Brockerr — “Some Plants on the Campus and in the Vicinity of Rio Grande College.” Lumina C. RippLe — “Bembicide of Ohio and Notes on Life History of Microbembex monodonta Say, and Bembex texana Cress.” C. F. Jackson —“A Key to the Families and Genera of Thrysanura with a Preliminary List of Ohio Species.” JAS. A. NELson-——“A Note on the Occurrence of Sex Organs in Aelosoma.” f Josnua LinpAuL — “Barite in a New Form (Pisolitic) from a 1,400 Foot Boring for Oil at Saratoga, Texas.” VICTOR STeRKI — “Preliminary List of Land and Fresh Water Mol- lusea of Ohio.” Victor SterKI — “A Suggestion with Respect to Local Fauna Lists.” Victor STERKI — “Some General Notes on the Land and Fresh-water Mollusea.” On December 28th an informal meeting of the Academy was held in connection with the Allied Hducational Societies at Colum- bus, Prof. Herbert Osborn acting as chairman, and Prof. J. H. REPORT OF FIFTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING 329 Schaffner as secretary in the absence ef the regular president and secretary. ‘I'he following program was given. EpwaRrp ORTON, JR. — “Report on the Meonomice Work of the Ohio Geological Survey.” CHARLES S. Prosser — “Status of Stratazraphical Work in Ohio.” C. KE. SHERMAN — “Progress of the Topographical Survey of Ohio.” Miss 8S. 8. Wirson — “Elementary Stence in the High School.” E. P. Durrant —“Amount, Time, =n Purpose in View, in High School Biology. B. F. THomas — ‘Lecture and Demopstration in Light and Color.” “. B. WALTON, Secretary. Gambier, O., February 14, 1906 PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS SUGGESTIONS. Preliminary to the address proper which will be of a scien- tific nature, I desire to eall attention to a few matters of concern to the Academy, matters which seem to me to be of importance in connection with its further growth and usefulness, and to offer a few suggestions. In the fifteen years of the Academy’s existence it has accom- plished many laudable undertakings and has been the means of stimulating and furthering investigations in a number of different lines. Among the most important of its functions is the means it has given for co- operation and acquaintanceship among scientific workers of the state. Numerous papers on geology and the natural history of the state which have appeared from time to time in its publications are the tangible results of the efforts of its members. The use of the McMillin Research Fund has been, perhaps one of the most important influences in its work in recent vears. and the amount of scientific investigations and the number of creditable papers which have been published as a result of the encourage- ment derived from this fund is, it seems to me, a remarkable and creditable showing for the money used. Among the important contributions which may be found hsted among the p papers credited to this fund are, Studies of Preglacial Drainage in Ohio, The Fishes of Ohio, The Ecology of Big Spring Prairie, The Tabanidae of Ohio, An Annotated List of the Birds of Obio, The Coccidae of Ohio, Reptiles and Batrachians of Ohio, and other studies are in an advanced stage of progress sud reports of these will soon be forthcoming. When we consider that this has been the result of a contribution of $250 per annum through a series of eight years we may flatter ourselves and c meratulate the donor as to the showing made. Another matter in which the Academy was influential was the establishment of the Topographical Survey which has been progressing steadily and which when completed will furnish a basis of knowledge for many other lines. Our pro- ceedings and special papers form a creditable series and are ae erowing more valuable. In taking note of various lines of organized science in the state it will be an easy matter to see what lines are being most thoroughly pushed and where the Academy may _ best exert its efforts. The State Geological Survey is ably conducted and re- ceives such support from the state as to make steady progress in this important line of investigation.. The Studies cf the Archeo- PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS 331 logy and History of the State, supported by the state in the Archeological and Historical Society are constantly increasing in value and justifying the expenditure of state funds which are appropriated for the purpose. In the State Board of Health much work of a scientific character is being accomplished and while bearing directly upon the public health at the same time contributes important additions to general science. Still other agencies accomplish excellent results. The scientific workers of the state are, I presume, all seriously hampered for the want of extensive library facilities and it seems that it would be desirable, if possible, to inaugurate some system of co-operation between the different scientific workers of the state and the libraries, especially the State Library, in order to better this condition. ‘The librarians fortunately co-o perate in publishing lists of periodicals which are available in each library so that for this particular feature we can hardly ask an improvement. The plan, however, might be extended to cover exchange and further purchase of scientific books of an expensive character or publica- tions of societies which are from their nature available in but few libraries and which from the fact that they are seldom in demand could readily be used at different institutions or by different workers with very lttle danger or inconvenience. The State Library has a few important serial publications, but I understand that its policy with reference to scientific publications has been to leave them for the State University, a policy which I hope may be modified, especially with reference to certain sets of journals which are practically inaccessible to all scientific workers of Ohio. The librarian has very cordially received a suggestion regarding some co-operation, and I feel assured that any resolution passed by th Academy would receive his cordial attention. The plan which strikes me-as possible would be for the Society to appoint a committee of three, representing different in- stitutions, which might take the matter in hand, determining how far it would be possible to publish lists of serial journals available in the hbraries of different institutions, including the State Library; to receive from members of the Academy suggestions as to publications that are especially desirable in their lines of work and to present lists of such as would be recommended to the State Library with the request that so far as possible such sets should be completed or provided for in the State Library. The arrange- ments by which books may be obtained from the State Library are already so admirable that probably no change would be neces- sary to make such journals accessible to all established scientific workers of the state. Another matter which seems to me to be of particular import- ance and which may properly claim the efforts of the Society is that of greater support for the investigations upon the natural 332 OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE history of the state. Information upon the plants and animals existing in the state is so evidently desirable that the areuments for it seem hardly necessary. It may be briefly mentioned, how- ever, that aside from the scientific questions as to distribution, abundance, increase, decrease, and extinction of species in the state all of which should be investigated before further changes occur, there is a great need of investigation in connection with various interests. They would form a sound foundation for the more exact teaching of science in our schools, a branch which is becoming more and more of fundamental importance in education. They have a very direct and important bearing upon the public health. Their service to the medical profession, Tepresented by the Board of Health would no doubt be fully appreciated. The aquatic resources of the state, especially the fisheries interests, dependent upon the aquatic life of various forms would be enormously helped by an exhaustive study of the aquatic life of the different rivers and lakes. While the Academy can through its individual members con- tribute considerably to the desired end, in such investigation the progress must of necessity be slow and there would seem to be every reason why investigations in this lne as in Geology and Archeology should be directly supported by assistance from the state. Natural History Surveys are in progress in a number of different states and their results have proved of the utmost import- ance both as aids in education and as a foundation for economic applications. If the suggestion meets your approval it would seem to me well worth while to appoint a committee to take this matter into consideration and to suggest legislation to provide for such a survey. Another item which has occurred to me at different times is the representation of different branches of science in the Academy. The work during recent years has been very largely in the line of Geology and Natural History, a fact which is very easily accounted for on the basis of the local interest in these subjects, but it seems to me very desirable that the Academy have a strong representation in other branches as well and there are, I feel certain, many ques- tions which he in other fields of science which might be studied with advantage in connection with this organization. The chem- ical pro oblems connected with our water su pply, coals, soils, ete., have certainly local interest and reports upon such problems would be particularly welcome in our meetings. The only suggestion in this connection I would offer now would be that our members as individuals exert their influence with their associates and friends in other branches of science, urge them to take part in our proceed- ings and in any way possible encourage their affihation with our Society. The valuable work done by the Cincinnati Society of Natural History is a good illustration of the usefulness of iocal PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS 333 oo societies. I wish we had such a society in each of the large cities of the state. But such societies come only from the self-sacrificing effort of some individual or group of individuals. They cannot be foreed into activity at will. i The topic to which I wish to ask your attention and which I present as the annual address provided for at each annual meeting may be entitled: THE ORIGIN OF THE WINGS OF INSECTS. Insects were evidently the first of all animals to acquire the power of flight. Except, perhaps, the birds, they have remained to the present time the most successful aerial navigators and they present certainly the greatest variety of wing structure. They are the only creatures among the invertebrate groups that have suc- ceeded in developing the power of independent flight. From an economic point of view the wings of insects constitute a most important fact since it is by this means that they are rapidly distributed from point to point and their destructive effects greatly enhanced. To the systematist the wings are of the utmost importance since they furnish the basis of classification for all divisions of the class. They have been plastic structures easily molded by adaptation and changes seh by elaboration and reduction are numerous. It becomes, therefore, a matter of special interest to inquire into the structure of these organs and to trace, if possible, the mode of their origin. While such a study may not add anything to the solution of the practical problem of aerial navigation for man it will certainly instruct us to learn what we can as to how a problem so difficult for man was solved by such apparently insignificant animals. Insects began to fly, that is, insects were provided with wings and we assume that they could fly, away back in the paleozoic age probably millions of years before any such ase was pos- sible to birds or even the more ancient flying reptiles. The most ancient of the fossil remains referred to as a winged insect are the Protocimex Silurica of the Ordovician of Sw eden and next is a primitive orthopteran species formerly thought to be closely related to cockroach and called Paleoblattina douvallia taken from the middle Silurian.* It may seem to those unfamiliar with the methods of biology that inference as to the character of these forms from fraomentary fossils is of doubtful value yet so firm is our conviction as to the certainty of the association of certain types of structure that we build up around these little fragments, depicting the structure of an insect wing, though separ- * Dr. E. H. Sellards (Am. Jour. Sci. Vol. XVI. p. 324) states the doubt existing as to the accuracy of the reference of these aeeill to insects. Later appearance of first winged insects does not, however, alter the sequence of habit and structure for which this paper argues. 334 OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE ated by immense gaps in geological time, all of the mechanism of a tracheated flying arthropod. That they were insects, that they had a tracheal respiration and that they were capable of flight must be accepted else we may as well call in question the whole mass of knowledge based on fossil remains and which we so confidently accept as indubitable history of the forms of life which peopled the earth in past ages. So much for the antiquity of the organ which we have in dis- cussion and we may perhaps give pause for a moment to think how long since and by what lowly creatures was the problem of aerial navigation solved, a problem so attractive yet so elusive to the powers of man. How then was the problem solved, what were the factors conspiring to provide for flight? It is hardly necessary to remark that the wing of an insect is a totally different structure from the wing of a bird. The most superfici al observation as well as the most elementar vy knowledge of anatomy is sufficient for this. Their minute structure and the process of their growth are, however, less familiar and in order to secure a firm foundation for the discussion of the mode of origin we must show something of this fundamental structure and its ‘agreement in different kinds of insects —a bit of dry anatomy, a skeleton on which we may hang our threads of theory. The insect wing is fundamentally a sack the membranous walls of which are supported by a series of stiff rodlike “nerves” or “veins”, 6. : “The Birds of Ohio.” ” Pp. oH By ‘Lynps- JONES. sa Paleo aa eal oes ey be Se is oe Papers No. 7. Spestopia Study of Big Spring - gts Prairie.’’- pp. 69. By THomas A. ‘BONSER..... Hg ~ Special Papers No. 8. “The Coccidae of Ohio. LEPe Dy ~~. 66. By James G. SANDERS... Aegan chit oy ees ~ Special Papers No. 9. “cpatrachioad and Reptiles of ~-\. Ohio.” BP. 54. By Max- Morse. 2.0.2. "Special: Papers as 10, “Ecological Study. of “Brush Lake.’’ pp. -By Joun H. ScHAFENER, Orro. E. JENNINGS, and oe oe ‘TYLER. eee “Special Papers" No. ie “The Willows ¢ of f Ohio.” Dee 60." - By’ RoperT FR, _GRiIces eS ER ae LT. : These publications will He sent to ines address postpaid, on. ‘receipt of « ie price: fs : : tO ifieo a - Official Organ ‘of the Academy, THE Ouro ce s : z it “Address, Ww. ok “MILLS, aoe ‘Librarian OHIO “STATE ACADEMY OF ‘SCIENCE : Page Hall, Ohio State University. oa _COLUFIBUS, onto : Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science LBA Ao VOLUME IV, PART 9 Fifteenth Annual Report PROCEEDINGS OF THE OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE Volume IV, Part 9 Fifteenth Annual Report of the Ohio State Academy of Science 1906 Organized 1891 Incorporated 1892 Publication Committee J. H. Schaffner J. C. Hambleton i ea Rice Date of Publication, April 25, 1907 Published by the Academy Columbus, Ohio Officers ==: 1907 PRESIDENT, CERES sDIURY: VICE-PRESIDENTS. W. F. MERCER, FRANK CARNEY SECRETARY. EB Wile ON: TREASURER. JAS. S. HINE. LIBRARIAN. WV Cre: EXECUTIVE COM MITTEE. Ex-Officio. CHARLES DURY, JAS. S. HINE, L. B. WALTON. Elective, F. C. WAITE, Aes COWE: BOARD OF TRUSTEES WANReSRAZE NE = Chaintinanantentm (expemlese as. ccs. tines jee sons 1909 GMP POFIERRTICK A TeGiMmexpIneSeipcelee acursls ceed cee Giese ele eheie Sivlelc een hora 1907 CASSEL STED Si tehinl = CXxPIGES? we. aca cece Hulse Goselo cree gk di eleyeeiaers 1908 PUBLICATION COMMITTEE. (eres SCHARENER, Chairman, term expires... .cs.csses+.sc.ceeeas L908 18, IL, IRC, ReiRinal SOOO S cs orale. cis lcke ore oko Ci etons Ricco EnTEAERene CIEE rac Ieee 1907 a Ge EAneEERON etehimiexpIneSman-ickeada aac cmonttscs oeeecssaeeens 1909 Past Dfticers PRESIDENTS. 1892. E. W. CLAYPoLe, 1899. G. F. WricHt, 1893. Epwarp ORTON, 1900. Josua LINDAHL, 1894. F. M. Wesster, 1901. A. D. SELBy, 1895. D. S. KE ticort, 1902. W. R. Lazensy, 1896. A. A. WricHtT, 1903. C. J. Herrick, 1897. W. A. KELLERMAN, 1904. E. L. Mosetey, 1898. W. G. TicHrt, 1905. HERBERT OSBORN, 1906. E. L. Rice. VICE-PRESIDENTS. 1892. A. A. WricHt, ELrLten FE. SMITH. 1893. D. S. Ketiicorr, D. L. JAMEs. 1894. G. H. Cotton, Mrs. W. A. KELLERMAN. 1895. H. E.-CHapin, JANE F. WINN. 1896. A. L. TREADWELL, CHARLES Dury. 1897. C. E. Stocum, J. B. WricHt. 1898. Josua LinpHatr, J. H. Topp. 1899. CuHas. E. Apricot, A. D. SELBY. 1900. J. A. BowNnocker, LyNnps JONEs. 1901. 1902. C. J. Herrick, C. S. PROSSER. 1903. J. A. Bownocxer, Miss L. C. R«Ippie. 1904. Lynps Jones, L. H. McFappen. 1905. C. W. Dasney, F. M. Comstock. 1906. CHarLtes Dury, LyNnps JONES. 1892-95. 1896-98. 1892. 1893-94. 1900-04. 1900-02. 1904-06. 1892-01. 1892-97. 1892-96. 1897-99. 1898-00, TREASURERS. A. D. SeEsy, ; 1899-04. D. S. KELLticort, 1905. SECRETARIES. W. R. LAZzENBY, 1895-03. W. G. TiIcHT, 1904. 1905. L. B. Watton. TRUSTEES. F. M. WeEssTER, 1900-05. ital & BEARDSLEE, 1901-06. C. J. HeErricK, 1905-06. PUBLICATION COMMITTEE. F. M. WEBSTER, 1900-06. W. A. KELLERMAN, 1901-03. EB. W. CLAYPoLe, 1902-04. E. L. MoseEtey, 1904-05. S. BELLE CRAVER, 1905-06. 1906. J. C. HAMBLETON. H. Herzer, Mrs. W. A. KELLERMAN. HERBERT OSBORN, Jas. S. HIne. E. L. MoseEtey, F. L. LANDACRE, J. H. ScHAFFNER, W. R. LAzENsy, G. B. Havcstep. J. H. SCHAFFNER, L. H.’ McFappen, GERARD FOWKE, Jas. S. HINe, IB. IL, IRIs McMiLten, EMERSON E........... PNDVAUMIS | GHERA'S, (Cosson eo Wenbership MAY 9 07 Life Member 320 Riverside Drive, New York, N. Y. Actibe Members Cin. Society of Natural History, Cincinnati AA TETRIBINT 5 AVE, 2 DRE So aa Sere ate Station K, Cincinnati. . PNR RIGHYin @EVARTE Silas) .tai in uti enieiete) a tnecindda oriasion aac Columbus ARMSTRONG, Cy A GGOUOM Na omic eesti pe Uno oe a aid aldaea Gols old pana Canton Bat, E. D., Entomology.... Bauiarp, C. McE., Biology. Bairp, R. L., Zoology, FreNepict,S. M.. Percer, E. W., Zea oo Ga ee ete Dig Reh ear th AN TNs esa aR A ce Sra Gambier Geology. Logan, Utah .Denmark, Iowa Saale Unive rsity, Piven Haven, Conn. -Gainesville, Florida SENG m oul: DOlaIY TAOOIORN. sqancn setae hess cee ee ae ae bidwell TS HACK ame Cpe ears ection seen peru Poniioy ae cia gi une nyt cain Wer caees oes WOOSEER BLacKMAN, M. W........ Western Reserve Medical College, Cleveland Buiair, KATE R. : .1501 Neil Ave., Columbus Botrn, W. C., ENC Weene Bonser, T. A., Botany, Ge Risen Nic areorueies 02217 BowNOCKER, lonn A., Geology.. eee Boxe CORAMIVEAV AY ZAOOLOGAe Mean deans eee ee BRAAM, BRANSON, BreESE, B. B., Psychology......... BROCIIDI, INWAE Is JNOUMM ome os ooobbo oe de soe BrooKover, CHAS. Pruccer, HARVEY, Busna, MATTHIAS, CARNEY, FRANK, CARTER, CHAS., CLAASSEN, Epo, Botany.. GrEVENGER SE Ee POLGNYE oy oe eats soe: Meteorology, CoperLy, E. D., MaximiiiaAn, Biology.... eBOlana ane Ee Tae oe BurRGESS) Ac E> Entomology. 20.0000. ..0. 0 GCOlOBN 5 oe0665 606 Entonvology......... .R. D. No. 1, Newark aVionore St., Spokane, Wash. ae .O. S. U., Columbus Univ. of Cincin., Cincinnati ee VEU aR .3114 Vine St., Cincinnati Meee een ne a an Sten Naa acl Sent ea aaemmme een CODER Univ. of Cincin., Cincinnati .Rio Grande Oa nel Col lege, Akron . Fremont 2969. WwW iat Rod (Cleveland .20 John St., Boston, Mass. .Granville “See Nee I Sahoo Nilsfosne Idaho 18 Fernwood Ave., East Cleveland Wheaton College, Wheaton, Ill. .Weather Bureau, Reno, Ney. OWN a case 56 408 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science Conny Ayu me haisiicsetaan scan Ws Gia con eo are O. S. U., Columbus COmTON! GEORGE WEES! = ae ene lesen rains en ee ie 5 . Hiram Comstock, FRANK M., Vert. Zoology............ Veake School “Cievciena Coons, Ay 1B, Alnel@COloRsooccccccocedeocccobcodcue O. S. U., Columbus COmnon,, 12, Cy, BRHOTONOEN: ccoogsc0d006 Experiment Sta, Knoxville, Tenn. (COMBAT, WW. Ia booccccssoocboccdnsoocc oo Olkidke Wim, WWoreesine, Mass. HDS INTE Vey GIES ue Vi eee are saa eae ponents Smee ale Uniy. of Cincin., Cincinnati IDARILAING, CistoSitee A; 64 nanos co cc 475 Manhattan Ave., New York, N. Y. IDAWES, W, IBl, JROPMCHWHITE >500000cvocecacaccndconde ©) S, US Coltinbas DEDMERS DREDAN BiOTaIyn a aeeeeneaea: .1315 Neil Ave., Columbus DUNLAP, FRED, Forestry.......... ow S Boncetl Service, Washington, D. C. TB TRAN Be save a sre ae ee ee Tea 2 ti oe aa nee Westerville IDyuinn, (Cisw NS Leno ansobsucsacccnuscosusoooe nde uc Ane. Cimemmain IDwamanons (Cy Is, ViRococooscccopcadecccqnvceso oy WY, Row Awe. Clevellamal Epwarps, E. H., Zoology, Physiology..........259 Clinton St., Cleveland Fret, ApoLPH. UPR Gao ood me oe nosee ae OC Je, Wiles Si, Collamabus Fietp, IrviNG A. ibe Cue anaes semoo onion oe NNecmmmagTer, IMIGl. Fink, BRuCcE, Botany oo ns ae ee IMIG CIs, WOMEN, JOON 65cccc0csacscosU, Sy Depr, OF Agir, Idwimeai of Plant Industry, Washington, D. C. lemseieneyNera, lal, 125 IBWOUOR Ns so nccoccaceuuons ese buessancoes o Nein, IKGy. IRAs GETS IVI Seas oe tertre cue eae rate series ast Spear 7th St. near Vine, Cincinnati Juang, IMUN OI), ZOOM sccsdesccoosdsspoensocams We Own Aine, (Colluunlors IRCA EW BS Ie OUONs eae 4 Mibu aatdiuis 4 Ko mene oie dice o's Box 264, Gambier OOCE VES ET... Bivona teas iin came eiege cares acs. tapet conse eeralea er aed eee Granville FowKeE, GERARD, Glacial Geology, Archaeology.........105 N. 2d St., St. Louis, Mo. FRANK, J. N. Botany, Entomology ..........+.......©. S. U, Golumbus IUGR NGER,, (Ee Ee BiObanyies eer ci WS aah orate hres teg ese el aemea eure eee Berea Gary, IL IB GeOlOe@Wesccécvsouccooot 251 Northampton St., Buffalo. N. Y. GIsE sh DAVID ear aaa Geet ty nen UNS eee cae a .Milan GREGORY) Viegas Bonerama rare nisution s Nneceeeretia cathe “6 fone e St. ‘Glenna GROVER, OR BO EGU) coders cetera ela ee oe ee eee Oberlin Griccs IR» Bo Botan. ssdaet econ oe ons aloe HoxsytlreAvers Coltmmnlbntts GUE s NIE RS Bier ee ee aaah geamastnegn epee eee re Univ. of Cincinnati, Cincinnatt FALStEep., G. By Mathematwes. ..4..04. 000.5... 50x 68) (Greeleyae Colorado HIAMBLETON, J. C., Botany, Zoology...........212 E. llth Ave, Columbus HANSEN, Hermina J., Biology..........Hughes High School, Cincinnati EVARTZELL» Jy Goose sss..0-2eeUmiveon the Pacey Sane joseus Galinormse Islam, omer S., OnneulvOlOSGMs coo osccnccseo0cc snd 00oeeanas Bond Hill BUN, Gio nonin 18, OPMedPOUORM > > sa¢0c0br cobb 000000000000 0000 Bond Hill DaPNcteee) fomnlat. WISWRolvoaa\ieceMecemiay Gig cielo pialuibinse nm Goa moa He DIO OTS Win © wate. O10! Gp c Athens HaAwkKINs, L. A., Botany......Bureau of Plant Ind., Washington, D. C. EVANS 0 GDI rye Sees dies sts hamlet eos tov SATS Sa Sey Soe RE renee eee Dayton Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 409 ISIE SMITE AUN REIN V IV Inepar actrees een aap ae oncarern cramer alienate ene ale face Canal Winchester THLBRIMG, WAYS TEV a Sis eee ieah dae eric Olt Ochi GIR GUSTO NEL BAS a NaH ty co reo Columbus iFLpRRNCTES, “(C:]WIWSON soo aces pee cle cc 8 GH ne Bice oie Cie CIA ye nReIE ee Granville HRA, Ile. JRMCORHOUOBN ies osek oo bao cues ones scone bso uee bene as Marietta ESTA CHM ED He (en ae reenter tir re hi ate ee St. John’s College, Toledo HINnE, J. S., Entomology, Ormthology...............O. S. U. Columbus Iso SON, AG TEL ACOND EAN sears dicig Ce aa eee cee nee ERI a RS II Ore eee ean Ada Hoxpps, P. L., Chemistry........ Western Reserve Med. College, Cleveland islox, Gao; Wo, GGoenanlim, BvOlOWeadooobcoudesddoddoanboosobe: Oxford TRIOLA, WG" Poy lei ONO canarata rehired orck aie tio a ahora 1004 Jefferson Ave., Toledo IHIOUR, IBIAS IPOS GUIS Meo co oo po Aone na one DoD aoe oe eet Dayton Hi@uSER, Jc Sa. BRQUOMIOUORNs 6560.00 docdoo cub des dboMo DSO edo cco Se Wooster EiUBBARD, G ID, Geology, Phystography............... O. S. U., Columbus TELS, Jie: IES GAO a acres aera seetia ee ec aesae na ae i ae a ee Lancaster JACKSON, (GE kg, PAOOUCKE NE: dence: Sentra ieng aeaene neha ieee O. S. U., Columbus JARS, Cao Bye ceacen ecco aca ici caret ieee aie emer seer Adelbert College, Cleveland T Anita, IDA Ie eee eer ee ter 127 W. Seventh St., Cincinnati PANNE JOEUN J). Hlortvculiure.....:....+:.- 93 Fifteenth Ave., Columbus JENNINGS, O. E., Botany......... Carnegie Museum Annex, Pittsburg, Pa. Jones, Lynps, Ornithology......... ue College Museum, Oberlin Jones, Rost. Rarston, Geology...... a0. 5 tpneiees s Office, Cincinnati Nwmsonmi Ga Ae, Botany. .05.0.5.264.4...4....200) Columbus, Ave, Sandusky IXBELER, IMDSS IEL IL IOnWWINs coos cade caueodDeaasee 93 Olive St., Cleveland KELLERMAN, WILLIAM A., Botany.......175 W. Eleventh Ave., Columbus KELLERMAN, Mrs. W. A., Botany........ 175 W. Eleventh Ave., Columbus IR TST. . TRS, Se pabatheehaceae Conan tanec Sent GE” ei stie tn gn en a Upper Sandusky Koc). Zoology, Physics............0148 Jefferson Ave. Cincinnati LanpacreE, F. L., Zoology........ ee ee On SaU Columns Lazensy, Wm. R., Horticulture, Bonny Cit caer Ante rattas O- Ss US Golumbts iL, IMAI? IE NEQOON naan ah ooa cota ae aoe ome oeinia as . Westerville LinpAgH, \OSWUN, ZOOWORNs cto secondo oer suonoo Does Seaton B, Cincinnati Lioyp, JoHN UR!....... eee Courteand: Blumests) Gimemmnati Matty, C. W., Boole, ........Dept. of Agriculture, Columbus Marrzorrr, C. L., Ver ieealon yen ee re ENC Wee bexin stom NASTERNMAN, I. Zoology, Botamy............--....--.--.New London BVIPURETIIN VAM Vee AU in tec ce aie et ae ime se incase cast Pale eons aie eee LO ALGIS IML AVTPIBTIBNRY SINAN STEGER RE Painesville WIC GAT ANG ACrONOMY. 6. cocci. sce cae led sce cw ene O. S. U., Columbus McCamesetL, Eucene F., Bacteriology..............0. S. U., Columbus McCaucuey, VaucHan, Biology.....475 Manhattan av, New York, N. Y. IMICEONNEDE IWARR Yet (OMNUEMOLOSY a5 sues cee ety e n-ne « Cadiz MicCove Geb Botaiyn.«5 00s ..sos-.-0lt ES Mulberry St., Lancaster MCDA, ls, IBS TOO Nie ee Renee ROR Ree eee co ene ernie Athens NCEEHINNEN, ERANK By Botany...........++..+.--2---.-..-New London 410 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science IMIGIE MAN, IL, IEl. CHHCMUSHPM > 000600000000 00nd d0d0 dc aD oDCH AGC Westerville ANAC TO NINA Darn BIOL ON Os toes a taBernd erie aii praer ONIN oe oldrengee-cln cho ca.eS a6 5:60 Berea MrEsn Gmass Ss Zoology) Bota ss... .6.s. polls, Kine Aver Colm pits Mince, WW, JE, JBIOlORMcec6¢ccoccc0oacnn0c0000s Ohio University, Athens INTER GATE SPIN Obl aicteraen o thr ence A phere get aye ane boats eheeere ee Meagan ec auc ieeeel Rene Plympton Mimnmse WriG. Arehacologs, Biology). .5.0ssh2 482+ oes O. S. U., Columbus Morin, IMA WW, ZOOlOBMs so6505 50000008 600 W. 125th St., New York City IMiorsia, WW, Cy, Brologm, GOV s oc ccccdoaxccaacedacne O. S. U., Columbus Mores. (Cy JEL, OrnmaHnOlOreNs coc cvscecons0da000 sb00 bb oe McConnelsville MoseEtey, FE. iL, Zoology, Botany, Physiography..........-...-- Sandusky NELSON, JAMES A. Zoology, Embryology.............-.-.---lthaca, Nee NEWELL, Witmon, Entomology. . Bie ee Barone Rotcewm ear OBERHOLSER, H. C.... “1349. Hanan St N. W., Washington, D. C. OpENBACH, F. L., Mete ap aloeys ..........9t. Ignatius College, Cleveland Osporn, Hersert, Entomology, Zoology..............O. S. U., Columbus Ospurn, Raymonp C., Zoology, Ichthiology..510 W. 124th St., New York OUGENWATIES JOSEP Hy al Met Bate orate acer Genie eure Columbus Oyaami, JBI. 1b. Gemenil SCIORECs do00ccdc0c00scccccsc0s0cuGude ose Norwalk LOU NIEARAESU DI Oe les eal Dictate tel tiny washer oid operas Terlingua, Brewster Co., Texas PREeeen, SVE, Clemistiyee oe. cess se eeee eo lose IN, Eligh™ Stee Coltnalts Picken, Gro: J, Chemisiny................St. Ignatius, College *@leveland IDI HOI Nee AD sIOMUNS pio oaaneuoocaéoecuomold ons ot 243 Superior St., Cleveland RORTERBIELD | Jn Concent ae 916 New Hayden Building, Columbus PROSSER) Cx Sa Geology. ys nase es el en Os 1 Um Colmmmnits PUMPHREY, J. Homer, Or Rion. BLOM Roe er ATE etn GE Ro cose 0 36 Clayton Rica, yA IL, FOOUOBM.s s66ccu0006 Pe PoE er Mann a eit, Das Delaware IRNOUDEBUSIEG “IE OWEUL. Of aes c aie ke line eoncase : Owensville ROAR, JOEY S., BrOlO@Ws os odcoccoccbocudoo0s 947, N. ‘Vth Se Columbus Sans, I, Ce, Bmtor1olosm, IBOHUMNs coooccuccovadcuooo00 aceon DDoS : Bureau of Entomology Dept. Agr., Washington, D. C. Sagas, Ne Ee rs dared sks a eal atane nT ns nae erates AD) () Church St., Chillicothe SU el Ponae ne een Reena . Newark SAUER) aE WISIN ue OLA wero) cores arto OM aif Chetan Chasinat? Serra, [5 Tel, SBOnORIMs 5660 55000060.0005000000000 OVS: UL, Columbus SANTO, IMIS 12, coos ooccboocpoocodoccvo ols) Glen ieidk Pikes, Clevelamel SELBY) Ae DUB Obi mois Serteetire ate tay onary aueroles Experiment Sta.,. Wooster SIMS UANE no Gand Shia. ht Leeann Cine ereel bate aces lien tee ee Guns ae Defiance Simi, ARIA, IBUQUOBMs ob 5000 bc 00b00o00s 000 b0b0CES 634 Nestle St., Toledo SMITH, TeREEE Mia onsen anne soetne i aneeeiyereces 134 Station St., Ashtabula Swamst, GID, Ou), ZOOVOEWs c6acccadcos0cgo000cs 450 Spicer St., Akron SMITH, J. Wane WACHEOTPOVNOLN 6006000000006 Weather Bureau, Columbus SmytH, Lumina C. RippLe, Botany..... 1211 W. 16th St., Topeka, Kans. Sram, 12; 1D. Zool, BHRROUOBN > cos0cc0c00 0000000000000 0000 Ashtabula SOULES WILEDAME ican acieccesiccraeeeeiee cane 1804 S. Union Ave., Alliance Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 411 SSA SIE ID arte and rca epev acerca anne cane eu 92 Wadena St., Cleveland STAUFFER, CLINTON R., Geology.................390 King Ave., Columbus STERKE VICTOR; Conchology, BOtaNY: -s.... +05: 2.+--+ 5s New Philadelphia Seneca sw ME wells SHON TON AN tae seca oiig Berta Glaes bid Oe Reo Concern n eae cS mee Granville STOCKBERGER, W. W., Botany......Dept. Agriculture, Washington, D. C. STONER, Minnie A., Domestic Science..............- O. S. U., Columbus SURPAGS. 1s IML, ZOOM, JDOUHIN oo. sok ob coud oonbe ute soon beeeaennos Eaton SW EEZENG ODO Msgs anya see 1019 Olaho Lane, Honolulu, Hawaii MIDAS aIe O Ream WIEBE RIetesysion Cah taraimte apne ay Obes les Vanier aa Wee a cactetn PEMD Aiommee need al NI hay Bediord MISONIE SOND UMIRISS KGEN Gi aes ra sone en 167 W. Tenth Ave., Columbus TILIA, IMINSS) QW ILS IBOROWMS seo ondoeesaaoeoosuesodes Tucson, Arizona “Wines. WS Cae KECON Oca iin enon icua ann anemia Albuquerque, N. M. Topp, JoserpH H., Geology, Archaeology........ Christmas Knoll, Wocster MIRO D Dee ORO Rs i yrds Onan lun See Geen aU ration emia! Saree Vermillion “LRTI,” Tia I EA a ee arene tlt tata tt rae Nera a McConnelsville Tyter, F. J., Botany......Bureau of Plant Industry, Washington, D. C. Tyler, Harriet Burr, Botany. . .. Bureau of Plant Industry, Washington, D. C. Van Hook, J. M., Plant Pathology......... Experiment Station, Wooster AV VeAuicrsre egal ie (Ge Pose 8 i ose atte feet oe ae Western Reserve University, Cleveland AN PAE ON Page ll Ses 3 ZOU Ole ise Men ceey terre wre ee Ncek es ae stat cae Meets Gambier WA froe Beale Paes MOC Ea tennis Ny sla eat aa ac tice ALOR a tty ma Sy Gar rettsville Wesster, F. M., Entomology..U. S. Dept. Agriculture, Washington, D. C. VARIES Mea SS Sie ee OLA MM mini dene ey oxinaro tas nnd ed, neds cee cin McConnelsville WERTHNER, WILLIAM, Botany................ Steele High School, Dayton WirsineAms, Ibis, (Ga, (GEOlOEM ae as abo ooub eed anes aoe ee eduivon cose Delaware NVERZS MEIN A oR ONCII Manse oe ae ke 309 W. 141st St. ,New York, N. Y. VERMIN Vea Wen ©-Biology (Geologynee 5... 4e-s sea «eee ss. oe Westerville WieMaANn, Harry L., Biology............. Univ. of Cincinnati, Cincinnati WILLIAMS, STEPHEN R., Biology..............- Miami University, Oxford Wituiamson, E. Bruce, Ichthiology, Ornithology.......... Bluffton, Ind. WY G@itasig, 1D, De MIB MG ss bee oe Sane Wa eee ee eae Marietta College, Marietta VR GEUIEY Gay sMIREDPRICK UG COLOR wakes iio asec eo nets isos ee Oberlin RYE AN ON EV patil Wile ATO GKeu a umn NED Ue ie Soke tp ULELLs Con rait Ja Alliance York, HarLtan H., Botany................ Univ. of Texas, Austin, Texas Youne, R. A., Botany.. ..Div. Seed and Plant Introduction Washington, D. C. Report of the Fifteenth Annual Meeting of the Ohio State Academy of Science ANNUAL MEETING The sixteenth annual meeting of the Academy was held in Columbus on November 29 and 30, and December 1, 1906, the inst Vice President of the Society; Mr. (€harles Dury, onCimn- cinuati, presiding, owing to the unavoidable absence of Prof. E. IL, Iksi@e, Wane IPressnclea. On Thursday evening an informal reception was held at the residence of Prof. and Mrs. Herbert Osborn, 485 King avenue. Thursday morning at 9:45 the meeting was called to order by the Vice President in room 46 of Physics Hall, of the State University. A committee on membership consisting of Prof. Hine, Prof. Lynds Jones and the secretary, together with a committee on resolutions consisting of Prof. Guyer, Prof. Stick- ney, and Prof. Waite, was appointed by the chair. The report of the secretary was presented and accepted. The report of the treasurer, Prof. J. S. Hine, was presented and after ref- erence to an auditing committee consisting of Messrs. Burgess and Adams was accepted. The following is a brief summary: REPORT OF THE TREASURER FOR THE YEAR 1906. For the year since our last annual meeting the receipts, including balance from last year, have amounted to $209.05, and the expenditures to $207.75, leaving a cash balance of $1.30. RECEIPTS. Balance ngomimlastasycanceer eee rier: $0 47 IMIGmmDSSloD) GCMES cococsdooosucdooecccouussbue 188 00 leroy Gale Cit (UIDINCATOMS cooccoosccsacaccdcon Al) ier ARO CARE Sey sty eo ee ee Ae: $209 05 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 413, DISBURSEMENTS. For printing the annual report.. OE Areal op HOO SOO) 183 subscriptions to the Ohio Netra, Sate 91 50 Miscellaneous ..... Rey ne neater DE OEIC) Balance December 1, 1906. Ss Conc CPR eee: 1 30 FIR Oiteet haga Vaetete ret ey cient ote ate Hes eT uO a to oy ea ere $209 05 Respectfully submitted, JAMES S. HINE. Prof. Lazenby, chairman of the trustees, presented the following report, which was approved and accepted. Mention was made of the continued interest in the Society manifested by Mr. Emerson McMillin in his gift of $250. IRIGIPOIRT, Ole AMES, OYMRID Ole Ines aids, The annual appropriations from the “Emerson McMillin Research Fund” have been continued the past year, and the total amount assigned for research has been somewhat larger than usual. The Board of Trustees feel that excellent work has been done by the Academy through the aid of this fund, and express the hope that this work will be continued with unabated energy and enthusiasm until the “Natural History of Ohio” is more complete and up-to-date than that of any other state. We again have the satisfaction of acknowledging the con- tribution of $250 by Mr. Emerson McMillin for the year 1907. We present the following financial statement for the past year. WILLIAM R. LAzENBy, Crap VaERRICK: FINANCIAL STATEMENT OF THE EMERSON. McMILLIN RE- SEAR CHS PUND OHIO ACADEMY OP SCIENCE: 1905-1906. RECEIPTS. 905 Balanceson hands Nov. 20) L905) sos 2 nen ee eee. $216 48 Check from Emerson McMillin, Nov. 26, 1905......... 250 OO $466 48: 414 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science EXPENDITURES. 1906. Mar. 13. Spahr & Glenn, printing 500 copies ‘Willows of ONTO ie eee ce ceased cats Se Ae Mig gan $67 00 Sept. 20. Dr. V. Sterki, research work on Ohio Mollusca.... 11 45 24. Prof. W. B. Herms, research work in Zoology...... 40) 00 25. Jesse E. Hyde, research work in Geology........... 21 40 Oct. 8. Prof. F. Carney, research work in Geology.......... 40 00 8. Dr. V. Sterki, research work on Ohio Mollusca.... 15 75 Now & ID W. Sues, researc, MOMS sooo bccoccccuudsons 10 05 19. Prof. Chas. Brookover, special study of neurenes in MOSAIC Pa ee ee eee oe etre eg ema 35 00 $240 75 Balance on hand, $225.73. Of this balance $53.60 have been appropriated, but not expended, leaving unappropriated balance of $170.13. WiLuiAmM R. LAZENBY, for Trustees. Nov. 30, 1906. We have examined this report and have found it correct. A. F. BURGESS, Cuas. C. ADAMS, Auditing Committee. The report of the publication committee was presented, ap- proved and accepted. Prof. Osborn, chairman of the committee on the Natural History Survey, presented a report. It was moved and seconded that the report be accepted, the committee be enlarged, and that an appropriation not to exceed $50 be made to meet the ex- penses incurred by the committee in the efforts to establish the survey. The librarian presented a report which was approved and accepted. LIBRARIAN’S REPORT. I herewith take pleasure in presenting to the Treasurer of the Ohio State Academy of Science my report upon the sales of the publications of the Academy: Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 415 mount on hand November 29th, U905tawsss se os oe ease ae $2 27 Cash received from Annual Reports and Special Papers....... 18 09 UNO (EY esr Se Neher aN eater esi es COU 2 Ue apg $20 36 REPORT OF EXPENDITURES FOR THE YEAR 1906. Paid out for postage on letters and publications sold............ $1 59 LTO TMESIGES Sierra a Ny Weta ie UTM danlant oe teach Ue es UMMA sel cee Su 30 For postage on Special De No. 11. eae 6 36 Postage on Fourteenth Annual Revere. Siac e ate See eh i chy 4 38 Large envelopes for sending out Lepore and Pane: ne Sat caer 3 75 Miomey stuinnedwovier tom ther minecasuneits j.545 40 -e eeae oee ee 4 20 Total expenditures and cash paid Treasurer.......... $20 58 Ware. Mirus: The report of the committee on the revision of the con- stitution was presented. Moved and seconded that the report be accepted, the committee be enlarged by the addition of the executive committee, and continued, and that a revision of the constitution and by-laws be printed and submitted to members of the society for approval at the next annual meeting. It was the sense of the meeting that the preliminary revision be pub- lished in the Ohio Naturalist. At the request of the chairman of the committee on libraries, the report was deferred to the last business meeting. After an address of welcome from the chairman of the local committee, the Society proceeded to the reading of papers. At 12:05 P. M. the Society adjourned to a luncheon ‘pro- vided by the University. die Society simet at 1:30 P. M. and listened to an interest- ing address by Mr. Dury, First Vice President, on the Natural History of the lower Rio Grande. After an election of a nom- inating committee consisting of Prof. Osborn, Prof. Landacre and the secretary, the Society again proceeded to the reading of the special papers, and adjourned at 5:30 P. M. At 7:30 P. M. the members of the Society and their friends listened to an address by Prof. J. A. Bownocker on “Earthquake 416 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science and Volcanic Phenomena.” This was followed by an informal reception. The Society reassembled at 9:20 Saturday morning. The nominating committee reported and the following officers were elected for the coming year: President — Mr. Charles Dury, Cincinnati, Ohio. Vice-Presidents — Prot. W. F. Mercer, Athens, Ohio, and Prof. Frank Carney, Granville, Ohio. Secretary — Professor L. B. Walton, Gambier, Ohio. Treasurer — Professor J. S. Hine, Columbus, Ohio. Librarian — Professor W. C. Mills, Columbus, Ohio. Executive Committee (ex-officio) Mr. Charles Dury, Cincinnati; Prof. L. B. Walton, Gambier; Prof. J. S. Hine, Columbus, (elective); Prof. F. C. Waite, Cleveland;; Prof. A. D. Cole, Columbus. ce Board of Trustees — Professor W. R. Lazenby (re-elected). Publication Comnuttee — Professor J. C. Hambleton. The membership committee reported on the following, who were duly elected: Hawkins, L. A., Botany, O. S. U., Columbus, Ohio. Sanders, E. A., Botany, Geology Chillicothe Ohio. Hawk J. F. Biology, Athens, Ohio. Foltz, H. L., Biology, Gambier, Ohio. Foote, E. H., Biology, Granville. Bolin, W. C., Newark. The following names were elected by the Executive Com- mittee during the year: Darling, C. A., Zoology and Botany........Portland, Chaut. Co., N. Y. Wiellishs Jessie? ai otariymimlun: crass res ole ease inere copace areas McConnelsville lelowiser,: Js Seq IBimlOMNONOeA, cco sco daeoce anc Ohio Exp. Station, Wooster Pimper, J, Jal, Orrmilnollonys ooandacoocsognedocongeoodo ee noe0cs Clayton McCaughey, Vaughan, Biology and Geology. .Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y. Bop, Com Mina Zoolloeny “(leirowerzor! tim RNrNCUIENT)) 5556000000000 00% Sees ccr URS sudo UPI rs eater aR RE University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Smith, Ethel M., Biology, (Ornithology in particular),............ peach arte ame ches rt a ears ete ean a ama Oud ie aE a Rame, Ashtabula Co. Gilbert, Harriet A., Biology, Physiography and Physiology..... Painesville Smead, Annie E., Biology........... Sere Ss eee 634 Nessle St., Toledo Morris, C. H., Biology (Ornithology in particular)..:....McConnellsville Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 417 Mc€armiplellS Weenie every ciel < seul anth eae sole ectaseasan O. S. U., Columbus IIe ati eae enero eer ea nanen ene) oan gn nennire U te Mote ora ORL. Hokie oera tor Behe INST avetineaiz 7 WAV AGE tec cay al rues. igs eneseey Alt git eur ie i aoa cheat gun re ocar Sardis YQ Uta Oral Rr yore irene etn Afar eMtlpa Rea ARR GENS CL aetna cals O. S. U., Columbus MOTs erence aly snk Opeth aa erste Ne Lene e he emia ......-Columbus, Ohio Adams, C. C,, Ecology......Cincinnati Society, Nat. Hist., Cincinnati, O. Samer, IL; Ws IBOWiMyS Gobscoadcaees ees Univ. of Cincinnati Cincinnati, O. IM@Calll: Ns (Gx, laloirincibillsbines / 556k bau bebose ode eons OFS) Use Coltimbus tO: Morse, W. C. Geology, Zoology, ard Botany. .1950 High St., Columbus, O. Ieiitailkes: STB aN Sel BXGK rasan is wees e aeaken ere Bee antares Seng ik ene Om dean Oxford, O. Under new business it was moved and seconded that the dues be increased from $1.00 to $1.50 a year. This was re- ferred to the Executive Committee. It was moved and seconded that the By-Laws be amended to the effect that the dues of the Librarian be omitted. Carried. It was further moved and seconded that it be the sense of the Academy that no formal session be held at the Christmas meeting of the Allied Fduca- tional Associations. Carrid. The following resolutions were passed: Be it Resolved, That we, the members of the Ohio State Academy of Science extend our heartiest thanks to the author- ities and staff of the Ohio State University for their numerous courtesies in connection with the Sixteenth Annual Meeting of the Academy, and we that further signify our appreciation to Pro- fessors Osborn and Cole individually of their special favors to the Academy. Be tt Further Resolved, That we express our sense of obli- gation to Representative C. V. Trott for his efforts in behalf of the interests of the Academy. | Furthermore, be it Resolved, That we signify to Mr. Emer- son McMillin our great appreciation of his continued interest in the efforts of the Academy and for his substantial contributions to the suppor of the projects of the same, and that we extend to him our sincere thanks for his numerous favors. M. F. Guyver, Chairman. Es Ca VATE: M. E. STICKNEY. After this the Academy adjourned. 418 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science The complete program of the meeting was as follows: 1 A study of Pilacre petersu B. & C. 5 min. R. A. Young 2 A Preliminary List of the Land and Fresh water Mol-— lusca of Ohio. 5 min. V. Sterk: 3 Better Results in Science Photography. 10 min. G. D. Smith 4 Notes on a Sandusky Bay Shrimp Palemonetes exilipes. 12 min. W. B. Herms 5 Platycnemic Man in Ashtabula Co. 5 min. F. D. Snyder 6 Cell Division in Euglena oxyuris Schmarda. 5 min. L. B. Walton 7 A small agaric with a disputed name. 6 min. W. A. Kellerman 8 Occurrence of Rare Birds in Ohio in 19066. 5 min. Lynds Jones 9 Some Physical Properties of Wood. 10 min. W. R. Lazenby 10 Ohio Archeological Atlas. 5 min. W. C. Mills 11 On the Occurrence of Phytophthora infestans and Plasmopara cubensis in Ohio. 8 min. ING ID), Setiiosy 12 Experiments to test the difference of Hydrocyanic Acid Gas in the Fumigation of Houses. 8 min. A. F. Burgess 13. The Specific Name of Necturus. 8 min. F. C. Waite Address by the Vice-President, Chas. Dury: “The Natural History of the Lower Rio Grande.” 14 Weather and Crop Yield. 15 min. J. W. Smith 15 An Ecological Survey of Isle Royale, Lake Superior (Illustrated with lantern slides). 18 min. ; C. C. Adams 16 A Successful Mutant of Verbena Without External Isolation. 10 min. J. H. Schaffner 17 A Lantern Talk on Lichenists.. 20 min. Bruce Fink 18 The Vicissitudes of the Cincinnati Ice Dam. 20 min. G. F. Wright 19 A Botanist’s Second Trip to a Tropical Country (Illustrated with lantern slides.) 20 min. W. A. Kellerman 20 Notes on Guatemalan Hemiptera with description of a few new species. 10 min. Herbert Osbern 21 A Spear Point containing a nugget of gold. 3 mun. W. C. Mills 22 “Esperanto,” a Universal Language for Science, 8 min. Ivy Kellerman 23. The Public Drinking Cup. A report on the Species of Bacteria found in ten Examinations. 5 min. E. F. McCampbell 24 Interesting Foreign Seeds Disseminated in Alfalfa. 5 min. A. D. Selby Address: ‘‘Earthquake and Volcanic Phenomena,” with special reter- ence to the San Francisco earthquake and the volcanoes of the Ha- waiian Islands (illustrated with lantern slides. ) J. A. Bownocker. 25 Notes on some Interesting Protoza from Cedar Point. 5 min. Cora M. Box Proceedings of the Oho State Academy of Science 41g ey, Juvenile Kelps and the Recapitulation Theory (illus- trated with lantern slides) 15 min. R. F. Griggs An Ecological and Experimental Study of Sarcopha- gid with relation to organic beach debris. 15 min. W. B. Herms. Critical Notes on some Ohio Agarics and Polypores with exhibitions of specimens. 15 min. J. C. Hambleton Further Observations on the Naidide of Cedar Point. 5 min, L. B. Walton Auerswaldia ohionis Kellerm. nov. sp. 5 min. W. A. Kellerman Notes on the Myriapod Polydesmus sp. 3 min. S. R. Williams The Development of the Sporangium in Equisetum hyemale L. 8 min. L. A. Hawkins A Simple Cultural Method for Procuring Protoza for Class-room Study.5 min. Lynds Jones. The Correllation between the method of distribution of Taste Buds and their Nerve Supply in Amerius. F. L. Landacre Development of the Pineal Region in Ophidia. 15 min. J. E. McDaniel Histogenesis of Heart Muscle of Chick. 10 min. H. L. Wieman On the Dipterous Fauna of Ohio. 5 min. J. S. Hine Observations on the Habits of Senotania rubroventris Mac. 3 min. Herbert Osborn On the Commissures of the Medulla Oblonganta of Fishes (read by title). © 7 Herrick Collecting Mollusca in 1906. 5 min. VemStenrka A Southern Wolfiella indigenous in Central Ohio. 8 min. W. A. Kellerman Shading of Plants with Colored Cloth. 10 min. W. R. Lazenby New Species of Ohio Hemiptera. 5 min. Herbert Osborn Fossil Land and Fresh Water Mollusca (in loess?) -found at Defiance, Ohio. 5 min. V. Sterk: Note on a Method of Collecting Scutigerella, Scolo- pendrella, Japyx, Campodea and other minute forms. 3 min. L. B. Walton Annual Report on the State Herbarium. 4 min. Freda Detmers Footprints of Prehistoric Man in Perry Co. 10 min. C.. L. Martzolff The Glacial Dam at Hanover, Ohio (illustrated with lantern slides). 25 min. Frank Carney Preglacial Erosion in Ohio, 15 min. G. D. Hubbard Corrosion by Ribers, Glaciers and Waves (illustrated with lantern slides). 10 min. L. G. Westgate Boundary of the oldest Drift Sheet in Licking county, Ohio. [Shides.] 5 min. Frank Carney Harness Mound Explorations. 15 min. W. C. Mills Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science Glacial Folding of Subjacent Strata near Huron, Ohio. 5 min. The Radnor Esker System. [Slides.] 10 min. Aboriginal Manufacture of Bone and Stone Imple- ments. 10 min. A Buried Valley along the Rocky Fork east of Gahana, Ohio. [Slides.] 5 min. Pre-Wisconsin Drift in the Finger Lake Region of New York. [Slides.] 10 min. A Fauna from the Cleveland Shale of Lorain Co. 5 min. The Pottsville Formation of Eastern Licking County. [Slides.] 10 min. Gambier, O., March 30, 1907. E. B. Branson L. G. Westgate A. B. Coover G. D. Hubbard Frank Carney E, B. Branson Frank Carney L. B. WALTON, Secretary. Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science ESTES aaa en y ws tA >. a this y A. } A PAS E ee) # Se ia a Ft Miia / | a aM 3 z \ 4A A-4 . # oe fo - ®t, Ps, : 8 i “te, Oi at bat Vv Dy. Bi ee VOLUME V, PART 1 Sixteenth Annual Report PROCEEDINGS OF THE OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE Volume V, Part I Sixteenth Annual Report of the Ole State Academy of Science. 1907) favre an Organized 1891 Incorporated 1892 Publication Committee Je Hea sochatnery 1C-sHambleton. is Iw Rice Date of Publication, April 25, 1908 Published by the Academy Columbus, Ohio Mfticers — 1908 PRESIDENT. FRANK CARNEY. VICE-PRESIDENTS. J. H. SCHAFFNER, PC WAN as SECRETARY. L. B. WALTON. TREASURER. TAS. So ERIN TE: LIBRARIAN. Wo Go ayiniries: EXECUTIVE COM MITTEE. Ex-Officio, FRANK CARNEY, JASor Ss 1S00NN8, L. B. WALTON. Elective. BRUCE FINK, LYNDS JONES. Board of Crustees Wr AZENB YE (Cliairmiam. teri. ExpineSia crete ss) cece ss cece 1909 Cirariiag ID UIs cera Coqoinegne Gesu ans aon Golde do Sbats Seton aes ek elnec 1910 GMB EUALSTED: stemim exp INeSi.6 sales ets Re) Si labenston a gcc ines eetiscaue ae a 1908 {Oublication Committee JES SCHAPENER, Chairman, term expires ...0 cee sels qocee cee. = 1908 ERT EEM Heri CxDIESH Me iid rman at gu SUC MEN ota AVS 0 VG duels 191u i Ce LVANIRERTONE Lenmuexpiesi vey pa steels Cem aeiae ena Sei cialeke oon 19v9 9 2) 1892. 1893. 1894. 1895. 1896. 1897. 1898. 1899. 1892-95. 1896-98. 1892. 1893-94. past Dlticers PRESIDENTS. E. W. CLAYPo_e, 1900. Josua LINDAHL, EpWARD Orton, 1901, A: D. SEerey, F. M. WEpsTER, 1902. W. R. Lazensy, D. S. KEtticort, 1903. C. J. Herrick, A. A. WRIGHT, 1904. E. L. Mosevey, W. A. KELLERMAN, 1905. HERBERT Ossgorn, W. G. TicHT, UIQ, 1B, 1b, eure, G. F. Wricut, 1907. CHARLES Dury, VICE-PRESIDENTS. 1892. A. A. Wricut, ELLEN E. Smiru. 1893. D. S. Ketiicott, D. L. James. 1894. G. H. Cotton, Mrs. W. A. KELLERMAN. 1895. H. E. CHapin, JANE F. WINN. 1896. A. L. TREADWELL, CHARLES Dury. 1897. C. E. Stocum, J. B. WricHt. 1898. Josua LinpHAL, J. H. Toop. 1899. CHas. E. Atsricut, A. D. SExy. 1900. J. A. Bownocker, Lynps Jones. 1901. H. Herzer, Mrs, W. A. KeL_erMAN. 1902. C. J. Herrick, C. S. Prosser, 1908. J. A. Bownocker, Miss L. C. Rrppte. 1904. Lynps Jones, L. H. McFappen. 1905. C. W. Dasney, F. M. Comstock. 1906. CHARLES Dury, Lynps Jones. 1907. W. F. Mercer, FRANK CARNEY. TREASURERS. A. D. SELBY, 1899-04. HERBERT OsporN, D. S. Ketticortt, 1905. Jas. S. HIne. SECRETARIES, W. R. LAZzENBY, 1895-03. E. L. Mosetey, W. G. TIGHT, 1904. F. L. LANDACRE, 1905. L. B. Watton. 4 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science TRUSTEES. 1900-04. FEF. M. WesstTEr, 1900-05. J. H. ScHAFFNER, 1900-02. H. C. BrEarpsLee, 1901-06. W. R. Lazensy, 1904-06. C. J. Herrick, 1905-06. G. B. Hatsrep. PUBLICATION COMMITTEE. 1892-01. F. M. Wesster, 1900-06. J. H. ScHAFFNER,. 1892-97. W. A. KELLERMAN, 1901-03. L. H. McFappen,, 1892-96. E. W. CLAYPoLE, 1902-04." GERARD FowKE, 1897-99. E. L. Mosetey, 1904-05. Jas. S. Hine, 1898-00. S. BELLE CRAVER, 1905-06. E. L. Ricz, 1906. J. C. HAmBLETON. Wembership MAY 1, 1908. Life Member McMitrin, Emerson E............ 320 Riverside Drive, New York, N. Y. Actibe DDembers ADAMS, CHAS. C...... Zoological Building, Univ. of Chicago, Chicago, IIl. WVANTERGTE IN ns VV ete sere aie ea Ge ee ee A La A NN Rc eeg AND Station K, Cincinnati IAERRIGH UT + GEEARTEES UO ES caries Ea EI cai 20 Joe ae /eyol MI eet ec Columbus AARON, Cz Ao; GEOUOBM, sood00ce00c 0cdceccens 110 Chance Ave., Canton IBACEMRAI, IRMA IM JBVOUORM, sdxccc0cdbocudoodcsoousoeoocooDdoe Oxford Bates, B. R., Ornithology, Entomology, ...... 151 W. Main St., Circleville BYALA) Ids GIDE VO TIOlORM 5 sgoics salem os oa boo dado be Goce sos coc Logan, Utah Batrtarp, C. McE., Biology......... Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, Md. IBV ARSED AAW Ata UM Lah UBIO sh man aca wig ooo einolsclcd oa kcin OO oA Amb oro. 65 6 Marietta BEEKMAN, Wi. -S.,) Geol, Maneral., Ghemistry....... 22.22 +2.5saee nee Vial Aes i bol) Calera ee Cincinnati Society of Natural History, Cincinnati IBENEDIGI Ela \Vitiacss sates eee ee Univ. of Cincinnati, Cincinnati IBENEDIGI Ss Mine aaa aaa .... Yale University, New Haven, Conn. Bio. ID, WY, ZOOWWEMs ocnsocacshovodouseccoco00da0 Gainesville, Florida BiG, So lal, BOOM, ZOOS. .c0ccacdo se csscodocudocccenvccucecs Bidwell BUEN ACen iN Capertee Ace mnew ie Marie drm are tenes em Mae atta Pyke Cs tis lao a bid’ Wooster IBILACTINUAIN, IMI, Woosococed< Western Reserve Medical College, Cleveland ABE AUR UU KCACTES Ra penne acter, Se eS a omy Ny ce thay ras 1501 Neil Ave., Columbus IByoneaN WG, (Coy IBUUMCOCHHIG o on gocsoccocnudacce000G0s R. D. No. 1, Newark Bonser, T. A., Botany, Geology........02217 Monore St., Spokane, Wash. Browminocnany, |@in As, GeolORWsocccccocvsvscc000esce O. S. U., Columbus Bore, CORA MIAN, ZOOVOBRNs oc66cc000d5c0b0u Univ. of Cincinnati, Cincinnati BrAAM, MAXIMILIAN, Biology........... Hughes High School, Cincinnati IBRAINSONG, He MBE ee a eceencatm acne Gacate cues nt nau kar as Sees So sceban tevin so -aes ea Oberlin IBesis, 1B. JBL, J2SMEOUOBN.ccocnccoscccdcd Univ. of Cincinnati, Cincinnati NGS) INDE ID LOMB Ho ca oacoDeegesccondde bo ude gd 6c Rio Grande BROOKOVER St @HRNS huitn anual atau Meena ane tan ere Buchtel College, Akron BIRUCGII, IELNRVIONE, JOU > oo oo oncccovscvsueoce 218 N. Wood St., Fremont Buena, Matruias, Entomology........... 2969 Woodhill Road, Cleveland Burcess, A. F., Entomology........ U. S. Dept. Ag., Washington, D. ©. 6 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science Fl Bids, IR Ie Geolorm onal (GCORMMUPHINs c6ao500b06bn60G08000000005 Oxford (CARINE ACR Rice GOV mylar shania ayant oeat reese eatercinataen nce aah ae Granville CarTER, CHAS., Entomology.........-- State Normal School, Albion, Idaho GENASSEN, Eno, Botany, 2 ss4 see 18 Fernwood Ave., East Cleveland CimyonGor, JJ, lis; JOUGHHMs 6 5000605005 050¢ Wheaton College, Wheaton, Ill. CoperLy, E. D., Meteorology, Botany..... Weather Bureau, Helena, Mont. Cocisuiut, (Gio, 13, ZoOolors0, INOUAOUORN Ss 655.05054 5000054000000 00 Granville (Chorbib, PAS 1D AY ASTOR lor maa Giese nin olde eocleryes opasic a eeyioa Poughkeepsie, N. Y. GOUTONA GEOR GE Piri Seniesa esac Val letar aes U aa. gS ae cons coe sacs Vain Sea ty Hiram Comstock, FRANK M., Vert. Zoology.............. Case School, Cleveland CoovEr, Ay 1B, AlHehO2OlORN s\saesbbcecdmecoodoeuunoduc O. S. U., Columbus Coron, E. C., Entomology... .......... Experiment Sta., Knoxville, Tenn. (BOREIENINID oA Vea ters enter mee Olan Iai ean eat ars AN GRIMS RE Ie Merry nLe. Os Athens GRAMERS WaELram, Zoologia scune aces oon 273 Southern Ave., Cincinnati IB ANB INIA Vers OFETA'S WAV) rn, a ree eae Univ. of Cincinnati, Cincinnati DARLING, CHESTER A., Botany........... Columbia Univ. New York, N. Y. DACHNOWSKI, ALFRED, Botamy..................02005 O. S. U., Columbus IDAWEIS, We EL, JSIORHEUOTG go ba beooss eo bbe sense benooe O. S. U., Columbus DETERS EREDAY BOLGWY as sacle Cebaseieir sits Gein we O. S. U., Columbus Dun wap, FRrRep, Forestry........... U.S. Forest Service, Washington, D. C. ID RRVAUN ER NE omic at at ey Ec mae cane cuenta ih GU ce cate: Westerville ID URAveR EVA Styli as casper Ren eee tnd Sar el 537 Ridgway Ave., Cincinnati Denon Clase vapRe scr ven ees oe pee aes canine 64 W. Roy Ave., Cleveland Epwarps, E. H., Zoology, Physiology........ 7317 Clinton Ave., Cleveland RTE WADOUPE ks Hay) Sanne eto) hres alle halesereat ays oe 520 E. Main St., Columbus FENNEMAN, U. M., Geology, Geography....Univ. of Cincinnati, Cincinnati ERED MeERVAIN Gis Avs wD COUO Riese) yh er) ae olla aaa r Westminster, Md. Fink, Bruce, Botany, Zoology........ di acu. lave apa yaaa tare eqn neaie Oxford MISCHER, WALTER, BOtans).....2-. = U. S. Dept. of Agr., Bureau of Plant Industry, Washington, D. C. ERIS CURIA CIE ple iellV ES VOVOISA erin mine ayeiaie cals flo teiaicuedee oie Newport, Ky. TENE IDIR CTE GDA SNUBS hea lett) RC see ne PU 1. ith) St Cincinnatr Inia, IMUNGIny ZOOWOGW, scucos decd sends one oe 338 W. 6th Ave., Columbus OZ les OL Oa Wamasce rte mene uel aiaystur Py 1: Mans eae ae epee Box 286, Lima HO OME le OOS ewan man oh maser Apa cocender emer a itaialnata. Granville Fowke, GERARD, Glacial Geology, Archaecology........ OS NES 2d Sts St. Louis, Mo. PRA. Wo ING LBOKIM, IAROMOOEN . scagsav0svusageuncnov0o00 Hurley, Va. EUIATANIE Ree Oleh SOT OT Vinee minch rsgcen i ARNO Ny cust ticity resem UH, Berea (GARDZ, IL, 1B (G@QUEN Gs cacsascsuoede 251 Northampton St., Buffalo, N. Y. (GIES, DAG any a eat erat ra cee oper Peat pe ni RoR cpt ane AoC ee Geneva (GREG ORDA INV EER Ae ee entitled elntean hel ey nd Lo ati 116 Olive St., Cleveland GROVERME OPPO AMVennvaeme russel eine a a OLN eka eA Nero Ge SiaLa eee Oberlin (GRiGeS, IR, I; JROUTIM: cacccosaussoacovcncee 1318 Forsythe Ave., Columbus (Gi Sang, INE a a ee en oat Univ. of Cincinnati, Cincinnati 8 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science Hacstep, G. B., Mathematics.............-.... Box 68, Greeley, Colorado HAMBLETON, J. C., Botany, Zoology.......... 212 E. 11th Ave., Columbus HANSEN, HERMINA J., Biology........... Hughes High School, Cincinnati EVAR RZ RIG! an CA nee enue Cone N At Univ. of the Pacific, San Jose, California Harvey, RutuH S., Ornithology............ 1203 Woodland Ave., Bond Hill Harvey, Gertrude F., Ornithology....... 1203 Woodland Ave., Bond Hill ELAN ASEH eit Ee ANB TO LOM aloisia ek ctu A eiaraes ile. te 139 W. High St., Fostoria Hawkins, L. A., Botany........ Bureau of Plant Ind., Washington, D. C. EWA are SEU RTIEL Vs ANU ere aU AR Tre ea rt aie ga 42 Liberty St., Dayton IEDETISN IAIN Ac WW Mieeelooc Aurelie) ate ihn Ol apheU NUE Caley aieng ste Canal Winchester HENNINGER, W. F., Ornithology, Entomology...............+ New Bremen TERMS sa VNB aS yeu ke cee ha ada Wau co uit 1599 S. High St., Columbus FIERZERM ed aI COMtOlO yh ermine leet. BERN cnearae on tie bin eee ea ea Marietta ELIE TG MDE RIED) Aiea vats pe eon Le iatetade aa stetel to pga ee en TaN St. John’s College, Toledo Hine, wh) os) entomology Ornithology. ase ee O. S. U., Columbus Hosgs, P. L., Chemisiry........ Western Reserve Med. College, Cleveland EoKEeGEOw We GCOsraphy, BIOLIOZWa nee ery ah aetna eae Oxford JEG) Cane VoIP USI ONTONTINN nian SMILE ala pal Usd IS 2113 Putnam St., Toledo POU METI ZA POY Chemistry oi aoa lk wae eee eee ee Dayton EIOUSERS EIS Entonvology nes. sae eons Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba Hussarp, G. D., Geology, Physiography............. O. S. U., Columbus ELV DEAE NG COMO SAaie Ue caae evan Inne Stone ye Nace ene maT oe Lancaster Acresso (Cain Zook clice nae copa sieegeaces oandaes O. S. U., Columbus WAnnes, (Co Boo 36% eet eal arty SEN Ue Hct eelegeea a Adelbert College, Cleveland (PACERS WMD ANAS aNIU aii cae osu tala iN SN SRORBG cela 127 W. Seventh St., Cincinnati JeEnninNGS, O. E., Botany......... Carnegie Museum Annex, Pittsburg, Pa. JOON SONG, Ak ANG, JEONORM oo oC abba ob boo boo Hoos becodesor Box 582, Athens JONES Bey NDS Omnrytitol ogy see Mee ney College Museum, Oberlin Jones, Rost. Ratston, Geology........ U. S. Engineer’s Office, Cincinnati Sums, Co As JBOUCHIME Ooo sb bse os ondcabe os 235 Columbus Ave., Sandusky Ian, Mise) JBL IL; JBOUUHM ss cbonaocopacdocceaensos 93 Olive St., Cleveland KELLERMAN, WILLIAM A., Botany...... .175 W. Eleventh Ave., Columbus KELLERMAN, Mrs. W. A., Botany........ 175 W. Eleventh Ave., Columbus TESST ER OR i] pee ale cn eT ARUN fo ERS LI Wee a Upper Sandusky Xorg, laly 18, ZOoloays JLINNSHES 6 6460800006 60 3148 Jefferson Ave., Cincinnati IEA eran, le IL AOOUO RW Eine beaks es oee Soon Meoele 6 O. S. U., Columbus Lazenby, Wm. R., Horticulture, Botany.............. O. S. U. Columbus ee VAR yan COTO we NW cune aint Rieter ts cnytca ihre sve HRC Amn ee A Westerville lLaiiDyAistty, JOSWA, ZOQUOBN. bcs occcnesoobaooeese 5700 Peoria St., Cincinnati BLOM A OEUNG WRK: Meh at ON Reet euateeece Court and Plum Sts., Cincinnati MACKENZIE EAR Var) 5B 1OLO ON) uetrtorlcmielalicre secre ene ee Oxford IMD Nii, (Co Wo, JFBLOTHOVOLN sb oec665s4gnoccocedce Grayhamstown, S. Africa MEAR CED CORA MED COLORS) te ity ORME Harare his else RTS tae Wyoming NARTZOLEE I Cele Ar cha cology menannn mec san eens eee Athens IMUNSIN SRO Es ID AOC. JOU IM aan oabodh dbo bas caseubo a: New London Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 9 TMD SCB NE GNAY TAs oF ae oh a ea Soe i aA At See aa Nee Ne I ee Athens IML AaraT IS 1neee Ae ID i GGOlKorenieles 5 a.aio daislo co oaln a Gotu d oat aie ainly caters Granville IMLS TPT EET ON SAS) INIVAT STD ope) a ATUL Se ce hay rc dey a eae Painesville MieCainny AS Ge AlerOnonuie ses gn oes blou onsen bob boon bribe. O. S. U., Columbus McCAMPRELL, EUGENE F., Bacteriology................ O. S. U., Columbus McCaucGHEy, VAUGHAN, Biology....475 Manhattan Ave., New York, N. Y. IMeComiyinut, IBUR 1B OntOlO@s os oocadocuocuoobeeoueuosoudece Cadiz INI Gowas Gaia Byala Une plan) aed ile NCA Sede Or ara ste ue fee a Lancaster McCray, ArtHuR H., Zoology and Entomology..........-++...+5+- Duval IMICID AISI I BES IB ROUORAT eisiy clo A Ula Mina ems dd eae sitar ules giayaiad La Junta, Colo. IMGRIcEmNNDN, JBRAIIX< IB) JROUMIMs ss obedbunerooKebocueouuuee New London MGHADDEN) HUNUE (Che mistryinn vce cdeeee | Hee see: 40 Warden St., Dayton INIT AUN TEs eB Ot ORE Nisiameecaren stn ara un tertiew chu U apeo ube aTsh Oe tua) oia ncaa lat ea Berea Mean, CuHas. S., Zoology, Botany.............. 217 King Ave., Columbus IMboRCiR, Wig IByy BUOWORMe scucseconsouoodusueuodout Ohio University, Athens MEE ROATER SEAR NOW bec iilsne cei eainm coca wenieie anal Agricultural College, Mich. Mitts, W. C., as? BIOL eo eee ©7 S35) U 5; Columbus Moopy, A. E.. ease cua sets eg eh oun al ce lentes uy ge gH USA a . Flushing Moreutts, S., Boollonn SMO ANKUR cen Ra a Se LURID EUG CNIS “6, S. ie Gone bus MORSE CS Biology Geology waceiee wae eee On Ss U, Columbus MMos (Cu eles: Qu Maw OUOrN scaly Ha au ce alban pale a nad oles eais McConnelsville Mosetey, E. L., oology, Botany, Physiography............... Sandusky Newson, JAMEs A., Zoology, Embryology....210 Mitchell St., Ithaca, N. Y. NEWELL, WOlMON, VE ntomologyn. = o4%) 22-2 rie ce ee tee Baton Rouge, La. OBERHOUSER i Geen eae. M44 5sGirard: St) Nw Wi. Washington, D:)C OvenBacH, F. L., Meteorology............. St. Ignatius College, Cleveland Osporn, HerBert, Entomology, Zoology..........++++. O. S. U., Columbus Ospurn, Raymonp C., Zoology, Ichthiology. .510 W. 124th St., New York VATETET SIME RO Webel eas) Na oreyae mies alae lint Uri gas 3754 Independence Road, Cleveland RicKED GROWS @MCmisiry is ace. esa eaee St. Ignatius College, Cleveland PANO NaKSAWMAIDETOINDAS) 20) ls Seep aemcaavere aya alee 226. Superior Ave., Cleveland RORMERETE TED pe Osea naomi tse Me sustn cea 916 New Hayden Building, Columbus IRROSSERMH GX See G:e OL OSA ANi yee eos sania eiten Serene alee O. S. U., Columbus PUMPHREY.) Jy EloMER. Ornithology... 5402 e enn eocee ees os Clayton RACERS D WARD Mn AO OO myene ehuN Wwa ilaniaw aula edie hemes: Delaware INROWDEBU SEMA IEOWIRT Ta iia psn uiaid (oun iur am nemaltay acs R. F. D., New Richmond ROMAIN, ORIN Sys IOHOLMs saeooeubocscooouoddes 247 N. 17th St, Columbus Sanpers, J. G., Entomology, Botany..U. S. Dept. Agr., Washington, D. C. SIAINIDER Si ih Avy Eau Mie Can on ne ite rep Seal Steele High School, Dayten SHAUNIGER yl Weak Greets OE FEN mae cnet ae athan A NEN ad, ea. ES oka fe lcy alae Newark SAvER, Lewis W., Botany.............--- Univ. of Cincinnati. Cincinnati SeurAmmua, Ie 1a, PORN s os Seanad doo boesoosocd aoa bor O. S. U., Columbus SCHEER ED MENARD Re Eco loli nn mn aiin cian caan incnuebaee le ners i Granville SEAT ON Psd VILTIS Spe lee eet enolase ee IL Nu 103 Glen Park Place, Cleveland SHER NALD EEO LAM Nr wanted eehep aera hs cacesnate aeals Experiment Sta., Wooster 10 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science SOC UM in Oc aes ey OE Ae ea Is os ic ence tan eye Yer Ate ay a .. Defiance SMGYND, LAIN, UROUDEMs so cccoouusaobou ovoo00G008 624 Nestle St., Toledo SS HV EIATe egal ean = GLI IANA Ue lesen a os et ere ne ee a lcarle 122 Center St., Ashtabula Siam, Gs, ID; Bove, ZOOWBN > osocacocscccoccbcds 450 Spicer St., Akron SMITH, J. WARREN, Meteorology.............. Weather Bureau, Columbus SMYTH, Lumina €. Rippie, Botany.......... State House, Topeka, Kans. Sse, 1, IDs, ZOOM, IBUROVOBMs ocbcnoved0090000050000000005 Ashtabula SOW DS NNMICICIU INE at coven a asia db ao emia ude Gab 1804 S. Union Ave., Alliance SADR AMES MD se Mem ae keer e Nie ac pete ties Mea, cia 92 Wadena St., Cleveland STAUFFER, CLINTON R., Geology.........5514 Madison Ave., Chicago, Ill. Smarnn, Wicror, COnGOlOgN, IBOLOMIM > ocobocecaccuccobo048 New Philadelphia SPMGKIN EV MBO Lag) eaves Roe cas enaee ee ase Rea aa eae Granville STOCKBERGER, W. W., Botany...... Dept. Agriculture, Washington, D. C. STONER, Minnig A., Domestic Science......-......... Laramie, Wyoming Sumac, IF; IML, ZOOM, ROUMEV .crasccconc00cossa6obene0c Orono, Maine SWERZEVAT@) Ten OBilelig oer nied as we aerer ede setrcte lets 12th Ave., Honolulu, Hawaii Thema, IMS OBA Il, BORON > coco cobcccoaco tnd dcosuce Tucson, Arizona ALIGHT VWViEiG HAG ola scm mag aset erent ee meee Albuquerque, N. M. Topp, JosEPpH H., Geology, Archaeology........ Christmas Knoll, Wooster RODD @MTOK Kes Rainey, esheets epee GO RAG UN Ne ele cane inh MMA Maaie ccna Shap aaa Vermillion APR TTT My sist eee teies esr ere LT oie ele ee, ery ae ine RM ge McConnelsville IYIER, FJ), Botany... 4. Bureau of Plant Industry, Washington, D. C. WA laloons, Je ML, uo Te CHIONORM o o3 s0600686 Experiment Station, Wooster AV SASTTV Reh a (Ca Be ee Ase a agg Western Reserve University, Cleveland AVERT RONG MICs Bik cBVOUO Ae as oniaiccr a eit reine eT Men eioeaae eee Gambier AVR oIR Se aN ONGC FUR) acces syle Cee ay re cole a SY ll aia ae a oe a Garrettsville Wesster, F. M., Entomology..U. S. Dept. Agriculture, Washington, D. C. WELLS, JESSIE, Botany........... Sean S MOmon tan Ie min Aiea ais McConnelsville WERTHNER, WILLIAM, Botany................ Steele High School, Dayton NWarsnreNnins Iban Ge GOON sdscodcuoudconcooducoDeduudoooucse Delaware NNGOASINOIIN, YANG. JOUCMIM 060660000 6 748 Pleasant St., Hot Springs, Arkansas Wai, Islas IL) JEMOUVORN. d.5660000000000 Univ. of Cincinnati, Cmecinnati WILLIAMS, STEPHEN R., Biology............. Miami University, Oxford WiLLiamson, E. Bruce, [chthiology, Ornithology........... Bluffton, Ind. AVERT E NeMVIERE | GeO LOW kpemesn tiara neta a eis oe eee OER Peebles NMORDE MER SE SBOLAN Se oe sistetucts ese erence ene oie Marietta College, Marietta Wieucciaiany (Glaeser, GQQORWs codooccbnb od 5000000 0000000000a0e6 Oberlin NENININIE V,. SIE UT OC RAG ms cies Cie ah taal ibeueasy secteur ROC RST Rca een Re: Alliance MORK EVART ANS le BiOLG 10) hia acini Univ. of Texas, Austin, Texas YOUNGS IRE vA MBO LAMM ke cess derhavenstentevanyare teteralere nectaey ei enereterer et eae Ren EIR yl tian Ee Div. Seed and Plant Introduction, Washington, D. C. Report of the Sixteenth Annual Meeting of the Ohio Academy of Science The sixteenth annual meeting of the Academy was held at Miami University, Oxford, O., on November 28, 29 and 30, the President, Mr. Charles Dury, of Cincinnati, presiding. On Thursday evening an informal reception took place in Hepburn Hall where accommodations for members of the Academy were generously provided by the University authorities. The ses- -sions on Friday and Saturday were held in Brice Hall. The meeting was called to order by the President at 9:30 Friday morning. A committee on membership consisting of Prof. Hine, Prof. Durrant, and Prof. Lazenby, together with a committee on resolutions consisting of Prof. Rice, Prof. Waite and Prof. Guyer, was appointed by the chair. The report of the Secretary was presented and accepted. A suggestion was made by Prof. Lazenby that the special papers published by the Society be noted in connection with the proceedings. The report of the Treasurer, Prof. J. S. Hine, was presented and after reference to an auditing committee consisting of Mrs. Hansen and Prof. Rice, was accepted. The following is the report: REPORT OF THE TREASURER FOR THE YEAR 1906. For the year since our last annual meeting the receipts, including balance from last year, have amounted to $157.30, and the expenditures. to $156.74, leaving a cash balance of $0.56. RECEIPTS. Balancewmino mila stmyeane semiotic re saan ts iui chs ake $1.30 Miemalnemslaiiyy Gls. “dc cciococagcdsasove sco anaubdooer 156.00 ARO Laulayperes er an eran nents to cae Cote Auman Maen git $157.30 12 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science DISBURSEMENTS. HOG prmbingmthe annual repose etic $30.00 160 subscriptions to the Ohio Naturalist............. 80.00 Nfs cellame ois tee ee esas eee toes eae en Ree ee 36.74 _ Ballance: IDeeeminer: Wy IQS) cccosnanscocedocosecosc4 56 Ao ball ip cas trail te Meta, po ROO ANKE Rin fe tae ea $157.30 Respectfully submitted, JAMes S. HINeE. The Librarian of the Society, Prof. Mills, was unavoidably detained in connection with the state exhibit at the Jamestown Exposition, consequently no report was made at the meeting. Prof. Lazenby, chairman of the Board of Trustees, presented the following report which was approved and accepted. Mention was made of the continued interest in the welfare of the Society manifested by Mr. Emerson McMillin through his gift of an additional $250.00 to the “Emerson McMillin Research Fund.” The report of the trustees is as follows: REPORD, OF THE, BOARD, OF DRUSLEERS: The financial statement of the Emerson McMillin research fund, for the year 1906-1907, is herewith presented: RECEIPTS. INN, alamee om) Ine Now, QO, WG. once ccooobdooccoobeeocoe $225.73 Check from Emerson McMillin Nov. 11, 1907............ 250.00 HIRO Bea eR LC Ney ap OT igs, ana Oe se ee $475.73 EXPENDITURES. 1907 Oct. 3. Spahr & Glenn, printing 500 copies ‘Land and Fresh “ Waiter Moliktinca Ci Oli” >ccsccscso00scc00bbues00e $67.50 Oct. 9. W. C. Morse, expense for travel in research work in Geology es As a aps ait ss atleey yeh antes aN 25.00 Nov. 26. W. C. Morse, expense for travel in research work in (Geto) Ke Yeni ailnca ne eer pene ees BAN LSS IN cee RE ane Ue a ea noes 5 3 25.00 CLE o' cai RRA SS Vee NAR On eh SHOUD IN ANS at eae aINEN Ne sees steage ueNs ce cao $117.50 Balance onwaand November 289 0M eee eerie $358.23 Proceedings of the Oho State Academy of Science 13 Of this balance there have been appropriated, during the year, but not yet expended, $50.00 for research and $50.00 for publication, leaving an unappropriated balance for the year 1907-1908, of $258.23. WitiiAmM R. LaAzEnsy, Chairman. Prof. Schaffner, Chairman of the Pubiication Committee, being absent in Europe, no report was at this time offered. Prof. Herbert Osborn, Chairman of the committee on the proposed State Natural History Survey, noted the enlargement of the committee in accordance with the recommendations of last year, and the issuing of printed copies of the bill with recommen- dations for the passage of such a measure from the men promi- nent in educational and professional lines throughout the state. Members of the Academy signified their hearty support of the bill. The committee on the revision of the constitution and by- laws consisting of the Secretary, Prof. Rice and Prof. Landacre, acting jointly with the executive committee, reported that con- siderable progress had been made but that it would be impos- sible to prepare a final report before the next annual meeting. It was moved, seconded and carried that the committee be con- tinued. The Committee on Scientific Publications in Ohio Libraries reported that a considerable number of libraries had responded to their request for lists of scientific periodicals and that a final report would be prepared for later publication. It was moved, seconded and carried that the report be adopted and that the final report be referred to the publication committee. Under the order of new business the following nominating committee was elected: Prof. Mercer, Prof. Osborn and Prof. Rice, to report nominations for officers at the last business meet- ing. After the reading of papers, the Society adjourned for luncheon at 11:50 A. M. The Society met at 1:45 P. M. and listened to an address by the President, Mr. Charles Dury, on “Some Reminiscences of the Cincinnati Zoo.” Mr. Dury was for a considerable period 14 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science prosector to the Society and had brought together a large number of interesting facts. His account of the famous fight between the lion and the donkey well illustrated the unreliability of newspaper reports along lines of natural history. Among cther things he stated that at least 75 % of the deaths among the monkeys of the “Zoo” resulted from tuberculosis. The Society then proceeded with the reading of the papers and adjourned at 5:15 P. M. At 7:30 P. M. Prot. G. W. Hoke talked to the Society con- cerning life in Constantinople. This was illustrated by a large series of lantern slides. The Society reassembled at 8:45 Saturday morning. The report of the nominating committee was received and the follow- ing officers were elected for the ensuing year: President — Professor Frank Carney, Granville, Ohio. Vice-Presidents — Professor J. H. Schaffner, Columbus, Ohio, and Professor F. C. Waite, Cleveland, Ohio. Secretary — Professor L. B. Walton, Gambier, Ohio. Treasurer — Professor J. S. Hine, Columbus, Ohio. Executive Committtee (ex-officio) — Professor Frank Carney, Granville; Professor L. B. Walton, Gambier; Professor J. S. Hine, Columbus; (elective) — Professor Bruce Fink, Ox- ford; Professor Lynds Jones, Oberlin. Board of Trustees — Mr. Charles Dury, Cincinnati, Ohio. (In place of retiring trustee). Publication Committee — Professor E. L. Rice. (In place of re- tiring member). L. B. WALTON, Secretary. The following were elected by the executive committee dur- ing the year. Geo. E. Coghill, Granville, Ohio. W. S. Beekman, 514 East Pearl Street, Cincinnati, Ohio. Alfred Dachnowski, O. S. U., Columbus, Ohio. Sergius Morgulus, O. S. U., Columbus, Ohio. B. R. Bales, M. D., Circleville, Ohio. M. S. Fletcher, M. D., 11 East Seventh Street, Cincinnati, Ohio. Arthur H. McCray, Duvall, Ohio. W. F. Henninger, New Bremen, Ohio. Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 15 Mary D. McKenzie, Oxford, Ohio. Eatl R. Scheffel, Granville, Ohio. Freda M, Bachman, Oxford, Ohio. Kirtley F. Mather, Granville, Ohio. J. G. Wittenmyer, O. S. U., Columbus. The membership committee appointed by the President at the opening session reported on the following who were duly elected: N. M. Fenneman, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio. William Cramer, 273 Southern Ave., Cincinnatti, Ohio. R. H. Burke, Oxford, Ohio. A. M. Banta, Marietta, Ohio. M. E. Kleckner, Tiffin, Ohio. A. A. Johnson, Athens, Ohio. Cora March, Wyoming, Ohio. The committee on resolutions reported as follows: Be it Resolved, That we, the members of the Ohio State Academy of Science, hereby express our sense of loss in the death, during the past year, of two of our members, Albert Taylor and William Curtis Whitney. Be it further Resolved, That we signify to Mr. Emerson McMillin our great appreciation of his continued interest in the efforts of the Academy, and for his substantial contributions to the support of the pro- jects of the same, and that we extend to him our sincere thanks for his numerous favors. i Be it further Resolved, That we extend our heartiest thanks to the authorities of Miami University and to the members of the Local Com- mittee for their numerous courtesies in connection with the Sixteenth Annual Meeting of the Academy. Epwarp L. Rice, M. F. Guyer, F. C. WaAITE, Committee. Since the meeting at Oxford the Secretary has noted the deaths of two other members, The Hon. Joseph H. Outhwaite, and John J. Janney, both residents of Columbus, O., the deaths occurring within a few days of one another. Both have lived long and useful lives and have at various times signified their in- terest in the affairs of the Academy. Mr. Janney died at the ad- vanced age of 96 years. 16 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science A committee consisting of the incoming President, Secre- tary and Treasurer was appointed to confer with the Indiana Academy of Science concerning the advisability of holding joint meetings periodically, at some locality near the border line of the two states. The opinion was expressed that such meetings would prove of much interest and that it would be an excellent thing for members of the two academies to meet at intervals at least as often as three years. An invitation: was extended by the incoming President of the Society to meet at Granville in November, 1908. While no definite action was taken by the executive committee, the opinion was generally expressed that the invitation would be accepted. At the close of the business session, the Society proceeded with the reading of papers. ANE) SAS AN IMLS eave hee was declared formally ad- journed. The complete program of the meeting was as follows: 1 A Study of the Origin and Growth of the Egg in Syncoryne mirabilis. 8 min. Mary D. Mackenzie 2 A Better Method of Preparing Herbarium Speci-— mens. 7 min. W. A. Kellerman 3 Compensatory Growth in Podarke obscura.. 8 min. Sergius Morgulis 4 Note on the Development of the Skull in Clupea. 10 min. Edward L. Rice 5 Factors determining Cave Habitation as illustrated by the Cave Isopod and its nearest outdoor ally. 12 min. A. M. Banta 6 Symbiotes duryi n. sp.. A New Endomychid from Ohio. 4 min. L. B. Walton 7 Notes on the Early Development of Enteropnuesta. 8 min. B. M. Davis 8 The Discomycetes of Oxford and Vicinity. 15 min. Freda M. Bachman 9. Wolffia brasilensis in Ohio. 3 min. Robert F. Griggs 10 “The Psychology of Speaking,’ a Scientific Analysis of the Art of Speaking. 10 min. John S. Royer 12:00. Luncheon. 1:30 p.m. President’s Address. Zoological Reminiscences of the Cincinnati “Zoo.” Charles Dury 2:30 p. m.. Reading of Papers. 11. The Flora of Cranberry Island, Buckeye Lake. 7 min. W. A. Kellerman bo re bo be aoe) Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 17 Reaction of Amphibian Embryos to Tactile Stimuli. 10 min. G. E. Coghill The Epibranchial Placodes of Ameiurus. 9 min. F. L. Landacre Periodicity of Spirogyra. 10 min. W. F. Copeland The Dispersal and Planting of Seeds by Nature’s Methods. 15 min. W. R. Lazenby The Male Reproductive Organs of Cimbex americanus Leach. H. H. Severin and H. C. Severin A Peculiar Circulatory Modification in Necturus maclosus. 6 min. S. R. Williams A Migration of Anosia plexippus in Ohio. 8 min. Herbert Osborn The Variability of Zygospores in Spirogyra quadrata formed by Scalariform and by Lateral Conjugation, and its bearing on the Theory of Amphimixis. 10 min. L. B. Walton Some Observations concerning the effects of Freezing on Insect Larve. 6 min. Juss vein Adjourn at 5:00 p. m. for a 15-minute recess. 5:15 p. m. The Status of American Lichenology. Bruce Fink Stains for Embryonic Skeletons. 10 min. 1B, bg! Ree A note on the Occurrence of Typhlopsylla octactenus in Ohio. .5 min. Herbert Osborn The Development of the Swimming Movement in Amphibian Embryos. 10 min. G. E. Coghill Natural History Notes from Hamilton Co., Ohio. 10 min. Charles Dury Some Rare and Unnamed Mushrooms found in the Cuyahoga Valley. [Lantern Slides.] 5 min. G. D. Smitn Report on a New Pathogenic Pirosome. 5 min. E. F. McCampbell The Marine Biological Survey of the San Diego [California] Region. 10 min. B. M. Davis The Development of a Kelp. 15 min. R. F. Griggs Regeneration and Inheritance. Sergius Morgulis The Gold Fish—Carassius auratus L.—and its Color. 12 min. eWeesatier A New Experiment in Ionization. 10 min. Ee teallic: The Lateral Line Organs of Ameiurus. 8 min. Fembanleandacre Annual Report on the Ohio State Herbarium for 1907. W. A. Kellerman and Freda Detmers Notes on Philomycus. 5 min. V. Sterki Observations on the Life History and Adaptation of a New Semi-Aquatic Aphid, Aphis aquaticus. 8 min. C. J. Jackson Variation in Temperature and Light Intensity when growing plants under cloth of different Colors. W. A. Kellerman and G. W. Hood 18 38 39 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science One Hundred Species of Mushrooms of the Cuyahoga Valley. 15 min. [Lantern Slides. ] G. D. Smith Some Homologies between the Mouth Parts and Walking Appendages in the Hexapoda. 5 min. L. B. Walton Ancient Finger Lakes in Ohio. 11 min. G. D. Hubbard A Deposit of Glass Sand at Toboso, O. [Slides] 10 min. Frank Carney The Origin of Spring Valley Gorge near Granville, O. [Slides] 15 min. Earl R. Scheffel Extra-morainic Drift in the Baraboo area, Wisconsin. [Slides] 15 min. Kirtly F. Mather Stratigraphical studies in Mary Ann Township, Licking Co., O.: Distribution of Formations. [Slides] 10 min. Frank Carney A Phase of the Sharon. [Slides] 10 min. William C. Morse Two Notable Landslides. 9 min. Geo. D. Hubbard Pleistocene Deposits at Clay Lick, O. [Slides] 15 min. Kirtly F. Mather A Group of Eskers South of Dayton, O. [Slides] 15 min. Earl R.Scheffel An Overflow Channel of a Glacial Lake in Yates Co., N. Y. [Slides] 10 min. Frank Carney High Level Terraces in S. E. Ohio. 12 min. G. D. Hubbard An Ecological Classification of the Vegetation of Cedar Point. O. E. Jennings Gambier Or eDecw us 19077 CB WALTON: Seenciany: OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE PUBLICATIONS. First and Second Annual Reports................-00. Price 25 cts. each Third and Fourth Annual Reports.................... Price 20 cts. each Fifth to Fifteenth Annual Reports.................... Price 15 cts. each Special Papers—No. 1. “Sandusky Flora.” pp. 167. By. BE OMGSRERY, oo) 6 0 ey MacNee evar mat Price 35 cts. Special Papers—No. 2. “The Odonata of Ohio.” pp. 116. v By: DAVID; S. wREEE LT COMT. . 20 Gane Ne eiayist as Harci aaa enn aa Price 35 cts. 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JENNINGS, HREDERICK() J: (GiVUBR ES alguna wing oe Aca Price 35 cts. Special Papers—No. 11. “The Willows of Ohio.” pp. 60. By ROBERT Hi (GRIGES Rains) alone iain ios Moana y aan Price 35 cts. Special Papers—No. 12. “Land and Fresh-water Mollusca OO his spp isos, BY. ave OLERKTOs: Goer are eae Price 35 cts. Special Papers—No. 13. “The Protozoa of Olio.’ pp. 50. ; By Bee HAN DACRE Mare ORCA a ROU Neb ey aaa Price 35 cts. Address: W. C. Mitts, Livrarian, Ohio State Academy of Science, Page Hall, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science VOLUME V, PART 4 \ ZAIAF Seventeenth Annual Report PROCEEDINGS OF THE OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE Volume V, Part 4 Seventeenth Annual Report of the Ohio State Academy of Science 1908 Organized 1891 Incorporated 1892 Publication Committee J. C. Hambleton E. L: Rice Bruce Fink Date of Publication, September 10, 1909 ian Instipns. A gon! stity Published by the Academy Columbus, Ohio Mfficers -=- 1908-1900 PRESIDENT. JOHN H. SCHAFFNER. VICE-PRESIDENTS. eg (Ge NIE SI GAIL; S. R. WILLIAMS. SECRETARY. Le Bea WEED ONE TREASURER. Ie Seaton, ! LIBRARIAN. Wes, (Ce. INDOLE), EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. Ex-Officio. J. H. SCHAFFNER. JAS. S. HINE. kL B. WALTON. Ejiective. CHAS. BROOKOVER. J. WARREN SMITH. BOARD OL ARUSTERS: Weeks AZ mNBNeS Ghainmeain: tenia (explizeS.u..- se oes saeco 1909 IRAN ae CARINE eat enim Me XPS rasta Scletacone mist sa hinminle Sealers cies cre 1910 ee Oe AT GE KEG ITINIESGD IES core cars la titan eee eo eeu oa Rusace ned sete snebeaelonbynisle) oot 1911 PUBLICATION: COMMITTEE: jj. CJsAmaaiisnon,, (Chenimaain, (eit @xqotescacggdeosssccesobuunooee 1909 Fee DR CH aber iatey exp Imes erates keke hd eos cre teynerenctotenaysi a stones e edsiele) 6 s)sjinroiele 1910 SRW CB: TENINTK. HOON: “DURES inicio owe oo be dee 5 odpm ae ba Moms nine coc 1911 Past Officers PRESIDENTS. 1892" Wis CLAY Pore, 1900. Jesua LINDAHL, 1893. Epwarp Orton, ISON ANS ID. Sinicenz, 1894. EF. M. WeEsster, 1902. W. R. LAzEnsy, [895s DAS Kkeriiconn: 1903. C. J. Herrick, 1896. A. A. WricHt, 1904. E. L. Mosetey, 1897. W. A. KELLERMAN, 1905. Herpert Oszorn, 1898. W. G. TicHT, WOOO. 1, IL, Iu, 1899. G. F. WricHt, 1907. CHARLES Dury, 1908. FRANK CARNEY. VICE-PRESIDENTS. 1892. A. A. WricHt, BLLen E. Smiru. IseBy ID. S. 1isuiceomm, ID. Ibs Jj) Anus. 1894. G. H. Corton, Mrs. W. A. KELLERMAN. 1895. H. FE. Cuarin, JANE F. WINN. 1896. A. L. TREADWELL, CHARLES Dury. 1897. C. E. Stocum, J. B. WricHr. 1898. Josua LinpwaLi, J.-H. Toop. 1899. CHas. E. AtpricutT, A. D. SELpy. 1900. J. A. BowNocKker, Lynps JONEs. 1901. A. Herzer, Mrs. W. A. KELLERMAN. ISOZ. (C, jy Jalsmenci; Ce S, IPRossiar 1903. J. A. Bownocker, Miss L. C. Rippte. 1904. Lynps Jones, L. H. McFanppen. 1905. C. W. Dapney, F. M. Comstock. 1906. CHARLES Dury, Lynps Jones. 1907. W. F. Mercer, PRANK CARNEY. 1908. J. H. ScHarrner, F. C. WaAttE. TREASURERS. 1892-95. A. D. SErsy, 1899-04. Herrperr Osporn, 1896-98. D. S. KeELuicort, 1905-09. Jas. S. Hine. LIBRARIAN. 1904-09. W. C. Mitts. SECRETARIES. 1892. W. R. LAZENBY, 1895-03! EL. Mioserry, 18932945 \We GaeirG Ena 1904. FF. L. LANDAGRE, 1905-09. L. B. Watton. 196 Proceedings of the Olio State Academy of Science 1900-04. 1900-02. 1904-06. 1900-05. 1892-01. 1892-97. 1892-96. 1897-99. 1898-00. 1900-08. F. M. WEBssTER, H. C. BEARDSLEE, C. J. HErRRIcK, J. H. ScHAFFNER, 1, PUBLICATION COMMITTEE. M. WERrSTER, 1908. W. A. KELLERMAN, . W. CLAYPOLE, E. L. Mosetey, E in S. BELLE CRAVER, . H. SCHAFFNER, —S TRUSTEES. 1901-09. 1905-08. 1907-08. 1908. Be RICE 1901-03. 1902-04. 1904-05. 1905-09. 1906-09. W. R. LAzENBY, G. B: Hatstep, Cuas. Dury. FRANK CARNEY, L. H. McFanpen, GERARD FowkKE, JASs S, lala, IDs IUs ARs, J. C. HAMBLETON, 1908. Bruce FINK. Gi Membership MAY 1, 1908. Life Pember MecMiirin, Emerson E..........320 Riverside Drive, New York, N. Y- Patron STO CIN Ce TeV et AE Sees SEA ae UA each eM i Gee ae a eG Defiance UANTRISUPINS HAN 4a 0 ela AR i Aor Le ehits Uke erp ames Station K, Cincinnati JE RRIG Hen GRUARIRES: Be) Rie eaulae Sel worse ten crte a ve de ell Cue leg) a eb nee gfe ae caae Columbus ARMSTRONG, (Co As, G@QUORM. o.6o46cccecscnscas 1110 Chance Ave., Canton BACHMAN, FREDA M., Brology............. 310 Bruen St., Madison, Wis. ares, B. R., Ornithology, Entomology...... 151 W. Main St., Circleville - Barer Se De SE LOMUOLO ZN ues irae een ees ne ne re oO Logan, Utah TENN, (Co IMUCIB, 152OUOZN 5 = 660606 Johns Hopkins Univy., Baltimore, Md. BASING ARC ANTS EN ES ON GIO gir Yer ces Wapedia sei UU eo ates ee arene eat DAO ca Marietta BEEMAN, Wis). (Geol. Mineral. Ghemistt\=4-. 4050s eee ZL AAT tEAM UE Cincinnati Society of Natural History, Cincinnati Diy Bip RONEN S ten ODN aH ATO) KORA MU Pa BipNa Nes ein Wt Mea Sens eh in Waler eater Mt. Vernon. BENEDICT te iiard ile os sie costa Lae OU aden Univ. of Cincinnati, Cincinna‘i Bree, IB. Wo; ZOQUOEWs o's 6o65o.0> SAAR MER Chel aie each Gainesville, Florida IRIN Shi lea BOON VAOOUOEN s nia hs 4 3 onan OBR ie 6Hdo F eoooKoT Bidwell IBA BENCTCAAN [Bi Conchietan avi aMinc IIR aN ls MRM Ere ateed R. F. D. No. 10, Wooster BLACKMAN, M. W......... Western Reserve Medical College, Cleveland (BSS TRSPIRUAGT EPIC PAIE Ice UR ieap etc eks ADAG Fae aea ie n 1501 Neil Ave., Columbus Borin, Wo Co, JBMCtHEGRUIS ssc scbaceonsaeon oor R. F. D. No. 1, Newark Bonsrr, T. A., Botany, Geology...... 2217 Monroe St., Spokane, Wash. BOWINOGKERS JOHN Aw GeOlOgiiar acne ence sae sete O. S. U., Columbus Bors, Cora IMA Z@OUOEW. so0cccccccocss Uniy. of Cincinnati, Cincinnati BrAAM, MAXIMILIAN, Biology.......... Hughes High School, Cincinnati IBRAGN SONG ue Sree doe Sep eeh ete ech aacerere le cepa tain aac ese rane creas ee Re Oberlin BINS, 1s IB, JPSNCHOIORM sc 5000000000 bce Univ. of Cincinnati, Cincinnati IRQS MMI OMS! NAOMI Ms adolsooddnoo odounredobdgosduados Rio Grande BROOK OVER AC HA Sarin rice eenchoy patie Omer here any Buchtel College, Akron BROCE, IBLARIDW. BOUIN. onobsccucsodonocece 218 N. Wood St., Fremont Busna, Matruras, Entomology.......... 2629 Woodhill Road, Cleveland 198 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 199 WDENGRONS RG wAn Zo ology PNY SIOLOCA 22 dae sleiele eive sae eyeus 2 = = Oberlin Burcess, A. F., Entomology........ U. S. Dept. Ag., Washington, D. C. BURKE, R. H., Geology amd Geography ..... 02.22... ces c sees Oxford GARIN Yau FEN RIAUN eis asso agmmmpl oo ou) ca UN nV ile ye eo eel Granville CLAASSEN, Epo., Botany.............. 18 Fernwood Ave., East Cleveland Orne CHOW ARD GEOlOgy i oe a ek oe ves dag ele inee aes Granville CLEVENGER, J. F., Botany................ Wheaton College, Wheaton, Ill. CopErty, E. D., Meteorology, Botany....Weather Bureau, Helena, Mont. Coc, Ginoy 12 Ooo, INCTHROlOLNabseosco0couosscg0dsoe us Granville Cope ANGE EP iy st sia cryelerc raha wae welche. seit Siwaruetsmest ce sthah ids Columbus (COETON EIA GEORGE blister ayo it aise nase tecoatm Sea deny Sena lve Meate at sn anlage Hiram Comstock, FRANK M., Vert. Zoology............ Case School, Cleveland Corton, E. C., Entomology.......... Experiment Sta., Knoxville, Tenn. (COREA D OU ea sbie Mani hcr aM kite Sc a) ew heck eae came eN SMS Dos Athens CRAMER, WILLIAM G., Zoology............ 273 Southern Ave., Cincinnati IDUAIBINIDNZ (Cisu Nok” Wis oe paras ace oad coame xo Univ. of Cincinnati, Cincinnati IDAGEENOWSKI (NEPRED. Botany: seein secice eo eee ane O. S. U. Columbus IDAvInS, CLARA A. JBOuoiIM, IPIINSIES: b3b56c00c00dbaccoddodonoG0r Granville DAWG. Wer BL SIO Aer aaOk. baie tetaclinns sGGnson a6 O. S. U., Columbus DETERS, IIA, JBOUIM s sobodeooonboccesoccooccdne O. S. U., Columbus SDOREN | JANE NIAGCARTNEYS @BiOtany)\) ZOOLOZYE a4 ens. aa acieielt le el): Ree ests hot naa Mia UL tah AA 1659 Franklin Park South, Columbus Dunuap, FREDERICK, Forestry....U. S. Forest Service, Washington, D. C. Dimas, 12, IP JOOe; (GMB ascoccnccogdecoucu00dKess Westerville TB WiRsve an ERASE ee lame one RS ik eae Soe: 537 Ridgway Ave., Cincinnati DD wpnO Nee Gres aIREN nee vatna evan evan ee ccs 4816 Franklin Ave., Cleveland Enwarns, 18, Jeb, Zooloen, I7UMGOlWOEN scoccccnssocco0gc000 ScD ODeObb> SONATE ADA. AIG ge IGT it ral Pal Ee 7317 Clinton Ave., N. W., Cleveland Pignsig Amos foi dssesdaccosonsocboasucocoooOel) lay WEhin Sie, CoOlbmnlabs FENNEMAN, N. M., Geology, Geography...Univ. of Cincinnati, Cincinnati nize, Ioan As ZOOWENs oo006 ucocccccouons bb ocanoodonCand Granville ini, Breas, JRO, ZAOOUOBMsocoocucaccvnscndsadsecodouousoobs Oxford FiscHER, WALTER, Botany.......... U. S. Dept. of Agr., Bureau of Plant Industry, Washington, D. C. RiscEmaciy, Jel v1ey IWOUORW. 6 loa dobouoocpsadouo boc oss boobs Newport, Ky. *FITZGERALD, A. D., Histology, Pathology........... O. S. U., Columbus ENE TOSS HDi AY [egal ca Leh eee ree ney a es ver rae leer 11 E. 7th St., Cincinnati Riau, IMAG, OQUORMsseccdecco00sdundcs ae 338 W. 6th Ave., Columbus IROLAZ lsh, bay ER OUOEI As ors Meee eR aaa Re See wee eae Hae ec. cec Box 286, Lima Fooms, 18, 1B, Be@lOBWacécctocucsocdosccoexccboancegcadoDuccueC Granville “|Rons, (CEng, IDS JBOniuN, (CHIC MSHNeaeoecseos sn oues 395 Doyle St., Akron Fowke, GerarD, Glacial Geology, Archaeology.................+.- 105 N. 2d St., St. Louis, Mo. * Subject to ratification by the society at the annual meeting, 1909. 200 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science RAINE alan NEw ONIN UE WLONTOLO S|) a het el ene ee ee Hurley, Va. OEE NER ME Se SB Oar ein ieee yl Pe DAO ree lal Cot eae ose ee Berea GaRAee lea BRAG CONC Nee eg er. ee ae 12 Dewitt St., Buffalo, N. Y. GIBBS i DAN fete NS eee esiee deck, UE aU aes CSUN Elda 0 a a ee A Aa GREGOR VK VW rose easel ie RNC ok! on ans i ai ee 116 Olive St., Cleveland (GROVER: oti OE a NOL CHIN Serer ie eeeit te tea rn ee eede er ee (esi eb an Se Oberlin (GRuGas, IN) IE, VGOHOMMs ooo vedubacegenoeas 1318 Forsythe Ave., Columbus (GUE R ad IR Rs eae elle heite a ae caeeee haee Univ. of Cincinnati, Cincinnati isle), (Gy 1B, MWGHnCHACHHES. 5.6665006550400- Box 68, Greeley, Colorado HIAMBLETON, J. C., Botany, Zoology.......... 212 E. 11th Ave., Columbus Hansen, Mrs. Hermina J., Biology.... Hughes High School, Cincinnati FART ZIRT ei) Coen Pear dry este: Univ. of the Pacific, San Jose, California Harvey, Rute, S., Ormthology........ 1203 Woodland Ave., Bond Hill Harvey, GERTRUDE F., Ornithology...... 1203 Woodland Ave., Bond Hill IEUAN RSS lle MER Ue UKOV ROCA E Daten one race MUD At Rane ani MDE Ear Box 302, Lancaster Hawkins, lL. A., Botany....... Bureau of Plant Ind., Washington, D. C. WAVES 7S BABEL eye niinr Maan tutte erate cet shag ty ia tetes ee a oce 42 Liberty St., Dayton ISIE T IS IVGAUIN PENN ENT Sop Sle etensts sails tae e ngnapten eae near cern crea Canal Winchester HENNINGER, W. F., Ornithology, Entomology.............. New Bremen TEGRONIS) REN Vis OB olay aieeerean ane wish y tee aunty ce Univ. of California, Berkeley, Cal. HIERZER a El Pal Comtoloe anions oA eee eee Aone Marietta ATTETG ERED ali aucun pear esses acs ec tate eee ee ee St. John’s College, Toledo inn JE Se. Bivtonmology. Onniinoloaie. eae = 4. O. S. U., Columbus ElopEs, 1) (Glenmstinns 24. Western Reserve Med. College, Cleveland lelOnas, Gio, We, GeO@napaiM, IBiOVOENsca8s0c40005700cc90bab 0000550 Oxford HeAON Cae NV lene NO LORD Nien tap eret aicliemataln wiecieny ao ables 2113 Putnam St., Toledo Hes@ Uae DAE BNa-N leg nl ee EY ICH AS NGO ai esol rusian Bicheneh a et ciarotbiond Sled 6 oo Dayton InlousOR, Io Sy WOMOlOLN . sscsec0b000000ce Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba Husparp, G. D., Geology, Physiography...........- O. S. U., Columbus lean) en al en CxO anc ads Amn Anes re Sad bot ONAN oc bag Boo obo ca Lancaster JACKS ON IGA he ZO OU0 Saye Neate aire en ak ole yar ane yearn Durham, N. H s)PSIN GOST Gane BRU ae Aen enc ls Wa Ue an Nao Ament Adelbert College, Cleveland Innes, Ol 1s, BOVGDMscockccs Carnegie Museum Annex, Pittsburg, Pa. OEMS ON: pAUIACs SB Ol OI) erate es Me eee Ree tite tetas lithe ered Box 582, Athens JOnNmS, ILNDS, OvHaHOOUVOGIM os s00c0cc00000c005000 College Museum, Oberlin Jones, Rost. Rarston, Geology........ U. S. Engineer’s Office, Cincinnati Jomo, Cy Ay, BOHN sco scccdo0bo0cccuncd 235 Columbus Ave., Sandusky IWAN DACRE: EG Ae ZOOL OG Antes cekcirenere eleanor eee eon ea O. S. U., Columbus IAA, Wi, I JEL OCH OTC, IBONMIM soo 6cnacsceaocr O. S. U., Columbus Tepe WAR Ver Ge GLO ici licre ante ee Naor Oe are Westerville ETD GERTRUDE Me VOLOG NE mcr tte Weta tae tap yates rah detrei Ryan Granville Ia OLsao yess Nn y WIIKM RIN Tacs Saino ooo e dou sas onuos Columbus ILIA, VOSWA,, ZOOMOGMs aaccccoccccx5000¢ 5700 Peoria St., Chicago, Ills. TETOND RO Henge URIBE evel enw Won ora ai eee es Court and Plum Sts., Cincinnati Proceedings of the Olio State Academy of Science 201 INLAGIRIEN la, NEAR ID) IBOUOG Mos oun coe oes oc tas aoe eae Onn ore Oe Oxford MEAN, Co WWM on JEUOMOUOGN os con scccdesoe oocde Grahamstown, S. Africa NIG Gite BORAGE VOU O GIN A estac ated ie toh od eaten SUM ES loa 2 contra Mei ay rk W yoming MASTER MAN, IE. 12.,, A@OUOGM, IBOHUIMs ooc5sc8080e0000545600% New London a VIBAGINERERNTSVew WV) oe cet einneien? akee epee Clark University, Worcester, Mass. INLAGEOSIR.Y INGLE ENS (COON OGING G4 6 ae cro ool ae Gide Mises Dae cae me Granville ONIBACTUE TENS a UATRaVallla tines xy ML ERN ln OMNES AU Cie nes Mine nan Aa ano aw enw iS Painesville MIGCAiL, AL. Gop: ALGPOMOUMIW so soc scabeoocksonccuotacees O. S. U., Columbus IMicCAMPBELL, EUGENE, F., Bacteriology............... O. S. U., Columbus McCaucuHey, VaucHan, Biology....475 Manhattan Ave., New York, N. Y. Wie CONRNEEES EGARRY (Bu sOKitWOLOGN nnn ise tlt ge ete os ees Cadiz VK Goivpin Crear ols yemynys eminent nla Ga eerie DAU Nk) Stine Ula, Lancaster McCray, ArtHuR El, Zoology and Entomology................... Duval IMI@IDAINannIE IOs I SONIOGRN s aa a unex alc Mime aes niga ae een oes La Junta, Colo. IMICIELEMON NI, ION 1B, IROOM sesdodsccounceossceccuccocs New London MICE Amini, IL. Isl; ClaemeSurMs sso coocs os don acdous 40 Warden St., Dayton IVI GAN eB Wl CLC QE eCity uy Ue MONG RID SG ea ame UR eR N Berea Meap, CHas. S., Zoology, Botany.............. 217 King Ave., Columbus Miran, We 12S YOUN es asccnocsedosueuaccucns Ohio University, Athens JMASIRC AINE GML IN AGO art the luis 4 Bin ass 5 oid arene ee canis selon Oberlin IMEDINQAIET RS ZAISINO) MBs oe cae! ia Merle hence a cy ee eee a a Raleigh, N. C. Mans We ©. Archacology, Biology:....22-..-+---+.. O. S. U., Columbus BVO ODEN re ne eroraltie tcl, win eee ane yt SAE AS ees an tN ase Flushing Mores, So Z@QUOBNs sccsscoddnonsess Harvard Univ., Cambridge, Mass. Mors: Wi C., Baoloon, GeOlOGMNcosecccckecscecuecacur O. S. U., Columbus Momus." Ca lal WOGaOUOGM s is duoeao bute Groom ocd M eee ocr McConnelsville Mosetey, E. L., Zoology, Botany, Physiography..... hiss Sonera Seana Sandusky NELSON, JAS JAS Zoology, 12 7uoiMoOlOW Ms oococcecdounocacccu0eddcr U. S. Dept. Agricul. Div. Entom. Washington, D. C. (OBERELOLSER lew Cae e 1445 Girard St., N. W., Washington, D. C. @penBAcH, F. L., Meteorology............ St. Ignatius College, Cleveland Osporn, HERBERT, Entomology, Zoology.......+..+++- O. S. U., Columbus Osmummw, IRAxaion) Cy Zooloes, MGPNOUORNsoa08de005 ad0es bo0cue. Columbia Univ., New York, N. Y. ‘Onze, Citas. 12s; Geollogm, IPUMSIEScobandecccadpooucouDoocodoad Coshocton PAniienia de RalD noe opens Mec eoeenecan 3754 Independence Road, Cleveland Parmienuinsm (Cy 12s, SCiGHeCsoccaseaogocencGone: 9 W. Long St., Columbus Prague Ily Dy, ZOologies Vocebasuduoce costa daeconens U. of C., Cincinnati Pics, Cio, Ie, CUCMUSHIFAMs coccuccc0n 8000 St. Ignatius Coilege, Cleveland PINWONIRA, TTBIOMIAS 2bbs0e0cnocouen 06 226 Superior Ave., N. W., Cleveland Porno Vetoes convenes eeuenon 916 New Hayden Building, Columbus ROSSER Cer Sat COLO Made tiie meee siecle atta monies: O. S. U., Columbus Powis, |p Ilo, OnondoloeMecoccssosododdsovveoguccocuecuT Clayton RCH DD WARD pale AO OLOO Wainy ass. «Set sucks ae otage ais averd ests Suid ealetelenies Delaware 202 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science IR@QWDORWS, ILO od 5ccascbocnooaocnode R. F. D. No. 3, New Richmond ROVER VION US DTOlO GS) Nereis scciMerale cles Ne evees ccetse Rant he Revel Ae oean knee Bradford Sanopers, J. G., Entomology, Botany..U. S. Dept. Agr., Washington, D. C. STAINIDIER SIVA MINH tice bein aia Sek itenu Pana teas cuNiva ara Waly Steele High School, Dayton SANGER MUL (GH BOtaiyeanc en ren en Oe eee eee Bias iia Newark Saver, Lewis W., Botany...Central Ave. and Bay Miller St., Cincinnati SCHARENER) Heeb a BiOtaiy mennis aetna nena Seer O. S. U., Columbus SCHEPFEL, HARTER Geology, .6s.-00 oo. 469 College Ave., Appleton, Wis. SCOT ME ETO OLOSN Tee rey tet ie Experiment Station, Wooster SPATONT IVINSS WI ed NE eat guar tncaey) Dianne Ne hte ME manta 1943 E. 86th St., Cleveland SELEVAVAY ID Ne BOLGR\Ie ceria. ney tay Quien ua ean Experiment Station, Wooster *SESSIONS, ELIzABeTH, Botany and Zoology....59 Wilson Ave., Columbus RSE Cire Dc GaN Cea a UL RM ME Wittenbere College, Springfield EUAMN NE. En TOMOLOGY. 1... loc snc oe ee ow ons O. S. U., Columbus. STIMHMROBERT Misa mudMe le een eth ie ne uel Nas Mae Mage O. S. U., Columbus Summit, JN lin, GEOlMOGNococcnoovotosdocsdeodec 175 W. 10th Ave., Columbus. SMPAD AINA SD TOLOGAasie a. van cen venalte aera aieerate et 624 Nestle St., Toledo SMEP HREM OT NIG ak) obec ERLE WACO E Nua 122 Center St., Ashtabula Smaavisi, 1G, ID, Onn; ZOOUDIN soccccccoocndos0c00ce Richmond, Kentucky SmitH, J. WARREN, Meteorology............ Weather Bureau, Columbus SmytH, Lumina C. Rippre, Botany......... State House, Topeka, Kans. Sapvnee, 18, ID), ZOOlOGN, BU MROOG Mec. roccannccscannovobescaocd as Ashtabula. STVAR OG aID) ayaa aie ta hea iors AME Meare iss arene eh oan 92 Wadena St., Cleveland STAUFFER) CLINTON GR: Geology nila. times a) tm Wl ae Berea. STERKT, Victor, Conchologsy, Botany. .s.s0.6+- sss seee- New Philadelphia STICKNEY. HMI MSGT MBO LOT gaits (eens pines cos ay tt Gm NTO ane Granville STOCKBERGER, W. W., Botany...... Dept. Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Stoner, Minnie A., Domestic. Science...........+.-.. Laramie, Wyoming Stout, W. E., Chemistry, Geology.......... 1960 N. High St., Columbus. SWODACIS IE. Mls AOOIOGCK, ISOMMUIM .s5s0ensosohascecoosauecd: Orono, Maine SWEEZEY 7 Omnomelisn wna tone carota eae 12th Ave., Honolulu, Hawait ARTGETTS VEG Sn Gcologaieiccuelccks ce etree eee Albuquerque, N. M. Topp, JosEpH H., Geology, Archaeology....Christmas Jnoll, Wooster TODD 9s CTT Ole Genesis eres aeaa ses MARANA SAIC TOR RE Wen eR LOTS tea Vermillion AE STO MUNG NBD AIS v(CrZOl OOM ne ante Booty aA aiGlom MUNG aaalos Siggy 6 o Granville ADR RTe SSI, pero ei ei et cree Past acre ee Ah a Na AE LU STAR McConnelsville ALSACE RS MEAN en WES OTIS Rue uit fe: ah take sr eee eV ens one ont Perry, Lake County Van Hook, J. M., Plant Pathology.......... Experiment Station, Wooster NVM DS AV Rtn: Sean aes tolerance Nn Misr Western Reserve University, Cleveland Wrat ton, MES Be UBL Ol OGaiscccwoe wat colecucntnn te ee aeieca a meme ae Ieee Gambier WIBBBY ERE eS IOU GR Visiacs. sien niece nes mere ehranelictave alse ace seen ices ete Garrettsville Wesster, F. M., Entomology..U. S. Dept. Agriculture, Washington, D. C.. * Subject to ratification by the Society at the annual meeting in 1909. Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 203 WERTENNIDR \WViTEEVAM, BIOTA erie. sets os sare Steele High School, Dayton NPS e ME MER WSs Gal G COLOGS satya mietsie cia ralG o: ciicleds rote ai eistlere © ts Delaware \WinmZSmEEn, A= Bota. ).s-.....-- 748 Pleasant St., Hot Springs, Arkansas. WIEMAN, Harry L., Biology.............. Univ. of Cincinnati, Cincinnati WILLIAMS, STEPHEN R., Biology...........:... Miami University, Oxford Wiiuiamson, E. Bruce, Ichthyology, Ornithology......... Bluffton, Ind. WILSON, STELLA S., Geography, Geology 97 N. 20th St., Columbus Winniianm, Ib. vn ClienmnsiiNa: 6scnboodsoudaases conboeboboode Westerville Winrenmvaae, Il, (Ge, ZOOM so scocusoccknouencoocudadeonuooee ,... Peebles. NVOURE US tebe SDiOtG myers ae anes saaiceer iran mec Marietta College, Marietta Wresn, Gy tmmeuer, (CeOlouWeccansossoookoodsuodcsobea conan ue Oberlin WORK, IBLNREAN, Jal JOU ohocodcoduobuse Univ. of Texas, Austin, Texas WONG} MRS Alay BIOTIN ira eae alta Pie Rese Ji ae Ser Te itso errno DE Ril at Div. Seed and Plant Introduction, Washington, D. C- Report of the Eighteenth Annual Meeting of the Ohio State Academy of Science ANNUAL MEETING The eighteenth annual meeting of the Academy was held at Denison University, Granville, O., on November 26, 27 and 28, the) President, Prot: Frank) Carney. presiding On) ainumsdays evening a reception was given at the residence of President and Mrs. Emory W. Hunt, of the University, where refreshments were served and a most delightful evening was passed by the considerable number of members present. The university au- thorities had generously placed the dormitories at the disposal of the society while arrangements for meals had been made in the town. After an informal session of various committees the meet- ing was called to order by the President of the Academy at 9:00 Friday morning in Barney Memorial Hall. A brief address ex- tending the cordial greetings of the University to the society was made by President Hunt, after which occurred the regular busi- ness meeting. The President called attention to the loss sustained by the society through the deaths of three members since the last annual meeting, Prof. W. A. Kellerman of Ohio State University, Hon. Joseph H. Outhwaite, and John J. Janney. The life of Prof. Kellerman was sacrificed to science, his death resulting from a tropical fever while on a collecting expedition in Guate- mala, Central America. He served the society as President in 1897, and rarely an annual meeting occurred that his interest was not manifested through his attendance and participation in the program. both Mr. Outhwaite and Mr. Janney who were also 204 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 205 residents of Columbus, lived long and useful lives, and at various times signified their interest in the affairs of the Academy, Mr. Janney died at the advanced age of 96 years. After the appointment by the chair of a committee on mem- bership consisting of Professors Osborn, Fink, and Stickney, and a committee on resolutions consisting of Professors Rice, Wil- liams, and Griggs, the report of the Secretary was presented and accepted. This was followed by the report of the Treasurer, Prof. J. S. Hine, which after being referred to an auditing com- mittee consisting of Prof. Lazenby and Prof. Brookover, was accepted. The report of the Treasurer is as follows: REPORT OF THE TREASURER FOR THE YEAR 1908. For the year since our last annual meeting the receipts, including balance from last year, have amounted to $169.56, and the expenditures to $154.99, leaving a cash balance of $14.57. RECEIPTS. Ballamee irom IRIS Wears ccudecoscoeeceeogeeno $0 56 Micnmiyerelhiipy Chimes Geb ocoecsecscudeeeoh oo ceeo os 169 00 GIRO Allee rata utty Luo orR IG RN A a iAeS Sin 7 teres) $169 56 DISBURSEMENTS. 180 subscriptions to the Ohio Naturalist....... $90 00 IMS Gelllann OS) pee c nal aetna ones tes ek 64 99 Ballamee. IDecenalper Wh MGS 25 ho bocce ee doe ees anes lab Oy MIR lich gear viene eosin Me Nee aT ae mers HF ck $169 56 Respectfully submitted, James S. HINE. REPORT OF THE LIBRARIAN 1907-08. iihewreport or the Librarian of the Society, Prot. W. CG: Mills, is as follows: NovVEMBER 27, 1908. As Librarian of the Ohio State Academy of Science, I take pleas- ure in presenting to the Treasurer of the Academy, my report upon the receipts from the sale of the publications of the Academy. 206 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science Amount on hand, December Ist, 1907............ $0 09 SalevotmRepoxrts) anda Specialbapersseeee aaa. eee 14 25 Publications sold but money not collected.......... 2 10 $16 44 Expenditures for 1908: Posiace ox Special Rainer INO, WWocosccccthcooesccc~ $4 10 POSAGS Ow Avmmtel” INGOs co scccescccsvgc0gso0dce 4 00 Hepness and’ sPoOstagenren. os av carps darn near ener 4 80 = $12 90 Casino! hana eg. 2 ceok ee, cerns pica sate Caras rene ae $3 54 Wm. C. MILts, Librarian. Prof. Lazenby, chairman of the Board of Trustees, pre- sented the following report which was approved and accepted. Mention was made of the continued interest in the welfare of the Society manifested by Mr. Emerson McMillin through his gift of an additional $250.00 to the “Emerson McMillin Research Fund.” The report of the trustees is as follows: REPORD) OF THE BOARD OE SERUSP EDS: The financial statement of the Emerson McMillin research fund, ‘for the year 1907-08, is herewith presented: RECEIPTS. 1907. Balance om/trandse Nova ely 00a ee eee eee Check from Emerson McMillin, received INioxenalernlllk Rai (ice eis seeseenr in ae 250 00 “Potala Cr n) Git Sane Go ohos eine tun Sie eae $608 23 EXPENDITURES. 1908. Feb. 21. Dr. A. Dechnowski— Expense in research.. $16 80 Mar. 27. Dr. A. Dechnowski— Expense in research. . 8 35 Apr. 28. F. J. Heer Printing Co., 350 copies “Protozoa Ou Ooi,” Ipyeo JS Is WLAMMGACREs 6eccccoeeso AMO) Wh) May 12. Dr. A. Dechnowski— Expense in research.. 8 71 22. H. S. Hammond — Expense in research.... 9 10 27. Sergius Morgulis — Expense in research..... 7 09 ( 2X. H. S. Hammond — Expense in research...... 6 00 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 207 June 9. Dr. A. Dechnowski— Expense in research.. 6 14 11. H. S. Hammond — Expense in Research..... 6 00 16. H. S. Hammond — Expense in research...... 3 50 July 6. Prof. L. B. Walton— Expense in research. . 6 75 Aug. 3. Prof. L. B. Walton— Expense in research.. 20 12 MMR trailer eats eels een a Nee CORNY sox Lak yee 2 $138 56 Balance on hand November 1, 1908, $469.67. A check for $250.00 was received from Emerson McMillin, Nov. 7, 1908. This together with the balance reported is deposited in the Capital City Bank, Columbus. WitttAm R,. LAZENBy, Chairman. The Publication Committee consisting of Professors J. °C. Hambleton, Chairman, J. H. Schaffner, and E. L. Rice, presented the following report which was accepted: REPORT OF THE PUBLICATION COMMITTEE. During the year two papers have been published. Special paper No. 13, The Protozoa of Sandusky Bay and Vicinity, by F. L. Landacre, con- taining 52 pages, completed Vol. IV of the Proceedings, which consists of ten parts. The Seventeenth Annual Report, containing 18 pages consti- tutes Part 1 of Vol. V of the Proceedings. Under the report of special committees, Prof. Herbert Os- born as chairman of the committee on the Natural History Sur- vey, mentioned the work which had been done in the effort to secure the passage of the bill. It was the sense of the society that the committee should be continued. : Professor L. B. Walton, chairman of the committee on the Revision of the Constitution and By-Laws submitted the pro- posed Constitution and By-Laws which had previously been printed and distributed to members with the Ohio Naturalist. After a brief discussion, two additional members, J. Warren Smith and Bruce Fink were placed on the committee which in addition to the chairman, consisted of E. L. Rice and F. L. Land- acre. The final report of this committee was presented at the subsequent business meeting, and the new Constitution and By- 208 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science Laws ordered published in the Proceedings of the Academy. They will be found on subsequent pages. The secretary as chairman of the committee appointed to consider the advisability of holding joint meetings with the In- diana Academy of Science, reported the correspondence with the secretary of the Indiana Academy, Prof. J. H. Ransom, of Pur- due University. There seemed no doubt as to the value to both societies resulting from such a meeting, although plans already made by the Indiana Academy may make it necessary to defer such co-operation until the November meeting in 1910. After the election of a nominating committee consisting of Professors Osborn, Rice, and Stickney, the business meeting was adjourned until Saturday morning at 8:00 a. m. while the so- ciety proceeded with the reading of papers, adjourning at 12 o'clock for luncheon. The afternoon session opened with the address of the Presi- dent, Professor Frank Carney, on “The Raised Beaches of the Berea, Cleveland, and Euclid Quadrangles.” The section in Biology then met in room “A” the section in Geology remaining in room “B,” and the program was continued. After a recess of 10 minutes, the society convened as a body to listen to papers on “The Preservation and Development of the Natural Resources of Ohio.’’ Professor J. A. Bownocker opened the discussion from the standpoint of Geology, followed by Professor W. R. Lazenby, who presented the Forestry side of the question, while Professor Herbert Osborn considered it from the Biological point of view. An interesting discussion - fol- lowed. Adjournment was then made for the afternoon. In the evening the society listened to an interesting address by Professor R. S. Tarr, of Cornell University, on “The Glaciers of Mount St. Elias and Vicinity.” This was illustrated by lan- tern slides. Saturday at 8:00 a. m. occurred the adjourned business meeting. The report of the nominating committee was received and the following officers were elected for the ensuing year: Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 209 President — Protessor J. H. Schaffner, Columbus, O. Vice-Presidents — Professor L. G. Westgate, Delaware, O., Professor S. R. Williams, Oxford, O. Secretary — Professor L. B. Walton, Gambier, O. Treasurer — Professor J. S. Hine, Columbus, Ohio. Executive Commnuttee — Professor Chas. Brookover, Akron, Ohio; Mr. J. Warren Smith, Columbus, Ohio. Board of Trustees-— Professor Frank Carney, Granville, Ohio, 2 years; Professor E. L. Rice, Delaware, Ohio, (in place of retiring member) 3 years. Publication Committee — Professor Bruce Fink, Oxford, Ohio, (in place of retiring member). The following members were elected by the executive com- mittee during the year: Budingtom R= AT Zoology, (Physiology .4.0.6\ose844- 56 oe see Oberlin (Cooma, | (Gy AB eM Sa ey ie ai ate ee le A ade OL ie eho RSE ale ee alana Granville Dawes, Ohara vas Ioan, “IP hySICSs4o6oceessaceogoodoeueoouees Granville HEEZCIM MD eT UMaIACAN ZOO OGY Mera ule yi cit Nee Meu MCcid es Cena ee I, Granville H@larosorays Te TB WAR oly Aa Coy sie th each fet cy eg I aR Uo IRR UU Granville Betta Gertie OO eave eee mye aN te soe orale OleuirtineNiy aida aioe Ste AU Nd Granville IME ficallitenns Vian Viera 20 OllO givers Harner s wasn cis a Meeker nn eatcee NL NAIC et Oberlin Mogsimeann, Mavala) (C5 Calon esa osouopecsostoeoustossdoodddo Granville ORC uO AVES OMS OL AIL 1 et eters eamen miei Veil es 5 ertie dk Ina MI SME MOIST Granville Singny, IN, 12., J2mtiomnollOeny.ssdccecsceosseoce Columbus, Dept. Agriculture StoutiWia 2. (Chemistry, Geologys5-5..5...: 1960 N. High St., Columbus Trash, 135; MBAs binteabneernnvers ooo os gig Mees olaid sos aateme noes cian ee c Granville Tin@renag,\ Lewis, CeO es sbeiaocdeeosooe sec ebEO un ecms cms r mobo. Granville The membership committee appointed by the President at the opening session reported on the following who were duly elected : el teas cl irelnas Gs Mis 1 OO eyes eel olen Ae sepohc te ices sae sess lube nae beter ate Mt. Vernon Glakk, islowamal, Geollocarcicicss osoccceoucsucoocddedeeccosuose ...Granville ‘Osslley, Chins, Id. (Geollorayy IPnySleSs ogaousotioucoocheoaononeeaor Coshocton IPs irilonmirstey Cas ee SONS Celie. oats uae ale Gis. Gsislersee as 9 W. Long St., Columbus Peasiee; IL, IDs, ZOO. ceoocccsdocuoucas Univ. of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Soot, IL; IE, lbraremnNolOBy7o.5 ook ocoooendoccsHoooe 65 16th Ave., Columbus Smite Av wie ei Geol gay Shy ues ens ween, ie ennete 175 W. 10th Ave., Columbus Wilson, Stella A., Geography, Geology........ 97 N. 20th St., Columbus Wiinelarmal: IL, A Chennistayjadeseessueboosbcepeocoosouboomoe Westerville 210 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science The names noted below have been approved by the incom- ing executive committee and are subject to election at the next annual meeting in accordance with article V, section 1, of the new constitution. Fitzgerald, Dr., Histology, Pathology, O. S. U., Columbus. Fox, Chas. P., Botany, Chemistry, 395 Doyle St., Alcron. Reinheimer, B. H., Biology, Sandusky, Ohio. The committee on resolutions reported as follows: Be it Resolved, That we, members of the Ohio Academy of Science, hereby express our sense of loss in the death, since our last meeting, of three of our members, John J. Janney, Joseph H. Outhwaite, and William A. Kellerman, the latter a charter member of the Academy and president in 1897, and at all times an ardent and enthusiastic supporter of the work and ideals of our organization. Be it further Resolved, That we signify to Mr. Emerson McMillin our great appreciation of his continued interest in the efforts of the Academy, and for his substantial contributions to the support of the projects of the same, and that we extend to him: our sincere thanks for his numerous favors. Be it further Resolved, Vhat we extend our heartiest thanks to the President and Faculty of Denison University who have so hospitably opened their homes to the visiting members, and to the authorities of the University and the members of the Local Committee for their effici- ent contributions to the marked success of the Eighteenth Annual Meet- ing of the Academy. Epwarp L. RIcE, R. F. Grices, S. R. WILLIAMS. In connection with exchanges received by the society, it was moved, seconded and carried that the librarian be requested to furnish a report of such exchanges at the next annual meeting. Professor Hubbard made a report for the Library Commit- tee. The report was accepted, the committee continued, and the final report ordered printed in the Ohio Naturalist. The Committee on the Conservation of the Natural Re- sources of Ohio consisting of Professor Herbert Osborn, Profes- sor Wm. Lazenby, and Professor J. A. Bownocker presented the following report. The committee was continued and empowered Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 211 to add two new members. The members added were J. War- ren Smith of Columbus, and L. B. Walton of Gambier. The Ohio Academy of Science at its session in Granville, November 27 and 28, 1908, after a special program devoted to the discussion of the conservation of the natural resources of the state, adopted the following resolutions as expressing its posi- tion in regard to the importance and necessity of active measures for state conservation : Resolved, That it is the desire of this Academy to place itself on record as favoring active efforts in support of the movement for rational protection of the resources of the country; that we cordially indorse the movement that has resulted in the forma- tion of a National Conservation Commission, and urge the exten- sion of its powers that it may direct the movement to a practi- cal end. We recognize the need in Ohio for action in the conserva- tion of coal, and urge that measures providing for national con- trol be enacted where state supervision is impracticable. We urge the importance of forest conservation and extension as a vital necessity for the future welfare of the state, and the for- mation of a forestry commission or establishment of a state for- est service at the earliest possible time. ‘We recognize the necessity of immediate attention to the waterways and measures to conserve and utilize the possibilities for power, irrigation and navigation in the water areas, and of a scientific investigation of the biological resources connected with aquatic life, and urge the passage of a bill to establish a Biological Survey. We would urge the formation by the Governor or General Assembly of a State Conservation Commission, at least one-half the members to be men of scientific training, to consider and report to the Government on important measures for conserva- tion. We recommend a Committee on Conservation in the Acad- emy, and the arrangement for our next annual meeting of a 212 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science special session devoted to a discussion of the questions pertaining to the conservation of the resources of the State. J. A. BowNocker, W. R. LAzENBy, HERBERT OSBORN, Committee. In connection with the discussion of the value of geological and biological excursions for students in the secondary schools, by Professor Hubbard, it was voted that a committee be ap- pointed by the President of the society to report at the next an- nual meeting. A telegram was received from the Indiana Academy of Science then in session, conveying the good will of the members of that society to the Ohio Academy. ‘The following reply was sent: “The Ohio Academy of Science cond TeCBTOCae the greetings of the Indiana Academy of Science.” At the close of the business session the society proceeded with the reading of the papers. At 11:45 a. m. the Academy was formally declared ad- journed. The complete program of the meeting was as follows: 1. Notes on Spondylomorum quaternarium Ehrb. 3 min. M. E. Stickney 2. The Pteridophyte Flora of Ohio. 5 min. J. H. Schaffner 3. Injury to Trees by the season’s Drouth. 5 min. W. R. Lazenby 4. Snails collected at Cedar Point, Ohio, during July, 1908. 5 min. S. R. Williams and J. K. Breitenbecher 5. The Making of a Naturalist’s Directory. 5 min. F, J. Hillig 6. The Occurrence of a New Species of Land Planarian in Ohio, with notes on the common species, Rhyncho- demus sylvaticus Leidy. 5 min.” L. B. Walton 7. The Behavior of The Opossum (Didelphys virginiana). 5 min. G. E. Coghill 8. Differentiation of the general Cutaneous and Visceral ganglia in Ameiurus. 12 min. F. L. Landacre 9. Some Aspects of Amitosis in Synchytrium. 5 min. R. F. Griggs 10. Direction of Flow of Encephalic Fluid in Amia calva L. 5 min. Chas. Brookover 11. Recent Evaporation Investigations. 12 min. J. Warren Smith Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 2138 Adaptation in a Desert Lichen Flora. 10 min. Bruce Fink Notes on the Ohio Flora. 5 min. J. H. Schaffner The Laboratory Method for Beginning Students. 10 min. Maximilian Braam Protective Encystment in Phagocata gracilis. 5 min. L. D. Peaslee Cell Division in the Pollen Mother Cells of Anthemis cotula L. 8 min. M. E. Stickney Mitosis in Opalina. 15 min. M. M. Metcalf A Preliminary Report on the Nuclear Divisions in the Pollen Mother Cell of Convallaria majalis L. 5 min. L. W. Sauer Is Synizesis an Artifact? 6 min. J. H. Schaffner A Preliminary Note on the Chondrocranium of Eumeces. (Slides.) 10 min. E. L. Rice Notes on the Growth of the Western Catalpa (Catalpa speciosa). 8 min. W. R. Lazenby Faulty Specimens for Nature Study, and how Good Ones may be Prepared. 15 min. Chas. Dury Cancer in Mice (Mus musculus). 5 min. E. F. McCampbell Relation of Rain Fall to Crop Yield. 5 min. J. Warren Smith Removal of the Showy Parts of Flowers as affecting Fruit and Seed Produced. 5 min. A. H. McCray The Coals of the Monongahela Formation in Ohio. 25 min. J. A. Bownocker Fresh light on the Chronology of the Glacial Epoch in North America. (Slides.) 25 min. G. F. Wright Glacial Erosion in the Canadian Selkirks. (Slides.) 15. min. . L. G. Westgate Some effects of Glacial Erosion in the Alps. 10 min. : N. M. Fenneman The Raised Beaches of Lake Huron. 15 min. W. M. Gregory Rock Terraces along Streams in the Vicinity of Colum- bus, Ohio. 12 min. G. D. Hubbard Ecologic Notes from Beechwood Camp. 8 min. Bruce Fink The Systematic Position of Apathus elatus. 8 min.- A. H. McCray Observations on the Tick, Bryobia pratensis Garman. 10 min. S. R. Williams Occurrence of Paragonimus westermannii near Cincin- nati, Ohio. 5 min. H. M. Benedict Localization of the Excretory Function in Amoeba proteus. 7 min. M. M. Metcalf and R. A. Budington Evidence pointing toward a Sexual Reproduction in Euglena proxima Dangr. 5 min. L. B. Walton 414 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science co The Discomycetes of Oxford, Ohio. Bruce Fink and Freda M. Bachman Observations on Ohio Species of Disonycha. 5 min. I Ik, Seat Observations on Tube Making in Tubifex. 3 min. Cora M. Box Venation of Leaves from Old and Young Plants. 10 min. H. M. Benedict Some noteworthy Species of Plants in Ohio. 3 min. O. E. Jennings The Waverly Formations of East Central Kentucky. 20 min. W. C. Morse and A. F. Foerste Valley Drift at St. Louisville, O. (Slides.) 7 min. Howard Clark Well Records in Licking Co., Ohio. 5 min. Lewis Thomas The Age of the Licking Narrows at Black Hand, Ohio. 20 min. K. F. Mather Post Glacial Erosion of Plum ®Creek, Oberlin, Ohio. 10 min. G. F. Wright Glacial Deposits Southwest of Wilkins Run, Ohio. 10 min. Madge Mossman The Teaching of Historical Geology. 8 mun. L. G. Westgate Preglacial Channels in the Little Miami Valley. 10 min. G. F. Wright The Major Subdivisions of the Lower Silurian Strata in Ohio, with Particular Reference to the Richmond Forma- tion recently mapped by the Ohio Geological Survey. 10 min. A. F. Foerste and W. C. Morse The Value of Geology as an Educational Discipline. 15 min. L. G. Westgate A New Anthracnose of Cereals and Grasses. 8 min. A. D. Selby and T. F. Manus The Reconstruction Method as Applied to Hollow Or- gans. 3 min. E: L. Rice DEMONSTRATIONS. Cytological Technique. M. E. Stickney Charts Illustrating the Reaction of Diemyctylus Em- bryos to Tactile Stimuli. G. E. Coghill Slide Showing Emergence of the Gametes (?) from the small spores arising from the repeated division of an “Encysted” Euglena. L. B. Walton The “Larval” Form of an Interesting Pauropod, Eury- pauropus spinosus Ryder. L. B. Walton Gambier, Ohio, March 27, 1909. L. B. Watton, Secretary. CON SMU TION, ARTICLE I, NAME. This society shall be known as the “Ohio Academy of SCM. ARTICLE II, OBJECTS. The objects of this Academy shall be the promotion of scien- tific research and the diffusion of knowledge concerning the vari- ous departments of science. ARTICLE III, MEMBERSHIP. 1. The Academy shall be composed of Resident Members, Corresponding Members, Honorary Members, and Patrons. — 2. Resident Members shall be persons interested in scien- tific work and resident in the State of Ohio. 3. Corresponding Members shall be persons interested in science, and not resident in the State of Ohio. 4. Honorary Members shall be persons distinguished for their attainments in science, and not resident of the State of Ohio. Their number shall not exceed twenty-five. 5. Patrons shall be persons who have bestowed important favors upon the Academy as defined in the By-Laws. 6. Corresponding Members and Honorary Members are not éntitled to vote or to hold office in the Academy. ARTICLE IV, OFFICERS, COMMITTEES, ETC. 1. The officers of the Academy shall consist of a President, a Vice President of each Section organized, a Secretary, a Treas- urer, a Librarian and three trustees of the Research Fund. 2. The President, Secretary, and Treasurer, together with two elective members shall constitute an E.vecutive Comiittee. 3. The Publication Committee shall consist of three elective members. 215 216 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 4. The Program Committee shall consist of the Secretary and the Vice-Presidents of the various sections. 5. lhree trustees elected in accordance with section 14 shall be designated as Trustees of the Research Fund. 6. The President shall discharge the usual duties of a pre- siding officer at all meetings of the Academy and of the Execu- tive Committee. He shall take cognizance of the acts of the Academy and of its officers, and cause the provisions of the Con- stitution and By-Laws to be faithfully carried into effect. He shall also give an address to the Academy at the annual meeting of the year for which he is elected. 7. The duties of the President in case of his absence or disability shall be assumed by one of the Vice-Presidents desig- nated by the Executive Committee. | 8. The Vice-Presidents shall be chairmen of their respec- tive Sections. They shall further, with the Secretary acting as chairman, constitute a Program Committee to arrange for the presentation of papers at the annual meeting. 9g. The Secretary shall keep the records of the proceedings of the Academy and a complete list of the members with the dates of their election and disconnection with the Academy. He shall co-operate with the President in attending to the ordinary affairs of the Society and also attend to the preparation, printing and mailing of circulars, blanks and notifications of elections and meetings. The Secretary shall superintend printing ordered by the Executive Committee, which is not within the province of the Publication Committee, and shall have charge of its distri- bution under direction of the Executive Committee. The Sec- retary shall also be chairman of the Program Committee as con- stituted in Section 4. Z 10. The Treasurer shall have the custody of all funds of the Academy. He shall keep an account of receipts and dis- bursements in detail, and this account shall be audited as herein- after provided. 11. The Librarian shall have charge of the distribution of publications, and in so far as practicable, shall arrange ex- changes with other societies. He shall furthermore act as cus- Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 217 todian of all property belonging to the Society. All books, periodicals, pamphlets, etc., belonging to the library shall be ac- cessible for consultation by members of the Academy under such regulations as may be provided. 12. The Executive Commnuttee is clothed with executive authority and with legislative powers of the Academy in the in- tervals between the regular annual meetings. No extraordinary act of the committee shall however remain in force beyond the next annual meeting unless ratified by the Academy. The Executive Committee shall receive nominations for membership and on approval shall submit such nominations to the Academy for action. It shall have the power to fill vacancies ad interim in any of the offices of the Academy. 13. The Publication Committee shall have charge of the preparation and publication of the Annual Report and of such other papers as may be considered by them desirable to have printed. 14. The Trustees of the Research Fund shall be three in number. They shall have charge of the allotment and distribu- tion of the income or of the principal of the Research Fund. 15. lerms of Office. The President, Vice-Presidents, Sec- retary, Treasurer, and Elective Members of the Executive Com- mittee and Publication Committee, shall be elected annually at the annual meeting, and shall be eligible to re-election without limitation, with the exception of the President, who shall not be elected for successive terms. The Librarian shall be elected for a period of three years. The Trustees of the Research Fund shall be elected for a term of three years. This shall be so ar- ranged however that the expiration of the terms of office of no two trustees occurs in the same year. ARTICLE V, VOTING AND ELECTIONS. 1. Nomination of Members. (a) Nominations for Resi- dent Membership shall be made by two Resident Members in ac- cordance with a form provided by the Executive Committee. One of such Resident Members must be acquainted with the 218 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science nominee and his qualifications for membership. The nomina- tions shall be considered by the Executive Committee and if approved by each of its members, shall be submitted to a vote of the Academy at any annual or special meeting. (b) Nominations for Corresponding Members, Honorary Members, and Patrons, shall be made by the Executive Com- mittee of the Academy, the elections to take place as in the case of Resident Members. 2. Election of Members, etc. All elections shall be by ballot. To elect a Resident Member, Corresponding Member, Honorary Member, or Patron, shall require the assent of three- fourths of all Resident Members voting. 3. Expulsion. Any member may be expelled by a vote of nine-tenths of all members present at any annual meeting, pro- vided notice that such a movement is contemplated, be given to members at least three months previous to such action. 4. Election of Officers. Nominations for office shall be made by a nominating committee as provided in the By-Laws. The nominations shall be submitted to a vote of the Academy at its regular annual meeting. The officers thus elected shall enter upon their duties at the adjournment of the meeting. ARTICLE VI, MEETINGS. 1. Meeting. The Annual Meeting shall be held during the Thanksgiving recess, the place being determined by the Executive Committee and announced by circular at least thirty days be- fore the meeting. The details of the daily session of each meet- ing shall be arranged by the Executive Committee, and an- nounced in the official program immediately before the meeting. 2. Field Meeting. A field meeting may -be called at the option of the Executive Committee. 32. Special Meeting. A special meeting of the Academy may be called by the Executive Committee upon the written re- quest of twenty Resident Members. 4. Quorum. Fifteen Resident Members shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business, Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 219 JAIRIDINCIOIE, WAVES SIKCAMLOUNYS), 1. Members not less than fifteen in number may by special permission of the Academy unite to form a Section for the in- vestigation of any branch of Science. Each Section shall bear the name of the science which it represents, thus: The Section of Geology of The Ohio Academy of Science. 2. Each Section is empowered to perfect its own organiza- tion as limited by the Constitution and By-Laws of the Academy. ARTICLE VIII, AMENDMENTS. 1. This Constitution may be amended at any annual meet- ing by a three-fourths vote of all Resident Members voting, pro- vided that the substance of the amendment shall have been sub- mitted at a preceding Annual Meeting. BY-LAWS. CHAPTER JI, MEMBERSHIP. 1. No person shall be accepted as a Resident Member or as Corresponding Member unless dues for the year are paid within three months after notification of election. The annual dues shall be one dollar and fifty cents, payable in advance. A single payment of twenty-five dollars however shall be accepted as commutation for life. 2. The sums paid in commutation of dues shall be invested, and the interest used for the ordinary purposes of the Academy during the payer’s life, but after his death the sum shall be con- verted into the Research Fund. 3. Non-payment of annual dues shall deprive a Resident Member of taking part in the management and receiving the pub- lication of the Academy. An arrearage continuing over two years shall be construed as notification of withdrawal. The Sec- retary, Treasurer, and Librarian shall be exempt from the pay- ment of dues during the year in which they hold office. 220 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 4. Any person eligible under Article III of the Constitu- tion may be elected a Patron of the Academy upon payment of one hundred dollars to the Research Fund of the Society. CHAPTER II, OFFICIALS. 1. The President and the Treasurer shall countersign, if they approve, all duly authorized accounts and orders drawn for the disbursement of money. 2. The Treasurer shall give bonds with two good sureties. approved by the Executive Committee in the sum of five hun- drec dollars, for the performance of his duties and the sate keep- ing of the funds of the Academy. He may at his discretion de- posit the funds in a bank, but shall not invest them without the authority of the Executive Committee. His accounts shall be balanced on the first day of the Annual Meeting of each year. CHAPTER III, ELECTION OF MEMBERS. 1. Nominations for Resident Members may be proposed at any time on blanks to be supplied by the Secretary. 2. The form for the nomination shall be as follows: OHIO ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. To the committee on Membership................ 190.... I desire to: become a member of the Ohio Academy of Science. Cee eee eee eee ree eee see eee eee eee eee te theese @ Countersigned by Members 4 bal SGNe aid) aletdactecnianietal ake s of een: : 3. This form when filled is to be transmitted to the Secre- tary who shall bring all nominations before the Executive Com- Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 221 mittee at either the Annual, Special or Field meetings of the Academy, and the Executive Committee shall signify its approval or disapproval of each. The list of candidates approved shall then be presented to the Academy for election. 4. Patrons, Honorary Members and Corresponding Mem- bers shall be nominated by the Executive Committee and shall be elected in the same manner as Resident Members. CHAPTER IV, ELECTION OF OFFICERS. 1. At the Annual meeting the election of officers shall take place and the officers elected shall enter on their duties at the end of the meeting. 2. The Academy shall select by ballot a Nominating Com- mittee consisting of three members who shall nominate a candi- date for each office including elective members of the Executive Committee, the Publication Committee, and the Trustees of the Research Fund. Additional nominations may be made by any member of the Academy. CHAPTER V, FINANCIAL METHODS. 1. No pecuniary obligation shall be contracted without ex- press sanction of the Academy or the Executive Committee. It is understood however that all ordinary expenses in connection with the meetings have the permanent sanction of the Academy without special action. 2. Every creditor of the Academy must present to the Treasurer an itemized bill certified by the official ordering it, and approved by the President. The Treasurer may then approve and pay the amount out of any funds not otherwise appropriated, and the receipted bill shall be held as his voucher. 3. At each annual meeting the President shall call upon the Academy to choose two members who are not officers of the society, to whom shall be referred the books of the Treasurer duly posted and balanced to the first day of the Annual Meeting as specified in Chap. II, Sec. 2, of the By-Laws. These Audi- tors shall examine the accounts and vouchers of the Treasurer 222 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science and before the adjournment of the meeting shall render a report, and the Academy shall take appropriate action. CHAPTER VI, PUBLICATIONS. 1. The publications of the Academy are in charge of the Publication Committee. 2. One copy of each publication shall be sent to every Resi- dent Member, Corresponding Member, Honorary Member, and Patron, while each author shall receive thirty copies of his memoir. This provision shall not be understood as including. publications in journals not. controlled by the Academy. 3. The official organ of the Academy is the Ohio Naturalist under the following terms of agreement: (a) The Academy shall pay to the Ohio Naturalist seven- ty-five cents for each subscription sent to members not in ar- rears for payment of dues. (b) The Ohio Naturalist shall publish announcements of meetings, list of publications for sale, ete., whenever the Acad- emy desires. Such matter however may be restricted to one- half page of advertising space in any one issue. (c) The Ohio Naturalist will print papers of from 300- 1,500 words presented at the annual meeting provided such papers are submitted in type written form within two weeks from the time of adjournment of the meeting, and have been passed upon favorably by the Publication Committee and by the Editor of the Naturalist. 4, The Annual Report of the Academy, including list of officers, list of members, presidential address, and such other matter as the publication committee may determine shall be printed as a separate issue by the publication committee. 5. Papers exceeding 1,500 words may be published at the discretion of the publication committee as a part of the series of Special Papers. 6. The publication committee shall assemble the Annual Report and the Special Papers into volumes of proceedings of convenient size, paged consecutively in each volume, under the general title “Proceedings of the Ohio Academy of Science.” Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 223 CHAPTER VII, RESEARCH FUND. 1. The Research Fund shall consist of moneys paid by the general public for publications of the Academy, of donations made in the aid of research, and of sums paid in commutation of dues according to By-Laws, Chapter I, Paragraph 1. 2. Donors to this fund, to the sum of twenty-five dollars or more, shall be entitled without charge, to publications subse- quently appearing. 3. The aim of the Academy shall be to accumulate a fund of which the income alone shall be used for the encouragement of research and for the publication of papers bearing upon the development of science in the state. CHAPTER VIII, ORDER OF BUSINESS. 1. The order of business at the Fall Annual Meeting shall be as follows: I. Opening. a Call to order by the Presiding Officer. b Statements by the President. c Appointment by the chair of a committee of three on membership. To secure nominations of new members. d Appointment by the chair of a committee of three on resolutions. 2. ‘Reports of officers. @ SeCCrewiny. b ‘Treasurer. c Librarian. 3. Appointment by the Academy of an Auditing Com- mittee of two members. 4. Reports of Standing Committees. a Executive Committee. ) Publication Committee. > Program Committee. d Trustees of Research Fund. fe! Sy 224 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 5. Reports of Special Committees. 6. New Business. 7. Election of Nominating Committee. 8. Report of Nominating Committee and Election of g. Election of Members. 10. Report of Committee on Resolutions. ti. Report of Auditing Committee. 12. Unfinished Business. 13. Adjournment. 2. Items of business under 1 to 7 shall be taken up at the first business meeting where possible and be followed by reading of papers. At an adjourned session the order shall be resumed at the place reached on the previous adjournment, but new an- nouncements, motions, and resolutions, shall be in order before the resumption of the business pending. 3. Ata Special Meeting or a Field Meeting items of busi- ness under 2, 3, 4, except “a,” 7, 8, 11 shall be omitted. 4. At any Special meeting the order of business shall be 1, followed by the Special or Field Meeting, business for which the meeting was called, and this in turn followed by 9, 12, 13, when advisable. CHAPTER IX, AMENDMENTS. These By-Laws may be amended by a majority of those vot- ing at any annual meeting. : L. B. WaLToN, Jay Jey, ARI, site IAN DACRE Commnuttee on Revision. Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 225 AP VALS ED BEACH S OH thik BE REA, CLEVELAND, J\INID) TEUICILIUD, SiIsU SERS); (Ole Oy FRANK CARNEY. INTRODUCTION Earlier investigations. Purpose of the present investigation. GENERAL CONSIDERATION OF IcE-FRONT LAKES Their growth with the receding glacier. Their outlets, duration, and shore phenomena. Embayments in the Cleveland area. THE DEVELOPMENT OF SHORE LINES Agencies involved, and conditioning factors. On-shore and along-shore movements. The undertow. Normal profile of beach ridges. Spits, bars, cusps, barriers, lagoons. Lake MAuMEE LEVEL General altitude. Details of the higher beach; of the lower beach. Lake WuHuttLesey LEVEL General altitude. Details of beach structures and form. Lake WARREN LEVEL A possible beach intermediate between this and the Whittlesey. Details of the Warren beach. St. Clair Avenue ridge may represent a lower stage. Lire RELATIONS OF THESE SHORE LINES Beach flora: location of dwellings and highways. Early agricultural methods; introduction of European methods. Economic products. Location of railways. BIBLIOGRAPHY, INTRODUCTION. A Moravian missionary, Rev. John Heckewelder, came into the Tuscarawas valley, Bolivar county, in 1762. He traveled much throughout the State in his labors with the Indians, and in 1 Presidential address read before the Ohio Academy of Science at the Granville meeting, November, 1908, representing work carried on under the direction of the Ohio Geological Survey. The author is responsible for the opinions expressed. 226 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 1790, drew a map of northeastern Ohio; on this map, he makes the first reference, so far as I can ascertain, to the Lake Erie shore lines. Accompanying the map is a brief description in which he refers more in detail to some of the deposits, now known to be of glacial and lake origin, about the lower part of Cuyahoga river. In the second annual report of the Geological Survey of Ohio, published in 1838, on p. 55, Col. Charles Whittlesey refers. to the beaches skirting Lake Erie. It would indeed be surpris- ing not to find in these early documents references to the lake ridges — they are so conspicuous a feature of the landscape. The Indians selected these ridges for their paths, and the first settlers located their highways and dwellings on them. Colonel Whittlesey’s comments are very brief. The first even casual study of these beaches was by Sir Charles Lyell, the British geologist, in 1842; he followed two of the ridges for much of the distance between the Cuyahoga and Rocky rivers. He suggested methods by which they might be more correctly interpreted, lamenting that he did not have the time to ascertain whether fresh or marine shells were to be found with the gravels. He gave it as his tentative opinion that the “Middle Ridge’? (fig. 1) in particular appears to be subaqueous in origin. In 1870, G. K. Gilbert studied the raised beaches im the Maum.ee valley; this work is probably the first rigorous study of shore-phenomena associated with ice-front lakes. Gilbert mapped the four beaches which indicated the levels of Lake Maumee and the succeeding bodies of water held up by the Erie lobe. Since his field of investigation was limited to the northwest coun- ties of the State, he did not follow the beaches very far to the east nor to the north. Gilbert's methods of studying these ridges, as well as many of his conclusions, were entirely new to the science of geology; some of his interpretations he himself altered later. * The discussion of these beaches can be followed to better advantage if you have at hand the three topographic sheets involved. 227 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science SHORE, LINES O GLACIAL LAKES MAUMEE . WHITTLESEY. WARREN CROSSING THE BEREA, CLEVELAND, AND EUCLID QUADRANGLES. CZ] %uree Shore tee Es era 4A Hesy Shore Gan hore Sto-~e == Logoonms Gam OS £ Kase (Bes0€¢ on topographic Theels of U.S @ed/ogica/ Survey, oh? G/C8. Ki ey) a pS "ON 10te *Yapo P/F we ) tA teed ENN a we Foo gp ny ee re Cheadle vo x‘ >. ‘ Th Y Alexande rave c see Ledford 228 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science The same volume which contains Gilbert's map on the beaches of the Maumee lobe, also contains J. S. Newberry’s arti- cle on the Geology of Cuyahoga County; in this, Newberry devotes about four pages to the lake ridges. In the succeeding volume of the Ohio Survey, A. A. Wright and J. S. Newberry published a more detailed description of these ridges between Elyria and Cleveland. Each ridge was traced for several miles at intervals; no attempt was made to give a detailed description of any particular beach. From about 1890, the shore-phenomena of ice-front lakes has been given special attention by many trained geologists, either independent workers, State Survey men, or employees of the Canadian and United States Geological Surveys. The de- scriptions of, and references to, the beaches in the vicinity of Cleveland are numerous and have involved much labor in their correlation. The actuating purpose of each of these workers was the bearing that the ridges of a particular locality have on broader questions of the greater lakes’ history; for this reason, we find very few close studies of any of the beaches. The present investigation concerns the lake ridges of a narrow area; it attempts no contribution whatever to the larger problem of successive ice-front lakes. One of my purposes is the interpretation of the activities along present water-bodies from the standpoint of work done by water-bodies of the past. The activities of wave and shore currents of the present Lake Erie may be intelligently studied in the light of what these same agencies were doing when the lake was one hundred to two hun- dred feet deeper. At no place in the State can one find in such horizontal nearness, in more complete development, and in bet- ter preservation, the shore lines of former water-bodies. GENERAL CONSIDERATION OF ICE-FRONT LAKES. When the great ice-sheet attained its maximum develop- ment in North America, east of the Mississippi it extended be- yond the divide of the present St. Lawrence drainage basin. This position was not reached by an uninterrupted progress. Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 229 From the dispersion centers of Labrador and Keewatin the ice fed outward, sometimes maintaining a stationary front because melting and feeding were balanced, retreating when wastage was the more active, and advancing with the ascendancy of the feed- ing. Wherever the great plain over which the ice was spreading sloped away from the ice, drainage moved freely; where, how- ever, this plain sloped toward the coming ice, the water gath- ered, forming lakes. The record of the bodies of water marginal to the Wiscon- sin ice-sheet has long been known with much accuracy. As soon as the ice in its retreat came to a halt within the basins of the present Great Lakes, then frontal water accumulated; thus there were small lakes in the Michigan and in the Erie basins, while the remaining basins were buried beneath ice. These small lakes gradually expanded as the ice-cap diminished. So long as each lake maintained an independent overflow southward, it is evi- dent that there had not been disclosed, in the area between these lakes, an altitude lower than the altitude of the overflow chan- nels. As soon as any lower point was disclosed by the retreat- ing ice then the marginal lakes coalesced and continued to drain southward by the lowest col reached. Frequently long intervals of time marked the spacing of these periods of retreat. It is this fact that makes it possible today to deliminate the extent of these temporary lakes. A time did come, however, when the whole front of the gradually receding ice-sheet was skirted by a body of water which reached the ocean by a single overflow channel. The first of these more expanded bodies of water overflowed by way of the Illinois river, past the present location of Chicago. A lower outlet was revealed when the ice withdrew from the Mohawk Valley area; then this great marginal lake reached the Atlantic by the eastern outlet. The succession of ice-front lakes, as we today read descrip- tions of their succeeding overflow channels, include so many positions that we fail to comprehend the time involved. We feel that the shore line of any particular one of the present Great Lakes, as Superior, represents a long time period. We have 230 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science difficulty, perhaps, in realizing that Lake Whittlesey, or Maumee, probably endured quite as long as the present Lake Ontario. When, however, we compare the rock cliffs now bordering the shore of Lake Erie, the constructed beaches, the barriers, the lagoons isolated by development of new bars, the dune sands reaching inland from the shores, with the identical phenomena of these lakes of the past and see how little they differ in scale, in spite of the denuding agencies that have operated upon them since they were formed, then we can better comprehend the very appreciable time intervals represented by the successive stages in the past history of the Great Lakes. The shore of Lake Maumee in the vicinity of Cleveland was irregular because of the embayments occupying the Rocky river and Cuyahoga river valleys. The arm of the lake extending southward into the former valley was crescent shaped, the west- ern being the shorter of the two segments; but the prevailing winds, by constructing spits and bars, gradually brought that part of the shore into alignment with the general direction of the beach. A more detailed discussion of this is given later. The valley of Big Creek also formed a small bay during the early part of this lake stage; here again, on its western side, bars gradually developed and straightened the shore line. The mature Cuyahoga valley was occupied by water of the Maumee level, reaching southward through the entire length of the Cleveland sheet. This arm was the drowned portion of the Cuyahoga valley, for the tributaries of which the lake consti- tuted a local base level into which they spread deltas. The shore of the Lake Whittlesey stage shows no evidence of a bay in the meridian of Rocky river; there was a slight curve in its outline where the water fronted the lower part of Big creek. In the Cuyahoga valley, however, this stage extended southward through the Cleveland sheets; its altitude 1s recorded by terraces cut into the deltas of the preceding stage, as well as by the extension of these deltas during the existence of Lake Whittlesey. The Warren shoreline is characterized by but one embay- ment, that occupying the Cuyahoga valley which was ponded the entire length of the Cleveland sheet. Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 231 THE DEVELOPMENT OF SHORE LINES. The processes involved in the development of shore lines are chemical and mechanical. The chemical factor is not of great consequence, though from one point of view it demands at- tention; the mechanical processes are really the ones that need consideration. Winds impel the water into waves and currents producing primarily two movements, on-shore and along-shore. The effectiveness of each movement is controlled directly by the velocity of the wind and the nature of the coast. The work accomplished by these agencies is influenced in the first place by the nature of the material which the waves are attacking; if the coast is rock it yields less readily than do unconsolidated deposits; in the second place, by the profile of the beach and off-shore slope. Ultimately these agencies under normal exposure to waves will bring about a fairly uniform and constant profile which is a gentle long slope into deeper water. The time required for a given body of water in a particular local- ity to produce shore line structures, depends very largely upon the original outline of the coast: if sufficiently irregular, and if it yields quickly to these denuding agencies, a supply of material will be at hand for constant work. It is in the production of this material that the chemical pro- cess figures. In the presence of water, chemical disintegration is facilitated. This is important even when the coast being at- tacked consists of unconsolidated deposits. The basic elements of glacial drift break down more readily, leaving the acidic for distribution by waves. But the more effective work in the preparation of material is accomplished locally by the waves of translation which erode the shores producing bluffs, that in turn are under-cut by wave- impact and the tools the water has in it. This on-shore move- ment of water likewise grinds the constituents of the beach, rounding and diminishing the size of all the stones. The along- shore movements also do much attrition work. Furthermore, as the waves of greater size break off-shore, they pick up bits of rock, dashing them again to the bottom, thus continuing the work of attrition begun nearer shore. 232 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science All this material is being distributed likewise by the water. Beach ridges represent the ascendency of the work of water moving on-shore over that accomplished by the water moving outward, that is, the under-tow. Whenever the dash of oncoming waves drives material up the slope beyond the effective reach of the under-tow, that material becomes part of the beach ridge. The ridges represent the work of unusually strong and more directly on-shore movements; an equally powerful on-shore wave, striking the coast obliquely, is not so effective in construct- ing ridges. Since the beach ridge, then, represents a differential of these quite opposing movements of water, it follows that the shape of this ridge is also the result of this difference. The un- dertow cannot carry any save the smaller bits of rock, and only the finer portions are carried very far off-shore. Material in suspension is always the finest product of destructive work and will be taken farthest from the shore line. The front slope of a beach ridge has a long gentle gradient, save at the edge of the water, where, for a short horizontal distance, the angle is sharper ; the back-slope often has a short, sharp angle, and stands more conspicuously above the coast (figs. 2, 3). When the waves do not strike the shore directly, the oblique movement sets up an along-shore drift; this along-shore drift is a more active distributing agent when the coast is parallel to, or but slightly transverse to, the direction of the prevailing winds. The outlines of these high-level lakes were in general concentric with the present Lake Erie, the shore of which is well exposed to the sweep of the prevailing west winds. It is due to this relationship that headlands have been removed and _ their products distributed to the east. Where an angle of water extends into the land, we gener- ally find a spit gradually growing out across this reéntrant from its windward side. The along-shore movement of water dis- tributes material in a straight line unless some stronger force tends to deflect the line of deposition. Such a deflecting force is present when we find translatory waves passing landward through the deepening area of the bay; then the spit is bent in- ward in the shape of a hook. As the height of the spit increases Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 288 from its tied end, the effectiveness of this deflecting movement is tempered, and we see in consequence, that the spit continues its development in a straight line, leaving the hooked portion as an irregularity on the back slope of the spit; when the bay has been completely shut off, this constructed form is called a bar. It not infrequently happens that spits are developed outward from either side of a bay, sometimes uniting, and sometimes passing each other, thus isolating the bay. In the construction of spits from the windward angle of the bay, sometimes intervening areas are isolated and form la- goons. These lagoons may be developed in series, as when the spit terminates in a hook and later continues to grow forward; more often, however, the lagoons have long axes parallel with the trend of the bars. Through the interference of shore currents, such interfer- ences often arising from deflected movements of water, the loose materials instead of being carried continuously parallel with the shore, are so deposited as to form a cape which gradually grows out into the water. This constructional form is termed a cusp. When the shores slopes gradually into deeper water, the higher waves break some distance from the shore; the work then done is similar to that accomplished by strong waves breaking at the water-margin, that is, material is piled up; this piling up of detritus in deeper water develops a barrier which is, in real- ity, a submerged beach ridge; barriers therefore, are parallel to the shore. Much of the material which enters into the construc- tion of barriers has been carried back from the shore by the un- dertow. In time the barrier grows higher, and accordingly in- terferes with the velocity of along-shore currents, causing the water to drop some of the load it may be carrying. From this time on, the barrier grows through these two methods; it may ultimately rise to the surface of the water and eventually form the shore line proper; when this happens, the space between the beach ridge or cliff and the barrier becomes a lagoon. We sometimes find a cusp fringed by a barrier; the pro- cess of its development is identical with the method above dis- 234 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science cussed. Between this barrier and the cusp, a lagoon may appear. The barrier may or may not border the entire cusp. Islands, and shallow places due to irregularities of the lake bed, interfere with the movements of the water; the former undergo wave and current erosion, thus supplying materials for the construction of spits, etc.; the latter, when rising sufficiently near to the surface of the water, may check its velocity and thus grow upward through the accession of deposits. With the con- tinuation of this process, an island may appear, and from it spits will develop with the course of the prevailing winds. LAKE MAUMEE LEVEL. I will describe these beaches from west to east across the Cleveland area (fig 1). The altitude usually assigned to the Maumee level ranges from 765 to 785 feet. This lake was about 200' feet deeper than Lake Erie. Two stages are indicated by a higher and lower beach varying 15 to 20 feet in altitude. From Fields east to the Elyria traction line this shore con- sists of a cliff and terrace cut in the glacial drift (fig. 2, A); the terrace bears some gravel; thence to the vicinity of Kamms, which is just east of the Rocky river, it is made of gravel and sand. In places this beach has a steep back-slope; throughout most of the distance, the front slope rises from 15 to 20 feet (fig. 2, B, C, D). Southeast from North Olmsted its constituents are fine to coarse sand, and less gravel. For a long period the region about North Olmsted must have formed a point or cape in the shore line as it marked the western limit of the Rocky river embayment. There is evidence of vigorous wave-action here; a few rods south of the corners at North Olmsted is a gravel ridge with a front-slope 3 feet and a back-slope 7 feet high, and containing stones as large as 3 inches in diameter. The first barrier built in this embayment is traversed by a south-east-trending road connecting the two north-south high- ways south-east of North Olmsted; this barrier is about three- fourths of a mile long and consists chiefly of fine deposits. Its discontinuance westward where we would normally expect it to join the main ridge may be partly due to removal by erosion; Cc 1660/ B 815° 00" A Fic. 2. Cross-sections A-D belong to the upper Maumee level; E-G, to the lower Maumee level. The location of the cross-sections may be found on fig. 1. ‘I “8 }Nsuod uor}das-sso.19d Yous FO UOHBSOT JOM [aA] WaaseM oY} 0} “T pure sy ‘joAeT Aosopary A, ou3 07 Suojoq [-}{ suonsoas-ssoiy ‘e ‘OL Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 237 eastward it flattens out and disappears within about one-fourth mile of the Rocky river channel. Inland from this I found no evidence of a beach, a condition due to the very low gradient and the consequent wide zone of shallow water. About one- half mile north of the west end of this barrier there is another ridge, terminating near the creek in a slightly recurved spit, ap- parently subaqueous in origin but later marking the shore line for a relatively brief period, after which it was gradually isolated by the development from the western shoulder of the embay- ment of still another spit. The road extending southeast from North Olmsted trav- erses this bar which tended further to shut out the Rocky river embayment; this bar is coarser in texture than the bar above de- scribed, and encloses in its rear several lagoons which were de- veloped consecutively from west to east by the hooked growth of spits as the bar extended farther across the bay. This ridge continues to the edge of the present channel of Rocky river, and there is some evidence of it eastward from the river. Returning to the shoulder in the main shore line at North Olmsted, we find at the present time a pronounced cliff, swing- ing at first slightly to the south and then continuing directly east. Between this and the bar last described, there are several marsh areas or lagoons, decreasing in number and size eastward, and each representing an inward bend or temporary hook-terminus of the spit. While this originated as a spit growing into the bay, it came in time to be a typical wave-constructed beach; its front slope is gentle, rising in altitude from Io to 14 feet; the back slope is nowhere very pronounced, owing to the leveling-up of the lagoon depressions. The beach averages about 10 rods in width ; in places, however, the back slope is so slight as to make exact measurement impossible. Over the first mile of this beach, a highway extends, branching at the river into one road running directly north and another skirting the river channel; this latter road continues on a slight gravel ridge, the most pronounced phase of which lies to the east of the highway next to the river cliff. It is probable, however, that the complete development of the shore-ridge in this locality may not now appear for the rea- 238 Proceedings of the Olio State Academy of Science son that on its eastern side the river has undercut much of its width. After the first half mile, the beach lies entirely to the east of a highway, at which place it has been worked for a long time as a gravel pit; this is on the farm of W. F. Schultz. Pro- ceeding, the highway again strikes the ridge which at no point for the next mile rises more than 5 feet above the general level; it discontinues within the next one-half mile, terminating directly southeast of Goldwood; but on the opposite side of the river about one-half mile south of Puritas Springs, we find this beach again, and can follow it without a break to within one-eighth of a mile of Kamms, where it becomes a cliff, cut in the Cleveland shale. A few rods east of Kamms, the cliff phase changes to a low gravel ridge which continues through and east of West Park. In the vicinity of West Park the water deepened so grad- ually to the north, that no beach ridge was constructed ; low spits, however, were developed, apparently of the barrier-type in origin, which were later somewhat modified as the on-shore waves succeeded in forming a true beach. One such spit turns sharply northward of the intersection of Lorain and Davisville streets. This relationship of ridges accounts for the slight la- goon just southeast of the corner at West Park. Other lagoon areas were developed within a mile north of this area, the prin- cipal one of which lies between the Berea and Warren roads; apparently, this latter lagoon represents a slight bay which was later enclosed by a barrier. The West Park area presents some complexities in shore structure largely because of its proximity to the Big Creek embayment. This embayment was in time completely shut off through the successive growth of bars. The first of these spits ties to the main shore in the vicinity of Linndale, extending north-westward about one-quarter of a mile; this has a pronounced development, being from 5 to 15 feet in altitude; it consists of well worn gravel and sand. No spit correlating with this was found on the opposite side of the bay. Extending southward from Lorain street, is another spit from 2 to 5 feet in altitude, and for about one-half mile continues Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 239 a few rods west of Bosworth road, after which this road follows the ridge to Bellaire road, in North Linndale. The western trib- utary of Big creek runs parallel with this spit for about 80 rods. Some scattered ridges of gravel exist south of Big creek on the opposite shore of this embayment. After the Maumee lake level had finally established a con- tinuous shore line across the valley of Big creek, the beach-form- ing agencies must have worked uninterruptedly for a long period. From the intersection of the Big Four track with the Berea road northeast of Rockport, eastward to the present channel of Big creek in the vicinity of the West Shore railroad, the shore is a beach-ridge and cliff averaging about 23 feet in height and hav- ing a sharp front slope. In the northwest part of Rockport vil- lage are depressions representing a lagoon developed in the growth of this beach, but eastward to the West Shore railroad, the ridge, simple in construction, consists of ordinary shore gravels. At the West Shore railroad, however, it divides; one of these divisions terminates on the edge of the creek bluff, but probably reappears again in a slight gravel ridge overlying moraine, south of the creek; the other arm, later in development, trends southeast, terminating in the bluff near West Park ceme- tery. For the next one-half mile, | was unable to find any gravels, but the shore line appears to be indicated by a cliff cut in the moraine; nearing Brooklyn, however, beach gravels again ap- pear. Street grading and other structural work have so modified topography here that one can not decide whether the ridge through a part of Brooklyn is of barrier origin, or of regular beach construction. South of Brooklyn, as the Schaaf road di- verges to the east, the Maumee level is plainly marked; the high- est part of the beach here bears much sand, suggesting subaque- ous origin. East from this point the higher Maumee level is not defi- nitely marked. North of Independence, the slope has been steepened possibly by wave-work, and possibly by stream-work when the glacier extended southward into the Cuyahoga valley, ponding the drainage which escaped westward along the edge 240 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science of the ice. About a mile north of Willow along the Warren road, there is beach gravel, and north of Kingsbury run the rock slope appears to be wave-cut at an altitude correlating with this lake stage. Returning to the western edge of the Berea sheet, we find a few rods north of this shore line what was probably a barrier, and later a beach, followed now by a highway, locally designated “Chestnut ridge.” This ridge is about 15 feet below the shore line above described ; it consists generally of fine sand; is from 4 to 6 rods wide and rises 8 feet on the average along its front- slope, which is very gradual (fig. 2, F, G). Between Chestnut ridge and the beach of the higher Maumee level, the interval is very mucky, indicating a former lagoon condition; to the east and north, this ridge blends gradually into the general level. Be- tween this point and North Olmsted, two slender ridges, tied at their western ends to the beach of the higher level, trend with the old shore line. From North Olmsted to the edge of the present river chan- nel directly west of Kamms, is a sharply defined beach slope changing locally into a constructed shore ridge. Throughout this distance we have the permanent shore line for the lower Maumee level (indicated by 2 on fig. 1), marking the position of the water after the Rocky river embayment had been completely closed; the back slope of the ridge descends into extensive mucky areas which indicate the swampy condition that prevailed for a long period after the embayment had been shut off. Market- gardening is the chief industry in this section at the present time. The most conspicuous spit developed in the process of enclosing the Rocky river embayment is the broad-based ridge extending southward from Goldwood; opposite the end of this, extending northwestward from the other shore of the bay, is a correlating spit; apparently the two approached quite closely but have since © been separated by erosion. Proceeding eastwatd from Goldwood this shore line takes on more and more the form of a constructed beach, varying in width from 4 to 15 rods, and in height from 12 to 24 feet. Near the river it is slightly modified through erosion. Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 241 Another feature o1 this level of the Maumee stage is found in the off-shore bars which are not strictly of the barrier type. The second highway east of North Olmsted, running to the north, passes along a north-south ridge of gravel and sand. Reaching eastward from the termini of this ridge are compound spits that represent the work of west winds. This bar and its appended spits with their like orientation indicate a shallow place in the water occasioned probably by a ridge of glacial drift. Smooth-surfaced till, rather stony in texture, is found in the fields east and west of this ridge. Wells sunk in the ridge also penetrate drift, but throughout its whole extent the ridge is cov- ered with gravel from 5 to 14 feet in thickness. The spits that have grown from the ends of this ridge present several interest- ing features, especially in their constant trend to the east, in their gradual variation in texture from coarser gravels to fine sand eastward, and in the lagoons formed by the development of sec- ondary spits from the windward side of the angle made by the main bar and the spit already developed. A short one-half mile northeast of Goldwood is a cusp fringed by a barrier. The cusp is about 50 rods long; between it and the barrier is a lagoon. Eastward towards the river, just before crossing the road which leads north to Rockport, is a short barrier with a lagoon in its rear. [From the intersection of the Rockport road with the main shore, another ridge extends north-eastward;_ this, throughout nearly the whole of its one-half mile length, shows a strong development, in places 4 to 6 rods wide on top; and hay- ing a sharp back-slope. Continuing eastward along this lower level of the Maumee Lake, we find on the opposite side of the river, west and north of the Rockport race track, a short slope due to wave work on the shales thus forming a cliff. For some distance this shore line is indistinct, but reappears about one-half mile northeast of Munn road, in a strongly developed gravel ridge which swings due east after crossing Warren road. It shortly blends into a low ridge of clay. The interpretation of this clay ridge was puzzling for some time; it is plainly not of glacial origin, and is 242 Proceedings of the Olio State Academy of Science so free from gravel or other normal wave-worn products that a shore line genesis did not suggest itself. In this vicinity, the Cleveland shale bears scarcely a veneer of glacial deposits. Wave action in consequence has attacked the shale, and because of the very low slope of the lake basin, cliff cutting did not take place. The shale was ground off by the waves and piled in a low ridge, so slowly that weathering proceeded, it is thought, to a considerable extent before Maumee Lake fell to a lower level. Going south from Warren road, along Brown road, one crosses two other slight gravel and sand ridges which alternate with lagoons. The southernmost of these formed the north shore line of the lagoon bay, already mentioned, which Brown road crosses before reaching Berea road. Farther eastward, I have not noted any distinct shore-ridges correlating with this second Maumee level, except the possibility of such a ridge being indicated by the shore gravel extending south-eastward from the intersection of this beach with the West Shore railroad just north of Big creek. The front-slope of the beach along Schaaf road shows some evidence of being modified by the water of this lower level. The Tinkers creek delta has a cliff and terrace which apparently correlates with it. North- east of Willow, on the slope east of a brick plant, are gravels at the proper altitude. And east of 87th street, between Union avenue and Kinsman road, is another area of possible lower Maumee shore deposits. IDANINID, \WehIlIIML BS ILIA. The altitude of this shore line is approximately 735 feet, or about 30 feet lower than the preceding stage. From the western border of the Berea quadrangle to the Cuyahoga river, it is practically unbroken, and for the major part of this distance con- sists of a gravel ridge, in a few places one-quarter of a mile wide, enclosing lagoons. The Cleveland, Elyria, and \Vestern Electric railway enters the Berea sheet on this ridge, but after traversing it for a few rods, swings directly eastward to the shore ridge of the Maumee level. Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 248 Cross sections of the western part of this beach are shown in fig. 3, H-J. The compound characteristic of the ridge is appar- ent in section H. The low front-slope condition here indicated continues to characterize the ridge north-eastward as far as Bement; from Bement to Dover, the ridge is found in its most complex phase; through most of this distance, the outer slope is longer than shown in section J. The ridge top is much broader and for the second half of the distance we find a series of ridges alternating with longitudinal muck basins. Fic. 4. Looking eastward along the Whittlesey beach one-half mile east of Dover. From Dover eastward to Rockport the ridge consists. of gravel with a short front-slope rising 20 to 22 feet, and a back- slope dropping not more than 7 feet (fig. 4). The compound form of the ridge observed west of Dover is much less charac- teristic of this portion; nearing Rockport, however, I have noted a few former swamp areas. The shape of the front-slope for several miles here indicates cliff-development, at the western por- tion in shale, and eastward, where the shore line crosses the buried Rocky river channel, in drift. Crossing the Rocky river, the course of this beach is indi- 244 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science cated for about one mile by Hilliard road, but at the intersection of West Madison avenue, the beach swings directly to the east, and changes from a gravel ridge to a cut cliff shown in the steep slope just north of this avenue. From Ridgewood avenue, east- ward to the Lake Shore railway, the course of the beach is not definite ; but upon crossing the Lake Shore, it comes in once more in its beach-ridge phase and thus continues to the neighborhood of the intersection of Fulton road and Denison avenue. From Lorain street almost to Fulton road, this ridge originated as a spit developing into the Cuyahoga embayment, and for over one- half of the distance, for some period of time, appears to have formed the shore while the other half apparently was still sub- aqueous. From Fulton road to the western part of Brooklyn, what- ever development this beach had obtained has since been oblit- erated by the erosion-work of Big creek. Its course through Brooklyn is somewhat doubtful because of street grading and other destructive work. The best exposure of the beach-ridge in this vicinity is along the west side of Broadview avenue just east of West 25th street; for about 80 rods the beach thus con- tinues; it then swings southward across Broadview and flattens out. A short distance farther to the south I noted a wave-cut cliff parallel to Scarsdale avenue, which turns southward cross- ing Roanoke and Tate avenues. Beyond this point the shore of Lake Whittlesey was at first parallel to, and later coincided with, the lower beach of Lake Maumee. This horizontal coincidence has given the lower Maumee beach a steep front-slope, the dif- ference in the level of the two lakes measuring the vertical dis- tance through which the older beach may have been over-steep- ened. On the opposite side of the Cuyahoga river, about one and one-half miles north of Willow, we find parallel with Inde- pendence road, a bar one-half mile in length; the southern part of this is nearly north-south in direction, but the northern half swings eastward in conformation with the outlines of the Cuya- hoga embayment. Sand and gravel of contemporaneous devel- opment were noted along 59th street, south of Harvard avenue. For some distance northward this beach could not be definitely Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 2465 mapped since this interval has been worked over in the street development of Newburg, but for a short distance between 8oth street and the Pennsylvania railroad, there is a low ridge of gravel conforming in altitude with this lake level. For over a mile to the northward, I have not mapped any gravel or sand interpreted as representing Lake Whittlesey, but just south of the Fairmount reservoir, and parallel to Baldwin street, there is a low sandy ridge which indicates this shore. From this point eastward I was unable to satisfy myself that the rock escarpment gives any evidence of wave work that definitely indicates the Whittlesey level; there are scattered salients which bear indefinite notches that may possibly indicate cliff-cutting of this shore; some of these benches may also be explained as the result of differential weathering. It seems preferable to state that the rock cliff which continues north-east- ward from Garfield’s monument for some eight miles is due to denuding agents in operation long prior to the ice invasion, and has since been altered slightly by the wave work of both the Maumee and Whittlesey levels. LAKE WARREN LEVEL. Lake Warren marks a vertical subsidence of the Whittle- sey level; the drop is about 50 feet. The evidence west of Rocky River on the Berea sheet suggests that the subsidence was brought about in a very short time, but eastward from Rocky river there is an intermediate beach of slight development sug- gesting a gradual subsidence of the Whittlesey to the Warren level. This intermediate stage averages 20 feet above the War- ren beach proper. From the Rocky river, to Ridgewood avenue, it is practically parallel to Detroit street, and consists of a low broad ridge of fine sand and gravel as far as Arthur avenue, while eastward the level is marked by a cliff cut in the Cleveland shale. The same ridge appears again along West Madison ave- nue, in the vicinity of 81st street; turning to the northeast, it crosses the Nickel Plate railroad, thence more directly east it crosses West 25th street, a short distance south of Lorain street. On the east side of the Cuyahoga the general direction of this 246 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science beach is indicated by Woodland avenue, which follows the ridge for over two miles. Just west of the Berea sheet in Lorain county, the Warren shore bears sharply to the north. This point of land extending into the lake acted as a wind break to the shore directly east. In consequence of this, the first two miles of the Warren shore on the Berea sheet consists almost entirely of sand and very fine gravel; the beach contains a slight terrace (fig. 3, K), a cliff that averages about 20 feet, and for the most of this distance, is a low ridge. A few rods east of the north-south road connecting West Dover and Bement, the Warren level is marked by a cliff cut in Fic. 5. Looking eastward across the Warren shore line at first highway south of West Dover; the cliff is here cut in shale. the shales (fig. 5), and this phase continues eastward for a little more than four miles. Contemporaneously with the develop- ment of the first mile of this cliff, off-shore deposits gradually widened the beach; throughout part of this distance, two or more barriers developed, giving rise to intervening depressed areas where marshes have persisted. till the present time. A cliff and terrace characterizes this shore where it crosses the buried Rocky river. Between the sandy beach on the west side of the sheet and the till terrace marking the site of old Rocky river, the interval of shales bears locally a few feet of glacial drift. Eastward of Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 247 Cahcun creek, there is slight evidence of gravel accumulations at the base of the bluff. Commencing three-fourths of a mile west of Rocky river, the top of the bluff bears a beach ridge, its crest rising three to four feet. Nearing the river, the ridge becomes composite, in- closing lagoons. Directly east of Rocky river, a cusp, devel- oped from this beach, extends northward from Detroit street across the Nickel Plate railroad. For about two miles this beach consists. of a sand ridge locally composite, and from 40 to 80 rods in width. Near Highland avenue, the beach gravels present a sharper front slope (fig. 3, L). Just east of this avenue, the shore line swings slightly southward, changing to a cliff cut in the Cleveland shales. In the vicinity of West tooth street, the Warren level is again indicated by a wide sandy beach, in places, reaching from Detroit avenue southward to Franklin avenue. On the east side of the Cuyahoga, excepting about one mile west of Wade Park, the Warren level is marked by the Euclid avenue beach. From the vicinity of East 65th street, to the campus of the Women’s College of Western Reserve Univer- sity, the Warren shore is found north of Euclid avenue. East- ward as far as Collamer, a beach-ridge condition continues to the eastern edge of Euclid sheet. There is evidence that the War- ren level did some wave-cutting in the shales, developing a -gravel-bordered terrace that is wider in some places than in others, the control being a matter of stratigraphy. East of Euclid, the cliff-cutting work of this lake was more pronounced. In the vicinity of the intersection of Ansel road and Super- ior avenue, I noted a conspicuous development of rather fine sand. Sand of the same level may exist westward, but on ac- count of extensive building operations, tracing it was not at all satisfactory. Eastward from Doan creek, however, this broad, low ridge of sand may be followed without a break to the inter- section of Penobscot and St. Clair avenues; from this point east- ward, St. Clair avenue is located on this ridge of sand and gravel, and continues thereon to Nottingham. For three-fourths of a mile east of Nottingham, the gravel ridge is but slightly devel- oped, but reappears again just before St. Clair avenue crosses the 248 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science Lake Shore tracks; thence for one and one-fourth miles the gravel ridge swings a little north of the avenue and continues to the edge of the Euclid sheet. From Nottingham eastward, this ridge is not over three feet high, even where it is best developed, but west of Nottingham, the ridge in places is 5 ‘feet to 10 feet high, and contains some rather coarse gravel. This St. Clair avenue beach ridge is about 30 feet lower than the proper Warren level; its shape and continuity suggest a lake stage. West of the river nearly to Edgewater Park there is much sand and fine gravel at the same altitude. If, however, Lake Warren declined slowly, or by short stages, it is probable that the St. Clair ridge is only a barrier beach. LIFE RELATIONS OF LHESE SHORE LINES: The flat region bordering Lake Erie has been likened to a coastal plain. There are several reasons for seeing a similarity. In the first place, the escarpment due largely to inequality of rock texture serves as a border for the low smooth strip that belts the lake. This flat bordering strip, as we have seen, is a ter- raced lake plain. Furthermore, the successive lake-stages have given the streams corresponding local base-levels, hence they have had a drainage history very unlike that of coastal plain streams. Organisms, flora and fauna, have been influenced by this particular physiography with its stretches of gravel ridges, rock cliffs, wide strips of sand and marshes, and extensive clay areas. And man, both Indian and white, dwelling here, has also experienced physiographic reactions. It is our purpose to look briefly into some of man’s responses. These old shore lines in their development witnessed the usual shifting facies of plant habitats, developing societies, and in time families and communities, working out the usual history that always takes place slowly under a changing environment. The ecology of modern shore lines under like climatic condi- tions must be very similar. Each stage of these high level lakes involved a great lapse of time. Some indications of this time are seen in the numerous swamp areas, many of which had not Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 249 been eliminated by natural processes when the white man came into the area. As soon as a given level of the lake gave way to a new and lower level, the deserted beach, as well as the area recently cov- ered by deep water, were spread over by plants in their normal struggle. I*rom the standpoint of the farmer, the plant history of this land is of importance. Residual rock alone does not make a fertile farm. He ploughs the soil which is reduced rock plus the remains of organisms; usually the more of this latter addition the better is his soil. A ridge inhospitable to plants is made artificially hospitable to crops only with the greatest of labor. Beach societies were never prolific, for here flora always has a struggle and even after the withdrawal of the water in- suring a static condition of the beach, the plant societies multi- plied very slowly. For this reason humus accumulated slowly. Relatively, then, beaches were never fertile. The sand areas al- ways associated with beaches, either through the development of spits, cusps, or deltas, have a more abundant flora, in consequence of which they have become richer for cultivation. The prolific plant life of lagoons develops an almost ideal soil. Many la- goons are found about the angles of embayments and between barriers and shores; these make rich lands. Another relation of these shore lines, passive but of im- portance in the development of the region, is seen in their use by the Indian for trails and the white man for highways. In consequence of this influence, the farms front the shore-ridges, and the houses, in general, are placed on the front-slope where quick and effective drainage is best assured. The shape of the older farms, longer or shorter as the shores converge or diverge, again shows an influence of these successive lake levels. Furthermore, there is observed in the agricultural evolu- tion of this region a tardy adaptation to natural conditions. The first farmers here were emigrants from New England and car- ried on general farming, extensive in its application. Land was cheap and there was plenty of it; population was sparse, hence markets were limited. Only the old staple lines of grains and 250 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science fruits were cultivated. Even in a generation, the descendants of these New England emigrants learned that the muck lands associated with the ridges were especially adapted to the growth of onions; further than this, I have not been able to learn of much ingenuity on the part of these aboriginal farmers. Grad- ually as more distant outlets were found, the first through the construction of good stage roads, later through the digging of canals and the stimulated lake navigation, and finally through the building of railroads, agriculture became more varied. More thought was given to adapting crops to the soil. The broad flats below the Whittlesey level were found better suited to the growth of vineyards; the soil here is clay, for the most part either glacial or residual of the old shales. We note in this region at the present time further diversity, particularly where a low swell of gravel breaks the usual clay; these slight ridges may be located, usually by an apple orchard three or four rows of trees wide, but awkwardly long. With the increasing city population, a growth made up very largely of foreigners attracted by opportunities of labor, there came increasing local demands; but the local farmer was tardy in responding to this demand; he was not so thrifty that he re- garded his farm investment as a good one; in consequence, the provident foreigner from his days’ labor relentlessly saved and so became a farmer. With this gradual supplanting of the New England farmer by the Danes, Germans, Bohemians, and Po- landers, came the installation of European thoroughness in ag- riculture. Intensive and specialized farming rather than the former extensive method was inaugurated as these men became land owners. Farms that had been barely supplying the ex- penses oi living for a Yankee family later formed the basis of permanent bank accounts. The beach ridges were enriched, crops adapted to them were grown; the sandy fields were so treated as to be made more dependable in times of drought; stub- born clay areas were drained and lightened. As the city of Cleveland continued to grow in population, market-gardening in the hands of these foreigners was made very profitable. These new emigrants from old Europe brought with them a training Proceedmgs of the Ohio State Academy of Science 251 acquired through generations of ancestors engaged in a struggle for momentary support. This training has made them more val- uable as American farmers than as laborers in factories. In still another direction, we find the lake ridges entering into life relations. For industrial purposes, such as building- blocks and concrete, they furnish a supply of gravel and sand; the extensive deposits of lake and glacial clays have afforded material for brick and tile. We find a specially interesting physiographic reaction in the influence of the lake-made physiwgraphy on railroad construc- tion. In this area, the Cuyahoga was the largest river tributary to these lakes. Into the lake at all stages, the Cuyahoga built an extensive delta and as the lakes dropped from one stage to an- other, tributary streams have incised this delta which is made up of sand, coarse and fine, and gravels of varying texture. It yields readily to stream work, consequently deep channels were developed. Its lack of stability near the walls of a stream is obvious; for this reason railroads have always hesitated about constructing high bridges. All railroads centering at Cleveland have either east-west courses bordering the lake, or north-south courses paralleling the Cuyahoga valley. The Lake Shore, as the name implies, be- longs to the former class. One-other east-west road, however, the Nickel Plate, approaching the city from the east, turns south- ward near the south side of the delta and descends through the valley of Kingsbury run to the level of the present Cuyahoga river in ascending from which, on the western side, it uses an- other tributary valley. The Big Four uses this same valley west of the Cuyahoga. . The railroads from the south, that is, the Baltimore & Ohio, Pennsylvania, Wheeling and Lake Erie, with the exception of the Pennsylvania, enter the city through tributary valleys cut in the old delta. The Pennsylvania, however, follows Mill creek to Newburg, then it skirts the Maumee beach for two miles and gradually descends the delta slope to the lake front; the Balti- more & Ohio has a more uniform gradient as it follows the edge of the river channel. 252 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science But at the present time, a high level bridge is under con- struction; this is being built across the Cuyahoga on the delta- top level; it is a part of the recently located “Belt Line” which has become the property of the Lake Shore Railroad Company. From the standpoint of engineering, this is a hazardous venture, a fact which in the light of thousands of dollars spent by this company in the last year, much of which has been sunk in the slumping quicksands of this old delta, needs no further comment. A vital question today in every large American city is speedy transportation for the urban part of its citizens. This fact has led to the construction, in many large centers of population, of subways. For the most part subways in the city of Cleveland would have to be cut through this old delta. Such an under- taking will doubtless present new questions to subway engineers. This particular part of the southern shore of Lake Erie, if one can clearly interpret the present movement of industry, is destined to be the most thickly populated portion of Ohio. The lake plain here, so far as the city of Cleveland is concerned, even now is too narrow. It is probable that in this assured develop- ment many physiographic reactions, new to this region, will arise. This whole composite of conditions, then, is the result of a pre-glacial physiography upon which has been imposed the work of three lake levels, and which is becoming still further complicated by the shore line now in the making. BIBLIOGRAPHY. GILBERT, G. K. “Surface Geology of the Maumee Valley,” Geol. Surv. Ohio, vol. i (1873), pp. 537-56. HECKEWELDER, JOHN : Map of Northeastern Ohio, Western Reserve Historical Society, Tract 64 (1884). LEVERETT, FRANK “Correlation of Moraines with Beaches on the Border of Lake Erie,” The American Geologist, vol. xxi (1898), pp. 195-99. Mono- graph, xli (1902), U. S. Geol. Surv., “Cleveland Moraine,” pp. 619- 51; “The Glacial Lake Maumee,” pp. 732-35; “The Glacial Lake Whittlesey,” pp. 752-55; “The Glacial Lake Warren,” pp. 763-64. Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 258 LvELL, CHARLES Travels in North America, vol. ii (1845, New York), pp. 71-74. NeEwserry, J. S. “Report on Geology of Cuyahoga County,’ Geol. Surv. Olio, vol. i (1873), pp. 171-200. “Terraces and Beaches,’ Geol. Surv. Olio, vol. 1i (1874), pp. 50-65. “Lake Ridges,” Geol. Surv. Ohio, vol. ili (1878), pp. 44-45. Pierce, S. J. “The Preglacial Cuyahoga Valley, xx (1897), pp. 176-81. Tayior, F. B. “Correlation of Erie-Huron Beaches and Outlets and Moraines in Southeastern Michigan,” Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., vol. viii (1897), pp. 31-58. bb) The American Geologist, vol. UpHAM, WARREN “Preglacial and Postglacial Valleys of the Cuyahoga and Rocky Rivers,” Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., vol. vii (1896), pp. 327-48. “Cuyahoga Preglacial Gorge in Cleveland, Ohio,” Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., vol. viii (1897), pp. 7-18. WHITTLESEY, CHARLES “Lake Erie Beaches,” Second Annual Report, Geological Survey of Ohio, (1888), p. 55. Wricut, A. A. “Map of Beaches in Lorain and Cuyahoga Counties,’ Geol. Surv. Ohio, vol. it (1874), p. 58. 254 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science SIX HUNDRED PLANTS OF GENERAL DISDRIBUDION LEN FOENO;: JOHN H. SCHAFFNER. A study of the plants in the Ohio State Herbarium shows 600 species to be of general distribution in the state. Most of these are also common. The number of plants generally dis- tributed is probably much larger, at least 1,000 species, but the collections are still too imperfect to give complete data. Since the plants thus far collected and incorporated into the herbarium are not at present kept in a fire-proof building, it was thought advisable to publish the list in order that, in case of accident or fire, the labor of so many botanists in the state might not be entirely lost. Botrychium obliquum Muhl. Botrychium dissectum Spreng. Botrychium virginianum Osmunda regalis L. Osmunda claytoniana L. Osmunda cinnamomea L. Onoclea sensibilis L. Jibs imaealis CL) Ulael, Polystichum acrostichoides Schott. Dryopteris Gr. Dryopteris thelypteris (L.) Gr. Dryopteris cristata (L) Gr. Dryopteris marginalis (L) Gr. Dryopteris spinulosa (Retz.) Ktz. (Mix. ) (L.) noveboracensis Phegopteris phegopteris (L.) Und. Phegopteris hexagonoptera (Mx.) Fee. Camptosorus rhizophyllus (L,,) Link. Asplenium angustifolium Mx. Athyrium thelypteroides (Mx.) Desy. (Lb): Siw Athyrium filix-foemina (L) Roth. Adiantum pedatum L. Pteridium aquilinum (L) Kuhn. Equisetum arvense L. Kquisetum robustum A. Br. Equisetum hyemale L. Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. Juniperus virginiana L. Typha latifolia L. Sparganium eurycarpum Englm. Potamogeton natans L. Potamogeton pectinatus L. Naias flexilis (Willd.) R. & S: Alisma plantago L. Sagittaria latifolia Willd. Andropogon scoparius Mx. Andropogon furcatus Muhl. Syntherisma sanguinalis (L.) lac. Echinochloa crus—galli (L.) Beauv. Panicum macrocarpon Le Conte. Ashe. Du- Panicum huachucae Panicum virgatum L. Panicum capillare L. Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science Chaetochloa glauca (L.) Scrib. Chaetochloa viridis (L.) Scrib. Chaetochloa italica (L.) Serib. Homalocenchrus oryzoides Poll. (ce) Muhlenbergia mexicana (L.) Trin. Muhlenbergia diffsa Willd. Phleum pratense L. Cinna arundinacea L. Agrostis alba L. Agrostis perennans (Walt.) Tuck. Agrostis hyemalis (Walt.) B. S. P. Danthonia spicata (L.) Beauv. Eleusine indica (L.) Gaert. Eragrostis purshi Schrad. Eragrostis major Host. Eragrostis hypnoides Lam. B. S. P. Eatonia pennsylvanica (D. C.) Gr. Dactylis glomerata L. Roavaimn imal le. Poa pratensis L. Poa compressa L. . Panicularia nervata ( Willd.) Ktz. Festuca elatior L. Festuca nutans Willd. Bromus purgans L. Bromus tectorum L. Bromus secalinus L. Bromus racemosus L. Lolium perenne L. Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv. Elymus virginicus L. Elymus canadensis L. Hystrix hystrix (L) Millsp. Cyperus strigosus L. Eleocharis obtusa Schultes. Eleocharis palustris (L) R. & S. Scirpus americanus Pers. Scirpus lacustris L. Scirpus atrovirens Muhl. Scirpus lineatus Mx. Scirpus cyperinus (L.) Kunth. Carex asa-grayi Rail. Carex lupulina Muhl. 255 Carex frankii Kunth. Carex squanrosay Carex shortiana Dew. Carex crinita Lam. Carex triceps Mx. Carex gracillima Schw. Carex granularis Muhl. Carex oligocarpa Schk. Carex laxiflora Lam. Carex albursina Sheld. Carex pennsylvanica Lam. Carex jamesii Schw. Carex stipata Muhl. Carex vulpinoides Mx. Carex rosea Schk. Carex sparganioides Muhl. Carex cephalophora Muhl. Carex tribuloides Schk. Carex cristatella Pritt. Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Torr. Arisaema dracontium (L.) Schott. Spathyema foetida (L.) Rat. Acorus calamus L. Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schl. Lemna Minor L. Tradescantia virginica L. * Juncus effusus L. Juncus tenuis Willd. Juncus acuminatus Mx. Juncoides campestre (L.) Ktz. Uvularia perfoliata L. Uvularia grandiflora Sm. Hemerocallis fulya L. Allium cernuum Roth. Allium canadense L. Lilium canadense L. Erythronium americanum Ker. Erythronium albidum Nutt. Quamasia hyacinthina (Raf.) Britt. Asparagus officinalis L. Vagnera racemosa (L) Mor. Unifolium canadense ( Dest.) Greene. Salomonia biflora (Walt.) Britt. 256 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science Salomonia commutata (R. & S.) Britt. Medeola virginiana L. Trillium sessile L. Trillium grandiflorum Salisb. Trillium erectum L. Smilax herbacea L. Smilax glauca Walt. Smilax rotundifolia L. Smilax hispida Muhl. Hypoxis hirsuta (L.) Cov. Dioscorea villosa L. Iris versicolor L. Sisyrinchium graminoides Bick. Cypripedium hirsutum Mill. Galeorchis spectabilis (L.) Ryd. (Mx.) Aplectrum spicatum (Walt.) B. S. IP). Saururus cernuus L. Populus alba L. Populus grandidentata Mx. Populus tremuloides Mx. Populus deltoides Marsh. Salix nigra Marsh. Salix fragilis L. Salix alba L. Salix fluviatilis Nutt. Salix discolor Muhl. Salix sericea Marsh. Salix cordata Muhl. Salix purpurea L. Juglans nigra L. Juglans cinerea L. Hicoria minima (Marsh.) Britt. Hicoria ovata ( Mill.) Britt. Carpinus caroliniana Walt. Ostrya virginiana ( Mill.) Willd. Corylus americana Walt. Fagus americana Sw. Quercus rubra L. Overcus palustris Du R. Quercus velutina Lam. Quercus imbricaria Mx. Quercus alba L. Quercus macrocarpa Mx. Quercus platanoides (Lam) Sudw. Ulmus americana L. Ulmus fulva Mx. Celtis occidentalis Mx. Morus rubra L. Toxylon pomiferum Raf. Urtica gracilis Ait. Urticastrum divaricatum (L.) Ktz. Adicea pumila (L.) Raf. Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Willd. Parietaria pennsylvanica Muhl. Commandra umbellata (L.) Nutt. Asarum canadense L. Asarum reflexum Bick. Asarum acuminatum (Ashe) Bick. Aristolochia serpentaria L. Rumex acetosella L. Rumex altissimus L. Kumex crispus L. Rumex obtusifolius L. Fagopyrum fagopyrum (L.) Karst. Polygonum lapathifolium L. Polygonum pennsylvanicum L. Polygonum persicaria L. Polygonum hydropiperoides Mx. Polygonum hydropiper L. Polygonum punctatum Ell. Polygonum virginianum L. Polygonum aviculare L. Polygonum convolvulus L. Polygonum scandens L. Polygonum sagittatum L. Chenopodium album L. Chenopodium murale L. Chenopodium hybridum L. Chenopodium botrys L. Chenopodium ambrosioides L. Atriplex hastata L. Amaranthus retroflexus L. Amaranthus hybridus L. Amaranthus blitoides Wats. Phytolacca decandra L. Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science Mollugo verticillata L. Claytonia virginica L. Agrostemma githago L, Silene stellata (L.) Ait. Silene virginica L. Silene antirrhina L. Saponaria officinalis L. Alsine media L. Alsine longifolia (Muhl.) Britt. Cerastium vulgatum L. Cerastium longipedunculatum Maulb1. Arenaria serpyllifolia L. Anychia canadensis (L.) B. S. PF. Nymphaea advena Sol. Ceratophyllum demersum L. Liricdendron tulipifera L. Asimina triloba (L.) Dun. Hydrastis canadensis L. Caltha palustris L. Actaea alba (L.) Mill. Aquilegia canadensis L. Anemone virginiana L. Anemone canadensis L. Anemone quinquefolia L.. Hepatica hepatica (L.) Karst. Hepatica acuta (Pursh) Britt. Syndesmon thalictroides Hoffmg. Clematis virginiana L. Ranunculus abortivus L. Ranunculus recurvatus Poir. Ranunculus septentrionalis Poir. Ranunculus hispidus Mx. Ranunculus trichophyllum (Chaix. ) Bossch. Thalictrum dioicum L. Thalictrum purpurascens L. Thalictrum polygonum Muhl. Caulophyllum — thalictroides Mx. Podophyllum peltatum L. Menispermum canadense L. Sassafras sassafras (L.) Karst. Benzoin benzoin (L.) Coult. GL) Ga 257 Sanguinaria canadensis L. Chelidonium majus L. Bicuculla cucullaria (L.) Millsp. Bicuculla canadensis (Goldie) Millsp. Lepidium campestre (L.) R. Br. Lepidium yirginicum L. Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop. Brassica nigra (L) Koch. Brassica arvensis (L.) B. S. RP. Barbarea barbarea (L.) MacM. Roripa palustris (L.) Bess. Roripa armoracia (L.) Hitch. Cardamine hirsuta L. Cardamine pennsylvanica Muhl. Cardamine purpurea (Torr.) Britt. Cardamine bulbosa (Schr.) B. S. TP, Dentaria laciniata Muhl. Bursa bursa-pastoris (L.) Britt. Arabis hirsuta. (L.) Scop. Arabis laevigata (Muhl.) Poir. Arabis canadensis. L. Sedum ternatum Mx. Penthorum sedoides L. Heuchera americana L. Mitella diphylla L. Ribes cynosbati L. Ribes floridum L’Her. Hamamelis virginiana L. Platanus occidentalis L. Opulaster opulifolius (L.) Ktz. Spiraea salicifolia L. Rubus occidentalis L. Rubus nigrobaccus Bail. Fragaria virginiana Duch. Potentilla monspeliensis L. Potentilla canadensis L. Geum vernum (Raf.) T. & G. Geum canadense Jacq. Geum virginianum L. Agrimonia hirsuta (Muhl.) Bick. Agrimonia parviflora Sol. Rosa setigera Mx. 258 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science Rosa carolina L. Rosa humilis Marsh. Rosa rubiginosa L. Malus coronaria (L.) Mill. Malus malus (L.) Britt. Aronia nigra (Willd.) Britt. Amelanchier canadensis Medic. Crataegus crus-galli L. Crataegus punctata Jacq. Crataegus coccinea L. Crataegus macracantha Lodd. Crataegus tomentosa L. Prunus americana Marsh. Prunus serotina Ehrh. Amyedalus persica L. Cercis canadensis L. Cassia marylandica L. Gleditsia triacanthos L. Gymnocladus dioica (L.) Koch. Medicago lupulina L. Melilotus alba Desv. Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam. Trifolium pratense L. Trifolium hybridum L. Trifolium repens L. Robinia pseudacacia L. Meibomia nudiflora (L) Ktz. Meibomia grandiflora (Walt.) Ktz. Meibomia canescens (L.) Ktz. Meibomia paniculata (L.) Ktz. Meibomia dillenii (Darl.) Ktz. Lespedeza frutescens (L.) Britt. Faleata comosa (L.) Ktz. Apios apios (L.) Macm. Geranium maculatum L. Geranium carolinianum L. Oxalis violacea L. Oxalis stricta L. Oxalis cymosa Small. Xanthoxylum americanum Mill. Ptelea trifoliata L. Ailanthus glandulosa Desf. Acalypha virginica L. (aL, Acalypha gracilens Gr. Euphorbia maculata L. Euphorbia nutans Lag. Euphorbia corollata L. Euphorbia commutata Eng. Euphorbia cyparissias L. Rhus glabra L. Rhus radicans L. Ilex verticillata (L.) Gr. Euonymus obovatus Nutt. Euonymus atropurpureus Jacq. Celastrus scandens L. Staphylea trifolia L. Acer saccharinum L. Acer rubrum L. Acer saccharum Marsh. Acer nigrum Mx. Acer negundo L. Aesculus glabra Willd. Impatiens biflora Walt. Impatiens aurea Muhl. Ceanothus americanus L. Vitis labrusca L. Vitis aestivalis Mx. Vitis vulpina L. Parthenocissus Planch. Tilia americana L. Malva rotundifolia L. Sida spinosa L. Abutilon abutilon (L.) Rusby. Hibiscus trionum L. Hypericum prolificum L. quinquefolia (L.} Hypericum perforatum L. Hypericum mutilum L. Viola palmata L. Viola obliqua Hill. Viola papilionacea Pursh. Viola scabriuscula (T. Schw. Viola canadensis L. Viola striata Ait. Ludwigia alternifolia L. Epilobum coloratum Muhl. & Gi? Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science “Onagra biennis (L.) Scop. .Gaura biennis L. _-Circaea lutetiana L. Aralia racemosa L. Panax quinquefolium L. _Sanicula marylandica L. _ Sanicula gregaria Bick. Sanicula canadensis L. -Chaerophyllum procumbens (L.) Cratz. Washingtonia claytoni (Mx) Britt. Washingtonia longistylis (Torr.) Britt. Erigenia bulbosa (Mx.) Nutt. Cicuta maculata L. ‘Cicuta bulbifera L. Deringa canadensis (L.) Ktz. Taenidia integerrima (L.) Drude. Thaspium trifoliatum aureum (Nutt.) Britt. ‘Thaspium barbinode (Mx.) Nutt. Pastinaca sativa L. Daucus carota L. Cornus florida L. - Cornus amomum Mill. Cornus asperifolia Mx. »-Cornus candidissima Marsh. Cornus alternifolia L. f. Nyssa sylvatica Marsh. Monotropa uniflora L. -*Gaylussacia resinosa (Ait.) T. & G. Lysimachia nummutlaria L. Steironema ciliatum (L.) Raf. - Steironema quadriflorum (Sims) Hitch. Fraxinus americana L. Fraxinus lancelota Borck. Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh. Fraxinus nigra Marsh. Sabbatia angularis (L.) Pursh. -“Gentiana andrewsii Griseb. ‘Vinca minor L. Apocynum androsaemifolium L. _Apocynum cannabinum L. 259 Asclepias tuberosa L. Asclepias incarnata L. Asclepias exaltata (L.) Muhl. Asclepias quadrifolia Jacq. Asclepias syriaca L. Ipomoea pandurata (L.) Meyer. Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth. Convolvulus sepium L. Convolvulus arvensis L. Cuscuta gronovii Willd. Phlox paniculata L. Phlox divaricata L. Polemonium reptans L. Hydrophyllum virginicum L. Hydropbyllum appendiculatum Mx. Phacelia purshii Buck. Cynoglossum officinale L. Lappula virginiana (L.) Greene. Mertensia virginica (L.) D. C. Lithospermum arvense L. Verbena urticifolia L. Verbena hastata L. Lippia lanceolata Mx. Teucrium canadense L. Scutellaria lateriflora L. Scutellaria cordifolia Muhl. Scutellaria nervosa Pursh. Marrubium vulgare L. Agastache nepetoides (L.) Ktz. Nepeta cataria L. Glecoma hederacea L. Prunella vulgaris L. Physostegia virginiana (L.) Benth. Leonurus. cardiaca. L. Lamium amplexicaule L. Stachys. tenuifolia Willd. Stachys palustris L. Stachys asper Mx. Monarda fistulosa L. Blephilia ciliata (L.) Raf. Blephilia hirsuta (Pursh) Torr. Hedeoma pulegioides (L.) Pers. Melissa officinalis L. Clinopodium vulgare L. 260 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science Lycopus virginicus L. Lycopus rubellus Moench. Lycopus americanus Muhl. Mentha spicata’ L. Mentha piperita L. Mentha canadensis L. Collinsonia canadensis L. Physalis heterophylla Nees. Solanum nigrum L. Solanum carolinense L. Solanum dulcamara L. Lycium vulgare (Ait. f.) Dun. Datura tatula L. Verbascum thapsus L. Verbascum blattaria L. Linaria linaria (L.) Karst. Scrophularia marylandica L. Chelone glabra L. Pentstemon hirsutus (L.) Willd. Pentstemon pentstemon (L.) Britt. Collinsia verna Nutt. Mimulus ringens L. Mimulus alatus Sol. Gratiola virginiana L. Veronica officinalis L. Veronica serpyllitolia L. Veronica peregrina L. Veronica arvensis L. Leptandra virginica (L.) Nutt. Afzelia macrophylla (Nutt.) Ktz. Gerardia tenuifolia Vahl. Pedicularis canadensis L. Conopholis americana (L.. f.) Wallr. Leptamnium virginianum (L.) Raf. Dianthera americana L. Phryma leptostachya L. Plantago major L. Plantago rugelii Dee. Plantago lanceolata L. Plantago aristata Mx. Houstonia coerulea L. Houstonia longifolia Gaert. Cephalanthus occidentalis L. Galium aparine L. Galium lanceolatum Torr. Galium: circaezans Mx. Galium triflorum Mx. Galium tinctorium L. Galium concinnum T. & G., Sambucus canadensis L. Viburnum acerifolium L. Viburnum lentago L. Viburnum prunifolium L. Triosteum perfoliatum L. Symphoricarpos racemosus Mx. Lonicera glaucescens Ryd. Valerianella radiata (L.) Dufr. Dipsacus sylvestris Mill. Micrampelis lobata (Mx.) Greene. Sicyos angulatus L. Campanula americana L. Specularia perfoliata (L.) A. DC. Lobelia cardinalis L. Lobelia syphilitica: L. Lobelia spicata Lam. Lobelia inflata L. Lobelia kalmii L. Ambrosia trifida L. Ambrosia artemisiaefolia L, Xanthium canadense Mill. Vernonia maxima Small. Eupatorium maculatum L. Eupatorium purpureum L. Eupatorium perfoliatum L. Eupatorium ageratoides L. f. Solidago caesia L. Solidago ulmifolia Muhl. Solidago canadensis L. Solidago nemoralis Ait. Euthamia graminifolia (L.) Nute. Aster macrophyllus L. Aster shortii Hook. Aster cordifolius L. Aster sagittifolius Willd. Aster novae-angliae L. Aster prenanthoides Muhl. Aster laevis L. Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science Aster paniculatus Lam. Aster ericoides L. Aster lateriflorus (L.) Britt. Erigeron pulchellus Mx. Erigeron philadelphicus L. Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. Erigeron ramosus ( Walt.) B.S. P. Leptilon canadense (L.) Britt. Doellingeria umbellata (Mull. ) Nees. Antennaria plantaginifolia (L.) Rich. Gnaphalium obtusifolium L. Gnaphalium uliginosum L. Inula helenium L. Polymnia canadensis L. Silphium perfoliatum L. Heliopsis helianthoides (L.) B. S. 12, Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk. Rudbeckia hirta L. Helianthus tuberosus L. ‘Verbesina alternifolia (L.) Britt. Coreopsis tripteris L. Bidens cernua L. Bidens vulgata Greene. 261 Bidens bipinnata L. Bidens trichosperma (Mx.) Britt. Achillea milletolium L. Anthemis cotula L. Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L. Tanacetum vulgare L. Erechtites hieracifolia (L.) Raf. Mesadenia atriplicifolia (L.) Raf. Senecio aureus L. Arctium lappa L. Carduus lanceolatus L. Carduus altissimus L. Carduus muticus (Mx.) Pers. Carduus arvensis (L.) Robs. Cichorium intybus L. Adopogon virginicum (L.) Ktz. Taraxacum taraxcum (L.) Karst. Sonchus arvensis L. Sonchus asper (L.) All. Lactuca virosa L. Lactuca canadensis L. Lactuca spicata (Lam.) Hitch. Hieracium scabrum Mx. Nabalus altissimus (L.) Hook. Nabalus albus (L.) Hook. Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science AZAIA)4O VOLUME V, PART 6 | Annual Report Nineteenth Meeting PROCEEDINGS OF THE OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE Volume V, Part 6. Annual Report of the Ohio State Academy of Science _ Nineteenth Meeting,” tes 1909 | Organized 1891 Incorporoted 1892 Publication Committee J. C. Hambleton E. L. Rice Bruce Fink Date of Publication, April 15, 1910 Published by the Academy Columbus, Ohio Mtlicers == 1909-1910 PRESIDENT. We ES MERCER. VICE-PRESIDENTS. M. M. METCALF. BRUCE, EINK. G. D. HUBBARD. SECRETARY. Baie ONE TREASURER. J, S. OO. LIBRARIAN. Wis Ca WOIUIESS), EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. Ex-Officio. W. F. MERCER. JAS. S. HINE. L. B. WALTON. Elective. L. G. WESTGATE. J\5 ID), SIDILIBNC, BOARD OF TRUSTEES. Wi, IR, Iban (Cihiguimmera, weir ExsniteSeogeoooeusocdoododg0cGcor 1912 BRAUN Sea! @ARINFIY « COMI WEXP IGE cis cysts als) sie cid ele ene at leisys rere elec teres 1910 Ese Beer CH ey CE CIciM a EXPE SHyatideiccsroms asus Sie be ied Nelo iaer elas Seale aye ehallte eee 1911 PUBLICATION COMMITTEE. jG LANE rEION, CGhammany term! expiies..o...+5.s0s.eFesscs-c4- 1912 eee CHa elit xp IES uf aiinisie seen seloimmunal aewelsiolne ath tales a Salen ighaves 1910 BRU CERIN Keen Le lettitin EXP URE Shinty ani tercinc ators ee sister ele sig aes cue eieyn eee 1911 1892. 1893. 1894. 1895. 1896. 1897. 1898. 1899. 1900. Past Dticers A. D. SELBY, W. R. LAzensy, C. J. Elerrick, E. L. MoseEtey, HERBERT OSBORN, 1B, IL, IRucis, CHARLES Dury, FRANK CARNEY, J. H. ScHAFFNER. PRESIDENTS. E. W. CLAYPOLE, 1901. Epwarp Orton, 1902. EF. M. WeEpsTER, 1903. D. S. KeL.icort, 1904. A. A. WRIGHT, 1905. W. A. KELLERMAN, 1906. W. G. Vient, 1907. G. F. WricuHt, 1908. Josua LINDAHL, 1909. VICE-PRESIDENTS. 1892. A. A. WricHT, ELten E. Smita. 1893. D) S) Kerricorr, Dy Ll. JAmers: 1894. G. H. Cotton, Mrs. W. A. KELLERMAN. 1895. H. BE. CHapin, JANE F. WINN. 1896. A. L. TREADWELL, CHARLES Dury. ISO, Ce 1a Si@cunn, Je 18, WWiancism, 1898. Josua LinpAut, J. H. Toop. 1899. Cas. E. Arsricut, A. D. SELBy. 1900. J. A. Bownocker, Lynps Jones. 1901. H. Herzer, Mrs. W. A. KELLERMAN. 1902. C. J. Herrick, C. S. Prosser. 1903. J. A. Bownocxer, Miss L. C. Rippte. 1904. Lynps Jones, L. H. McFappen. 1905. C. W. Dasney, F. M. Comstock. 1906. CHARLES Dury, Lynps JOoNEs. 1907. W. F. Mercer, FRANK CARNEY. 1908. J. H. ScHAFFNER, F. C. Waite. 1909. L. G. Westeate, S. R. WILLIAMS TREASURERS. 1892-95. A. D. SELpy, 1899-04. HeErBerT Osporn, 1896-98. D. S. KeLiicort, 1905-10. Jas. S. Hine. LIBRARIAN. 1904-10. W. C. Mitts. 310 Proceedings of the Olio State Academy of Science 1892. 1893-94. 1900-04. 1900-02. 1904-06. 1900-05. 1892-01. 1892-97. 1892-96. 1897-99. 1898-00. 1900-08. SECRETARIES. W. R. Lazensy, 1895-03. W. G. TicuHt, 1904. 1905-10. L. B. Watton. TRUSTEES. F. M. Wepster, 1901-09. H. C. BEARDSLEE, 1905-08. C. J. Herricx, 1907-08. J. H. ScHAFFNER, 1908-10. 1908-11. E. L. Rice. PUBLICATION COMMITTEE. F. M. WesstTer,. 1901-03. W. A. KELLERMAN, 1902-04. E. W. CLayepo_e, 1904-05, E. L. Mose ey, 1905. S. BELLE CRAVER, 1906. J. H. ScHAFFNER, 1908. E. L. Mosgtey, F. L. Lanpacre, W. R. LAZENsy, G. B. Hatsrep, CuHas. Dury, FRANK CARNEY, L. H. McFappen, GERARD FowkKE, Jas. S. Hine, 1D) IL, Rute, J. C. HAMBLETON, Bruce FINK. 311 Membership IMBANNYE ILS ESIC). Life PPember McMitirn, Emerson E..........320 Riverside Drive, New York, N. Y. jOatron ASH0Y Of OEM Chae Rei ua Ee Ura apUr inane SEC OLN Reet tale onan ied TSUN ENE A lh ac Defiance Actibe Members IATIGENG OVey Sllsaie ee SALA 7 VAR rd a CAR apa ay Sp Station K, Cincinnati AGBRIGHT AVGHARTRS : Hae acias tol wai da eae yOu Rae na tera ei ea eae Columbus /NRMSMAONE, (C, Ac, GGONOLMs cocnsccscoovsoodec 1110 Chance Ave., Canton BACHMAN, FrEDA M., Biology............. 310 Bruen St., Madison, Wis. BApDERTSCHER, J. A., Histology, Embryology, Physiology........-. Athens Bates, B. R., Ornithology, Entomology...... 149 W. Main St., Circleville BART PED MSvE sg fORTl LOI) arene urea crises ere Ne ee ene Me Logan, Utah BAMA, AS IM, BUOlOBWsc6s500cc0ccc0000a00s Cold Spring Harbor, N. Y. Barrows, WititiAmM M., Experimental Zoology,...... O. S. U., Columbus BELLS EDITED CNB TOL O yoy muerte olay tates e aa a lesa etal eg eT Mt. Vernon BENEDICT WE Mn E ah lena. ease Ge enue uns Univ. of Cincinnati, Cincinnati BERGER, ea Wrse Zo olo ese asec step eee Gainesville, Florida IBEAGKSVTAINE IR VVienee ene Western Reserve Medical College, Cleveland BWATR SIKGAC RRS othe ON aR en tara eM alate SP reerle tu nA 1501 Neil Ave., Columbus Boutin, W. C., Engineering........ ayo acainpabaca ener ay te R. F. D. No. 1, Newark Bonser, T. A., Botany, Geology......2217 Monroe St., Spokane, Wash. Bonwocr, Jos An; GOB s ss5cseccce000e00nboce O. S. U., Columbus Brox, CORA IMA, ZOCOR. .so5dca0se00000 Univ. of Cincinnati, Cincinnati BraAAM, MAXIMILIAN, Biology.......... Hughes High School, Cincinnati BRAINS ONG EE a aes AO oe RN i Na RA 9 a se ER RANA Oberlin BRAUN, ANNETE F., Zoology............. Univ. of Cincinnati, Cincinnati BROCKEDD WARIO MEME BOL GIy ee enn ae eas PCR gE Oe Rio Grande IBROOKOVERS CHAS ia Wahl Bate (Gs ial ie wien ptNene ana) YEA Buchtel College, Akron BinweCnR, IEUNRWONZ, IBOWCHMs osassdccoceuncuodes 218 N. Wood St., Fremont Buspna, MatruiAs, Entomology.......... 2629 Woodhill Road, Cleveland Fumuecaron, IR A Zoologm, JPWWSOUOLMss>ocnc0ccaxnccescuancugcsc Oberlin Burcess, A. F., Entomology........ U. S. Dept. Ag., Washington, D. C. CARNEYS RIAN 1GCOlO Gay 5a\ alse creskniey lensiee tele ee Serer epee eee Granville (CHAVAGSION, IBN, THOU > cccosaosccouc 18 Fernwood Ave., East Cleveland Crarks: VElOWARDE YG eoloeyh Saliva cua atecactapiecs keno tren ae ear ioes Granville CipwomGior, fe IF. BOHM. .odescoc0nceeno00006 8388 E. 57th St., Chicago, Ill. 312 Proceedings of the Oto State Academy of Science 318 CocrmEr Gro! BP ZooloawinNieunrologye.....-25-6-.4452-+ 5. Granville COUP SPAN OR) MEP ia cia Mimaki Ure Dnte@r iy Artes. oer Gla ar akan * Columbus KEG TONGA GEORGE ae i p nene wrens tine sia pin basket od pants be ONE pe tooccs booccsccedas 6 Oberlin College, Oberlin ‘OBERHOLSER, H. C...... Bet aaa 1445 Girard St., N. W., Washington, D. C. OpenBACH, F. L., Meteorology....-....... St. Ignatius College, Cleveland ‘ORCUTT, © VATEIARBIO i Sica Mids ob cles cis assole a a Omani Ese ee Meine aAe 6 Granville Osporn, Herpert, Entomology, Zoology.............. O. S. U., Columbus Ossummy, RAsaiomm CA Zooloan IMeltwlinOlOeN sadcbcsnasee6s00c0e00- Hen Nate eso icles Bunnee nada, RU Ua et ta Columbia Univ., New York, N. Y. ‘Oxiny, CEvas, 18. Geolow, IPINSUESs cocccnosassncc neon scceuboc Coshocton IPATUIETS ane) yall Daten leche oer hee aan 3754 Independence Road, Cleveland IPARIRII URS, (Ca IP S@ICHWER. bs ococbccssgcansuce 9 W. Long St., Columbus Peasiias, IL, ID) ZOO sc ssseccoa pte erence: U.of Gn Ememnat Truc, Goo; Ie, CHETUSTIN cocccsgcucecns St. Ignatius College, Cleveland IP DWIONISAY, SIPHONMAS. 99205. 255. 422-5: 296 Superior Ave., N. W., Cleveland PROSSIR, (Gr See GGOlo cae wan toimcie toa o em ene nino O. S. U., Columbus Ries, EDWARD Ils, ZOOlOGW sc cocsaccsnobcconoaceunocccdoodoundee Delaware IROwDDBUSiaL, IOWA. coooovgosoosoude aoe R. F. D. No. 3, New Richmond ROvER, Jom Sz) JRIOOCWococccocsucssocneocsochmooubooesovocgads Bradford ‘SAnperS, J. G, Entomology, Botany.............-..+5+5-- Madison, Wis. SS YANAID ERSHiO NG Star gslew tren ryen rte kus rain syreccaciuataemevasers Steele High School, Dayton SaAmGae: WL Ce BORHHUM. oss 6 biaac bins Of eave bokab ene bogus oUt odcace Newark Saver, Lewrs W., Botany...Central Ave. and Bay Miller St., Cincinnati Scuammnim, Jo Isl; JROUU!s cosccnccouevcc an secobeocae O. S. U., Columbus Sena, INL IR. (GCOUORMs oececdcoun. 469 College Ave., Appleton, Wis. ‘Scone, 1b, hy VEROMOUOGR n.cbc0odocssas es cnensdos sesso ocponcoauMon Kent SAU ONG pe VINE SIG ula aru ta an eel ie e g Nee 1943 E. 86th St., Cleveland SIL AG MIDE ISOUCHIN oe Soin oob bom hiccanes os Experiment Station, Wooster Sessions, EvIzABETH, Botany and Zoology... .59 Wilson Ave., Columbus 316 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science SHADE, Ernest F., Physiography;, Botany, Physics..............- Medina SHADZER MOU MG a teeta hoi aml MUN eTannes Wittenberg College, Springfield SAW se NM ANE Ht OMUOLONMN Serer o Ural a nnOl Naat O. S. U., Columbus Siva, WROBERIN A ee uineheaned Osoel sy ti Sau ARES ap er a ent ANE lacie O. S. U., Columbus Sapo Ae Mes MG colo siya s Mays 4 Ucar x alana rake O. S. U., Columbus SMEADAPAUNINUA ME TOLO Nii cls Sou heii Neaiip ene ien ea oak 624 Nestle St., Toledo S MOET ev EU DEE IV ICS NN Cha Alas aus ENCE Beige UNI aA A Stevens Point, Wis. SMUT Ga De ROLans) a AOOlON ae fen ana en etna Richmond, Ky. SmiTH, J. WarREN, Meteorology........ Weather Bureau, St. Louis, Mo. SNYDER} CHD) Zoology) eEiGiiall Ganen en mer toL mi ke aera: Ashtabula. SAR ATEUGTD) areal SEMIN es a0 Vee RRR RSC IR Ce eae 611 Y. M. C. A., Toledo SiMuinnge, Cimino I (QO pesboacnnsaccese W. R. Univ., Cleveland SDERKI VAIGTOR, (\Cowchology. BiOlaninnes sce eee New Philadelphia STICKNEY a) Vib ENB OF Gays NER As AS) Sei ut aa a Granville STOCKBERGER, W. W., Botany...... Dept. Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Stover, W. GARFIELD, Botamy....... 65. ...Miami University, Oxford S:0uT, W. E., Chemestry;sGeology........... 1464 S. High St., Columbus SURPAGE Ese ey Aoology. (BOtanyaas. see eee oe Orono, Maine SWiEEZEVe (Oat) EIU ay ase Ni cua soe od eens 12th Ave., Honolulu, Hawaii Topp, Jos—EpH H., Geology, Archaeology....... Christmas Knoll, Wooster SRELONDAS! A ID WaiS} on GEO LO Gay tccs mytere ce Saa la eas tecee en ent er Granville AUBTIUIE elke eet alee a Se Deere a CNS CRRA SIC Kerala ae ca a tacts Bea nears McConnelsville TBARS]: ESO UN eos ede see Uae ook a eel alban Perry, Lake County Aaa NIBGes (Ciel TAs: cl ee a era ep Western Reserve University, Cleveland WaALton, L. Bi, Biology........ Ae ayer AE ie VANUATU Ap i BLM Gambier VERB I EReon I a5 ES OME CLI ie ae aap ae tee a Ah pe kere Garrettsville Wesster, F. M., Entomology....U. S. Dept. Agricul., Washington, D. C. WERTHNER, WILLIAM, Botany...... Jesters Nie Steele High School, Dayton IWESTOADE WER Warsi GuiiG colooul ign ee ee eae SE eC eee Delaware WeEtzsTEIN, A., Botany......... 748 Pleasant St., Hot Springs, Arkansas WHEMAN, TARRY IC Biology snes. ne Univ. of Cincinnati, Cincinnati WiLitaAMsS, STEPHEN R.,) Brology...1.02....... Miami University, Oxford Witiramson, E. B., Ichthyology, Ornithology............. Bluffton, Ind. Witson, STELLA S., Geography, Geology........ 97 N. 20th St., Columbus WEEE AN Di) JIE. ACW enrt Shri meres cana. a ate a eater aa Westerville Wa TDENIMSER, lin Gio Ol Olean tan Wale vaio pele uttn Ai apenun gd aoe Peebles NWO: I DVS enonMesouooksedaudsenedn ounces Marietta College, Marietta WiriGHn | Ga MREDERTCKS sGCOloga ra Mra ae etn ae eee ern eee Oberlin WOR) IBUNIENIY TEL. IRONS oo ba anccandde. Univ. of Texas, Austin, Texas YOUNG ORHAN BO LI yi ratralcr se yeinaie eR enna cise Pane Nee eee aa ADAYA Div. Seed and Plant Introduction, Washington, D. C. Report of the Nineteenth Annual Meeting of the Ohio State Academy of Science ANNUAL MEETING The nineteenth annual meeting of the Academy was hela at Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware, O., on November 25, 26 AnGi27pethe: ienestdent rot. | halide Schatmenr, presiding. Or Thursday evening an informal reception was held in Merrick Hall, where refreshments were served and acquaintances re- newed. Through the generosity of the university authorities act- ing in co-operation with various fraternities, accommodations were provided for all visiting members. The meeting was called to order on Friday morning at 9:00 in Merrick Hall by the President of the Academy after a prelimi- nary meeting of various committees. An address was made by President Welch extending the cordial greetings of the Univer- sity to the society and calling attention to the influence of science in promoting accuracy, in broadening scholarship, and in the adjustment of theory to fact rather than fact to theory. In the regular business meeting which followed a commit- tee on membership consisting of Professors Moseley, Rice, and Miss Davies, and a committee on resolutions consisting of Pro- fessors Osborn, Guyer, and Metcalf, were appointed by the Presi- dent. The report of the Secretary was presented and accepted. This was followed by the report of the Treasurer, Prof. J. S. Hine which after being referred to an auditing committee con- sisting of Professors Stickney and Guyer was accepted. The report of the Treasurer is as follows: 317 818 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science IRIS EXONR IP OND ASUS, IMRIBAS ORM IOI Weslia, Waa ISIS) The revised constitution of the Academy adopted at the annual meeting for the year 1908 at Granville provides that a single payment of twenty-five dollars shall be accepted from any member as commuta- tion of dues for life, also that the payment of one hundred dollars at one time shall constitute eligibility to election as a patron of the society. Money paid in according to this plan is intended eventually to consti- tute a research fund of which the income alone shall be used for the encouragement of research and. for the publication of papers bearing upon the development of science in the state. Dr. Charles E. Slocum, of Defiance, was the first to respond with a hundred dollars and at the present time is the only patron of the Academy. Dr. Slocum’s example is one worthy of emulation and a long list of patrons would look well at the head of our membership role. For the year since our last annual meeting the receipts, including balance. for last year, have amounted to $342.49, and the expenditures to $286.12, leaving a cash balance of $56.37. RECEIPTS. Balance) trom, last: Jy cates. vou saanee sean eee sae ETO TEE eee EN $14 99 Dr. C. E. Slocum —payment on becoming a patron of the ARC alGl Gran set se geresiy aaah carte Ase eu Daren ect na ee aye Gite lace 100 00 Mremibership) cde sie ccs ojcr ars a tn eet ine ae cane ae eee oa per Cen, 227 50 fou 1 eaten ar eke ero ee eatin eiece arte eM, Ue tat ATARI Vera Slit $342 49 DISBURSEMENTS. AD) ShlosGripnions tO wae Ohno INacwirallist. scocbccgcsvoccsenscccee $127 50 J NrouOTELE NE Ge Oy eaTON Gg VGN Toro winlnin i Gocpualy oak aE N Mair hats grasmiod ao an 25 50 Nraniwal ace pO ists, Otel 0 Sire acre eee Rr Cree Sa aay eee era 82 50 Miscellaneous) expensess merece eee eee ee rience 50 62 Balance ecemibern al a9 0 bis cesiieyrecteneeieare ters ay) lea pelea ent eg els 56 37 G0) a1 Mercere Re Soe eR eaten ym ALC? Oe alo net ed nae $342 49 Respectfully submitted, James S. Hine. The report of the Librarian, Prof. W. C. Mills, was then presented as follows: Proceedings of the Olio State Academy of Science 319 REPORMOF Eth EIBRARTAN HOR ihr YEAR 1909: CoLumsBus, Ouro, November 26, 1909. As Librarian of the Ohio Academy of Science I take pleasure in presenting my report upon the receipts from the sale of publications of the Academy and the expense of sending out the publications: Cashion liandis November 2190 Ss nme es ae ae $3. 54 Sallemorte pul lreatra ms amis ao terse wears cacy tian llete a suena es ase, 4 33 79 $37 33 Expenditures from November 27, 1908 to November 26, 1909: LEHI ei OXOKSIEE ed ee Beat gi attss me ier co ate ea Tal a Ra SR $1 22 Sending out Special Paper No. 14, 220 @ .04...... 8 80 Sending out Special Paper No. 15, 210 @ .06...... 12 60 Sending out Seventeenth Annual Report, 215 @ .04. 8 60 Sending out publications during year.............. 2 41 Envelopes for sending out publications............ 2 35 SUIT OMD STE Ve i te Biel acek ARE Go a a Se rae RR 1 00 APY AIG HS URN I Dialer tceneae Gn ee nen SNe clan e avat cs Via ca URE 15 $35 91 Ballast Ceca siete sie pierce ye ich pees ee ete eS TR aN aoa al pte $i 42 It is gratifying to note the increased sale in our publications. Last year our entire sales amounted to $16.35, while this year the sales were more than doubled. This is perhaps due to the sale of special paper No. 15 by Prof. Schaffner. The increased number of answers to inquiries can be seen in the amount expended for letter postage, which is $1.22. Many more con- tained stamp for return postage. During the year 212 letters have been written, averaging more than 4 letters per week. Our exchanges have also been somewhat increased, and during the year we have been sending our publications to the following scientific and educational institutions: Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila- delphia, Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, Buenos Aires National Museum, Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, New Haven, Cincinnati Society of Natural History, Denison University Scientific Laboratory, Davenport Academy of Sci- ences, Illinois State Laboratory, Kansas Academy of Science, Topeka, New York Botanical Garden, University of California, _ Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters, University of Missouri, Columbia, British Museum of Natural History, Missouri Botanical Garden, and Chicago Academy of Science. 320 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science The reports and bulletins received from these exchanges are placed in a section in the Library of the Ohio State Archaeological and Histor- ical Society. These volumes can be consulted by the members of the Academy at any time. Respectfully submitted, Won. C. Mitts, Librarian. The report was followed by a discussion relative to the prices which should be charged for the publications of the Society. A resolution was finally adopted that the Publication Committee be instructed to increase the prices for the papers published by the Society. Under reports of Standing Committees, the Program Com- mittee advised the papers presented “‘in absentia” be transferred to the end of the program. Professor Lazenby, chairman of the Board of Trustees pre- sented the following report which was approved and accepted. The continued interest of Mr. Emerson McMillin in the welfare of the society was made known through his gift of $250 to the research fund. The report of the trustees is as follows: REPORM OF MEE BOARD Ok ai G Sie S: The financial statement of the Emerson McMillin research fund for the year 1908-1909, is herewith presented: RECEIPTS. 1908. Balance on hand November 1, 1908.......... $469 67 Check from Emerson McMillin, November 20, ISU Siaeeeeer mest mn i ecequea th Ne Clea Cn ee ARE acy 250 00 ANCONA SYR rgnnnL eens ena Mee ERE ieietin A Artal ata ah $719 67 EXPENDITURES. 1908. Dec. 26. Bucher Engraving Co., illustrations for S. IN Mo)i astGt bcm eye Ase UREA es secon ere saa a $6 50 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 321 1909. Feb. 8&8 Dr. A. Dachnowski, expense in research in physiological ibotatiyae ees ae 10 00 Mar. 8. Prof. G. E. Coghill, expense in research in ZOOM O Livy genres oun nweye yale eee see MeN cata ts 27 94 Apr. 12. Prof. L. B. Walton, expense in research in ZO OVO Cay eeiese news kat Per ene NIRA Ie HEA Re aa 17 50 20. Dr. A. Dachnowski, expense in research in Diohysiolkoyerrcall pola SoGshacacubuos bose o 26 10 May 26. Prof. G. E. Coghill, expense in research in ZOO Oayaentcry cea ease tae nas ara eae Mineo, Hac SEN 7 84 26. F. J, Heer Printing Co., 500 copies Discomy- cetes in the vicinity of Oxford, Ohio, by inedasuNebachiaante wn oa ae ee 44 00 26. F. J. Heer Printing Co., 700 copies, Trees of OhioMbys ip EeaSchatinerm eae see 124 50 June & Prof. L. B. Walton, expense in research in ZO OLOR A Sr etere ieee aoe Ra tak Aas 5 63 Aug. 16. Miss Freda Detmers, expense in research in SyStematic sbOtamyauneei cin see ee 20 75 Oct. 19. Miss Freda Detmers, expense in research in SyStematicmbotamyan nee ey seen 9 25 20. Prof. G. E. Coghill, expense in research in PAOLO OVS Nis aly ele aren Menta ere Oa Ue eciaTMis Wauie) 20. Mr. R. J. Sim, expense in research in orni- tO @ may Ree ran etee ent Rater ja neanc, maaan 40 47 aotallve th eee ee Lael REA ican area ia 0 $348 23 Balance on hand Nov. 1, 1909.................. $371 44 Of this balance there has been appropriated a grant of $50.00, hich is not yet expended, leaving an unappropriated balance for the year 1908- 1909 of $321.44. WitirAmM R. Lazensy, Chairman. The Publication Committee consisting of Professors J. CG. Hambleton, E. L. Rice, and Bruce Fink, presented the follow- ing report which was accepted: RIFIPORUIE Ol Wishes, IAVIBILICNINOING COIMUMNMA Ts, The following publications have been issued the past year: Special Paper No. 14, Discomycetes in the Vicinity of Oxford, Ohio, by Freda 322 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science M. Bachman. Special Paper No. 15, The Trees of Ohio, by John H- Schaffner, and the Seventeenth Annual Report. Respectfully submitted, J. C. Hameeton, Chairman. Under the reports of special committees, the Natural His- tory Survey committee was continued. The Committee on joint meetings with the Indiana Academy reported on the desirability of such a meeting. This was referred to the Executive Com- mittee for consideration in 1910. The Committee on the Con- servation of Natural Resources consisting of Professor Herbert Osborn, chairman, Professor Lazenby, Professor Bownocker, and Professor Walton was continued, while the chairman of the committee was given power to appoint a member in place of J. Warren Smith who, much to the regret of the members of the society, has been transferred in connection with the Weather Bureau Service. After the election of a Nominating Committee consisting of Professors Rice, Osborn and Stickney, the business meeting was adjourned until Saturday morning ut 8:00 a. m., while the society proceeded with the reading of papers, adjourning at 12:00 m. for luncheon. _ The afternoon session opened with the address of the Presi- dent, Professor J. H. Schaffner, which will be found on another page. This was followed by the reading of papers, the society adjourning at 5:00 p. m. At 5:30 dinner was served in Monnett Hall by the univer- sity, following which the aims and history of the Academy were presented in a series of speeches from some of the older mem- bers of the society. The social evening which followed was one of the particularly enjoyable features of the meeting. Saturday at 8:00 p. m. occurred the adjourned business meeting. The report of the nominating committee was received and the following officers were elected for the ensuing year: Proceedings of the Olio State Academy of Science 323 OFFICERS OF THE OHIO ACADEMY OF SCIENCE FOR I9QOQ-10. President — Professor W. F. Mercer, Athens, Ohio. Vice-Presidents — Botany, Professor Bruce Fink, Oxford, Ohio; Geology, Professor G. D. Hubbard, Columbus, Ohio; Zoology, Professor M. M. Metcalf, Oberlin, Ohio. Secretary — Professor L. B. Walton, Gambier, Ohio. Treasurer — Professor J. S. Hine, Columbus, Ohio. Librarian — Professor W. C. Mills, 3 years, Columbus, Ohio. Trustee -— Professor W. R. Lazenby, 3 years, Columbus, Ohio. Publication Committee — Professor J. C. Hambleton, 3 years, Co- lumbus, Ohio. Executive Committee — Professor L. G. Westgate, Delaware, Ohio; Dr. A. D. Selby, Wooster, Ohio. HeErpBert Osporn, Epwarp L. Rice, Matcotm -E. Stickney, Committee. The following members were upon the report of the mem- bership committee appointed at the opening session: NEW MEMBERS ELECTED AT THE DELAWARE MEETING, I90Q. Badertscher, J. A., Histology, Embryology, Physiology............ Athens Barrows, William Martin, Experimental Zoology..... O. S. U., Columbus Brac, Ammere Im. ZOO. scos0ce000cd5 Univ. of Cincinnati, Cincinnati nto ene seitomolosy, Botany. 547s s ees Newark Hathaway, Edward S., Zoology, Botany...Univ. of Cincinnati, Cincinnati ldlollhister,: lemiihky S., ZOOM s docuccovsscocossoousn vor O. S. U., Columbus Hood, G. W, Entomology, Horticulture....... 57 W. 8th Ave., Columbus Kime, JJ; ILiomall; Otay, IBimioMNOlOeA7>cocaccuscdusdnnocaebeocad Cleveland iKreckeir, lirecleridk IG, IBiGlOAys oouadcoodosececodnnceuocasnccuus Marietta iLamaly, (Gy Is Brollosay, (Geolloearssccscencdcess Mt. Union College, Alliance ILinerumlbilll, IP tnnilligo,; IBimnoranolloyea7s ¢aceroscho sad 249 FE. 11th Ave., Columbus MCCleeriyar JEGhmal sy IBXONANTINY 5 ois pen ce Ning Mois aaa M Eola a taslontiard creole t Lancaster Wieieallif, (Cs IL Botaimy, ZOOWEA ccc esocccsecec 86 E. 11th Ave., Columbus Nicholls, Steam: 12, IRON. oocscscuscboccecco00c Oberlin College, Oberlin Shades Hinest Es Physiograpliy, Botaimy, Plnysiess:j50..254-.4004- Medina Stowor, Wilanee Garemelal, ikon, oooodscso000 6c Miami University, Oxford The names of members proposed by the executive commit- tee and provisionally placed on the list of membership were also ratified. 324 Proceedings of the Olio State Academy of Science The committee on resolutions reported as follows: Be it resolved, Vhat we express to Mr. Emerson McMillin our great appreciation of his continued interest. His substantial contributions have done and are doing much in promoting the scientific accomplishments of the Academy and we extend to him our sincere thanks. Be it further resolved, That we extend our hearty thanks to the President, Trustees and Faculty of Ohio Wesleyan University, to the fraternities of the university, to the residents of Monnett Hall and to the local committee for our delightful entertainment and their careful arrange- ments which have insured the success of our meeting. Herbert Osporn, MicHaAet F. Guyer, Maynarp M. Mercatr, Committee. In connection with the new business the following resolution was adopted. It is assumed that the resolution only applies to papers exceeding three minutes in length. 1. That the presiding officers be required to close the reading of papers at the expiration of the time set on the program. 2. That a signal be given two minutes previous to the time when the paper must be closed. 3. That this procedure be printed as a note on the program of papers for the meeting. Telegrams extending cordial greetings were exchanged with the Indiana Academy of Science in session at Indianapolis. At the close of the business session the society proceeded with the reading of papers. At 11:45 a. m. the Academy was formally declared ad- journed. The complete program of the meeting was as follows: 1. A Suspected Belgian Hare—Cat Hybrid (Demonstra- tion). 5 min. Ey. ee Rice 2. The Film Test for Crude Rubber. 5 min. Chas. P. Fox 3. Development of Skeletal System in young leaves. 10 min. H. H. Benedict 4. The Relation of Bodily Strength to Correlation of height and arm length in some College Students. 10 min. W. M. Barrows 10. IL Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 825 On Mitosis in Synchtrium with some observations on the Individuality of the chromosomes. 12 min. R. F. Griggs The Life History of Corizus lateralis Say. 10 min. J. C. Hambleton The Orchids of Ohio. 5 min. Kate R. Blair The Inheritance of the Abnormality of the Human Hand. 10 min. (Lantern slides.) S. R. Williams A Theory as to the Factor causing Death among Or- ganisms. 5 min. L. B. Walton The Color Pattern of Guinea-Chicken Hybrids. 8 min. M. F. Guyer Relation of starch grains to Pyrenoids in green algae. 8 min. M. L. Stickney Organization of protoplasm in Ameceba. 5 min. R. A. Budington Milk-Sickness in Sandusky County during 1909. 10 min. E. L. Moseley Fossil sponges. 7 min. Herman Herzer A Method for Rendering Plant Tissues Transparent. 3 min. H. M. Benedict. Some Minute Parasites of Amoeba. 5 min. M. M. Metcalf New and Rare Ohio Plants. 5 min. J. H. Schaffner The Relation of Soil Temperature and Evaporation to Plant Growth in Bogs. 10 min. Alfred Dachnowski The Rate of Evaporation in a Bog Habitat. 12 min. ; Malcolm Dickey Interesting Fungi from the Miami Valley. 15 min. W. G. Stover Fossil Sponges. 10 min. Herman Herzer Raised Beaches in the Bellevue Quadrangle. 10 min. (Lantern slides.) Frank Carney Notes on the Work of Small Streams crossing the Ohio Shales. 8 min. E. B. Branson The Mount Tabor Cave. 10 min. G. D. Hubbard The Glaciation of the Newark-Zanesville Divide Area. 15 min. K. F. Mather A Detailed Study of a portion of Ohio Stratigraphy. 8 min. G. F. Lamb Buckeye Poisoning. 8 min. E. L. Moseley Additions to the Flora of Cedar Point, O. 3 min. Clara Davies Dichotomous Panicums of Ohio. 5 min. Freda Detmers Notes on the Supposed Hybrid of the Black and Shingle Oaks. 8 min. E. H. Foote Discomycetes of the Cuyahoga Valley. 10 min. (Lantern slides. ) G. D. Smith 326 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science Nutrition of Egg in Leptinotarsa synaticollis. 15 min. H. L. Wieman Notes on a New Species of Gregarine. 10 min. R. A. Budington A case of Unusual Abundance of one of the Moth-flies. 5 mii. JouS. aking Phylogeny of the Lithocolletid Group. 10 min. Annete F. Braun The Eges and Young of Lepisma domestica Pack. 5 min. S. R. Williams The Place of Origin of the Lateral Line Organs in Ameiurus. 5 min. hae Wwandaere Notes on the Life History and Behavior of the Opossum (Didelphys virginiana). 10 min. (Lantern slides.) G. E. Coghill Isolation and Specialization in the Mallophaga. 15 min. E. P. Durrant The Plant Productions of Burbank. 20 min. (Lantern slides. ) G. D. Smith Notes on Lichens— Ecologic Studies. 15 min. (Lan- tern slides. ) Bruce Fink The Lichens of the Kentucky Mountains. 10 min. (Lan- tern slides. ) G. D. Smith The Development of the Metacarpal Bones of Domesti- cated Animals. 20 min. J. A. Badertscher The Chromosomes of Leptinotarsa synaticollis. 15 min. H. L. Weiman The Carboniferous Deposits of Jackson and Vinton Counties. 15 min. W. F. Mercer Some New Fishes from the Ohio Shales. 10 min. FE. B. Branson Fossil Fish Teeth. 10 min. Herman Herzer Notes on the Naiades of Grand River, O., and of Cedar Point, O. 5 min. ILs IB. (Gane The Land Planarians of North America. 5 min. L. B. Walton Notes upon Plant Crystals. 5 min. W. R. Lazenby Early History of Germ Cells in Leptinotarsa synaticollis. 15 min. H. L. Wieman L. B. Watton, Gambier, Ohio, February 21, 1910. Secretary. Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 327 PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS. Wil, INATUINIS, ANID) IDS VII OINNSIN ID Ol SIC ION PLAIN ICS. Joun H. SCHAFFNER. ORIGIN OF SEXUALITY. Sexuality is all but universal in the organic kingdom. It is only in the lowest forms that sexual qualities are apparently lacking. Some of the intermediate and higher plants also show a lack of the sexual process but their morphology and relation- ships clearly point to a sexual ancestry. They are degenerate or specialized forms which have lost their sexual organs to a greater or less degree. Now the question arises as to whether the simplest non- sexual plants, like the blue-green algae and bacteria, are not also such degenerate forms derived from sexual progenitors? In other words, were the primitive, original plants nonsexual in character like some of the present protophyta or did they possess sexual properties like the vast majority of the lower and higher plants of today? Is sexuality a property of the protoplasm nor- mally coming to expression at some stage of the life cycle or is it an acquired character developed through mutation or the struggle for existence? There is of course no known scientific answer to these questions at present. The answer can be only a speculation or an hypothesis but apparently the general evi- dence points to a nonsexual starting point for the organic king- dom. Since the nonsexual condition is evidently less complex than the sexual, it is probably proper to accept the hypothesis with- * Contribution from the Botanical Laboratory of the Ohio State University, 54. 328 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science out definite proof that the primitive plants were without sex. With such an assumption the development of sex in all of its phases becomes an evolutionary process, —a process becoming more and more complicated as we go up the scale of organic be- ings. If the archaic organisms were nonsexual, it is probable that most of our lowest nonsexual forms have come through all the geological ages in this primitive condition. They were prob- ably specialized before their cells had developed a conjugation process. It is evident that if plants came from nonsexual progen- itors there should be no insurmountable difficulty in the way of their return to the same condition after developing sexuality. Vegetative propagation and parthenogenesis are present all along the scale of organic ascent and are not impossible in any group of plants. In the lower plants zoospore production is very general out- side of the fission plants, and it is probable that sexuality had its origin in practically all groups at the naked, motile stage of the life cycle. Whenever conjugation takes place between walled cells we may reasonably look upon the process as derived from a naked cell conjugation. Such forms as Spirogyra and Mucor become, from this point of view, extremely specialized types rather than primitive ones. Now whatever may have been the ultimate cause of the evo- lution of a conjugation process, it is commonly believed that the immediate cause was a need of nutrition or rejuvenescence. If an interchange of food could be brought about when a weaker zoospore met a stronger one, the habit might become established, and if two protoplasmic masses could learn to fuse more or less completely on the approach of adverse conditions the fused in- dividuals might have the advantage in passing through the un- favorable period. For after conjugation the number of indi- viduals would be but half of the previous number and the proto- plasm would be more dense. In the lower forms conjugation frequently takes place before the appearance of adverse condi- tions and the zygote passes into a resting stage in which it can endure both dryness and cold or a lack of food. There is also a considerable reduction of the surface in proportion to the vol- Proceedings of the Olio State Academy of Science 329 ume. In the primitive forms conjugation was probably devel- oped mostly for protection. It preceded an encysted resting condition. In the lower algae Sphaerella, Spirogyra, Ulothrix, and Vaucheria are examples. In the higher plants the conjuga- tion was finally followed shortly by germination because the gametes are protected in the tissue of the parent. Thus in the higher plants and animals conjugation often appears to have a very different purpose from its primitive significance, since it appears here to be especially a stimulus to further growth. In the algae it is evident that the purpose of sexuality was not to obtain the advantage of a double number of chromosomes, for in most of the lower forms the number is reduced as soon as the zygote germinates. If, however, there is a mixture of the maternal and paternal chromosomes such temporary conjugations of nuclei may be important in inducing greater variation. But by continued conjugations all the more important combinations would finally be accomplished and sexuality would thus have a tendency to produce uniformity. Of course, it is probable that the original conjugations were merely cytoplasmic, the two nuclei learning to fuse but gradually. Our hypothesis, then, is that organisms learned to conjugate through the taking of food, the weaker from the stronger. When this habit was established it led to other habits, the plants which were able to conjugate obtained the advantage at the approach of adverse conditions, because they were thus enabled to reduce their numbers by one-half and the resulting cells could pass more readily into a resting stage because of the greater density of the protoplasm. Finally the mixing of chromosomes in conjugation had an influence on hereditary transmission. Conjugation then is a purposeful process and an advantage to the individual. The habit is acquired and developed like any other instinct. It be- comes a protoplasmic memory, an hereditary character. As stated above, outside of the brown and red algae there is only a temporary association of the double number of chromo- somes in the lower green plants, and there seems to have been a gradual development of the diploid sporophyte in the higher plants not because of the advantage coming from the greater 380 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science number of chromosomes but because the sporophyte happened to acquire the habit of being nourished by the parent gametophyte in its embryonic condition. In some of the red algae where both generations start as independent individuals the sexual and nonsexual generations are practically alike in appearance and complexity of structure. Wherever a sexual process is established a reduction division must also occur in the life cycle. The reduction may take place at three different stages. First, at the germination of the zygote; second, just before the formation of the gametes; or third, where an antithetic alternation of generations is present, just before the formation of the nonsexual spores on the sporophyte. In the evolution of sex, it was the gametes which were first differentiated, both being produced on an hermaphrodite individ- ual in nearly all the lower multicellular forms. As is well known, a decided sexual dimorphism appears in the gametes and often also in the sexual organs. The egg is large, stationary, and with an abundant food supply. The sperm is comparatively small, active and with a minimum of food stored in its body. The first evolution or differentiation of sexuality is then an ex- pression of difference in nutritive qualities. Now what is the hereditary apparatus that determines that the incipient gametes shall develop as eggs in one part of the body and as sperms in another part? As stated, the reduction in most of the lower forms takes place at the germination of the egg spore. The cause then which determines the development of gametes of one kind or the other in the hermaphrodite body is a matter of the becoming active or latent of characters common to all parts of the organism. It is not at all the case that the sex of the gametes is determined by the association or disassociation of an x ora 2x number of chromosomes. It is a process similar in character to that which determines that one leaf shall be a foliage leaf and the one next to it a sporophyll; or that one branch shall con- tinue as a vegetative shoot and the other one develop as a flower. Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 38% SEXUAL DIMORPITISM. If we are right in assuming that the difference in gametes is an expression of a difference in nutritive function and that the advantage of heterogamy is one merely of specialization in the two cells, we may next inquire as to the probable cause of a difference in the size, shape, color, etc., of the ovaries and sper- maries, and finally of the unisexual individuals in the higher forms. In such plants as Vaucheria the difference in shape and size of the gametangia is remarkable, when the simplicity of the other parts of the plant is taken into consideration. Whether this dif- ference is merely an expression of the activity of different heredi- .tary characters set free by the determination of the sex of the part, we may not be able to discover. But it is certainly appar- ent that the sexual differentiation 1s brought about like any other differentiation in the growth of the hermaphrodite individual. The sexual dimorphism of the parts is of no special significance. The twist in the antheridium does not appear to be of any special advantage; for it does not result in bringing about the discharge of the sperms in any constant direction in respect to the oogon- ium. In Chara, the oogonium and antheridium are exceedingly complex and also remarkably differentiated in shape, size, and finally in color. The oogonium is green corresponding to its further nutritive function in ripening the oospore which becomes packed with food material, while the antheridium is a bright red. Whatever purpose the bright red color of the antheridium may have, it is not the result of any sexual selection. If it has any significance, that significance is purely physiological and is prob- ably an expression of internal activities closely bound up with the nutritive hereditary tendencies which produce the male gametes. In certain species of Oedogonium the plant produces eggs and the so-called androspores. These androspores produce dwarf males whose sperms fertilize the eggs of the original par- ent plant. Now, these dwarf males are of peculiar shape and size. There is thus a very striking sexual dimorphism produced 332 Proceedings of the Olio State Academy of Science here apparently by the fact that the androspores are very small spores when compared with those which produce the egg-bearing plant. Indeed the androspore appears to be a modified sperm- atozoid which developing parthenogenetically produces a stunted individual with male sexuality. When one goes into the higher groups where unisexual in- dividuals appear in species whose close relatives are hermaphro- dite, one occasionally has a most striking sexual dimorphism be- tween normal males and females. Thus in species of the com- mon mosses belong to the genus Polytrichum the sexual branches are not only distinguished by having terminal scales of a dif- ferent shape and size, but the female is entirely green while the tip of the male plant in which the antheridia are hidden is red. In the Liverwort, Marchantia, the difference in shape of the branches which bear the sexual organs is also very great but there 1s no difference in color. The Heterosporous Pteridophytes show an extraordinary difference in the size of the sexual individuals and the same con- dition exists in most of the Gymnosperms. Finally, in the Angiosperms, when one meets with a dimorphism of the sporo- phytes, there is often a decided difference in the color of the flower-clusters ; as in the common cottonwood where the carpel- late catkins are green and the staminate ones red. At the time of blooming, therefore, there is a great contrast in the appearance of the two individuals. Examples like this could be multiplied indefinitely. It is sufficient to repeat again that similar develop- ments and dimorphisms appear whether the sexual organs or branches are borne on unisexual or hermaphrodite individuals. It has commonly been assumed that the sexual dimorphism of the higher animals arose through sexual selection, either through a preference shown by the male or the female or both for some pattern or color. Evidently such an explanation to the similar phenomena observed in many plants would be the extreme of absurdity whatever one may think of its fitness as an explanation of sexual dimorphism in the intelligent animals. I believe that sexual dimorphism or polymorphism whether of the sexual organs themselves or of sexual individuals is fun- Proceedings of the Olio State Academy of Science 333 damentally of the same nature as vegetative dimorphism. There is nothing more extraordinary in the difference between male and female or between the staminate and carpellate flower of a monce- cious plant than there is in the vegetative dimorphism to be seen in. such plants as the Mermaid-weed (Proserpinaca palustris), Bidens beckii, or other similar forms. The same phenomena are seen in the change of a root to a shoot or vice versa. Root and shoot hereditary characters are present in both parts but only one group is active under a given set of conditions. SEX RATIO. We are wont to assume that the ratio of the sexes is about equal and this seems to be the case in the higher animals. For some plants, however, it is very wide of the mark. Take for example the gametophytes of Selaginella kraussiana: every cone produces one megasporophyll and about 18 microsporophylls. The number of microsporophylls varies somewhat. Now nor- mally each megasporophyll produces four megaspores all from one megasporocyte. There are several. megasporocytes but one destroys the others in its development. In the microsporangia, on the other hand, there are numerous microsporocytes each of which produces 4 microspores. The ratio between the spores is therefore 4: 18x4n, n representing microsporocytes. Roughly speaking the ratio is sometimes as high as 1:5000. Since the megaspores produce females only and the microspores males only, the ratio of the spores is also the ratio of the gametophytes coming from them. Now this ratio, as will appear later, is fixed by some process which takes place in the nuclei of the sporophyte during vegetative growth before the reduction division has been accomplished. In the case of the staminate and carpellate sporophytes of the common hemp, the following condition has been found by ordinary statistical methods. Hayer discovered by examining 40,000 plants of Cannabis that there were 100 staminate to 114.93 carpellate individuals; Haberlandt in Austria found the ratio in the same species to be 100 staminate to 120.4 carpellate plants ; while Fisch counting 66,000 plants at Erlangen found a ratio of 834 Proceedings of the Oho State Academy of Science 10oO staminate to 154.24 carpellate individuals. Noll in experi- ments with hemp found that the percentage of staminate and carpellate offspring derived from the seeds of a single plant varied materially from the normal ratio whatever that may be. In some extreme cases only 10% were carpellate, in others 90% were carpellate. He concluded that the egg does not determine the ratio, otherwise there would not be such extreme variation. Then he crossed individual carpellate plants with pollen from a single anther with the result that the ratio of the offspring showed a very close approximation to the normal. A plant crossed with pollen from a single anther produced 100 staminate to 117.3 carpellate offspring while a plant crossed with pollen from a single inflorescence produced 100 staminate to 121.6 carpellate offspring. Noll concluded from these experiments that the ratio of staminate to carpellate plants in the offspring is determined by the sperm in the pollengrain and not by the egg. But I fail to see any evidence whatever for such a conclusion; even were the ratio. 117mm the frst case and) 1-i5.i0 tnemsee= ond. If the ratio is determined by the sperm, why should there be any difference in behavior between pollen taken from one anther and pollen taken from an indefinite number of anthers. from various individuals, when a certain per cent. of the pollen- grains from each anther is supposed to contain the male de- termining characters and the remainder the female? So far as we know the cell changes in all the anthers is essentially the same. There is nothing in fact on which to establish a case, for the ratios Noll determined in his experiments are far within the ratios obtained in nature by the statistical method. If the difference obtained proves anything at all, which is very doubt- ful, it shows merely that the sperms or eggs of some individuals or some flowers are more prepotent than others. In the case of the hemp, all we can say at present is that the ratio between staminate and carpellate plants seems to be exceedingly varia- ble. The sex tendency may be so evenly balanced that some small external or internal factor may determine the condition. Thus under a normal environment the ratio should be rather constant in the numbers of carpellate and staminate plants. Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 335 In the pine which is moncecious, the staminate cones are greatly in excess of the carpellate and the enormous difference in the number of male and female gametophytes is again, as in Selaginella, determined by the spores which in turn are pre- determined in the floral branches. For normally all the sporo- phylls of a cone are of one type. Here then the future sex is determined even in the incipient flowers from their very nature and position on the branch. In rare cases the determination may not be complete. Part of the cone may be carpellate and part staminate as reported by Fischer. Here the fixing of the sex tendency was evidently delayed to a later stage than usual. In the flowers of the higher plants, the organs which pro- duce the spores in which the sex of the gametophyte is deter- mined are sometimes variable and sometimes constant. In the lower forms the numbers are usually exceedingly variable, as for instance in Sagittaria latifolia. In the more highly devel- oped forms the numbers are very constant as in a lily where there are nearly always six stamens to three carpels. Since the males produced in a stamen are fairly constant in number and also the females in the carpels the sex ratio of the gameto- phytes would be 6 x males: 3 y females, x being a much larger number than y. The ratio of Selaginella .kraussiana has been given above. On some Selaginellas as S inaequalifolia, according to the illus- trations, the number of microsporophylls and megasphoro- phylls seems to be about equal. Here then the proportion of females to males produced must be much larger than in S. kraussiana, provided the microsporangia produce approximately equal numbers of spores in the two species. Selagnella rupes- tris, according to Miss Lyon, produces strobili or cones on the new vegetative shoots in late summer and autumn. Only mega- spores develop that season and in these the gametophytes reach the stage bearing archegonia. In the spring the cones resume their special growth and the first microspores appear. Thus each cone has a basal zone of megasporangia, approximately six months old, and above it a narrow region of microsporangia. The number of microsporangia appears to be strictly limited, 3386 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science usually 8-12. Thenceforth so long as the cone continues to grow during the remainder of that season megasporangia only are developed. Here then sex determination goes parallel with the seasons. And it is interesting to note that male and female producing spores are developed in much the same way as the alternate zones of sporophylls and foliage leaves in some Lycopods. These examples show that sex determination goes on with- out any reference to a reduction division or to the segregation of sex-determining bodies. Either directly or indirectly the control of sexuality may be dependent on the seasonal environ- ment in exactly the same way as foliage leaves and scale leaves are determined in harmony with seasonal conditions on a woody twig. SEX CONSTANCY. In some organisms, it does not seem possible to change the sex by any known manipulation when once determined. Sc long as the individual continues, either directly or through vege- tative propagation the sex remains the same. This has been found to be the case in the gametophytes of Marchantia for ex- ample. In these gametophytes the haploid number of chromo- somes is present and they are always strictly male or female. In related Bryophytes the gametophytes, also with the haploid number of chromosomes, are hermaphrodite. Therefore the haploid and diploid, or the x and 2x, condition of chromosomes has nothing to do primarily with the determination of the sexual condition. And because the sexual condition cannot be changed means no more in the given case than that certain leaves have lost the power of reproduction while others have not. There is no structural difference in the hereditary apparatus so far as our cytological knowledge goes but only a difference of condi- tions. The latency of the opposite hereditary tendency is to all appearances complete. In some ferns the gametophytes, normally hermaphrodite, can be kept as males or females by a proper control of the en- vironment. In Equisetum arvense, the gametophytes are uni- Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 337 sexual, the male gametophytes are the smaller while the larger females are also more branched. There is thus a normal sexual dimorphism of the vegetative body. The thalli are influenced to a certain extent by external conditions and unfavorable con- ditions of nutrition tend to increase the proportion of males. But what is still more important, it has be 2n demonstrated that Equisetum thalli which have developed ovaries, namely devel- oped as females, can by insufficient nutrition be forced to pro- duce spermaries. It is evident, therefore, that the thalli have not developed unisexually, as male or female, through some in- herent difference in their constitution nor through the loss of male or female sex determining characters, but rather that one set of tendencies has become latent while the opposite set is active. The latency is however not permanent but can be over- come by a proper environment. E’. and EF’. Marchal have shown that in certain mosses, Barbula unguiculata. Bryum argentium, and Ceratodon pur- pureus, the gametophytes are strictly male and female and are produced in equal numbers from the spores of one sporangium. Now these mosses may regenerate secondary protonemata from fragments of the gametophyte, stem, scale or rhizoid, and in every case the sex character is faithfully continued. The sex could not be changed by varying the conditions of environment. By regenerating parts of the sporophyte which has the diploid number of chromosomes the Marchals obtained protonemata which are hermaphrodite rather than unisexual as those pro- duced from the spores or gametophytes. The great majority, however, showed only male characters and a few developed only female characters. But the one sex was only latent as was shown by the possibility of obtaining hermaphrodite individ- uals again from these diploid, unisexual forms. Now it is evident that two interpretations may be made of these phenomena. First, the spore gametophytes which were apparently unisexual contained the characters of both sexes, one set being latent; second, the hereditary characters of one sex only were present. The Marchals adhere to the second hypothesis. Were this the condition of things generally, one 338 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science might agree with the conclusion, but since we have exactly the opposite condition in the Pteridophytes the hypothesis is prob- ably incorrect even for the cases where it seems to fit. And certainly the production of some unisexual individuals among the abnormal gametophytes developed from the sporophyte, notwithstanding the fact that both sex tendencies were present and should have produced hermaphrodites, clearly points to the simpler explanation, namely, that the unisexual condition in both cases was brought about in the same way. To my mind the experiments indicate just the opposite from the conclusions drawn. If all the diploid individuals had been hermaphrodite the case would have been somewhat stronger. Even then the hypothesis would not necessarily follow that male and female hereditary characters were separated by the reduction division. For reduction might be merely the cause of the latency of one tendency or the other in chromosomes possessing both qualities. As stated, in the homosporous pteridophytes the haploid gametophytes are mostly hermaphrodite, so it is certain that no sexual tendencies are segregated in reduction. Now is it not self-evident that in haploid hermaphrodite gametophytes at least so far as the evidence goes at present, both maternal and pater- nal sets of chromosomes have similar hereditary characters? Are not sexual peculiarities for the most part simply modifica- tions in development of the general hereditary characters of the body which may produce a male-like, a female like, or a neuter- like type of structure depending on certain conditions of in- ternal or external environment. Even Wilson, who has prob- ably gone farthest in finding a specific difference between male and female insects, says that male and female are but relative terms. One need only recall the influence of emasculation on some of the higher animals to be convinced how important some more or less remote influences may be in determining the de- velopment of secondary sexual characters. There are few plants that are strictly dioecious. In the willows and mulberries for example the sporophytes are fre- quently. bisphorangiate. In all such plants therefore the heredi- Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 389 tary characters are present which are able to produce the stami- nate or the carpellate condition or both on the same individual. In most’ of the moncecious and diecious flowers also there are some vestiges of the opposite set of organs. The gameto- phytes of heterosporous plants are however all strictly unisexual The nature of the spore determining the condition definitely and this unisexuality is produced entirely apart from the re- duction division. In Salix petiolaris, Chamberlain found microsporangia growing in the ovulary of the carpel. In the microsporangia borne inside of the ovularies the microspore development was -sometimes normal, but was as often feeble and abortive. In ovularies which contained microsporangia, the ovules were sometimes orthotropous, and had the integument developed all around.. The megaspore development was normal and embryos were not uncommon. Now this is certainly an important case, for 1t shows that even in the very organs differentiated to pro- duce the one or the other set of spores, the hereditary charac- ters are not always completely controlled. Something over- comes the dominance of the characteristic tendency and thus permits the opposite tendency, which has no phylogentic basis in the hereditary characteristics of the organ, to come to ex- pression. But this is after all no more remarkable than many other vegetative expressions, as stamens changing to petals, leaf-blades of Botrychiums developing as sporophylls, and many other peculiar developments that might be mentioned. One of the most interesting cases on record in the change of the sexual condition is that of the tropical papaya (Carica papaya). This is a dioecious species but it has been found that if one of the staminate and therefore unfruitful trees has its terminal bud removed it soon begins to produce carpellate fruits. This experiment suggests that there may be many methods of manipulation, which might be employed for changing the sexual condition, that have not yet been tried on favorable sub- jects. Braem reports a somewhat similar case for a worm. 340 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science Ophryotrocha puerilis 1s usually unisexual but occasionally her- maphrodite. Braem halved a female with ripe eggs. The head portion with 13 segments was isolated and in three weeks it had regenerated 7 segments. The ova had disappeared from the gonads and a functional spermary had developed which was producing spermatozoa. Braem thinks that the very young in- different germ cells had developed as male cells in consequence of the amputation. There was no trace of hermaphroditism. It is certain, therefore, that the gonads changed from an egg- producing to a sperm-producing tissue. In dioecious plants also where some of the imperfectly car- pellate individuals have bisporangiate flowers, poor nutrition, in- duced by various causes, lessens the proportion of bisporangiate flowers. Correns found that in Satureia the production of a greater or less number of carpellate or bisporangiate flowers is dependent upon nutrition in its widest sense, notwithstanding that he believes sex is determined in Mendelian ratio. All the known facts clearly indicate that various external and internal conditions, are able to influence the expression of hereditary characters, although they may not affect the trans- mission of characters. This has lately been emphasized by O. lf (COOs<, Differences of heat, light, food, chemicals, and internal se- cretions are known to induce changes in the expression of char- acters. The necessary presence of the thyroid gland in man, the presence of the spermaries in the higher animals, the in- fluence of gall producing organisms on the higher plants, the effect of scions on the character of the roots on which they are grafted, all show how expression of hereditary characters can be changed in the individual. A remarkable fact in support ‘of the proposition that the morphological expression of sexuality is the result of a condition is presented by the known cases of sterile female birds which sometimes take on the male plumage. All these phenomena appear to indicate that sexual characters are a common inheritance, there being no female hereditary characters as such nor male characters, but general characters Proceedings of the Olio State Academy of Science 341 which may be expressed in one form or another during develop- ment from the egg on up to the death of the individual. TIME OF DETERMINATION OF THE SEX OF THE INDIVIDUAL. Nothing in biology is more definitely established than the fact that there is no definite or special tim€ common to all or- ganisms at which the sexuality of the individual is determined. It may be in the vegetative cells before the sporocytes are pro- duced, in the development of the sporocytes themselves, in the daughter cells of the sporocytes, or at some later stage. In the case of organisms with the diploid number of chromosomes, the sex may be determined in one of the gametes before fertilization, and for the individual, therefore, at the time of fertilization, or in certain species at some subsequent time. In speaking of the determination of sex, one must not for- get that there are a number of types of sexual individuals, — namely, haploid males, females, and hermaphrodites; diploid males, females, and hermaphrodites; and of heterosporous sporophytes there are diploid microsporangiate, megasporangi- ate, and bisporangiate individuals. Through parthenogenesis there are possibly also haploid microsporangiate, megasporangt- ate, and bisporangiate individuals. In all critical discussions these different categories must be clearly distinguished before generalizations can be made. Recently the opinion has several times been expressed that it is wrong to compare hermaphrodites which have in a given case developed but one sex with what are supposed to be true unisexual forms. But the stand does not seem to be well taken. We have all gradations between normal hermaphrodites and true unisexual gameophytes as well as between bisporanglate and monosporangiate sporophytes. Many of the discussions on sex-heredity are confused because the authors fail to recog- nize the logical homologies between sexual and nonsexual plants and animals. The most common mistake along this line is in regard to the haploid gametophyte generation which has no clear homolog among the animals. The same confusion exists in re- 342 Proceedings of the Olio State Academy of Science gard to the reduction division. Many are not able to get be- yond the erroneous idea that the reduction division must in some way be a maturation division when in most plants it has nothing whatever to do with the development and ripening of gametes. But to, return to the question of sex determination; in Isoetes, according to Smith, each leaf bears but one sporan- gium and the sporangia are apparently all alike in the early stages. Up to the time when the archesporium is 8 to 10 cells deep in cross section there is no histological feature by which one may determine whether a given sporangium will produce microsporés or megaspores. The first changes to be seen that mark the microsporangium are those which lead to the differ- entiation of the sporocytes. The sex of the future gameto- phytes is, therefore, determined in the early stages of the sporo- cytes if not earlier. The nature of the sporophylls of Selagi- nella kraussiana must be determined in the incipient stage, for the one megasporophyll always has a definite position in rela- tion to the numerous microsporophylls. As far back as 1881, Prantl found that if fern thalli are cultivated with aboundant nutriment, only ovaries are developed, while with poor nourishment spermaries are formed. The sex of these potentially hermaphrodite juvenile individuals is thus determined by their environment during vegetative growth. Moreover, by keeping them in suitable conditions they may be kept as male and female, the ordinary hermaphrodite tendencies never coming to expression. Douin finds that in the unisexual liverwort, Sphaerocarpus terrestris about 75 per cent. of the spore tetrads clearly show two males and two females. There were, however, several cases clearly anomalous. One group of two tetrads had five males and three females. Another tetrad had three males and one female, and two others had one male and three females. Apparently the sex in this plant is determined at the time of the reduction division. But I do not think that the 75 per cent. is high enough to warrant a final conclusion. At least 90 per cent. of the tetrads should be taken into account before one could Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 348 make any decided claims. But it may well be that the sex is determined at the first division without any definite shifting of hereditary characters. The anomalous cases can also be ex- plained as examples of abnormal latency or activity. Probably with a large number of cultures properly controlled, one could find tetrads giving rise to all males or all females. One can simply say that in Sphaerocarpus sex determination is usually coincident with reduction. To say that it is caused by a definite segregation during reduction of male and female hereditary units is another proposition. Closely related Bryophytes are hermaphrodite after reduction. It must be clearly kept in mind that when plants finally developed a condition of complete uni- sexuality in the heterospores groups it was accomplished with- out any reference to a segregation in the reduction division. This is the one great fact that stands out most prominently. The final evolution of a definite sex determining process was ac- complished independently of the reduction division and _ there- fore independently of any known segregation of material heredi- tary units or determinants. Maternal and. paternal chromp- somes do not determine sex whatever determining factors may be present, the only visible and known difference in the male and female producing microspores and megaspores of higher plants is a difference in size’of the cell together with a differ- ence in the amount of cytoplasm and included food materials. If it can be shown that sex is determined independently of re- duction in a large number of cases then it is reasonable to de- mand that the opposite assertion be established with indubitable proofs. Not only does the double or single number of chromosomes appear to have nothing to do with sex determination, but ac- cording to Yamanouchi, the apogamously produced sporophyte of nephrodium, which shows constantly the x or gametophytic number, looks like the ordinary 2x or diploid sporophyte, result- ing from fertilization. It is evident, therefore, that the single or double number has little influence upon the general appear- ance of the plant. The conclusion follows that both the mater- nal and paternal chromosomes have all the ordinary hereditary 344 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science units of the species. And since it is known that paternal and ma- ternal equivalents conjugate in the formation of the bivalent chromosomes, it follows that no difference how the univalents are segregated, each daughter nucleus will still have all the types of true chromosomes and so the complete inheritance of the race, including sexual tendencies. If one thinks of organisms as continuous developments from generation to generation and each individual as a branch from the main axis of progression, then sex in most cases be- comes simply an individual expression of a more general inherit- ance, in many cases even an alternative expression when female determining cells give rise to males or vice versa. The alterna- tive expression is then probably of the same nature as alterna- tive expression in the formation of leaf and flower shoots in a branching plant. SEX PRCGDUCING NUCLEAR BODIES. In a large number of insects belonging chiefly to the Hemp- tera and Coleoptera a definite chromosomal difference has been found between the male and female. The “accessory chromo- somes” or allosomes are so distributed at the time of the reduc- tion division that all the eggs are alike while the sperms are of two kinds. The chromosome group of one of the two types of sperms is like that of the egg, and when such a sperm fertilizes an egg a female zygote is produced. The other type of sperm has a chromosome group unlike that of the egg and produces a male zygote in fertilization. An attempt has been made to find similar peculiarities in plants but so far without success. I shall touch but briefly on the presence of these sex-determining bodies as discovered by McClung and worked out for many species by Stevens, Wilson, Montgomery, Morgan, and others. These “accessory chromosomes,” “idiochromosomes,”’ or allo- somes as Montgomery calls them are said generally to arise from or to be closely connected with a chromatin nucleolus. Now in plants, at least in all cases where the objects are of such size and distinctness as to warrant definite conclusions, the chromo- somes come from the chromatin network. If then the allo- Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science $845 somes are a type of body related to the nucleolus, we may re- gard their presence as influencing nutritive functions and in some such way controlling sex. If the allosomes are not derived from the chromatin network they need not be considered as special bearers of hereditary characters. They may be put in the same category as nucleoli, centrosomes, plastids, etc. Their presence may have an influence on the chromosomes in making latent or setting free certain hereditary peculiarities which con- trol sexual development. We can, with all the evidence so far brought to light, still say that maleness or femaleness is a con- ‘dition and not a simple character. Nevertheless the presence of such bodies is an exceedingly interesting biological fact. According to Wilson the known cases of sexual differences of chromosome groups, where allosomes or “‘idiochromosomes” are present, fall into five classes as follows: 1. “Both sexes with the same number of chromosomes, a pair of equal idiochromosomes present in both. No visible differ- ence between the two classes of spermatozoa or between the male and female somatic groups.” 2. “Both sexes and both classes of spermatozoa with the same number of chromosomes; the male with a pair of unequal idiochromosomes, half the spermatozoa receiving the large one and half the small one.” 3. “The female chromosome group with one more chromo- some than the male. The male with an unpaired idiochromo- some and an odd spermatogonial number, half the spermatozoa receiving the idiochromosome and half being without it.” 4. “Female group (by inference only) with two more chromosomes than the male. In the male a pair of unequal idiochromosomes, half the spermatozoa receiving both these idiochromosomes, and hence two more than the other half.” 5. “Female group with three more chromosomes than the male. Half the spermatozoa receiving three more chromosomes than the other half.” Wilson is very careful to say that the two kinds.of sper- matozoa are female— and male-producing and not female — or male-determining. 346 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science The allosome appears to be one of a number of external and internal influences which accomplish sex determination, and it is probable that this influence is brought about either directly or indirectly by a stimulus on the hereditary apparatus, the re- sult of the stimulus showing itself in large and small spores, large and small gametes, or male and female individuals. But great caution must still be taken lest we be led away by this seemingly clear case of sex-producing bodies in the gametes of insects and other animals. The difference may after all be only a coincidence to the sex-determining factor, and this really appears to be the case according to some recent investiga- tions by Morgan. In the phylloxerans which are gall-insects of the hickories, the fertilized eggs produce only females. This results because only functional female-producing spermatozoa are formed—the male-producing sperms degenerating. The females that result from the fertilized eggs produce subsequently both males and females parthenogenetically. Without going into the complicated history of the development of the various generations in the life cycle a few prominent facts may be pointed out. In the two species, Phylloxera fallax and P. cary- aecaulis, male eggs and female eggs are determined as such be- fore there is any loss of chromosomes. The total number of chromosomes is present, yet one egg is large and the other small. The preliminaries of sex-determination for both sexes go on in the presence of all the chromosomes. The large eggs produce females, the small males. The male animal itself is produced only after the elimination of two of the chromosomes, but the sexual female and the parthenogenetic female are both produced in the presence of all the chromosomes. It is apparent that we have here something like in the heterosporous plants. Sex 1s determined before the reduction division and the two sizes of eggs are significant when compared with microspores and mega- spores. In Phylloxera caryaecaulis a large preponderance of male producers are developed. When it is recalled that all the descendants can be traced to a single egg fertilized by a “‘female- producing” sperm the results are very significant. Either exter- nal conditions determine the result or else there is a strong “pre- Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 347 potency” of the egg or sperm in one or the other direction. Certainly these gall-insects show that the allosomes are not sex- determining bodies per se and this is still further established by the fact that the division into male and female layers takes place one generation prior to the formation of the sexes. The evi- dence which Morgan thus gives from the animal side is in com- plete agreement with that presented by the heterosporous pteri- dophytes. We must at present, therefore, regard the allosomes as sex-indicating rather than sex-determining or sex-producing bodies. SPECIAL VIEWS REGARDING SEX-INHERITANCE. Guyer reports that pheasant hybrids are almost all males and suggests that their sex is due to incompatibility of the germ plasms. The known hybrids resulting from a crossing of guinea fowls and ordinary chickens are also all males. He says that in the case of hybrids and particularly those from widely sep- arated parents, there would in all probability be more or less de- fault in the metabolic processes because of the incompatibilities which must necessarily exist between two germ-plasms so dis- similar. Kauffman studied the water molds, Saprolegniaceae, with especial reference to the variations of the sexual organs. He holds that sexuality can be controlled by external conditions. Maud and Raymond Pearl made a statistical study based on 200,000 births in Buenos Aires. They show that there is a markedly greater preponderance of male to female births in children born of parents of different races. This seems to be in agreement with the results obtained from hybrid pheasants. Among botanists, Strasburger, Correns, and Noll believe that the egg tends to produce females. If this were really the case, the reduction division could have nothing to do directly with sex-determination in the heterosporous plants, since no allosomes are known to be present and the eggs are vegetative descendants of spores produced through reduction. But on the other hand, they think that the reduction division in the microsporocyte sep- arates male tendencies of unequal vigor so that in dioecious 348 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science plants two microspores of a tetrad will give rise to male gameto- phytes with sperms which in fertilizing the egg are prepotent over the female tendency and so will produce staminate plants ; the other two microspores will give rise to gametophytes whose sperms are not able to overcome the female tendency of the egg and hence will produce carpellate plants. Correns supports his hypothesis by results obtained through studies of Bryonia dioica and other plants. He believes that the egg always carries the same sex tendency, namely to produce females are more properly speaking carpellate plants, while the sperms are of two kinds, half bearing the female and half the male (staminate) tendency. The male tendency dominates over the female. The females are therefore, homozygous (female -+- female) with respect to sex; the male are heterozygous (female + male) with respect to sex. In other words, the female is a homozygous recessive while the male is a heterozy- gous dominant. But if the observations on bees are correct, then the egg must have the male tendency; for all parthenogene- tic developments among the common honey bees result in males. According to Castle, the female is the male condition plus something else, 1. e. a distinct unit character Mendelian in hered- ity. Maleness is not, then, the Mendelian allelomorph to fe- maleness, but a differential factor between male and female is allelomorphic to absence of that factor. Presence of the factor then means femaleness, absence of it means maleness. The dif- ferential factor 1s supposed to be inherited as a Mendelian char- acter dominant over its absence. But it must be remembered that both sexes develop peculiarities absent in the other and the male has usually more than the female. The sex determination simply causes. one or the other set of peculiarities to appear. Castle concludes among other things that sex is not directly controlled by the environment but is determined by internal (gametic) factors. But this does not harmonize with the facts presented by the homosporous and heterosporous pteridophyte gametophytes. Castle’s further statement that the determina- tion of sex depends upon the presence in the zygote of a factor or factors which are inherited in accordance with Mendel’s law Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 349 cannot hold for the heterosporous pteridophytes, for the zygote produces a bisporangiate plant and the sex of the gametophyte is determined independently of the reduction division not in a Mendelian ratio but in some species in the proportion of 5,000 males to one female. According to Wilson, the eggs are all alike, while the sperm- atozoa are of two sorts half bearing the same character as the eggs and half being without it. But Bateson and his associates find that in the moth Abraxas grossulariata and in a canary bird studied by them, the eggs are dimorphic in sex tendency whereas the spermatozoa are all alike. The apparently antagonistic results brought to light are really only antagonistic when viewed from the standpoint of the several contradictory hypotheses of sex-determination. If we take a reasonable view of sexual inheritance, regarding it as a common inheritance of the race which may express itself in one way or the other, as ordinary vegetative characters, the pecu- liarities presented will be readily explained on the same basis as the various vegetative polymorphisms to be found in the higher plants, the play of hereditary factors and the result of heredi- tary expression being much greater than what 1s shown by Men- delian inheritance. GENERAL CONCLUSIONS. The principles maintained in the foregoing discussion are either based on or lead to the following general conclusions and hypotheses : 1. Every cell of an organism contains all the ‘general hereditary characters or units of the entire individual body. 2. Only a part of these characters come to expression at any given stage of development. 3. Some hereditary characters are common to all the or- gans or parts of the hereditary apparatus, others to individual chromosomes. 4. Peculiarities of form and function come to expression by the combined activity of groups of cells as well as by the 350 Proceedings of the Olio State Academy of Science activity of chromosome groups, of individual chromosomes, or of smaller heredity-bearing units. 5. Hereditary tendencies may be dominant or recessive in respect to each other; they may be dormant or active through the influence of environment; or they may work together or influence one another in such a way that a strange or new structure appears. 6.* Sexuality expressed as maleness or femaleness, whether in gametes, sexual organs or individuals is a condition and not a character, and the development of a cell as an egg or a sperm does not destroy its power later, parthenogetically, to produce the opposite sex. 7. Fertilization was primarily not a stimulus to further growth; conjugation was primarily not a mode of reproduction, nor was sexuality primarily developed as a means to variability. 8. Sex may be determined sometime before reduction and thus independently of any process going on during either a vege- tative or reduction karyokinesis; it may be determined during the reduction division; it may be determined during the fertiliza- tion stage; or finally it may be determined after vegetative growth has begun. g. « In some cases, when the sex is once determined it can- not be changed in the vegetative body nor in any negative spore or propagative bud; in other cases, it may be changed in the vegetative body after being developed as male or female. 10. * The sexual ratio is not Mendelian in the gametophyte and apparently not in the sporophyte. 11. The most prominent fact in the differentiation and evolution of unisexual gametophytes in the higher plants is that although the entire mechanism of reduction was well developed, nevertheless the separation of the sexes was accomplished en- tirely independently of reduction by a differentiation of large, female-determining, and minute, male-determining spores. OHIO ACADEMY OF SCIENCE PUBLICATIONS First and Second Annual Reports............ Price 30 cts. each Third and Fourth Annual Reports........... Price 25 cts. each Fifth to Sixteenth Annual Reports.......... Price 20 cts. each Seventeenth Annual Report ................. Price 40 cts. each SPECIAL PAPERS. . “Sandusky Flora.” pp. 167. HE. L. Moseley.......... 2. “The Odonata of Ohio.” pp. 116. David S. Kellicott.60 cts. “The Preglacial Drainage of Ohio.” pp. 75. W. G. Tight, J. A. Bownocker, J. H Todd and Gerard Ce eT ey 4. “The Fishes of Ohio.” pp. 105. Raymond C. Osburn.60 cts. 5. “Tabanidae of Ohio.” pp. 63. James S. Hine....... 50 ects. 6. “The Birds of Ohio.” pp. 241. Lynds Jones........ Sa use 7. “Ecological Study of Big Spring Prairie.” pp. 96. Thomas Ay BONSOr Mars cere eee able ns Ss eaicacio as 6 atthe, waseaac ne 50 cts. 8. “The -Coccidae of Ohio, I.” pp. 66. James G. Sanders gia core uicesaarevela a tanaiatry Maccha tae Nel eat tera Ce aaa 50 ets. 9. “Batrachians and Reptiles of Ohio.” pp. 54. Max eeeoeeecsreee eset seee eee ee terete ose tee eeeroeseeens 10. “Ecological Study of Brush Lake.” pp. 20. J. H. Schaffner, Otto E. Jennings, Fred J. Tyler. .35 cts. 11. “The Willows of Ohio.”’ pp. 60. Robert F Griggs....50 cts. 12. “Land and Fresh-water Motlusca of Ohio.” pp. 35. Vir nS Gers oy Sia aye So can sa ere aca rect aS eR ea 50 ets. 13. “The Protozoa of Sandusky Bay and Vicinity.” i pees Wise Bee aS Neh Cevsere crn urease penenn et te thee aN eae SOE 60 cts. 14, “Discomycetes in the Vicinity of Oxford, Ohio.” pp. 5 lel tba Gove te Wead NU Weed Sek Gay 607 Da mR tony ae aU Gace os oe 50 cts. 15. “Trees of Ohio and Surrounding Territory.” pp. 122. John? Fe Schainen) seca cr eee ern seated aaieusce eee 8 75 cts. 16. “The Pteridophytes of Ohio.” pp. 41. John aH. cSelatinern, evecare an eetereteescaleae eave ae hates 50 cts. Address: W.C. MILLS, Librarian, Ohio Academy of Science, Page Hall, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. B Pe a Oe a EES POR =p Pe Ne a ee aS Es =, = ln my eet ey | asl RAS eg OF ee ae ? Proceedings Ohio State | Academy of Science VOLUME V, PART 8 - Annual Report Twentieth Meeting 241440 TPOCEERUINGS OF THE OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE Volume V, Part 8. Annual Report of the Ohio State Academy of Science Twentieth Meeting 1910 Organized 1891 ° Incorporated 1892 Publication Committee J. C. Hambleton E, L. Rice Bruce Fink Date of Publication, November, 1911 Published by the Academy Columbus, Ohio Otficers---L9L0-191L PRESIDENT. EGe WARS G Ad: VICE-PRESIDENTS. CHARLES BROOKOVER. , ME; STICKNEY. Gr DD: HUBBARD: SECRETARY, L? B. WALTON. TREASURER. J. S. HINE. LIBRARIAN. W..C. MILLS. EXECUTIVE COM MITTEE, Ex-Officto. W. FF. MERCER... ' JAS. S. HINE, -L. B. WALTON. Elective. M. F. GUYER. : E. L. MOSELEY. BOARD OF TRUSTEES. Wir ReneAZENBYS Chairman, term expirese-: 4 eek cee. eked ieee cele 1912 ye RUGE. shermnexpinesie os 6 ans AEE ON eel orrees cot ate eer see tee ae ie 1911 RANTS (CNT ohn CxMS. nl seo oe csuou sags coe seo uouReOn Gooden 1913 PUBLICATION COMMITTEE. jE] AniwrErnon, (Chainman-s tepimeexpires ences e eee catlee aceite: 1912 DIGG Ep UNNGK CE EI EX PIE Sia taraiseteon le uaste oar tte pyatecs cymes sueie hevenacaee 1914 TNE RCE ete TMM XP INES iaee Ns aaa eee he aes eenehes tary eters hike Sy ereatieias 1913 421 Past Offers. PRESIDENTS. 1892. E. W. CLAYPoLe, 1901.. A. D. SEvpy, 1893. TEpwarp Orron, 1902. W. R. LAZzENBy, 1894. EF. M. WEeEsSTER, 1903. C. J. Herrick, 1895. D. S. KeELticorr, 1904.. E. L. Mose ey, 1896. A, A. WRIGHT, 1905. HeRBERT OSBORN, 1897. W. A. KELLERMAN, iis OO GK aks wiles RICE, 1898. W. G. TicHt, ~ "1907; CHARLES DURY, 1399. G. F. WRIGHT, 1908. FRANK CARNEY, 1900. JosHuaA LINDAHL, 1909. J. H. ScHAFFNER, 1910. W. F. Mercer. VICE-PRESIDENTS. ig92. A. A. WricHt, ELLEN E. SMITH. 1893. D. S. Ketiicotr, D. L. James. 1894. G. H. Corron, Mrs..W. A. KELLERMAN. 1895. H. E. CHaprin, JANE F. WINN. 1896. A. L. TREADWELL, CHARLES Dury. 1897. C. E. Stocum, J,..B. WRicHT. 1898. Josua Linpaut, J..H. Toop. 1899. CHas. E. Avpricut, A. D. SELBy. 1900. J. A. BowNnockerR, Lynps JONEs. 1901. H. Herzer, Mrs. W. A. KELLERMAN. 19022) (Ge pI MERRTCK) Ca Se Te ROSSER: 1903. J. A. Bownocker, Miss L. C. Rippte. 1904. Lynnps Jones, L. H. McFappen. 1905. C. W. Dabney, F. M. Comstock. 1906. CHarLES Dury, Lynps Jones. 1907. W. F. Mercer, FRANK CARNEY. 1908. J. H. Scuarrner, F. C. WaAItE. 1909. L. G. WesteaTte, S. R. WILLIAMS. 1910. M. M. Mercatr, Bruce Fink, G. D. Husparp. TREASURERS. 1892-95. A. D. SELBy, 1899-04. HERBERT OSBoRN, 1896-98. D. S. KeELticort, 1905-11. Jas. S. HINe. LIBRARIAN. 1904-11. W. C. MILts. 422 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 7892. 1893-94. 1900-04. 1900-02. 1904-06. 1900-05. 1892-01. 1892-97. 1892-96. 1897-99. 898-00. ole ous SECRETARIES. W. R. Lazensy, 1895-03. E. L. MoseELey, W. G. ViGHT, 1904 F. L. LANDACRE, 1905-11. L. B. Watton. TRUSTEES. F. M. WEssTER, oe on 1901-09..¢ W. R. LAZENBY, H. C. BEaARDSLEE, 1905-08. G. B. Hatstep, C. J. Herrick, 1907-08. CHas. Dury, J. H. ScHAFFNER, 1908-11. E. L. Rice. 1910-12. FRANK CARNEY. PUBLICATION COM MITTEE. EF. M. WEBSTER, 1901-03. L. H. McFappen, W. A. KELLERMAN, 1902-04. GERARD FowkeE, E. W. CrLayPote, 1904-05. Jas. S. HINeE, E. L. Mose ey, 1905. - E. L. Rice, S. BELLE CRAVER, 1906. - J. C. HAMBLETON, 1900-08. J. H. ScHAFFNER, 1908. - Bruce Finx. Ca Gs ta Hie Membership mae OGIISIE i Tal, : ae Lite Member McMiiiin, EMerRSON E............ 320 Riverside Drive, New York, N. Y. Active Members SE UNE rd AAC a a I ic el ayers oat e a 218 13th St., Toledo TGR DST eae heed ilar ene name ern en Oe Maco ation Ma Ta ade Station K, Cincinnati eNO INeeGes OLIN IU a cecgwice ane ooo ony ONS uae e ole c eR Columbus ARMSTRONG 1 Guy AU wGeolOgyn ats ghee ae scm 1110 Chance Ave., Canton BACHMAN, Frepa ,M., Biology............... 310 Bruen St., Madison, Wis BiapERTSCHER, J. A., Histology, Embryology, Physiology.......... Athens 3aLES, B. R., Ormthology, Entomology......149 W. Main St., Circleville DONUT eset ADELE DE OTOL OCA) cera ne Meee ais el ae as eae aT oe eee ate Logan, Utah Barrows, WILLIAM M., Experimental Zoology..... O. S. U., Columbus sHOL, IGE! (Co IKNOLMsasodeooubsosadacodoocososdasodos cua owl, WENO BENEDICT: dele MI i aes ae on yr mela Oh ely Univ. of Cincinnati, Cincinnati BERGER Wie ZOOL see Bee ATG ae ee ta Gainesville, Flo1ida PTA URON TIEN ER ose Wet ee oe AES ele Eh ee aan era eae 1501 Neil Ave., Columbus Bouin, W. C., Engineering.......852 Grand Central Station, Chicago, Il. BowNocKer, JoHN A., Geology...................... O. S. U., Columbus BOD, (CORA INAS, ZOOUOEMS noo sco bles ona ae Univ. of Cincinnati, Cincinnati BraaM, MAximiILian, Biology........... Hughes High School, Cincinnati BRAUN, ANNEDDE EF. Zoology. 3.05.0 ..0.... Univ. of Cincinnati, Cincinnati BROCKEDT RUPE ss i BOLOIAec ee eee Dee ae oe Rio Grande BROOKOVERS® ©HVARIGES 4 be amateurs Os ene Buchtel College, Akron BruccEr, Harvey, Botany..................-. 218 N. Wood St., Fremont Bugna, Marrutias, Entomology..........2629 Woodhill Road, Cleveland BUDIUNKCAROIN, Re A Zornloesi IANMGHONORN cab uesecdos banc cocscsoes: Oberlin Burcess, A. F., Entomology......... U. S. Dept. Ag., Washington, D. C. C@ATNINE | INRAINIES GRROLOCyvaeaiee at bet Mercy Pash i ad Uren ta el wa enea Granville CHAVNSSIBIN, ILO, IBROTUMM: os550000000 46 1s Fernwood Ave., East Cleveland Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 425 Crank Tow:ARp es Geology nhs ne Mele: se chum alacant al Calvary awa an Granville CLEVENGER bear DOLOnN nh inom iad aeiseet wo State Colleges bat ‘CocHimr, (Grorcese.. -Zoologs) Nicolo. ee Granville COREE eA ED eee SP GShe eran oa ei man ier nes wiatinn cir he UR elteiay Guia Os Columb.s GORTONAG GEOR GEW Tele arn Weare ite RU laces eA nigh casa ce Sek ie ind Sh Hiram Comstock, FRANK M., Vert. Zoology.............. Case School, Cleveland Corton, EG Entonology. 2 Experiment Sta., Knoxville. Tenn. (GOP ETN DVN aaa ere aU as a tba FURR) aun Gc VeR aden be MN Dn e Mtl ae) Athens CRAMER, WILLIAM G., Zoology............273 Southern Ave., Cincinnati DABNEY. OHAREESs Wesaie tet a) Cage Univ. of Cincinnati, Cincirnati DACHINOWSKMCALEREDS BON ss 2. 5. Sees oe O. S. U., Columbus IDAs (Cie ING SOOT. IIPS aos Ube cbloe aac on noeu de ones Granville IDAs WE JES IO ARCMIN ee sok Seely ols so Ok as baring cals O. S. U., Columbus IANS santa Vero Oi euyiine ae Homabe ya ete vari Gs Sys ecAul saat pene see OPC tae Oxford DERNGER'S) SE REDAWUD OL GI) any ere wet es Raat eee! O. S. U., Columbus Dickry, MaLcotm G., Botany............. 1986 Indianola Ave., Columbus IB) seer yates ile ests VV Scere encase eine Sic eeca mitiaieC La sien satar maculae DA ATE RinL Mia rg Delphos Doren, JANE Macartney, POGIN eA OLORN a ce ias syn. Bexley, Columbus Dinan 12, IP BOON. (GCOMORW iy espa hsee meee se oce bea: Westerville DUR Nem GHAR SH grace cminen seer als aetna 537 Ridgway Ave., Cincinnati DTT ONG Cae eee heat eral a ort 4816 Franklin Ave., Cleveland EDWARDS se hee OOlogye setySTOlOR I aniline teen eines ne ne Sis BN Iio Ce ere 2.2.:.7317 Clinton Ave. N. W., Cleveland RTE TE POA OPEL aU iu omnccnnancmiue aie Lr Earnie (iat 520 E. Main St., Columbus FENNEMAN, N. M., Geology, Geography....Uniy. of Cincinnati, Cincinnati PION, IBIAOKCID, IXOKOV AOOUOLN + dougie es oonoo sac obeeco ude ldo Gon Oxford FiscHER, WALTER, Botany.........-°. ie nein ia eR SIRS Para, Brazil YISCHER, MARTIN H., Experimental Medicine..........2+-05---.2+--- Rist OM AIMS Kea ta UNE IT Say MSN UL Couto Uniy. of Cincinnati, Cincinnat: LUTZ CERALD ND) aki USTOLO CM Ns OLIVOl Oi mmrter sete tic dastiys cece: Reynoldsburg PEVNNLUNIAUD Zoology hi oan 33S aNie SixthyAve. .Coltunibus In@onia, dy tal TEWOUORM an oak oo bs 812 S. E. Fourth St., Minneapolis, Minn. Fox, CHARLES P., Botany, Chemistry........1.:.....395. Doyle St., Akron lene Is MINE, SOUCY, AOR TOUORN essen eae oPoghadb econ. ColletonsS ae IDURD IL NOMI tin Ae dno een ore eineeo a Sead Db sooee SoGmn oe bac Berea MULTON, SByebe me tvLOnLOLO Sy IOLOM Mines ares ace cysts cist tedster te casas Newark Garey ib, I; GCOlORN Sse es ccs copes need e ene 263 Hoyt St., Buffalo, N. Y. GIB SHIA alin ey entice ETON te ate rah i arn hit lea 2 YON oe Cee eyraN ren Clas Milan GOODRICH, CALVIN, Concilology.c..e.5..40ces 52 Toledo Blade, Voledo (Gayo, sla) s Oye BLOM the 4 eine ola Geni Moe Mama od obs oe Meno aele et Se Oberlin * Subject to ratification of the Society at the annual meeting, 1911. 126 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science (GCS) eM INONOHN, be bea cénoocoood ner Aveeu oe Alb oe O. S. U., Columbus GUMERE NIE ree ce ey rors Por eslch Meier en Cetnine ani she Madison, Wis. HamMBLETON, J. C., Botany, Zoology........... 212 E. 11th Ave., Columbus Hansen, Mrs. HermMiIna J., Biology...... Hughes High School, Cincinnati HatHaway, Epwarp S., Zoology, Botany..Univ. of Cincinnati, Cincinnati aU Ih IPG: JROOUOE Ng osus nnn) aoe 6s pane dolce ete Sarat Box 302, Lancaster IBU.Wi8S, SPs belon oo oc IEDs eA ary MUN aaalt fale nba ae 135 Center St., Dayton Hennincer, W. F., Ornithology, Entomology............... New Bremen Heros, W. Re i er ae Ce Uniy. of California, Berkeley, Cal. Isiseaa Il. JPMleomTiolORNdcsr ck pesdedusonuee deo nea omaaepeones ad Marietta HUI res SERED Nee ane Ue rey ete St. John’s College, Toledo IniinmanAuGiE, Osewr, JRouame, ECOWOWss coset soccncsotcscoodouccce Akron Hine, J. S:, Entomology, Ornithology. \.-). 25... - 27. O. S. U., Columbus leoicars Wie 3P'og Botany... ee RUA ART OE aan aes 2113 Putnam St., Toledo Hoon, G. W., E:xtemology, Horticulture........ 57 W. sth Ave., Columbus Sie la. Say (BUMOMIOORWs sats ee dan6 so owee cde annucsenodoeso. Wooster ke aegien, (Ge! IDs, GCGlOeN, 121NSOMHUDINM: Seok ses aeoueowaub bos eos: Oberlin Iasi. olde, GCOlOBN sas socacsccesoe School of Mining, Kingston, Ontario INCOR Ct AZOCNOIN a cons canast cosmo noo eubehdoe noo Durham, N. H. HEN NIRSSU C2 AB a ieee panes I NGM Nereis aati: Adelbert College, Cleveland [oORIVONCS, Oy 1B, LOUTIM. so eb 06 Carnegie Museum Annex, Pittsburg, Pa. JomNSON, DORA: Botany d2hy slo ora pliant. rks rine eral er er Medina JANES: ILAAYDSS OV LOUOLW Si 6% occcaocabesobbace College Museum, Oberlin Jromgom, Ce BOMWRWs s06 oouceoss curds ce 235 Columbus Ave., Sandusky GEG Ie eine, JOINS JTROL DOORN 4 on oh adclacsbodaceoecos coc Cleveland KGNIONVim Ree Ele C Ioan ese een ere re Univ. of Cincinnati, Cincinnati IGREGIEERY JS REDERICIC Thies (Broloaveys en, oe ee ee ee Marietta ILnowns, Gy Pas BIOlOR Ns (GEOR .scegccesssocce Mt. Union College, Alliance [SNDACRIC ial ZOOL Olayiy ns. wens insece ae 6 epencu naman ra O. S. U., Columbus SLAs, WIIRNON, IBOLOMsckcesoacccuasagnoose 2509 Ohio Ave., Cincinnati LAzENBY, Wm. R., Horticulture, Botany.........-...- O. S. U., Columbus iL inp, (Onstia, Savina Wins; oa so Gocédudoobusctoeuungoueee Columbus LAINDATIE JOSUAAOOLOgs eer (00 beotian stay Ohicacomelne [SkVINGSTON OA EDE 7 GOTO. WS rien sol etin ce cee hoe: Miho aya ero eriay i siaicaey re Rae Athens iio Ouecny LOR ine seni aalenies oy omdiaia = Court and Plum Sts., Cincinnati HGCiSeUUIE, IPMN, JSMUORVOUORNssnccccoccuccsbg0dcn0bauc Lafayette, Ind. NUSRG ERG GCOR SMO tOUl OCA iiiits ie arete een Mum pusan sc Unis OWA teh uabue Tint ticacleas Ara Wyoming Mark, €Lrara GouLn, Geology, Botany. ...::.........- O. S. U., Columbus NibAaiaga, Mig IP. (GeOUORMs vantasopo dels oogaSoungccoaocGouns Granville NVTRACTETIIE NYAS ico TUN TR i cc ae hele cae tn oe Met Alene oe Painesville * Subject to ratification of the Society at the annual meeting, 1911. Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 427 SNMIGAW ONen CMISS) @BLANGCHE D10LORN) ss sc). elec decides wie clas oc SWIC Toast cleean ae LS alle EAU RUA Box 56, Sta. F, Foley Road, Cincinnati WIGGAEL, AM GEA er OMOniy ss vice cles jacinta: O. S. U., Columbus McCaMPBEL, EuGENE F., Bacteriology............-.... O. S. U., Columbus INIGEEEERY a EVD RD OLO MG sas atececani as ars Se Sale Stes sie Sais eisvais ahs one eioters Lancaster MeGoy, G ., Botany..-.:.- Rr aU Rie ey Lr RON ETO Lancaster McCray, ArtHUR H., Zoology and Entomology................... Duval NSTC Yair ot fe 2 Saree BIO) aaNet ci a seen ati ne Grave Sa BaLeCRniieA Rinininl Olathe, Colo. MGHADDEN: (le. Elie (Ghemtstryn sce. a ee 40 Warden St., Dayton IMIGKGRASN Sessa MRO LOI y iis caeacrsco ical sae eens ci us eva aisle io = Cas uusiea yr Berea Meap, Cuartes S., Zoology, Botany............. Box 122, Suffield, Conn. INFERCERS Wil SBIOlO ga). sae se uae oe Se ene Ohio University, Athens Metcatr, C. L., Botany, Zoology.............- 86 E. 11th Ave., Columbus MEreADE ME Nie Zoology an en ag Oberlin MOIRCLIE, ADNO IPs de uocia bec odeos stand cnuoueusouanouooEs Raleigh, N. C. Mares, We © Archacology, Biology 3.20 .. ic. 2 O. S. U., Columbus INNOOD Ve PAU Ee Ae ISR UA Re och ehae oan check Pee Men ere ae Flushing Morse, W. C., Biology, Geology.... 1.1... 00.00 e ene O. S. U., Columbus Mosetey, E. L., Zoology, Botany, Phystography...............- Sandusky NELSON; JAMES: A.” Zoology, Embryology. . 0.0.0.6... 0s 7. beens es: A eSeuneter -+.-.-U. S. Dept. Agricul. Div. Entom., Washington, D. C. NICHOLS, SUSAN JP.) Botany cn) 0 boda. se Oberlin College, Oberlin OBERHOLSER, H. C..... Sains 1444 Fairmont St. N. W., Washington, D. C. OpensBACcH, F. L., Meteorology............ St. Ignatius College, Cleveland Osporn, Hersert, Entomology, Zoology..... ee es O. S. U., Columbus Ospurn, Raymonp C., Zoology, Ichthyology.............-.-..+++-- I Ee a ID Saeren nen Columbia Univ., New York, N. Y. Oxiry, WCe ARLES. Geology aPly sites. .3 22. 2: ost ee Coshocton ARKO S Mes Gx see SGLOIGE S prnn) h sens eins ieteie 9 W. Long St., Columbus IREASEER le Ds Zooloeyen: fone. sees Univ. of Cincinnati, Cincinnati PIcKEL, GrorcE J., Chemvistry..............St. Ignatius College, Cleveland PIWONKA, THOMAS. .................226 Superior Ave. N. W.; Cleveland IPROgS ey (Ce Sis GAOUOnis Gages bins cuieleuide see caren O06 O. S. U., Columbus IRC, IDNA) Ie OCHO aes de Go olages de pbices eta. p re Buc sels Bodo & Delaware INQUIRE IONYIAG Aa adie pe nbs oc eaa ee R. F. D. No. 3, New Richmond IRGwoR: OEM Sky JOON s cose secon seus addaecousd sno uauCodcode 3radford RUSE, RECs (COmenoloeie ai ilcpegdonaghoadecude s oclonabhco so ed aoe Hudson Sanoers, J. G., Entomology, Botany. .......... 0. cece eee ee Madison, Wis. SKCONI MNT Io Jala VOU owe mole ewermdd obo oe ob oeuaoodoS O. S. U., Columbus * Subject to ratification of the Society at the annual meeting, 1911. 428 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science Sorisomac, Waa, RU CGQlOgWs .bscudoeoaccososc eon fo ates bras Heimat Urbana, If. SEATON ONITSG aes tere ier eee eateaee meena Central High School, Cleveland Sony, Ay IDL. BOMIDM. 52s Soc ose sca 6 Shank au aNe Experiment Station, Wooster SHADE, ERNEST F., Physiography, Botany, Physics.............--- Medina SHATZERN GM Gruso oE Cer ee een era ee Wittenberg College, Springfield SU ING) IDS ISON N 5S ke kobe sunk Suou don col: O. S. U., Columbus SHILEIDAV. TGA ZOO LOR Veer ails Or os oisteila a ede Bearer aeket Le en et Sa ay Athens Sm, ROBERT i) ieee Ne SU Ua ad at a ale eal Mae a Jefferson Soman), WARE, VENOUOR ss 4. Sescshens boon oubosuae ue 624 Nestle St., Toledo SINALTH ED A Olesen eee rane eRe ce AC aan ee SER Ata Ne eR Valley Crossing SINCE EL RESET ET MIN eat Se esther Ce Hr ce ea NR) ene Rea ue lie Rome Smacis,, G; ID; Bonn, ZOO. so200405300000 sco ves eaeee Richmond, Ky. SmiTH, J. WarrEN, Meteorology.............. Weather Bureau, Colutnbus SNEARLINE, A. L., Botany and Geology............. Heap aiaeds Uta ies, IAN SIRONN Siang, 18, IDs, Zoology, IEUBWOVOENs onc ocbcecdcsenacodssacocsce Ashtabula SiPATR allege) ete rei aco Se neeet Ree ceertet Federal Furnace Co., S. Chicago, Ill. STAUFFER, CLINTON R., Geology............. 44 Adelbert College, Cleveland STERKI, Victor, Conchology, Botany.................-- New Philadelphia SHUKCHLCN DIN HIN LL DESAI BON Loh DNiciet cca oe ae Rae evita pain ern ichal Georgi oats Sloe nies Granville STOCKBERGER, W. W., Botany....... Dept. Agriculture, Washington, D. C. STOVER SWE GARBIELD) eBiOLaiiNe a =e a eee - *... Stillwater, Okla. Stout, W. E., Chemistry, Geology......... 217 E. Mithoff Ave., Columbus SURFACE NE Zoology, Botanyens s40 908 eee eee Lexington, Ky? S'WEEZEV, ODO bese a a sn eee eerie tenes Twelfth Ave., Honolulu, Hawaii Topp, Josep: H., Geology, Archacology........ Christmas Knoll, Wooster SPOR TU EEE ei alegre ee ecto nai pe a aye Ut IPO sire we te ont ga aU RS cD. EA McConnelsville JENA Tew deel MUO TD Nene a cea tan plete BN desis de Perry, Lake County \YVBIENG Gn) Bl Oates Ren calnine Pa ea Pa Western Reserve University, Cleveland WVEANETRON; palin BSE VOLO yeteye se Ne oversea dee. Olan (initia skew ale Oui ee ati ester eae Gambier WEBBER Se BOtan yy gee any see seme THEN Dene dap Garrettsville Wesster, F. M., Entomology..... U.S. Dept. Agricul., Washington, D. C. WERTHNER, WILLIAM B., Botany.............Steele High School, Dayton Wassmenina. Ibis Go, CGOlOGNs sseocnosswoosoddusuenuadonsodsos Delaware Aine CAIN IGIEARR a IEE BOLO RN nl ee ele Univ. of Cincinnati, Cincinnati WILLIAMS, STEPHEN R., Biology..............Miami University, Oxford WitiiaMson, E. B., Ichthyology, Ornithology.............. Bluffton, Ind. Witson, STELLA S., Geography, Geology........ 97 N. 20th St., Columbus SNARES TRENTO, ol Le tUANe. (CHIC RIGUEM sigh oh clos Golbinee GoGo os. oa eo un bie oo Westerville WIOTRENIM VIER) Jul Gee ZOOTO Gyn aie non Geek tice nie aap eae tn a cone Peebles * Subject to ratification of the Society at the annual meeting, 1911. Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 429 Wrenn, G. Gsmoien, “GCOlOeNo sess ocsscaseonasuetadsoouncusucc Oberlin WORT) JELNROMS aks JROUOIN Gs bossa og ene Meee woee wees Providence, R. I. VOUNGE RAY Botany) a cies AU aan a rey IRDA Gea a CIM Raa a nage BU Sa tN onl 3 og Div. Seed and Plant Introduction, Washington, D. C, Report of the Twentieth Annual Meeting of the Ohio State Academy of Science ANNUAL MEETING The twentieth annual meeting of the Academy was held at Buchtel College, Akron, Ohio, on November 24, 25 and 26, the President, Professor W. F. Mercer, presiding. On Thursday evening an informal reception was given to the members of the Academy by President and Mrs. A. B. Church. Acquaintances were renewed and a most enjoyable period spent by those for- tunate enough to arrive Thursday evening. The meeting was called to order on Friday morning at 9:00 in the Knight Chemical Laboratory after a preliminary session of various committees. President Church in behalf of the col- lege extended a cordial greeting to all members of the Academy, and reviewed the scientific progress of which he had been ob- servant in Ohio. The regular business meeting followed, the president after a few brief remarks appointing a committee on membership and a committee on resolutions. The report of the Secretary was presented and accepted. This was followed by a report of the Treasurer, Prof. J. S. Hine, which after being referred to an auditing committee was accepted. The report of the Treasurer is as follows: 430 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 431 REPORT OF THE TREASURER FOR THE YEAR 1910. For the year since our last annual meeting the receipts, including balance from last year, have amounted to $329.37, and the expenditures to $264.94, leaving a cash balance of $64.43. RECEIPTS. Balance: fromim@lastuyedia «tener eo eee ae $ 56 37 Interestion endowimentee sea ey. is Se ene einecias emcee: 2°00 Memberships: dues tcc en oases es ete acter « 271 00: Metals cei) Gen ee Mone at Neen andar Cate Me GC ei $329 37 DISBURSEMENTS. 190 subscriptions to The Ohio Naturalist.................. $142 50 Printing annual report and price lists...................... 66 25 Miscellaneous: expensesis jc. ase iran cs eee oe eae 56 19 Balancevdues December 1. 1910.53.00 e. foe ae ee eee 64 43 Dron cee vee ee a Bee Renae ala A ce VE ALY a ie Na ay PR 329 37 Respectfully submitted, Jas. S. Hine, Treasurer. The report of the Librarian, Prof. W. C. Mills, is as follows: As Librarian of the Ohio State Academy of Science, I take pleasure in presenting my report upon the receipts from the sale of publications of the Academy and the expense of sending out the publications. Cash onvhand Novemberni26: 19094742)... ae es $ 1 42 Salesop publications: serdee soe ceo sc one ee rene: 26 88 EON Ea es cea ened reas chee ante 2y lark ta et gE gE PR re $ 28 30 EXPENDITURES FROM NOVEMBER 26, 1909, TO NOVEMBER .25, 1910. NBG tE CAM OStAG Cary arate cae eat mR rcs ose ree! aia Nes aarp nba lat ot oe Sole? Sending outeSpecialy Paper NOse6: 25-2524. qs 6 00 Sending outs Annuals Reportime nae seis Seance oe we 6 00 ax RESSH cee meni eran bia Stay eC nn as ERO hl Oty ate 1 00 Stationetye omen ances Mesa oe Siete a OE Ob are Ree More Soa 125 Sending out publications during the year.................- 1 66 132 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science ——___$ 17 33 Balance: omushradie ier ee ee Gre Sane ea teen er ees Reka Respectfully submitted, Wm. C. Mitts, Librarian. Under the reports of Standing Committees, Prof. Lazenby, a trustee of the Emerson McMillin Research Fund, noted the continued interest of Mr. McMillin in the cause of science, through the gift of $250 toward the promotion of scientific in- vestigation in Ohio. The detailed report follows: FINANCIAL STATEMENT OF THE EMERSON McMILLIN RE- SEARCH FUND, OHIO ACADEMY OF SCIENCE, 1909-1910. RECEIPTS. EXPENDITURES. Dec. 13, 1909—G. E. Coghill, balance of grant of $50.00....$ 6 Jan. 20, 1910—A. Dachnowski, expense in research......... 15 Mar. 2, 1910—A. Dachnowski, expense in research......... 17 Mar, 10, 1910—F. J. Heer, printing 500 copies Schaffner’s He rineslus ty ce ee taake Me Meee prc ate ne ay Mee Grea Gk Me ae ca 47 May 23, 1910—A. Dachnowski, expense in research......... 18 June 20, 1910—Freda Detmers, expense in research........ 50 iotaleenereee ee ra Me Ae Tae ope ian ag Peat gat a SE aA eee $5 00 $621 44 Leaving balance in bank November 20, 1910, $466.24. Of this bal- ance there has been appropriated but not yet expended $150.00, leaying an uLappropziated balance of $316.24. WILLIAM R. LaAzensy, Epwarp L, Rice, FRANK CARNEY, Board of Trustecs. Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 433 The Publication Committee reported progress. Under Special Committees, Professor Herbert Osborn, chair- man of the Committee on the Natural History Survey, stated that conditions in the present legislature seemed adverse toward ac- complishing the desired legislation. After some discussion the former committee was discharged, and a new committee con- sisting of Professors Carney, Osborn and Waite was appointed. The report of the Committee cn Conservation of the Natural Resources of Ohio was accepted and the committee discharged. Under new business, Prof. Waite made the following mo- tion, which. was carried: “The Ohio Academy of Science ex- tends to the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the affiliated societies, a cordial invitation to meet within the State of Ohio in the near future, and promises co- operation toward the success of such a meeting.” After the election of a. Nominating Committee, consisting of Professors Carney, Osborn and Rice, the business meeting was adjourned until Friday at 4:30 p. m., while the Society proceeded with the reading of papers, adjourning at 12:00 m. for luncheon. The afternoon session opened with the address of the Presi- dent of the Academy, Prof. W. F. Mercer, a most interesting paper in which the Circulation of the Blood was considered in a historical way as well as the relation of the Circulation to Health and Disease. This was followed by the reading of the papers. At 4:50 p. m. occurred the adjourned session of the Business Meeting. The report of the Nominating Committee was received and the following officers elected for the ensuing year: OFFICERS OF.THE OHIO ACADEMY OF SCIENCE FOR 1910-11. President—Professor L. G. Westgate, Delaware, Ohio. Vice-Presidents—Zoology: Professor Charles Brookover, Akron, Ohio. Botany: Professor Malcolm E. Stickney, Granville, Ohio. Geology: Professor George D. Hubbard, Oberlin, Ohio. Secretary—Professor L. B. Walton, Gambier, Ohio. Treasurer—Professor James S, Hine, Columbus, Ohio. Librarian—Professor William C. Mills, Columbus, Ohio. Trustee—Professor Frank Carney, Granville, Ohio (3 years). 434 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science Publication Committee—Professor E. L. Rice, Delaware, Ohio (3 years). Executive Committee—Professor M. F. Guyer, Cincinnati, Ohio; Professor E. L. Moseley, Sandusky, Ohio. The following members were elected upon the recommenda- tion of the Nominating Committee : NEW MEMBERS ELECTED AT THE AKRON MEETING, 1910. Kischer artim io experimental Medicine ta. so ener arent APU iar lala lato i sat Ra GM Univ, of Cincinnati, Cincinnati. Himebaugh, Oscar, Botany, Geologyet se are nee Akron, Ohio Knower, H. M., Biology......... ...Univ. of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio IenainestonAce wZOOlO gyrase sa cere ei Seria cu aee ayia Piene Athens, Ohio Mark, (Miss) Clara Gould, Geology, Botany....................... eRe isi Sh asin ume ar rare rey ae Re in Mt. Holyoke College, S. Hadley, Mass. Rush, R. C.,, Coico: BED ces ea ay Terr pe ra ge RAE cere Hudson, Ohio SchyllidayyanG sles Zoolocwmey ne nen ts ene Fah ore sree Athens, Ohio Snearline, A. L., Botany, Geology................--+.:-+:+:: Akron, Ohio The names of members proposed by the Executive Com- mittee and Brown placed on the list of membership were also ratified. The Committee on Resolutions presented the following : The Ohio Academy of Science, desiring to express its sense of loss in the death of its late member, Professor W. G. Tight, has prepared the following brief memorial : Professor Tight, although not a charter member, foned the Academy during the first year of its existence, and was elected its,Secretary at the second annual meeting in 1892. In this position he faithfully served the Academy for two years, and was chosen and served as President for the year 1898. - Few members were more active or more enthusiastic in the work of the Academy during its early history than Professor Tight. “From the first meeting in 1891 until he left the State ten years later he never failed to attend and always had something in the way of the results of research to present. 5 : His energy and his unfailing devotion to science, together with a pleasing address and genial temperament, won the respect and esteem of his fellow members. His remoyal from the State to enter upon a larger Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 435 field of labor was a decided loss to the Academy, and the news of his death brought a pang of regret to many of his old associates. Of him it may well be said his life was a record of useful service. Be It Resolved, Vhat we express our great appreciation of the con- tinued interest of Mr. Emerson MeMillin, whose substantial contribu- tions have done and are doing so much to advance the scientific work of the Ohio State Academy of Science; and that we extend to him our sin- cere thanks, Be It Further Resolved, That we extend our hearty thanks to the President, Trustees, and Faculty of Buchtel College, to Professor Brook- over and the other members of the Local Committee, and to the Manu- facturers of Akron, who have co-operated so happily in arranging for the entertainment of the visiting members and for the general success of the Twentieth Meeting of the Academy. Epwarp L. RIce, WiiLiaM R. LazeNnpy, Trrancis L. LANDACRE, Committee. After the formal adjournment of the meeting at 5:45 p. m. a luncheon was served by the college in the Crouse Gymnasium, followed by a social gathering of the members and friends of the Academy. At 8:00 p.m. Mr. F. A. Seiberling, President of the Good- vear Rubber Co., addressed the Society upon “The Rubber In- dustry,” giving a most interesting account of his recent trip up the Amazon River, together with the description of the method of obtaining and preparing the crude rubber for the market. On Saturday morning many of the members visited the fac- tories of the rubber companies where the various mechanical methods involved in the preparation of rubber were exhibited. A few collecting trips were made and the members of the Acad- emy departed from Akron with the remembrance of a most en- joyable session. The complete program was as follows: 1 Anatomy and Physiology of the Unionidae. 10 min. V. Sterk: 2 The Olfactory Nerve of Ameiurus and Lepidosteus. 456 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science (Lantern slides.) 8 min, Charles Brookover Further Notes on the Skull of Humyces. (Lantern Slides.) 8 min. les Rice Diseases of Peat Soils. 10 min. Alfred Dachnowski Notes on Ohio Trees. 3 min. W. R. Lazenby Effect of Lack of Light on Amphibian larve. 7% min. A. M. Banta Delaware Bird Records. 3 min. B.S Rice Catalogue of Ohio Vascular Plants. 3 min. J. H. Schaffner Remarks on the Genus Scaphoidcus with a Revised Key to the American Species. 7 min. Herbert Osborn A Revision of the Genus Symbiotes with a Description of New Species. 5 min. L. B. Walton A Revision of the Species of Anasa and Cimolus found in the Ol S; ©8) min: J. C. Hambleton Preliminary Report on the Agaricaccae of Ohio. 12 min. W. G. Stover The Occurrence of Apple Blotch in Phyllostictasolitaria FE. and FE. in Ohio. 6 min. W. O. Gloyer The Known Polyporaceae of Ohio. 5 min. Lee Overholtz Notes on Some Common Spiders found at Cedar Point. 8 min. W. M. Barrows Producing Rubber from Milk Weed. 5 min. Chas. Fox Notes on a Collection of Boletacecae. 5 min. Bruce Bink Notes on Some Recent Collections of Hemiptera. 5 min. Herbert Osborn Collecting Land and Fresh Water Mollusca. 7 min. V. Sterki A Case of Bisymmetrical Cervical Fistulae in Man. 4 min. L. B. Walton A Report on the Mammals of Ohio. 5 min. JE Sy alii The Blister Rust of White Pine in Ohio. 3 min. A. D, Selby On the Nature of the Reaction of Embryos of Amphibia to Hydrochloric Acid. 5 min, G. E. Coghill The Development of Transportation in Ohio, 10 min. Frank Carney Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 437 The Mississippian Pennsylvanian Unconformity and the Sha- ron Conglomerate in Northern Ohio. 10 min, G. F. Lamb Some Large Masses of Rock in the Drift. 7 min. G. D. Hubbard The Olfactory Nerve inChrysemys marginata. 5 min. Albert Meyers (Introduced by Charles Brookover ) The Placodal Ganglia of Lepidosteus. 7 min. F. L. Landacre Leaf Markings of Certain Ohio Plants. 7 min. J. HB -Schatiner Descriptions of 11 New Fossil Fishes of the Corniferous - Limestone. 10 min. Herman Hertzer The Succession of Vegetation Groups of Ohio Lakes and Ponds. 5 min. Alfred Dachnowski A Disease of Pinus strobus due to Cenangium abietis. 7 min. Bruce Fink Keeping Quality of Apples. 7 min. W.R. Lazenby New and Rare Ohio Plants Added to the State Herbarium in 1910. 5 min. J. H. Schaffner Physical and Chemical Substratum Factors of Cranberry Island. 3 min. Alfred Dachnowski Observations on Protosiphon botryoides (Kutz.) (Lantern slides.) 5 min. M. E. Stickney The Classification of the Fresh Water Oligochaeta with Tables of Genera, Species, ete. 5 min. L. B. Walton Demonstration of Color Photography by the Lantern. Paul Biefield L. B. Watton, Secretary. Gambier, Ohio, August 1 tebe, 438 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS By. We Ee Mercer In presenting this paper | wish to deviate from the ac- cepted form of papers and present the subject upon somewhat of a peculiar basis. In the first part of the paper I will trace the history of a great discovery, bringing out the methods of research necessary for such a discovery and in the second part of the paper I will try to show how a great fact in bio- logical science may be made of practical benefit to humanity in the preservation of health and strength, that is, increasing our “health bank account” and to show how it would have been impossible to do this without the correct view brought out in the historical review. Many times too little attention is paid to the history in a science. The young mind takes the facts and knows nothing of the long struggle that was made to arrive at them. Many times the methods of research are brought out in the tracing of the history of a discovery better than in any other way. Beside that, the mind appreciates more the things that cost something in time and strength on the part of some one. In studying the history of the discovery of the circulation of blood the mind is naturally turned to William Harvey but such a discovery can not be associated with the name of any one man. While the demonstration of the facts was left for Harvey in 1626, other men had been working on the question for more than 2000 years. The general structure of the heart ; the working of the valves; the circulation of the blood through the lungs: the relation of the arteries and the veins to the heart: the valves in the veins; were all known before Harvey's time. One might ask what was left for him to discover? With- Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 439 but doubt Harvey was the first to describe the circulation in ‘its completeness. It will be noted later in this paper how much they knew of the structure of the organs of circulation and how little they understood their workings and what it all meant, but of course all of these discussions had their bear- ing and in the total makeup they must all have had their in- fluence. In the time of Homer the blood was known to circulate but the crudeness and the indefiniteness of the knowledge of the Greeks was very evident. To them the blood was con- tained in certain vessels and the body was permeated with another set of vessels which they called arteries because they carried air. They also knew that the heart was a hollow, muscular organ. The notion of the Greeks was not to be won- dered at for their great respect for the dead rendered human dissection impossible. The little anatomical knowledge of the times had to be gained from the rapid observation of the parts of animals offered for sacrifice. Even Aristotle, whose anat- omical knowledge was far in advance of the more ancient Greeks, made very little addition to the knowledge of the vascular system. A great change was destined to be made soon, for Alex- ander was to conquer Egypt in the third century B. C., estab- ‘lish the Macedonian kings, and build the city of Alexandria with its great university, museums, and library. This was to be the center of learning of all kinds and especially the sciences, above all the study of medicine. Herophilus and Erasistratus were among the noted names from the medical school at Alexandria. In this school human dissection was common, so common that even the kings were known to at- tend the lectures and the demonstrations in the dissecting rooms. The foundation for the real knowledge of the cir- culation was laid here. Herophilus demonstrated the relation of the beat of the heart to that of the arteries and that the beat of the heart was 440 Proccedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science the cause of the beat of the arteries but he considered the arteries to carry only air. He compared the walls of the ar- teries with those of the veins and described the connection of the heart with the lungs calling the vessel leading from the right ventricle to the lungs the ARTERIAL VEIN and the one leading from the lungs to the left side of the heart the Venous Artery. Science is indebted to Erasistratus for the discovery of the valves in the heart and their function in the circulation. It is also supposed that he saw the lacteals, which are a part of the lymphatic circulation. There is no doubt that the Greeks recognized two kinds of vessels but the fact that they considered the arteries to contain only air shows that they knew nothing of their true function. This can be accounted for from the fact that after death the arteries contain no blood as a usual thing, and from the supposition that these arteries had their origin in the trachea, hence the name “tracheal ar- tery.” Erasistratus traced the air from the trachea through the arteries to all parts of the body. During the next four hundred years human dissection, even in the Alexandrian school, gradually fell into disuse, but in the later part of this era there arose a man that was destined to become so world renowned that his word was not disputed in any particular for the next succeeding thirteen hundred years. Galen was born in 130 A. D., went to Alexandria at sixteen years of age and was practicing medicine at the age of twenty. He spent many years at different times in his life in Egypt studying anatomy. His dissections were limited to work upon the low- er animals, but by ligating an artery in two places and open- ing it between the ligatures he showed that they contained blood, not air. This shows the great advantage of vivisection. The importance of this experiment can not be over-estimated for with the belief that the arteries carried air the true circu- lation could never have been discovered. Galen did not believe with Erasistratus that the air en- tered the body but that it was rejected at once after it had Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Scicnce 441 served its function, which was to cool the body. He believed also that the right ventricle was in communication with the left by means of holes through the septum. Of course Galen never saw these holes, but his belief in the theory of the vital blood and the coarse blood was so strong, as it was for many years afterwards, that he had to see them in theory at least. The vital blood of the left ventricle had to be mixed with the coarser blood of the right ventricle, and the only way it could be done was for a part of the blood to pass through the septum and the remainder to pass to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. This is only an illustration of what happened many times in Galen’s time and for many years afterwards and often happens even today, viz: that men have to account for certain things and to do this they must have a theory and they then have to see things to bear out the theory. But considering the fact that for sixteen centuries from the Alexanderian museum to the establishment of the school at Salermo in 1221 A. D., the human body had never been dissected, it is no won- der that we see evidences of the grossest ignorance of anatomy. The difficulties that stood in the way of dissection can be -jeue JO Jossojoid oy} ‘turipunyY VY} JE OY} Wor pozerooidde omy at Bolona during the latter part of the thirteenth century and the beginning of the fourteenth, dissected only three bodies in eleven years. The bettering of these conditions can be noticed from the work of DeCarpi, professor of anatomy in the same school a century later in that he dissected over a hundred bodies; and yet DeCarpi had such respect for Galen and his doctrines that he said there must be holes in the sep- tum, but in discussing it he says they are seen with difficulty in man. Michael Servetus, a Spaniard, published his Christianismi Restitutio in 1553 which was a short time after DeCarpi’s works appeared. Servetus was a unique character in history. He studied for a priest at Saragossa; studied law at Toulouse ; became secretary to Charles the Fifth at Bolona; soon gave up his diplomatic career for theology; studied medicine at 442 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science Paris; practiced medicine for some years, writing medical books meanwhile; returning to theology again he was burned at the stake in Geneva for heresy in the same year that he published his Restitutio. While this work is a theological treatise, it is of great interest to the physiologist for in treat- ing of the vital spirit he describes the circulation of the blood. He disagrees with Galen from start to finish. According to Servetus the blood does not pass through the septum but passes from the right to the left ventricle by the way of the lungs, through the pulmonary artery to the lungs and the pulmonary vein from the lungs. Instead of the blood becom- ing vitalized in the left ventricle, as Galen held, it is done in the lungs. Servetus was the first to describe the pulmonary circulation and the first to discard the idea of there being holes in the septum for the blood to pass from one ventricle to the other. In fact he says there is no blood passing in this way. The idea of Servetus that the venous blood was changed to arterial blood in the lungs was not understood nor appre- ciated for more than a hundred years after his death. He also states that the left ventricle is not large enough for this mix- ture or elaboration to take place. This fact will be ncted again farther on in the paper. I will quote the passage in the Restitutio that refers to the points in question. “For which purpose the substantial generation of the vital spirit itself is first to be understood, which is composed of and nourished by the inspired air and most subtle blood. The vital spirit has its origin in the left ventricle of the heart, the lungs aiding, to the highest degree, in its generation. The spirit 1s subtle, elaborated by the force of heat, of a yellowish color, with the power of- fire, to the end that it may be, as it were, a bright vapor from the pure blood, containing in itself the substance of water, air, and of fire. It is generated, in fact, in the lungs, with the mixture of inspired with the elaborated, subtle blood, which the right ventricle of the heart communi- cates to the left. Yet this communication is made, not by the Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 443 middle wall of the heart, as is commonly believed, but the subtle blood is driven, by a great plan or device, from the right ventricle of the heart, by the long passage through the lungs; is prepared in the lungs; the yellow color is made, and it is poured out from the arterial vein (vena arteriosa or pul- monary artery) into the venous artery (arteria venosa or pul- monary vein); there it is mixed in the venous artery itself with the inspired air; is purged by expiration of its fuliginous matter; and so, at length, the whole mixture is attracted by the diastole from the left ventricle of the heart, a fit stuff out of which to make vital spirit.” It will be noted that Servetus here considers the relaxation of the left ventricle to be the force that pulls the blood ito) it. Parther he says:,- dhe various connection and communication of the arterial vein with the venous artery teaches that the communication and preparation is made by the lungs in this manner. The re- markable size of the pulmonary artery confirms this, which would be neither made in such a way nor so large, nor would there be emitted so great a mass of blood from the heart itself into the lungs, if for the nourishment of these alone, nor would the heart serve the lungs in this manner, since especially before, in embryo, the lungs themselves are accustomed to be nourished from elsewhere,. an account of these little mem- branes, or valves of the heart, not yet being open until the hour of birth, as Galen teaches. Therefore the blood is poured forth, and so copiously from the heart into the lungs at the hour of birth, for another use. The air also is sent from the lungs to the heart by the venous artery, not pure, but mixed with blood; therefore the mixture is made in the lungs. That yellow color is given to the blood by the lungs, not by the heart. The space in the left ventricle is not capable of holding so great and so capacious a mixture, nor is sufficient for that elaboration of color. Finally that middle wall, as it is wanting in vessels and power, is not fit for that communi- cation and elaboration, even if some might sweat through. By the same plan by which the transfusion is made from the 444 Proceedings of the Oho State Academy of Science vena porta to the vena cava, with reference to the blood, s0 the transfusion from the arterial vein to the venous artery is made in the lungs, with reference to the spirit. If any one compares this with that which Galen writes, Lib. 6. et. 7, on the use of the parts, he easily perceives the truth, not ob- served by Galen himself. And so the vital spirit from the left ventricle of the heart is thus poured out into the arteries of the whole body.” | Christianismi Restitutio is at present a very rare book. Of the 100 copies that were printed only three are known to exist at present. All of the rest are supposed to have been destroyed by fire with their author. There is some question as to the influence of this book upon the scientific world. It is strange that the great advance in the knowledge of the cir- culation of the blood should occur almost at the same time at Padua in the works of ‘Vesalius and Columbus. Yesalius brought out his first work in 1543 in which he agrees with Galen that the blood passes through the septum but in the revised edition brought out in 1555 he doubts the proposition and almost states that it does not so pass. Servetus’ work was in manuscript form in 1546 and it is known that several copies were sent to different parties and it would be prefectly natural that the great school of medicine at Padua would be the first to be influenced by this work although it was brought out especially as a theological work. ‘ There is nothing to be found in Servetus’ work to indicate that he had the least idea of the systemic circulation and he evidently did not under- stand the passage of the blood through the tissue of the lungs for the capillaries were not discovered for more than a hun- dred years after. As has been stated above and in the quo- tation, it is evident that he knew that the blood passed through the lungs in passing from one side of the heart to the other but as to how it passed was entirely unknown to him. © : In 1559 Matheus Realdus Columbus, six years after the death of Servetus, re-described the circulation and agrees: in every respect with Servetus but says that it had never been Proceedings of the Olio State Academy of Science 445 described before, thereby claiming the discovery for himself. There can be,no doubt but that Columbus had known of this new theory for Servetus is known to have sent a copy of his book to Padua where Columbus was professor of anatomy and had studied for some time with Vesalius. He may be excused for this claim under the circumstances for if he had referred to Servetus’ work and agreed with him he would doubtless have suffered the same fate at the stake, for if he had recog- nized Servetus as a physiologist he would have been held as respecting him as a theologian. There may be, however, some question as to whether Columbus was familiar with the works of Servetus but there can be no doubt about his understand- ing the pulmonary circulation as well as could be understood without knowing of the capillaries. Columbus says on the heart and arteries: ‘Cavities, that is, two ventricles, are present in. the heart, not three as Aris- totle thought. Of these one is on the right side, and the other on the left. WThe-right is: much larger than the lett. The right contains the natural blood, but the left the vital blood. It is very interesting to observe that the substance of the heart surrounding the right ventricle is very thin but on the left side is very thick; and.this is so arranged on the one hand to keep up the balance and on the other to prevent the vital ‘blood which is exceedingly thin from transuding out of the heart. Between these ventricles is placed the septum through which almost all authors think there is a way open from the right to the left ventricle; and according to them the blood is in the transit rendered thin by the generation of the vital spirits in order that the passage may take place more easily. 3ut these make a great mistake; for the blood is carried by the artery-like vein to the lungs and being there made thin is brought back thence together with air by the vein-like ar- tery to the left ventricle of the heart. This fact no one has hitherto observed or recorded in writing; yet it may be most readily observed by anyone.” He refers to the vein-like artery in the following terms: “Anatomists, not very wise, 446 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science begging their pardon, in so doing, think that the use of this is to carry the changed air to the lungs which, like a fan, ven- tilates the heart, cooling this organ and not, as Aristotle thought, the brain. The same writers think that the lungs receive the, | know not what, smoky fumes (fumos capinosos) (for so in their ignorance of the tongues they call them) dis- charged from the left ventricle. About this, all one can say is that it pleases them, for they certainly seem to think that the same state of things exists in the heart as in a chimney, as if there were green logs in the heart which gave out smoke when burned, so far concerning the use of these parts accord- ing to the opinion of other anatomists. | for my part hold a quite different view, namely that this vein-hke artery was made to carry blood mixed with air from the lungs to the left ventricle of the heart. And this is not only most probable, but is actually the case; for if you examine not only dead bodies but also hv:ng animals, you will find this artery in all instances filled with blood, which would by no manner of means be the case if it were constructed to carry air forsooth and vapours. Wherefore I cannot wonder enough at those anatomists who have not observed a matter so clear and of such importance, eminent though they wish to be considered by many of their fellows. But for these it is enough that Galen said so. What? ‘To think that some folks in our time swear to the dogmas of Galen so that they dare to assert that Galen ought to be taken as gospel, and that there is nothing in his writings which is not true. It 1s wonderful how men are carried away by this doctrine; and the princes of anatomy offer it to the rabble. Yet no one sees how much this is to be blamed. Who indeed is there who never offends? But of this enough and more than enough.” While Columbus cast away the theory of Galen that the blood passed through the septum yet he accepts the theory that the blood circulates in the veins only. ‘This is the use of the veins, to carry blood to all parts of the body in order to nourish them; fer all the members of the body are nourished by the blood alone, therefore nature Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Scicnce 447 made the veins hollow for the sake of their function that like streams they might pervade the body.” Although he makes great claims for his discovery he failed to appreciate the im- portance of it, as many did after his time. Andreas Caesalpinus differed greatly from Columbus. Columbus lacked culture. His education was comparatively limited. WVesalius refers to him as the smatterer. The exact reverse of this was Caesalpinus. He was versed in all of the knowledge of his time. Born in 1519; we find him professor of medicine at Pisa from 1567 to 1592. He was an ardent fol- lower of Aristotle’s philosophy. He was a naturalist, for we find him teaching botany as well as medicine at Pisa. Being more of a philosopher than a naturalist he was inclined to dispute everything. He went so far as to not only dispute all that Galen said but to hold that all that Galen opposed was correct. He understood the working of the valves of the heart. “For the membranes are so placed at the orifices that they are opened when the heart is dilated and are closed when the heart is contracted.” He still holds to the idea of the spirits and the two kinds of blood. He associated the pulse in the arteries with the beat of the heart and explained the working of the heart correctly in reeciving and discharging the blood. He notices that the arteries expand when the heart contracts and that the valves are so placed that the blood can not get back from the arteries when the heart. relaxes. “If therefore the arteries were dilated and constricted at the same time as the heart, it would follow that they would be dilated at the time when the material filling them from the heart was denied them, and constricted at a time when ma- terial was flowing into them from it. “But it is manifest that this is impossible.” He is the first to grasp. the idea that the blood is discharged from the heart into the arteries and that the heart receives the blood from the veins, not only from the pulmonary vein but also from the venae cavae. He seems to eet the idea of a connection of the arteries with the veins in 448 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science some way. ‘The following matter seems worthy of consid- eration, the reason namely, why veins when ligatured swell on the far side and not on the near side of the ligature. But exactly the contrary ought to happen if the movement of the blood and the spirits took place in the direction from the viscera to all parts of the body. When a channel is interrupt- ed, the flow beyond the interruption ceases; the swelling of the veins therefore ought to be on the near side of the liga- ture.” The ebb and flow of the blood in the veins was a com- mon belief by all until the time of Caesalpinus and there is no doubt that in setting forth his ideas he broke loose from the old Galenic beliefs, but knowing the temperament of the man and the spirit that prevails in all of his work, the question arises, how much of all this is due to his personal research or how much was the result of his spirit of controversy? In noting the little influence he and his ideas had on his con- temporaries I am inclined to think that he knew very little about what he was writing from actual experience, but his ideas were the result of a very lucky hit in forming philosopi- cal theories. Hieronymus Fabricius was the great contem- porary of Caesalpinus and the one to add the next great step in the knowledge of the circulation of the blood. Fabricius was born in Tuscany in 1537. During his early life he was hampered considerably by lack of means and op- portunity, but we find him studying medicine at Padua under Fallopius, upon whose death he became the professor of anatomy in which capacity he remained for 40 years. He died at the age of 82 in the year 1619. He was well versed in all the knowledge of the biologic sciences of his time, writing many books on various subjects but the most important one of interest to this paper is the one on the valves of the veins, DeVenorum Osteolis “the little doors of the veins,” which he published in 1574. These valves had been noticed some years before but he was the first on to carefully work them out. In his work he illustrated the-n with fairly good figures and gives the method of demonstrating them on the living speci- Proceedings of the Olio State Academy of Scicnce 449 men. He still held to the old theory of Galen, viz: that the blood flows out from the heart to the tissues in the veins and refers to the valves as a mere hindrance to the flow so it would not accumulate in the lower extremities to the detriment of the upper extremities. He says “little doors of the veins” is the name I give certain very thin membranes occurring in the inside of the vein and distributed at intervals over the limbs, placed sometimes one by itself, and sometimes two together. They have their mouths directed toward the roots of the weins, (i. esthe heart), and im the other direction they are closed. Viewed from the outside they present an appearance not unlike the swellings which are seen in the branches and stem of a plant. In my opinion they are formed by nature in order that they may to a certain extent delay the blood and so prevent the whole of it flowing at once like a flood either to the feet, and to the hand or the fingers, and becoming col- lected there. © For this would give rise to two evils; on the one hand the upper parts of the limbs would suffer from want of nourishment, and on the other hand the hands and the feet would be troubled with a continued swelling. In order there- fore that the blood should be everywhere distributed in a certain just measure and admirable proportion for maintain- ing the nourishment of the several parts, these valves of the veins were formed.” It will be seen that Fabricius did not erasp the true function of the valves at all. It was left for a -pupil of hisrto-elear: up the points and demonstrate their use. He had many elear ideas of the process of respiration but we still hear him speak of the air reaching the heart through the vein-like artery and of the generation of the vital spirits. “If all this belongs to the innate heat of the heart which burns as with a flame, it must in any. case be maintained that. the whole business of maintaining and regulating that heat con- sists in the first place of providing material (for the flame), then for the ventilation, then of moderate refrigeration, and lastly of the discharge of the fumes; all these are supplied by respiration.” It is with wonder that we sum up the works of 450 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science Fabricius for he must have known of the works of Servetus, of Caesalpinus, of Vesalius, and of Fallopius. He himself was a pupil of Fallopius who in turn was a pupil of Vesalius the greatest anatomist of his day, and if he had used-his own knowledge of the valves in the veins rightly it would have overthrown the doctrine of Galen completely. He had such respect for old. doctrines that his eyes were closed to “‘facts staring him in the face’ and his ears were deaf “to voices crying out new views.’ “It was left for William Harvey, a pupil of his, to seize that which he had just failed to lay hold of, to weld together, as he was passing away, into one sus- tained and convincing argument, the several links which he and the rest had furnished, and nine years after his death to make known to the world that true view of the circulation which was the real beginning of modern physiology.” (Foster. ) Harvey was born at Folkstone, England, in 1578. He was four years old when Fabricius published his work. En- tering college at Cambridge in 1593, he took his arts degree in 1597 and left at once for Padua to study medicine in the greatest medical school cf his day. He was made a doctor of medicine in 1602 after five years of hard work under the great master, Fabricius. We have already seen what the views of Fabricius were in regard to the circulation and respiration. Not being satisfied with the working of the old theories of Galen, Harvey at once, after returning to England, set to work to improve them. He developed his ideas in his lectures at the collece of phys cians in 1615. His book Exercitatio. however, did not appear until 1628. The method that pre- vails in all of Harvey’s work is to advance from one thorough- ly demonstrated po‘nt to another, not depending upon any one method of demonstration. He resorts to vivisection in many eases, not dependiny upon analogies or any course of reason- ing to establish his points. His first work was to establish the movements of the heart itself. In doing this he found ereat difficulty in studying the live heart on account of its rapid movement, so much so that he nearly came to the con- Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 451 clusion that the heart was made for God himself to under- stand, not man. He used the lower forms in many cases for their hearts beat slower, and as a reward for diligent labor on many forms he discovered the true movements of the heart. He found that both ventricles beat at once and that the valves between the auricles and the ventricles were closed when the ventricles contract; that the valves at the opening of the arteries were pushed open at the same time and the blood forced into the arteries, not only the pulmonary artery but the aorta as well. It was the force of the contraction of the different parts of the heart that caused the movement of the heart, not the sucking of the blood from the relaxation of the heart as was believed by many up to his time; that the ar- teries swelled at one point or another on account of the pres- sure of the blood forced into them not that they might suck air into them. He saw how the auricles were a storehouse for the blood while the ventricles contracted; how they received the blood from the venae cavae on the one side and the pul- monary vein on the other. He had a complete understanding of the pulmonary circulation; how the pulmonary artery car- ried the blood to the lungs and the pulmonary vein brought the blood from the lungs to the left auricle. The old idea of Columbus and Servetus was that a part of the blood passed through the septum and the rest took the longer course through the lungs. If this was true for a part of the blood Harvey reasoned that it was true for all of it and he demon- strated it as a fact. He speaks of this new view as one “to which some, moved either by the authority of Galen or Columbus or the reasoning of others, will not give their adhesion”; it led him to another conception which “was so new, was so novel and unheard of a character that in putting it forward he not only feared in- jury to himself from the envy of a few, but trembled lest he might have mankind at large for his enemies.” This new view to which he refers is the application of the same principles to the greater circulation that he had already applied to the pul- 152 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Scicnce monary circulation. He arrives at this conclusion from his estimate of the amount of blood in the body, and that arteries would become congested if there was no way for it to get out oi the arteries; the body could not use up the blood as fast as it was made or absorbed from the viscera, therefore the blood must travel in a circle from the left side of the heart through pie arteries of the {issues from the tissues to the veins through them to the right side of the heart, through the pul- monary artery to the lungs, through the pulmonary vein to the left side of. the heart. nr other words the blood: mst travel ima circle. “He sayss ool frequently and seriously be thought me, and long revolved in my mind, what might be the quantity of blood which was transmitted, in how short a time its passage might be affected, and the like; and not find- ing it possible that this could be supplied by the juices of the ingested aliment without the veins on the one hand becoming drained, and the arteries on the other hand becoming rup- tured through the excessive charge of blood, unless the blood should somehow find its way from the arteries into the veins, and so return to the right side of the heart; I began to think whether there might be a motion, as it were, ina circle. Now this I afterwards found to be true; and I finally saw that the blood, forced by the action of the left ventricle into the ar- teries, was distributed to the body at large, and its several parts, in the same manner as it is sent through the lungs, impelled by the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery and that 1t then passed through the veins and along the vena cava and so round to the left ventricle in the manner already in- dicated, which motion we may be allowed to call circular.” The heart is emptied when the vena cava 1s tied, the vena cava becomes distended when the aorta is tied, the limb be- comes swollen when a tight ligature is supplied to shut off the veins, the same limb becomes pale when a tight ligature is applied to shut off the arteries, nearly all of the blood in the body can be drained away from a single opening in a vein. All of this can be easily understood in the light of Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 453 Harvey’s discovery. ‘And now for the first time was clear the puipose oi those valves in the veins, wnose structure and position had been demonstrated to Harvey, by the very hands of their discoverer, his old master, Fabricius, who did not rightly understand their use, and concerning which stcceed- ing anatomists have not added anything to our knowledge.” Harvey speaks of the spirits but casts it aside as not es- sential to his work. However, his discovery killed the idea of the natural spirits being carried by the veins and the vital spirits being carried by the arteries. He considers the blood the same blood all the time going in a circle meeting with change in the lungs and in the tissues of the body as it goes. His discovery leads easily to the understanding of the chemi- cal phenomena going on in the body and the relation of the blood circulation to the nutrition in the body and the produc- tion of power.for the body to carry on the processes neces- sary to its life. The fact that the food disappears from the alimentary canal and in some way becomes blood was known from the time men began to think of the activities in their own bodies, but how this was done was left to Harvey's time. Gasper Aselli discovered the lacteals in 1622 in a way that some might think an accident. In working on the viscera of a dog he noticed some fine white cords in the mesentery taking them to be nerves at first, “but presently I saw that | was mistaken in this since I noticed that the nerves belonging to the intestine were distinct from these cords, and wholly unlike them. But presently recovering from his surprise he pricked one of the larger cords with a sharp scalpel and im- mediately a milky substance came forth. Afterwards he dem- onstrated this to many learned men and they were all “very much struck with the novelty of the thing.” Aselli noticed valves in the lacteals and saw that they hindered the flow of the chyle, but doubtless influenced by the belief of the times that all of the food had to go to the liver for elaboration he supposed that these lacteals ended in the liver; in fact he said that he could trace them to the liver. It was left for Pecquet, 454 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science a French physician, in 1651 to show that the lacteals ended in the thoracic duct which leads to the subclavian vein into which it pours its contents which has been partially absorbed from the intestine. The food thus reecived by the blood would at once proceed to the heart and from there be sent all over the body. If Pecquet had published his book thirty years before, his discovery would have been reecived as an impossibility. This simply shows what an influence the work of Harvey ha. upon the minds of men. Another argument was brought for- ward by Rudbeck in 1653 in publishing an account of another set of vessels that did not carry blood nor chyle but a clear watery fluid. These vessels are now called lymphatics. Rud- beck showed that these vessels carried their contents away from the tissues and toward the heart. The importance of Harvey’s work was not so much that the facts of the circulation of blood were made clear as it was the great field that it opened up for future discovery. The methods of experiment that Harvey used were a lesson for all future generations. After all of Harvey’s study and descrip- tion he never saw the connection of the arteries to the veins yet he said there must be a connection of some sort. This connection was the result of a course of reasoning with him, and it was left for Malpighi, after Harvey’s death, to demon- strate the capillaries. Harvey had no microscope by which he could see them. He did all that was possible for him to do with the limited facilities at his disposal. Many writers claim the honor for the discovery of the circulation of blood belongs to other men before his time, such as Servetus, Columbus, Caesalpinus and others. We have, already discussed these men and their work and [ think the place that they occupy in this history is clear. It was sup- posed that Sarpi made the discovery before Harvey and that Harvey copied his work, but it was found later that Sarpi had a chance to borrow a copy of Harvey’s book and copied it largely for his own work. This manuscript was found after Lroceediigs of the Ohio State Academy of Scicnce 455 Sarpi’s death by his friends who claimed the discovery for him, is (Foster) “All such attempts to take away from Harvey what is his due are vain and useless efforts. The greatness of all great men is partly built on the worth of those who have gone before. In science no man’s results are entirely his own, like other living things they come from something that lived before. Vesalius, Servetus, Fabricius, and the rest led up to Harvey; but they were not Harvey. He was himself, and his greatness is in no wise lessened by its having come through them.” In the second part of the paper | want to make Harvey’s discovery apply to actual living mainly in the phase of mus- cular activity and show how the circulation of blood and the true notion of it, is important in every day life. To be sure men lived many years before they had the true notion of the circulation of the blood but I want to show that it 1s possible to live more and better by having the proper idea of the cir- culation of the blood. The direct result of muscular activity, in a popular sense, is the strengthening of the muscles themselves. Many people overlook the indirect results and fail to see what bearing they have on the general health’ of the body: in their influence on the circulation of the blood and the lymph; the process of res- tion; the digestion of the food; in fact how the whole organ- ism is tied up to these results. The popular notion is 1f we want strong muscles they must be exercised, if they are to be increased in size ‘they must be exercised. This; is very -true but we will see later that this is a very small part as com- pared with the indirect results brought about by the grosser activities of the organism. Every cell of the body must be fed. Every cell gets its food in just the same way as the amoeba, by absorption. To be sure the amoeba has the power of digestion to a limited degree because he is a generalized cell, but the bulk of his food, suspended in the water in which he lives, is absorbed 1530 Proceedings of the Olio State Academy of Science into the cell substance directly. The body cells of the higher forms are specialized and cannot digest food for themselves. They are suspended in the body fluid, the lymph, in exactly the same sense as the amoeba, the difference being that these cells can not go after their food like the amoeba which may move about in the water from poorer to richer feeding grounds, but their food must be prepaicd and brought to them by the circulation of the fluid in which they are suspended. The blood ciiculates in a closed system of vessels and does not bathe the cells in general, but the lymph or body fiuid has its origin mainly in the blood by dializing through the walls of the capillaries and bathes the cells of the body. The cir- culating media of the body carry on a double function. The distributing of the food has already been ment:oned but the other side, the carrying the waste irom the cells is as neces- sary to the life of the body as the food supply. Activity means waste in every place so every living organism is constantly producing matter that must be eliminated. The cells can not get away frem it therefore it must be carried from the cells. If the cells can not get the food necessary and can not get rid of the waste matter, first they will starve and secondly they will be choked and death will be the result in either case. The body as a whole is alive or dead in proportion to the number of cells that are living or dead. The main point here is the absolute necessity for a circulatory medium and that this medium be kept in motion manly on account of the spe- cialized condition and the size of the human body. Small bodies like the amoeba can come in contact on all sides with the food, but with large bodies it is not so. To satisfy these conditions the blood must be put under pressure in the ar- teries. This pressure must be kept up and the arteries full of blood all the time. These conditions being mantained the blood will circulate to the points of least resistance. The re- sistance will depend upon the activity of the organ or organs in question. This will include muscular activity, glandular activity, etc. Any activity will force the blood out of an or- Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 457 gan. In so doing the pressure is released in the organ and more blood comes to it on account of the elacticity of the arteries and the pressure in the general arterial system. Mus- cular activity is responsible for a large part of the reduction of pressure in the organs. The muscles of the arm for ex- ample upon contracting increase in diameter which causes pressure to be brought to bear upon the veins. There being valves in the smaller veins opening toward the heart the blood can go in but one direction, i. ¢.,, out of the organ toward the heart. A casual observation of the muscular activities of the body will show their importance and their general distribu- tion. The digestive processes show it from beginning to end. The mastication of the food, the action of the stomach, and the action of the intestine in moving the food along, all are muscular action. The heart beat in pumping the blood into the aorta to keep up the pressure in the arterial system is muscular activity. The processes of respiration all depend upon muscular activity. The rate of heart beat and the rate of respiration depends upon the general muscular activity, in that the greater the ac- tivity the greater the oxidation producing a greater amourt of waste inatter in the. form of CO2, CO2 isthe stimulant for the respiratory center which has control of the respiratory operations. Therefore the greater the muscular activity the greater the speed of the respiratory operation and the better the ventilation of the lungs. This means more air taken into the lungs, more oxygen absorbed into the blood, a greater amount of the hfe giving element with a subsequent better general health. Nature's method of bringing this about is shivering. If the temperature of the body becomes low for any cause the muscles are set into sudden contraction, which starts the circulation with the result as stated above. The heart beat depends upon the amount of heat in the blood and the lack of pressure in the aorta. Oxidation is producing heat while the CO2 is being made. The rate of heart beat is there- fore increased in speed and the heart muscles themselves in- . 458 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science crased in strength to throw the blood into the aorta to keep up the pressure necessary for the distribution of the blood to the surface or to points of least resistance, which has a tendency to equalize the temperature by the loss of heat. ‘he increased activity of the heart tends to increase the strength of the muscle fiber of the heart itself the same as the strength of any muscle is increased by exercise. Many failures of the heart to act in emergencies are accounted for from this lack of exercise. People of sedentary habits are more subject to weak hearts. A quick run for a train or any temporary sud- den call for heart force is not responded to for the very reason that the heart has not been regularly exercised for strength to meet more than the regular calls of the organism. Re- sult:—Sudden death: Cause:—heart failure. The arteries like the heart are called upon under like circumstances to stand a greater strain on account of the more forcible heart beat. They are made up of muscular tissue as well as elastic tissue. Unless they have been exercised properly they may vive way or lose their elasticity from the great stretching on account of the weakness of the muscles. Another element in the circulation of the blood and the body fluids in general is the suction force caused by the res- piratory movements. These are all brought about by the activity of the muscles of the chest and the diaphragm. As the muscles ccn:ract, the chest cavity expands thereby reduc- ing the pressure in the cavity. Since the blood is flowing to- ward the cavity in the veins, the lack of the pressure here will accelerate the blood in that direction. It will have a tendency also to pull the lymph in the same direction and to increase the flow of the lymph in the thoracic duct and the other lym- phatic ducts that open into the veins which empty directly into the heart. The lymphatic vessels all have valves opening only toward the heart, so any movement of the lymph from any cause must be in that direction. We have already noticed that the lymph collects nearly all of the impurities and carries them to the veins near the heart. The increase ina (lke JOSE = Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 459 centage. ot the. CO2 im the blood stimulates the respiratory center in the medulla oblongata which will cause the muscle .of the chest to act. more rapidly. thereby eliminating more ~CO2 and gaining more oxygen. We have already noticed that the amount of. blood going to an. organ depends upon the pressure of. blood-in that organ. The pressure: of blood in the organ depends largely upon the muscular activity in the organ or in the surrounding tissues. A sudden closing of the capillaries of the peripheral organs, which would never occur if the. muscles were active, will naturally have a téndency to throw the blood to the internal organs causing a congestion. lf there should be any weakness in any one of them that organ would suffer more than.the others. Many chronic diseases are traced to this cause, for example, Bright’s disease, dia- _betis, ete. 3 The reason for. many of the common rules to govern ex- ercise.can be seen from the foregoing discussion, 1. e. “We should not exercise vigorously on a full stomach.’ Exercise reduces the pressure in the peripheral organs which will nat- urally take the blood away from the internal organs where it is needed just at this time. Moderate exercise 1s not bad, for the digestive organs are stimulated by the presence of food which causes them to, be active. ‘The+simple fact that they are active In movement or in the secretion of digestive fluids will cause less pressure in the organ and more blood will set in that direction in spite of a moderate call for blood in other directions. The whole thing is relative and if the balance is in favor of any organ that organ will get the blood necessary for it to do its work. | A muscle does not tire so much from the work that it does as from the impurities that it makes by its activity. In ease that products of metabolism are made faster than they are carried off by the circulation the body becomes tired in proportion as the balance is in favor of the impurities. In the case of extreme exercise the muscle tissue is actually brok- en down faster than it can be built up, faster than food can be {60 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science brought to it and the waste taken away. Extreme fatigue is the result. The system becomes clogged temporarily, which a period of rest will relieve by tue blood having time to catch up in its work in carrying away waste and bringing food to the overworked parts. Here is the line between youth and old age. In youth exercise is spontaneous, but as people in- crease in age they must exert a will power to continue to ex- ercise unless their occupation requires it. Unless they force themselves to it the heart and the arteries become weak and flabby from the lack of tone which is brought about by exer- cise and it soon becomes impossible to perform the feats of youth. In fact they lose all interest or desire to take part in any of the plays or spontaneous exercises of youth. Many a man has found that when he was called upon for a little more force than the ordinary, either through disease or in an emergency, he is found wanting and succumbs. It is well known that a man with a strong vigorous heart in pneumonia, other things being equal, will have the best chance for recoy- ery. In fact the large percentage of deaths from pneumonia are from this very fact, heart failure, when if the patient had taken good regular exercise during health his heart would have been in shape to have brought him through. A man may become old while he is young in years. It all depends upon the circulation of the blood and the metabolism. That is upon which side is the balance. By tone as referred to above is meant the power to resist disease or to cope with an extra call if the time ever comes when the demand is made. The main business of life is to keep this tone as high and for as long a time as possible; i. e. to push our youth as far into life as possible. People as they advance in age resort. to all means possible to avoid muscular activity and often deceive themselves in thinking that fresh air is a substitute for exer- cise. Often a horse and carriage with a hired driver is a great misfortune, for riding gives the minimum muscular activity. People whose occupation requires exercise indoors receive ereat benefit in out door air even if there is no great amount Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science +461 of activity at that time, but it is much better to get the exer- cise with the fresh air. It would be interesting and proftable to follow this discussion with tamiliar examples of abnormal development, diseased conditions bot chronic and _ acute, caused by the lack of exercise which results in poor circula- tion of the blood and the body fluid, and how the increase of the circulation to a certain part, may remedy many unsightly forms, and diseased conditions of many organs, but the limits of this paper will not permit. To keep' well means to keep the circulation of the blood and the lymph up to the highest possible point and not overdo it. To get sick is to reduce the circulation below the upkeep point. To get well after disease does get a hold is to restore the circulation and bring it up and above the mere upkeep point. Dr. Knopf would express these conditions as the body being in physiological wealth or in physiological poverty. From this paper it will be seen that I piace great stress upon the circulation of the blood in physiology. Without a true knowledge of this system modern medicine would have been out of the question. The great feats of surgery which we witness today would have been unknown without Har- vey’s discovery. This is only one illustration of how any science is made up. One discovery after another makes it possible for the next. 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