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TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

PENNSYLVANIA

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,

HARRISBURG, PA.:
HARRISBURG PUBLISHING CO., STATE PRINTER.
1907.

OFFICIAL DOCUMENT, No. 7.

PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

OFFICIAL LIST.
1906.

N. B. CRITCHFIELD, Secretary,
Stoyestown, Somerset County.

A. L. MARTIN, Dep’y Sec’y and Director of Farmers’ Institutes,
Enon Valley, Lawrence County.

M. D. LICHLITER, Chief Clerk,
Allegheny.

E. C. FIRST, Stenographer,
Harrisburg.
GEORGE F. BARNES, Messenger,
Rossville, York County.
B. H. WARREN, Dairy and Food Commissioner,
West Chester, Chester County.

O. D. SCHOCK, Assistant to Dairy and Food Cominissioner,
Hamburg, Berks County.

MAY V. RHONE, Clerk, Dairy and Food Commissioner,
Centre Hall, Centre County.

WILLIAM R. SWARTZ, Messenger, Dairy and Food Commissioner,
Duncannon, Perry County.

H. A. SURFACE, Economic Zoologist,
State College, Centre County.

NORMAN G. MILLER, Assistant Heonomie Zoologist,
Marion, Franklin County.

A. F, SATTERTHWAIT, Clerk, Economic Zoologist,
Kennett Square, Chester County.

KATHRYN P. FIRST, Stenographer, Economic Zoologist,
Harrisburg.

L. R. WHITE, Messenger, Economic Zoologist.
Jermyn, Lackawanna County.

LEONARD PEARSON, State Veterinarian,
Philadelphia.

(1)
1—7—1906.

OFFICIAL DOCUMENT, No. 7.

TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE
LIBR

Sectclary ol Agriculture.

NEW ¥
TAN

GAK
Department of Agriculture,

Harrisburg, Pa., Jan. 1, 1907.

To His Excellency, Samuel W. Pennypacker, Governor of Pennsyl-
vania :

Sir: In compliance with the requirements of the Act of Assembly,
creating a Department of Agriculture of Pennsylvania, I have the
honor to submit my report of said Department for the year 1906.

The past year has marked much advance in the agriculture of
Pennsylvania. The swing toward the West of the pendulum of
agricultural progress is slacking and a new era appears to be setting
in for the farms and farmers of the Eastern states.

There was a time when this was the leading farming state of the
Union, a time when civilization was but feeling its way beyond the
Allegheny Mountains. As Ohio and, later, the other states of ‘the
Ohio, Mississippi and Missouri valleys developed, the center of
the agricultural industry moved steadily westward. The virgin,

. fertile lands of the West were given free to settlers, who divided the
prairies into productive farms, the products of which were taken to
the eastern markets upon the railroads that rapidly gridironed the
new country and made possible the most marvellous development the
world has ever seen. The agriculture of the West developed more
rapidly than the population of the country, so that an enormous
surplus of grain, food stuffs and provisions was available for export.
The Western farmer farmed, at first, without regard to the future of
the soil. He mined and marketed the great stores of surplus fer-
tility that had been accumulating for centuries. His land produced
cheap and bountiful harvests. The settlers of the West were drawn
largely from the older states of the East and for a generation many
of the most capable and ambitious as well ‘as the restless sons of

-Kastern farmers migrated to the West and took part in its develop-

ment.

~~ Under such conditions of competition, the agriculture of ‘the East,

oft a third of a century, languished. Prices were at such a level as

* ‘to vender it diffienlt to conduct a farm profitably unless it was de-

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4 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

voted to the production of crops that did not have to meet direct
competition with staple products of the West. The farmers of the
Eastern states have found themselves in much the condition and
confronted by problems similar to those that have influenced the
course of agriculture in those countries of Europe that are not
shielded by a protective tariff. The wheat-growing and the meat-
producing farms of Great Britain and the grain fields of northern
and south-eastern Europe have been affected by the same causes and
in the same way as the general farms of Pennsylvania, New York
and Maryland.

Gradually, however, the good lands of the West have been oc-
cupied and their surplus stores of fertility are so far used up that
it is now necessary to farm less extensively, with more skill and at
higher cost. Moreover, great cities have grown up in the Valley of
the Mississippi and these are rapidly increasing in number and
population. There is, therefore, at the present time a home market
in the Central West and the West, that requires large and con-
tinually larger supplies of food, thus reducing the surplus for ship-
ment to distant places.

During these years of transition, the farmers of the East, with
much stress and trial, have been adjusting themselves and their
properties to the new and, apparently inexorable conditions. They
have sought and practised new methods and have become proficient
therein; methods that ‘are in accord with the modern science of agri-
culture. They made their minds receptive to the teachings of the
successful experience of others and to the guidance of those who
are devoting themselves to the elucidation of the problems of the
farm. They have either learned to meet the new adverse conditions
—or they have lost in their contest with changing, modern economic
forces. And now, that this battle has been fought, the conditions
are readjusting in such a way as to lessen the competition of the
West and, by reason of the growth of the population, to increase the
local home market. These influences have led to better conditions
that are reflected in the greater prosperity of farmers and in higher
prices for farm products and farm lands.

The outlook for Eastern agriculture was never brighter; but the
advantages that are opening are not for those who fail to recognise
that eonditions have changed and that methods and practices, to be
successful, must fit the time. We do not for an instant recommend
the relinquishment of the old and well ‘tried methods of those who
went before us. On the contrary, our chief reliance must always
be in the_old well understood and tested methods. But no method
should be adhered to merely because it is old, or because it has the
sanction of the approval of a community; no method should be re-
garded as good enough so long as there is a possibility of improving
it and new methods should not be frowned upon because they are
new, but they should be viewed impartially, with a mind open to
conviction, and with the determination to take advantage of the good
that they contain. In this way, by holding fast to the traditions of
the past and that which is tried and true and at the same time by
seeking and testing new methods and improvements, the most con-
servative, the safest and the best advance is made. As the new is
found to be secure it may be relied upon.

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 5

e

EDUCATIONAL AGENCIES.

In tthis development, Pennsylvania has been among the foremost
of the states of the Union and her schools and colleges, especially
the institutions furnishing technical instruction in agriculture and
the allied subjects, have done much good. The good of these institu-
tions has been disseminated and added to by the farmers’ institutes
and the Bulletins of this Department. It is one thing to produce
new knowledge; it is quite another thing to bring it before the
practical farmer so that he will realize its importance and be in
position to take advantage of it. The persistent, systematic work
of the lecturers upon the farmers’ institute staff is of the greaitest
value to the State in this connection.

Reference has been made in previous reports to the work of the
Pennsylvania. State College. This institution was established by the
State Agricultural Society in 1854 as the Farmers’ High School. It
was opened in 1859, and was intended to be a place where farmers’
sons, and others interested in, or intending to engage in agriculture,
might obfain suitable scientific and practical instruction. The found-
ers were interested in establishing an institution where a new kind
of instruction would be furnished such as was not then supplied in
any existing institution. It is unnecessary to trace the changes of
name, policy and work of the college, but it may be said that it
appears to be unfortunate that it did not more closely follow the
example of that other pioneer school of agriculture established about
the same time at Lansing, Michigan; for, in its endeavor to cover
much ground, some of which was already well covered by existing
institutions, the tax upon the resources of the college was such as
to hamper the development ‘of the agricultural department. The
trustees of the college have now, happily, taken the position that
their foundation was not laid for the erection of a University or for
the development of an institution to duplicate unnecessarily work
already well done in the twenty-seven colleges and universities of
Pennsylvania. They now recognize that in the field of agriculture,
there is much need for the work of the college and this is beginning
to receive more adequate support from the trustees and from the
legislature than ever before.

The agricultural people of Pennsylvania are responsible for what
may be termed the revival of interest in agriculture at State College.
The trustees of the college are to be congratulated upon their ap-
proval of the well considered proposals for the development of the
work that the college was founded to carry on, and it is to be hoped
that this work will have the general and active support of the
farmers of the State.

A farm school hag been established near Doylestown, in Bucks
County, through contributions made by individuals. This school has
been in operation several years and has steadily grown in its equip-
ment and resources. [t is appropriate that it should be mentioned
in a public document, first, because it promises to be of service in
attracting young men of the Jewish race from the crowded cities
to the country, and in preparing them for agricultural careers. This
work is an expression of a desire among sociologists 'to foster some
of the undeveloped resources of the country and, at the same time,
to lessen some of the overcrowding of congested districts of cities.

6 ANNUAL REPORT UF THE Off. Doe.
The policy of this school is determined to a large extent, and is wisely
directed, by Rabbi Krauskopf. A second reason for calling atten-
tion to this institution is that it is fostered by the State through
a biennial appropriation of $15,000. It is believed that there is a
considerable field of usefulness for work of the character that th's
school is doing, and it is deserving of the commendation of this
Department.

A few of the rural high schools in Pennsylvania, and particularly
that at Waterford, in Erie County, have developed courses of instruc-
tion in agriculture. This movement is a very important one, and its
development is a thing greatly to be desired. The rural high schooi
reaches rural sentiment in a way that is impossible for a distaat
college. Of course the agricultural instruction furnished in a high
school must be rather elementary, but if it is well thought out and
systematized it may be made to be of much value. By means of it,
the reason for things is emphasized and the pupils are placed in
position to draw sound conclusions from ascertained facts. Pro-
fessor L. H. Bailey, in an address on “The Schools of the Future,”
expresses himself as follows: “In an agricultural community, for
example, all the farms of the neighborhood will afford training in
the elements of failure and success. Yhere is no reason why the
pupils should not know why and how a man succeeds with his
orchard or dairy or factory, as well as to have the cyclopedic infor-
mation about the names of capes and mountains, dates, and the
like; and why should not every good farmer explain his operations to
the pupils? Such work, if well done, would vitalize the school and
lift it clean out of the ruts of tradition and custom. It would make
a wholly new enterprise of the school, rendering it as broad and
Significant and native as the community itself; not a puny exotic eff-
ort for some reason dropped down in the neighborhood. When the
public schools begin to touch experience and pursuits in a perfectly
frank and natural way, we hope that persons who have money to give
for education will bestow some of it on elementary and country
schools, where it will reach the very springs of life.” This idea is
graduaily being accepted and it means much for the improvement of
country life.

The Veterinary Department of the University of Pennsylvania
must also be mentioned as one of the important institutions of the
State for furnishing instruction in some of the subjects allied to
agriculture. This Department was established in 1884, and has
been conducted by the University since that time. It has always
been hampered by lack of funds, and its work has been made pos-
sible through the generosity of a few philanthropic citizens of Phila-
delphia and by the self-sacrificing devotion of members of its teach-
ing staff. It has graduated nearly 400 veterinarians, many of whom
are sons of Pennsylvania farmers, and many are located in the rural
districts of Pennsylvania. The importance of preventing infectious
diseases of animals and of developing animal hygiene is generally
recognized. The ruinous losses that have affected many com-
munities and countries and that have come from neglect of the
teachings of veterinary science are such as to make clear the great
need for the kind of work that this school is doing. The State has
assisted the University of Pennsylvania in providing a building ‘to
house this school, but thus far, no appropriation has been made

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 7

for the maintenance of its work. Other states, notably, our neigh-
bors, New York and Ohio, have found it profitable to take pant in
the support of the veterinary departments of their state universities.
The need for the work of such a school is so great as to fully justify
a recommendation to the legislature that it give careful heed to a
request for public support for this work at the University of Penn-
sylvania, as recommended by several of the leading agricultural and
livestock organizations.

In this connection, mention may be made of a report of a com-
mission, appointed by your Excellency, to consider regulations to
govern meat inspectors in disposing of the carcasses of animals
afflicted with tuberculosis. The Commission appointed to consider
this problem is composed of leading sanitarians of Pennsylvania,
assisted by one from outside of the State, Dr. D. E. Salmon, lately
chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry of the United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture. Considering the investigation to be made by
this Commission of very great importance to the livestock industry
of the State as well as to the health of the people of the Common-
wealth, and believing that in order to get Dr. Salmon, who is not
a citizen of Pennsylvania, to devote to it the time necessary to make
his part of the investigation and report as thorough as these com-
bined interests require, a contract was made with Dr. Salmon, after
consultation with the State Veterinarian, in which it was stipulated
that his investigation should be made as complete as the facilities
at his command would warrant, and ‘that he should submit to this
Department a report upon the relation of bovine tuberculosis to
public health that should be approved by the State Veterinarian.
This contract was made under the provisions of Section 6 of the
Act of March 13, 1895, and Dr. Salmon’s report will be published
in a bulletin of this Department which will also contain the reports
of the other genilemen associated with him upon the Commmission
referred to, whose services were cheerfully given ‘to this important
work on account of their patriotic devotion to their own State. 1
regard this report as being of so much importance that I wish
especially to invite to it the attention of all persons interested in
this much discussed and far reaching problem.

MEAT INSPECTION.

The Federal Government has recently enacted and placed in
operation a new meat inspection law, under which the federal meat
inspection service is greatly extended. It now covers practically
all meats that are prepared in one state and shipped to another.
The slaughter houses and other meat preparing establishments
engaged in business exclusively in one state do not come under
federal inspection. It has been found that the effect of the guar-
antee that accompanies federally inspected products is of consider-
able advantage to dealers, and it is steadily receiving more con-
sideration and respect from the public. If this tendency becomes
much stronger, the products of local houses that are without in-
spection will be found to be at a decided disadvantage in the public
markets. The effect of this will be to hamper the development of
local slaughter houses ‘and to advance the interests of those estab-
lishments that are under approved inspection. This will have a

8 ANNUAL REPORT CF THE Off. Doc.

tendency to diminish local slaughtering and thereby lessen the
market for beef prepared in our own State. For this reason, and
also more particularly on account of the hygienic and sanitary im-
portance of meat inspection, it is to be hoped that the coming legis-
lature of 1907 will give careful consideration to a proposal to
establish a State meat inspection service.

THE MAGNITUDE OF OUR AGRICULTURE.

Pennsylvania is commonly regarded as an essentially industrial
state. When the industries of the State are passed in mental re-
view, one thinks of the great manufacturing enterprises, the steel
mills, the mines of bituminous and anthracite coal, the oil and gas
wells and the great natural deposits of iron ore, limestone, cement,
rock and slate. In the minds of many people, agriculture is an after
consideration. The industries mentioned are so large, and many of
them are so much greater than similar industries in other states
that the actual and intrinsic importance of our agriculture is not
generally realized.

If Pennsylvania had no more than the usual quota of mineral
deposits and of manufacturing plants, she would still occupy a
distinguished position among her sister commonwealths on account
of the extent and value of her agriculture. Pennsylvania is second
in the production of hay. The crop for the year 1906 amounted to
3,993,627 tons and was worth $53,514,602. Pennsylvania is also
second in the production of buckwheat; the crop for 1906 amounted
to 4,788,000 bushels, and it is second in the production of potatoes,
producing during the past year 23,856,918 bushels. The value of
the winter wheat crop was $22,095,623 and was surpassed by but
five states. In rye, Pennsylvania led all other states with a crop of
6,025,011 bushels. The value of the oat crop was $12,090,268 and
the corn crop $30,139,324. The value of the farm products of Penn-
sylvania is just about equal to the value of farm products of some
of the great agricultural states of the West. The most productive
and the best farmed agricultural county in the United States is the
County of Lancaster, in Pennsylvania, which sells from its farms
products valued at about $10,000,000 a year.

In livestock husbandry, Pennsylvania holds a very important
position. More market milk is produced in this State than in any
other, and there are, upon the farms of Pennsylvania, 1,097,590
milch cows, the estimated value of which is $57,640,337. There are
in Pennsylvania about 750,000 horses and mules, worth about $75,-
006,000. Whe horses of Pennsylvania are 40 per cent. more numerous
and worth 100 per cent. more money than the horses of Kentucky,
a leading horse state. Pennsylvania has more than a million sheep;
more, in fact, than the states of Illinois or Wisconsin and more than
Missouri and Kansas combined.

The sheep industry of Pennsylvania would be more highly devel-
oped and more productive than it is if it were not for the pest of dogs.
Some legislation should be enacted to eliminate the worthless and
ownerless dogs that are of no value whatever and that inflict
extreme injury upon this important industry.

There are about 1,000,000 swine in Pennsylvania, valued at $8,-
447,313. The swine industry is capable of profitable extension. By

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 9

regard for the ascertained facts of hygiene, it is possible to avoid
most of the danger from hog cholera. With this foe under control,
the keeper of swine, with judicious management, has little to fear
from other diseases. The market for hogs is so good that Penn-
sylvania farmers should arrange to derive more benefit from it.

WORK DONE BY THE DEPARTMENT.

T shall not take up space in this report to dwell at length upon the
work done by the respective Divisions of the Department, each of
which has an official head whose report will be given to the public
either with the Annual Department Report or in bulletin form.
Owing to the existence of an Act of Assembly prohibiting more than
one publication of a public document, the custom that prevailed in
the past of publishing these Division reports as bulletins and also as
a part of the Annual Department Report, has been discontinued.
Where, as is the case with the Dairy and Food Bureau, many persons
who are not directly interested in Agriculture and who have but
little interest in the Department Report are anxious to get the
Commissioner’s report, it may be thought best to have such report
published in bulletin form. The report of the State Veterinarian
also is sought for by all the Veterinarians of the State as well as
by the keepers of abattoirs and dealers in meat supplies, persons
who care little for the Department Report, and as a measure of
economy in their distribution, it may be considered best that these
reports shall be published in bulletin form, and if they should not
appear in the Annual Department Report, persons wishing for
specific information relating to the work of these two Divisions are
referred to the Department bulletins spoken of, which will be issued
if it is finally determined not to publish these two Division reports
with the Annual Department Report.

Full information concerning the work of the Division of Farmers’
Institutes and that of Economic Zoology will be found under the
proper heads in the following pages.

It may not be amiss to say that the work of the four Divisions
during the year has been characterized by persistent activity and
fruitful of good results, meeting the hearty approval of the Head of
the Department. The Farmers’ Institute work under the proficient
management of Director A. L. Martin is uniform!y increasing in
public favor. Farmers are realizing the importance of the instruc-
tion given at these meetings more and more every year, so that the
demand for more institutes is constantly becoming greater. I would
therefore recommend that the appropriation for this work be largely
increased.

The work of the Division of Economic Zoolesy has been carried
forward during the vear with the energy and diligence that are dis-
tinguishing characteristics of Prof. H. A. Surface, Chief of the Divi-
sion. As reports have been received of the devastation of growing
crops by insect foes, information has been sent out giving -instruc-
tion for the use of known remedies, and in cases where reports have
come to the Department indicating that some new or unknown in-
sect-pest has made its appearance, competent assistants have been
sent out to make investigation. In many instances the investiga-
tions have been continued in the laboratory connected with this Divi-
sion, the policy being not only to apply knowledge that has been

.

10 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Offi, Doc:

proven to be correct, but to discover new and more efficient means
for the destruction of enemies whose habiis are known, and to find
out what may be learned of the life history of others that are not so
well understood. This work is greatly appreciated by the farmers
and fruit growers of the State, and as the demand for work of this
character is constantly increasing, I deem it proper to call the atten-
tion of the General Assembly to its importance, and suggest that it
be supported by liberal appropriation.

The work of the StateVeterinarian has been in great demand
during the year. Several outbreaks of Glanders among horses and
mules have occurred, and in a number of instances he was called out
to investigate diseases of livestock unfamiliar to the people of the
community where they appeared, and to every call he responded with
the promptness for which his work has been noted ever since his
connection with the Department. The duties of the State Veter-
inarian combined with his work as Secretary and Executive officer
of the State Livestock Sanitary Board, are more than a man even
of Doctor Pearson’s vigor and robust constitution should be ex-
pected to perform, and the work of his Division is so important, not
only to the livestock interests of the State, but to the health of the
public, that proper measures should be taken to provide for him
the help so much needed. I would respectfully recommend that
this matter receive the careful consideration of the General As-
sembly and that at the next biennial session an Assistant State
Veterinarian and adequate clerical help be provided for this import-
ant Division.

The most important work committed to this Department is that
of protecting the food supplies of the people of the State from
adulteration, and the energy ‘that has characterized the efforts of
Dairy and Food Commissioner Warren to secure this result has been
most commendable, receiving the approval of the Head of the De-
partment and the public at large. The vigilance with which the
Commissioner has administered the laws regulating ‘the sale of
oleomargarine and providing for pure dairy supplies is worthy of
special mention, and has received from the farmers and dairymen
of the State the approval it merits.

The Department did not during the year relax the energy with
which the law regulating the sale of Feeding Stuffs was adminis-
tered during the year 1905. It is unfortunate that so many com-
paratively worthless feeds should have found their way into the
markets of the State. Farmers and others having the care of
domestic animals have in recent years been greatly embarrassed to
know what feeds may be relied upon as furnishing proper nutriment
and at the same time being free from any deleterious or injurious
effects upon the animals consuming them. The chemical and micro-
scopic examination of the samples of feeds collected by the agents
of the Department have revealed the fact that many of the mixed
feeds having high sounding names are quite deficient in real feeding
value, and in some instances contained substances detrimental to
the health of ‘animals. In every case, where there was found to be
a clear violation of our Feeding Stuffs law, prosecutions were in-
stituted and the effect of the vigorous crusade that has been kept up
during the last two years has been to drive many of the more worth

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 11

less and deceptive feeds from the markets of the State. It is worthy
of note that comparatively few of the fraudulent and defective feeds
were manufactured within our own State.

Among the samples collected by the agents of the Department,
there were many that represented condimental feeds sold under
the name of stock and poultry foods. An examination of these
showed that they contained a small per cent. of feeding value which
was usually derived from cottonseed or linseed meal, corn meal or
other ground grain, to which was added wood-ashes, charcoal, sul-
phur, common salt, Epsom salts, coperas or iron oxide, crashed
weed seeds and a small per cent. of powdered gentian and fenugreek
seed.

The selling prices of these condimental feeds as reported by our
agents, are entirely out of proportion to their real value.

If such articles are to be sold under names that indicate ‘that they
possess any feeding value, | regard it as important that they be
placed under the same legal provisions regulating the sale of other
feeding stuffs. The owners of livestock should ‘be protected from
the imposition they suffer at the hands of the compounders and
vendors of all such materials, and | would commend such legislation
to the consideration of the law makers of the State.

The work of Linseed Oil examination as provided for by Act of
23 April, 1901, was continued at intervals during the year, and it is
gratifying to be able to repeat what was stated in last year’s report,
that a comparatively small per cent. of the samples examined were
found to be adulterated. Of the 503 samples examined during the
last two years, but 26, or 5 per cent. of the whole were adulterated.
Owing to the large and constantly increasing purposes to which
linseed oil is applied as used in paints and varnishes, as well as in
the linoleum, rubber and soap industries, all of great importance to
the citizens of the Commonwealth, it is important that these ex-
aminations shall continue to be made. The cost is quite small and is
abundantly recompensed by the result of keeping the supply of this
important commodity pure.

The examination by chemical analysis of the Commercial Fertil-
izers sold within the State received the attention that has been given
it in the past. Fourteen agents were employed during both spring
and fall sampling seasons, to gather in specimens of the fertil-
izers found upon the market, which were analyzed and results made
public through the bulletins of the Department. While most of the
fertilizers sold show a disposition upon the part of manufacturers
to meet the guarantee they are required by law to file with this
Department, it is to be regretted that in some instances (far too
many) either carelessness or a desire to secure undue profits leads
to abuses that ought to be corrected.

Section 5 of the Act of 25 March, 1901, commonly known as the
Fertilizer Law, provides a penalty for furnishing a guarantee that
is misleading or false, and makes it the duty of the Secretary of
Agriculture to enforce the provisions of the act, but unfortunately
the amount of money that may be used for this purpose after deduct-
ing the cost of securing s samples and having the same analyzed, is not
sufficient to cover the expense that must be incurred in prosecutions
were brought in every instance where there is reason to believe that
the action would be sustained by the courts. For this reason the

12 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

Department has been obliged to move with caution, and institute
proceedings only in cases where a disposition to defraud seems plain.
If an appropriation were made by the Legislature to sufficiently in-
crease the funds now available for the enforcement of the law to
warrant the employment of a general agent whose duty it should
be to bring prosecutions, secure witnesses and attend hearings
before local magistrates and follow cases where necessary into
court, I have no doubt that in many instances the fertilizers upon
the market would be greatly improved. Such legislation is recom-
mended to the careful consideration of the General Assembly of the
Commonwealth.

I desire also to renew the recommendation made in last year’s
report that manufacturers of fertilizers sold within the State be
required to supplement the statement they now make concerning the
fertilizing ingredients their products contain, by a statement of the
sources from which such fertilizing ingredients are derived. This is
something the farmer needs to know, in order that he may apply
his fertilizers intelligently. The laws regulating the sale of fer-
tilizers in some of the states, require this information to be given;
and in a state like Pennsylvania where the amount expended for
fertilizers runs into millions of dollars, this information ought not
to be withheld.

Investigations have been made during the year, under the pro-
vision of the Act of March 13, 1895, relating to the following sub-
jects: “Poultry in Pennsylvania,” “Market Gardening,” and “Fruits
of Pennsylvania.”

The changing conditions in the agriculture of the State is direct-
ing the attention of many of our farm people to subjects of this kind,
and in each instance, a successful specialist in his particular line,
whose premises were visited land whose operations were carefully
scrutinized by the Head of the Department, was employed ‘to make
the investigation and prepare a bulletin for the information of the
public, giving the result of his investigation and his methods of
operation.

Other bulletins published during the year are “Proceedings of
the 29th Annual Meeting of the State Board of Agriculture,” “Con-
centrated Feeding Stuffs of Pennsylvania,” “List of Local Agricul-
tural Fairs for 1906,” “Report of Bee-Keepers Association,” “Analy-
sis of Commercial Fertilizers, Spring Samples for 1906,” “Farmers
Institutes in Pennsylvania, 1906-1907,” “Proceedings of Spring
Meeting of State Board of Agriculture and Farmers Normal Insti-
tute,” and “Analysis of Fall Samples of Commercial Fertilizers.”

For all these bulletins as well as all the bulletins issued by the
Department from its organization to the present time, there is a
great demand not only from the citizens of our own State, but from
other states as well as foreign countries. It is a matter for regret
that in the early years of the existence of the Department, before
the value of these bulletins had become to be fully appreciated by
the public, the number that could be legally published was entirely
too small, so that the supply of many of them is quite, or nearly,
exhausted, and yet the demand for them continues. With the in-
creased number that may be published under the Act of 1903, the
supply is still insufficient to meet the demand, and I would re-

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 13

spectfully suggest the propriety of providing for the publication of
a greater number of each new bulletin and the publication of new
editions of such of the numbers that are exhausted, as in the judg-
ment of the Secretary may be deemed proper.

In order to comply with your expressed desire that the cost of
public printing shall be kept as low as is at all consistent with the
good of the public service, I have endeavored to make this personal
report as brief as possible; and to meet the expressed view of the
Attorney General’s Department, as to what may be lawfully in-
cluded in this report, I have been obliged to leave out much import-
ant matter that has heretofore appeared in the Annual Report of
this Department. I regret that under the law, as it now is, I am
unable to include with this report the entire proceedings of State
Associations, organized for the advancement of the interests of
agriculture in its several branches, and that I can only give abstracts
of such proceedings.

The essays read at Farmers’ Institutes contain much valuable
information for farmers of the State, and it is only because I am
informed that they cannot legally be published that they have been
left out. I hope, however, to be able to preserve at least some of
these by publishing them in bulletin form.

The elimination of the matter referred to will diminish the size
of the Report, as well as its value to the Agriculture of the State,
but it is hoped that the saving to the Commonwealth in the item of
printing, may in some measure compensate this loss.

I wish, in conclusion, to express my appreciation of the assistance
and counsel your Excellency has so cheerfully and promptly given
me whenever called upon. I desire also in this public manner to
acknowledge the help given by the agricultural as well as the
public press of the State, by encouraging every attempt to attain
better methods and secure more satisfactory results.

I have the honor to be,
Very truly yours,

77

eo

Secretary of Agriculture.

14 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIVISION OF
FARMERS’ INSTITUTES FOR THE YEAR 1905-6.

Harrissure, Pa., Junuary 1, 1907.
To the Honorable N. B. Critchfield, Secretary of Agriculture:

Sir: I have the honor to present herewith the Twelfth Annual
Report of the Division of Farmers’ Institutes.

During the Institute year ending June 1, 1906, the institutes held
in Pennsylvania have been more than usually successful. Increased
attendance can only be ascribed to the growing interest of the
farmers and the desire for a higher knowledge of the many import-
ant lessons relating to the most approved meihods to be adopted,
which are so essential in order to successfully engage in agricul-
tural pursuits. When we remember that our institutes are held
at a season of the year (in the winter) when heavy snows and severe
storms prevail, the large attendance is the more remarkable, since
the aged and infirm are on this account prevented from attending.
Too much credit can not be given our corps of County Institute
Chairmen, whose work is largely voluntary in its character. By
their untiring efforts suitable places for holding meetings are pro-
cured, programs prepared, local committees organized and all ar-
rangements completed for holding the institutes. The entire work is
completed on a basis of a sum not exceeding $12.50 per day for
every day of institute held within a given county. Some changes
have been made in the corps of Institute Lecturers. This is made
necessary by the calls coming from other states for a number of our
efficient lecturers, others by reason of age or business demands
upon their time have been compelled to decline work; however, we
are proud to say that our plan of encouraging persons to take part
in the program as local institute instructors has developed an army
of very satisfactory workers from which to fill our ranks from year
to year as necessity would seem to demand.

The demand for two-day meetings is on the increase. At all two-
day meetings five sessions are held, educational topics are placed
upon program for one of the evening sessions and the assistance
that is freely rendered by most of the County Superintendents of
the Public Schools is deserving of more than a passing mention.
These leading educators are an important force in directing the
attention of the farmers to the importance of the Centralized Town-
ship Schools and Township High Schools, as in my judgment no
one thing would so rapidly develop the strong, but in many in-
stances latent faculties of our country children than the graded
centralized school. In these schools lessons should be taught on
Soil Building, Plant Growth, Animal Husbandry, Birds, Insects, etc.,
in fact the entire range of natural things, thus equipping the
farmers’ children for a more efficient and intelligent direction of
form operations and at the same time broadening and elevating the

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 16

standard of Agriculture. At the second evening session topics relat-
ing to the Country Home are presented. Indeed what subject is
fraught with greater possibilities to the State than that of the Farm
Homes of Pennsylvania. Their sanitary conditions, surroundings,
the social problems, such as make life in the country pleasant and
desirable, for without well established country homes owned by the
occupants and adorned by a queenly crowned mother surrounded
with loving family circle, the State can not hope to long continue
its imperial strength and greatness. The day sessions are devoted
to practical and scientific questions relating to the Soils, their forma-
tion, phy sical condition, productive possibilities, how to best grow
the various farm crops and those best adapted to the different ‘soils
and market demands; also the nature of Plant Life and Growth, its
intricate lessons shown forth in leaf stalk and root. Possibly
greater interest was developed the past season in Corn Breeding
and Cultivation than in that of any other cereals. Lessons given in
the selection of seed, manner of planting, cultivation and harvesting
this golden crop have developed a determination among the farmers
to grow a quality of corn better adapted to the requirements of the
animals kept upon our farms. We are learning that by careful
selection of seed, that expensive ingredients entering so largely into
all our Feeding Stuffs, Protein, etc., can be increased many per cent.
by planting seed having in its grains a well developed germ and con-
taining a large proportion of protein, by discarding seed deficient
inthe protein-content from year to year, the farmers can with cer-
tainty expect to grow from the corn crop a feed approaching very
near to a balanced ration for their animals. Indeed, as a result of
Farmers’ Institute teaching, the Pennsylvania farmer is rapidly
approaching the period when he will grow upon his farm the differ-
ent nitrogen-gathering plants and legumes rich in protein, and corn
ladened with an increased quantity of protein within its kernels to
make a palatable and balanced ration for his animals, without hay-
ing to resort to the most costly and sometimes dangerous method,
that of purchasing the high priced and sometimes deleterious com-
pounds placed on the market as animal foods.

Our course of instruction would be incomplete unless attended by
a competent corps of Dairy Instructors, since in no other line of
animal industry is there so great an investment of capital or so
many different problems to solve, embracing the dairy herd, breed
and management, feed, care of milk, buiter making, the making of
cheese, the demand for not only accurate teaching, but actual demon-
stration in testing milk for its purity and actual butter fat-content,
ripening of cream and complete process of churning, working the
butter, marking, scoring and naming the points of excellence which
it contains. Meetings of this kind wherever held have proved emin-
ently useful te the dairyman and calls for such demonstrations are
reaching us from many counties of the State. By this demonstra-
tive method of instruction, we are rapidly weeding out the unpro-
fitable dairy cow, the more profitable dairy herds in Pennsylvania
yielding 350 lbs. of butter per year, whilst the poorer herds yield
but little in excess of 150 lbs. per year, thus we note the margin of
difference in vield is a wide one and the practical work of the Insti-
tute Division is to eliminate from the dairy herd the profitless 150
Ibs. cow and place in her stead the 350 Ibs. cow. We are proud to

16 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

state that we stand a close second in the value of our Dairy Cows,
the amount being $37,647,337.

Pennsylvania is naturally a tree-growing State, indeed our great
founder named in “Penn’s Woods.” This being true, special atten-
tion is given to Horticulture and Pomology by reason of our favor-
able soil conditions, abundance of moisture, suitable attitudes and
unexcelled home markets. Special instruction is given in the selec-
tion of a location, preparation of soil, selecting trees and varieties;
their planting and care and marketing the fruit. I feel safe in say-
ing that Pennsylvania is destined to be the leading apple growing
state of the Union, because of her soil, climate and all favoring
conditions prevailing within every county of the State. Not only
so, but in no other line of operation is there a greater promise of
large profits to the persons who adopt modern and approved
methods in the management of their orchards. In fact the farmer
of today who would bring success to his calling must, of necessity,
bring to bear in his operations the light and truth which men of
science have developed within ‘the last generation. He can no
longer pursue wornout and unprofitable methods; he will discard
the unprofitable dairy cow; keep on his farm pure bred stock of
all kinds; be a grower of fruit for market and home consumption
and bring to bear upon the community the highest order of intel-
ligence in his farm work.

The past year marked the high water mark in Institute work, in
that there were held a greater number of institutes with increased
interest manifested and attendance, 165,553, which is greater than
any past year. Of the future we can only say that the demand for
meetings more than double that we can supply with the funds pro-
vided us. Our Annual Roundup was held at Clearfield on May 29-
31, proceedings of this meeting having been placed in bulletin form
and has been widely distributed. These meetings are accomplishing
much towards concentrating the work of our lecturers and crystaliz-
ing their efforts upon the more important truths and advanced teach-
ing in agricultural chemistry and botany, animal and plant breeding,
seed selection, etc. When agriculture prospers, all other industries
advance, when agriculture languishes, panic threatens all other com-
mercial and manufacturing interests. Agriculture of today can only
advance by intelligent directed effort; first, careful thought, after
which working out that thought in actual farm work. The Farmers’
Institutes are working for the Pennsylvania farmer in a field oc-
cupied by no other organization, conveying to him lessons intended
to give strength and stability as a farmer and citizen. Program of
this meeting is embraced in this report.

The following is a complete outline of the institutes held during
the past year, giving places where held, dates and number of ses-
sions; also attendance by sessions, three State speakers attending all
the meetings. These meetings were held at a cost of less than
$40.00 per day, and challenge competition from any source when we
remember that hall rent, programs, all local management, hotel and
travelling expenses and per diem pay of all the State speakers is
embraced in this statement:

17

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

No. 7.

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ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

22

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*penul}u0O—s06T-G06T AO NOSVUS—-SHLOALILISNI SUAWUVA VINVATIASNNGd

No. fie DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 23

FARMERS’ ANNUAL NORMAL INSTITUTE.

HELD AT CLEARFIELD, PA., MAY 28-31, 1906.

PROGRAM

First session convenes Tuesday Afternoon, May 29, 1906.

J. W. NELSON, Shawville, Pa., Chairman.

4 Call to order 2.00.

™ Address of welcome, by Hon. Allison O. Smith, Clearfield, Pa., to which a
response will be made by members of the convention.

1. “ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, CARE AND TREATMENT OF FARM ANI-
MALS.” (40 minutes, and 20 minutes for questions.)
Dr. E. E. Tower, Hop Bottom, Pa.

2. “THE COMMERCIAL ORCHARD AS A BUSINESS.” (30 minutes, and 20
minutes for questions.)

aa

Dr. J. H. Funk, Boyertown, Pa.

Tuesday Evening, May 29, 1906.
HON. JASON SEXTON, North Wales, Pa., Chairman.
Call to order 7.30.

1. “GOOD SEED AND HOW TO OBTAIN IT; ADULTERATED SEED.’ (40
minutes, and 20 minutes for questions.)

Prof. J. W. T. Duvel, U. S. Department

of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.

2. “DOMESTIC SCIENCE OF FARM HOMES.” (40 minutes, and 20 minutes for
questions.)
Mrs. T. HE. Orr, Beaver, Pa.

3. “ACCUMULATION OF SOIL NITROGEN.” (40 minutes, and 20 minutes
for questions.)

Prof. J. W. Harshberger, University

of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa.

Wednesday Morning, May 30, 1906.

J.S. BURNS, Imperial, Pa., Chairman.
Call to order 9.00.

1. “WHAT CHEMISTRY IS DOING FOR THE FARM.” (40 minutes, and 20
minutes for questions.)
Prof. Wm. G. Owens, Bucknell Uni-
versity, Lewistown, Pa.

2. “SOIL IMPROVEMENT.” (50 minutes, and 30 minutes for questions.)
Prof. W. F. Massey, editor, The Prac-
tical Farmer, Philadelphia, Pa.

24 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

Wednesday Afternoon, May 30, 1906.
A. P. YOUNG, Millville, Pa., Chairman.

Call to order 1.30..

1. “ROUND-UP SESSION DEVOTED TO MATTERS RELATING TO LOCAL
INSTITUTE MANAGEMEN, AND A GENERAL OUTLINE OF THE
WORK FOR THE COMING SEASON.” (40 minutes.)

Discussion opened by A. L. Martin,
Director of Institutes.

Note.—This address to be followed by general conference, and five minutes
talks from County Chairman and Institute Lectures.

Wednesday Evening, May 30, 1906.
T. E. ORR, Beaver, Pa., Chairman.
Call 'to order 7.30.

1. “MEMORIAL DAY.” (30 minutes.)
Mrs. M. A. Wallace, Ellwood City, Pa.

2. “THE BREEDING OF POULTRY FOR EGG PRODUCTION; HOUSING,
CARE AND MANAGEMENT.” (illustrated by lantern slides.) (One
hour, and 80 minutes for questions.)

Prof. James E. Rice, in Charge of
Poultry Husbandry, Cornell Univer-
sity, Ithaca, N. Y.

3. “BEE KEEPING.” (lliustrated by lantern slides.) (40 minutes, and 20 min-

utes for questions.)
Prof. H. A. Surface, Economic Zoologist, Harrisburg, Pa.

Thursday Morning, May 31, 1906.
J. NEWTON GLOVER, Vicksburg, Pa., Chairman.

Call to order 9.00.

1. “ON WHAT DO THE DAIRY PROFITS DEPEND.” (40 minutes, and 20

minutes for questions.)
Prof. H. E. Van Norman, Department
of Dairy Husbandry, State College.

2. “FEED, BREED AND CARE OF THE DAIRY.” (49 minutes, and 20 minutes

for questions.)
Dr. J. D. Detrich, West Chester, Pa.

3. “THE ENFORCEMENT OF THE DAIRY AND FOOD LAWS.” (40 min-
utes, and 20 minutes for questions.)
Dr. B. H. Warren, Dairy and Food
Commissioner, Harrisburg, Pa.

Thursday Afternoon, May 31, 1906.
I, A. ESCHBACH, Milton, Pa., Chairman.
Call to order 1.30.
1. “SOIL IMPROVEMENT WITHOUT STABLE MANURES.” (40 minutes, and
20 minutes for questions.)
Prof. R. L. Watts, Scalp Level, Pa.
2 “ECONOMY IN BEEF PRODUCTION.” (40 minutes, and 20 minutes for

questions.)
Prof. T. I. Mairs, State College, Pa.

male

LIST OF COUNTY INSTITUTE MANAGERS FOR

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

SEASON OF 1905-6.

County. Name and Address of Chairman.

DAM EMAVISS 0s aietele/al's\<]</e\eleieialofe.e(s oeie,0 -- A. I. Weidner, Arendtsville.

Allegheny, ....-+---+eseeeeee --J. S. Burns, Imperial, R. F. D. No. 1.

PAGTETAUS EEO Ecc wieicie weiss cleeiee ve cele S:-S: Blyholder, Neale.

TEAR EIR Ge aen ano ono apo ooo oooo ne. A. L. McKibben, New Sheffield.

TE.GGlicivgle pemenscioc Uo ooa@de nacre S. S. Diehl, Bedford.

Berks, pratatalutetivs rotevaishazsie« a\.a ehejalsl ate's Howard G. McGowan, Geiger’s Mills.

IBUAHTOS | GoomeceocsEac Gc cece ccccce H. L. Harvey, Kipple.

ISraAGPOVG , 9. cece ccc esac ce scene BE. E. Chubbuck, Rome, R. F. D. No. 16.

IESULG IRs alt eiclieisie one cele «1s w ess 0 aieiniais Watson T. Davis, Ivyland.

Butler, ARS NOE Scop ee Cass W. H. H. Riddle, Butler.

Cambria, Bvalniciinisteielc sisvele eis lalsie) éislcre H. FI Ie Krumenacker, Nicktown.

WAIMICTONS oo oc cece es cejencccorce W. H. Howard, Emporium,

Carbon, Pivictsleisieile (a. « ole ials7e\10 (010; 4,08 1ehe J. A. Werner, Weatherly.

Centre, So CI CLEA CHICRLUE ICO) CM ROL ICI John A Woodward, Howard.

Chester, .....-.cseccccccccccecee Dr. M. EB. Conard, Westgrove.

G@lavaleis Gornce cape Coonan oaeeoOS S. X. McClellan, Knox.

CleaigiVatl, So daunecocooPoouCODoor J. W. Nelson, Shawville.

(OlliimGinA” foouns sppoddDaoaoocoroode Joel A. Herr, Millhall, R. F. D.

Gombe Gece ceiscine s esa e~s A. P. Young, Millville.

(‘Sieh atodels | Gaipscocopesoueoacoosc M. W. Oliver, Conneautville.

Cumberland, .....-.+++++++e+es Rev. J. F. Ferguson, Mechanicsburg.

IDEkoNOlids “ao pcdoe demu CoeOmoo Cn OG S. F. Barber, Harrisburg.

OVS WeNAeS. c. cadtonsog on iceosogocr J. Milton Lutz, Llanerch.

ETL ce Jorelelaielhicielsie: ave:'sislelerels « eeieee.e/b)s\° John B. Werner, Sit. Marys.

BINT. p5soduos ooo CUP OoUeO DINU DAUD Archie Billings, Edinboro.

Fayette, alatare, oleieiielsys's ores e)u\ ss! e a a\e Sylvester Duff, Smock.

UGE OSE s) cajcisielere = wisicle) se) a= ele ele eleere a ~ Cc. A. Randall, Tionesta.

POPAMKIIM, 2.0 ces es ec cneec ce Cc. B. Hege, Marion.

TMiUTROG, Goeeneso boOUo Suen codec R. M. Kendall, MeConnellsburg.

Greene, Etalaiaveledsia)e/slaye) (eval el« ces) wjieie.ere J. W. Stewart, Jefferson.

Huntingdon, ..-.-.--s+.++sseees Geo. G. Hutchison, Warriors’ Mark.

ThMGTENI, Soermaodompnoomeoounccs Ss. M. McHenry, Indiana.

JefFerSON, ...--- eee eeececeeecs W. L. McCracken, Brookville.

Juniata, pioietaialstnie isialalleje)aleleleiale-oin ele Matthew Rodgers, Mexico.

NGAGIR AAAI) eyes elerclew «elie ole ieio <0 Henry W. Northup, Dalton, R. F. D. No. 1.

NGAMCASECT eg. viciesci- © > rie ne bie cie Ww. H. Brosius, Drumore.

TUAIWTENCE, 2. soe ee ee eee eee we ccs Samuel McCreary, Volant, R. F. D.

UPTV OM ste oer ove) o alee ielisisislarevolainiere Hdwin Shuey, Lickdale.

Lehigh, ......---.+ssseeeeeeree P. S. Fenstermaker, Allentown.

LUZeErne, ..--..-- ee ee eee reer eee J. FE. Hildebrant, Dallas, R. F. D. No. 2.

Lycoming, ...--.----+e+ssseesek A. J. Kahler, Hughesville. =

INNGIRCGATUN vas clelele semis ere /cieisis ome" erie L. W. Howden, Coryville.

WIeieeies | Gop eb oe ab COGS OOo OUOOaD W. C. Black, Mercer.

Whitin. gocensnpoobo cody cop UD OGG M. M. Naginey, Milroy.

MLONTOE, ..-- cere cceree rs srrrcnce Randall Bisbing, East Stroudsburg.

Montgomery, ...--s-seeeere eres Jason Sexton, North Wales.

MOONtOur, ..ccccreeececescscecce Cc. A. Wagner, Ottawa.

Northampton, .......--+-s+++-- Wm. F. Beck, Easton, R. F. D. No. 1.

Northumberland, .......----+> T. A. Eschbach, Milton, R. F. D. No. 1.

IEEE, | Soopdopo nese ceca oUOUOO Sac A. T. Holman, Millerstown.

Philadelphia, .....-+++++++++++ Edwin Lonsdale, Girard College, Phila.
J. B. Kirkbride, Bustleton.

THIKe, nonceonecupocpy cede cogouD dad B. F: Killam, Paupack. «

Potter, .....66- secs sccerscccce Horace H. Hall, Ellisburg.

Schuylkill, ........--2cseceee-s W. H. Stout, Pinegrove.

Siniyeley Gopeoddocsoncodecmanom™ Charles Miller, Salem

Stormer bocuau coopeuanenno DOI Jacob §S. Miller, Friedens.

Sullivan, ......--ssceecceeeceeen J. K. Bird, Dushore, R. F. D. No. 3.

Susquehanna, ......+++.-seeeee Dr. E. E. Tower, Hop Bottom.

ADCS Apo apo Ou nd SOOOUT OOO OOC RK. E. Field, Wellsboro.

NOTALO ere cletatele.cle loins cir) «ielnaicisiele.cisi0 J. Nelson Glover, Vicksburg.

Wheinehm=(0:-5 Inj oGon ono COBOOOUUbOOS Ww. A. Crawford, Cooperstown.

ViVGlanenlg co oninepdoc SouOOO boon GoD George A. Woodside, Sugargrove.

Washington, .......cs.esseeeee D. S. Taylor, Raccoon.

DVVEIyAT Getiteicie <ieleleuctnlicce, wickalel eisieisisy=)e)0 W. E. Perham, Niagara.

Wiestmoreland, ..0--sser-2s-ss0 M. N. Clark, Claridge.

PUVA AOI NNN oper aieie cinl{snie) < oieyel= aici’ D. A. Knuppenburg, Lake Carey,

BY Sco UE Sahai erie aictelelolaiatclore ieiieleletein's olere\e G. F. Barnes, Rossville, ;

26 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

LIST OF INSTITUTE LECTURERS FOR SEASON
OF 1905-6.

Barber, S. F., Box 104, Harrisburg, Dauphin county.

Barclay, Richard D., Haverford, Montgomery county, Pa.

Bashore, Dr. Harvey B., West Fairview, Cumberland county, Pa.

Beardslee, R. L., Warrenham, Bradford county, Pa. *

Black, W. C., Mercer, Mercer county, Pa.

Bond, M. 8., Danville, Montour county, Pa.

Brodhead, C. W., Montrose, Susquehanna county, Pa.

Bruckhart, J. W., Lititz, Lancaster county, Pa.

Burns, J. S., Imperial, R. F. D. No. 1, Allegheny county, Pa.

Butz, Prof. Geo. C., State College, Centre county, Pa.

Campbell, J. T., Hartstown, Crawford county, Pa.

Clark, M. N., Claridge, Westmoreland county, Pa.

Cooke, Prof. Wells W., 1328 Twelfth street, N. W., Washington, D. C.

Cox, John W., New Wilmington, Lawrence county, Pa.

Cure, Z. T., Jermyn, Lackawanna county, Pa.

Detrich, J. D., West Chester, R. F. D. No. 12, Chester county, Pa.

Drake, W. M. C., Volant, Lawrence county, Pa.

Duval, Prof. J. W. T., Acting Botanist in charge of Seed Laboratory, U. S.
Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.

Ellis, David M., Bridgeport, Montgomery county, Pa.

Funk, Dr. J. H., Boyertown, Berks county, Pa.

Hall, Horace H., Ellisburg, Potter county, Pa.

Harshberger, J. W. Ph. D., 737 Corinthian avenue, Philadelphia, Pa.

Herr, Joel A., Millhall, R. F. D., Clinton county, Pa.

Hill, W. F., Chambersburg, Franklin county, Pa.

Hoover, Hon. E. S., Lancaster, Lancaster county, Pa.

Hull, Geo. E., Transfer, R. F. D., Mercer county, Pa.

Kahler, Hon. A. J., Hughesville, Lycoming county, Pa.

Kester, R. P., Grampian, Clearfield county, Pa.

Ledy, J. H., Marion, Franklin county, Pa.

Lehman, Fiayetteville, Franklin county, Pa.

Lesh, N. M., Sciota, Monroe county, Pa.

Lighty, East Berlin, Adams county, Pa.

Menges, Prof. Franklin, York, York county, Pa.

McDowell, Prof. M. S., State College, Centre county, Pa.

Northup, Hon. Henry W., Dalton, R. F. D. No. 1, Lackawanna county, Pa.

Orr, T. E., Beaver, Beaver county, Pa.

Orr, Mrs. T. E., Beaver, Beaver county, Pa.

Owens, Prof. Wm. G., Lewisburg, Mifflin county, Pa.

Peachey, J. H., Belleville, Mifflin county, Pa.

Philips, Hon. T. J., Atglen, Chester county, Pa.

Sampson, Prof. H. O., Waterford, Erie county, Pa.

Schock, Oliver D., Assistant Dairy and Food Commissioner, Harrisburg, Pa.

Schwarz, Hon. R. F., Analomink, Montgomery county, Pa.

Seeds, R. S., Birmingham, Huntingdon county, Pa.

Stout, W. H., Pinegrove, Schuylkill county, Pa.

Stuart, R. R., Callensburg, Clarion county, Pa.

Tower, Dr. E. E., Hop Bottom, Susquehanna county, Pa.

Thayer, Dr. I. A., New Castle, Lawrence county, Pa.

Waener, F. J., Harrison City, Westmoreland county, Pa.

Wallace, Mrs. Mary A. Ellwood City, Lawrence county, Pa.

Watts, Prof. R. L., Scalp Level, Cambria county, Pa.

Watts, D. H., Kerrmoor, Clearfield county, Pa.

Waychoff, G. B., Jefferson, Greene county, Pa.

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 27

The following is a list of Lecturers, Speakers and Essayists who
gave instruction at institutes season of 1905-6, giving list of topics
discussed ag well as biographical sketches of their lives.

1905-1906.

BARBER, 8S. F., P. O. Box 104; Harrisburg, Dauphin County, Pa.:
1. THE SILO THROUGHOUT THE YEAR. -
Takes place of summer pasturage. Advantage and economy
over old system of soiling. Cost of machinery for filling.

2. BUTTER-MAKING ON THE FARM.
Proper appliances. Sanitary conditions. Ripening of cream.
Proper temperature for churning. How to put it into mar-
ketable shape.

3. CARE OF STABLE MANURE AND HOW BEST TO
APPLY PT:
Advantage of immediate use, which saves loss of from 30 to 50
per cent. Produces better result.

4. SEEDING OF GRASS FOR HAY.
Preparation of the seed bed. Quantity of seed. The best mix-
ture. When and how to seed.

5. CARE OF MILK FOR THE RETAIL TRADE.
Cleanliness. Removing animal heat. Handling of all milk in
sterilized utensils.

6. MARKETING OF FARM CROPS.
The controlling of prices by marketing as comsumption re-
quires and not dumping upon the market the whole crop at
one time.

BARCLAY, RICHARD D., Haverford, Montgomery County, Pa.:

1. BEE-KEEPING. (60 minutes).

A general discusion of the economy of the bee; its horticul-
tural value; methods for the control of swarming. Manage-
ment for honey production. Wintering, enemies and dis-
eases.

2. HONEY. (15 minutes.)

Its sources, production, care and use. A discussion of honey
as a food. How it is prepared by the bees. Where and how
it should be stored. A word regarding adulteration of so-

called manufactured honey.

3. QUEEN REARING FOR LOCAL USE AND COMMERCTAL.
LY. (25 minutes.)
A discussion of methods by which a small bee-keeper can rear
a few queens for his own use, and an outline of the methods
3 used for rearing queens on a large scale by the specialist.

28 ‘ ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

4.SAN JOSE SCALE; HISTORY AND REMEDIES. (15
minutes.)
A consideration of the origin, life history of, and the remedies
used in combating the San José Scale.

5. AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION FROM THE STUDENTS
POINT OF VIEW. (380 minutes,)

A plain statement of the merits and demerits of the Agricul-
tural course and methods of instruction employed at the
Pennsylvania State College, and a consideration of the prac-
tical value of such an education.

BASHORE, DR. HARVEY B., West Fairview, Cumberland County,
Pac:

1. FARM HYGIENE. (15 minutes.)

Health in the coutry compared with health in the cities. Prin-
cipal defects are in house construction, water supply and in
the methods of waste disposal. Remedies suggested. Hy-
giene of barnyard and cow stable discussed with reference
to furnishing pure milk. Flies and mosquitoes from sanitary
point of view.

VILLAGE HYGIENE. (15 minutes.)

Villages offer a field for sanitary improvement. The town
pump discussed. A public water supply considered in con-
junction with a system of sewerage.

3. GOOD HEALTH—A MUCH NEGLECTED CROP. (15
minutes.)

The proper care of our bodies quite often neglected. Human
body viewed simply as a machine. Food supply, alcohol, tea,
coffee and tobacco discussed. Work and rest, cleanliness,
clothing and other points in personal hygiene briefly ex-

, plained.

BEARDSLHE, R. L., Warrenham, Bradford County, Pa.:

1. HOW TO ESTABLISH AND MAINTAIN A DAIRY.
Selection of cows; care; feed; maintenance for success.

2. HOW TO RENOVATE AN IMPOVERISHED FARM.
Season to plow; depth to plow; economical fertilization; culti-
vation.

3. RAISING SKIM MILK CALVES.
Calves to replenish dairy with valuable cows. Treatment of
calf.

4. SHEEP HUSBANDRY.
Selection of sheep. Time of year to purchase. Care for three
months thereafer; coupling winter care and feed; spring and

summer care and feed.

. FODDER CORN, SILO AND SILAGE.
Manner of producing and using corn profitably without silo;
construction of silo; harvesting and feeding silage.

i)

C1

IN Onn. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 29

6. POTATO CULTURE.
Preparation of soil. Selection of seed. Manner of planting;
cultivation; treatment of bugs; harvesting and storing.

7. THE FARMER’S HORSE.
BLACK, W. C., Mercer, Mercer County, Pa.:
1. THE VALUE OF PEDIGREE. (30 minutes.)
2. THE BEEF BREEDS OF CATTLE. (30 minutes.)

. COMPARISON OF BEEF AND DAIRY TYPES FOR BEEF
PURPOSES. (30 minutes.)

. CULTIVATION AND USES OF CORN PLANT. (30 minutes.)
SHEEP: BREED, MUTTON AND WOOL. (80 minutes.)
6. RAISING THE CALF. (80 minutes.)
BOND, M.S., Danville, Montour County, Pa.:
1. TWENTY-FIVE YEAR’S EXPERIENCE WITH COMMER-
CIAL FERTILIZERS. (30 minutes.)
Results; formula for different crops; how to save money,
buying.
. HISTORY, DISCOVERY AND CULTIVATION OF POTA-
TOES. (30 minutes.)
When, how and by whom discovered. Process of development;
soul, fertilizer and cultivation
39. GROWING AND MARKETING VEGETABLES. (25
minutes.)
Two crops in one season.
4. ONIONS AND CELERY. (20 minutes.)
Without manure or lime; inexpensive.
5. SUCCESS WITH CLOVER. (20 minutes.)
Importance of ways by which we may succeed.
6. RESTORATION OF EXHAUSTED SOILS AT LEAST EX-
PENSE. (25 minutes.)

we)

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. SHORT CHAT WITH BOYS AND GIRLS ABOUT REMAIN-
ING ON A FARM. (80 minutes.)

BRODHEAD, C. W., Montrose, Susquehanna County, Pa.:

1. CARE OF HORSES’ FEET AND TEETH, WITH SPECI-
MENS. (40 minutes.)
The care from colthood to old age, and explains many mysteries
that are not generally known, both interesting and instruc-
tive to both old and young.

2. HORSESHOEING AND ANATOMY OF FOOT AND LEG.
(45 minutes.)
Giving the different methods of shoeing for the many ills that
the foot and leg is heir to.

30 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

3. SOME THINGS EVERYONE SHOULD KNOW WHO OWNS
OR HANDLES A HORSE. (380 minutes.) .

4. ZOOLOGY OF THE HORSE; A NATURE STUDY. (Illus-
trated with chart and specimens) (80 minutes.)

BRUCKHART, J. W. Lititz, Lancaster County, Pa.:

1. POULTRY ON THE FARM. (40 minutes or less.)

How to raise the chicks. The incubators and the brooders on
the farm. Poultry for eggs. Poultry for broiler and roast-
er. Poultry for local and,for distant markets. How to
prepare poultry for market. Poultry diseases. Their pre-
vention and cure. Thoroughbred poultry on the farm.

. BETTER POULTRY, AND MORE OF IT. (40 minutes or less.)
Poultry houses and yards. Improving the breeding stock.
The care and the management of growing chicks. Feeding
for best results. When and what to cull, and to market.
Thoroughbred fowls versus mongrels. Poultry exhibitions

as educators.

3. POULTRY ON A CITY LOT. (35 minutes or less.)
Profitable poultry in limited quarters. The necessary and the
unnecessary surroundings. Sanitary conditions. Incuba-
tors and brooders. Strictly fresh poultry products.

4. PROFITABLE MARKET GARDENING. (40 minutes or less.)
Selecting a location. Preparing the soil. What to raise
Specialty crops. Enriching the soil, Thorough cultivation.
Irrigation. Selecting seeds and plants. The art of market-

ing.

5. STRAWBERRY CULTURE. (25 to 35 minutes.)

Selecting varieties, How to secure strong plants. When to
plant. Thorough cultivation. Fertilizers. Irrigation.
Winter protection. Gathering the berries. Successful
marketing

ho

BURNS, J. S., Imperial, R. D. F. No. 1, Allegheny County, Pa.:

1. CORN. (80 minutes.)
Breeding and selection of seed. Preparing for a cultivation of.

. BREEDING AND CARE OF SWINE. (380 minutes.) (Illus-
trated.)
Breed and care must go together. Proper food for breeding
animals and young swine. Convenient houses, feeding
troughs, etc. Proper mating. What is a good specimen.

. SHEEP HUSBANDRY. (25 minutes.)
Adaptability of breeds to different conditions, but is treated
largely from the standpoint of producing early lambs.

4. GROWING AND PRESERVING PORK FOR FAMILY USE.
(35 minutes.)
How to grow it in order to have meat of good quality. How to
preserve it in order to retain these good qualities.

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No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 31

5. THE FARMER AND HIS WIFE. (380 minutes.) (Illustrated.)
Their duties towards each other.

6. HOME INFLUENCE. (40 minutes.) (lllustrated.)
Proper training of children. Mistakes of parents through in-
dulgence, etc. Disrespect of children for parents.

7. EDUCATION FOR COUNTRY CHILDREN. (35 minutes.)
(Illustrated.)

Must have equal advantages. Centralization is the logical so-
lution and is sure to come. Inefficiency of some teachers,
and who is at fault. Pursuing studies of an impractical
nature to the neglect of those that must be used every day.

BUTZ, PROF. GEO. C., State College, Centre County, Pa.:

1. MODERN TREATMENT OF APPLE ORCHARDS.
A discussion of the improved methods of caring for commercial
orchards; cultivation; spraying; fertilizing and pruning.

2. PEACH CULTURE.
A review of the cultural methods of successful orcharding.
Treatment of funguous diseases and insect enemies.

3. INSECT ENEMIES OF FARM AND GARDEN.
A practical talk on the troublesome insects peculiar to farm
crops, with remedies and treatment for their control.

4, ORNAMENTATION OF HOME GROUNDS. 7
A brief presentation of the principles of landscape gardening
as applied to the farm home; the selection of vines, shrubs

and trees to beautify the home.

5. BOTANY OF THE FARM.

This talk shows the practical value of the study of botany to
the young farmer, considering the special functions of the
leaves, roots and flowers of plants.

6. AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.
This address if for the educational session. It points out the

great value of an education to the farmer and how it is ob-
tained by ambitious young men.

7. SMALL FRUITS.

A practical talk on the growing of stawberries, raspberries,
currants and other small fruits.

8. BACTERIA FOR LEGUMINOUS CROPS.
The result of experiments in the use of nitro-culture bacteria
in 1905.

CAMPBELL, J. T., Hartstown, Crawford County, Pa.:

1. CONSTRUCTION OF POULTRY HOUSES AND FIXTURES.
(80 minutes.) (Illustrated with lantern.)

Economy, simplicity and efficiency are considered together
with a system of eliminating moisture in winter. Simple
devices which lighten the work of caring for fowls.

32

10.

115

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

. PROFITABLE EGG PRODUCTION. (45 minutes.) (Illus-

trated with lantern.)

A brief discusion of the breeding and care of hens. Factors
that influence the egg. A full discussion of the theory and
practice of feeding. for eggs. Discusses the value of the
principal feeding stuffs and their influence on the egg yield;
also how to combine and feed them for best results.

. LICE, GAPS AND POULTRY DISEASES. (20 minutes.)

A brief discourse on the theory of prevention and cure of the
more common diseases of poultry, and some suggestions
from experience with lice and gaps.

. GLEANINGS FROM EXPERIENCE WITH INCUBATORS

AND BROODERS. (25 minutes.) (Illustrated with lantern.)

The care and operation of machines and some things not found
in books and incubator catalogues. What constitutes a suc-
cessful brooder and incubator.

. ECONOMIC METHODS OF MAINTAINING THE PRODUC-

TIVITY OF THE SOIL. (40 to 60 minutes.)
Formation and composition of soil manures; chemical fertili-
zers. The growing of legumes, drainage, etc.

. CROP ROTATION IN RELATION TO THE IMPROVEMENT

OF THE SOIL. (25 minutes.)
Economy of effort. Feeding capacity of plants. Plant food in
the soil tillage; crop fallows.

¢

. COMMERCIAL POTATO GROWING.

Modern methods of growing potatoes by aid of machinery,
with reference to diseases.

. NITROGEN BACTERIAL INOCULATION OF THE SOIL.

What they are; how they work; inoculation by pure cultures
by other means. Value of inoculation.

. ACID SOILS AND THEIR TREATMENT. (Illustrated with

lantern slides.)
Cause, prevention and treatment of acid soils.

THE FARMER’S GARDEN. (20 minutes.)

A talk on some ways to make the home garden more profitable
without additional labor. Soil, seed, manure, tools and their
use, are considered.

TO HAVE AND TO HOLD. (Evening lecture.) (40-50 min-
utes.)
A talk with, for and about country boys and girls.

CLARK, M. N., Claridge, Westmoreland County, Pa.:

1. IS THE COUNTY AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY A HELP TO

THE FARMER?

To show what constitutes a good Agricultural Society; the
benefits that follow.

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 33

2. BUYING AND CARE OF FARM IMPLEMENTS.
Showing the great waste in the present methods or plan of
buying; then showing how to buy; also the money that can
be saved in the care of our farm implements.

38. EVERY FARMER SHOULD BE A MEMBER OF THE
GRANGE.

Showing upon what foundation the Grange is built; its educa-
tional features; and as it is one of the strongest organiza-
tions, it affords the best means of being a cooperative
organization, and the most beneficial to the farmer.

4. THE RESULT OF EIGHT YEARS GROWING SWINE.
How I select my breeding animals; care, feeding, marketing,
with results at the end of eight years; also a brief sketch of
how my herd was destroyed by cholera.

5. ARE THE FARMER®W’ INSTITUTES HELPING THE AGRI-
CULTURAL INTERESTS?
The farmer before the institutes were established and his con-
dition; also, since institutes are held and his present con-
dition.

6. THE FARM JOURNAL FOR THE FARMER.
The purity of farm journals and what they have accomplished
by way of collection of actual tests along all practical lines.
As an educator for the farmer.

7. THEORY AND A PRACTICAL EDUCATION.

What is theory, and what is practical education? Theoretical
education is little good without its being applied by a prac-
tical man or woman—hence the necessity of practical educa-
tion.

8. MAREETING THE PRODUCTS OF THE FARM.

First, by illustration, showing that so many producers are
absolute failures as to marketing their crops and give the
cause, and how we place our crops in the market and how
we secure a market and keep it.

HOW I GROW HORSES.

First, as to selection of the breeding animals, and more parti-
ular as to the breed; caxe of colts, feeding, how to handle
and break for use; the feeding of the work animal; its pre-
paration for the market and how to have a market.

CONARD, DR. M. E., Wesigrove, Pa.: ;

s©

1. THE DAIRY BARN AND SURROUNDINGS.

bo

. CONDITIONS AND CARE NECESSARY TO THE PRODUC-
TION OF MARKET MILK.

a7 HOW TO BUILD UP THE DAIRY HERD.

4. SOME POINTS ON THE FEEDING OF CALVES.
3—7T—1906.

34

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

COOKE, PROF. WELLS W., 1328 Twelfth Street, N. W., Washing-

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10.

ton, D. C.:

ECONOMICAL FEEDING OF FARM STOCK.

Cheap food; digestibility; relative value; balancing a ration;
work of digestion; standard ration.

. THE VALUE OF FARM MANURE AND HOW TO RETAIN

ET:

Value depends on animal and feed. liquid, solid, leaching,
heating, absorbents, land plaster, covered barnyard, spread-
ing on hillsides.

. THE EFFECT OF FEED ON THE QUANTITY AND QUAL-

ITY OF MILK.
Quality of milk, taste, smell, silage, arenation, per cent. of fat,
“quantity of fat, wet foods, kindness, testing.

. THEORY AND PRACTICE OF CROP FERTILIZATION.

Needs of crops, fertility in soils, heavy fertilization, losses,
cheap fertility, steady improvement.

. FEEDING FROM THE SILO THROUGHOUT THE YEAR.

Silage cheapest food, good for summer and winter; using land
and silo twice a year.

. FORAGE CROPS AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR PASTURE.

Save land, increase crops, eradicate weeds, soiling directly
from the field vs. indirectly through the silo.

. CARE AND FEEDING OF DAIRY STOCK.

Healthfulness, cleanliness, comfort, uniformity, balancing, di-
gestibility.

. HANDLING MILK AND BUTTER-MAKING.

Shallow setting, deep setting, separator, sweet cream butter,
churning, washing, salting, packing, selling.

- NATURE STUDY IN THE COUNTRY SCHOOL.

Reasons for nature study, subjects taught, plant growth, insect
friends and foes.

ECONOMICAL FEEDING OF THE FARMER®S’ FAMILY.

Economy in house and barn compared, average cost of food,
cheap food, expensive living, digestibility, variety, labor
question. .

COX, JOHN W., New Wilmington, Lawrence County, Pa.:

1.

2.

3.

A FARMER’S PRACTICAL EDUCATION.

The importance and value of an education and how the farmer
can secure an education most suited to his need.

COMMERCIAL FERTILIZER.
The analysis and use of.

MAINTAINING AND INCREASING THE FERTILITY OF
THE SOIL.

The elements most likely to become exhausted in the soil and
how to supply them at the least expense. The importance of
vegetable matter or humus in the soil.

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 35

4, MAINTAINING SOIL MOISTURE AND VEGETABLE MAT-
TER IN THE SOIL.
The value of moisture in the soil and the best methods of con-
serving it.

5. THE EASIEST AND MOST PROFITABLE WAY TO GROW
POTATOES.

Quality of the soil best adapted. The importance of location
within reach of market. The importance of good seed and
treatment. Preparation of the seed bed, planting, culti-
vating, digging and marketing.

6. FEEDING AND CARE OF POULTRY.

The egg production of the U.S. The necessity of careful atten-
tion. Breeds, feed, winter eggs, houses, runs, etc. The in-
cubating and raising of chicks.

CURE, Z. T., Jermyn, Lackawanna County, Pa.:
1, PRODUCTION OF THE APPLE ORCHARD; WHY AND
HOW. (20 minutes.)

Location and preparation of soil. Varieties. Pests and how
to fight them.

2. AN UP-TO-DATE TALK ON CORN. (20 minutes.)

Breeding for protein contents. Corn land and its feeding.
Seed selection and cultivaticn.

3. ECONOMY IN THE USE OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS.
(20 to 80 minutes.)

Supply only the plant food in which the soil is deficient. When
applied to nitrogen-gathering plants, fertilizer pays from
two sources. Purchase of ingredients and home mixing.

4. METHODS OF POTATO CULTURE. (20 minutes.)

Preparation for seed bed. Planting and cultivation. Spray-
ing, when and how. Harvesting.

5. EDUCATION TO THE FARMER INDISPENSABLE. (Even-
ing lecture.) (80 minutes.)
6. SHEEP HUSBANDRY. (20 minutes.)
Early spring lambs. Breed. Condition. Market.
7. RAISING OF COLTS PROFITABLE TO THE GENERAL
FARMER. (25 minutes.)
Class of animal. General care. Breaking in and sale.
8. THE HEIFER CALF. (20 minutes.)
Breed, feed and training.

9. SOME FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES GOVERNING ANI-
MAL IMPROVEMENT. (25 minutes.)

DETRICH, J. D., West Chester, R. F. D. No. 12, Chester County, Pa.:

1. HOW TO KEEP TWENTY HEAD OR MORE OF DAIRY
ANIMALS ON FIFTEEN ACRES.

2. EIGHTEEN YEARS EXPERIENCE IN SOILING

35

°

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

. SIXTEEN YEARS EXPERIENCE WITH WOODEN SEO.

4. SHALL WE GROW CROPS ON A FIFTEEN ACRE FARM

AND NO FERTILIZER?

. FEED, BREED AND CARE OF THE DAIRY.

. BREEDING AND RAISING THE DAIRY ANIMAL.

. THE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE AND THE FARMER.
. THE FARMER’S WASTE BASKET.

. THE SMALL FARM vs. THE LARGE FARM.

. BENCH, BOOK AND FARM.

DRAKE, W. M.C., Volant, Lawrence County, Pa.:

ip

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THE VALUE OF CLOVER AND HOW TO GROW IT. (20
minutes.) .

The chief value of clover consists in its nitrogen contents. As
a fertilizer, supplying the protein needed by growing ani-
mals.

. BREEDING, FEEDING AND CARE OF FARM ANIMALS.

(40 minutes.)

It never pays to breed anything but the best. It never pays to
keep more stock than one can provide a proper quantity and
quality of food te keep them at all times improving. All
animals should have access at all times to good waer, and
shelter from cold and heat.

. THE USE OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS. (80 minutes.)

The quantity, quality and manner of application must be de-
termined by the uses, as regards the particular crop he
wishes to produce.

. POTATO CULTURE. (30 minutes.)

Manner of planting, fertilization, cultivation, ete.

. THE CORN PLANT; ITS VALUE AND POSSIBILITIES. (380

minutes.)
As a silage plant there is nothing to compare with it. Asa
fat producer it has no equal.

. THE FARMER’S EDUCATION. (380 minutes.)

The farmer’s education should be supplemented with some
business knowledge, some aericultural knowledge and me-
chanical skill.

DUVEL, PROF. J. W. T., Acting Botanist in charge of Seed Labora-

iF

2.

3.
4,

tory, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.:

THE QUALITY OF COMMERCIAL RED CLOVER AND AL-
FALFA SEED. (20 minutes.)
GOOD SEED AND HOW TO OBTAIN IT. (30 minutes.)

ADULTERATED SEED. (15 minutes.)
SELECTING AND TESTING SEED CORN. (380 minutes.)

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 37
ELLIS, DAVID M., Bridgeport, Montgomery County, Pa.:
1. FRUIT GROWING; POSSIBILITIES IN PENNSYLVANIA.
(15 minutes.)

SPRAYING—SIMPLIFIED FOR SAN JOSE SCALE. (15
minutes.)

. SPRAYING; WHEN AND WHAT FOR. (15 minutes.)
INGENUITY ON THE FARM. (15 minutes.)
CARE AND USE OF FARM IMPLEMENTS. (15 minutes.)

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ete LORE cas Pee

WIRE FENCES; SIMPLICITY OF CONSTRUCTION. (15
minutes.)

fob RELETY BY HUMUS FROM THE LEGUMES. (5
minutes.)

8. WHAT I KNOW ABOUT ROADS AND ROAD MAKING. (30
minutes.)

FUNK, DR. J. H., Boyertown, Berks County, Pa.:

1. PEACH CULTURE. (80-45 minutes.)
Treating the subject from time of planting to marketing the
product. Selection of soil, location and varieties.

2. THE COMMERCIAL ORCHARD AS A BUSINESS. (50
minutes.)

Comparison with other business. Some of the essentials of
success. What and how to plant and care for, from begin-
ning to profitable fruiting. Statistics showing profits from
well-cared-for orchards in different states. ‘The pleasure as
well as remuneration to be derived.

3. PRUNING, FERTILIZING AND THINNING. (40-60 minutes.)
Portraying the tree from the seeding to the bearing tree in the
orchard, giving plain directions as to pruning of root and
top. The best methods and the reasons why. When, how
and with what to fertilize. The reasons for and benefits to

be derived from thinning.

4. SPRAYING FLOW, WHEY AND WHAT FOR. (40:60 min-
utes.)

Treating of the sucking insects and fungi. The preparation of
ingredients for their extermination. All the latest and best
formule. Best modern machinery for spraying in the vil-
lage lot or the large commercial orchard.

5. SMALL FRUIT. (80 minutes.)
Its pleasures; its profits; varieties; methods of cultivation, ete.

6. POTATO CULTURE. (30-50 minutes.)
Soil and preparation. Best fertilizers. Methods of cutting,
planting and tilling fully discussed. How to destroy insect
enemies and prevent blights. Most profitable varieties, ete.

38

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

7. SAN JOSE SCALE. (40-50 minutes.)

Plain description is given the beginner that he may distinguish

this insect and directions how he may successfully fight it.
All the best formule and how to prepare them is fully
treated, telling what to use while trees are dormant, as well
as summer treatment. The reasons why so many fail, ete.
The best machinery for the application.

8. BIRDS AND INSECTS. (45-60 minutes.) =~

This subject is well adapted for an evening lecture, describing

all of our most valuable birds, which charm us with their
bright colors and music sweet. They are brought before you
in such an attractive manner as to be both instructive and
entertaining to old and young, giving their habits, diet, ete.,
showing those that are beneficial and those that are destruc-
tive, learning your children to love, care for and protect our
feathered friends.

HALL, HORACE H., Ellisburg, Potter County, Pa.:
1. STRAWBERRIES FOR THE HOME. (20-80 minutes.)

Ol

2)

How to prepare bed. How to fertilize. Hill culture and why.

Mulch and burning. Kind of plants. Early, medium, late.
Quality—how to secure wild flavor. Clean culture. How
to pick.

. CEMENT FLOORS. (80-40 minutes.)
Why economic. Saves both liquid and solid manures.

. WILL THE SILO PAY? (40 minutes.)
How to build, size, form, height. What the silage really is.

Practical hints in cutting of silage. How to balance.

. DYNAMITE. (20-30 minutes.)
Old and new way of mixing. What can you do safely? Stump

work. Earth work. Rock work. How to thaw. How to
keep from fumes. How to squib. Caps, their composition.
Fuse, kinds. Time, per foot. How to light.

. FARMER’S TELEPHONES. (40 minutes.)
How to organize. How to build. What equipment is neces-

sary. Where to buy. Its cost. Practical hints as to man-
agement.

. CLOVER FOR FEED AND FERTILIZER. (40-50 minutes.)
Seed bed. Nurse crop. Why clip? Nature of clover. How

to keep permanent. Meadow mixtures. Pastures. Pasture
mixtures. Value of Dutch White Alsike. When and how
to cut and cure clover for hay. Clover for fertilizer.

. OUR GREATEST BENEFACTORS. (50 minutes.) (Evening

lecture.)

. THE BASIS OF OUR LECTURES. (50 minutes. (Evening

lecture.)

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 39

HARSHBERGER, J. W., Ph. D., No. 737 Corinthian Avenue, Phila-
delphia, Pa.:

1. ACCUMULATION OF SOIL NITROGEN. (45 minutes.)

The nitrogen removed from the soil by crops may be restored
in three ways: From the air; by nitrogenous fertilizers, and
by the action of bacteria, (the life history of which is given),
which live in the roots of leguminous plants.

. THE ROLE OF LEGUMINOUS PLANTS. (45 minutes.)

Agricultural crops may be divided into two categories: Those
that accumulate nitrogen, and those that consume or use up
nitrogen. The second group includes the fruit producing
plants, the cereals and root crops.

3. THE RUSTS OF AGRICULTURAL PLANTS AND HOW TO

COMBAT THEM. (30 minutes.)

The life history of the rusts is explained in detail and the
method of combating them by securing rust-proof varieties
of cereals is also made a prominent feature of ‘this lecture.

4. THE SELECTION OF CORN AND BREEDING OF INDIAN

CORN. (45 minutes.)

The selection of corn can be made along several lines for
fodder, for paper-pulp fibre, for the kernels and ears, etc.,
used as cattle food or oil manufacture.

5. POISONS AND STOCK KILLING PLANTS. (380 minutes.)

The plants injurious to stock may be divided into two classes,
stock killers and poisonous plants. Stock killers are those
which produce death by mechanical injury, or by obstruct-
ing the alimentary canal. Poisonous plants are those which
kill animals by the presence of some noxious chemical sub-
stance in the plant.

6. THE CORN PLANT; A-NATURE STUDY. (380 minutes.)

The origin of the Indian corn is considered and a discussion of
its past history is given. The botanic structure of this im-
portant grass is also explained at some length, especially
from the biologic and physiologic standpoint.

HERR, JOEL A., Millhall, R. F. D., Clinton County, Pa.:

1. LARGE FRUIT CULTURE. (380 minutes.)

Selection of varieties and quality of trees. Location and qual-
ity of soil. Preparation of the soil. Planting, cultivating,
pruning, picking, handling and marketing fruit.

2. EDUCATION THROUGH ORGANIZATION. (20 minutes.)
The result obtained by mind coming into contact with mind,

The value of discipline taught by organization. The value of
united effort in one direction. The effort of study in our
pursuits. The cheer and happiness which association brings.

3. CENTRALIZED SCHOOLS. (30 minutes.)

Fewer and better qualified teachers. Better, easier and more
thorough instruction. Importance of gradation. Moce
regular attendance of pupils. Fewer schoolhouses and less
expense.

4. SELECTION AND CARE OF DAIRY COWS. (20 minutes.)

The purpose of selection. Points of a gaad dairy cow. Im-

portance of breeding from perfect cows. Care as to health
and comfort.

bo

40 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc:

5. SPECIALTIES IN FARMING. (15 minutes.)
The value and possibility of labor and thought in one direction.
A study of tastes and adaptability to special employment.
The importance and value of reputation to the farmer.

6. FARM FERTILITY. (20 minutes.)

Value of fertility. Manufacture of fertilizer on the farm.
Fertility produced by cultivation. Selection and application
of commercial fertilizers. Economic distribution of fertili-
zers on the farm.

. PRACTICAL ROAD MAKING. (20 minutes.)

Importance of selection of supervisors. Cash taxes. Road
making implements. Characteristics of a good road. Econ-
omy of well-made roads. Repairs.

8. THE BRIGHT SIDE OF FARM LIFE. (30 minutes.)
The ability to see, appreciate and enjoy the beautiful things in
nature. Optimism vs. Pessimism. The superiority of farm-
ers compared with other labor. Modern advantages and im-
provements in farm houses. R. F. D. mail, telephones,
graded schools, organizations, ete.
9. THE FARMER AS A CITIZEN. (30 minutes.)
HILL, W. F., Chambersburg, Franklin County, Pa.:
1. ORGANIZATION; THE PRESENT POWER. (30 minutes.)

AS a world force and shows the advantages that may come to
farmers through well-defined, broad organization.

2. SOIL CONDITIONS FOR GOOD CROPS. (20 minutes.)

3. SAVING AND APPLYING MANURE. (20 minutes.)

4, PERSONAL OBSERVATIONS IN OUR OWN LAND. (15
minutes.)

5. PERSONAL OBSERVATIONS IN THE LAND OF OTHERS.
(15 minutes.)

6. OUR EDUCATION; OUR CAPITAL. (20 minutes.)

7. SAVING AND APPLYING MANURES. (15 minutes.)

HOOVER, HON. E. S., Lancaser, Lancaster County, Pa.:

1. FORESTRY AS PERTAINING TO FARMING. (20 minutes.)

Moisture and rainfall. Value of trees. Forests prevent wash-
ing away the ground. What trees to plant.

2. EDUCATION OF THE FARMER’S SON. (15 minutes.)

A practical education that will fit him for ali purposes. Make
the farm attractive. Give him an interest in the farm.
Teach him how to make money and how to take care of it.
Show him. the importance of his business.

3. FAILURES IN FARMING AND THE CAUSES. (15 min-
utes.)

Depression in value of farms and of farm products. Want of
system on the farm. Inferior breeds of cattle. Poor soil
and poor seeds. Want of knowledge of farming.

=]

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 41

4. SYSTEM ON THE FARM. (15 minutes.)
A place for everything and everything in its place. <A pro-
gram mapped out.

5. BEAUTIFYING THE HOME GROUNDS. (15 minutes.)
Build on high ground. Ground plan sloping from all sides.
ace east or south. Plant trees and shrubbery. Driveways
and walks. Flower beds and truck garden.

6. SOIL IMPROVEMENTS. (15 minutes.)
Use barnyard manure, lime, commercial fertilizers. Thorough
cultivation,

. CULTIVATION OF TOBACCO; ITS CURING AND PRE-
PARATION FOR THE MARKET. (20 minutes.)
Preparing seed bed. Raising plants. Growing in the field.
Its curing and preparation for the market.

. THE PROPER TIME FOR HARVESTING FARM CROPS.
(15 minutes.)

Best time for clover and timothy hay. Harvesting the wheat
crop. Oats crop well-manured and left in the field until
properly dried. Corn crop, do not cut too green, Potatoes,
take out of ground dry if possible.

9. FARM MACHINERY. (20 minutes.)
Keep in shelter. Keep well oiled. Have an implement house.
Keep in good repair. Paint occasionally.

10. THE HORSE; HIS BREEDING, REARING AND TRAINING.
(20 minutes.)

Select good stock. Breed for the purpose you want. Feed
colts liberally to keep growing. Keep them out in the open
air on clear days. Training, begin young. Treat them kind-
ly and have patience in teaching the colt. Get his confidence.

GROWING TREES ON THE FARM. (15 minutes.)

Their value in a number of ways. Have a good orchard
Shade trees around the buildings. Grow trees for fencing
purposes. Plant along streams. Plant about springs.

12. FARMER’S INSTITUTES; THEIR BENEFIT. (15 minutes.)

Educates ‘the farmer to higher farming. Brings about more
spirit in the calling. The farmer’s social condition is better.
Learns by the experience of his fellow-farmers.

HULL, GEO. E., Transfer, R. D. F., Mercer County, Pa.:

1. HIGH GRADE FARM BUTTER. (25-380 minutes.)
Competition with oleomargarine. Care of the milk. Methods
of creaming. Proper ripening of cream. Churning. Print-
ingeor packing for market. How to find a good market.

2. CONSTRUCTING AND FILLING OF SILOS. (20 minutes.)

Who needs a silo. Locating a silo for convenient feeding.

Materials for building. Different methods of building.
When and how to fill.

~l

v6)

iia

*

42

ea)

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

. CONSTRUCTION OF A LABOR-SAVING BARN. (20 min-

utes.

Utilizing -in handling feed stuffs. Handling and saving the
liquids and solids in manure. Modern mangers. Storing
silage.

. MARKETING FARM PRODUCTS. (25 minutes.)

One rule for successful sales. Farms near and distant from
market, advantages and disadvantages. How to seek and
bring satisfactory buyers. Some common mistakes in mar-
keting farm products.

. THE FARM WATER SUPPLY. (20 minutes.)

Pure water the farm’s first requisite. Ills and losses from im-
pure water. Some modern means of obtaining pure water.
Purifying well water. Something about springs, driven and
drilled wells.

. FEEDING STEERS FOR MARKET. (15 minutes.)

Four points to observe in the commencement. Points in buy-
ing and selling. Stabling. How to feed. Increasing mar-
ket for baby beef. How and when to sell.

. SOME EXPERIENCES WITH SHEEP. (15-20 minutes.)

Selecting and feeding sheep for market. Raising early lambs.
Some side lines in this specialty. Putting wool into shape
for market.

. OUR FARM HOMES. (25-30 minutes.)

Some points to the credit of the farm home. Sanitation. Lo-
cating a farm home.

KAHLER, HON. A. J., Hughesville, Lycoming County, Pa.:

i

Co

SOIL FERTILITY.
Treating of how to obtain it and maintain it.

. CORN CULTURE.

Remarks on importance of plant. Best modes of cultivating it.

; DAXATION:

Showing the inequality of our system and unfair effects upon
real estate.

. HOGS FOR PROFIT.

Treating on breeding, feeding, marketing.

. CONCENTRATION OF SCHOOLS IN RURAL DISTRICTS.
. MY EXPERIENCE WITH LIME AND COMMERCIAL FER-

TILIZER.
Why we lime and for what purpose. ?

. PROPER CARE OF BARNYARD MANURE.

Treating on how to preserve all the fertility it contains.

. HOW BEST TO KEEP THE BOYS ON THE FARM.

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 43

KESTER, R. P., Grampian, R. F. D. No. 2, Clearfied County, Pa.:
1. POULTRY CULTURE. (80 minutes.)
Breed for farmers. Houses and yards. Natural and artificial
incubation. Feeding young chicks for broilers and for layers.
Selection of breeders. When and how to market.

|

4

2. GARDENING FOR HOME AND FOR MARKET. (80 min-

7 utes.)

Preparation of soil. Raising plants. Hot-beds. Cold frames.

, Thinning. Transplanting. Drilling. Culture. Watering.

Pests. Special directions for several vegetables. Marketing.

| 3. SMALL FRUIT CULTURE. (80 minutes.)

Location. Soil. Preparation of the soil. Fertilizing. Plants
and planting. Cultivation. Pruning and thinning. Packing,
and marketing.

4. COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS. (380 minutes.)

Profitable use. How to know what is needed. Easy experi-
ments. Sources of elements. Agricultural vs. Commercial
value.- How to calculate commercial value.

. NATURAL IMPROVEMENT OF THE SOIL AND ITS PRO-
DUCTS. (80 minutes.)
Original soil. Its depletion. Nature’s method of making soil.
Conditions required by plant roots. Draining. Plowing.
Cultivation. Cover Crops. Leguminous crops. Rotation.

6. THE RURAL SCHOOLS. (45 minutes.) (Illustrated lecture.)
Their needs and how to meet them.

7 RURAL LIFE. (45 minutes.) (Illustrated lecture.)
Its advantages and possibilities, with a view to encourage the
young men and women to stay on the farm.

LEDY, J. H., Marion, Franklin County, Pa.:

1. GENERAL FRUIT GROWING; HOW TO TAKE CARE OF
TREES.

2. PEACH, APPLE AND PLUM CULTURE.

3. PRUNING, CULTIVATING AND FERTILIZING THE OR-
CHARD. :

4. THE FARMER’S GARDEN.

5. ALFALFA; ITS VALUE AND HOW TO GROW IT.

6. SMALL FRUIT CULTURE.

7. TOMATOES AND CANTALOUPS; HOW TO GROW THEM.
8

Se

cnr

. POULTRY FOR PROFIT, AND HOW TO MAKE HENS LAY
IN JANUARY.

9. SAN JOSE SCALE; HOW TO DETECT IT AND HOW TO
EXTERMINATE IT.

10. CRIMSON CLOVER AND SOJA BEANS; THETR VALUE
AND HOW TO GROW THEM

44

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe;

LEHMAN, AMOS B., Fayetteville, Franklin County, Pa.:

ie

6.

THEORY AND PRACTICE IN FARMING,
A contrast of past and present methods in preparation of soil
for different crops.

. BREEDING, FEEDING AND PROFIT IN HOGS.

History and evolution of the animal. Economical methods of
feeding.

3. GROWING AND MARKETING POTATOES.

Botanical history of plant and conditions necessary for success,
i. e., method of planting, cultivating, fertilizing, disease and
insect remedies.

. NATURE STUDY IN THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS.

Influence upon the farmer’s life and success.

BEEF vs. DAIRY CATTLE.

Cost of feeds and results on other farm crops from fertilizer
produced. Breed, conformation, method and care in feed-
ing.

GARDENING FOR PROFIT.

Special crops that can be marketed to an advantage. Selection
of seed. Time of planting.

LESH, N. M., Sciota, Monroe County, Pa.:

ie

-
a)

=!

HOW TO FEED THE HORSE. (40 minutes.) (Illustrated.)

Anatomical arrangement of digestive organs. Order of feed-
ing different materials. Watering. Process of digestion.
Frequency of giving food. Changes of diet. Kind of food.
Quality of the food. Mouldy or musty food must not be
given,

. SOME POINTS ON ANATOMY OF HORSE FOR BREEDING

AND GENERAL PURPOSE. (80-40 minutes.)
The head, neck, withers, spinal column, front shoulders, hind
quarters, legs, feet.

3d. THE DOG vs. THE DAIRY COW. (80-40: minutes.)

The dog should not be used for driving; should be kept out of
sight of the cow during time of calving; during period of
lactation; during her whole period of profit.

. THE CENTRALIZATION OF TOWNSHIP SCHOOLS. (30-40

minutes.) ‘
Conditions that make it desirable. Advantages of graded
schools over mixed schools.

ob THE FARMER'S HOME. (30-40 minutes.)

Location. Beautify the surroundings. Inside improvements.
Peace and plenty.

. HOW TO GET THE BOYS IN LOVE WITH THE FARM. (20

minutes.)

. AGRICULTURE AND NATURE STUDY IN THE SCHOOLS.

(80-40 minutes.) (Evening lecture.)

No. 7. DEPAKTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 45

8. THE PREHISTORIC RACES; WHO WERE THEY ANY-
HOW?
LIGHTY, L. W., East Berlin, Adams County, Pa.:

1. THE FARMER’S COW; HOW TO MAKE HER PROFIT-
ABLE. (50 minutes.)
Basic and fundamental lesson.

bo

. FEEDING THE DAIRY COW. (45 minutes.)

. CULTURE AND FEEDING OF THE CORN CROP. (45 min-
utes.)

4, SILO EXPERIENCE AND PRACTICE. (30 minutes.)

ew

5. SOILING AND SOILING CROPS. (30 minutes.)
Nos. 3-4-5 are simply detached parts of lesson No. 2, with some
practical hints on growing some of the best feeds on farm,

6. VALUE, CARE AND APPLICATION OF FARM MANURE.
(80 minutes.)
Lesson of practical care and management of this much neglect-
ed, but very valuable by-product cf the dairy barn.

7. PRODUCING AND MARKETING DAIRY PRODUCTS. (40
minutes.)
Is an attempt to set forth a few of the factors that tend to
success at the market and dollar end of the business.

8. THE MAKING OF A HOME ON THE FARM. (30 minutes.)
Is a simple, unadorned story of the speaker’s experience.

9. EDUCATION FOR OUR BOYS AND GIRLS; WHAT AND
HOW. (45 minutes.)
A plea for better educational facilities for our (the farmer’s)
children.

10. A PAIL OF MILK. (15 minutes.)
A little nature study only for the school children when they
visit our institutes.

MENGES, PROF, FRANKLIN, York, York County, Pa.:

1. DOMESTIC CHEMISTRY. (30 minutes.)
Changes that take place. The best ways for booking these
substances.

2. FIXATION OF FREE NITROGEN EXPLAINED. ~(30 min-
utes.)
What is meant by fixation. How the farmer may know
whether this fixation is going on through the agency of his
leguminous crops.

3. NITRIFICATION; CONDITIONS NECESSARY TO PRO-
DUCE IT. (30 minutes.)
Nitrification defined. How to obtain the conditions necessary
to produce it.

46

fudy |

10.

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

. MAINTENANCE OF SOIL MOISTURE. (80 minutes.)

Average rainfall annually. How water is lost. How to pre-
vent this loss. Why so much water is needed.

_ METHOD FOR RAISING HAY AND LEGUMINOUS .

PLANTS. (40 minutes.)
The farmer, the stockraiser, increasing the hay crop. How to
introduce leguminous crops.

. BENEFITS OF CORN BREEDING. (40 minutes.)

Adaptation of corn to climate and soil. Variety, stalk, ear,
kernel. How to increase quantity and quality. How to de-
termine this improvement without chemical analysis.

. VARIOUS METHODS FOR CROP ROTATION. (40 minutes.)

For the grain, dairy and hay. Rotations into which legumin-
ous crops are introdueed.

. THE NECESSITY OF EDUCATION FOR THE FARMER.

(30 minutes.)
When should this education begin. What should it be. Where
should it be given. Who should give it.

. VALUE OF OUR NATIVE BIRDS IN AGRICULTURE. (30

minutes.) :
An illustration of the foods birds feed on. How and why birds
are destroyed and the result of this destruction.

INSECT FRIENDS AND FOES OF THE FARMER. (30 min-
utes.)
Benefits of insects. The injuries by insects.

McDOWELL, PROF. M. S8., State College, Centre County, Pa.:

a

5.

COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS.

General nature; elements needed; economical purchase of
nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash; their sources, forms
and uses.

. LIME AND ITS ACTION.

Forms of lime, conditions it effects, forms to use, place of ap-
plying.

. SOIL MOISTURE.

Necessity to plants. Sources and forms of. Preserving in the
soil. Relation to soil temperature.

. BARNYARD MANURE.

Composition. Loss from leaching and fermentation. Condi-
tions effecting such loss.

A FEW FACTS ABOUT BACTERIA.

AGRICULTURE, AN ART

No: 7 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 47

NORTHUP, HENRY W., Dalton, R. F. D., Lackawanna County, Pa.:
(15-30 minutes each.)
1. SELECTING, CARE AND MANAGEMENT OF THE DAIRY.
Methods of choice. Producing or buying. Milk purposes or
butter. Care. Comfortable quarters. Good ventilation.
Proper food. Summer and winter management, ete.

2. PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE WITH THE SILO.
Its location. The kind you need. Filling. Material. How to
produce and when to fill. Saving expense. How to feed.
' How to keep. Profits derived. Health of animals fed, ete.

3. POTATO GROWING.
Choice of ground. Fertilizing the soil. Preparing the ground.
Selecting the seed. Preparing the seed. When to plant.
How to cultivate. When to spray. When to dig, etc.

4, THE EXHAUSTION AND RESTORATION OF OUR SOIL.
Why it does not produce. How to restore. Cheap fertility.
Conserve soil moisture. Make available the elements of fer-
tility. Use the legumes.

5. FRUIT CULTURE.
Selection of place and varieties. Selection of trees. How to
set. How to cultivate. How and when to prune. How to
bud. How to force the growth. How to spray.

6. FARM PRODUCTS AND HOW TO MARKET THEM.
Produce the best grade. Place in fine receptacles. Attractive.
Suitable attire. Genial. Polite. Proper team and convey-

ance. Where to sell. When to sell. When to hold.

7. NATURE STUDY IN COUNTRY SCHOOLS.
It’s nothing new. The human face. Trees and plants, Insects
and their life and habits. Birds and their peculiarities.

8. EDUCATING THE FARMER.
The farmer’ s business needs it. He is modest and bashful. He
is called to official duties. He is able-bodied and worth edu-
cating.

9. DESIRABLE COUNTRY HOMES AND HOW TO ENJOY
THEM.
We have the best place for them. We want all the conven-
iences. We want literature and music. We can have beau-
tiful surroundings. We can have comforts of life.

ORR, T. E., Beaver, Beaver County, Pa.:
if POULTRY FOR FARMERS. (30 minutes.)
The place af the hen on the farm, compared with other farm
animals.

2. THE CITY EGG TRADE; HOW TO GET IT. (30 minutes.)
A large and constant trade. A fastidious trade. A good pay-
ing trade. Uniformity and quality demanded.

a Braeey mes POULTRY HOMES. (Illustrated). (80 min-
utes
Low cost. Durability at least 12 years. Low down and air
tight at the back. Light and ventilation. Floors and litter.

48

ORR,

bo

ANNUAL RHPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

. INCUBATORS AND BROODERS. (30 minutes.) <

You must buy the incubator; you may build the brooder. How
to do both.

. FEEDING FOR EGGS AND MEAT. (80 minutes.)

The chemical demands identical. Variety the first essential.
Feeding the supply the natural demand, Feeding the grain.
Artificial results.

. YOUTH AND OLD AGE ON THE FARM . (40 minutes.)

Given in the hope that the aged may remember, and the young
anticipate.

. WHATIS A GOOD HIGHWAY? (Illustrated.) (80 minutes.)

A smooth, solid stone road. How to build; how to maintain.
The famous Missouri dirt road. The implement that makes
abe

. THE FARMER AND THE PUBLIC SCHOOL. (80 minutes.)

He pays for much he does not get. How he may get something
valuable in return for his money.

. THE BUSINESS END OF FARMING. (380 minutes.)

The farmer compared with the merchant, the banker and the
manufacturer.

MRS. T. E., Beaver County, Pa.:

. DOMESTIC SCIENCE IN FARMERS’ HOMES.

What shall we eat? How shall we cook?

. CHILD STUDY.

What shall we teach our children? How shall we teach them?
Who shall teach them?

- EDUCATION IN THE RURAL HOMES.

The farmer’s wife. The farmer’s school system.

OWENS, PROF. WM. G., Lewisburg, Union County, Pa.:

i

ho

WHAT CHEMISTRY IS DOING FOR THE FARM. (60 min-
utes.)

In the fields. At the barn. At the house. Chemistry ascer-
tains the desirable parts of plants for feeding. Chemistry
finds new markets for farmer’s products.

. EDUCATION AND THE FARM. (60 minutes.)

The best talent comes from farms. Farmer does greater va-
riety of work than mechanic. No branch of learning that he
cannot apply in his business.

. SANITATION ON THE FARM. (30 minutes.)

Importance. Prevention vs. Cure. Fresh air and sunshine or
medicine?

. IMPROVEMENT BY BREEDING. (30 minutes.)

Do plants improve as well as animals? What has been done?
How has it been done?

I |

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 49

. FORMATION AND IMPROVEMENT OF SOLS. (30 minutes.)

How were the soils formed? What are farmers doing to im-
prove the farm?

. WEEDS. (30 minutes.)

What are they? Why they flourish. Their use. Some methods
of destroying them.

. USE OF MANURE. (30 minutes.)

Kinds of manure. How they act. The effect on each part.
How to get the best result from manure.

. BACTERIA AS A SOURCE OF NITROGEN. (30 minutes.)

How bacteria grows. How they fix nitrogen. When can they
help the farmer. How obtained and applied.

PEACHEY, J. H., Belleville, Mifflin County, Pa.: (25-40 minutes

1,

10.

each.)

CORN BREEDING.
Manner of operating. Selection of seed. Testing, care, plant-
ing, cultivation, detasseling.

. CORN CULTURE.

Manuring, fertilizing, plowing, when and how. Harrowing,
planting, cultivating and harvesting.

. BUTTER-MAKING ON THE FARM.

Care of cream, churning, salting the butter, working and mar-
keting.

. ECHOES FROM THE FARM. (Illustrated lecture.)

Entertainment and instructions from farm notes.

. SOIL IMPROVEMENT.

Rotation of crops, lime, stable manure, green manuring and
cultivation.

. BREEDING AND FEEDING THE PIG.

Purpose in view. Selection of breed, type, feed, variety, quan-
tity, quality of product and marketing.

. THE PROBLEM OF EDUCATION FOR COUNTRY CHIL-

DREN.
A plea for better educational advantages,

. THE CLOVER CROP AND HOW TO GROW IT.

Value as feed and fertilizers, and experience in growing the
crop.

. THE VALUE OF THOROUGH CULTIVATION.

Experience and observation in the cultivation of the soil.
THE HOME ON THE FARM.

PHILIPS, HON. THOMAS J., Atglen, Chester County, Pa.:

ile

INTELLIGENT FEEDING OF DAIRY STOCK. (25 minutes.)
Some hints as to how I made a dairy pay a good profit.

2. PROFIT OR LOSS IN THE DAIRY. (30 minutes.)

Somé of the mistakes I made that I would have you avoid.
4—7—1906.

50

CO

we)

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

. COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS; THEIR NATURE AND USE.

(40 minutes.)
What they are made of. The function of each ingredient. How
to buy cheaply.

. LIME, DO YOU NEED SOME? (25 minutes.)

Its nature. Its use to the farmer; also its injurious effects.

. THE SILO, AN ECONOMIC. (30 minutes.)

How it helped me to make a milk dairy profitable.

. RENEWED FERTILITY; HOW TO GET IT. (20 minutes.)

An explanation of soil-making. Some experiences with clover.

. THE CHICKEN, A SOURCE OF PROFIT. (20 minutes.)

Some experience with feeding and raising chickens on the
farm.

. OUR [NSECT FRIENDS. (Illustrated lecture.) (80 minutes.)

Some of the common inseets that assist us as farmers.

. THE WIFE’S SHARE. (Illustrated lecture.) (50 minutes.)

A talk to the farmer in the interest of the home.

SAMPSON, PROF. H. O., Waterford, Erie County, Pa.:

Ap

AGRICULTURE IN OUR PUBLIC SCHOOLS. (20-30 minutes
each.)
Where agriculture is now taught. Where same may be intro-
duced to advantage. How the subject may be treated. Why
the public schools should have such courses.

. HIGH SCHOOL COURSES IN AGRICULTURE.

Where such courses have been established. Their success.
More such courses to be adopted. What educators think of
this work. How we are conducting the work in the Water-
ford High School.

. EXPERIENCES AS A HIGH SCHOOL INSTRUCTOR IN

AGRICULTURE.
Difficulties in starting work. How we have succeeded at Water-
ford.

. WHY AGRICULTURE SHOULD BE TAUGHT IN OUR PUB-

LIC SCHOOIS.

To reach boys that cannot go to an agricultural college. To
act as feeders for the agricultural college. To interest
boys in lines of successful agriculture.

- SOME SOIL PROPERTIES AND THEIR RELATION TO

CROP PRODUCTION.

How soilis formed. Its composition. Effects of water, tillage,
fertilizers, ete.

. SOIL FORMATION.

A discussion of natural forces forming the soil, including
weathering, disintegration, transportation, deposition and
composition.

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 51

7. CROP ROTATION.
How plants feed. Fertility removed by various crops. How
excessive loss of fertility may be prevented.

SCHOCK, OLIVER D., Assistant to Dairy and Food Commissioner,
Harrisburg, Pa.:

1. ENFORCING THE PURE FOOD LAWS OF PENNSYLVA-
NIA.

2. EDUCATION FOR THE FARMERS’ SONS AND DAUGH-
TERS.

3. FLORTICULTURE IN COUNTRY HOMES.

4. PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURE.

5. PROFITABLE POULTRY ON THE FARM.

6. GROWING GRAPES FOR PLEASURE AND PROFIT.

. THE COUNTRY FAIR.

SCHWARZ, HON. R. F., Analomink, Montgomery County, Pa.:

1. MARKET GARDENING. (45 minutes.)
A statement of requirements in man, animals, tools and con-
ditions for successful business.

2. SMALL FRUIT GROWING. (380 minutes.)
A talk on planting, growing and harvesting of fruit which can
be shortened or lengthened according to requirements of
section of State.

3. THE COMMERCIAL ORCHARD. (85 minutes).
Showing preparation of soil, fertilization, cultivation and gelec-
tion of young trees.

4, THE ORCHARD FOR HOME CONSUMPTION. (80 minutes.)
Same as commercial orchard talk, except as applied to varieties
suitable for home or nearby market.

. A THOROUGH UNDERSTANDING OF THE FERTILIZER
QUESTION. (45 minutes.)

A plain talk to farmers, showing the real value of any analysis
submitted and giving notice as to how to save money in
fertilizing.

6. THE HOME MIXING OF FERTILIZER. (30 minutes.)
Showing plainly how farmers can save money by home mixing

giving consideration to the various ingredients and their
values.

7. RECLAIMING OF WORN-OUT SOIL WITHOUT MANURE,
OR SUCCESS WITH CRIMSON CLOVER. (60 minutes.)
Phis is a plain and unyarnished story of improving a worthless
farm without a pound vf manure and merely ordinary ap-
plication of fertilizers,

8. PROFIT IN POULTRY. (40 minutes.)

Showing breeding, housing and feeding of fowls for egg produc-
tion.

~

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OU
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10.

te

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

. THE NEW ROAD LAW AND THE PARMERS DUTY UWN-

DER IT. (830 minutes.)

A talk showing road improvement in different counties and
pointing out the duty of farmers while the State is building
the few miles of road it can in any county under present law.

WHY SHOULD A FARMER BOY AND GIRL BE EDU-
CATED? (45 minutes.) (Illustrated lecture.)

Advantages of education. y

FRUITS AND VEGETABLES FOR THE FARMERS
TABLE. (40 minutes.) (Illustrated lecture.)

Teaches how to grow and care for home garden and small
fruits.

SEEDS, R.S., Birmingham, Huntingdon County, Pa.:

1.

eh)

Or

6.
. MISTAKES IN LIFE EXPOSED. (60 minutes.)

7

VALUE OF BARNYARD MANURE. (80 minutes.)
When, where and how to apply it.

. SOIL IMPROVEMENT, THE KEYNOTE OF AGRICUL-

TURE. (80 minutes.)

. THE VALUE OF FERTILITY AND CHEAPEST WAY TO

GET IT. (40,minutes.)

. EDUCATATION AND THE FARMER. (20 minutes.)

Directed to the man on the farm whose school days are over.

. BENEFITS DERIVED FROM FARMERS’ INSTITUTES. (20

minutes.)
Showing how the farmer began to think, read and advance on

account of the institutes.
WHAT CONSTITUTES A COUNTRY HOME. (45 minutes.)

Sunshine, and hunting the bright side.

STOUT, W. H., Pinegrove, Schuylkill County, Pa.:

6
. EXPERIENCE IN DRAINING CLAY BOTTOM LAND.

. THEORY vs. PRACTICE.

Z
3

4.
5. WASTING MANURE.
6.

FRUIT GROWING.

COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS AND COMPOUNDS.

GEOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS. (80 minutes each.)

STUART, R. R., Callensburg, Clarion County, Pa.:

ah

SWINE RAISING. (30-40 minutes.)

Kinds of breeds. Age to begin to breed.. Breeding pens. Care
of pigs. Feed.

DAIRY BACTERIA. (80 minutes.)

History of bacteria. Care of milk, pails and strainers. Prepara-
tion of cow. Contamination of milk. Number of bacteria
in milk. Kinds of bacteria in milk. How to keep milk cool
and fresh.

No. 7.

if

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 53

. CENTRALIZATION OF TOWNSHIP SCHOOLS. (40 min-
utes.)

What the schools are doing. Disadvantages of disconnected
work. Difficulties in getting to school. Expense of so many
separate school buildings.

. FRUIT CULTURE. (40 minutes.)
Planting trees. Cultivation. Time to trim. Protection.
. STABLE MANURE. (40 minutes.)

Value. Mechanical conditiors of soil. Source of fertilizing

value: Caring for manure. Time to haul out.
. SHEEP HUSBANDRY. (45 ~i- utes.)
Care. Different breeds. Summer management. Care in

handling. Season for lambing. Sheep washing. Shearing.
Winter management.

IDEAL YOUTH; THE EDUCATION OF THE FARMER BOY.
(60 minutes.) (Evening lecture.)

SURFACE, PROF. H. A., Economic Zoologist, Harrisburg, Pa.:

1

9

-_

. THE ECONOMIC VALUE AND PROTECTION OF OUR NA-
TIVE BIRDS. (40-50 minutes.)
. GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND METHODS OF INSECT
WARFARE. (40 minutes.)

3. THE HESSIAN FLY IN PENNSYLVANIA. (380 minutes.)

oF

+]

8
9

. OUR INSECT FRIENDS. (Ilustrated.) (30-40 minutes.)

NATURE STUDY AND AGRICULTURE IN THE PUBLIC
SCHOOLS. (25-30 minutes.)

. THE CENTRALIZATION OF SCHOOLS. (20 minutes.)

. HIGHER EDUCATION FOR FARMER®W’ BOYS AND GIRLS.

(20-25 minutes.)
. THE ELEMENTS OF SUCCESS. (15-20 minutes.)
. THE NEEDS OF THE FARMER. (80-40 minutes.)

THAYER, DR. I. A., New Castle, Lawrence County, Pa.:

1
5)

~

. TILE DRAINING; WHY AND HOW. (40 minutes.)

. SOIL MOISTURE. (380 minutes.)
Amount used by different plants. Its movement in soil and
soil plants. How to secure and retain it.

. PREPARATION OF THE SEED BED. (40 minutes.)
Methods. Plowing; how and when. Kind of plow. Harrow-
ing and rolling. How to lessen hillside washing.

. STABLE MANURE. (40 minutes.) (Illustrated.)
Its fertilizing constituents and their value. Its value as humus.
The changes and losses it undergoes and sustains. How to
prevent losses. How to apply.

- COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS. (30 minutes.)
Different elements; their source and functions. Special needs

of different soils and crops. Home mixing. How to calecu-
late their cash value from analysis. How to apply.

10.

At.

12.

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

. CLOVER AS FEED, AND HOW TO CURE. (30 minutes.)

Its feeding value for different purposes, muscle, milk, eggs,
wool. How to cut and cure.

_ ALFALFA. (40 minutes.)

Its high value. Experiment Station reports. How to pro-
duce it.

. THE CLOVERS AS FERTILIZERS. (40 minutes.)

The great problem of restoring fertility. Wealth of Pennsyl-
vania soils in the mineral elements of fertility. How clover
makes them available. How to produce them. Some new
and well-tried methods.

. STOCK FEEDING. (30 minutes.)

What is a balance ration? No cast-iron rules. Different
things to be kept in view. Product to be produced. Health
of the animal. Cost of feed. By-product of the stable.

STRAWBERRY CULTURE. (80 minutes.)

Value. The soil and its preparation. Plants and how to ob-
tain them. Setting, cultivation, mulching, burning and syb-
sequent cultivation of varieties.

HOME HYGIENE. (Evening lecture.) (80 minutes.)

The vital center. Observations in medical practice. Econom-
ical and efficient heating and ventilating. The water supply
of the country home.

IMPORTANCE OF NATURE STUDIES IN OUR PUBLIC
SCHOOLS. (Evening lecture.) (40 minutes.)

The errors of ascetism. Art vs. Nature. Elevation of child-
hood. Needed reform in the school. How accomplished.

TOWER, DR. E. E., Hop Bottom, Susquehanna County, Pa.:

i

INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF FARM ANIMALS. (30 min-
utes.)

Anthrax. How herds become infected. How disease is car-
ried to other herds. Duration of disease. Danger to man by
handling or skinning animals that have died with the disease.

. TUBERCULOSIS. (80 minutes.)

Cause. Symptoms. How transmitted from animal to animal
and from herd to herd. How to know this from other dis--
eases. Danger of infection. Tuberculin test. How used.

. RABIES. (80 minutes.)

History. Distribution. Animals affected. Cause of the dis-
ease. Method of invasion. Danger from bites. Period of
incubation. Erroneous ideas concerning rabies.

. GLANDERS. (80 minutes.)

History. Distribution. Cause, Symptoms. Duration of
disease. Farcy and glanders are one and the same, only in
a different form. Every owner of a horse should know some-
thing of the disease. How transmitted.

. THE HORSE IN DISEASE AND HEALTH. (40 minutes.)

The normal condition. Sanitary condition of stables. Pure air
and light govern the health, condition and value of the horse.
Feed and water at the proper time.

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 55

6. COMMON DISEASES OF FARM ANIMAIS. (30-40 minutes.)

Diseases frequently start from a slight cause and oftentimes

made worse by bad treatment. Discussion of some diseases,
such as colic, distemper, indigestion, founder, heaves, ete.

7. THE HORSE. (60 minutes.) (Evening lecture, illustrated with
lantern.)
Collection of famous horses. Different types. Conformation,
good and bad. Artist’s model. Blemishes, ete.

WAGNER, F. J., Harrison City, Westmoreland Co., Pa.:
1. SOILS AND SOIL MAKING. (15-20 minutes.)

Formation of soils. Applying commercial fertilizer. Manurial
crops. Keeping stock. Fertilizing value of leading feeding
stuffs. Importance of humus in soils. Use of lime.

2. THE BUSINESS SIDE OF FARMING. (15-20 minutes.)

Why some industrious farmers fail financially. Necessity of a

good system of accounts. The farmer’s relation to middle-
men. Keep posted on the principles of commercial law.

3. DAIRYING FOR PROFIT. (15-20 minutes.)
A good dairy cow. Proper feeding and care.

4. CLOVER AND ITS CULTIVATION. (15-20 minutes.)
Importance of clover on Pennsylvania farms. Description of
leading varieties. Essentials of successful culture. Time to
cut for hay. Its feeding value compared with grasses.

5. EDUCATION FOR THE FARMER AND HIS FAMILY. (15-
20 minutes.)

6. ADVANTAGES IN CREAM SEPARATOR. (15 minutes.)
The gravity system. Centrifugal system. Higher quality of
products from separator.

WALLACE, MRS. MARY A., Ellwood City, Lawrence County, Pa.:
1. DOMESTIC SCIENCE. (40 minutes.)
2. CONSOLIDATION OF RURAL SCHOOLS. (40 minutes.)

3. THE COUNTRY HOME;ITS SANITATION, CONVENIENCE,
ETC. (30 minutes.)

4. TEACHING HOUSEHOLD ARTS IN SCHOOL. (40 minutes.)
5. A TALK WITH COUNTRY BOYS AND GIRLS. {40 minutes.)
6. FOOD AND NUTRITION OF MAN. (40 minutes.)

WATTS, D. H., Kerrmoor, Clearfield Co., Pa.:

1. THE DAIRY HERD AND STABLE. (30 minutes.)
Herd quality, dependent upon individual merit. Development,
selection, pedigree and performance. The value of past rec-

ord. The stable. How to construct and keep it.

2. FEED AND CARE OF THE DAIRY HERD. (30 minutes.)
The selection of feed. Quantity and quality of the feed and its
relation to production and profit. The management of dairy
; animals. Individual development.

56 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

3. THE SILO AND WHY PROFITABLE. (30 minutes.)
Its importance in modern agriculture. How to build, size, con-
venience, durability. Ensilage in milk and beef production.
A comparison of old and new methods.

4, GILT EDGE BUTTER; HOW TO MAKE IT AND SELL IT.
(30 minutes.)
The first requisite, clean, wholesome milk from a well-kept
herd of cows. Dairy room work. Creaming. Packing.
Shipping. Pleasing the consumer, etc.

5. THE STEAM ENGINE AND ITS USE ON OUR FARM. (20
minutes.)
How we use the engine and boiler the year round. The impor-
tance of each farm being equipped with a suitable power.
A comparison of powers in use on a farms.

6. FARM BUILDINGS AND BLUNDERS. (30 minutes.)

The importance of great care in locating and erecting farm
buildings. Convenience, comfort, contentment, health and
beauty hinge on well-developed and properly executed plans.
Some common mistakes. Home environments.

7. THE APPLE ORCHARD AND ITS CARE. (30 minutes.)
Commercial orcharding. Home supply. Selection of varieties.
The young tree; how, when and where to plant it. Fertiliz-
ing, pruning and thinning out fruit. Insect pests.

8. GATHERING AND MARKETING FRUITS. (30 minutes.)
Systematic and careful handling of fruits. Grading and pack-
ing. Business principles applied. The farmer caterer to the
consumer,

9. A PRACTICAL EDUCATION FOR THE FARMER. (30 min-
utes.)
Modern farming. The business and social side of rural life.
What education is essential. Educational agencies of the
day. Some thoughts about our rural schools.

WATTS, PROF. R. L., Scalp Level, Cambria County, Pa.: (80 min-
utes each.)

1. PRACTICAL PLANT FEEDING.

The food requirements of plants; chemical composition of soils;
funetion of various plant foeds; the superior value of barn-
yard nfanure in plant feeding; home mixing of fertilizers;
plant feeding for profit.

. SOIL BACTERIA.
Nature and work of soil micro-organisms; favorable and un-
favorable conditions of soil bacteria; the relation of humus

to soil bacteria.

3. SOIL MOISTURE PROBLEMS.
Importance of water in crop production; how water is lost;
the water-holding power of various soils; the control of soil
moisture; humus the great need of soils,

bo

No. 7.

. THE FARM MARKET GARDEN.

Cr

=]

(9.2)

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 57

This lecture relates to the culture of a few vegetables which
may be grown profitably by general farmers.

MANAGEMENT OF ORCHARDS.

Starting the young orchard; cultivation; pruning; fertilizing;
spraying.

SMALL FRUIT CULTURE.

Practical instruction on the cultivation of strawberries, rasp-
berries and blackberries.

. THE FARM AS A FACTORY.

This lecture relates to farming as a manufacturing business.
The labor question, policy and management, and character of
products manufactured, etc., are considered.

THE FARM’S BEST PRODUCT. (Evening lecture.)

For the home session, devoted to the interest of our boys and
girls.

AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.

The need, demand, value; how secured; our system; courses
offered at the Pennsylvania State College.

WAYCHOFTF, G. B., Jefferson, Greene County, Pa.:

iif

bo

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CLOVER AS A SOIL RENOVATOR. (40 minutes.)

Seeding, care and causes of failure. How clover acts on fer-
tility in the soil and gathers nitrogen from the air. Improves
mechanical condition of soil.

USES OF LIME IN AGRICULTURE. (45 minutes.)

As plant food. Acts upon insoluble soil fertility. Corrects
acidity. Compacts loose sandy soil. Loosens tough, heavy
clay. Improves porosity.

BERRY CULTURE. (80 minutes.)

Selection and preparation of the soil. Where to obtain plants.
Fertilizers. Setting plants. Cuitivation. Pruning. Mulch-
ing. Gathering and marketing crop.

PROFITABLE GARDENING. (30 minutes.)
How products are grown, gathered and sold at a fair profit.

. SOIL MOISTURE. (80 minutes.)

How water should be distributed in the soil. Best ways of
controlling soil moisture. Interpretation of various moisture
tests.

. VALUE OF HUMUS IN CROP GROWING. (80 minutes).

This topic will be a critical examination of numerous experi-
ments to determine value of humus as a factor in profitable
agriculture.

THE IDEAL EDUCATION. (Evening lecture.) (45 minutes.)

A plea for a more practical general education that will enable
us to better solve life’s problems, to enjoy nature’s beauties
and get more real good out of life.

5

58 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

DEPARTMENT LECTURERS.

In so far as time and circumstances permit, the officers of tue
Department of Agriculture are desirous of engaging in Institute
work.

In order to prevent disappointment in the arrangement of pro-
grams, it is recommended that Institute Managers first consult
the individual whose services they may wish to secure before placing
his name on the program.

Department lecturers come to these Institutes free of charge, ex-
cept that they are to be taken from and to the railroad station at
the expense of local manager. The topics which they will discuss
can be procured by addressing the following officers of the Depart-
ment of Agriculture:

HON. N. B. CRITCHFIELD, Secretary of Agriculture.

HON, A. L. MARTIN, Deputy Secretary and Director of Institutes.
DR. B. H. WARREN, Dairy and Food Commissioner.

PROF. H. A. SURFACE, Economic Zoologist.

DR. LEONARD PEARSON, State Veterinarian.

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF THE INSTI-
TUTE LECTURERS.

Ss. F. BARBER was born in Union county, Pa., in 1855, was educated in the
public schools and worked upon a farm until he was twenty-one. He then
went into the mercantile business; 1877-8 was in the employ of the Buck
Mountain Coal Company, in Luzerne county, as general manager of their
company store, and in 1879-80 was in charge of the company store of the Stout
Coal Company. Afterwards traveled in the West, particularly in Colorado,
and then spent one year traveling for ia dry goods firm in Philadelphia. In
1881 he settled down to farming, and has been engaged in that business ever
since. His specialty is dairying, although he raises the general crops usual
upon a Dauphin county farm.

RICHARD D. BARCLAY was born August 8, 1885, in Conshohocken, Pa.; at-
tended Haverford School 1897 to 1900; B. D. in Agriculture the Pennsylvania
State College 1905; assistant manager, estate and farm of Clement A. Griscom,
Haverford, Pa., 1905. Practical work in bee-keeping, beginning April 1899;
visted prominent bee-keepers in New England, 1903; traveled with Charles
Stewart, New York State Bee Inspector, i904; expert demonstrator United
Sitates Government Exhibit of Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations,
Louisiana Purchase Exposition, 1904; secretary of the Pennsylvania State
College Natural History Club 1902 to 1904: president, 1904-5; chairman execu-
tive committee of Pennsylvania State Bee-keepers’ Association, 1904-5; mem-
ber of National Bee-keepers’ Association, and Phile Bee-keepers’ Association;
author of the Pennsylvania State College Correspondence Lessons on Bee-
keeping, (1904). Apiaries at Riverton, N. J.; Haverford and West Chester, Pa.

DR. HARVEY B. BASHORE was born at West Fairview, Pa., July 31, 1864,
attended Harrisburg Academy; graduated at Yale College 1886; graduated in
medicine at University of Pennsylvania 1889, and spent three years in New
York city studying hygiene and working in the various city hosiptals; since

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 59

then has bee npracticing medicine in West Fairview, a suburb of Harris-
burg; was appointed inspector for the State Board of Health, and is the author
of “Outline of Rural Hygiene.”

R. L. BEARDSLEE, of Warrenham, Pa., was born in 1835, received a liberal
academic education, and among the studies pursued was a course in ‘‘Prac-
tical Agriculture.” He began farming for himself at twenty years of age,
as a Gealer in cattle, and followed feeding and dealing in cattle until about
1864. He then included sheep in his stock business, and continued in this
until the western trade reduced the profits, when he began dairying and
put in forty cows. He has received as high as $1,000 for a single load of butter.
He rises from 1,600 to 1,800 bushels of grain each year, and sells about 1,000
pounds of washed wool and 150 lambs, annually, besides from 1,000 to 1,200
bushels of potatoes.

WM. C. BLACK was born on a farm in Mercer county; educated in the common
schools and at Westminster College; a soldier in the Civil War; a teacher in
the common schools and a farmer in his native county, raising general farm
crops and breeding Shorthorn cattle. He has been a successful exhibitor of
animals of his own breeding at the principal fairs in Western Pennsylvania.
He has been a diligent reader of the best farm and live stock journals, visited
some of the best farms and herds in the United States and Canada, and at-
tended the great live stock exhibits.

M. S. BOND was born on a farm in Montour county, Pa., February 26, 1834;
lived and worked on a farm until eighteen years old, then taught school seven
years, then was employed as freight and passenger conductor for nine years,
and traveled as lost freight and car tracer and purchasing agent for the Dela-
ware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad Company for five years. Has been
for over twenty-five years engaged in farming and market gardening; during a
part of this time, engaged in breeding and raising blooded Jersey cattle and

still keeps some of the best in the State; has made the raising of potatoes by

the thousands of bushels a specialty for twenty-five years; has been and is

e- now using more fertilizer to the’ acre than any man in his county, and is

: now making gardening a specialty.

Og ee ee ee a ee Se ee

C. W. BRODHEAD was born December 20, 1852, near White Haven, Luzerne
eounty, Pa. He received a common school education; commenced to work
in a horseshoeing and jobbing shop at 16 years of age; worked six years at
the business before he knew anything about a horse’s foot; then began to
study anatomy and to dissect feet and legs, and has been a student of the
best authors and in actual practice ever since; has one of the best libraries on
3 animal and agriculture that can be had; is a registered specialist as a veteri-

nary dentist and in animal casirations. He divides his time in 'the shop, in

the care of a ten-acre vegetable garden, and reading for general information;
y 5 takes great interest in farmers’ organizations, trying to elevate their calling.

J. S. BURNS was born February 22, 1847, on the farm he now owns, near
Clinton, Pa. His father died when he was seven years old, and from that
time nutil he was twenty-one he worked upon the farm as hired help, receiving
his board and clothing, and attending the public schools in the winter. His
education received a brief finish at Linnean Academy, at Clinton. He was
married when twenty-one, and soon after bought out the other heirs, and

from the farm made the money that eventually paid for it. He has kept

5 strict account of every item of income and expense since he was twenty-one

; years old, and to this habit of careful accounting he attributes much of his

success. He has had large experience in the breeding and care of all lines
of farm stock, but during recent years has given more special attention to
the breeding of Poland-China swine, and raising mutton lambs, together
with the growing of all the different crops usually raised on a Western Penn-
sylvania farm. He has had considcrable experience as a correspondent upon
agricultural topics, and for a number of years has taken an active part in
the Institute work of this State.

GEORGE C. BUTZ was born in 1863, in New Castle, Pa. His father was a nur-
seryman and florist. His education consisted of a common, though excel-
lent, public school, and later of a course through the high school. After this
he was graduated from the Pennsylvania State College, in the class of ’83.
This was followed by post-graduate studies, and two years’ experience in the
fruit districts of Southern California. Since 1887 he has had charge of the
horticultural work at the Pennsylvania State College and the State Experi-
ment Station: For the past five years he has been one of the regular lec-
turers upon the State Institute force.

J.T. CAMPBELL was born in Springhill township, Fayette county, Pa., Decem-
ber 18, 1872; is the son of a prominent farmer; received his early education
in the public schools of his native district; left the public schools with a

60 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

more than average education, and at once took up the study of agriculture
at home, while working on his father’s farm; he studied carefully all leading
books and journals of his day. Married in 1894, and took up gardening and
poultry culture, and was successful from the start. When the Pennsylvania
State College started its Correspondence Course in Agriculture he took up the
work and has since pursued same with diligence. Owns a large farm in
Crawford county, upon which he has worked out many important agricultural
problems. In poultry culture he has been especially successful, having made
it a subject of special study, together with soil physics. Keeps in close touch
with the State Experiment Station and the National Department of Agri-
culture; has written some for various agricultural and poultry journals.

M. N. CLARK was born near Export, Westmoreland county, Pa., July 16, 1848;
received a good common school education, with several years at an academy
and a full course at Duff’s Commercial College, at Pittsburg; has always
taken much delight in farming; is a close observer, and for many years has
taken an active interest in agricultural affairs of his county; the cause of
education has always found in him an earnest supporter; has been engaged
in general farming from boyhood, except a few years spent in selling imple-
ments; was several seasons in the fruit-growing regions of the South, and
there gained much information in the use of commercial fertilizers and fruit
growing; has been a member of the State Board of Agriculture for eight years,
and at present is looking after the interest of his farm.

WELLS W. COOKE wes born in Massachusetts and educated at the public
schools, the University of Iowa, Ripon College, Ripon, Wis., where he gradu-
ated in 1879, and the University of Vermont, in which latter institution
he took ‘a post-graduate course in chemistry. Had charge for four years
of industrial farm schools in the West, and in 1886 was appointed professor
of agriculture of the University of Vermont and director of the Vermont
Experiment Staition, holding both positions until 1893. During this time, for
six years, had charge of the organizing and conducting of the Farmers’
Institutes of the State. From 1893 to 1900 was professor of agriculture of the
Colorado Agricultural College. The past three years has been connected with
work of the Correspondence Course in Agriculture at the Pennsylvania State
College.

JOHN W. COX was born near New Wilmington, Lawrence county, Pa., De-
eember 27, 1868; received a common school education and a course at Duff’s
Commercial College, Pittsburg; has spent all his life on the farm; is a breeder
of Jersey cattle on his 200-acre farm, besides Barred Plymouth Rock poultry.
Wheat, oats, corn, hay and potatoes are his principal crops; is much inter-
ested in the education of the farmers’ children, and is serving his third three-
year term as school director; is pursuing the Correspondence Course of the
Pennsylvania State College.

NORMAN BRUCE CRITCHFIELD was born in Somerset county, July 20, 1838;
was educated in the public and normal schools of his native county, and at
the Ohio University, located at Athens, Ohio; he is by occupattion a farmer;
during the Civil War he served nine months in the One Hundred and Seventy-
first Pennsylvania Militia, and at the close of his term entered the Twenty-
eighth Pennsylvania Volunteers, with which regiment he continued until the
close of 'the war; he has held in his own county the position of school director,
county superintendent of public schools, prothonotary and clerk of courts;
elected to the Senate, November 4, 1890; appointed judge in the Department
of Agriculture at the World’s Columbian Exposition in 18938, and served as
vice president and chairman of the board of judges in said department; was
re-elected to Senate in 1894, and appoinited Secretary of Agriculture, February
24, 1903.

Zz. T. CURE was born in 1848, and attended the public schools, including the city
high school, until seventeen years of age, after which he taught school for five
years, and has followed farming and stock raising ever since. His school
training has been supplemented by extensive reading courses, which, by
tthe aid of free translations, covered the subjects taught in college courses,
with the exception of higher mathematics. As sources of information on the
topics which he discusses, he depends upon experience and observation, aided
by Prof. L. H. Bailey, of Cornell University, in the domain of horticulture
and kindred subjects, and Andrew S. Fuller on the propagation of plants, etce.,
and other publications of authority, together with a careful perusal of tthe
best agricultural periodicals of the day and a studious consultation of the
latest bulletins of the Experiment Stations. He has had considerable experi-
ence in the discussion of literary and scientific subjects before teachers’ insti-
tutes, and has made a careful study of the ‘topics chosen to present at farm-
ers’ institutes.

J. D. DETRICH’S knowledge of agriculture, as a _ science, dates from
1882, since which time he has been availing himself of all the bulletins. maga-
zines and books relating to soil, crops, dairying, breeding, feeding and rear-

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 61

ing of dairy animals. This, together with information furnished by the
colleges and experiment stations, he has put into practice, and the result has
been a satisfactory and profitable system of extensive farming.

W. M. C. DRAKE was born in Lawrence county, August 16, 1860. He was edu-
eated at the public schools and a normal school at New Castle, Pa., passing a
teachers examination. He has spent all of life on the farm; was presi-
dent of the Farmers’ Alliance in Lawrence county one term. He has been
for several years past in partnership with his brother, operating 600 acres of
land besides a market garden and an extensive orchard.

WILLIAM FRIEAR was born in 1860, in Reading, Pa. He was educated in the
public schools of that city and of Norristown, entered the preparatory and
later the collegiate department of Bucknell University, grading in 1881;
pursued a post-graduate course at Illinois, Wesleyan and Harvard Univer-
sities. Spent the growing season of the year during his childhood and youth
at work upon a Pennsylvania farm; was made assistant chemist to the
United States Department of Agriculture, 1883-5, and was engaged in sugar-
beet products and cereals. In 1885 he was elected professor of agricultural
chemistry in the Pennsylvania State College, and in 1887 was made vice-
director and chemist to the Pennsylvania State College Experiment Station.
In 1888 he was elected chemist to the Pennsylvania Board of Agriculture, and
in 1895 chemist to the Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture. He was also
president of the National Association of Agricultural Chemists, and has been
one of the leading lecturers upon the State force of Farmers’ Institutes.

HORACE H. HALL, of the ‘Triplet Oak Farm,” was born on a farm near Cou-
dersport, Potter county, Pa., in 1853. He received most of his education in
the common schools, though he attended the Emporium graded and the Cou-
dersport high schools for a limited time. He received his first teacher’s cer-
tificate when twenty and taught in the schools of Potter county for twenty
years, mostly in the district schools, though he served as principal of the
Galeton and Oswayo graded schools. When not engaged in teaching, he
worked at farming or’in the lumber woods. At forty he turned his whole
attention to farming, having bought 114 acres of bark slashing and woods,
which he stocked with sheep while he was clearing and stumping, and in
about ten years he has logged and stumped fifty acres, built substantial farm
buildings, changed from a sheepman to a successful dairyman, and is a large
producer of the finest strawberries.

JOHN W. HARSHBERGER, Ph. D., was born in Philadelphia, January 1,
1869. His early education was received in the public schools, terminating in
his graduation from the Central High School of Philadelphia in 1888. He
entered the University of Pennsylvania on a city scholarship, taking his B. S.
there in 1892, and his Ph. D. in 1898, when he was made instructor in Botany,
General Biology and Zoology, a position which he still holds. In addition,
Dr. Harshberger has studied at Howard University and at Berlin, Germany,
and has traveled extensively for botanical purposes in Mexico, the West
Indies, California, Maine and Europe, where he carefully inspected the several
noted botanical institutions. Dr. Harshberger has been identified with the
American Society for the Extension of University Teaching, the Pacons Pines
Summer School, the Deparment of Lecturers, University of Pennsylvania.
He has been recorder of the botanical section of the Academy of Natural
Science and a member of the more prominent botanical societies in America.
His published works consist of “Maize; a Botanical and Economic Study,”
1893, ‘pp. 125, translated later in Mexico into Spanish; “The Botanists of Phila-
delphia and Their Work,” 1889, pp. 457, forty plates, and “Students Herbarium
for Descriptive and Geographic Purposes,’’ 1901, pp. 210. He is botanical editor
of a new American English Dictionary under course of publication by J. B.
Lippincott Co., and is engaged at present in writing ‘An Introduction to the
Phytogography of North America’ for a firm in Leipzig, Germany. His
printed papers number above ninety, mainly on Botany and related subjects.

JOEL A. HERR was born in Clinton county, Pa., ‘and educated in the public
schools and at Dickinson Seminary. He served in the Civil War and has
been a student, teacher and farmer all his life. He lives now on his farm and
gives special attention to fruit culture and stock raising. He is a member
a nee State Board of Agriculture and a trustee of the Pennsylvania State

ollege.

E. S. HOOVER was born in Lancaster county, Pa., in 1839; was educated
in the public schools, White Hall Academy and the State Normal School
at Millersville, taught school four terms, owns and controls a farm. Is
engaged in general farming, at one time gave special attention to growing
and feeding of live stock, especially in raising and training horses, and, later,
devoted himself to the horticultural branch of agriculture. Acquired knowl-
edge of agriculture by study, actual experience and experimenting. Is at

62 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

present time a membef of the board of trustees of Millersville State Normal
School; was a member of the Legislature, 1883-1884; has for some time and
is at present engaged in Farmers’ Institutes work.

GEORGE E. HULL, the subject of this sketch, a number of years ago moved
upon a worn-out farm without buildings in Mercer county. By industry, per-
serverance and intelligent effort he has succeeded in restoring it to the highest
state of fertility; has placed thereon substantial and convenient farm build-
ings, and educated his children, without other income than that derived
from the, farm. His silos, stock scales, farm implements and improved live
stock are the admiration of all progressive farmers.

A. J. KAHLER was born in Hughesville, Pa., in 1834; was educated in the
public schools and afterwards taught school in his native county; has always
lived upon a farm; has filled every local office in his township;.was a mem-
ber of the Legislature in 1891-1892; was president for six years of the County
Agricultural Society; is a member of the State Board of Agriculture and has
been identified with most of the leading farm organizations of the State.

J. H. LEDY was born in Marion, Franklin county, Pa., August 3, 1864, and
received his education in the common schools of Guilford township and at
the Chambersburg Academy. After leaving school he engaged in the mercan-
tile business for seven years at Marion and Waynesboro, Pa. In the spring
of 1889 he accepted a rposition with S. Smucker & ~ U., wholesale grocers of
Philadelphia. He remained with this firm four years, when he was elected
register and recorded of Franklin county, after which he became half owner
and business manager of the People’s Register, of Chambersburg, an inde-
pendent journal of large circulation. He now ownes and superintends 151 acres
of apple trees, inlaid with peaches and plums. Mr. Ledy is a practical fruit
grower, who loves the work and has turned his whole attention to it.

L. W. LIGHTY was born in York county, Pa., in 1857;, attended the public
schools of his neighborhood; afterward attended a select school in Adams
county and then taught school for seven winters. During this time he attended
the York County Academy one term and also attended the State Normal
School at Millersville. He then kept store, but not liking the business, he got
out of it, and started in the poultry business, keeping both market and
fancy poultry, and engaged in bee-keeping and the culture of small fruits.
In 1893 he purchased the farm upon which he now lives. The land was worn
out and the buildings quite dilapidated. He has improved this until it is
now one of the best farms in his county. He has a large library of standard
books, keeps a selected dairy of cows, and has all the modern improvements
needed to equip a first-class farm.

M. 8S. McDOWELL was born in Mifflin county, Pa.; attended the public schools,
and Lewistown Academy; entered Pennsylvania State College in 1888, and
was graduated in ’92; after graduation was connected with a fertilizer manu-
facturing establishment in Baltimore, and later came to the chemical depart-
ment of the Experiment Station, with which he has been connected five years.

A. L. MARTIN was born near Mount Jackson, Lawrence county, Pa., in 1844;
received his education in the public schools and at Poland (Ohio) College;
served as school director in his native township and that of Little Beaver for
eight years; filled the position of census enumerator in 1890; was elected to the
House of Representatives in 1892, and served continuously until 1899; was
during this continued service a member of the Agricultural Committee, and
acting as its chairman in the session of i897: by appointment of Govenor
Pattison, in 1893, became member of Farmers’ National Congress and has been
reappointed to same position by all subsequent Governors. Was appointed
by Governor Stone, April 24, 1899, Deputy Secretary of Agriculture and
Director of Farmers’ Institutes for Pennsylvania, and reappointed by Gover-
nor Pennypacker, April 24, 1903. :

PROF. FRANKLIN MENGES, Ph. D., was born forty-five years ago at
Menges’ Mill, York county, Pa., the first nineteen years of his life were spent
on his father’s farm, with all the ardour that farming meant in those days;
he then began a course of preparation for college at the Baugher Academy,
Hanover, Pa., and entered and graduated from Pennsylvania College, Gettys-
burg, with the class of 1886; was immediately tendered and accepted the
position of assistant professor of chemistry in his alma mater, which position
he held until 1896, when he came to York and took tthe professorship of the
sciences in the York High School. which position he now holds; received the
degree of Ph. D. from his alma mater for special work in chemistry, mineral-
ogy and physics. He has for years been a student of the ‘Experiment Station
Record,” and has continued an interest in practical agriculture, and has
lectured before Farmers’ Institutes.

—

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 63

HENRY W. NORTHUP was born on a farm in Abington, once considered the
banner agricultural township in Luzerne county; he was educated in the
public schools and at Madison Academy. His chief business is that of farmer
and dairyman; has been greatly benefited in his line of business for the
last ten years by having associated with some of the best and most prac-
tical agriculiurists in this and adjoining States in the institute work; has
had some experience in fruit and market gardening and in the disposition of
these eos in the city of Scranton, where an excellent market has been
secured.

T. E. ORR was born in Brooke county, Va., September 28, 1853. When nineteen
years of age he was on the stock farms of his father and grandfather and
attending country schools. From 1872 to 1876 he taught country school two
winters and attended National Normal School balance of that time, graduating
in 1875. Taught surveying and civil engineering in 1876-7. From 1877 to 1886
Was superintendent or principal of the public schools as follows: Mount
Vernon, Ind.; Le Mars, Iowa; Wellsburg, W. Va., and Bridgeport, Ohio,
doing teachers’ institute work each summer. Leaving Bridgeport in 1886, and
at a salary of $1,800 per year, he took an interest in the “National Stockman
and Farmer,” being one of its publishers and editors, which position he
occupied until 1901, doing cccasional Farmers’ Institute work and acting
as expert judge on poultry and live stock. Mr. Orr has always been closely
identified with live stock and poultry associations.

WM. G. OWENS, of Bucknell University, was born in Union county; received
his early education in the public schools of Lewisburg, Pittsburg and Alle-
gheny City. Entered Bucknell University 1876; was graduated 1880; took his
A. M. in 1883; taught in Bucknell University five years after graduation. In
1885 he became instructor in Natural Sciences. Took special work at Harvard
and Berlin, Germany. In 1887 became professor of Chemistry and Physics,
the position which he now holds. Has spent almost all his vacations on a farm
and thus kept in close touch with nature.

J. H. PEACHEY was born in Miffiin county, Pa., in 1851. His boyhood was
spent upon a farm; was educated in the public schools and graduated from the
‘Ohio Normal University in 1881. After completing his course at school he
followed teaching. In 1887 he began farming for himself and gave attention
chiefly to raising hogs, sheep and cattle.

LEONARD PEARSON, State Veterinarian, was born in Indiana, August 17,
1868. In i884 he entered Cornell University, and graduated in 1888 in the
agricultural course. He graduated from the Veterinary Department of the
University of Pennsylvania in 1890. During 1890-91 he attended lectures in
the veterinary schools of Berlin and Dresden. In 1892 Dr. Pearson was ap-
pointed non-resident lecturer on veterinary science at the Pennsylvania State
College. He was appointed State Veterinarian in 1896, was reappointed by
Governor Stone, and immediately thereafter was elected secretary of the State
Live Steck Sanitary Board. He was again reappointed by Governor Penny-
packer, which position he still holds.

THOMAS J. PHILIPS was born upon a farm in Chester county, Pa., Decem-
ber, 1846; attended public and private schools and graduated from Bucknell
University in 1867; spent three years in manufacturing iron, and traveling,
and then settled upon the farm where he still lives, giving special attention to
dairying and raising dairy stock, but devoting much of the 200-acre farm to
the production of mixed crops, suitable to that location and market. That he
has been a success is attested by the fat that he has been a diretor in a
national bank for many years, a manager in one of the largest fire insur-
ance companies in the State, and of a building and loan assocition; served
two terms in the State Legislature, as a representative of the farming inter-
ests; he has contributed acceptably from time to time of his experience to
the agricultural press, and in every way has kept in the front among the
most progressive of his locality, believing in higher education, attractive
country homes, and that success is the result of individual effort and judg-
ment.

OLIVER D. SCHOCK was born on a farm near Hamburg, Berks county, Pa.,
in 1858, and has always taken a deep interest in agricultural and horticul-
ittural affairs. He was educated in the common and high schools, including a
course in a commercial and scientific academy. At the age of fifteen he
became a newspaper correspondent, and continues to represent leading daily
papers and agricultural journals. For a number of years he served as a
special agent of the Pennsylvania State Board of Agriculture, and later as a
clerk in the office of the Board, assisting Secretary Edge. With the creation
of the Department of Agriculture, in 1885, Governor Hastings promoted Mr.
Schock to the position of Chief Clerk in that Department, which position he
filled until July, 1899. After several years’ experience in mercantile pursuits,
he was appointed in the spring of 1903, under Governor Pennypacker’s admin-
istration, to the position of assistant to B. H. Warren, Dairy and Food Com-
missioner of Pennsylvania, which position he now holds.

64 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

R. F. SCHWARZ was born near Berlin, Germany, in 1853; educated in Ducal
Gymnasi and Ducal College, at Dessau. He came to New York in 1871,
removed to Chicago in 1873, and in 1875 bought a farm in Monroe county, in
this State, where he has since followed the business of fruit growing and
market gardening, devoting at the present time about thirty acres to this
pursuit. He was a member of the House of Representatives two terms, 1893
and 1895.

R. S. SEEDS was born in Huntingdon county, Pa., in 1852; was educated in
the public schools and at the Shade Gap Academy. He was raised upon a
farm and traveled for eighteen years among the farmers, selling argicultural
implements. In 1892 he bought a farm that had been run down, which he has
greatly improved.

W. H. STOUT was born October 18, 1840, in Lower Nazareth township, North-
ampton county, Pa.; was educated in the common schools and engaged in
various occupations, serving an apprenticeship at coopering and milling, at
clerkship and traveling salesman; has lived on his present farm for the past
twenty-eight years, and is engaged in general farming, trucking, fruit grow-
ing and bee-keeping; has acquired practical and scientific information by
observation and stuay; speaks English and German.

R. R. STUART was born on a farm in Clarion county August 31, 1869; attended
public school and graduated from the Clarion State Normal School in 1892,
and from Mount Hope College (Ohio) in 1899; has engaged in school teaching
from the rural school to principal of the high school; has served in his town-
ship as collector, justice of the peace, town clerk, treasurer and secretary and
treasurer of the school board. In 1892 he settled on the farm where he still
lives, giving attention to raising swine and sheep. He has contributed fre-
quently of his experience to the press, and in every way has kept among the
front rank in the section wherehe lives, believing in the highest culture
and th esuccess that springs from individual effort.

HARVEY ADAM SURFACE, M. S., Economic Zoologist, was born on a farm in
Warren county, Ohio, in 1867. He worked on the farm and attended and
taught country school. He was educated in the Lebanon (Ohio) Normal, the
Ohio State University, the University of Illinois, Hopkins (Stanford) Cali-
fornia Seaside Laboratory and Cornell University. He taught in the Ohio
Sittate University, the University of the Pacific, Cornell, the Ithaca schools,
teachers’ institutes and the Pennsylvania State College. He held a fellow-
ship in Cornell and was also appointed Dykman Research Fellow in Columbia
University. He was field naturalist for the Illinois State Biological Station
and University Extension lecturer in New York. He has also been lecturer in
Zoology at the West Coast Chautauqua Assembly and scientific assistant on
the United States Fish Commission. He has taught in every known grade
of school work, and is noted for his enthusiasm and ability as a teacher,
speaker and writer. He is ornithologist of the Pennsylvania State Board of
Agriculture, and is making investigations of insects for the Pennsylvania
State Department of Agriculture and of fishes for the Pennsylvania State
Fish Commission. Among his writings are articles on nature study, zoology,
mollusks, insects, fishes, birds, mammals, pedagogy, anatomy, etc. He is
nature study editor of the ‘‘Popular Educator,” ornithological editor of ‘““Ameri-
ean Gardening,’’ member of the American Society of Naturalists, American
Association for the Advancement of Science, the American Ornithologists’
Union, the Pennsylvania State Audubon Society, ete. He makes a specialty
of the biologic and economic features of his subjects. He was appointed
Econcmic Zoologist by Governor Pennypacker in 19038.

DR. I. A. THAYER was born rear Warren, Ohio, in November, 1840. He
was reared on a farm of which he was foreman for a number of years under a
scientific and successful farmer; was educated in Hiram College, under the
presidency of General Garfield. He graduated in medicine in 1866, and prac-
ticed that profession several years. Since laying down that practice he has
been engaged in public speaking, having, during fifteen years, filled important
lecture engagements from. Boston to St. Louis, under the management of
the leading lyceum bureaus. He has recently finished the course in crop pro-
duction and that in live stock production in our State College. For nine
months in the year his time is given wholly to his farming operations, for
years, conducting a veritable experiment station where he has worked with a
book in one hand and a hoe in the other; hence, he is equipped with a
practical knowledge that he has the ability to express in the clearest manner.

F. J. WAGNER was born on a farm, near Claridge, Pa., in 1868; received a good
common school education and later a course at a business college. Taught
public school two terms and since has been regularly engaged in farming,
devoting particular attention to dairying and the breeding of fine Jersey
cattle. A few years ago he took up the Correspondence ‘Course of the Penu-
sylvania State College, and has completed the course in Grain, Crops,
Clovers, Grapes, Farm Manures and Stock Feeding.

* No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 65

MRS. MARY A. WALLACE is a daughter of the late Chester W. Ballou, Esq.,
one of the most successful and progressive of the pioneer farmers of Lawrence
county, Pa. She was educated in the public schools and Beaver Seminary,
Beaver, Pa., and previous to her marriage taught school in her home dis-
trict. Later, to her househoud duties, she added newspaper work, and became
widely known in literary and journalistic circles through her pen name, ‘Aunt
Patience.’’ Mrs. Wallace was a charter member of the Pittsburg Women’s
Press Club, and was its treasurer for a number of years. She is also promi-
nent in patriotic societies, and is a honorary member of the One Hundredth
Pennsylvania Volunteer (Roundhead) Association. She is in demand as a
speaker for Memorial Day and is already engaged for next year. Her home
is on a farm near Ellwood City, Pa.

R. L. WATTS was born at Kerrmoor, Pa., July 5, 1869; raised on the farm of his
father, Martin Watts, which farm was largeld devoted to fruit culture. En-
tered Pennsylvania State College in 1887 and graduated from the agricultural
course in June, 1890. He was elected assistant instructor in Botany and Horti-
culture of the University of Tennessee and horticulturist of the Agricultural
Experiment Station of this institution in September, 1890. Later he was made
instructor of Horticulture, followed by assistant professor of Horticulture
and secretary of the Experiment Station. Besides the regular duties as
secretary, he had charge of the Farmers’ Institutes of the State, held under
the auspices of the university and station; he prepared programs, conducted
correspondence and participated in the meetings. While at the station he
conducted various experiments with fruits and vegetables in the greenhouse
and out of doors, the results of which have been published in bulletin form,
He wrote Farmers’ Bulletin No. 39 on ‘“‘Onions,” for the United States Depari-
ment of Agriculture. For several years he was editor of the fruit and vege-
table department of the “Southern Florist and Gardener;’”’ he is now engaged
in gardening.

D. H. WATTS was born near Kerrmoor, Pa., May 25, 1861; was raised on the
farm of his father. Martin Watts, and educated in the public schools, which
schooling was supplemented by a few months attendance at the Indiana State
Normal School. He has always been interested in farmers’ organizations and
served two years as president of the Clearfield County Agricultural Society.
He located upon his farm in 1886 and erected thereon modern buildings and
established a dairy plant, where fine butter for a special trade is produced.
The growing of fruits is also a specialty. On his farm, known as “Orchard
View Farm,” there are 3,000 apple, peach, pear and plum trees, all his own
selection and planting.

G@. B. WAYCHOFF was born and raised on a farm; was educated in public
schools, and attended Monongahela, College, graduating in the scientific course.
Taught several years in public schools; also taught in Monongahela College,
in Beaver College and in Beaver High School, and has had considerable experi-
ence in public speaking. At the age of twenty-three he bought a poor and
almost abandoned farm, and by drainage, liming and raising clover, together
with good tillage, it has been brought up to a good degree of productiveness.

= CROP REPORT.

In no year for which we have an authentic crop report can such
remunerative prices be quoted or products grown upon the farms
of Pennsylvania. Farm help has been scarce and wages high, but
the use of machinery has increased the power of one man on the
farm, so that equals that of seven men under the old régime. The fol-
lowing report for the vear 1906 is most encouraging:

5—7—1906.

*

Cff. Doc.

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SS ee ———_t Se | i ee cas +

80 reseresetesseeeeel Oo OF | 00 SLT | 00091 | 008L | 096 gg GL Se SFiS eee Gy
009 | 00% | 00S | 00 0ST | 00 0ST | 00 SE | 00 OF | 09 06 "ee “BupWOA
00g j7"'"""/ 0008 | 00 09T | OO Ost | OOFT | 00 cr | | 09 | Sh coe eee ew
00S (00% | 0098 |*""""""*| 00 OFE | 00 SE | 00 OF ci anes ob vRSts Ory SRAM
09& | OFF | 000F | OO OST | OOOST | OO FT | 00 TI og | OL “rt uopsUTYyse MA
00% | SLE | 0008 |"*":"'''''| 00 OFT | 00 cE | 006 go} 8 verrssses | Sua tae MA
- | L0 | og | 00% | 0008 |**""""*"*| 00 OFE | 00 cE | 006 /.09 2g osuBue A
HE | 80 | 009 09% | 0098 | 00 Oct | 0008 | 00ZE 00 OF | gg ge | og 0s rrests mora
oo | 90 oo’ | 00% | 008% | 002i | 00 OOT | HOOT 008 ¢9 i 00 T ritesesesess | @SOnL
>’ | 20 00% | 00% | 0008 |**"*"''''| 00 SE | OOTE | 098 gg op OB kee Same wuueyenbsng
Ex | 90 009 | 098 | 0098 |"-*""""*"| 00 OST | 00 2 | 00 OF 09 ob 09 06 trrreesss| UBATTINS
| 90 00% | 00% | 0088 | OO OST | 00 S3E | OO EE — 00 OF ce) OF 09 Gh nirttttt Gassaulog
| 0 | 003 (00% | 00 oo edt | 0009 | 00 8E | 00 OF ag OF 0g SL rrrsresees ‘Japéug
> | 80 PO LA Aa 00 OSE | 00 OST | 00 8E 00 FT 09 se | (09 o), oe ees
m= | 80 | 09% | 00% | 00 00 0ST | 0005 | 002 008 | 08 OF | 08 aulsoo tr oy Sree sere Cel
«| 40 os% | OF | 00 00 OSE | 00 08f | 009% | 00 #1 OL OF 09 06 SSE AG SS een
a eae laaceesren srs iGy Gel ODED © (C00 08. | 00VBD 1 i00:FE< 1°" 7" **"") 80 oh 9g 26 vet “erydjeperdd
ee |e0 } 009 | 09% | 00 00 941 | 000FT | 0OTL 008 | 08 09 ge | 08 01 ie Does eae
rm) 00g 09% 00 00 08f 00 FL 00 0r | ag 09 ge 6g SL purpiequiny}ION
& | 0 00g | 00% | 00 00 SE | 009T 00 ZL | 99 a9 OF 09 08 “* ‘uojdureyoN
Oo | 00S 00% | 00 00 OE | OF Zt 00 OT | gg gq og 0g 08 nreseress {M07 U0WL
w 00g 0% 00 00 09t | 0008 | 00S OOZE “*""""*") 09 0F ag 0) “tt (SI9UL0S UO
| 009 009 | 0 00 09E | 000SE 00ST 00 ZI 99 Ov 09 g8 treet ‘@0TUOHL
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= | (90 00% OOF 0008 [**''t"t} 00 00L | 00GE 00 OT | O91 0g OF 09 03 vite wea
[1G 80 i ee 00 08 wenn wees 00 OST 00 ¢ 00 ral fess . eg OP ee G), oo Supw0oAT
Be | 789 09 009 | 000F | 90G2t | 0009F 009f 00 FF | o9l <9 OF 09 98 ttt ‘gusoznrT
ce | 80 seteneceiersstees) 00 OF | 00 GLE | 00 09T | 00 ST | 00 Zr | Og a9 OF 39 g usual
< | 90 00S | 09% | 00S | 00ST | OOF | ODOT OSE |*"****"") Gg OF gq SL "tt ‘uouegeT
Oo | 90 00F OFF 000F OOSLE | OOSEE OOFT 00 SE 09 OF 09 08 ‘qouaIMYT
| 90° oo OOF | 000F | 0008L | OOSEE | COST COZ | "| 99 ov | sg GL ‘+ ‘daqsvouery
Qo |s 09 O00F | 000F 00 SL 00 0st | 00%T | OOTT | S93 | 09 oy 09 00 T BuUueMeyourTy
90 00F OS '| 0098 C0 0ST | 0OSEE | ODOT 008 | 09 ¥ | 09 Ge og | ; : trees “eyerune
wo 09% | Off | 0068 OO SLE | 000IT | OOFT 00eT | OS 09 | «OF 03 ara nies eS STs TS CC ane ae
10 009 | 09% | 0098 00 OFF | OOOFL | OOIT | 006 | of | 09 - | OF | 0g OL veces Ceuerpul
80 109% | 098 | 008% OO S2r | 00S2E | OOZT | OOOT | OF | Oo | 08 | 09 OL _, uopsununty
90 |00% | 008 | 0098 | OO09t | 00 0ST | OOSE | OOO |"; OL | OF | sg 99 trrrtt “guar
10 | 00% | 08% | 0008 | 0008E | OOSet | OO Zt O00T | 05 | 09 a nrrees OTN
10 | 009 | 09% | 0098 | 000ST | 0009 | OOZE | 006 .\""**""") 9G | 08 | o2 | gb fees UypTU eT
L0 oo | 008 | 0098 O00 G1T | 00 0ST | 00ST | 00 8T | Se o9 | | & Sh | 08 | 38210
ny 009 | 00% | O00F | 00 09T | 00 O9T | 00 LT | OO FT | 09 a 09 OL eas JoyeAB
) 02% | 00% | 0098 | 00 09 | OO SE | 00.Z~ | 00 Or | 08 09 Ob 9g gy TRI abet setts OMtGgr
80 00% | 08& | o00F j"7"'*"| 00 act | 09 9T | 00 HT | 02 ob | 09 99 95 pee meee §IA
~ | 60 009 | 002 | 0059 | 9 St | 00 Get | OO ST | OO ST fr) ****| OL 0b gq gL ‘it fereazped
- | 80 029 | 08% | 000F | 00 09t | 00 O8t | OO FT | 00 ar | $8 9g 88 og 08 1. ‘urqdaed
‘ S 7 00s (03% |o0s | 00st | oo Or | 00 Ft | OOOT (**'***"! O8 98 09 OL Puvpiequind

7 ,
ae i i a i eee ed ek a i .— ’ a. oe. _— —

Off. Doc.

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

68

90 os tT | 0& 16 09 OT or ) 10 90 COne ee 09 vag 81
10 or 2 | OF og Cy 6) 60 | 60 10 Dik peBeepeus | 06 ¥L SI
904 00 T 8@ $6 09 | 80 G0 G0 | 80 09 cot | SF OL él
90 03 T &% a 4S] | 90 90 SO | 80 GL cS T. cy oT cT
90 06 1 93 rad 0g | OT OL 60 80 00 T 0g T OF ae cT
90 eed a i 36 09 | 80 90 10 een” [MOUNT Gz T Og OL ss}
90 0S T 83 G6 gg | 80 80 | 80 60 oT tT ST cP OT oT
LO 0S 08 cS 0) 60 60 | OL OT COL 0raL os TL LT
SO SZ T 8% 06 09 OL 90 | 0 80 CONE OOSE 0g OL oT
90 OF T 0& GG gs OT 80 | LO | OF OF ost | 09 $1 cr
90 og T vas 06 0g 50 80 | 80 | 80 gL 0S T OF OL tL
90 Tk Bes 8@ co 09 60 80 90 | 90 00 T 00 T cL eT LT
10 aie AILS GS Sg as or 80 (1) aid, ba a se") G8 GL rae LT
90 0S @ 83 ¢ $9 Or or | OL | OT 06 003 | 09 6L 81
90 Seer as &% g¢ OL 90 | 80 | $0 Scuk |; Ogs. 0g Kas 9T
0 Get | 6 0S GL OL Ot | OL | 90 0S Cea estes I PL
GO 0OOT | 83 ¥G 0g | 80 90 80 | SO ¢9 | 06 | SF OT FL
90 Gt | 9% 6% 0s | SO C0 80 80 08 0S T cP or 8T
90 OL T | 8 3 g9 | LO 90 40 10 gh GT cg OL cT
90 09 T 8@ GG 0g | SO c0 90 i) edie sat deal lee sell, OL ST
90 0s T 8Z rd i) ot or or | OL | OFT GT c9 &T 8T
10 og tT | 92 ¥G 09 | 80 60 80 | 80 OL T GL | Sg TL 9T
90 Oo T | & 9% 09 Or LO 80 | OT OF T 00 @ cL vas ST
£0 0$ | 08 0o$ | Zz 0$ | 03 of | gS O$ | 20 og | G0 0$ | 90 0$ | 90 0$ | sh 0$ | 09 of | 09 0$ | OL O$ | FT OS
1
ta loa) lon) Q
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8 5 ay FF Fe Ps ¢ ey a 8 f 5 2 3 3 3. 6.
ig) 5 el : f @ @ EF iB ie 5 5 a 5 > ea ra
S 8 : g 5 S o o re in ‘ > th a ®
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3 i ic} ct [= 3 3 2 ee 4 > 3 al 5 # ue
® i 4 2 }° ® & ° eR © © 3 I
g 3 c 5 = 5 4 cs) i @ Ge) 3 5 A © 4 is a
3 St ° th 3 3 Cima eas ‘ 5 2 o 5 < 4
c : N is) ° 9 ce] oS S = o Ish 2 a
i=) © ® r=] SI icy o S| 2 3 n c ae ol n
3 ho] 5 4 . 5 3 = 4 SS i=] 4 > n n i) O
a © 3 a or a © Ge © =e © a
: a ro) = . : = 2 rel bal S = ©, ic} ‘
oD S| S 9 o & ra] : C=) ; =
fe} 2 2 + : e & S ®
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‘ponuyju0o—906T UO LHOdHU dOUD

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

| { | |

| 8L Of “%o8 90 0 | os 18 | uz 0f | ez ot | 09 of | go 0$ | 20 08 | 200¢ | 2008 | 06 $8 | OUTS, | Sa08) las” | or Of |) * See seeeeeeniee ce seeGerenenty,
here OW memiiadOee RCs ine Nee tee 4s0% | 10 80 9 |c |o. | set | o9 or or Bp pe ase (says
poses Oe | 11/00 OPE eigen lever eco 80 10 86 | 8 «=| OT «| OT | 08 ar oI vers SUTULOA AA
[zeae hog Lee Wesco lpn Go aioe veledr ie 60 | 8 | 0or | oor | 99 I OL ‘pure [oto }se MA
WUGOCOLBG) 90 | Ge I GZ | 08 | @g | Or 80 ony jaessceicasist2 ey Pecasoaoa wie Il 91 sieleieieieisial STATE IAAL
Seu ue ogies rls, (unoun’ bg poke Sasi IE 10 S00 g GOee 00 caer aL Or a1 CELL CLING
9% | (90 ZT | 92 wz =| 08 80 ZO) |cB0ee REO | Veale =e dbnre a lhcy, Or er SCC
| ¥ hoi Ve] ORR G gt bad 9 86 | 0 8 lOoe 20. (|g oor | %& 60 oL nreses ‘oguBUeA
hes aa aOcauecOmeme | OMT. || ya 0 =| 0S 0 9 =| «90 0 | OL oor | & or #I eeaiaeed | Smor ia)
g Cer ac0Gee noir eee keen el 08 10 90 80 co | (06 oOL OF 60 ai esos) aS ONT,
HRSG cy ena srt | 9% Fd cg 80 ih 80 BO ge OO Ee dee a0 OL a ‘euuvyonbsng
41 08 Gomer exe a e109, | 80 90 10 | 0 GD oot OF g0 | SL vereess AUBATTING
Ree a 90 | ser | 9 0 | 09° | 20 0 0 | 80 GL a 08 ge at nos Gastaulog
| a Bee ego | NOL te |] ite wz | 09 Ww | 80 90 On ame ton OT | oF | 60 ra tresses | GapAug)
REET Gy 5 tee ite cad °9 OL 90 90 0 aT | o9t | 09 | or | st moss STpyAnyos
leeaeeee ae? slieag oot | 8 & OF 10 90 8080 068 08 op =| 60) | HL esa sidt) ASHI OE
Ceres rea: elleOdup oy me, N20) 60 80 90 L0 GD oor | 9) = | OF WI Sse tas che Sear ED
elererarai’ "| 28 | 10° AA AGALICC e 92 06 Po sieieeicin lenin seine eeeeey se Ssisevciee sanaisicee: Secereee: OF ra | ST a wiydepelyd
‘Te | 90 oor | zz 02 09 80 10 90 80 a) CL 0s me or ee ae a Ae
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“| 98 90 eT | $2 &% Gg OL 60 80 | 90 oor | Ser | 08 or | OF “* ‘10} UO,
SASSO BT as a oot | 8% cg OL 30 | 20 80 09 Cop or che = Fi gT ‘£19003 UO,
nomal ag O05. An eesce sy ng & | gg 80 80 90 £0 08 OL 0g or | & vos QOTUOTL
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Poel iog 90. | Gz 02) | 0g 80 80 80 im ost | 09 oF =| 60 | #1 tet §te019TH1
<0 | 9 8% 0g 80 @ =| $0 90 Cowie isco tc rage OL #1 ve “UBa STON
90 | | 92 G -|.400 80 60 60 80 OO Dea ess sage lor 91 "+ (SurwooArT
qo | 82 @% | OL rat 60 6 =| 20 St | OFT | OL dive alec ros ‘guaezny
so | 9% ze | (99 0 10 90 | 80 % | 00r | 0g aL OL ces ystyerT
<0 08 | 9% 09 10 80 | 90 90 09 «= | OOT | 09 ia or “ uoueqarT
90 | 93 0% g 80 90 10 w | Sb q, | 09 at a " ‘gouaIWerT
90. | & 0g ss | (90 90 SOme idee ney oor | 09 OL ¥L “+ §taysvouey
90 o | <9 ar 80 G0 Se OE | erik. 08 gt or BUUEMEOVT
so % | so | 10 @0 Ole | 907 one ok in09 OL er coe Carerunp
10 1B @% ag | OT G0 60 or |r | 2 | og rai LI “* uosTayeL
90 |} os | &% og | 20 10 9 |90 |orr | ost | se Or ST vt ‘euRrpur
Ca sae la 03 gg | (OF 80 or or OOT | 9% | 09 60 ras uopsurjunH
90 OFZ | & 0z og | OF 10 10 60 | OT | OOT | 08 OL gL sort ‘gusedy)
Gi dere Slee 0% 0g 90 “0 *0 60 i) ch 0F Or gI seseseee | CHOU
@0 OLT | &% 0% og 90 90 wo 90 GL a, | OF cai 9 fees UPC BAT
<0 00% | 8% id og OL 90 80 80 &I | 00% | 09 w sr svete *_ SAeMTOpe
Lo 02% | 08 8 om) 60 80 80 or ort | ost | Sb ¥L ST tresses 9qQahBt
90 oz | 8 ¥) =| 09 80 w 80 90 oot |o9 | og OL oT Pos a1SGE

es. °

Off. Doe.

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

70

ESSE eee

‘ponuyju0N—90éT UO LHOdHU dOUO

0S & ee) as 00 008 «=§| OST T 00 0% 00 002 00 99 00 08 Sisco) TIT OTBGOL
003 09 T | 0008 Os T | Sot 00 9T 00 O8T 00 0g OGG beat ent een eran ae ies oT oe Gone Side eine iar as eo 2 a ‘pueliaquing
0S 3 GL T | 00 00S | OST 00 T 00 02 00 O8T 0093 | 00 oF ster MIOTMBID
00 3% 0s 00 0&6 | OFT a 00 ST | 00 O8T 00 93 {as(ivete "iumears segues elles elem ee eae vec ee ‘+ *erquIN[OO
00 Z og - 00 002 «=| «S3T 00 T 00 ST , 00 O8L 00 08 | 00 0S COD OSOEIILA 3 (0th 044 £9)
0S Z gL T 00 008 «| OG T 00 T 00 92 00 0&2 0093 | 00 OF ‘pleyleslD
00 & SLT 00 0F =| «OST 00 T 00 02 00 002 00 08 00 OF <=) WORUBTS)
00 00 @ 00 0f = =6OS T | oot 00 02 00 912 00 Og 00 $9 ‘19]s9U)
00 Z os T | 00 0F% | ST 00 T 00 02 00 O38 00 OF 00 ¢¢ SOOEELED oh Tyo)
00 € 00 @ 00008 | OST | 00 T 00 SZ 00 002 00 SF | 00 $9 ‘uoqaeD
00 & 00 @ 00 098 | os T Ort 00 92 00 083 00 02 00 S& ‘uo19UIeD
00 $ gL T | 00.098 | 09 T g@ T 00 S& 00 Ore 00 S& 00 09 “SBLIQUIeD
og & 02 | 00 098 | OS T GT 00 92 00 OF6 00 0& C10) eel eee ais OPI TR SOIR 2S 4S Saha Oe ee he eal ee eR am rae SS ‘lang
00 € GLI | 00 098 | 0g T GZ T 00 06 | 00 00% 00 gg 00 $8 ‘syond
0g @ os Tt | 00 ose «=| «OFT | 0OT 00 & 00 91% 00 $2 00 OF ‘proj peig
0S Z 00 @ 00 0S | SLT GT 00 2% | 00 002 00 SF OOEO0 es NOP cae ee Geen IMEC tec aati reer MO StR daichii ee eon Ce Ser eae a ‘IUIVIG
00 & Sot 00 OF gc T 00 T 00 06 | 00 O8T 00 OF CC ale | ei I ee oe oe ae eee ae ean | careers al [ys SIRI] |e eer ae uns pe RL eee Che le ‘soe
00 & 09 T 00 09% | 0g T 00 T 00 93 | 00 O8T 00 08 | 00 0F ‘paoypad
00 & gL T 00 008 =| OFT ort 00S | 00 09% 00 0 «| 0009 | s8.0$ | 82 08 | 08 g RS IES (emg Eoin oa a ae Ra Oe ‘aABag
09% 0c T 00 012 oo T 00 T 00 02 00 002 00 08 | 00 SF aneosne SicsGassoul nscuornal kaortace reese ‘Suoasulty
0S € 00 @ 00 098 og T 00 T 09 &@ | 00 0&2 00 Ss {ROD MG Te Bellic tees alt eee : 8 & vé ‘Aus Sally
00 2$ 0g T$ 00 og2$ | 62 1$ 00 T$ 00 8I$ | 00 OST$ OOUSSS Sr |OONSES yu |hes ncaa G7T OS GCL OS eG O Stet eon Oise | macemacaiacieen nie eect man ‘SULEDY
ae =
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eae os 4 Z g 3 B 5 Cees sles ole weer lamer
of 4 5 5 @ us} =} 5 roy 7 9 °
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as bay K 2 o i) oQ < 3 3
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a 3 . : i) la 3 ‘ 4 5
2 c B 4 I 8 4 real 4 F mn | 4
Bicoaralte ss : Ss 5 g = a | 2B B Belen ere
2 ©, ey 4 5. = Bt as | 2 2 a ay
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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

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ANANNNA NAA nie

No. 7.

Nl | | | |
00 008s | OF TS | or T$ 00 02s | 00 O1Z$ 00 OF$ 00 098 bE 0$ | OF OF | ZB 0S | 9% 0$ | OB LOS SSC 0S el cone pest “nate mite we COs Bowe
00 0&8 OFT | 00 T | 00 02 00 O12 00 82% | 00 cy Pb te armen ds ce rn Se ‘yHI0OX
00 008 =| OS T 9% T 00 &% 00 002 | 00 08 00 oF Sessa wenn SUT ULOAAN
00 0¢& 0s T | ST | 00 &@ | 00 OFZ 00 SF 00 08 : vests DUBTAIOUIISA AA
ooo | ost | st | 009% | o0w~ | 0003 | O48 | DOCU SGOu Aan ae ei “ees (QUABAL
00008 | 09T | ST 009% =| 00 OF | CDOS =|: OD SL Ser ok cee ea ant ell SRS ar eked Renae ‘itt “uO SUIYSB MA
00 028 «| «OST 00 T 00 02 00 OFZ 90 02 00 &8 30K beet see ee eee cease eee |i seteeereeee UrQGIe AA,
00 008 =| OST | 00 T 00 02 00 OFZ 00 06 00 0& | | ¢ : poe ‘osuBuo,
00 086 «=| Set 00 T 00 ST 00 09T 00 0S 00 08 it peo scores BERR ZOD SSE ONS th ovoy aden.
00 008 $@ T 00 T 00 02 00 Sé 00 02 00 S& Pape OR” 2 SieOar Mae AP OG Eas |e be lee ea nereieeieea SES Sa se See Olly
00096 «=| OST G6 I 00 8T 00 006 00 06 00 0& — ‘ ate stress “Buusyenbsng
00 098 =| OST 96 T 00 06 00 0&6 00 Sé 00 0S eR Soo wes
00 0S8 0s T 93 T 00 08 00 096 00 Sé 00 0S "Tt Qasraulog
00 008 = =§=6SaT 00 T 00 9T 00 006 00 Sh 00 08 svete ‘qepaus)
00 $22 «|| St T 00 T 00 9T 00 002 00 OF 00 0S ‘TIPUAnYoS
00 098 os T 93 T 00 S3 00 OF 00 92 00 OF set *199}}0d
00 096 so T 00 T 00 8 _ 00 006 00 S@ 00 OF 2 oe en eel ke
00 088 cL r 93 T 00 93 00 083 00 OL CU Ee, ees “* “erydieperyd
00 0&6 ST 00 T 00 9T 00 S/T 00 S& 00 09 A etE TS ele taots s) © ‘AIL
00 008 0s T G¢ T 00 02 00 006 00 S& 00 09 puslrequinyj10N
00 Sc8 =| OO T 00 T 00 8 00 00 00 OF 00 $S veeeees “Uo dUIBYLON
00 0&% SZ T 00T 00 81 00 O8T 00 ¢ 00 Sh weeeereeeses fINOUOW
00 008 0g T Ge T 00 S@ 00 006 00 OF 00 OL Treeseees “SI9ULOS}UOTL
00 008 0g T 00 T | 00 $2 00 002 00 9% 00 OF ee eee SOLLOTN
00 08 os T 00 T 00 02 00 008 00 3S 00 SL Ei by eet SUDA
00 008 os T 00 T 00 02 00 00% 00 08 00 0F ee i ee ee “* fa018
00 OFZ Ov T 00 T 00 8 00 SLT) | 00 08 00 SP : say tS ke See: ‘UBdsTOW
00 0¢6 9 T 00 T 00 02 00 002 00 0S 00 09 ‘SULWOOATT
00 00 os T 00 T 00 02 00 O8T 00 SZ 00 SP MERE AMAL
00 Sze sot 00 T 00 8T 00 O1@ 00 SP 00 OL Gp ystyet
00 098 og T 93 T 00 &% 00 00¢ 00 SF 00 $6 uouendqeT
00 008 =| OST | ST 00 0% 00 002 00 OF | 00 09 {20U2IMBT
00 098 os Tt | ST 00 02 00 OFZ 00 06 00 S2t GE “So sto SBOE
00 098 og Tt 2 T 00 02 00 OF% 00 S | 00 t ake COB ESE EE
00 08— | 00 T op, 00 91 seeeeeeees! gg eg | 00 OF dg on : ‘ aene eNeeaanooe ee We
00 008 gs T 00 T 00 $2 00 OT 00 08 | 00 0S ek Poe MERCER SSNS i
00 096 0S T | 0OT 00 02 | 00 008. | 00 Sg | 00 09 Ae a ee DY
00 08% 06 T | OT 00 02 | 00 O8T 00 02 | 00 0& ae ee tie roe Ck ope gO Das TCO U ES
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00 002 «=| «OO T | Gb 00 ST =| (00 O9T 00 0F 00 09 MOUNT
00 0h =| OST 00 T | 00 8T | 00 O8T 00 0F 00 0L OPA B ar
00 08h «=| SLT go T | 00 08 00 006 00 ST 00 08 beige teh
00 008 «=| «OST | ST | 00 S@ 00 OF 00 99 00 OOT ia 077 20AR HT
00 098 09 T | ZI 00 92 00 Ove 00 08 00 ¢9 BEL e ees Gua a EP 0)
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00 00F ~=«| «09 T | et 00 02 00 022 00 o8 00 O8T deeeseee [Stet ee eee eeereeeeereeeereees (QIBMBIOC

72 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

The following gives the acreage, amount produced and value of Cereals and
Hay grown in Pennsylvania; also the number and value of the different Farm
Animals, and Pennsylvania’s rank among the different states of the Union for
the various products enumerated, in the year 1905.

CEREALS, HAY AND FARM PRODUCTS.

at
:
S 00
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3) fe | 3
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{
ET yO Saoerelniave cleletalole sielsicietarcinteiiciotoisinisieicisialccrereverae 346, 265 | 5,885,505 bushels. $3, 825, 228 1st.
POCALOGSST Se risinicietse cistelnletcielinsssicleteioweniecieisteictere 253,997 22,841,780 bushels. 14, 847,124 2nd.
BUC wh eats wi rramisrereeistaraeteetelNeleteiereielelsietereceleloiarel | 232,398 | 4,647,960 bushels. 2,602,858 2nd.
Wheat, | 1,629,279 27,860,670 bushels. 24, 238, 784 8th.
Corn, | 1,441,997 (86,085,903 bushels. 30, 286, 388 11th.
Oats, 1,161,186 39,480,324 bushels. 14, 212,917 6th.
Hay, | 8,072,021 | 4,608,032 tons. 54, 973, 822 2nd.
HEE SSE Picielsinicinve oyciescivistlelere le ctatetera rele ccisiserbieivia cteveie «| cTazeicicl <leie) visieiss ecetelell Neletetepaetetefotersteseretate mia (iar ABROO OS ODO arevcrelsterstetere 5
PALO CER Soe trorarereictcisterejsvelatate el e(etaistaicisiaiercistersferetsredl eisisrstaterslelevateteieislateil etetete ereletelateleretetetetstale tee Pip ERY er bale bh easosco00 a
FARM ANIMALS.
A NR SR OE TST ERE = ———— ee
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PETONSES Mantes terainiatcielevers sists aiereleisiaielolstevolacctciotatctetotevets ayatain afetele eintetoretetelTe ster telers 656, 106 $67, 296, 787 6th.
Mules, eraieyoval ciara re ayer ohe/otarsicis larcie aveyevoTaieierolaretateietercle a taleratsiee ieiaieiaclctane Onions 40,459 4,302,002 18th.
VEITCH COWS tice snsmacmienile ts cocesicinioeecisenice satpro eiceierieieteaiey | 1,097,580 37, 647, 337 3rd.
Other cattle 867,48 . 15,093,386 17th.
Sheep, .... 1,102,058 5, 102,529 8th.
LORS ie ne 999, 686 8, 447,313 12th.
18100018 «Ao BRC AG Coa AOB CORO LRG a nd obanoducs De totocadate ca eaonel borane dp ounen ce 4,483, 486 4th.
PROUD a araters cishsrstanereis sateisiayesesote e cteyaistelsiatere etree MI eT ets TPN aR ieeceeoe ee $142;;872; 840) [Sec crieectee

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 73

The following comparison of these tables for the past four years
shows an almost uniform advance in the various products of Penn-
sylvania :

TABLE OF ‘COMPARISON.

1902. | 1903. | 1904. 1905. 1906.
|

oe _ — | | al | eae _
SUVIILG AiG ciara) ctaie'e)e\eLeleteleiais\ele/-\ele/»|«1e]-i=invialeleivinlole'sisieis\«1%\e | $0.78 $0.75 $1.08 $0.83 $0.78
COL, ..-ceecessesecsees mC O19 45 | 57 | 62 57 55
Oats, ..-..sesereee 37 | 41 44 yi 40
ina uae ne Ceeee | 3 60 10 “63 Fe

wheat, oy 57 : 56 58
tuck clover, 9.43 11.40 10.50 10.00 | 11.00
Hay, timothy, 10.47 14.00 12.00 | 12.00 | 13.50
HOOrsesS, AVETAGC, ..eseee eee eee e cece eee teeee 84.00 115.00 120.00 131.00 | 145.00
MUIeGS, AVETAZC, cecc ccc cc certs esecenecceccscens 77.00 120.00 125.10 139.00 155.00
Cosine CA soy, Noonesbedecoadspaeecopecscaaace 28.00 33.00 35.00 | 85.00 | 3800
TUAMDS, AVETALS, 2. cccccccweecsesecccs cron ceres 2.76 3.50 3.50 | 3.95 | 4,15
BIWES, AVELALE, -.. cers ceerecececreccreeeessece i 2.81 3.45 3.50 | 4.10 | 4.50
Steers, fat, per pound, .......--...-++-.--00e- 05 04 0416 04 | “05
Steers, for feeding, per pound, ............ -08 08 03% 03 04
Swine, shoats. per pound, .....-...++...-+0- -06 -06 .06 05 | (6
oes tat, per pound, 2.0... | -06 06 0644 | 106 | 17
Chickens, dressed, per pound, 36 11 14 13 | | 5
Chickens, live, per pound, 08 10 -10 10 | 11
Apples, per bushel, ............ 35 50 44 70 "55
Peaches, per basket, ............ .15 1.15 82 90 1.10
Pears, per bushel, ........cccscccssccecsncess 81 -98 .94 90 | “90
PIMMIS DEL QUATE, cies cic siciewicisiricisiesisin s sninclesiele 06 07 | 08 | 07 | ‘07
TERT LES Cm ISOT MOLT E, Mete/efele aivisraralatsielelete(nie)alvievsloiaiels 06 .08 | .08 | 08 | “07
Blackberries, Per QUATT, L200. cece eecemciens 07 07 | 08 | 07 “07
IRASPDELVICS, SDE QUAIL, creliaiais nicielelcise cle cis lnele 08 08 09 08 | “08
IPGEALOES eo DCr DUSMEL) see c cies ceteris « caw sie sles ele 50 58 52 | “59 60
Butter, per pound, at STONO UMS ch cee clrtateels 18 .24 «on 22 | p98
Butter, per pound, at market, .............. 22, 24 | 24 25 “97
Milk, wholesale, per 100 pounds, ........... 1.16 1.41 | 1.50 1.30: | 1°50
MiGHi srastEnil forsake her, Aa gbopo pe aoOouOOORop 05 -05 | 05 Nin | 66
Eggs, per dozen, Soma cre tee 18 22 24 | 24 25
Wool, short, unwashed, . Sse 16 18 sea | 25 25
Wool, short, washed, ..... 17 24 .28 31 30
Wool, medium, unwashed, ol 18 | 22 26 | 28
Wool; medium); washed, <2 2... 2c6.. ce. cee ee .20 .25 30 | 39 =)
Wioolt, lonley Unwashed =< eGie eves cele ccs crac cveie ais Loe | 59S 29 “39
WWwetil, \wyzllaol, sooeaSunsdnscoscoospgcueDDEDeoT 24 25 | 381 .34 Bh
Farm land, improved, value per acre, ..«... 49.00 56.50 | 57.00 55.00 | 60.00
Farm land, value per acre, average, ...... 33.00 39.00 37.00 35.00 | 40.00
Farm wages by year, with board, ......... 153.00 187.00 | 185.00 190.00 210.00
Farm wages, summer months only, ....... | 17.00 20.00 | 20.00 19.00 20.00
Farm wages, by day, with board, ........ 86 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.10
Farm wages, by day, without board, ...... eae 1.40 1.35 1.35 1.40
Farm wages, whole year, cae board,. 196.00 280.00 | 300.00 295.00 300.00
Farm wages, harvest, by day, ............. 1.23 bo | 1.60 1.60 1.65
Farm wages, household ele “female, Sot 2.05 2.35 2.50 2.50 2.50

AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES.

A word of commendation is due the management of the County
Agricultural and Horticultural Societies of the State in, that former
objectionable amusements have been practically eliminated from
these exhibitions and greater encouragement and larger premiums
offered for farm products and animal entries; also the employment
of expert judges to pass upon the merits of the various exhibits
is rapidly becoming a means of educating the farmer as to the points
of merit in the articles placed in competition,

The attendance for 1905 was 975,100, previous year 1,267,803, mak-
ing a decrease of 292,703; total membership, 11,015, previous year,
10; 13, making an increase of 502; paid-up membership fees,
$7,530.00, previous year, $1, 392.15, making a decrease of $3,862.15;
amount paid in premiums, $116,093.32, previous year, $101, 326. 46,
making an increase of S14 5166.86; amount offered premiums this
year, $143,460.00, previous year, $102,100. 00, making an increase of
$41,360.00.

6

Off. Doc.

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

74

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75

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

No. 7.

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ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

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No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 17

CONCLUSION.

The institutes have been, in a measure, handicapped the past
four years for want of funds sufficient to carry on the work ina
manner commensurate with the demands of the times or conditions
surrounding agriculture in the different counties of the State. With
the increased cost of travel, hotel rates, increased at least 30 per
cent. above that of previous years, we find it impossible to meet the
demands for more competent instructors and added number of
meetings, with the appropriation granted heretofore; hence we ear-
nestly voice the will of the more than a million of farmers’ of Penn-
sylvania in asking that Fifty Thousand dollars be appropriated to
the Division of Farmers’ Institutes for the coming two years.

Very Respectfully,
A. L. MARTIN.
Director of Institutes.

78 ANNUAL RWPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

REPORT OF THE DAIRY AND FOOD
COMMISSIONER.

Harrispure, Pa., December 31, 1906.
Hon. N. B. Critchfield, Secretary of Agriculture, Harrisburg, Pa.:

Dear Sir: I have the honor to transmit to you the annual report
of the Dairy and Food Division of the Department of Agriculture,
the same representing in a measure, a brief synopsis, in somewhat
epigrammatical form, some of the work and features incidental
to the operations of the fourth year of my official term under the
present administration.

Tt is almost needless to explain that the active policy inaugurated
at the commencement of my term of office has not at any time been
permitted to lag nor relinquish, although the enforcement of our
tried and beneficial dairy and food legislation now on the statutes
met with even greater resistance and more complicated legal ob-
structions than at any previous period since their enactment.

In view of the large number of prosecutions which were brought
throughout the various counties of the Commonwealth, this devel-
opment was not at all surprising. Generally speaking, the press
and the public supported and encouraged the campaign for pure food
and genuine dairy products, consequently there are no apologies to
offer at this time.

That the present market conditions, without exceptions, show
that the adulterated, counterfeit, deleterious and illegal food and
dairy products are far less common than formerly, so far as Penn-
sylvania is concerned, is self evident, and that those who manufac-
ture such goods naturally oppose the laws cannot be controverted.
Time and practical experience developed the necessity for this rigid
enforcement of the law, but the main effort was to protect the con-
sumer against illegal products, while all concerned were accorded
fair and impartial consideration, whether retailer, jobber or man-
ufacturer. There were no set or fixed rules and regulations formu-
lated for the benefit of any class, and as the records of the past
year will prove, the several laws placed under the jurisdiction of
the Dairy and Food Division were enforced in their entirety, and
according to the interpretation originally intended by the Legisla-
ture. In other words, it did not appear proper nor wise to add to
nor detract from their intended meaning and power by adding a
code of rules of perhaps doubtful propriety.

DIFFICULTIES IN ENFORCING FOOD LAWS.

While possibly the bulk of the legitimate trade were willing and
rendered invaluable help and support, another class of producers
remained antagonistic. This is a natural sequence, and it would be

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 19

possible to present a list of considerable magnitude representing cer-
tain firms and individuals who were driven from the markets of
Pennsylvania, because of the persistency with which dealers hand-
ling such inferior and adulterated products were prosecuted by the
State authorities. They learned and fully understood that such for-
bidden articles had no legal status in Pennsylvania.

RETAIL MERCHANTS’ OBJECTIONS TO THE LAW.

The retail merchants of Pennsylvania have entered strenuous
protests against the enforcement of the Pure Food Act of June 26,
1895, claiming that the jobber or manufacturer should in all cases
be regarded as the violator of the law and subjected to its penalties,
since the small dealer had no way to determine the purity of the
goods handled by him. While this argument: is plausible, such re-
tail dealers could very readily purchase under a written guarantee
as to the purity and legality of the merchandise sold to them for re-
tailing, and in that manner secure immunity against financial loss,
and at the same time ha’'ve the indirect assurance of increased purity
and a higher standard of merit.

The purity and wholesomeness of foods sold in Pennsylvania has
undoubtedly shown a remarkable change for the better as compared
with the conditions which existed four years ago. If other States
wilfully enact laws which are detrimental to public health, or if
good laws are neglected through their non-enforcement, this
Commonwealth will positively continue its present activity so long
as may be necessary.

NATIONAL FOOD AND DRUGS ACT.

The enactment of a National Pure Food and Drugs Act has
brought a new issue, and while many of its leading features par-
take largely of the Pennsylvania Pure Food Law, approved June
26, 1895, this Commonwealth will continue its present policy until
the present law is repealed or supplemented by other pure food legis-
lation. It is probable that the laws will be amended or modified dur-
ing the legislative session of 1907, as various important commercial
interests are already clamoring for such changes as would make the
Pennsylvania law conform more strictly with the National statute.
This movement may not strengthen or improve conditions, so far
as the consumer is concerned, and a cautionary signal is therefore
not inappropriate. The National authorities might be able to ren-
der help, so far as standards for foods are concerned, but it is not
at all probable that the present efficicacy of the State’s legislation

would be advanced by the proposed new laws, excepting perhaps , in
protecting retailers.

NEED FOR PHYSIOLOGICAL TESTS.

One of the important and needful requirements of pure food de-
votees are more physiological tests to establish the harmfulness or
wholesomeness of food products. The National Government estab-
lished a series of experiments, with results that have only awakened
an increased interest, which fact bodes well fer the success of future
experiments and researches. That the continued use of chemical pre-
servatives and coal tar dyes is injurious to health cannot be success-
fully controverted. Both human beings and animal life of ‘the low-

80 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

er orders responded with almost invariable direful effects where such
experimentation was made. The use of alleged “harmless” coloring
material in articles of food was especially prolific of unfavorable phy-
siological results, and too much caution can scarcely be exercised.

The several chemists of the Dairy and Food Division will probably
make a thorough investigation into the use of the coloring materials
commonly employ ed by manufacturers of food and ar ticles of drink
in the near future. A classification of the poisonous and non-pois-
ousness groups of colors and dyes—whether mineral or vegetable,
could not be otherwise than helpful and valuable.

LEGAL MEASUREMENT OF MILK.

During the past year a considerable correspondence was created
relative to the subject of the proper standard measurement of milk
and cream. The producers of South eastern Pennsylvania were
especially emphatic in their denunciation of dairymen and dealers
who insisted in demanding dry measure when purchasing their
supplies, while they sold only by liquid measures, that is, 231 cubic
inches per gallon, thus re ealizing a very large gain in this difference
alone. That such action is unjust and irregular, ‘to use mild lan-
guage, is very clear, and it is to be earnestly hoped that the next ses-
sion of the legislature will enact a law that will remedy the wrong,
and give to all parties concerned just and legal measure. False
weights and measures are an abomination, dating back to Biblical
days, and they should not be tolerated now. Another imposition that
is largely practiced even where least suspected is the too common
use of short measure bottles by dairymen in dispensing milk and
cream.

ORDERING SHORT MEASURE MILK BOTTLES.

The manufacturers of bottles have carefully graded their goods,
and the milkmen simply indicate when ordering stock whether they
desire regular quart and pint size bottles, or those containing any-
where from one-half to three ounces less than the legal quart meas-
ure. Though in blissful ignorance, the consumer is defrauded, and
in the aggregate, pays a homage to the dishonest dealer that is very
considerable, indeed. This is another wrong that requires attention
at the hands of the Legislature.

THE USE OF SUGAR SUBSTITUTES.

The continued use of imitation sugar products has been brought to
the attention of the Dairy and Food officials at more or less regu-
lar intervals. Saccharin and other sugar substitutes, said to be
“more than 550 times sweeter than sugar,” are used only too freely
by manufacturers of soft drinks and certain canned vegetables. As
coal-tar derivatives, such “sweeteners” are pronounced by those re-
garded as high authorities as being not only deceptive but positively
harmful.

It is proper to state that the Dairy and Food authorities of Penn-
sylvania have never sanctioned the use of such articles. Their use is
urged on the plea of economy, and the consumer too often encour-
ages it to his own detriment, because of the inordinate desire to pur-
chase too cheaply, and regarding quality of only secondary or minor
importance.

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 81

PURITY AND HIGH QUALITY OF MILK.

The thousands of samples of milk and cream which were analyzed
by our chemists during 1906 show that the use of chemical preser-
vatives in dairy products is now a rarity in Pennsylvania. In 1903,
the conditions were vastly different, as a very large proportion of the
milk and cream samples were found to be illegal, containing formal-
dehyde, boracic acid, or were skimmed, watered or colored. The
crusade for pure and wholesome milk, continued during the entire
term of the present Dairy and Food Commissioner, has “produced a
most salutary effect, as the present reports of our chemists attest
in unmistakable terms.

Another feature of the examination into the milk supplies of
Pennsylvania that has already been too long neglected, is the sani-
tary condition of the herds, stables and persons from whom such
_ supplies are received. This is a vastly important question, and it is
also to be hoped that provisions for making proper bacteriological
tests may be made at an early date. The requisite instruments
could be added to the State Chemical Laboratory at Harrisburg
at a small cost. It is important to the consumer to know whether
the milk coming to his table is produced by healthy and well-fed
cows, and whether, bacteriologically, it is clean, dirty or absolutely
filthy and dangerous. The additional expense ‘connected with the
work, as compared with the value received, would be but trifling,
and amply compensate for the acquisition of the much-needed instru-
ments.

NEED FOR CHEESE LEGISLATION.

The cheese law now on the statutes has not been as effective in
producing good results as its framers had anticipated. This is due
to several causes. Its phraseology is considered as faulty, and its
provisions are not in accord with the present requirements.

It is further asserted that neighboring cheese producing districts
have better and more efficient cheese regulations. The fact that
not a single prosecution under the present cheese law was instituted
in Pennsylvania during the year just ending forms its own commen-
tary. The Commissioner is desirous of havi ing enacted a proper
and judicious new cheese law, and would not be averse to a repeal of
the present law, since it is only cumbering law books and serving
no practical purpose. The average quality of cheese is beyond crit-
icism, but it is but proper that consumers should not be taxed ex-
treme prices for skimmed or low grade cheese when paying for the
highest grade full cream quality.

LARD LAW MUST BE OBSERVED.

The manipulation of lard at the hands of unscrupulous packers
and dealers has again been prolific of many complaints. Consumers
will not knowingly buy adulterated or compound lard at the price of
pure fat of swine. The compound lard law is still in full force and
effect, and if such grade of lard is handled, all concerned must fully
comply with its requirements. Pure lard must not contain any for-
eign material, whatever. The use of stearine, tallow, etc., is pro-
hibited, unless in compound goods, and when properly labeled in
compliance with the law. Chemical tests to determine the purity

6—7—1906.

82 ANNUAL R@PORT OF THE Off. Doe.

of the lard sold in Pennsylvania will be made more or less regularly,
and it is therefore of special importance that the trade should exer-
cise prudence in buying and selling the article to avoid legal com-
plications.

THE VINEGAR LAW OF PENNSYLVANIA.

The much discussed and imperfectly understood vinegar law of
Pennsylvania caused annoyance and discomfiture in many directions.
That part of the Act relating to distilled vinegar, prescribing a
standard of acetic acid, ete., was confused with that portion re-
ferring to fruit or cider vinegar. As a result, fruit-growers and
farmers wrote letters to this Division demanding information, and
asserting that merchants would not buy their product, except under
a guarantee as to acidity and solids, which they could not give, hav-
ing no means of ascertaining same. The plain facts as to the sale
of fruit vinegar demand no hardship on the part of the producer.
If the vinegar is the product of the pure fruit juice, and if no water
or chemical substances were added or introduced, the farmer and
merchant can sell such vinegar with entire freedom and without
fear of prosecution. This information should be disseminated in
every fruit growing section of the State, as it concerns the financial
interests of all those who may be interested in the manufacture and
sale of pure fruit vinegar. Copies of the amended law can be had
upon application to the Dairy and Food Commissioner.

THE SALE OF RENOVATED BUTTER.

The high prices of butter prevailing throughout 1906 resulted in
the sale of an increased amount of renovated butter, and a corres-
ponding increase in the number of applicants for license certificates
from prospective dealers who desired to comply with the Pennsylva-
nia statute governing its sale. It is manifest, however, that there
are still a considerable number of dealers who will strain their con-
science by selling renovated butter for creamery butter, and thereby
make an increased profit by such deception. If the Federal and State
laws are complied with, the government tax stamp will be found on
the original package, while the pound packages will also bear the
imprint, “Renovated Butter,” thus indicating its true character to
the buyer. All food products of whatsoever description should be
sold for what they are. It has again been intimated that the “trust”
would make a vigorous attack on the renovated butter law at the
next session of the Legislature to nullify its more rigid require-
ments; but it is not at all probable that the dairy interests could be
deceived by sophristy, or that they_would allow any material change
to be made in the law which has been tried and not found wanting.
The dairy interests must and will continue to receive protection in
Pennsylvania.

THE-USE OF CORN-OIL IN OLEOMARGARINE AND LARD.

Maize, or corn oil, as it is better known, is a by-product in the man-
ufacture of starch and glucose. Its physical and chemical properties
and constitutents are said to be such that it is now being more
or less used as an adulterant in lard. Just at this writing, Prof. C.
H. LaWall, of Philadelphia, a chemist in the employ of the Dairy
and Food Division, reports that he has detected corn oil in oleomar-

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 83

garine. He is of the opinion that it was used for the purpose of
imparting to oleomargarine a color to make it resemble in appear-
ance the tint of yellow butter. The oleomargarine in which the
corn oil was discovered was of a deeper shade of yellow than the
common color of the article, although taxed by the government at
the minimum rate of one-fourth cent per pound, while regularly col-
ored oleomargarine, whose sale is entirely prohibited in Pennsylva-
nia, is taxed ten cents per pound. Prof. La Wall will make further
and more extensive researches into the subject, when the results
obtained will be published in detail.

The corn oil industry is of but recent origin, and its possibilities,
if used for the several purposes indicated, would certainly be great
and far reaching. The oil has a golden yellow color, a pleasant
grain-like odor and an agreeable taste.

THE QUESTION OF A MILK STANDARD.

Frequently attention has been called to the alleged so-called
“scientific manipulation” of milk on the part of large producers as
well as owners of large dairy depots. While certain high grade
herds owned by such persons yield milk of exceptional quality and
richness, with butter-fat averaging as high as five per cent., the
milk is said to receive the aforesaid “scientific treatment” until the
fat contents are reduced to three per cent. As Pennsylvania has no
fixed standard, and milk from ordinary cows and under common con-
ditions will hardly average much above three and one-half per cent.
butter-fat, the “scientific” manipulator regards himself as being
within the confines of ordinary requirements of law and safe from
prosecution. Under the special process, an additional profit amount-
ing to fifty dollars on a single cow, per year, is not impossible, with
the present high prices for milk. It is not unlikely that some means
will be devised to prevent this questionable method of profit taking.
City and borough ordinances can be enacted to meet this new condi-
tion, while State legislation would also be helpful. On this sub-
ject the following explanation is pertinent:

“Whole milk generally has a specific gravity at 66° F. between
1.029 and 1.033. Exceptionally rich milk with a high percentage
of fat, however, may have a specific gravity lower than 1.029, and
by that test alone would be unjustly condemned. Addition of water
to milk lowers, and skimming raises, the specific gravity. Low per-
centages of fat, solids not fat, and total solids, and low specific grav-
ity indicate that the milk has been watered, but when a deficiency
of fat and total solids is associated with a normal percentage of sol-
ids not fat and a high specific gravity, the milk has probably been
skimmed. Samples which have been both skimmed and watered and
which are very deficient in fat and solids may have a normal spe-
cific gravity, as the two operations have opposite effects on this phy-
sical property of milk.

There are then, two reasons why a sample should not be judged
by its specific gravity alone: first, exceptionally rich milk might be
condemned, and second, milk which has been both skimmed and wat-
ered might pass as genuine. Taken in connection with the results
of chemical analysis, the determination of specific gravity is, how-
ever, of great value.”

84 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

IMPROVEMENT IN QUALITY OF FRESH MEAT.

The numerous tests and analyses made of samples of Hamburg
steak, fresh sausage and fresh meat clearly indicated the usefulness
and beneficial results attained through last year’s investigation into
the use of sulphites and boric compounds as meat preservatives.
Besides using sulphurous acid in meat products, as a preservative,
it also served as a deodorizer, thereby concealing incipient putre-
faction. Although certain practices were sanctioned by the trade
and to a limited extant by National and State rulings, the Dairy and
Food Division of Pennsylvania could not consistently disregard the
law, nor evade the duty which was enjoined by official oath. After
numerous prosecutions were brought to a successful termination, a
better feeling existed among the trade and consumers were protect-
ed and no longer deceived by the imposition of meat which had al-
ready become discolored, swarming with bacteria, and, by chemical
treatment, restored to its former fresh appearance and sweet odor,
The analytical reports show the absence of these deleterious chem-
icals, and as a result, there are but few prosecutions, as the law is
not only strictly interpreted but vigilantly enforced. ‘Where con-
sumers are doubiful as to the quality of the bright, red Hamburg
steak displayed by the butcher, it may be advisable to either chop
the meat themselves or else have it done by the butcher in your
presence.

SALE OF ADULTERATED COD FISH.

During the year ending, a large number of prosecutions were di-
rected to be brought against retail merchants charged with the
sale of adulterated shredded cod-fish. The samples represented the
output of various firms. Upon analysis, they were found to contain
a large percentage of boric acid, thus placing the article under the
ban of the pure food law. While a large majority of the dealers
believed that they had a legai right to sell such goods, the fines and
costs in most instances were paid without recourse to court trials,
as it was fully established by expert testimony that the abnormally
high percentage of the preservative used rendered the fish positive-
ly harmful to health.

The National government has been urged to formulate rules rela-
tive to the curing of fish, and prescribing a method whereby a chem-
ical preservative may be used during the warm season. The Com-
monwealth of Pennsylvania has a special Act of Assembly to gov-
ern the sale of fresh meat, fish, game, etc., which expressly forbids
the use of chemical preservatives and coal-tar dyes.

DEMAND FOR PURE MAPLE SYRUP AND SUGAR.

An examination of samples of maple syrup revealed the fact that
the uncertain mixtures of maple and cane syrups are now being
sold for what they are and properly labeled. As a rule, these com-
pound syrups contained less than 50 per cent. of pure maple syrup,
while some brands contained a very small amount, indeed.

The maple sugar sold in Pennsylvania was found to be compara-
tively pure and free from the ordinary sugar which was so freely
employed as an adulterant a few years ago. There has been a com-
plete revision in marking and labelling maple syrup and maple su-

INO 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 85

gar, and with ordinary care, there is no reason why the consumer
should be mislead or deceived. As a result of the enforcement of
the law, there is an increased demand for pure maple syrup and the
producer of pure goods has a profitable field distinctively his own.

SALE AND USE OF COFFEE SUBSTITUTES.

The constantly fluctuating coffee market has again suggested the
use of coffee substitutes. These can be sold without interference,
provided they are not sold as coffee, and do not contain any deleter-
ious or illegal material. The branding of such coffee substitutes de-
mands special care to prevent possible trouble. An examination
was made into the purity of the cheaper grades of coffee (ground)
such as was found on sale in many groceries in package form. While
the cheaper grades of the coffee bean were roasted and pulverized,
the packages, with hardly an exception, contained nothing foreign to
the coffee bean. Of course, the percentage of caffein and tannin
was less than that found in the higher grade goods. The suspected
admixture of chicory, roasted peas, roasted rye and roasted wheat
did not materialize under the microscopic examination in as large
a degree as had been anticipated.

NEED FOR REVISED LIST OF PENNSYLVANIA CREA'MERIES.

A correct list of the creameries and cheese factories located in
Pennsylvania would prove advantageous to the Dairy and Food
Division. Such a directory was compiled and printed a number of
years ago, but it is of no practical value at this writing, because of
the numerous business changes which have taken place since it
was issued from the press. It would serve various useful purposes,
such as circulating information among dairymen, commercially and
otherwise. It is to be hoped that a revised list may be prepared and
printed during the coming year.

UNSANITARY ICH CREAM FACTORIES AND PRODUCTS.

The unsanitary condition of certain ice cream factories has at-
tracted the attention of some of the special agents of the Dairy and
Food Division. They declare that the legislature should enact strin-
gent laws covering the subject, and that they should be promptly
and rigorously enforced. It is also a well known fact that Penn-
sylvania has no fixed standard for ice cream, and that in consequence
a vast amount of stuff is manufactured and sold which is harmful
and not worthy of the name ice cream. Leading ice cream manu-
facturers claim that no ice cream should be sold that contained less
than fourteen per cent. butter-fat, while at the present ‘time, a large
portion of the so-called “ice cream” is merely a combination of
skimmed milk, starch, gelatine and dye stuffs.

The venders of “hokey-pokey”’ or penny blocks of ice cream also
impose upon the public and small children in particular a com-
pound that is not above suspicion. It is probable that this subject
will receive careful attention next summer, even though no addition-
al legislation may be enacted. It is self-apparent that there is
room for improvement along this particular line. As usual, the le-
gitimate manufacturer is in hearty sympathy with the proposed
moment to secure a better and higher grade of cream. The gen-
eral sanitary conditions and equipments where such cheap ice cream

86 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

substitutes are made, together with its too often nawleEes in-
gredients, demand special action. -

PUBLIC FAVOR PURE FOOD LAWS.

While the progress in enforcing food laws may at certain periods
appear unsatisfactory and disappointing, the fact is indisputable that
the present is the most interesting as well as most important in
the history of food legislation, notwithstanding prevailing impres-
sions in some quarters to the effect that the pure food question
has been practically settled. The active operation of laws in nu-
merous states, the organization of departments for the enforcement
of measures recently passed, and the enactment of a National food
and drug act, all combined, strongly indicate the trend of public sen-
timent. The pioneer work performed in Pennsylvania has not been
done in vain. Other states are following, and although
new and knotty problems arise and confront us almost daily, the
pathway has been cleared for renewed activity.

SELLING FILTHY AND UNWHOCLESOME FOOD.

The Dairy and Food Commissioner is of the opinion that in-
creased attention should be given to the question of more strict sani-
tation of groceries, bake shops, meat markets, truck stands, confec-
tionery stores and all other places where food products are manufac-
tured or sold. The state of affairs observed at many such places
visited is deplorable and bodes no good for the public health. While
primarily engaged in enforcing the pure food laws, these evils are
self-evident and should not be overlooked much longer. One source
of contamination are the unclean refrigerators. Exposing all kinds
of articles of food to the air, sun, dust and the attack of insects is
another evil of serious effect and importance. A visit to many of
the shops and stores located in the tenement and manufacturing
districts of Philadelphia, Pittsburg and other cities will forcibly and
amply prove the truth of these unpleasant but truthful statements.

IMPROVED STANDARD FOR CONFECTIONERY.

The long existing and well founded prejudice against the use of
harmful ingredients in the manufacture of candy bore fruit, with
the result that hundreds of dealers in impure confectionery were
arrested and fined. These candies were found to contain sulphites,
coal-tar pigments, minerals, tale and other positively harmful sub-
stances. The wholesale number of suits brought had an excellent
effect, and the candy trade has been revolutionized. Reputable
manufacturers know full well than an increased consumption of a
product depends more upon the quality and wholesomeness and pur-
ity of that product than anything else, consequently they heartily
favored the enforcement of the law. The Dairy and Food Division
was especially gratified with the aid and counsel received through
a certain portion of the trade. The time was ripe for action and
much genuine good was accomplished.

One candy firm at great expense is having all its colors tested for
arsenic and if even the minutest trace is present, they will not use
it. Others are equally scrupulous regarding the use of glucose con-
taining sulphites, and consequently we have pure and better goods.

No. 7. : DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 87

FICTITIOUS FIRM NAMES AND ADDRESSES.

While not a common practice, it has become evident that there
were food products placed upon the market which bore fictitious
names and addresses of so-called manufacturers. This caused con-
fusion and loss in several cases where the goods sold under such mis-
leading labels were found to be illegal, and their real origin could
not be traced. The National law prohibits such misbranding, and
some means should be devised to stop the practice that prevails in
this State. The question would not be of such importance if the
goods covered by the fictitious labels complied with the law. An
overwhelming majority of the manufacturers, jobbers and dealers
are determined not to handle such goods, and discountenance their
sale in every practicable manner.

PURE WATER ESSENTIAL CN DAIRY FARMS.

As the health of the public largely depends upon cleanliness, and
one of the most serious dangers is contamination of the water sup-
ply, the dairy farm is always subject to special danger because of a
crude or imperfect sewage system. If the water supply on a dairy
farm is contaminated, it is utterly impossible to produce sanitary
milk, since utensils washed in impure water will directly affect the
milk. Such infected milk will produce bowel disturbances, typhoid
fever and dysentery, while the real cause may not be suspected. As

_the health of the people, whether in the city, town or country, de-
pends so greatly upon the purity and cleanliness of the milk supply,
the legislature would act wisely if needed laws to cover a proper in-
spection of barns, herds and utensils were formulated and enacted.
The enormous mortality of infants below the age of one year forms
its own commentary. This, in a large degree, is due to the substi-
tution of artificial, or botile feeding in place of the natural process
of rearing and feeding babes. Were the milk pure and properly
treated, the artificial feeding would not be subject to such strong
condemnation, based upon careful experiments.

BAKING POWDER.

Many correspondents have applied for information regarding the
legality of baking powders, their various kinds, comparative values,
etc. Their status may perhaps be best defined by the statement
that no kind of baking powder is deemed adulterated under our
food law, providing no deleterious ingredients are used in its man-
ufacture, and no deception is practiced. While we have no special
law governing the manufacture and sale of baking powder, it might
be well to bear in mind that although a wide latitude of nomencla-
ture has been permitted, it would be wise not to misbrand nor mis-
represent such goods to 'the financial harm or detriment of the pur-
chaser and consumer.

ANALYZING FLOUR FOR INFORMATION.

Housekeepers and others have at various times asked for analyses
of samples of flour. Under the rules of the Dairy and Food Divis-
ion, such requests could not be granted, since no fund to pay the

88 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

costs of such examinations was available. Where mixtures of two
kinds of flour, such as rye with wheat flour are sold, it seems that
the flour should be labeled accordingly, in order that the purchaser
would not be deceived.

An Act of Assembly to regulate the manufacture and sale of com-
mercial feeding stuffs is now in force, and has saved thousands of
dollars for the farmers and dairymen of Pennsylvania. It is being
enforced under the direction and vigilant care of the Secretary of
Agriculture, from whom full details are obtainable. The Dairy and
Food Division has no jurisdiction over the aforesaid class of pro-
ducts, and all correspondence upon the subject is promptly referred
to the Department of Agriculture for attention.

BENEFITS OF THE “MONTHLY BULLETIN.”

The publication of the Monthly Bulletin, issued by the Dairy and
Food Division has been the means of calling attention to a large va-
riety of adulterated articles of food. It serves numerous other
purposes, among which is the fact that it cautions dealers to leave
illegal goods alone, and to demand only pure food products. The
public are thus educated, violators of the pure food laws are pun-
ished and food adulteration decreased in a corresponding degree.
This method of publicity has proven most satisfactory and afforded
valuable assistance and information to the thousands of readers of
the Bulletin. The list of persons receiving the Bulletin is con-
stantly being enlarged and practically includes all the leading firms
interested in food products. Its scope and usefulness will be still
further enlarged in the near future.

ADULTERATED MILK AT MILITARY ENCAMPMENTS.

Sutlers, commissaries and others at the several annual military
encampments of the National Guard of Pennsylvania, held at Get-
tysburg and other points, were boastful of the long-keeping prop-
erty and excellent quality of the milk and cream which they pur-
chased from local milkmen and supplied to the soldiers, as a part
of their regular dietary. An official visit by special agents of the
Dairy and Food Division and the purchase of samples of milk and
cream followed, with the result that the chemists pronounced many
samples as being heavily “doped” with formaldehyde, a dangerous
procedure, since a number of officers and privates were made ill
through the continued use of such drugged milk during the term
of the encampment. Arrests followed, and in some cases the de-
fendants appealed to court, with the result that they were con-
victed and heavy fines and costs imposed by the judges. This work
received the highest commendation.

DIMINISHED NUMBER OF VIOLATIONS AND SUITS.

The Dairy and Food Division has closely adhered to the active
policy inaugurated three years ago, and the number of prosecutions
brought during the year was only diminished because of the higher
percentage of purity found in the thousands of samples analyzed by
the chemists of the Division. Another method of procedure was to
continue and encourage the educational campaign introduced at the
commencement of the administration. Manufacturers and jobbers
were made acquainted with the requirements of the law, in the hope
that they would willingly cooperate with the officials by placing on

\

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 89

the shelves of the retail merchants only merchandise that fulfilled
the demands of law in both quality and labeling. While not as gen-
erally accepted as might have been expected, the plan was beneficial
and materi@lly helped to decrease the extent to which food adultera-
tion had formerly prevailed. The principal intentional violators of
the pure food law would not cooperate, and as a result, some of
their pairons were punished accordingly for selling illegal goods.
Some interesting facts might be incorporated into this paragraph
in connection with the experience of several firms who ignored their
plain duty towards patrons and the public.
NO JURISDICTION OVER ADULTERATED LIQUOR.

As the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania decreed that the Dairy
and Food Commissioner had no legal jurisdiction over the sale of
adulterated whiskey, brandy, wine, beer and other intoxicating li-
quor, the examination of such articles of drink was necessarily dis-
continued, notwithstanding ‘the wholesale doping and drugging
which was found to be such a common practice. So-called “artifi-
cial whiskey,” “imitation fruit brandy,” and compounds and combi-
nations of all kinds, are now being sold fearlessly and regardless of
physical results.

The special constituents of compound liquors unknown to the or-
dinary drinker, as well as neutral spirits, prune juice, bead oil, old
sherry heading, artificial fruit essences, etc., now have a larger sale
than ever before. Artificial whiskey may have a legal status under
the United States laws, but it should be sold under its true name,
which is equally true of all articles of drink which do not comply
strictly with the requirements laid down in the United States Phar-
macoepia, which demand that goods shall be strictly pure and free
from added constituents or coloring matter. Goods net conforming
should certainly be branded “Artificial Whiskey,” “Artificial Bran-
dy,” etc., as the case may require, regardless of the fact that no
State law is operative at the present time. It is confidently believ-
ed that the next Legislature will be willing to pass much needed
laws to remedy the present unsatisfactory state of affairs. The
reputable producer, whether distiller or brewer, has no uncertain
mind as to the need for a thorough regeneration of the liquor traf-
fic, so far as purity and quality is concerned. Another conspicuous
feature is the extremely wide range of the alcoholic contents found
in commercial “whiskey,” ranging from 25 to 54 per cent. Comment
is unneccessary. The work of the past in this State in suppressing
the sale of adulterated liquor was fully justified.

TESTING CONSTITUTIONALITY OF OFFICE OF DAIRY AND FOOD COM-
MISSIONER.

The Dairy and Food Commissioner of Pennsylvania is again be-
ing subjected to considerable expense for extra legal services, and
the work of the office and the special agents seriously hampered by
a writ of quo warranto, issued by certain parties, first, to test the
constitutionality of the office, and, second, to determine the consti-
tutionality of the powers of inspection which the petitioners al-
leged the respondent was exercising in the purchase and examina-
tion of food products, in order that adulterations might be de-
tected, the public protected, and the violators of law punished and

ic

50 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

restrained. The-Commissioner, while never entertaining any doubt
as to the validity of defeudant’s title to the aforesaid office, is also
deeply anxious for a judicial interpretation of the question, and it is
believed that the Supreme Court of the CommonwealtW will render
a decree at an early day. It is admitted that the Commissioner, act-
ing upon the advice and opinions expressed in sworn special agents’
reports and analytical reports, authorized the bringing of prosecu-
tions and instructed these agents and the attorneys to institute
criminal proceedings under various statutes, against retail grocers,
wholesale grocers and manufacturers, and that such parties were
mulcted in fines and costs, but, it is further claimed that all such
acts were performed within the legal rights and original meaning of
the Acts under which he received his appointment, and that such
rights and duties were performed without fear or favor and for the
public good, and for the protection of health.

NEW NATIONAL FOOD AND DRUG LAW.

The enactment of the National Food and Drug Act attracted wide-
spread attention. Hundreds of correspondents wrote to the Dairy
and Food Commissioner of Pennsylvania for copies of the aforesaid
statute, while others submitted labels, etc., to ascertain their le-
gality. The manufacturers of certain medicines, etc., were espec-
ially active in their quest for information, but as the Pennsylvania
food authorities had no control or jurisdiction over such goods, the
letters were promptly referred to the National Department or to the
State Pharmaceutical Board for consideration and reply.

Many reports published in recent years referred to the quality of
commercial drugs and drug products. . While an investigation made
by the Dairy and Food Division proved the frequency ‘of drug adul-
teration and substitution, it was also revealed that there was a mark-
ed variance in the quality of drugs sold or prescribed, even though
unadulterated. This condition is susceptible to many dangers to hu-
man life, and wherever possible the strength of the active ingre-
dients should always be ascertained whenever possible or practica-
ble. The singular and varying physiological actions of chemicals
and drugs in the human economy can frequently be traced to these
variations in quality, hence the special importance of the subject.
As already stated, the Dairy and Food Division has no legal juris-
diction over these matters, but as in all other questions of common
interest, will afford such information and assistance as may be prac-
ticable. The importance of using only pure drugs is obvious.

DECREASED SALES OF OLHOMARGARINE.

The magnitude of the oleomargarine industry in the United States
is clearly shown in the following statistics published by the United
States Commissioner of Internal Revenue:

OLEOMARGARINE PRODUCTION 1888-1906.

Thc OY Ais, ce a NO ee mage ny 34,325,527
LS Die aii ae rita RLS eats Streit Ta .. 35,664,026
Te Papa ie ALS LO > Ail tee ae tit Re te eo 32,324,032

1894, ee Re sete a HO Te es ae as cto 44,392,409

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 91

TI ee BEE ORs occa 8 a es 48,364,155
is sist Seia ows 67,224,298
oS eee 69,622,246
MRE MN soar i) rth, Si Sires leek washes 56,958,105
URE Reh i cl, ES oa carey tuishen 50,853,234
Ee oo eign, cian Uiak 45,531,207
0 2 acts RR eee re rmns 57,516,136
DM es heh te oe Fay 8G. alas « 83,130,474
EB eins Dene whee eas 107,045,028
kag cs Se eS asain nents 104,943,856
ETRE SY Sea TR RO eee aca 126,316,436
SEE SG nea 71,804,102
2 ICIS Ta EE ae 48,071,480
od a aes, Se eee ees 49,880,982
MT Cy eh. oa Sadie ce at 53,146,659

ES A Se ee oe 1,208,627,919

DEFECTIVE FEDERAL OLEOMARGARINE LAW.

The federal statute relating to the manufacture and sale of oleo-
margarine is so framed that in order to secure a conviction, it must
be proven that such violation was committed “knowingly.” This
~ word must be eliminated from the statute in order to make it fully
effective, and all interested in dairying and agriculture have a joint
and mutual interest in demanding of Congress a proper modification
of the law. The Pennsylvania dairymen are already effectively or-
ganized for this purpose, and will wage a strong fight. The State
Dairy Bureau of California also objects to the federal oleomargarine
statute in addition of the objections urged by Pennsylvania officials,
in the following trite language:

“A further feature in which the Federal law has proven some-
what disappointing as a protection for butter against oleomargarine
is the attitude of the Internal Revenue Department of the United
States on the question. Although plainly enacted with a view of
suppressing the sale of oleomargarine in imitation of butter, the
revenue officials seem to view it as a “revenue” measure primarily,
and only incidentally as a protection against fraud. Hence, it
seems that they do not wish to interfere in a manner that will pre-
vent the traffic in oleomargarine, lest this source of revenue for the
Government be restricted.

In view of these facts, which have received much attention at the
hands of the dairy commissioners of the different states, it would
be dangerous to the dairy interests of a State that has imitation
butter (oleomargarine) under control to relax its hold on the situa-
tion.”

Pennsylvania has taken the initiative, and will not recede from her

demands for the equitable and proper revision of National legisla-
tion.

ARTIFICIAL COLORING AND THICKENING OF MILK AND CREAM.

Although in former years, many samples of milk and cream, when
analyzed, were found to be artificially colored or thickened, such
instances of deception and fraud are now comparatively rare in this
State. The imposition of a heavy fine and costs upon the offenders

92 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

speedily overcame this abuse. The problem received special atten-
tion, and the Dairy and Food Division looks upon this achievement
with considerable pride. The too common plan of using a “thick-
ener” in low grade cream and a coloring material to make it look
rich and better than it really was, is no longer a feature of every
day dairy practice. The keen competition of rival creamery pro-
prietors may be responsible for some trade evils, but “cream thick-
eners” and “artificial coloring” was more ‘than they could support,
except at a heavy loss.

ANALYTICAL WORK OF THE DIVISION.

The chemical laboratory work of the Dairy and Food Division
has assumed large proportions, as the analytical reports published
in the Monthly Bulletin will attest. The equipment of the labora-
tory at Harrisburg is first-class, being supplied with entirely new
and modern paraphernalia. A detailed report of the operations of
the Harrisburg, West Chester, Pittsburg and Erie laboratories
would make interesting reading. A large amount of experimental
work was also performed. The results will be published by the
National Department of Agriculture and in the State publications.
In view of the great interest in the use of coal-tar colors and chem-
ical preservatives, these investigations will attract wide attention.
The Pennsylvania chemists will therefore be of great practical ser-
vice to the Nation and State, and to the consumers, generally.

THE STEWARDS OF PENNSYLVANIA.

The International Stewards’ Association has rendered noble ser-
vice in promulgating the pure food doctrine, not only through the
medium of its official publication but also in practice. The Pennsyl-
vania and Philadelphia branch of the association are among the
strongest and staunchest supporters of pure food legislation. Their
efforts are worthy of commendation. It is but proper to add that
the leading hotel stewards of the State and Nation recognize Penn-
sylvania’s attitude in the enforcement of the laws that assure a bet-
ter and more healthful food supply. They realize the responsibility
of their positions in feeding the masses, and the Dairy and Food
Division hereby offers this grateful tribute for their devotion to a
cause that possesses such high merit.

TESTING FOR BUTTER SUBSTITUTES.

Letters from housewives have reached this Division, asking for
a simple test by which adulterations or substitutes in butter could
readily be detected. The violations of law relative to butter usual-
ly consist of the substitution of renovated butter and oleomargarine
or butterine for the genuine article, or the sale of butter containing
an excessive amount of water. To distinguish the three articles
named, follow these directions carefully:

“A small portion of the butter (size of a hazlenut) is placed in an
ordinary table spoon and heated over a low flame (alcohol lamp, etc.)
to the boiling point, stirring constantly with a toothpick or some

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 93

similar article. Genuine butter boils quietly and produces an abun-
dance of foam; renovated butter sputters like grease and water
when boiled, and produces but little foam; oleomargarine acts very
much like renovated butter, boiling with considerable noise and pro-
ducing practically no foam. The characteristic odor of tallow also
becomes evident when the sample in question is oleomargarine.
Butter should not contain an excess of water, which is sometimes
purposely incorporated. This may be known by the water oozing
out abundantly upon the surface of the butter when cut.”

Another test that can be used in determining olemargarine is the
following:

The “Scientific American” recommends this simple test for oleo-
margarine: Stir a small quantity, half a teaspoonful or less, of the
suspected butter into enough sulphuric ether to dissolve it. By the
time the grease is dissolved the ether will have been evaporated, and
the residium will show to smell or taste whether it is butter, lard or
tallow. Five cents worth of ether will suffice for several tests.

CANNING ESTABLISHMENTS IN PENNSYLVANIA.

The Dairy and Food Division has been called. upon at various
times to offer advice and suggestions in connection with the organ-
ization and location of canning establishments. These plants in
many instances were erected by local capitalists mainly because of
the rosy promises and prospects which were presented by those di-
rectly interested in the sale of the necessary machinery and other
material requisite to furnishing such plant. They had compara-
tively smali risks, since the joint responsibility of the farmers and
others constituting such canning companies was more than ample to
secure them against loss. The innovation was a comparatively new
one in Eastern Pennsylvania, and it is feared that disappointment
and consequent financial loss will also follow some of these invest-
ments. It is already evident that the profit lies in canning immense
quantities of goods, and that the quality and reputation of the goods
placed upon the market by a canning company are a most potent
factor in the question of profit and loss. Competition between pro-
ducers in the sale of low-grade goods is not conducive to prosperity
and success, as some of these investors have already realized.

RENEWED ACTIVITY IN SALE OF ADULTERATED LIQUOR.

Although thousands of persons are being poisoned daily by chemi-
cal whiskey, wines and liquors served to them as the alleged product
of some famous distilleries, it is not within the power of the Dairy
and Food Commissioner to institute legal proceedings against such
offenders and evil doers. There is a startling increase in the number
of cases of alcoholic poisoning, and notwithstanding the complaints
received at this office, there is nothing that can be done at this writ-
ing that will alleviate the unfortunate situation. It is a matter of
further regret that the investigations made into the prevailing con-
ditions proved that not only the cheaper places sold poisonous and
chemically prepared or manufactured drinks, but that many of the
so-called “first” places were equally guilty.

94 ANNUAL REPORY OF THE Off. Doe.
PRAISEWORTHY ANALAYTICAL RESULTS.

While the analaytical work performed during the past year ex-
ceeded in volume and importance that of any previous year in the
history of the Dairy and Food Division, as the reports of analyses
published in the Monthly Bulletin clearly demonstrate, there were
no complaints of errors or inaccuracies, and the Commissioner there-
fore takes especial pleasure in commending the several chemists for
their continued painstaking and watchful efforts to prevent an in-
justice being done. The new chemical laboratory established in this
city by the Commonwealth is equipped with a complete and modern
outfit, and the work assigned to it has again largely increased. The
experimental work was necessarily confined to a limited sphere be-
cause of the press of general work, but proved valuable and helpful.

DANGER IN PROPOSED NEW FOOD LEGISLATION.

The pure food law of June 26, 1895, when intelligently and reas-
onably enforced, cannot possibly be supplanted by any legislation
that would afford better nor greater protection to public health and
the consumer in particular. It is apparent that certain interests
will demand changes and possibly a new pure food law, so as to
more effectively and completely meet the requirements of the new
National food and drug statute. The Dairy and Food Commissioner
has at all times endeavored to perform his duties with fairness and
impartiality, and it would be indeed regretable if certain proposed
changes should seriously harass the present good work, and perhaps
nullify the excellent results of the past.

PRESERVATIVES AND DYES IN FOOD.

Hundreds of inquiries were received, relative to the use of chemi-
cal preservatives and coal-tar dyes, etc., in food products. The use
of benzoate of soda as a preservative is especially common and the
fact is known to nearly every intelligent housekeeper. Although no
definite official sanction has been promulgated by the Commissioner
for such action, the preservative continues to be used, but usually in
quantities not exceeding one-tenth of one per cent., and its presence
is stated on the label. The harmfulness of the preservative in ques-
tion, when used in small amounts, is the subject of an extensive re-
search on the part of the Federal authorities, and until their official
report is made public, the National and many State governments per-
mitted its use tentatively, if not definitely. Curious and singular as
it may appear, some of the largest producers of food products have
abandoned its use, while leading druggists also declared that there
was no longer a real necessity for its use in food products.

INTERNATIONAL STEWARD’S ASSOCIATION.

The International Stewards’ Association has continued an active
campaign for pure food and liquor, notwithstanding that the stew-
ard or chef ordinarily could make a larger margin of profit, at the
expense of the stomachs of their guests, by purchasing adulterated
or inferior goods. It is most gratifying to state that in the case of
hotels and restaurants especially, there is less adulterated food used
today than has been at any period in the past. The association in

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 95

a large degree, has brought about this much desired change for the
better, and the Commissioner is pleased to render this tribute to
their helpfulness and commendable work. The Stewards’ Associa-
tion has strongly favored the passage of pure food laws, and now
insist upon such guarantees and regulations as will enable them to
get better food products of all kinds for their tables.

IMPROVEMENT IN QUALITY OF FOOD STUFFS.

With the continued vigorous enforcement of the pure food laws
of Pennsylvania, there has again been a marked improvement in the
quality of nearly all food commodities sold in this State. This state-
ment is fully corroborated by the published analytical reports of the
Dairy and Food Division, which form a sharp and decided contrast
with the conditions that prevailed only a few years ago. Manufac-
turers, packers and producers of all kinds realize that it pays to
obey the law, and that the market for the stuff which bears on the
label the tale of adulteration igs no longer a profitable one. To-day,
manufacturers of food products whose products were shown by
chemical analysis to contain poisons and deleterious substances have
either eliminated the objectionable stuff from their wares, or have
placed the names and the quantities of the adulterants on the face
of the package so that all may buy knowingly. Many other delin-
quent manufacturers have withdrawn their goods from the Pennsyl-
vania markets.

DANGEROUS ADULTHRATION OF FLOUR.

The high price of flour has led to a new adulterant which has been
detected in the Ohio markets by the State authorities. It is made
of white clay pulverized and is cailed mineraline. Because of the
fact that it is indigestible, it is a very unwholesome adulterant. It
costs about one cent a pound, and as flour sells at three cents a
pound, a small proportion of mineraline mixed with the flour makes
it quite profitable. It can easily be detected under a microscope.
Commissioner Blackburn, of Ohio, who investigated the matter,
wrote as follows to the trade who desired information:

“A chemical analysis shows that it is a siliceous mineral resemb-
ling tale in physical properties. It is insoluble even in the strongest
sulphuric acid, and is totally unfit for the purpose for which it is
made. It seems to be a kind of clay, dried and powdered very fine,
and is shipped from Greensboro, N.C. You are hereby notified to be
on the lookout for fiour adulterated with this substance, take sam-
ples and leave them with the nearest chemist for analysis. The
smallest per cent. of adulteration with this substance can be easily
detected under a microscope.”

The Pennsylvania authorities have not found any such adulterated
flour on sale.

: BOGUS DAIRY AND FOOD AGENTS.

No one ordinarily has any conception of the many obstacles that
must necessarily be overcome in a campaign for pure dairy and food
products, but one of the most unpleasant and annoying facts is the
occasional appearance of a bogus “special agent” of the Dairy and
Food Division. In one instance at least, the guilty party was
promptly arrested and subjected to a term of imprisonment. All

96 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

parties concerned can readily satisfy themeslves upon demanding to
see the credential carried by the duly authorized and sworn repre-
sentatives of the Department of Agriculture, which must in all cases
bear the signatures of the Secretary of Agriculture and Dairy and
Food Commissioner, respectively. Where such certificate cannot
be produced, the Department should be notified by wire with-
out delay, and the imposter held for further examination. The
special agents of the Dairy and Food Division are amply able to
establish their authority to act, and it is hoped they may be accorded
proper courtesy while engaged in the performance of duty.

OLEOMARGARINE AND RENOVATED BUTTER LICENSES.

The following statement will show the number of oleomargarine
and renovated butter license certificates issued during the year end-
ing December 31, 1906:

DICOMAPSATING ; 3:5 55 0)5:02 Sa els ee cee eee 267
henovated: bigter |... 266 ose 5 eae kes le eee 20
CLASSIFICATION OF LICENSES ISSUED.

Oleomargarine Licenses.

Wholesale ?.o0 2. Clee, 23 ee eee ee 9

eis) MeAIeER 6 Pc os ei eee eee ee eee 248

Besiauraiig..*. 34 steed ce es oe De ee 5

Beardims houses... 30.2 30 403 ce ee eee 5
Totals hoe Ss eee Sa eee ee ee 267

Renovated Butter Licenses.

Whotlessle o. 42.02 544 ote an oe es oe ee ae ee ee Zz

Beall lealeris oS eects bee Se eh enh ore ig

Boardimes houses. 55. 2302 fe. ks Se oe eee 1
POtal: |. oh. ace eed ots are ie ee eee 20 -

The aggregate amounts received and paid into the State Treasury
for the use of the Commonwealth, was as follows:

Olepmarcsarine lieewisess.o.2 <2 fan, doesent $23,819,36
Renovated butter licenses, 2.0 05.0%.2. 6.6 +- Ze 2,466.68
BOT AS 5< 8 oi. arate Le ere, ein) oes Se $26,286.04

In conformity with previous customs, the appended financial
statements are respectfully submitted:

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 97

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS, 1901 TO 1906, INCLUSIVE.

1901. 1902. 1903. | 1904. 1905. 1906.
TPa ete ais A srignoscooeudeans $4,833 23 | $8,082 20 | $39,752 18 $53,904 05 | $33,414 46 $37,414 09
Oleomargarine license fees, act | |
EAM ciet ofa cio|s\si tinieicicickata syoleeinin ererea's RTE Te |hoaspobocucd pakacosdhsco, pacabedbcrotd bacsadcoeeuen|bonsactoabe
Mic dines, act 1901.7 0... sens. a- Siecp seen) OO 1,177 24 6,093 6 1,972 68 1,298 63

Oleomargarine license fees, act

MEN no riatrelcimiicicicmeeaciiedcine 1,089 26 | 23,927 05 | 37,911 26, 823 23 23,819 35
Oleomargarine fines, act 1899,.. 5,446 97 3,238 18 GEE 20 5 Soi OD Nee ester ssaieta co] imretardtetacs eterna
Oleomargarine fines, act 1901,.. 2,070 87 5,225 75 | 5.997 28 10,890 98 13,145 27
@leomearrarine Hnes: (ACE 189s |e cece meee [rece ececnees RAMI AAC sages coqac || comaccascor
Renovated butter fines, act 1899, 120 00 5 90 ATW SMO stata vasavacens,e aeral] acm alstevetare sera lee ietets reese
Renovated butter fines, act 1901,|............ 572 68 1,632 05 1,383 14 982 00
Renovated butter licenses, .... 175 00 766 67 266 6 4,800 03 2,466 68
Cheese fines, TGRNGLING |S 6A Sscogaua Src otay | erstatetaeteicteiots
Vinegar fines, 447 24 779 34 |..

ENC ITIOS © 3c crores cine ain ae 23 00 357 00

Pere TUL) TIMES thy Siow > cieleiflevs sicree\ciereialais hic.cyam veya siete el poiaielaseie sisre-s/els }
LO EDIP (OSS AGLI 7 Sane Gea aooocnel SSR dCOObOTeS | MOSOUE AGH IacH NBonacconoch }
SNES VIED TER aC tie LGU) ncicye)| cis cic [asciviowesele [hein Gama si cieiess|leereletels jae ares

SPhe GH GGL iy aU TRcee Sehr nesal Soboae ob cobl HOS OSEnS>rE (REC iBeCe ren Nees tnetrs

$34,705 19 | $43,635 41 | $93,458 71 | $96,183 23 | $82,467 60 | $79,590 35

These comparative statements covering a period of six years show
at a glance that there is no State in the Union that has more rigid-
ly and effectively sought to enforce dairy and food laws than the
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. It can be said with equal truth
that the food aduiterator has a higher regard for the wholesome
laws of this State than ever before, and that in very many instances
he has unwillingly abandoned our markets and concentrated his
efforts to sell his goods in other States.

PROSECUTIONS DURING 15v6.

As was confidently expected, there was another decrease in
impure, adulterated and deleterious food products found on sale
in this State in 1906. Asa result of these gratifying results, our sev-
eral chemists recommended a largely diminished number of cases for
prosecution. These reports were more than pleasing to the officers
of the Dairy and Food Division as they again demonstrated the ef-
fectiveness and success of past campaigns for pure and better food
supplies for Pennsylvania. The appended figures are self explana-
tory, and need no special comment. The total number of prosecu-
tions ordered during the past four years for violations of the dairy
and food laws of Pennsylvania for the respective years, were as fol-
lows:

{NESINES 20 ele geal UR ea A i Sea 1200
“CU A RGR Ne ae Orpen Se Mae ee rte: 1517
CE RE ESE 8 ee ene te Ca 1085
ELS. et hy RI al glen I ee anon 1050

TREE Ge Fe 1) ee Seat eae aI nine IRE 5452

Should any material change be made in the laws now regulating
the manufacture, sale and production of food and dairy products,
it is more than likely that such legislation will be framed to protect
the re‘ail merchants and small dealers, even if it is done at the ex-
pense cf the consumers.

7—7T—1906.

98 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE. Off. Doc.

MISREPRESENTING FOOD OFFICIALS.

Uuscrupulous manufacturers have at different times prowl
claims to the effect that the United States Government authorities
as well as the Pennsylvania Dairy and Food officials had officially
endorsed and guaranteed the purity of their goods. Reference to
this subject was made in previous reports, and the Commissioner
therefore can only reiterate the statement that no such authority
was given or implied in Pennsylvania. The manufacturer may make
and offer for sale pure goods, and individually, he is perfectly privi-
leged to present such a guarantee; but, he cannot authoratively
assert that the Dairy and Food Commissioner has endorsed the
purity and wholesomeness of such article. The analytical reports
which appear in the Monthly Bulletin are open to public inspection
and form their own comments, but beyond the publication of such
reports, the Dairy and Food Division neither cOurtS nor claims re-
sponsibility. Such improper advertising is to say the least of doubt-
ful propriety, if not entirely indefensible. The Commonwealth of
Pennsylvania, reports to the contrary nothwithstanding, does not
guarantee any article of food.

A DEMAND FOR BETTER BREAD.

With the increase of scientific knowledge amongst the people
generally, comes a demand for the better sanitary surroundings in
all food producing establishments. Letters complaining about un-
sanitary bake-shops, etc., were not infrequent. Others alleged that
they were deceived through the purchase of “mixed flour;” others
again claimed that employes with malignant ulcers and sores
worked in bakeries, while still others protested against the em-
ployment of tuberculous people in bakeries. According to experi-
ments made in Paris, the latter protest was well-founded. The re-
port reads ag follows: “The experimentor was struck with the idea
that, taking into consideration the physical conditions of many
bakers, it might be possible that infectious diseases should be trans-
mitted in that way. He introduced into some dough balls some
Baccillus tuberculosis. The dough was baked in the ordinary fashion
and the bread fed to pigs. They died, and on being examined it was
found that death was due to tuberculosis. These facts and theories
are not new, and the only bearing they have at present is to
accentuate the position which is taken now, by sensible scientists
and by intelligent tradesmen, of the necessity of producing bread
under as good and cleanly conditions as are possible.”

UNFOUNDED COMPLAINTS AS TO FOOD PRODUCTS.

What may be regarded variableness of formulas for making vari-
ous food products frequently misleads the consumer as to quality
and healthfuiness, and as a result, a letter of complaint is filed with
the Dairy and Food Commissioner. If such article is sold for what
it is, and does not contain any illegal constituent, the rights of the
purveyor cannot be questioned. Of course, unsanitary conditions
should not be tolerated, neither should the publie be deceived as
to the quality and merit of an article of food. A “trick” or an im-
position invariably yields trouble for the manufacturer and dealer,
but wherever practicable, full justice will be done to all concerned.

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 99

CO-OPERATION OF PURE FOOD OFFICIALS.

The arduous work of the year now ending has again impressed
the great necessity for a better and more effective plan to cooperate
with the National and State governments in enforcing food laws.
The mutual aid that could thus be easily bestowed would prove
most helpful, bring these various officials into a more intimate and
closer business and social relationship, and also dispel some of the
petty jealousies that should never exist in official circles. We want
better conditions, and the attitude of the Pennsylvania authorities
will be strictly for that line of cooperation which will produce the
greatest amount of good for the greatest number.

FEDERAL VERSUS STATE FOOD LAWS.

With the enactment of a National Food and Drug Act, there were
many people who believed that such a measure would supplant
State laws. This, however, is a mistaken idea, and while the
Federal law should have a streng tendency to check adulteration,
in certain kinds, namely, on goods shipped into the State from other
States, it cannot and does not prevent adulterations of goods intend-
ed for home consumption. Strict State laws and their proper and vig-
ous enforcement are therefore as desirable and necessary as before
the enactment of the Federal law. The Federal law naturally is an
object of special interest at present, and the interested cannot do
better than to make a careful and extended study of both the
National and State laws.

GRATEFUL ACKNOWLEDGMENT.

The most cordial thanks are hereby extended to His Excellency,
Governor Pennypacker, and to Hon. N. B. Critchfield, Secretary of
Agriculture, for their much appreciated support and advice in con-
nection with the performance of the arduous and intricate duties that
devolved upon the Dairy and Food Commissioner. The press of
Pennsylvania again demonstrated its willingness to champion the
cause of pure food and drink, and is entitled to special praise. The
agricultural organizations, grangers, grocers and clergy, and the
faithful attaches of the Dairy and Food Division, whether employed
in the office, field or chemical laboratories, are also entitled to a full
measure of gratitude and praise for duties conscientiously and well-
performed. Without such hearty support and intelligent aid re-
ceived, the success achieved would not have been possible.

Very respectfully,

Dairy and Food Commissioner.

100 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

REPORT OF THE STATE VETERINARIAN
FOR 1906.

Harrispure, Pa., January 1, 1907,

Honorable N. B. Critchfield, Secretary of Agriculture, Harrisburg,
as:

Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report on the
work of the office of the State Veterinarian and upon the work of
the State Livestock Sanitary Board for the year 1906.

In order that the distinction between the work of office of the
State Veterinarian and the work of the State Livestock Sanitary
Board may be clear, I will refer briefly to the history of these
offices. The office of the State Veterinarian is established by auth-
ority of the Act approved March 13th, 1895, entitled “An act to es-
tablish a Department of Agriculture and to define its duties.” The
same act places certain responsibilities upon the Department of Agri-
culture with regard to distributing information upon the raising and
care of livestock and the supervision of the health of animals.- The
same legislature enacted a law entitled “An act to establish the
State Livestock Sanitary Board, and to provide for the control and
suppression of dangerous, contagious or infectious diseases of
domestic animals.” This act was approved by the Governor May
21, 1895, that is, more than two months subsequent to the approval
of the act organizing the Department of Agriculture. The State
Livestock Sanitary Board, as established under the second act re-
ferred to, is composed ef the Governor of the Commonwealth, the
Secretary of Agriculture, the Dairy and Food Commissioner and
the State Veterinarian. This Board is authorized to protect the
health of the domestic animals cf the State and to determine and
employ the most efficient and practical means for the prevention,
suppression, control or eradication of dangerous, contagious or in-
fectious diseases among domestic animals... For these purposes,
the Board is clothed with certain powers in relation to establishing
and maintaining quarantines, the disinfection of certain localities
and articles and the destruction of animals, as it may deem neces-
sary. It is also clothed with additional powers and duties under
later Acts of Assembly.

The distinction, then, between the office of the State Veterinarian
and the State Livestock Sanitary Board is that the general subjects
in relation to the health of animals that concern individual owners
and that touch upon the general welfare of animals and animal
husbandry, fali under the act organizing the Department of Agricul-
ture, and are assigned by the Secretary of Agriculture to the State
Veterinarian. On the other hand, the control of dangerous, con-
tagious or infectious diseases of animals—the diseases that spread
and that are of importance to a community and to farmers whose
animals are as yet unaffected—fall under the jurisdiction of the
State Livestock Sanitary Board. In other words, the State Veter-

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 101

inarian has certain duties as an officer of the Department of Agricul-
ture in assisting in the development of animal husbandry, and he
has other duties as a member of the State Livestock Sanitary Board
in regard to the suppression of infectious diseases and in the per-
formance of other duties specifically prescribed by law.

It is difficult, in some cases, to define the line of demarcation be-
tween these two classes of duties, and no effort has been made on
my part to separate them. The duties of the State Veterinarian
as an officer of the Department of Agriculture and as a member of
the State Livestock Sanitary Board have been attended to as they
have arisen in the day’s work, with no effort to classify the task.

My only reason for referring to these subjects at this time is that
the work that falls to me in these two capacities has increased so
very much during the last few years that it is no longer possible
to conduct it without considerable additional help. If such assist-
ance is to be asked for, the question will at once arise
as to wether it should apply to the Department of Agri-
culture or to the State Livestock Sanitary Board. My idea
is that the increase should be in the office of the State
Veterinarian, that is to say, in the Department of Agri-
culture. The reason for this recommendation is that the
State Livestock Sanitary Board is already authorized by law “to
appoint and employ such assistants and agents” as may be neces-
sary in carrying out the provisions of the law under which the
Board is established. Yhat is, the scope of authority of the State
Livestock Sanitary Board in this direction is similar to the author-
ity of the Department of Health as to the appointment and employ-
ment of such persons as it may be necessary to appoint and employ
to carry out the mandates of the law. I suggest that the legislature
be asked for authority to employ a clerk and a stenographer for
the office of the State Veterinarian. Each head of a division in
the Department, except the State Veterinarian, already has such
assistance. Technical assistants, inspectors, etc., are now employed
as required by the State Livestock Sanitary Board. There is need,
however, for additional help in the adminisration of the large vol-
ume of work that comes to my office.

As to the growth of the work that is now conducted: ‘The corres-
pondence of the office has doubled in less than four years. The
livestock owners, veterinarians and sanitarians are using the facili-
ties of the office and of the laboratory more freely than ever before.
The office is called upon for advice with regard to problems in all
branches of animal husbandry, dairying and the veterinary sciences.
Most of these communications can be answered from the office, some,
however, are referred to appropriate experts.

The principal work, as heretofore, has consisted in the control of
infectious diseases, which are reported upon separately below. It
will be observed that there has been a considerable increase in the
amount of work that has been required in relation to rabies and
glanders. The distribution of these diseases is such that they
may occur in any part of the State, at any time, so that constant
watchfulness must be maintained.

According to the last estimate of the United States Department
of Agriculture, the number and value of the domestic animais on
the farms of Pennsylvania is as follows:

102 ANNUAL REFORT OF THE Off. Doe.

|
Number. Value.

|
TT GTSGS aise carsineaneie nistaele rie aici afr aaieie © aid. aictatuln S)atalaseeiaialote Coeleet enn Cre oie erataerete etre 607,010 © $66,127,689
2 Be ocbc OC UODTAO DOH OCA UTOO ree OCD ansoad con oe scccorodecosb dona bepoad 40,864 | 5,024, 210
INETICH SGOWS), | lolo)sle lelercivls lets mlojeleinicie, sieve e nlclereleravotoletersieiatete atercictopeeicieinenntcic alent tiesto 1,141, 494 41,093, 784
Other cattle, shoe eae 984,750 17, 479, 308
SSHECD I feiss ois oie is d 4 1,102,058 5,353, 799
BSI os ere mala sicretcintssesa avareyanele\elaferaicks @tatone.oieresaresutace, statalaialona.s elmreiateta cletacal SaeretvoRteesteiteetae 989, 685 9,303,039

The above table does not include animals not on farms, nor does
it include pouliry. According to the census of 1900, there were
242,465 horses and mules in cities and towns which, at present prices,
are worth $26,739,625.

The value of the poultry in the State is estimated at $5,000,000;
this makes a total valuation of livestock of approximately $175,-
000,000. This industry is the main stay of a large proportion of the
224,600 farms of Pennsylvania. Yo a very large extent, the crops
raised on these farms are fed to animals and are marketed as animals
or animal products, the chief of which is milk. The importance of
our animal husbandry is, therefore, very great both to the rural
people and to the inhabitants of cities who depend so largely upon
the products of the animals of the state for food. Animal hus-
bandry, very properly, ranks as one of the leading industries of
Pennsylvania. In connection with such an industry there are many
important problems, the solution of which is of large significance to
those engaged in it. Many of these problems relate to the health
of animals and fall within the domain of comparative pathology.
Others relate to the production and development of animals. All
of these problems, in many of their relations, at least, may properly
be classed among the veterinary sciences. It is, therefore, appar-
ent that there is a large field for the veterinary work of the State,
and that all that is now done in this direction is not only amply
justified by the magnitude of the industry, and its problems, but that
far more might be done without danger that this work will become
out of proportion to the industry that it is to foster. When one
considers the enormous losses, amounting to five or six million
dollars a year, that result from the neglect of preventible causes
of diseases of animals, it is clear that it is the duty of the State to
develop its facilities for preventing this enormous and unnecessary
annual depletion of its capital. This can be accomplished by pro-
viding increased facilities for veterinary work, including the veter-
inary cae of the Department of Agriculture, the work of the State
Livestock Sanitary Board and the work of the veterinary college.

EXPENDITURES. For the fiscal year ending May 31, 1906, the

State Livestock Sanitary Board had available $45,000.00 for its
general work in repressing diseases of animals. Expenditures
under this fund may be classified as follows: for tuberculosis cattle,
$23,344.06; for inspecting tuberculous cattle and herds, $3,886. 92:
for horses afflicted with glanders, $2,941; for inspections for the
repression of diseases other than tuberculosis, for vaccination, ete.,
$4,293.60; for the cost of enforcing quarantines, for materials used
in making tuberculin, for making and shipping tuberculin, for the
diagnosis of specimens, etc., $3,309.31; for office and miscellaneous

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 103

expenses, $4,554.46; for the enforcement of the law requiring the
inspection of cattle shipped from other states, $2,670.65.

THE LABORATORY. The laboratory has, unfortunately, lost
the services of Dr. Samuel H. Gilliland, who has been connected
with it for a number of years and who has been in charge of the
production of biologic products and of the diagnosis of specimens
sent in since the resignation of Dr. M. P. Ravenel. Dr. Gilliland
has also been closely associated with the work upon the immuniza-
tion of cattle against tuberculosis. He has taken a very important
part in the conduct of the incomplete investigations of the State
Livestock Sanitary Board in this field. The necessity for his de-
parture on account of ill health is very much regretted.

During the year the laboratory made and sent out 19,880 c.c of
tuberculin, 722 doses of anthrax vaccine and 3,699 doses of mallein.
A large number of specimens were sent to the laboratory for diagno-
sis, including the following:

| |
S | ov 1

Vee ea &
| ae ras] 2
mn 1) = a
ras) | C5) ° iS
| fe A g
E.SSIGS, codcenSuadcbReGu me aecol CNP AE DEE Sto aC eC RE Gena cee ae nEener | so | 15 | 2 97
LNT TBESES gecnin gone COS COUCUS CAG JONRBCOHe ROC ATOM TO TCoCAure aera eEaenae 2 | 1 | Sreloterclisentcrs 14
“WS STROTTSISIS Ga aabocadaspedion SO SOS DOHEEN Da TOS EODB CBOE iESero oaena tee | 19 | A ermieinietetaiare 32

EGGILFSKI Gagnben dango Bes cop CUOUE-OUDn, CO OCEEOOEE BRC eE Eco cr reece 41 | EG |Sretererieraierere 57

There were also submitted a large number of samples of milk,
tumors, parasites and of pathological material. Re

Much work has been done to establish the reliablity of the method
generally used in the rapid diagnosis of rabies, as is explained under
the section in relation to that disease. The laboratory diagnosis
of glanders has usually depended upon the method of Strauss.
In addition to this method, the agglutination test was made with
blood serum from 24 horses. The serum of 8 horses aggluntinated
the baccilli of glanders in the dilution of 1-1000 and over. Several
showed a well marked agglutination in dilution of 1-2000. The
serum from 16 horses that were free from glanders, caused an
agglutination in dilution of more than 1-500 in but one instance,
the average being 1-300. The exception caused a distinct agglutina-
tion in a dilution from 1-600; in this case the serum was taken from
the blood of a horse suffering with acute lymphangitis. Ail of the
‘work in relation to the diagnosis of rabies and glanders has been
carried on by Dr. John Reichel. The result of his work in regard to
the aggluination test for glanders indicates that this method is
destined to be of service in connection with the control of this
disease.

The experimental work carried on at the farm has been under
the care of Dr. E. S. Deubler, who has also conducted some
of the work of the laboratory. Several important lines of research
have been conducted that Drs. Deubler and Reichel who will re-
port through other channels. Dr. C. Y. White continues patholo-
gist to the laboratory. A large amount of pathological work has

104 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

been done during 1906 including the rabies work of Dr. Reichel.
The following structures and tissues were examined:

Medulla oblongata, 108

Ganglia, 101
Hippocampus major, 108
Cerebellum, 118
Lung, 63
Lymph gland, 27
Liver, Bo
Spleen, 19
Kidney, 13
Tumors, ib7
Intestine, 4
Miscellaneous, 3d

648

EXPERIMENTAL FARM. The work of the experimental farm
has progressed very satisfactorily in so far as the experiments con-
cerning the vaccination of cattle against tuberculosis are concerned.
It is important that other subjects shall be taken up and if this is
to be done in connection with the work that is now in progress
more accommodations for animals will be necessary, more buildings
will be required and more pasture land. With a comparatively
little increase in this direction as contrasted with the need for and
the value of the work several other subjects that should be in-
vestigated can be taken up. It is not possible, for example, to study
abortion, calf cholera or infectious garget in connection with the
present herd because all of these diseases jeopardize the offspring,
and it is necessary, in connection with our tuberculosis vaccination
work that young animals shall be produced and raised. Therefore,
if these diseases are to be studied, such studies must be made upon
separate animals, maintained entirely apart from the present herd.

Some experiments on the breeding of animals are being considered
in connection with the cattle that are used in the experiments on
tuberculosis. If it is decided that such experiments would be likely
to be instructive and important, and if they can be carried on in-
cidentally with the other work it would appear to be wise to
undertake them.

The kind of information that this farm and the laboratory of
the State Livestock Sanitary Board are maintained to produce is
needed upon every farm and by every farmer in Pennsylvania.
Individual farmers cannot afford, nor have they the equipment that
would make it possible for them to conduct the researches through
which relief may be had. Their situation is quite different from
that of a corporation that is in position to employ experts to help
it. And so governments of all countries have recognized this need
as it applies to the individual and the country at large, and have
taken steps to meet it, as here contemplated.

GLANDERS. This disease has attained considerable prevalence
in Pennsylvania, not so much as a result of spreading within the
State, but from repeated introduction from outside of Pennsylvania.
It is well known that glanders prevails extensively in some of the

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 105

western states and in several of the large cities of the east, particu-
larly New York city. Some of the infected localities are under the
jurisdiction of competent veterinary, sanitary officers and others are
not. Some states and cities pay very little attention to this subject.
The prices of horses have been abnormally high during the past
two years. This has served to encourage dealers to gather up and
market horses that, under normal conditions, would be regarded as
undesirable, if they were not positively unsaleable. Cheap horses
have been taken to cities from the country and questionable horses
on the ranges and farms and in the horse marts ofthe west have been
spirited away and sold if some question has occurred in regard to
their health, on account of the unusual prices that they bring. All
of this has resulted in the introduction of an unusual number of
glandered horses into Pennsylvania. It hag been found repeatedly
that horses afflicted with glanders have recently been brought into
the state and then, of course, casés occur among horses exposed to
contact with these. The following table shows the counties in which
glanders occurred, the number of horses condemned and the number
of horses exposed and tested with mallein.

— —_———

County.

Exposed and tested.

Condemned.

>

is

=

oO

09

mn

Oe

- is}

i]

La

So

os

on
et Oe

Berks,

ocire, | ye rel sSadacguese
(SUES HELE” Op egos Se Op IEC Se aoa go Be atepersfolapatetsia eyehe,staiai<)otsieys chelate, cisia sveictasshovaveielonsietave eichal svermrsioroes |
MORE MUTEE CONCEL oe setatel cYstetere ars etek ecavcia niniciviotelersiateltess oe aieie aco ete eioreivtsis wiia\ spaietarainleretolerevoisre wie rarercie Wistcierenee | 1
(AT DTEAPE STAG WOE Ont 8 Be he Qe ob Gua PEC GOGO D BOD o TORAC IOC COS CRORETOR MAE Een Renn amr ea ae or 2 9
Delaware, 1
IDA: SSnpseoe
Fayette,
Franklin,
Jefferson,
Lancaster,
Luzerne,
McKean,
Montgomery,
Philadelphia,
lEGUiiae espaGeaun Genny CoCOHee AeA
Susquehanna, ave foe eee |
Uhetioha SAGaeoeneeosnded ms mcrae phere Bek Mokia Pe | 1
Washington,
Wyoming, eee
10id oo BEOOE Eee eet Seta OER cca ater ease Nien ca ee eh ||

an
an
5
ba
an
ee

1, 826 283

It will be observed that glanders occurred in 22 counties, that
1,826 horses were exposed and tested and that 283 were condemned
and destroyed. Since the largest number of shipped horses are
brought to the large cities of Philadelphia and Pittsburg, it hap.
pens, naturally that the largest number of cases were found in Phila-
dephia and Allegheny counties. The large number of caseg found
in York county resulted from a shipment of two carloads of range

horses received during the latter part of 1905. Many of these horses
8

’

106 ANNUAL REFORT OF THE Off. Doe.

were infected, and they spread infection among the horses in stables
that they occupied. From this center, glanders was carried to some
neighboring counties and everything was ready for the beginning of
a very extensive and widespread outbreak when the disease was dis-
covered. In connection with the suppression of this outbreak in
York, difficulty arose in regard to the destruction of one of the badly
infected and manifestty diseased horses. In order that the author-
ity of law for dealing with such cases might be made clear, the fol-
lowing inquiry was sent to the Attorney General:

Office of the State Veterinarian,
Harrisburg, Pa., February 16, 1906.

Hon. Hampton L. Carson,
Attorney General,
Harrisburg, Pa.

Sir: I beg to apply to you for advice on the following subject:
The State Livestock Sanitary Board is authorized under the Act
approved May 21st, 1895 (P. L. No. 66) to take certain action for the
prevention, suppression, etc., of infectious diseases among domestic
animals, and, in particular, it is authorized and empowered to de-
stroy animals, as may be necessary. It is, however, provided, that
when it shall be deemed necessary to condemn and kill an animal to
prevent the spread of disease, and when an agreement cannot be
made with the owner for the value thereof, that three appraisers
shall be appointed, one by the owner, one by the commission (Board)
or its authorized agent, and the third by the two so appointed, who
shall, under oath or affirmation, appraise the animal. The Act of
March 30, 1905 (P. L. No. 56) provides, in Section 5, certain limits
- of appraisement, but does not modify the procedure with relation to
appraisement. The point in this connection upon which I need in-
formation is as to the authority of the State Livestock Sanitary
Board to condemn and order the destruction of a horse afflicted
with glanders, the owner of which refuses to enter into any agree-
ment as to the value of the animal or to designate an appraiser to
represent him. ‘The horse in question is incurably diseased. Glan-
ders is a highly infectious disease, easily transmissible to horses and
mules and also to men. ‘he horse is now in quarantine and is
kept in a partially isolated stall, from which it is not permitted
to be removed, but the conditions are such that the continued exist-
ence of this horse on the premises of its owner constitutes a menace
to the health of the horses and mules, and to a less degree of persons,
in the neighborhood.

Very truly yours,
LEONARD PEARSON,
State Veterinarian.

In response to this inquiry the following reply was received:

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 107

Office of the Attorney General,
Harrisburg, Pa., March 15, 1906.
Dr. Leonard Pearson,
State Veterinarian,
Harrisburg, Pa.

Sir: You have asked my advice as to the authority of the State
Livestock Sanitary Board to condemn and order the destruction of
a horse afflicted with glanders, the owner of which refuses to enter
into any agreement as to the value of the anima! or to designate an
appraiser to represent him.

I answer that the Acts of May 21st, 1895 (P. L. 91) and March
30th, 1905 (P. L. 78) both relate to the prevention and suppression of
dangerous, contagious and infectious diseases among domestic
animals. The first Act provides for the establishment of the State
Livestock Sanitary Board. The second Act defines the duties and
powers of the Board, providing in Section 5 certain limits of ap-
praisement with respect to animals thatthe Board deems it neces-
sary to destroy in order to prevent the spread of disease, but this sec-
tion does not modify the procedure with reference to appraisement.

I am of opinion that the appraisement should be made under the
first named Act, observing the limits set up by the second. If the
owner of the animal condemned to death refuses to appoint an
appraiser under the sanction of the Act of 1895, and otherwise
obstructs the Board in carrying out the provisions of the Acts re-
ferred to, he can be prosecuted under Section 5 of the Act of 1895.
I can find no way pointed out by which he can be compelled to
designate an appraiser, but as Section 2 of the Act of 1895 confers
abundant power upon your Board to order the destruction of the
horse in question, provided it is deemed necessary for the suppres-
sion of dangerous, contagious and infectious diseases among domes-
tic animals, I do not hesitate to advise you that you are authorized
to employ the most efficient and practical means for the prevention,
suppression, control or eradication of dangerous contagion or in-
fection, and that, if you are satisfied that the horse is incurably
diseased; that glanders is a highly infectious disease easily trans-
missible to horses and mules and also to men; and that the horse
now in quarantine constitutes a menace to horses and mules, and, in
a less degree, to persons in the neighborhood, you have the power to
take and kill the horse. If you are resisted, the person so resisting
should be dealt with under Section 5 of the Act of 1895. You are,
of course, authorized to employ such force as is necessary to enable
you to execute fully your duty.

Very respectfully,
HAMPTON L. CARSON,
Attorney General.

The general system for dealing with glanders has not been
changed. The agglutination test for diagnosis has been used ex-
perimentally, and as the test proves to be satisfactory, its use is
to be extended.

On account of the unusual number of cases of introduced
glanders, it has been proposed, from several sides, that an inspection
ought to be made of all horses entering Pennsylvania from other

108 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

states. In reference to this suggestion, it may be said, a great many
horses suffering with incipient glanders show no symptoms of dis-
ease. A large number of horses exposed to glanders and in con-
dition to develop it might readily be passed as sound if nothing
but a physical examination is relied upon; therefore, to render it
possible to exclude, with accuracy, horses aiflicted with glanders in
the early stages, it would be necessary to submit all horses to the
mallein test or to make the agglutination test with a sample of
blood sent to the laboratory. This would occasion considerable
delay in the shipment of horses and would be an expensive pro-
cedure. The cost would amount to not less than $1 per horse.
The cost would, in any case, be very much greater than the
cost of dealing with the outbreaks of glanders as they arise. If
the disease can be controlled in Pennsylvania at a cost of $10,000
a year, and it is not likely to be more than this, it would seem to be
unjustifiable to incur an expenditure of $50,000 to $106,000 a year to
keep glanders out of the State. Of course there is another side
to the question in addition to the economic side that is referred to,
and that is the public health relation of this disease; glanders is
transmissible to man and deaths from glanders occur occasionally
among persons infected from horses. Fortunately, this danger is
small and can be almost entirely avoided by promptly reporting
horses with glanders as is required by law, so that they may be
disposed of by the state veterinary service.

The most important point in connection with the control of this
disease is prompt reporting, on the part of horse owners and
veterinarians. If all cases were reported just as soon as glanders
is known to exist, or is suspected, these losses, and the attendant
dangers, would be very much less than they are.

ANTHRAX. Anthrax has occurred during the past year in the
following counties: Berks, Bradford, Chester, Erie, Lancaster, Mc-
Kean, Potter, Susquehanna, Tioga, Warren and York. 63 cows,
2 mules and 2 horses are known to have died of anthrax (other
deaths from this cause are probable), and 661 animals were vac-
cinated. The Pasteur system of vaccinating has been modified to
the extent of using two vaccines instead of three. In some cases,
however; that is, where the infection is particularly severe and the
danger is esteemed to be unusually great, a third vaccination is
made. The results from vaccination have been very satisfactory.
It has happened in two instances that animals have died after the
first vaccination. A laboratory study was made oi one of these
cases and it was found that death resulted from anthrax. The
culture recovered revealed an organism of much higher virulence
than that of the vaccine, and so it was considered that the animal
must have become infected frem an outside source, either before it
was vaccinated or shortly thereafter. Im this case, there was no
swelling at the seat of inoculation, that is at the place where the
vaccine was injected; this was regarded as evidence in favor of
infection from some other source. The number of anthrax cases
appears to be diminishing as the centers of the disease have been
located and are kept under surveillance.

BLACKLEG. Blackleg has occurred during the past year in the
following named counties: Bradford, Butler, Cambria, Clarion, Clear-

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 109

22!

Susquehanna, Wayne, Warren, Westmoreland, Wyoming and York.
134 farms in these counties were believed to be infected with black-
quarter, because the disease has occurred upon them during recent
years, or because it hag occurred under similar conditions on other
farms in the same neighborhood. 123 animals died on these farms
before vaccination was applied. 1,396 animals were vaccinated.
There were no deaths from blackleg following vaccination, so far
as is known

field, Erie, Huntingdon, Lycoming, Montgomery, Potter, Somerset,

HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICAEMIA. This disease occurred during
the year in the counties of Chester, Clearfield, Cumberland, Luzerne,
Potter, Tioga, Venango and Warren. 106 horses and cattle died.
Unfortunately, there is at present no means available for vaccinat-
ing cattle against this disease. It is believed that there is much
more hemorrhagic septicaemia among cattle in Pennsylvania than
is reported, and that it is a common cause of death. Many cattle
and some horses pasture on mountain land, and it is in such regions
that the disease is most frequent. It appears to be probable that
animals become infected with the organisms of this disease very
much as they do with the organism of anthrax, that is through the
respiratory and the digestive tracts and through inoculation by
means of wounds in the skin. On account of the seat of the most
common lesions of the disease, there are some who believe that it is
by inhalation that infection most frequently occurs. The mode of
entrance of the germs of the disease is not of so much importance
as their source. As the disease is one of locality, it seems to be
probable that the soil may harbor the contagion. This points to the
necessity for disposing of the carcasses of infected animals in such
a way as to prevent the infection of the soil. All carcasses of
animals that die of hemorrhagic septicaemia, as well as all carcasses
of animals that die of anthrax or blackquarter, ought to be cremated
as close as possible at the spot where death occurs. The chronic
form of hemorrhagic septicaemia that is described in some of the
western states, and especially in Minnesota, has not been recognized
in Pennsylvania. The form of hemorrhagic septicaemia that occurs
here is acute and is characterized by the occurrence of numerous
small hemorrhages upon the serous membranes, in the lungs and in
the subcutaneous connective tissue, by serous and sometimes bloody
infiltration in the connective tissue about the larynx, the throat and
the head, and by small hemorrhages upon the intestines. The lungs
frequently show acute pneumonia accompained by serous infiltra-
tion in the interlobular connective tissue. A symptom that is
occassionally observed is hemorrhages through the skin, occuring
as fine drops, as though the skin had been pricked with a needle

The disease is nearly always fatal.

Additional laboratory studies of this disease are urgently needed,
and are being made as opportunity offers.

Each reported case is investigated and advice is given as to the
removal of cattle from infected lands, as to their quarantine until
the period of incubation is past before removal to uninfected farms,
and as to the proper disposal of carcasses.

110 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

TEXAS FEVER. During the past year a number of cases of
Texas fever occurred. 380 cows died; 19 affected recovered. These
49 cases were among 225 cattle, chiefly cows, and nearly all were
shipped from Ohio and Chicago to points in eastern Pennsylvania.
Examination showed a few ticks on the affected animals. It was
thought, at first, that infection had occurred in the west or, possibly,
at the Pittsburg stockyards. Both of these possibilities were
looked into with the result that no evidence could be found which
tended to connect either the point or origin or the Pittsburg stock-
yards with the occurrence of the disease. It was not until Texas
fever occurred among some cattle shipped from Bradford County,
Pa., to Chester County that the source of infection was traced with
any degree of probability. It was found that these cattle had been
unloaded in transit at Harrisburg and subsequent investigation
showed that on the 20th of July a carload of southern cattle was un-
loaded at the Harrisburg yards and were kept there about four
hours. These cattle were unloaded on account of an injury to the
car that they were in. They occupied a pen used in the usual course
of the business of the yards. There is no pen at Harrisburg that
is reserved for southern cattle. The cattle from Troy, Bradford
County, occupied the yard at Harrisburg September 22; the first case
occurred among the cows of this shipment October 7th and during
the next few days 9 additional cases occurred. Steps were im-
mediately taken to clean up and disinfect the Harrisburg stockyards.
No further trouble occurred after this was done.

RABIES. Rabies among dogs has occurred during the past year
in the following named counties: Allegheny, Berks, Bucks, Butler,
Cambria, Carbon, Centre, Chester, Clearfield, Columbia, Crawford,
Delaware, Fayette, Franklin, Indiana, Jefferson, Lancaster, Leb-
anon, Lehigh, Luzerne, Mercer, Montgomery, Montour, Philadelphia,
Schuylkill, Somerset, Susquehanna, Venango, Warren, Washington,
Wayne, Westmoreland and York. 517 dogs died of rabies or were
destroyed on account of exposure. 20 cattle and 5-horses died of ra-
bies. 58 people were bitten by dogs that were known to have been
rabid, of whom several died, presumably of rabies. General quar-
antines were established covering all of the dogs of districts in the
counties of Delaware, Fayette, Jefferson, Schuylkill, Somerset, Ve-
nango and Westmoreland. Where it is possible to contre] an out-
break of rabies by the quarantine of individual animals, known to
have been exposed, this method is adopted. In some outbreaks,
however, it is not possible to determine just what animals have been
exposed and so, in order to include all of them, a general quarantine
becomes necessary. The period of quarantine is usually 100 days.
This period is selected because it covers the period of incubation in
practically all cases. It may be that the period of incubation for
rabies exceeds 100 days in from one to two per cent. in all cases.
Statistics on this point vary somewhat, but this appears to be a fair
statement. When the period of incubation exceeds 100 days it may
run to several months, possibly for six or eight months. It would
not be possible or proper to keep all dogs in quarantine for the max-
imum period of incubation of eight months unless it were planned
to entirely exterminate rabies in some large districts in accordance
with the method developed and followed successfully in several Eu-

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 111

ropean countries, and notably in England. The success of the Eng-
lish authorities in completely exterminating rabies has been most
instructive. It serves to demonstrate conclusively that rabies is not
a disease that originates spontaneously, but that it is propagated
wholly by infection from diseased animals. Of course it was not
necessary to await the extermination of rabies in England from a
long continued and long enforced muzzling order to come to these
conclusions, but this added proof ought to be of some service in
convincing ‘those people who hold aberrant views on rabies as to
the accuracy of the conclusions ‘of veterinarians in regard to the
modes of origin and distribution of this disease. Attention has
been called in previous reports to the difficulty that has been ex-
perienced in connection with the control of rabies as a result of the
amazing views in regard to this disease that originate from unre-
liable sources dnd that have been disseminated by some papers
Fortunately, the newspapers have not given these false doctrines so
much publicity as they formerly received. During the past year,
however, statements have been circulated to the effect that there is
no such ‘disease as rabies, or, if there is such a disease, that it is very
rare and of little importance. These statements spring from people
who claim to be interested in the welfare of animals and who en-
deavor to convince the public that there is less harm in permitting
rabies to run its course than in the measures that are adopted to
check it. Such teachings are exceedingly dangerous, because they
tend to disorganize public sentiment, to upset the views of poorly
informed people as to the need for certain measures adopted for the
purpose of repressing rabies, and they tend to retard people that
are exposed to rabies from taking the precautions and treatment
that may be necessary in order to enable them to escape infection.
The question is sometimes asked: “Do you believe in rabies?” as
though the question were one of philosophy or religion. It is as
sensible to inquire: Do you believe in smallpox, or do you believe in
wheat. The existence of one can be as completely demonstrated as
the existence of the other. There is no more room for doubt as to
the existence of rabies than doubt as to the existence of any other
definite disease as measles or typhoid fever or any physical object.
Rabies is a disease that occurs chiefly in dogs. It is characterized
by a variable period of incubation, usually occurring within 12 to
30 days, by symptoms expressive of derangement of the nervous sys-
tem and including some paralysis of the throat, by altered demeanor,
irritability, a tendency to roam and, at times, to attack animals and
people; at such times the animal may be overcome by an uncontrol-
lable impulse to bite, but these paroxysms are intermittent. The
disease terminates in most cases within five days. Death is preceded
by great weakness and by local, and, later, by general paralysis.
After death, certain well marked and highly characteristic altera-
tions are found in the central nervous system. The disease is com-
municable by inoculation with certain tissues or fluids of the dis-
eased animal. Experiments have shown that the most virulent por-
tions of the body are the central nervous system and the glands.
The secretion from the salivary glands contains the infective prin-
ciples of the disease and when saliva is implanted in a wound, as oe-
curs when a rabid dog bites an animal or person, this implantation
may result in the infection of the animal so exposed. All

112 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

animals or persons bitten by rabid dogs do not become infected for
The reason that saliva is not always introduced into the wound. The
secretion may be scanty, the mouth of the dog may be rather dry, the
saliva may have been wiped from the teeth as they pass through
clothing or through the outer layers of the skin; the infectious ma-
terial may be washed from the wound by the flow of blood, or by
efforts at cleansing or by sucking, or it may have been destroyed by
the use of antiseptics. If a rabid dog bites a number of animals in
quick succession, those last bitten are less exposed, because the in
fectious material on the teeth of the dog is in smaller quantity. All
animals, including man, have a certain amount of resistance to infec-
tion by the virus rabies as by the virus of other diseases, hence a
certain amount of virus may remain in the wound and still not pro-
duce infection, because the minimum quantity that is required to in-
fect that particular individual is not present. From these causes
it results that only about 15 per cent. of the people bitten by rabid
dogs are likely to develop rabies, even if not subjected to the
Pasteur treatment. Of domesticated animals bitten by rabid dogs, a
large percentage develop rabies approximately 50 per cent., and for
the reason that the wound receives less careful tre: atment, and be-
cause the bedy is not protected by clothing.

Following infection from the bite of a rabid dog, at the expiration
of the period of incubation, symptoms occur that are, practically, the
same as those shown by the animal that conveyed infection. The,
so called, anti-hydrophobists claim that people that develop rabies
following the bite of a rabid dog are really infected with hysteria,
from fear. This alleged explanation fails to account for the occur-
rence of precisely the same condition in children or in infants who
have no fear of rabies, and in animals.

Early diagnosis is of the utmost importance in the control of this
disease. Where it is suspected that an animal is afflicted with ra-
bies and, particularly, if a person or other animal has been bitten,
the suspected animal should be confined, and the course of the dis-
ease should be observed. It is often possible to confine suspected
dogs. If, however, the animal cannot be confined, it should be de-
stroyed. The head should be removed with the two upper-most cer-
vical vertebrae; these should be thoroughly wrapped in parchment
paper, oil cloth or other impervious material, packed in ice, in a
large bucket, covered over, and sent to.the Laboratory of the State
Livestock Sanitary Board, corner 39th street and Woodland avenue,
Philadelphia. If it is found that the animal was afflicted with rab-
ies, a report to this effect is at once forwarded to the sender of the
material, and measures are instituted to prevent the spread of rab-
ies by animals that may have been exposed.

It is possible now, by means of a microscopic examination, to de-
termine, within a few hours, whether a given animal was afflicted
with rabies, unless the animal was killed in the earliest stages of
disease before there was a chance for the characteristic lesions to
develop. The following report on the examination for rabies has
been prepared by Dr. John Reichel, who has been in charge of this
work for the State Livestock § Sanitary Board during the past 3 year:

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 113

“The following is a report with a summary of the facts brought
out, in the examination of 248 animals for rabies.

5 g 3

2 3 3

= 3 2 3

na to = pe

° v ° °

& | @ Poi | a
18 2 | 170
5 1 7
1 2 6
tag eae ee 2 4
8 1 43
Wd HERR 15
9 9

206, or §3.1 per cent. positive diagnosis.
36, or 10.6 per cent. negative diagnosis.
6, or 6.3 per cent. result in doubt.

As soon as a specimen for examination was obtained, where possi-
ble, the following structures were taken for examination: the me-
dulla oblongata, examined for Babes’ endothelial cell proliferation,
the “rabid tubercle;” the gasserian ganglion and sympathetic gan-
glion, examined for Van Gehuchten and Nélis’ proliferation changes,
and the hippocampus major and cerebellum for the presence of Ne-
geri bodies. A small portion of the cerebellum was saved in sterile
glycerine for animal inoculation, where this was thought necessary.

“In the examination of the 248 specimens, the diagnosis was made
solely upon the presence or absence of proliferation changes in 113
cases. In 77, both the proliferation changes and Negri bodies were
sought for. The diagnosis was based upon the presence or absence
of Negri bodies alone in 49 cases. In 9 cases neither method was of
value; the experimental animal inoculation method was here re-
sorted to.

“The recent date of the discovery and the announcement of the
diagnostic value of the Negri bodies accounts for this method of
diagnosis not being used in all cases. As is shown in the accom-
panying table, the changes in the medulla oblongata namely, Babes’
endothelial cell proliferation or “rabid tubercle,” are not always re-
liable and the Van Gehuchten and Nélis endothelial cell prolife-
ration changes in the ganglion are at times found when rabies does
not exist. This accounts for the omission in examining the struc-
tures where these changes are usually found in many of the more
recent specimens:

“In positive cases of rabies:

| | §
A <
ho od 6 %
S | a FI
oo
S | =
= | oD °
2 | 2
° 5 o
3 gs =
Rog yb hom | E
~ ' n _~
| ro H z =
= o a
2
| | |
proliterition) changes; found In, . caec ss ccinwcincecscsces | 81, or *66.5 | 135, or *100 | 28, or *82.4
No proliferation changes found in, ..............cseeee0 by Aas OnFTB! OM evicieies oe ea ae ches : 6, or *18.6

*Per cent.

8—T—1906-

114 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

“In suspected cases of rabies (negative):

; 8
. qa —
- Z Fl
: : :
3 3
= 00 o
2 3
fo} c o
3 = =
= 3
2 2,
g ‘ E
= | o a
No proliferation changes found in, ...............+e0+++- 29, or *96.6 18, or *69.2 3, or *60
Prolifieration: changes) found in} “socsenessoancoocece cet: Lore 43:3 8, or *31.8 2, or *40
|
| | |
*Per cent.
“In positive cases of rabies:
| n
at F
Ee 2
SE a
Rg 3
=e 5
q 6)
|
|
INGE TINDOGIGS BLOT ore wie .0ie/eis's'e cicis oie bre) ololoinicininseraie cteisie opm nvavelaleicte lalate atelerelesisier> 91, or *97.9 93, or *99
OW ME ETL DOGLES LOMIG ANN, fa0i21-,s:s.civieicin cineleieh\alotelale trataitehe sts ete wletern eiateenetere eretneta 2,,0r *2.1 1vor et
*Per cent.
\
“In suspected cases of rabies (negative):
; :
A,
E E
h 7
55 3
BE 4
Ha) is)
| |
Nownesri bodiess found: Anise oon wawiancenc see oe ee eee | 26, or #100 26, or *100

INSSTE IDOULES OME EAT os). 0/0.> sie 'ete aje(o sin ololgin'= vialele este alana ate orebs aie nisiats ere eietaitemaeTRe |sceccccccccences | cccuesenccccncs

*Per cent.

“From the table, the following conclusions may be drawn: In
that it was impossible to find the changes described by Babes’ in
33.5 per cent. of the specimens of the medulla oblongata examined
from positive cases of rabies, the changes in.this structure must be
regarded as unreliable.

In not a single positive case examined were the Van Gehucten and
Nélis’ proliferation changes not found, but as the changes were
found in several ganglia from cases not rabid, as proven in that the
experimental animals inoculated failed to develop the disease and the
absence in every case of the Negri bodies, shows that a diagnosis
based entirely upon these changes must be guarded. The sympa-

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 115

thetic ganglia were examined in many cases to determine their val-
ue in the diagnosis of rabies by the presence or absence of the pro-
liferation changes. The changes in the sympathetic ganglia were
found to be more constant than the changes in the medulla oblon-
gata but, like the changes in the gasserian ganglia, they were also
found in several cases shown not rabid by experimental animal in-
oculation and by the absence of Negri bodies.

“Negri bodies were sought for in 126 cases, they were found in 99
and absent in 27. Where the Negri bodies were not found, experi-
mental animal inoculations were always made, and it was learned
that in two cases rabies developed in the experimental animals in-
oculated, although Negri bodies were not found in the nervous 8ys-
tem from which the experimental animals were inoculated. The
history of these animals, however, shows that both were killed early
in the course of the disease.

“Of the many negative cases examined, including the 27 negative
suspected cases and the nervous systems of healthy animals and
animals dead of the diseases, Negri bodies have not been found
in a single case.

“The hippocampus major usually shows the Negri bodies in the
greatest number but they are just as constantly present in the
cerebellum when none were found in hippocampus major. Although
the hippocampus major and cerebellum are the usual structure ex-
amined for Negri bodies, they have been found in the olfactory lobes
(quite numerous) cerebral cortex (not constant); medulla oblongata,
gasserian and sympathetic ganglia and in the cervical region of the
spinal cord.

“Little work has been done in studying the nature of the Negri
bodies outside of staining them and perfecting the method by which
they can be demonstrated in the quickest way.

“The smear method, published by Drs. Anna Williams and May
Murray Lowden of the New York Board of Health, appears to be the
most accurate and quickest way to demonstrate the bodies so far
proposed. In no case where the Negri bodies were not found by
the use of the smear method were they later found in sections made
and stained from the various structures usually examined. By
the use of this method, Negri bodies have been demonstrated in from
15 to 80 minutes.

“To permit a suspected rabid animal to live and develop observa-
ble clinical symptoms is quite as important in the making of a diag-
nosis in the examination for Negri bodies as it has previously been
shown when the proliferation changes were alone sought for. That
the Negri bodies may be found earlier than the proliferation changes
in the gasserian ganglion, may be true, but neither is found much
earlier than the appearance of clinical symptoms.”

HOG CHOLERA. -Hog cholera occurred during the past year in
the following counties: Armstrong, Bedford, Blair, Berks, Brad-
ford, Bucks, Centre, Columbia, Cumberland, Dauphin, Forest, Frank-
lin, Lancaster, Lebanon, Jefferson, Luzerne, Lycoming, McKean,
Montgomery, Perry, Susquehanna, Union, Venango, Westmoreland
and York. The disease was not widely scattered in the counties in
which it occurred excepting in Cumberland county, where 66 farms

116 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

were involved. The total number of farms in the State where hog
cholera occurred was 118. As the herds of hogs were in all cases
small the total losses were not large. 556 hogs were involved, and of
these 290 died of cholera or were killed because they were diseased.
The reason for the comparatively small prevalence of cholera dur-
ing the year is that very few hogs have been brought to Pennsyl-
vania from western points, excepting for immediate slaughter. It
is now well understood that hegs are likely to be exposed to hog
cholera in stock cars or in stockyards, and if they are kept a couple
of weeks after shipment many of them would develop disease. There-
fore, the hegs kept in Pennsylvania are nearly all of them grown
in Pennsylvania and the hogs that are shipped in go to slaughter
houses where they are promptly disposed of before they have an
opportunity to develop cholera. So far as home grown hogs are
concerned, there is practically no infection in the State. When the
disease occurs the premises involved are quarantined and the quar-
antine is maintained until the disease is abated, the exposed hogs
slaughtered and premises disinfected.

MANGE OF HORSES. A few cases of mange were discovered
during the year among horses in the following named counties:
Berks, Centre, Chester, Delaware, Juniata, Lackawanna, Lebanon,
Montour and Philadelphia. The total number of cases reported
was 40. In each case a quarantine was established with relation to
the diseased horses and these horses were treated with the lime
and sulphur wash until cured. This wash is made as follows

LIME AND SULPHUR WASH FOR HORSES.

Place one half pound of unslacked lime in a bucket or kettle. To
this add enough water to form a paste. Into this paste, sift one
and one half pounds of flours of sulphur and stir the mixture well.
Place the sulphur-lime-paste in a kettle with about 3 gallons of water
and boil. The boiling should be continued until the sulphur disap-
pears, or almost disappears, from the surface, which will require
from one to three hours. The solution is then of a chocolate or liver
color. Water may be added as necessary.

Pour the mixture and sediment inte a bucket and allow 2 or 3
hours for the sediment to settle, then carefully dip off the clear liquid

taking care not to disturb the sediment. Place this liquid in a wood-

en receptacle or keg that can be closed tightly to exclude air, or in
a glass receptacle, such as a large demijohn. To the clear ‘liquid
thus dipped off, add enough w ater to make six gallons. The sedi-
ment should be trown away. This mixture can be used freely for
washing the horse. As it stains the hands of the person using it
(although it does not harm otherwise, and the stain does not last
long) it may he applied with a sponge attached to the end of a stick.
About one half of the body of the horse should be covered at a
time; that is, on a single day, and the application should be repeated
at intervals of 2 or three days so long as may be necessary.

FORAGE POISONING OR CEREBRO SPINAL MENINGITIS OF HORSES.

This disease occurred during the last year in many parts of
the State. As it hag been difficult to get reports on its occurrence
any statement as to its prevalence will be far from complete. Nu-

Wor 7 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 117

merous complaints as to forage pee have come from the coun-
ties of Adams, Cumberland, Lancaster, f Philadelphia, Wyoming and
York. <A laboratory study of this disease is being made and some
interesting and important facts are being developed. It is Soi:
that they will be available for publication in the near futur

TUBERCULOSIS. uberculosis of cattle has been found in prac-
tically all parts of Pennsylvania. It is the most widespread of the
infectious diseases of farm animals. It causes great losses to cattle
owners; this loss occurs in several ways. The direct loss of infected
animals is large, but greater losses occur from the lowered produc-
tiveness of infected animals, that is, from the loss of condition, from
the loss of food consumed for which no adequate return is made,
from the loss of breeding value.

During the year, it has been necessary to condemn 1,536 tubercu-
lous cattle from 858 herds. A very much larger number of tubercu-
lous cattle than this is annually disposed of to cattle buyers, who
resell them for slaughter. The tuberculous cows that are appraised
and paid for by the State are the property of conscientious men who
would not knowingly sell an infected animal where it might
spread disease, or they are cows that are suffering with
tuberculosis in such advanced forms that they are not sal-
able, or they are cattle that react to the. tuberculin test
when this test is applied to the entire herd. No harm
can come from the sale of tuberculous cattle for slaughter provided
they are taken to a properly equipped slaughter house that is under
competent veterinary meat inspection, as is required and provided
by the federal government. Under such conditions, the meat can
be adjudged in accordance with the rules provided for the guidance
of meat inspectors in disposing of carcasses of tuberculous cattle.
These rules provide for the condemnation and destruction of the
flesh of animals infected with tuberculosis of such extent or distri-
bution as to render it possible that the meat may be unwholesome.
On the other hand, if the disease is of such limited extent or distri-
bution as to make it clear that the meat cannot be infected, it is
not required under the rules, to be condemned and it is permitted
to be sold. In such a slauchter house, precautions are taken to keep
the establishment clean and, when necessary, to disinfect it, so as
to avoid the contamination of meat from any infectious material that
may have been brought into the slaughter house by animals pre-
viously killed. Before enterine a slanehter house, animals should
be subjected to a phvsical examination, so that those that are man-
ifestly diseased. or that show evidence of a condition that may pos-
sibly indicate the existence of lesions that mieht require the con-
demnation of the flesh, may be killed outside of the slaughter house
for fertilizer or, if in the slauchter house, separately, and under
special supervision, so that no harm may result.

Some people have taken an extreme position in reward to the use
of the flesh of animals that may have reacted to the tiherculin test,
or that show limited. local lesions of tuberculosis. Thev sav. all
‘animals with tuberculosis, even in the least degree should be killed
outside of the slanehter house and their flesh rendered into fertilizer.
It is necessary to point out to those who hold this view that there
is a distinction between local and general disease and that in a great

118 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Otf. Doe.

many cases, the lesions of tuberculosis consist in a local focus or
tubercle in some one of the itternal organs, often in a lymphatic
gland, and there is no evidence or reason to believe that in such
cases the influence of the local infection extends beyond the tissues
actually involved. A considerable percentage of cattle, especially
those raised in dairy herds of eastern states is infected with tuber-
culosis in some degree, unless special measures have been taken to
free the herds from infection. Some animals containing local les-
ions of tuberculosis are in first class physical condition; they are fat,
sleek, all of their functions are normal and there is no evidence of
ill health unless tested with tuberculin when they will give the char-
acteristic reaction, and soon return to an apparently normai con-
ditions.

The question may sometimes be asked: Why should such an ani-
mal be condemned and ordered to be killed when, upon post-mortem
examination, it was found by the meat inspector that the flesh may
safely be used as food? In reply, it should be said that strictly speak-
ing, such animals are not condemned by the State and ordered to be
killed. It is only required that they shall be cared for in such a
way that they may not be able to spread infection. Every animal
that reacts to the tuberculin test in a characteristic way is believ-
ed to be afflicted with tuberculosis and every animal that is afflicted
with tuberculosis is a possible distributing center of infection. Of
course, all animals with tuberculosis do not, in all stages of the
disease and at all times, eliminate and distribute the germs of tuber-
culosis, but even if an animal is not spreading tuberculosis at a
given moment, if it is infected with tuberculosis there is the proba-
bility that it will, within a shorter or longer time, develop disease
to such a point that tubercle bacilli will be excreted. Consequently,
if the disease is to be eradicated from a herd it is absolutely neces-
sary that every animal with tuberculosis, even those that have it
in the slightest extent, must be removed from contract with cattle
that are healthy, unless these healthy cattle have been immunized
from tuberculosis by vaccination. The condition may be compared
to a fire in the cargo in the hold of a ship. A fire may smoulder in
a bale of cotton for days and weeks, and make little progress. The
efficiency and safety of the ship are not impaired, but there is always
the danger that the fire may extend and cause much damage, pos-
sibly the destruction of the ship. So it is with tuberculosis in the
body of an animal. The smouldering ember may be minute; it may
not extend materially for a long time; it may, in some cases, become
extinguished from the operation of natural causes, but so long as it
is there it is a constant source of danger and the animal that ecar-
ries it should not be placed in-contact with sound, unimmunized ani-
mals, nor should the milk of a cow so afflicted be used in the raw
state for food. On the other hand, if an animal is killed a postmor-
em examination will show the precise location, extent and character
of the lesion. Unfortunately, this information cannot be had during
the life of the animal. If it is found that the conditions are such as
to show that the lesion hag not progressed beyond what is known
as local tuberculosis, the infected parts of the body may be destroyed
and the flesh may safely be used as food. If such an animal can
profitably be kept apart from healthy cattle and its milk can profit-
ably be used, after adequate pasteurization, there is no reason why
it should be destroyed and it is not required by the State that it

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 119

shall be destroyed. The only thing the public is interested in, in
this connection, is that communicable diseases shall not be distri-
buted. There is no requirement that tuberculosis cows shall be
destroyed so long as they are so maintained that they cannot dis-
tribute infection. That is to say so long as they are kept apart
from healthy cattle, in quarantine, and the milk is pas
teurized before it is used. Cows in the earliest stages
of tuberculosis produce sound calves. These calves re-
main sound if they are removed from contact with their
tuberculosis niothers soon after birth and are reared on milk free
from living tubercle bacilli. The Danish system for controlling tu-
berculosis of cattle is based on this knowledge and is very success-
ful in practice.

In this State, there appears to be little opportunity for the utiliza-
tion of cows that are known to be infected with tuberculosis, because
there is a very restricted market for their milk. The most economi-
cal way of using such milk is to pasteurize it, make butter of the
cream and feed the skimmed milk to young animals.

It is as straining at a gnat and swallowing a camel to object
to the sale and use of the flesh of animals that show slight
lesions of local tuberculosis, so situated that they may be
entirely removed, and destroyed and to permit without
objection, the sale and use of the flesh of animals
killed—in slaughter houses that are not under inspection
when it is perfectly well known that many of these animals are af-
flicted with tuberculosis in such an advanced form that their flesh
would be condemned by a meat inspector, were one present. This
question, as to when and under what conditions the flesh of an ani-
mal with tuberculosis becomes unwholesome, has been studied for
a long time by many thoroughly competent investigators. It has
been shown, positively, by these researches, that the flesh of tuber-
culosis animals is not infectious excepting in advanced cases. All
of the official rules on meat inspection that have been adopted in all
European countries and in this country, and those that have been

. approved by the Pennsylvania State Livestock Sanitary Board, call
for the condemnation of meat not only where there is a probability
but also where there is-a possibility that it may be unwholesome.
In other words, it is not passed for use for food if there is a possi-
bility that it may be unwholesome.

Undoubtedly, a very large amount of unwholesome and dangerous
tuberculous meat is sold in the markets of the State. But such
meats are not prepared in slaughter houses under inspection. It
is derived from the carcasses of animals killed surreptitiously in un-
inspected slaughter houses. Not only is the unwholesome meat
from such animals sold, but the slaughter house is not likey to be
cleaned and surely it is not disinfected, so that the flesh of the next
animal that is killed there, even if the animal itself be sound, may
become contaminated and dangerous to health.

Reference was made in the report for 1903 as to the desirability
of establishing better methods for disposing of cows that are known
to be infected with tuberculosis. The State Livestock Sanitary
Board is not prepared to provide compensation for all of the tuber-
culous cattle that are reported. It is still less prepared to provide
compensation for all of the tuberculous cattle that might be found
if a systematic inspection of dairy herds were instituted. Conse-

120 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

quently, this outlet for tuberculous cattle, through appraisal and de-
struction by the State is not sufficient. The only other outlet that
is available is the slaughter house, and to butcher milch cows is to
incur great loss. Many of these cows might safely be used for vary-
ing periods, up to a few years, in the dairy and for breeding if
certain and well known and perfectly well understood and estab-
lished precautions were observed. If certain farms could be pro-
vided and set aside for maintaining herds of cows that have reacted
to the tuberculin test, this would provide another outlet for such
animals, no farmer desires to keep tuberculous cows in contact
with healthy cows. Such exposure occurs through the unwitting
purchase of infected animals and then through keeping them in ig-
norance, or from the fact that to dispose of them would cause more
loss than the farmer feels he is able to bear. If there were a cer-
tain demand for reacting cows from men who would isolate them
and keep them under the strict, sanitary supervision that would be
necessary, an additional encouragement would be afforded the owner
of tuberculous cows to get rid of them by providing a higher price
than is paid by the State. This would greatly facilitate the concen-
tration and sequestration of infected cows, under conditions where
they could be carefully watched and their products pasteurized
so that they could do no harm, and would tend to encourage their re-
moval from unwatched, uninspected herds where they now exist in
large numbers and where the raw, virulent milk is sent to market
without pasteurization or restriction of any kind.

The above suggestion has been made by me before, but it has not
been possible to put it in operation and it may not be in the near
future. It is believed, however, that it is well to make the sugges-
tion so that this and other plans may be considered to the end that
a method may be found for ridding our herds more rapidly of tuber-
culosis.

The cows that spread the greatest amount of infectious material
are those suffering in the more advanced stages of disease. It is re-
quired that all such animals shall be reported to the State Livestock
Sanitary Board and that they shall be destroyed. Unfortunately,
however, there is no provision for searching for such animals through
the agency of a systematic inspection of dairy herds. The time is
rapidy approaching when such an inspection will be demanded both
by the producers and consumers; by producers for the protection of
their herds and for the improvement of their markets and by the
consumers for the protection of health.

A good deal of progress in the repression of tuberculosis of cat-
tle is being made, but the disease is so widespread and so dangerous
that it is ‘desirable that more rapid progress shall be made. The
question is largely one of finance. The method for dealing with
tuherculosis is the same as described in detail in the report for last
year. Considerable progress has been made in relation to the vae-
cination of herds against tuberculosis. The present status of our
work in this direction is as stated in the following address by the
State Veterinarian to the Eastern Guernsey Breeders’ Association,
Bala, September 18, 1906,

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 121

THE VACCINATION OF CATTLE AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS.

“It is not my purpose to attempt a discussion of the general sub-
ject of tuberculosis of cattle or the relation of this disease to the
public health, for you have invited me to give an account of the
work that has been done under the auspices of the Pennsylvania
State Livestock Sanitary Board upon the immunization of cattle from
tuberculosis, and it will require as much time as is available to
properly present this part of the great tuberculosis question. Still,
it may not be inappropriate in passing to refer briefly to some of
the more recent developments in the broader field in so far as this
will throw light on the trend of scientific development in relation
to this subject and help to make clear the principles underlying and
the reasons for the application of vaccination against tuberculosis
of cattle.

“The economic importance of tuberculosis of cattle is becoming
greater each year. This is partly due to the greater prevalence of
this disease, in most states and, therefore, to greater actual destruc-
tion from it, and is partly due to more complete recogniton by breed-
ers to the necessity for controlling it.

“There can be no profit or satisfaction in breeding or propagating
tuberculosis. Yet this is what many breeders are doing. And it
is what many have done until the disease developed so much faster
than the cattle upon which it might feed that herds have been
wiped out or so depleted that they could not be maintained profit-
ably. In other cases, the disease is controlled to such an extent that
it does not destroy the herd-outright but it may be constantly eat-
ing into its substance, every now or then a cow or promising heifer
will be observed to lose condition from no cause that is apparent until
it becomes necessary to dispose of her, or she may die; few cows in
an infected herd reach advanced age, there is a general lack of stam-
ina and of productivity with occasional complete losses. It is dis-
couraging to have to depend on such a herd, the outcome of each in-
dividual is so uncertain, it is like always pulling up stream.

“Some breeders have been so fortunate as, without effort or plan,
to have escaped the infection of their herds, but such men are few
and, where there is much interchange of cattle with other breeders,
infection is avoided only by the most careful watchfulness and by
the use of certain special measures, the principle of which is based
on the intelligent use of the tuberculin test.

“It is gratifying to know that tuberculosis is not hereditary and
that calves from infected cows may be reared in health by protecting
them from contact with the germs of this disease. This has been
abundantly proven. It has however been so extremely difficult to
bring this fact home, and to lead to its being acted on that it has
not served the purpose that it ought to serve. The Bang system for
controlling tuberculosis is based on this principle. But it is important
to note that the Bang system has never been widely used outside
of Denmark and its use is diminishing rather than growing in that
country. This is not because it is not effective—it is effective—but
because it involves extra labor, watchfulness, care and expense for
such a long time that only a few herd owners have the courage and
perseverance to carry it out. It is unfortunate that this is so for
this system furnishes a method to gradually eradicate tuberculosis

9

122 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

at a minimum of loss. It is conservative to the last degree. Those
who have carried it out correctly have had good results. But we
have to take the facts as they are and to recognize that the Bang
system in its entirety is not likely to be used extensively in this
country.

“The other methods that have been proposed for the repression
of tuberculosis are much more expensive because they involve the
loss of the breeding value of infected cattle and usually require
their destruction. While under present regulations it is possible
to save the beef value of some infected cattle, this is of little im-
portance in regard to most dairy herds.

“It has long been evident that if some more economical method
for the control of tuberculosis could be devised and placed in opera:
tion it would have a marked effect on the development of improved
breeds and on the gradual betterment of the average herds, through
the use of better blood.

“Many men refrain from paying high prices for cattle and from
maintaining pure bred herds on account of the prevalence of tuber-
culosis. Many breeders, of nearly all breeds, have given up breeding,
and some have been ruined on account of the ravages of tuberculo-
sis. It is not pleasant to dwell on this subject but we must be brave
enough to look squarely at the question, and to attempt to measure
it; And if a satisfactory remedy can be found even a grave ill need
not terrify us.

“The studies that have led up to a development of a process for
vaccinating caitle against tuberculosis have covered many years. It
was in an effort to isolate a substance to increase resistance to tu-
berculosis that Koch discovered tuberculin in 1880. This material
does not possess the properties that were at first ascribed to it but
it is of the greatest vaule as a diagnostic and is of considerable val-
ue in treating tuberculosis of man as is shown by the constantly in-
creasing dependence that is being placed on it.

“Following this discovery, a great many extracts and preparations
of tubercle bacilli and their cultures were prepared but none was
sufficient to increase the resistance of an animal to a useful degree
until living tubercle bacilli were employed, non-virulent for the ani-
mal treated. This use of the living germs of a disease for the pur-
pose of securing protection from the disease caused by more virulent
germs of the same species was first employed by Jenner in relation
to smallpox. The germs of smallpox when grown on cattle are
thereby so changed that they become incapable, when inoculated
upon man, of producing smallpox but they do cause a small erup-
tion at the point of the inoculation and following this the vaccinated
person becomes immune to smallpox. This principle was employed
and its application was extended by Pasteur in relation to the dis-
eases, fowl cholera, anthrax and rabies. It has also been applied suc-
cessful in respect to blackquarter, swine erysipelas and other mal-
adies.

“Among the first attempts to apply this principle to tuberculosis
were those of Dixon, Trudeau and deSchweinitz, all in this country.
But the scientific groundwork for the development of this method
was laid in 1896 and 1898 by Theobald Smith who discovered that
although tuberculosis is widely distributed through the mammalian

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 123

series all tubercle bacilli from the tissues of tuberculous mammals
are not the same. In particular he discovered certain differences
between the forms found in the sputum of consumptives and those
found in tuberculous tissues of cattle; differences that are slight but
still definite and constant. The chief of these differences is that
what he termed the ‘sputum bacilus’ is of very low virulence or is
non virulent for cattle. In other words, cattle do not become tuber-
culous when inoculated with that form of tubercle bacillus that is
most in consumptive people.*

“The bacillus that is most frequently the cause of tuberculosis
in man is now known as the tubercle bacilli of human type and that
of cattle as of bovine type.

“Repeated experiments by several investigators. have shown that
it is possible to take advantage of this difference between the types
in accord with the principle of vaccination as discovered by Jenner
and deveoped by Pasteur. Such experiments have been made in Eu-
rope by McFadyean, von Behring, Koch and Neufeld and in this
country by your speaker in conjunction with Dr. Gilliland. The ear-
liest experiments directly on the immunization of cattle from tuber-
culosis were those of McFadyean. These experiments were very
suggestive and encouraging but they, like the earlier experiments

of von Behring, did not constitute a clear trial of the Jenner-Pasteur
principle. That is, the experimental animals were treated with
chemical substances, as tuberculin, and with tubercle bacilli of dif-
ferent degrees of virulence, some of bovine type, some of the avian
type, and not solely with cultures of tubercle bacilli of human type.

“The first experimental work that was published anywhere that
showed that it is possible to immunize animals from tuberculosis bv
treating them solely with tubercle bacilli of human type and that
furnished proof of the immunity of such animals by their resistance
to inoculation with quantities of virulent tubercle bacilli that pro-
duced extensive lesions in unvaccinated animals was recorded in the
paper of Pearson and Gilliland in 1902. (Philadelphia Med. Jour.
Noy. 2, 1902.) This work represented a development of work that
had been going on in the laboratory of the State Livestock Sanitary
Board for several years.

“Von Behring was the first to propose a definite method for the
practical application of vaccination against tuberculosis. But there
is no evidence that the method had been tested when it was pro-
posed and, after a year or so it was abandoned for another method
that differed from the first one in some important particulars.

“The State Livestock Sanitary Board recognized the importance of
this subject several years ago and authorized experiments on cattle
to test its practical applicability. It soon became evident that many
cattle would needs be used in such an experiment and that it would
be of greatest value if these cattle were kept under practical, farm
conditions. This matter was explained to the réprésentative agri-
cultural breeders and veterinary organizations of Pennsylvania and
upon their recommendation to the legislature a suitable farm and
support have been provided for carrying on this work. The experi-

*While this important fact was firmly established by Smith, later investigations have shown

that a considerable percentage of people are infected by precisely the same kind of germ that
causes tuberculosis in cattle,

«

124 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

mental herd numbers something more than 100 cattle and consists
of cattle that have been vaccinated in various ways, tuberculous cows
that associate with the vaccinated animals and that furnish expo-
sure that tests their resistance and unvaccinated cattle that are
likewise exposed and that serve to measure the severity of exposure
and to furnish a basis for measuring the resistance of the cattle that
are vaccinated. ‘The herd is so managed that exposure to infection
is practically continuous. The exposure is distributed as equally as
possible so that all vaccinated and control animals are exposed to
practically the same amount of infective material. This is done by
changing the animals from stall to stall in such a way that all are
brought into equal association with tuberculous herd mates. The
severity of the conditions of exposure is shown by the fact that all
of the unvaccinated animals that have been placed in the herd have
become infected in some degree, most of them extensively, and some
of them have died of tuberculosis acquired from this association.
Many methods of vaccination have been tried. The differences
have consisted in the use of cultures of different origins and degrees
of virulence, of different dosages, varying numbers of doses and of
different intervals between doses. The effort has been to gain scien-
tific data of use in formulating a plan for vaccinating cattle at mini-
mum cost and of adequate efficacy. I do not say of maximum effi-
cacy, meaning the production of the highest attainable degree of im-
munity, because experience shows that it is not necessary to obtain
more than a certain amount of resistance to protect against a given
set of infective conditions. To secure higher immunity than is need-
ed is to prolong the course of treatment and increase the expense. To
make this point clear it should be said that any acquired immunity
or resistance to disease is not absolute, it is only relative. An ani-
mal vaccinated against any disease may still be caused to die of that
disease if it is inoculated with an overwhelming quantity of virus
of high virulence. For example, in the West where blackquarter pre-
vails extensively and where it is necessary to vaccinate cattle against
this disease, the effort is not to secure the highest possible immunity
but only so much resistance ag is necessary to protect the young ani-
mal from the amount of blackleg virus it is likely to acquire under
usual conditions of exposure. It is found that this is accomplished
by a single vaccination. If a second vaccination were applied, the
second dose being stronger that the first, more resistance would be
developed. But, since one vaccination is sufficient, to apply a sec-
ond would be wasteful. While such animals are protected under
their actual conditions of life it is still possible for them to contract
blackquarter if they are inoculated with more virus than the amount
from which they are protected, the amount that experience teaches
they are normally exposed to. There is no utility in developing more
resistance than is necessary. ‘Enough is plenty.’

“After trying a large number of strains of tubercle bacilli of va-
rious types and degrees of virulence we have come to use a culture
that was isolated in 1897 from the sputum of a consumptive girl. It
is of rather low virulence for guinea pigs, is not virulent for rabbits
and has never been known to cause infection in cattle (unless given
in enormous dosage to young calves). This organism igs grown on
veal broth and is made into a suspension by adding a weighed

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 125

amount of the culture film to a given quantity of sterile, normal salt
solution. The culture film is broken up, so that the tubercle bac-
illi will not occur in clumps but will be equally distributed through
the fluid, by agitating the suspension in a flask with metal balls. It
will be seen therefore, that the vaccine consists of living tubercle
bacilli of human type floating in normal salt solution. This material
is injected into the jugular vein of the calf that is to vaccinated.
After from six to eight weeks a second vaccination is made and
after this a third following a like interval. Each dose is larger than
that preceding it. No preceptible change occurs in the animal as a
result of the first vaccination. The second vaccination usually
causes a passing fever, that disappears in a day or two leaving the
animal in a normal condition, the fever following the third vaccina-
tion is usually even lighter than that following the second. During
the process of vaccination and for six weeks thereafter the animal
should be protected from exposure. We have not always done this
in our experimental work and have had some entirely successful re-
sults when this precaution was not observed. But it is considered
to be safer to adopt this plan. Six weeks after the third vaccination
the animal may be exposed to infection by placing it in infected
premises and allowing it to associate with tuberculous animals and
it will remain sound. Of course, as has been stated, if the condi-
tions of exposure are excessively severe it may be well to give more
immunity by vaccinating a fourth time. But this is not neces-
sary in any fairly well managed herd and if the conditions are above
the average for infected herds it is probable that two vaccinations
will suffice. We now have some experiments in progress that will
throw additional light on this point.

“While it is possible to vaccinate too little, it is also possible to
vaccinate too much. That is, if the doses are too large and too fre-
quently repeated the resistance of an animal may be diminished
rather than increased, and especially if exposure occurs during or too
soon after vaccination.

“The duration of immunity is a most important question and is
one upon which data is being gathered slowly. Some of our experi-
ments seem to indicate that the duration is dependent in some de-
gree on the amount of vaccination. For example, two yearlings
were vaccinated in exactly the same manner; each received two vac-
cinations, the last on January 26th, 1904. Both were exposed Febru-
ary 16th 1904. One was killed December 6th, 1904, after 9% months’
exposure and was quite free from tuberculosis. The other was killed
December 30th, 1905, after 224 months’ exposure and was found to
have comparatively small lesions of tuberculosis in two lymphatic
glands, a post pharyngeal and a mesenteric. Two other yearlings
in the same experiment was vaccinated three times, they were killed
January 21st, 1906 after 22 months of severe exposure and were
quite sound. Two unvaccinated cattle exposed with these died of
tuberculosis, one after 22 and the other after 23 1-3 months of expo-
sur. Another unvaccinated control was killed after it had been ex-
posed eight months and it was found to be extensively tuberculous,
lesions being present in the bronchial and mediastinal lymphatie
glands and in the lungs.

“The following case is very interesting on account of the informa-
tion it furnishes as to the duration of immunity. The animal was a

126 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

heifer calf born from a tuberculous cow in the experimental herd.
It was vaccinated four times in September, October, November and
December 1908. This calf was kept with its tuberculous mother un-
til it was well grown and and was also in association with highly
tuberculous cattle. She was bred early and calved at about 22
months. She had a second calf 11 months later. During last Au-
gust, resulting from an attack of cowpox, one teat closed and the
milker attempting to open it with a milking tube caused an infection
of the udder which resulted in gangrene and death. The postmor-
tem examination showed ai] of the organs to be free from tubercu-
losis excepting that in a few of the lymphatic glands of the intestines
there were some calcified, healed tubercules, appearing as small
stone like masses enclosed in a dense fibrous envelope. There can
be little doubt that this cow sustained an infection as a calf, before
it was protected by vaccination, and while feeding on the milk of
a tuberculous cow, that it fully recovered from this infection, for
only the scars remained, and that in spite of rearing two calves
before she was three years old and in spite of her constant exposure
under conditions that has led to the infection of all unvaccinated cat-
tle and to the death of some, she has proven wholly resistant to tu-
berculosis three years after vaccination.

“Not one animal that has been vaccinated in accordance with the
method that we are now using in practice and that I have outlined
has become tuberculous from natural exposure to the disease, nor
has an animal been injured by vaccination.

“With such evidence, covering four years and a large number of
cattle we have felt that we are amply justified in recommending vac-
cination and in applying it in practice.

“The State Livestock Sanitary Board is a very conservative body
and it has not endeavored to at once launch this new method in
wholesale fashion. On the contrary, it is planned to introduce it
gradually, using it at first where it is most needed and where the
conditions are such as to give it a fair trial. Because the method is
new and only those engaged in our experimental work have had ex-
perience in handling it, it is for the present applied only by specially
trained men from the State laboratory. Cattle have been vacci-
nated in nearly all parts of the State and the method is having a
chance to prove its worth under widely varying conditions. No un-
expected or unpleasant results have been observed or reported.

“For the present only young cattle are being vaccinated, calves
and heifers to within six months of calving. The reason for this
is that the vaccine consists, as has been explained of living tubercle
bacilli of human type. It is not known how long these germs will
live in the system of the vaccinated animal. As they are not capa-
ble of causing infection it is highly probable that they disappear
from their bovine host within a short time, within two or three weeks
at most, but until there is more positive evidence on this point, it is
not deemed justifiable to vaccinate cows in milk or cows that are
soon to produce milk. Jn principle and in practice the process is
otherwise as applicable to mature cows as to calves, provided the
cattle are tested and are found to be free from tuberculosis before
they are vaccinated.

“Some of our experiments show that vaccination has a marked
curative tendency on animals already infected. But while it is being

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 127

experimented with in this field it would not be fair to hold out the
hope that tuberculous cattle may be successfully treated. No doubt
many cattle in the earlier stages of tuberculosis may be aided, some
may be cured. Where the Bang system for controlling tubercu-
losis is in use it may be serviceable to vaccinate the infected ani-
mals that are probably recently affected for the purpose of prolong-
ing their period of usefulness. But the ditiiculty is that after the
animal has been treated in this way and for a year or more appears
to be in perfect health and may have ceased to respond to the tuber-
culin test, a great deal of fortitude is required to continue to keep
that animal in isolation, there develops such a strong tendency to
break over the barriers and place it with the sound herd. But to do
so would-be to take a risk that is not justified in the present state
of our knowledge. We can not be certain that the cow is cured until
the postmortem examination and, unfortunately, the animal does not
lend itself to more than one such examination. So the treatment
of tuberculosis of cattle by vaccination is al present an interesting
and, [| may say, a promising subject for scientific study rather than
a practical procedure.

“The study of vaccination is by no means exhausted. There are
still many points to be elucidated and the methods are to be still
further developed and, I hope, simplified. We have some experi-
ments going that are very suggestive and that encourage this hope,
and effort. Of course such work requires considerable time, es-
. pecially experiments to determine ihe duration of immunity.

“Already there are different methods in use. A German firm is
putting on the market and pushing a dry vaccine that is made by dry-
ing tubercle bacilli of human type and then by grinding them slight-
ly. By this process they are weakened. The dry bacilli are taken
up in salt solution and injected into the circulation. This is the von
Behring method. The comparative experiments that have been made
show that this vaccine is not so effective as vaccine prepared by our
method. Convincing evidence on this point has been furnished by
Hutyra and is published in von Behring’s own journal. This is
also the conclusion of Koch and Schuetz and is confirmed by others.

“It is quite premature to apply vaccination against tuberculosis
promiscuously—to exploit it commercially. In France, Italy and
other countries the question is still reserved for scientific study,
under government grants (several of which are reported in the Sep-
tember number of the Revue Generale de Medicine Veterinaire).
Lest the use of vaccination be controlled in some way it is likely to be
misused and to lead to disappointment, if not to fraud and to the dis-
semination of disease. This control should not be left in the hands
of a commercial house interested in placing the greatest possible
amount of product on the market. As with tuberculin, anthrax vac-
cine, etc., the character of the product and its proper use should be
controlled by appropriate public authority. Pennsylvania has al-
ready enacted legislation to prevent the misuse of vaccine and the
use of dangerous vaccines.

“Vaccination against tuberculosis is free in this state so far as
the resources of the State Livestock Sanitary Board will permit.
The process is useful in all breeding herds where there is tuberculo-
Sis and by its use sound animals can be produced from tainted an-
cestry more easily and surely than by the Bang method and their

128 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

continued freedom from infection can be insured. Already pros-
pective buyers are inquiring of me as to where they may find vac-
cinated cattle and this preference is likely to increase and to de-
velop a definite market demand.

“With this new protective method in hand and with other aids
that may fairly be said to be in prospect we are steadily gaining
ground in our long and difficult fight with this scourge.”

THE INSPECTION OF COWS FROM OTHER STATES. Under
the provisions of the Act approved May 26, 1897, it is provided that
all dairy cows and cattle for breeding purposes from other states
shall be tested with tubeculin, at the cost of the shipper. During
the past year 28,075 cattle have been tested under the provisions of
this Act. About one third of these were tested outside of Pennsyl-
vania and two thirds within the state. The effect of this law has
been to lead dealers to exercise more care in the purchase of animals
and to discontinue purchasing in localities where tuberculosis is
prevalent. It is now required that inspectors of such animals shall
make affidavit to their reports. This became necessary because a
few inspectors were suspected of falsifying reports. Such conduct
was proven in two cases within the State and in three cases outside
of the State. Reports are no longer accepted from these individuals.
If it is found in the future that false reports are made on these in-
spections, the inspector will not only be dropped, but he will also
be prosecuted for perjury.

DAIRY HERD INSPECTION. A movement of considerable mag-
nitude is now on foot in many states for the improvement of the
milk supply of cities. This movement is supported by departments
and boards of health, by the medical profession and by the producers
of high grade milk. Many proposals have been made, and particu-
larly in New York State, as to the best method for handling this sub-
ject. Most of the proposals involve the establishment of sanitary
regulations of such high standard as to involve considerable extra
expense to dairymen and considerable increase in the cost of milk
production. Unfortunately, these plans do not include any provis-
ion for a higher price for the milk as sold by the farmer.

It is important that dairymen shall know and realize the extent of
this movement. It bids fair, in the near future, to lead to the es-
tablishment of additional requirements on milk buyers and vendors.
It is important that the whole question shall be very thoroughly stud-
ied and that the movement shall be directed in useful and equitable
lines so that unnecessary and unfair burdens shall not be placed on
the farmer.

Sanitarians will find that milk producers are willing to meet them
half way, and that they will take such precautions as are proven to
be necessary, so far as is possible in consideration of the price paid
by dealers for milk. It is well known that there are some dairy
farms that are not equipped or managed in such a way as to produce
wholesome milk. The continuation of such conditions is deplored
quite as much by milk producers of the better class as by the sani-
tary authorities of cities. Such undesirable farms tend to diminish
confidence in milk and to injure the market and it is decidedly to the
business advantage of producers that these bad spots shall be im-

No, 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 129

proved. Many unsanitary conditions might easily be remedied, and
would be remedied, if attention were called to them, but it is doubt-
ful if the dairy farmers would care to be placed under the supervis-
ion of men employed by a city health department, who would go to
a farm in the attitude of a policeman hunting for trouble. Such an
officer might have little knowledge as to what is practicable or as to
conditions under which the dairy farmer should conduct his work.
On the other hand, experience shows that visits would be welcome
from a representative of the State Livestock Sanitary Board or the
State Department of Agriculture, who would go to the farmer not
so much in the capacity of an inspector as in that of a friendly
adviser, with power to require the observance of necessary sanitary
regulations in case of neglect.

It is well that this question shall be studied and sifted by the
dairymen themselves so that when legislation along these lines is
proposed they will be prepared to work together and to obtain that
which will be most useful to the public and to themselves and not
be oppressive.

Before cities can, with good grace, ask for improvement in farm
conditions they should show whether they are able to discriminate
between milk that is good and milk that is bad, that is between clean
milk and dirty milk. So long as public institutions and representa-
tive hospitals in all parts of the State are willing to accept any kind
of milk that is offered them without inquiry ag to its sanitary char-
acter or its source, and so long as they exhibit no inclination to en-
courage careful production, the demand of cities for better milk will
have to be discounted.

ANIMAL HUSBANDRY. The average quality of farm animals
of Pennsylvania is much lower than it should be. There are not
enough studs, herds and flocks of pure bred animals. This shows a
lack of appreciation of the value of breeding animals of high quality.
The high class stock farms that exist in this State show that there
is nothing in natural conditions that is antagonistic to such enter-
prises, on the contrary some of the best animals of all kinds have
been, and are, produced in this State, but they are too few in num-
ber.

The industries of Pennsylvania draw from other States, and wear
out, more horses and mules than are imported by any other State in
the Union. It is unfortunate that this great home market is not
more largely supplied by home bred animals. There is an impres-
sion among horse men (which amounts in most cases to a conviction)
that the average quality of the horses bred in Pennsylvania is lower
than it was twenty-five or thirty years ago; most of the good horses
of all classes are drawn from other States. This is due partly to
lack of interest in breeding and partly to the large number of grade
and nondescript stallions that are scattered over the State. The
State Livestock Breeders’ Association has for some years desired
the passage of a law to prevent the misrepresentation of the breed-
ing stallions, to provide for the licensing of stallions and to prohibit
the use of stallions afflicted with hereditary unsoundness. Such
a law was enacted several years ago in Manitoba; it has since been
copied extensively by other provinces and States; it has been found

9—T—1906.

130 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

to be a very beneficial provision. It is to be hoped that some such
law may be adopted by the next legislature. In case it is adopted,
a thoroughly competent man, conversant with and skilled in the prin-
ciples and practices of horse breeding, should be employed to ad-
minister it. Such a representative of the State could render great
service to horse breeders and do much to restore this industry to
its proper position.

The importation from other states of 20,000 to 30,000 dairy cows
annually show the need of and the opportunity for the production
of more dairy cattle upon the farms of Pennsylvania. The splendid
home market for pork, and for mutton and the large areas available
for animal husbandry that are not now in use, or that are not fully
utilized, speak for the opportunities that exist here for the develop-
ment of this important part of the States’ resources; and the de-
pleted farms and exhausted fields that may be seen in so many places
speak for the need for the invigoration of the soil, that accompanies
a thriving animal industry. By means of animals there may be de-
rived from the surface soil of this State an income as great as that
derived from coal and that may continue year after year, and century
after century, long after the coal fields have become exhausted.

MEAT INSPECTION. The Federal Meat Inspection service has
recently been greatly extended, at the instance of the President,
and following the disclosures in regard to the unwholesome condi-
tions existing in the packing houses in Chicago. The present Fed-
eral Meat Inspection service provides for the inspection of all of the
products of slaughter houses and meat canning establishments doing
foreign or interestate trade.

No meats, or meat food products are permitted to pass from one
State to another without inspection by Federal authorities, except-
ing the products of animals slaughtered by farmers on farms (which
it would be manifestly impossible for the Federal service to cover)
and the meats transported interstate by retail dealers supplying:
their customers.

Under this Federal Meat Inspection service, a few slaughter
houses in Pennsylvania are subjected to rigid supervision. These
are the large establishments engaged in interstate trade. The pro-
ducts of these establishments, and also the meats coming into
Pennsylvania from other states, are, therefore, under careful Fed-
eral inspection. But the great mass of slaughter houses of Penn-
sylvania are not engaged in interstate trade and so do not come
under Federal inspection. And at least 55 per cent. of the meats
consumed in this State are prepared in such uninspected slaughter
houses.

It is evident that there is a large local industry in home dressed
meats, an industry that supports a very large number of people and
that provides a market for a large number of meat producing ani-
mals raised or fattened on farms in Pennsylvania. ‘This is an in-
dustry that means a great deal to the agriculture of the State.
Without it, the market for meat producing animals would be less-
ened and the profits of farming would be greatly diminished. More-
over, this local meat slaughtering industry is the only protection
we have against unfair prices for dressed meats. If it were not for

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 131

this local slaughter business, a combine of packers could regulate
the price of dressed meats at will.

Since, under existing conditions, and especially since the passage
of the new Federal Meat Inspection law, certain large establish-
ments have the endorsement of the Federal Meat Inspectors’ guar-
antee, these inspected meats have decided advantage in the market
at the cost of and to the injury of home dressed meats.

It is evident that the business in home dressed meats will suffer
from this competition and that it needs, for its proper development,
indeed, for its preservation, the protection and sustaining influence
of a State meat inspection service, and the reputation and confidence
such a service will give. Such a service will, therefore, be of great
economic importance to the live stock and meat producing interests
of the Commonwealth.

On the other side, this measure is of great sanitary importance; it
has direct bearing on the security of life and health. The officers
of the Federal government and Congress and, in fact, the whole peo-
ple of the United States are so convinced of the sanitary necessity
for meat inspection that the Federal appropriation of $3,000,000.00
a year for this purpose is generally commended. With one twelfth
of the population of the United States in Pennsylvania, this means
that the Federal government is expending about $250,000.00 a year
for the protection of citizens of this State from the evil effects of un-
wholesome meats. And the larger part, that jis not inspected, is of
lower quality and, in general, of more dangerous character than the
part that is inspected by the Federal government.

The field is so large that it will be difficult to organize and con
duct any State meat inspection service that will be adequate. As
the Federal law requires the support of State laws so State laws
will need to be supplemented by local regulations and by the estab-
lishment of municipal and other local meat inspection service. The
function of a State meat inspection service under such conditions
would be to coordinate and regulate the local service and to fill in
such gaps as might exist between the local and Federal meat inspec-
tion. Of course in the beginning of such a movement a great amount
of instruction would be necessary as to the principles and practise of
inspection and as to the methods for organizing such service and
this instruction, example and leadership would come most appro-
priately from the State.

VETERINARY EDUCATION. As the diseases of animals can-
not be effectively controlled without the assistance of trained men,
and as the training of such men is in older countries and in many of
the states of this country recognized as a public function, it seems
to be appropriate to refer to the relation of veterinary education to
animal husbandry and to the welfare of the Commonwealth, by add-
ing, aS an appendix a paper on this subject that T presented at the
last annual meeting of the Pennsylvania State Veterinary Medical
Association.

Respectfully submitted,
LEONARD PEARSON,

State Veterinarian,

132 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

APPENDIX.

THE VALUE TO THE NATION OF VETERINARY SCHOOLS.

By LEONARD PEARSON, B. S., V. M. D.
A paper read before the Pennsylvania State Veterinary Medical Association, March 7, 1906

President Elliott has said: “It isa disgrace to organized education
that any nation should refuse, as our own people are so apt to do,
to learn from the experience of other nations; the schools must have
failed to teach history as they should have done.”

The American people have been so greatly favored by a virgin,
fertile soil, by great natural stores of wealth, by kindly climates
and by the absence of a hostile frontier that, as a nation, they have
not yet been driven to a severe struggle for existence and to the de-
velopment of habits and practices of economy, or to a careful hus-
banding of their resources. The typical American method is that
of the miner rather than that of the husbandman. The husbanding
of one’s estate—husbandry—is in direct contrast with the exhaustion
of the rich stores of nature without replacement—mining.

Our great progress as a nation is largely due to the profits derived
from turning into cash the bounteous products and stores of nature,
the furs, timber, oil, coal, iron and other minerals and, above all,
the surplus plant food accumulated and waiting in the soil for the
pioneer farmer. These riches, some of which have been gathering
thousands of years, and some of which were deposited ages ago,
are rapidly being transmuted into fluid capital and some are already
well-nigh exhausted. The fur bearing animals are almost gone, the
end of our timber resources can be seen in the near distance, the eas-
ily available coal and mineral deposits are rapidly diminishing and
the limits of the soil areas characterized by surplus fertility are
contracting at a startling rate.

The ready minted gold dollars that nature scattered so bountifully
and covered so lightly throughout the length and breadth of our
country have nearly all been gathered. They were gathered by the
lumberman who chopped down and marketed the noble forests of
Maine, of Pennsylvania and of Michigan; they were garnered by the
tobacco growers and the cotton planters who formerly tilled the
virgin fields of the South, many of which are now half exhausted and
some of which are barren; they were gathered by the early settlers
on the rich and seeminely exhaustless lands of the middle West,
where it wag possible to grow wheat or corn on the same land year
after year, without intermission, for a generation, but where it is
now necessary to follow an appropriate rotation of crops and to have
a care for the restoration of the elements of fertility; they were
gathered by the cattlemen and sheepmen who owned the vast herds
and flocks that formerly ranged over the unoccupied lands of the
far West, great areas of which have so suffered from exhaustion
from over-stocking that they are now practically useless, and the

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 133

grasses of some districts are believed to be permanently destroyed.
‘ihis system of mining natural resources is very different from the
art of the husbandman, who makes restoration, in the form of
material or tilage, for all that he removes, and under whose skilful
hand nature continues permanently to yield her fruits.

All permanent civilization depends on the conserving work of the
husbandman. This fact is gaining recognition in our youthful
country. Yhe barren, fire-swept, flood-breeding, drouth-encouraging
mountain sides are gradually being reforested, the depleted lands
of the East and South are being restored to fruitfulness under
scientific and conservative systems of agriculture that have been
worked out in the experiment stations and agricultural schools.
The semi-arid cattle ranges of the West are being cut up into farms
which will yield bountifully.

With all of this development, is it not strange that our country
continues to tolerate a loss of from $200,000,000 to $250,000,000 each
year from diseases of animals that ought to be prevented? Why is
this loss permitted to continue? Why is this tremendous leak un-
checked? In the first place, there has been in this country such an
unparalleled amount of natural wealth that, with all of our wasteful-
ness, enough has remained to meet the requirements of our popula-
tion, and so a continuing loss great enough to seriously incommode,
if not to distress, one of the great powers of Europe, has been per-
mitted to go on year after year without hindrance. In the second
place, the loss has been so scattered that it has not often fallen with
crushing force upon a single locality, although great numbers of in-
dividuals have been sadly injured. Thirdly, the veterinary profes-
sion has not been sufficiently insistent on the importance and advan-
tages of its work, and so the public has not been strongly enough
impressed by the importance of veterinary work to furnish, or to
demand from the public treasury, adequate funds for its proper
support and development.

Another reason for the tardiness of our development as a profes-
sion, and of our institutions, is that on account of our distant posi-
tion with relation to the old centres of civilization, we have a
natural barrier against infections from abroad that has protected
us to a large extent from some of the more prominent and striking,
the explosive, animal plagues of the old world. Indeed, cattle
owners have generally failed to recognize the gravity of the dangers
that have actually confronted them until the blow has fallen, as,
for example, when contagious pleuro-pneumonia and foot-and-mouth
disease have prevailed in this country. Livestock owners were so
inclined to accept losses from diseases of animals as a matter of
course that they did not organize and demand relief from this source
of injury. After contagious pleuro-pneumonia had prevailed in this
country for ten years, had been rather extensively distributed,
threatening the cattle industry of the United States with the direst
calamity, even with partial extermination, as had so recently before
occurred in Australia, where it ruined cattle breeding, transforming
cattlemen into shepherds; even then the caitlemen made no strong
or organized demands for protection until the disease had extended
to the West and had reached Chicago, the greatest of our cattle
markets. Still the recommendations by veterinarians of the meas-

134 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

ures that finally prevailed and that were so brilliantly successful
were, in many instances, opposed by the interests to be benefited and
so sorely in need of help.

When foot-and-mouth disease appeared in New England a few
‘years ago, the representatives of the cattle industry were more wil-
ling to heed the recommendations of veterinarians and the calamity
was averted of loss of foreign trade in live animals and of in-
calculable damage to our domestic animals at home.

These are achievements that are not fully enough discussed and
that are not sufficiently appreciated. The saving resulting from the
extermination of foot-and-mouth disease alone is great enough to
build and endow a veterinary college in every state of the Union and
to repay, many fold, all of the funds that have been expended on the
work of the Bureau of Animal Industry and the Livestock Sanitary
Boards of the various states.

In European countries, where an animal scourge, as rinderpest,
occasionally swept across the land, destroying a large proportion of
the horned cattle, or almost completely exterminating them, and
where other explosive plagues prevailed widely, there has always
been both a keen realization of the destructiveness of infectious
diseases of animals and appreciation of efforts directed toward the
prevention of such diseases.

And so it was, that one of the earliest measures adopted by the
governments of Europe for the relief of agriculture and for the
improvement of animal husbandry consisted in the establishment of
veterinary schools. The veterinary schools antedate the agricultural
schools for the reason that the first step in the improvement of
animals is to protect them from disease, and agriculture rests large-
ly upon animal husbandry. Some years after schools and laboratories
were organized for the development of knowledge concerning dis-
eases of animals, and for its dissemination, agricultural schools
came into being.

This country “has been very tardy in its recognition of the import-
ance of the veterinary sciences, being, in this respect, more than
eighty years behind Germany, France, and the lesser countries of
continental Europe. Perhaps a reason for the slow development of
state veterinary schools, in spite of the great need of the country
for the work of such schools, may be found in the unprecedented
development of schools of agriculture and of agricultural
experiment stations. Institutions of these classes were or-
ganized in every state, and the impresion seems to have
prevailed that it would be possible for them to _ take
care of the needs of the country with respect to veter-
inary development and teaching. ‘This, however, has not been
the case, and it has long been clearly evident that veterinary teach-
ing, if it is to amount to anything in a serious and definitely useful

way, and if it is to be developed" to a point at all compatible with
the needs of the country, must have its own separate and specially
equipped institutions. The work of the agricultural colleges and
experiment stations has developed so much faster than the income of
these institutions that those responsible for their management are
constantly appealing at Washington and at the various state capi-
als for increased revenue. Thus the veterinary sciences havexre-
mained in the background, undeveloped and unable to exert their

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 135

beneficial influences for the protection and betterment of animal
husbandry.

Quite recently a change of sentiment has become apparent and
veterinary work is beginning to have public recognition. It is now
time to make known the advantages that will accrue to the state
from the proper development of veterinary rsearch, veterinary edu-
cation and veterinary administration. The limited public veterinary
work that has been authorized, has proved its value and serves as a
strong argument for further development.

It is probable that in the more civilized countries, great outbreaks
of rinderpest, foot-and-mouth disease, contagious pleuro-pneumonia,
etc., etc., are as unlikely to occur as are great outbreaks of the
plague or cholera under our modern conditions. New conditions
develop or, at any rate, encourage new diseases. The destructive
infectious diseases of today are more chronic and more widely dis-
tributed than the great plagues of former times. The diseases of
today destroy more animals, but the victims are scattered. Instead
of destroying half of the cattle within a limited area, they may
destroy 5 per cent. of the cattle in a district a hundred times as
great, or, the victims may be gravely injured and rendered unprofit-
able but not killed. Animal plagues in these days are not so ex-
plosive as they are erosive. Tuberculosis, abortion, and calf cholera
were never before so prevalent as they are today. On account of
their insiduous nature they do not cause the alarm, but they do
cause as much loss as some of the more spectacular and rapidly
spreading maladies. Besides this, there are the various infectious
diseases of horses: glanders, infectious pneumonia, influenza,
strangles, tetanus, purpura hemorrhagica, also various forage pois-
onings, and osteoporosis. In addition, there are numerous infec-
tious and parasitic diseases of other animals and there are import-
ant veterinary problems in connection with breeding and animal
production, all of which require elucidation. The veterinarian is
not only a physican for animals—he is an animal engineer. More-
over, the work of the veterinarian is of importance with relation to
the supervision of the production of foods of animal origin.

I have referred only to such veterinary work as is of immediate
public importance, but surely it is also of importance that owners of
valuable animals may be able to obtain the services of skilled men
to furnish advice as to the prevention of disease and to treat ailing
animals, so that, so far as possible, their = may be relieved
and they may be restored to usefulness.

It is necessary only to turn to the experiences of other countries
to learn that a large part of our great and continuing losses from
animal diseases is avoidable, and is a result of neglect.

The veterinary development of Denmark furnishes a very instruc-
tive lesson. Denmark is a small bleak country, and a generation ago
it found itself stripped of its fairest province, impoverished by war
and confronted by changed economic conditions that made it im-
possible for it to continue the kind of husbandry (grain production)
thai had formerly sustained it. The indomitable will and resource-
fulness of the people brought about a complete shange in the agri-
cultural conditions, under which dairying became the chief industry.
This brought into great prominence ‘the importance of animal

136 ANNUAL, REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

hygiene. The old veterinary school of Copenhagen, established in
1773, had long before laid the foundation for a substantial veterin-
ary development. Through the influence of the men trained in this
school, one infectious disease after another was exterminated or
brought under control until, at this time, there is no other country
in the world with such a large animal population, in proportion to its
area, where the animals are as healthy, as productive and as profit-
able as in Denmark. The Danish work in the development of the
means of control of tuberculosis, abortion, calf cholera and milk
fever hag brought to the veterinarians of that country world-wide
fame. The present prosperity of the people of Denmark rests on
animal husbandry and is due in a very large degree, to the work of
the veterinarians. One discovery by a Danish veterinarian, a cure
for milk fever, has already, in the course of five years, been the
means of saving to owners of cows throughout the world a sum
sufficient to equal all of the money that has been expended on the
construction, equipment and maintenance of all veterinary schools
established since the first one, at Lyons, in 1762.

Belgium is the most thickly populated country in Europe, but,
notwithstanding this, it has an extensive and highly developed live-
stock industry. In draft horse breeding, Belgium hag taken particu-
larly high rank, and the farms yield astonishing quantities of dairy
products. This would not be possible if the health of the domestic
animals were not carefully and successfully guarded. The quality
of the service rendered by the veterinary profession of Belgium and
the public appreciation that this work has received are shown by the
fact that the veterinary school in Brussels, founded in 1832, is now
being re-equipped with a group of nine schools, laboratory and hos-
pital buildings, beautifully placed on large, park-like grounds, at
cost of about 6,000,000 frances.

In Germany, there is a veterinary system that has been developing
since 1778, when the first German veterinary school was established
in Hanover. Other schools have been established until there are
now six, all well equipped and adequately supported. The German
organization for administering the veterinary laws is interesting
because it shows the results of a natural development in accordance
with the needs of the situation; the development being guided by a
well-trained profession. The central administration of veterinary
laws in Prussia, for example, is in the branch of government pre-
sided over by the Minister of Agriculture. The Minister of Agri-
culture is advised in all technical veterinary subjects by a board of
veterinarians. All rules and regulations for the control of diseases
of animals and for the guidance of official veterinarians are made by
this Board. The Board .also subjects to a written, a practical and
an oral examination all candidates for appointment to the positions
of department or district veterinarian. In each local district there
is an official veterinarian known as the Kreistierarzt, whose duty it
is to exercise local supervison with regard to infectious diseases of
animals, to advise and encourage breeders, to supervise horse-shoe-
ing, to enforce quarantine laws, and, in general, to look out for and
to improve the health, quality and usefulness of the domestic ani-
mals of the district. The Department Veterinarian has somewhat
larger jurisdiction; his field includes many local districts. The de-

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULPDURE. 137

partment and district veterinarians are subject to regulations from
the Minister of Agriculture and from the chief executive officers of
the departments and districts.

The result of this arrangement has been to bring the whole of
Germany under such veterinary supervision as to lead to the great
restriction of infectious diseases and greatly to improve the live-
stock industry. ‘This benefit to the country is reflected in the ade-
quate generous support of the veterinary schools, for it is clear
to every one who has looked into the subject that the real value
and the permanence of the system must depend on the schools.

It would not make the case stronger to go on and to pile up ex-
ample upon example of the public advantages from veterinary work
or to show that a country cannot reap these advantages without
fostering the development of the veterinary sciences.

Surely, it should be possible for our country to learn this lesson
from the experience of other countries. The leading facts are that
the losses from preventable disease of animals are great, and they
are avoidable. Why continue to suffer them? Let us profit by the
experience of others.

10

138 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

REPORT OF ECONOMIC ZOOLOGIST.

Harrispure, Pa., January 1, 1907.
Hon. N. B. Critchfield, Secretary of Agriculture, Harrisburg, Pa.:

Sir: I have the honor to submit to you the Annual Report of the
Division of Zoology for the year 1906.

As originally announced in our Monthly Bulletin in 1903, Vol. 1,
No. 1, the work of this office is chiefly comprised under the follow-
ing heads:

. Examining Specimens and Answering Inquiries.

. Personal Work: Investigations and Experimentations.
. Publications.

. Lectures.

. Inspections of Nurseries and Private Premises.

. Inspections of Imported Plants, Seeds, and Fruits.
. Making Collections.

To this should now be added one more:

8. Demonstrations of Methods of Combatting Pests.

“1S or CO De

1. EXAMINING SPECIMENS AND ANSWERING INQUIRIES.

During the past year we have made more additions to our collec-
tions than ever before. This is chiefly because many of the office em-
ployes have been making collections, especially during their brief
hours of recreation, and partly because the public is taking more
interest in the work of this office and sending us many specimens
with inquiries concerning them. Donations of specimens, large and
small have been contributed, and these have been acknowledged by
mail and recognized in our Monthly Bulletins. Such collections have
been of very great value to us in aiding to procure representations
vf various forms of life that may be found in this State. We are
rapidly putting them into the best shape for study, but-in this con-
nection we should call attention to the fact that more help is needed
in this important work of preparing collections of beneficial and
obnoxious insects of this State. During the year 1906 there were
three thousand five hundred and eighty (3580) collections made and
recorded in this office, many of which contained thousands of speci-
mens, and consequently it can be seen that the number of individual
specimens added to our collections is almost incredible in number.
The collection is growing rapidly from nothing whatever, three and
a half years ago, to one which must today be considered as worthy
of a place in the accurately prepared and scientific collections of the
world. In few collections have the records ever been so complete,
the data so full, the records so carefully and systematically kept,
or the specimens so well preserved.

I wish to take this opportunity to call attention to the care with
which the specimens, especially the insects, are preserved by the
assistants who have helped with this work, especially such men as

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 139

Messrs. A. F. Satterthwait, W. S. Fisher, D. K. McMillan, W. R.
Walton, P. H. Hertzog, W. R. McConnell, H. O. Marsh, and Paul R.
Myers, besides a few other persons who have come into more or less
occasional contact with them. Of course, it must not be understood
that all the persons here named have worked exclusively, or even
during a great portion of their time, at making or preserving col-
lections, but they worked for what brief time they could give to
this, as for example, when it was stormy and they must be indoors,
with such care that experts who have seen even our most delicate
specimens have pronounced them the best prepared and preserved
of any that have come into their hands. Of course, such work and
results are essential if our collection is to be a permanent basis
for the study of Natural History in this State. I only regret that
arrangements have not been made for us to come into more direct
touch with the State Museum in order to help develop that Institu-
tion and to use its facilities for storage and exhibition purposes.

One of the great uses of this collection is now making itself
manifest in the extensive calls from Granges and other permanent
organizations, which have regular meeting rooms, asking us to fur-
nish them collections of beneficial and obnoxious insects for exhibi-
tion and study in their rooms. Teachers, by the hundreds, have
also applied to us for collections, as well as for naming and classify-
ing specimens in their own collections in order to use these correctly
named specimens for comparison in naming others. I hope it will
be possible to furnish at least one carefully prepared and labeled
collection of insects, and in fact of all animal organisms found in
this State, for one of the prominent public schools in each county,
or, perhaps, to arrange a systematic or travelling collection, some-
what upon the plan of the traveling libraries, to be used by teachers
who desire them as aids in Nature Study work. Another employee,
acting in the capacity of Curator, would make this possible, and
we deem it sufficiently important to urge it for both educational
and practical purposes.

' 2. INVESTIGATIONS.

As previously reported the invesUigations of this office have been
chiefly along the line of Economic Zoology with most reference to
destructive insects, but with due regard to beneficial insects, and at
least some attention to the enemies of our common insect pests.
We have continued the investigations upon the subject of San José
scale and its enemies and remedies, and have proven conclusively
the truth of our former statement to the effect that “the lime-sulphur
wash, boiled for one hour, and applied while the leaves are off
the trees, or when the trees are dormant is the best means of killing
the San José scale, the safest or least injurious to the infested
trees, and the least expensive material that can be effectively applied
for this pest.” (See Report for 1905, page 130.)

The various Experiment Station Bulletins confirm this in every
point, and quite recent bulletins coming into our hands show the
most careful experimentors are in accord with this.

Tests have been made with various commercial materials for kill-
ing the San José scale, and as a general result we have found that
mosi of them are not very good, but the so-called miscible oils or
soluble oils, sold under various trade names are good insecticides

140 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doce.

when used at the proper strength. Unfortunately, the manufac-
turers and agents are claiming that these preparations can be used
one part of the oil to twenty parts of water, when the trees are
dormant, to kill the San José scale, when our experiments have
proven that the right proportion for proper results must be one
part of the oil to twelve of water.

Our experiments with cut worms have proven that they can be
poisoned with poison bran mash, and we have published extensively
in our Bulletins upon this subject. (Vol. LI., pp. 356 and 367-369.)

As most of the results of our original investigations and experi-
ments have been published in our Monthly Bulletins, or will be so
published, it is not necessary to give them in detail here, but cite
from such references as follows: ‘‘Preliminary Report of Fall and
Winter Experiments with Commercial Insecticides,’ January Bul-
letin, pp. 272 to 274; “Experiments with Homemade Insecticides for
San José Scale,” March Bulletin, pages 335 to 341; “Tests of Com-
mercial Insecticides,” pages 342 to 344, March Bulletin; “Experi-
ments with Cutworms on Strawberry Plants,” April Bulletin, pages
367 to 369; “Experiments with the Asparagus Beetle,” May Bulletin,
pages 6 to 9; “Summer Experiments for Scale Insects,” June Bulle-
tin, pages 45 to 48; “Summer Experiments for the Oyster-shell
Seale,” July Bulletin, pages 88 to 84; “Summer Treatment of Scale
Insects,” Bulletin for July, pages 84 to 88; “Economic Features of
the Serpents of Pennsylvania,” August and September Bulletins,
and “San José Scale Experiments,” November Bulletin, 1906.

We are continuing investigations along those features of insect
life that are not well known, and making a special study of parasites
and larger enemies of insect pests. Among our investigations now
going forward, and which we are not Beaty to publish in detail,
are the following:

“A Study of the Enemies of the Chestnut, ” “The Enemies of the
Locust Tree,” “The Insect Pests of Hay and Forage Plants,” “Scale
Insects and Other Fruit Pests,” “Insects attacking Weeds,” “The
Turtles and Lizards of Pennsylvania,” and “Pennsylvanian Amphib-
ians.”

The subject of insecis injurious to weeds is one of direct import-
ance in destroying certain weed pests, and may become of great
importance otherwise, as we know that many of these pests, are
able to transfer their attacks from weeds to cultivated crops, and
thus at once become very destructive. This means that if such
pests be left to multiply upon weeds, they are liable to make this
manifest by outbreaks upon cultivated plants, and as a consequence
the best means of holding them in check is to practice such clean
farming as to destroy all weeds they inhabit. Specifically, among
such pests are the stalk borers, which feed in the stems of many
weeds, but also in many cultivated plants, especially tomato and
potato, and also the plant lice, which attack the roots of many
kinds of weeds, but also may be very injurious to corn in the spring
of the year.

Experiments are being continued to discover more simple reme-
dies for the older and better known insects, to test new
materials as they are recommended in certain parts of the
earth from time to time, and especially to give fair tests to the
commercial insecticides as they appear on the market with adver-
tised but too often misleading recommendations of their virtues.

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 141

The tests of commercial insecticides are of very great importance
to the citizens of this State. We take pleasure in stating that this
office has been instrumental in showing the evils or inefficiency of
at least three commercial insecticides, two of which were with-
drawn from the market during the past year. One of these was sold
under the trade name of “Con-Sol,” and was very widely advertised,
but after our tests proved its worthlessness, we did not hesitate
to make announcements to that effect. We had considerable corres-
pondence from the manufacturers and read their urgent claims that
their preparation would do the work they claimed for it. Even
after our being obliged to incur the displeasure of some agricultural
papers by protesting against the advertisement of such fraudulent
materials, it was finally proven that “Con-Sol”’ was worthless as
a destroyer of scale insects, and during the past year the manu-
facturers finally acknowedged this, withdrew all advertisements
from the papers, and withdrew the substance from the market.
They are now making an entirely different material, which gives
promise of being a fairly good commercial insecticide when used at
sufficient strength.

A second material, which we showed to be an imposition upon
the fruit growers and helped to force from the market, was made and
sold at Waynesboro, Pa., under the name of “Sca-Kill.” We had
this analyzed, and found it to consist of sulphur, resin and gun
. powder. It was to be applied by boring holes in the tree and
inserting this in the tree, and plugging them. Common _ sense
taught us that the sap of the trees would not take up such things
but to be sure to do no injustice to the makers and advertisers,
we tested this material thoroughly, after having obtained some of
it by strategy, as the manufacturers would send none to us, even
though we offered to pay for it.’ Our tests, as well as the practical
application of some of it in some rather extensive orchards in this
State, proved the material to be useless as an insecticide, and the
public was at once informed of this fact. The material hag had an
extensive sale at $1.00 per pound, not only in this State, but also
in several other States of the Union. It is now announced for the
benefit of fruit growers in this State that this substance also has
been withdrawn from the market, and all advertisements of it are
canceled and withdrawn. This hag been done after severe protest
and threats of the manufacturers, who now realize that materials
that are not meritorious can not stand a prolonged practical test
nor the honest scrutiny of the people.

We believe that our new experiments are resulting in giving
satisfactory and definite information in controlling Peach-tree
Borers, Borers of Apple and Pear tree, Peach Rot, Grape Pests and
Disease, Cabbage Pests and other insects and plant diseases for
which more or less experiments have been made. The older or pre-
vious experiments gave us valuable and practical results in remedies
for the San José Scale and other Scale insects, Currant Worms, Cut
Worms, etc.

Of course, the most important insect pest in this State in regard
to fruit production is the San José Scale, and as our investigations
and experiments have been directed mostly toward that, we are
prepared to announce with certainty that the best and cheapest

142 } ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

means of controlling it is the boiled lime-sulphur wash, applied in
two thorough coats or sprays shortly before the buds burst in the
spring. This is fully discussed in our Bulletins for November, Dec-
ember and February.

3. PUBLICATIONS.

The publications of this office have consisted of the Monthly
Bulletins of the Division of Zoology, which have been issued regular-
ly each month, an Annual Report, illustrated Address on Bee-Keep-
ing, delivered at the Clearfield Meeting of Farmers’ Institute Work-
ers, a Bulletin on Bee-Keeping, being the First Annual Report of the
State Bee-Keepers’ Association, Addresses in the Publication of the
State Horticultural Association occasional Circulars and several
Newspaper Articles.

Of course, our chief means of publications has been brought
through the Monthly Bulletin of this Division. The prime
object of this Bulletin has been to give farmers a_ timely
publication concerning pests and items of interest and im-
portance concerning their crops or work for the particular
month of each respective issue. By issuing the Monthly
Bulletin regularly and _ periodically we have been able to
save a great amount of postage, for the reason that this has givea
us a second class rate, and the postage on these Bulletins can be
paid by the pound, whereas if they were issued at irregular intervals,
each copy mailed to any individual could go only by bearing its own
postage stamp.

The Quarterly Bulletin was discontinued for the sake of economy,
last year, with the issue of May Bulletin, No. 1 of Volume III., but
the subjects treated in the Quarterly Bulletins, viz., the Economic
Features of Pennsylvanian Vertebrates, have been continued in
occasional issues of the Monthly Bulletin.

In these Monthly Bulletins are contained not only timely articles
on insects, zoology, farm operations, plant diseases, ete., but also
the results of our investigations and experiments, and formule for
insecticides and fungicides. A regular system has been followed.
For example, the May number is devoted to a condensed series of
Formule; the June number to Insects and Plant Diseases infesting
most cultivated trees and shrubs; the July number to Scale Insects,
Plant Lice and other summer pests; the August-September number
to some feature of Vertebrate Zoology; the October number to Fall
Pests of the Farm; the November number to the San José Scale,
with special reference to Winter Remedies; the December number
to some educational subject in Zoology; the January number to
Nursery and Orchard Inspection; the February number to Spring
Remedies for the San José Scale and the March and April numbers
to spring and Summer Pests and General Zoology.

The most unique publication that we have issued has been our
August-September Bulletin for 1906, which was on “The Serpents of
Pennsylvania.” This Bulletin contained more facts concerning the
habits and food of our native serpents than has ever before been
put into print, and no less an authority than Dr. Stejneger, the
herpetologist of the U. S. National Museum, has said that this is
the only publication in the world upon the food and economic feat-
ures of such creatures, It was certainly received most cordially

Nos 7: ' DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 143

by the citizens of this State, and others who applied for it, to such
an extent that our issue of twenty-five thousand was soon entirely
exhausted, and yet more calls for it continue to come at the rate of
several per day. No publication previously issued from this office
has created such interest and met with such popular endorsement,
and none has been so much in demand,

A most important series of articles was commenced in our Bulle-
tin for January last, as “A General Systematic Study of Insects.”
In this series of articles we take up the structural characters of the
different orders and families of insects, briefly describing their
special characteristics, and also discussing their effects, food plants
and remedies or preventives. Of the nineteen orders of insects
we published in the January Bulletin on the first to ninth inclusive,
and in the June Bulletin on a portion of the tenth or the Sub-
order Heteroptera of the Order Hemiptera. The second sub-order
of the Hemiptera or Bugs will be discussed in our August Bulletin
for the coming year.

I earnestly recommend legislative authority to increase the
number of our Bulletins, for the reason that hundreds of persons
have applied for them who can not receive them when the number
is limited to twenty-five thousand, which is the legal limit and is
covered by our present mailing list.

4, LECTURES.

Our public lectures for the past year have been confined mostly
to Annual Meetings of Societies more or less connected with some
branch of Agriculture, and prominent meetings of Granges, the
State Farmers’ Institute, State Horticultural Association, State Bee-
Keepers’ Association, etc. We have had many requests to attend
agricultural meetings of various kinds and deliver lectures, but
could not find time to accept most of them. Our field demonstrators
in their demonstration meetings, have lectured upon the San José
Scale and similar pests, and have reached thousands of persons in
a practical way by so doing.

INSPECTION OF NURSERIES AND ORCHARDS.

The nurseries of this State were inspected in August and again
in February, to be sure that the San José Scale would not be dis-
seminated upon either the fall or spring shipments of trees. This
was the first time in this State that the winter or February inspec-
tion of nurseries had been made, and we find it to be fully justifiable.
Scale was found in a few nurseries where it had not been previously
located, and some premises on which it was supposed to have been
destroyed were found yet to be slightly infested. By the aid of
this office the dissemination of the San José Scale on nursery stock
has been very materially decreased. The biennial inspection of
nurseries should continue, and according to our present plans will
be practiced during another year. The following nurseries have
been inspected and have complied with the requirements of the law
in this State. They are consequently given certificates for selling
their stock:

144 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.
Adams County.
Name. Place. Acres.
EUSA PHONG | ioveies teucte eratnie tate te terole oucinie ailetere aie AISDELS5)) Wiles chien sa osm an aeten eapieren 3
CRPAES SOMO oo wane ata eraeioneter tine eaicioere Getty SDUne sen cityoace clase eee 3
Cornelius Bender, Semester een cc ete: 1 EGE Abe Iie take acres Aenea Gm er te tc 1
Wit MCTIESS EE. SIDS INGOT ia vitrersvcreccieselerone Tdavilley =e eon once eee A
ERS WV HOOIW GES). 0 Saiereicrccsiers ste tosis, br ave?ere srecetermens AD hob oslo dont me A Arco Tee Oo See 1%
Charles IE GwWilSonrs ceencsec scene cca ceence Wilohaghaavers| MPAA Soe copy dodnocadc a
Witslls (Grovie’y itttanccesse meen ooltrelsie sue earners Mork "Springs. asco se cetimee seas 10
TTOR = PIA S series scsecoe sore te hale saree SEES MOrk SPFINESS) .< Saisls erercineielsiore eos 3
Allegheny County.
Jao a Miurdoch (GiCon, sasaccse ecco sieaecnts PittSbure yar cscs aee eee 2
Evo t Nursery \CO.jcacoaicieccu sic ecicte asides SPLINES Gales, ass oce ceannce tees 33
GPR Oty. st cstreevcicteens +c siateelaiaion stoma are WIESEVIC Wit ci oe cece colette il
Marken nea dit? (live otis sehrorat nc teetecteree eielere BelleVWe sc consiocn spice euler sive Demeter %
TJobhmM IW: MOEN Me 7.56.. Sisisres wis oe seve secre aieiete MIVales (23a cohiadals aleve ctomtenncreree yy
Beaver County.
MWMackalliisross, crasvoc.cs costes wince weenie Bea VeRO ic sae Seas casiaoot on eran: 20
PA AMIT CSO TIULE IN stemara, save rettaerstaiercciers nie etehersiceye Beaver Halisis <.c.csewaacteaees caer 6
AOE GOOUWING aii eseroeie a atie ei Bisle iat meee ENGUWSEDY. , Ge tiais ttle ceiercateisitiepa viovee creer 12
eT isa OSV ALig, viccratiecoecietecokc eeieie cl oils Vole orsmny/ovactoveretore nraerEte TNGUSERYS, aceg.stsak cee 15
SENET: AUDIO OY sel serotevey <veyorete ohacolesele nels ciel sete enetots TNGuUStry 3: ccsisdceackh eseine cee ene 4
PAO TP OCU Ford aa cae are Dats ocouselarsielea ele isletorsials EROMEWOOG, « S.d2-sctcnmemnae occa eee 10
MIME CO WAS JRUISSOLD ichenforvetssne sielecerocere s/eyctereletexe TV SUI Yj arses ere eect vie cxscaictetsrolersterstetele ¥%
PIW oF as. UPOOU | Sizictels sieisisisiset.sieiers'elsisicciotetinine FLOMEWOOGG” criss Secre sinalesoorierietee 5
-hosephvands@narles Emeiles is Ds Now beavielensenscetescaneececie cele iW)
BWA TN OIG LOS) Evy IN Osrepicieicierereletelarsieteee Beaverviallserc. deem ewure eels 9
Bedford County.
AMIStINe Wirlehity” mokiiie crs cere ac crsiseleate eile Adum sBamnilks \Ach..2 ofidsoehaaceeietce 2
Berks County.
WViENGICH BrOSss vic /lle aie eeitews eis Soisieltere eielele RO DESONIA:\ Caw dioe Saree cee aeeete oie %
Blair County.
AE eA Ste ESOMW ISO TS set ch avaxavs ei cravat aiebace evetarelseteversiere sisters INIGIWIVigt eicreie.eretators a ricieteiaucri ee omits %
Bucks County.
a GONISEES oi sscesievotnsteisvees wicies cteeteto einen MYATT UGS 5s eieteteneus Passe bic eve elereisl cette 10
Somerton Nurseries, 125 S. 15th St.,
iBone ING WG isihaboehwols Wika Eos agacec SOMEFCOMF-aaio set orvie eererersvolercieis svalorele 20
RCN TYRE AMINES S Meisels SG tis coe ee ete eee oe SALI S IVOM MC in Atlas rte sttertetore rie aie cure tare 4
ETO RAC CPA Vis | huis vores ie meas escalator latecele caters INGE OME E) dterclctertarcrrsios eteiseie uso eels 5
Dawandenth iSeed) Colne. kee ancclesecieey Bristol? ©. cisco cise ie sretetetecesevere a trereterm eters 5
PHEW ice. VLOOn! (CORN oe ea. crus sputener ates NOTTISVilless hae sou ees Boece 200
Sue MOON CO a5 crate a. cicls ofslcieistta sei ores eho wie Marrisvallecs) hc sje-crcteslstelews-steteretetstorers 50
Tepe Gre OUTUSIICINY | aevetoners s1o1die celetoversiarcie oteloiaee FRI Chama DOWN; . cevelerers sense sisierece ucts 1
Sake bra ch Sb Ds NiO: AS cevscsctoctee cries SPLriNewo wily. creas sisters elerelevelece tere 1
Butler County.
PICT CE: HBOS ae sleet oxciomie.daploveiete tines slice ete IBUtle rR A Salictarcta eres nieiets satesovewistels taser te 10
Chester County.
GeoreecAchelisi iiciccertecc cies cucttareteron ome tele Wiest Chestens Seb wseraciverensisteetnetere 200
Mes Conard Jones Cox, shaace sets ce eels IWIGSE NGMOMVC ie ic acs tc eiconetostelereitleletestciele 30
Mirespineee k Conard COs catns dancers IWiESE GROVES, cassie sccloicrecoretere ais atevereuete 30
IREKGSUANW HOLE VAG) lsmacutrestentation ce pore Fen SHEA SUAS Miele. ctelelersiclelereiteretele 200
APA et EVCOD CTS orcisyaverers ota teigisislsiete uisitve lovapeistelaneys IMEI rer > Geicrctevietstere cite ters ce lomo tron ratale 16
Hoopes Bros. & Thomas, ........ - Je eine Wissshe (GloWeSsiey Go ceasépdonas0Dodcur 600
RUE ECL fey trea atintn yoke loschace ts cuensisl co tassios wt oiokann st ohets Sprime i@ilys* ac sate acinsieelem eterno 2
Beri] PAOONME]E ca ercercienstateacs cele cine oyavele a elersiahele WiestiGroviey isc sacineeie macclesme cer 4
ye SPIRO CUL ITN acre elerciaiatterele we ciersie revere ersatinrere IES ah WMS CGN AE AA gecadoooadooOtn 1%

*Grow berry or small ‘fruit plants only.

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Clearfield County.

Name. Place.

BU Pei ses VCE ENC ouee cnis cverevavsrate, sisversiereis eieisisfeie sfs.viere Clearmelde mec actccioe oe

Crawford County.

MEIN SENET AI Gisn coe cle,» asioe cisleisineye ccoees eves Gochranbon, mcs... ccn oe. ee
*Anderson Bailey, R. D. No. 66, ........ GWoGhEAaMtOn en sn cee esis cise
BIOS Dailey, chee INO S6G), scssce 2 sce s (Gloraligenaoroiy s-condoocEooe
Srenrys toberts. Ro iD: INO. 665. .. occ sc COCRTATMEOI, Mis ctersiciesisielc ore
ae we ECCCO Ete IDS INOS OG. creciereuslccloicis careers COCNEAN LOM yetatsa cies -rveltaret
Savi Gecelbyny Eee IDs INO: 665, ss ccieeicces aoe CWOCHTATLOTMS raaactecieleletaieyore
AKAM ES ILCs Setcia caente eles Sis fersisantls Stab fee we (Gra meshaurCin, Gaaoanaooococ
SANTO L a OC OODECT s © atecisvele cs cis nlele opens eres Cochranton, <.-creccsie sso
SAV VL ee ESA VINCI. haere sstesiae ears osicis tives oe COCHrAMNtON sa yee sieleeeles
Showis sworzer, R..D. No: 33, of. .eseds< Gar iboreee 2052) eiciasicreratevelels
eRe Weer. sete DS INOe UES Seve cioc ons on cccve ECA GWHTEN -scrctareticioomcre
Eerugential Orchard: ‘Cosy ys ceo = aces cee Shermamnsville, ........0.
RN dey IBYOSIS 7 Wi 0 Re a. i Se are een eae GENCVA,) ssiceowtas Suis cers etes
SECA eNEAGSI hacsee tite cs otaes owes neh eels GSne Val. eels ve a teecsei sete ake
SAV ATTIEy VV IOC a talisrs C etelerehevs ee esiatelain ewe eas see (GOTO Vai el ciate cterele tiles, ole Sele wtele
SPM Ke STI Ke me starereleraie crevars © alcle ocloe eleceresetareic GENEVA 50 sale atoia: ste vo's sparstalazere
Dee Ler AVVO Ch stare Aictaraso¥ersleYots siecle: sieves, sloieiacacave eo o' Gene Vay Cacrenisctociaclestervere's
aie Neg Crem CAD YOM en ecracavaavote Ss tuselasers/ sel ciare™s cihnn'sieve (ETI VAs, ue cio sisters nile Ca srereiere
BOD eM ME SCMMCU. crelarisclciejeise cisisieles s «tec sa INET. Be oagegacaoooGcGG
=Petervochatiner, yD. NOs, wn... 0). a6 VIS RIVINTOR: vr rerereretefeiereicisistetere
SUTRAS eT mETS WTI, avajeve/erals c.sisieue Sietereleie.s 6 vahecse COCHrANEOM Sicosctclefosis cl
*Samuel Bailey, R. D. No. 66, .......... COCHrantOny Weicic <1 \<lelel- o sior
PGI Ge DAIL Ets IDE INO e AL cia scje.cicierese) cle ave IDEs wiiKSs) Gpoccopoonpioods

Dauphin County.

CRE SCHOEN scd, 0.5 Metre cs.siestos ope ELA p rte ate tverscernetecr eee
STAVE VAG EU POMNDINIGS Sclsccc oste nc sissies sie ae P2TOL TOSS ay cravorctasverscolersleveienete
VIPS OMTASCTIMAM © -ccainieicie-o,<islnistyaorsiles.ers ie areieye OGRE TEMUIMECTS cre creel sto erere
Andrew, Coble, Re Ds INOF Wy occ cms so ese IVETE GT BOW etaterersiwlerere riers

Delaware County.

Pee Zid OUDDICE ss ciate cs iclers Ocieelsle oeibis ole wis ee eels Colline@aley sac cue cei we couse
ERI SEV Cle Matcrecisiaiciei re iachatercteloeiee aie cinte cise cas CGoneordville}< sacce. ac sccnc
HV Heer Se EDTA TA UII wc feicrelece- «arate chee we cule w:dals Gieks ie Conecordadwilley Sacic.ccceccees
NV Ee OUT (CCSSEE) iS <cc. ac .sctacversvessere. a ce NOt eEINP GOTO, (en Hac SoCo
one Ge Gardner. bas ock anorseeeieekielee ss Voila INOW cee ne slemisrsiee ts
VV ye ITO VVIOTKGS. oe aa <roretorcist sarecre usrcielers SHELVES este ss sere wcreiels
AiG lnwisls dejabalovsl, staamassaocounemede GoCn Camp (GOWNS so icleci-) 01

Erie County.

SAC BEY OUTIOS? | aya carey te cic sienisisi yshe’ « cistevale ashe INO TEHMASES Pal cnerenrcoc clerere
EO GEOIMPEST: OS bryels cba tice clovereis. «cists cio oaleearene INfeinAa| MOSK” Se copeoaddape
MS Gree VOID EES tercreiay «aia seie.o arses nia veusielalve cactarioteie INORG ERa SEM! rons clortacicere.s
SCs BOstwick i SOMe .aasce. oases cece RLS yemINGe Vas, urcte poretcelers.c
eo ECON yaa I orsnaressresetarteterstaiole ares werevevscers Ske IN{GIG IDES como ogoOoOe S
AMI MAYIOUINY Sr ay ocarrrniaiecnian oretmiovnsloleeiiais seals INGEN Pe MAS oils atreteietemes
RAMU fo Cine SUMMIT Ng Ps weyers oy avarcittaroneistave ers, ose (ayer provecetore INORENGHIASE scetee cisterns
MEA UIP OMG ses svatrecinig yet easiorerrs wate vee Ga ANG ye ways olstrmcrsicvelsraroce sts

Fayette County.

Alp SUG AIIER AS! 0) Oe Sa BRI nEEr an nO REE eoce acre Masontown,

Franklin County.

SDR V ish Li OU ede aasepiie: Sate hate Cra cig.misueseis iettee eee Chambersburg, ..........
Geo: Es Wert CHorester) ss sasccu sc. a0 20.05 er IVb ACOs dechairercctetas caavahe
ELEM eM GOOIZ a yy toloo clos or oteartie Risse or rveie! Seis WaVMeSDUTESS = iewiecsccsns
VV carey a PEVGOG o encore crisps even cite Gita eiere nai Chambersburg, ..........

Fulton County.
HEL Oval ees s2 cols aan vedas suls Seeks vs Covalt,

eee ee eres

eee steeese

eee ee nee

eee we eee

a rd

re

er as

eerste eee

seen eeee

see te wees

se eee wee

eet ee ee ee

wee www eee

ee ay

145

ee eee eee

i
hs

to

Were Spr OW bp pO

Dee Ee
we RS

j0090000C iy
aconcgo0c 2%

bo

OO wm bo or

bt
Nwr ROOTS

*Grow berry or small fruit plants only.

10—7—1906.

146 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.
Juniata County.
Name. Place. Acres.
PRimer We GLay Dill ecm oseeticicimaneeae RUUCHHELAA x, seleeaelcpisstewieue eee eee 2
DOSS Te MAIS ress \ope)8 eyeucislers, ateaiers (ores orereiens MeG@ullowehnits: Winliss ccc seen 3
IN TETISIBUSE DEE Y aA loot avibaad opedoddos de~ IPNCMVANCL, Sc dooecscyseoLddonoonso0c 1
nish Isle Cominiels Anoscagn ss odupooHo 09600000 IRE NING Go Gem oc nodouousonooutonS 5
Lackawanna County.
*Georze: Ee Colvamiyinsscc asia sites enaisiiecte DATO RRS, ge ete serous ovalbacara seelttereteteiere c 2
=HWoviasie. INomt Mp psicrerciete ccc rete cee ake Glenburn 5.2 Vass. bogie scart « ccc 2
JOHN AWe SHeCDRERGS iets series tyaevose elses S\Ghgch altho} ss erin einer iran a Cos eine aD Heb 4
‘dst lals INfoimuUNbET yooehoocdodsunoonaeeoeooaL IDEM nace oowodoDo eon oC oo na doOS Ye,
Lancaster County.
JONN (Gs NSIS. 55 ss scene's siette wiles eesoeisrors es IW AriSt tats) oo 2.25.5 ate wlaxsisterstasenseotolenete ateaets 6
PAE SEQTUD ghcicsccareiererase als: stertis ie louateteinterete hain veicialaiete 19/1 5 ReeriG ASA OCTOBRE TRE OBO oor oC %
IMAUTICCHESPLMEONG bp aters.c nis aveisiekelerreetocnieheieselerelove Chrisitianiar~ cecssvecratostetercionee serrenienete 20
IWE SE OBOIEON Ss, oi ters sels leletere coteetietelspelotetbelinvers BBOm WiC Wis: iis Giese sists sibel easlaretoorelatereeds 2
1D get] Bona is 02) GON ot Den Ate nee RR RE ey a TsaNCAStETs wencicaynl herrea eerie 5
TET: ERAT core clevcicsnve-clereie avs avs ledalavenstere ere ERUDEPS ,. saccsie leis, sarew a, galsistore cio sreerereels 2
VV TISOM VIEPOA CY: oo ails soles store @isvers sie map etetera were Mit iOYs ~sist isha taticonteereensiaiare eee cate 1
CalvinaC coopers? domdcescs saeco coe co ereoets Bird=in-handey +. caer 2
OF) Wires ye,, sare sje stapalaie stelle oreo wisletersiniere Bird=in=hand (aes sae cass eele seen 2
AGO ECOOL Ga roe, evs DP INOn dy) cies aerate Mian Wet Ws s:sieasuaviciacintevsyaiate love aca eete 20
PRA VAG S CELI ere: asei eicisie ota e ein ernacneven vouorete boy bharn alike eas mabe conascooncodeCGos 2
IVETE IVC SSE wits aero tcve sia orate lave aisle Uetstorets TRAM CASTE. \n5 citsyelcnis crsta s eoeioeieterelare 2
VER ASE SCOUT) pur scauertatsscie vera: © ote toialoleienciere aeversierevensieve Za SLO CO WANs § trae eieie oe mterercietatenels uf
Sa REO ESAT Nar MCOW, ceiors, siclote eressverctorchorerelnse wststere TIAN CASEET 5 Vets crcteteiatetel sterohrel ese olemicraete 3
UTA Kee A em COTS om tore) ieiarstevete leit /sietarstere cise ievsveacale TAAIFCAS ECT Tiler stcliere ciorosietersielopeeictete ren: %
Lawrence County.
Ap aisiznesy lke IDEN ON As Ss ocianao oebon> M@inbures- sac tite. tae stomateiawternerne il
PSUR ZA TOSS I8 ox ers esistoretontreretesssares, oro etelsic sejeleincoreve INGW: (Castle, | ccs. ciecc cleanse cieroletie’e sete 1
NEES. a INPOOTE St Siar ieisieaicloe wisitisiave eo late etarere ele stescve INe@wW "'CAaStle , i icwsiacisteriewie sNesisinierite 2
ES) Pea VV IS ET ae verccarcveens oreverelonatetacata eyerencata eisietels Neue MiNsibomihslertona Baysoqesoa coun oc 1
SAIS Roa SiS ES no bo oe DOOR OOADOU on ebo oC New Wilminetomy sicc. cman clerceie sate %
FEPOVER DLOGs. Eves INO. OSdasinisietinenesterts New; Walinaita SOM ye cre sree ones eleneteter= 2
Lehigh County.
SW, Sams SON MNSON | cous ayrac nese cetetostarererloets AMIENPONV I. wwe olsinmiore sexeleerenn ate etre 30
Luzerne County.
PVA PIPES es arcs covsiascie aisles etalon atieiers Webi te: FELAVieTay Pe clerertecs oolelcieisrsisreumiatnte
(Handles only native ornamental shrubs.)
Ve AG ITA LRC Lita re ya cisisistelescloinieletabelsr cles eielatcietele: sia Wilkes-Barre y sr wste cies icisicisies alerernie 1
Lycoming County.
Eivenden Br0sS., oc .eccscsesecssccevcce cece Williamsport, <.65 0.5 ce eeccssc cms 2
Mercer County.
*George E. Brocklehurst, R. D. No. 20, Jackson Centre, ................ ; 214
ARG tShueswekssgs lily Gaoe Goon sooDocoOGUOOE SCOMEHODBOy Letras erecate eres oot sveevevalareetare 2
*J. HE. Brocklehurst, R. D. No. 3, ........ IMMER COR Cale stel roe ecelsie wareentnte sisteists 1%
Se WW ee ie te NUD opal s ReDie IM Op UE ayaa IMieeGie. déhGocdebastednduosUeLaOORE 10
SNES. GlSt. IM eSEVOM 6 ccsrete avarersielsleletetelelele SPOMESDOTO Se a rte ord cents euete teeters 1%
Saris awe nroste okt. Di INO 205. selene JACKSONU-CEMERCE . cyateusmiersjeloherore sualanee %
SEAM WV C CHAT EM Ay cateiwiens clejcieiaisise/srarelaiete eiurele SLONOWOLO wok ies we creole specie insel sis ele ere 2
EAA aTI ee RO WILG Grae treretay a stejsietatalefe. sie tei osnis Contre eauleXe StOmMPGDOrO® Wacicicvarrctetrorrataa iets eeinerar ate 4%
RCV EVE TOILE Ss ciate racclersle ds stiles ale heim eeioels she Stoneboros 2 Siac een sae eos 1%
= OhlaMET eT SON! af carsis visas ceaia ane select wie Stone bonOnice. seitenmewinc ccm aimee 1
SVacop Mromean), et. Ds NiO. 2250 se cencic'seiee SHONSDOTO, Va.ciacies oe, teihieesrewleeenle 1
MUG MMbeaey GaaocOanne JObeUDEeGgoDOUdOas SEONEDONG, Hare sajelosystayelecevereles, Mae 4%

*Grow berry or small fruit plants only.

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 147
Name. Place. Acres
SEP DEP UODOVIC. ce eis dclele es cicic cee cisivics en vsies SF eetavs| 01015, 05, BAGO OOD eTCOCR ECO RIOrCeC
MENG VEC Clar eM < ayeies-c cic sieves cae eeie'e'e ss SEOMEWOLO oi ecin s.ctolaue sujsleuelersicts siete = cio 1%
See Memean, RD. NO. 46. ciisierca cscs GERECTEWLG so ci ays ntecctoieia vcloteles a sererereres ster 4
See Ty ETON tet Toe INOS 28's tia crale.c:o(s:siaialet Biahioiie, SoSP Gee COREA Orr ae 21%
ee OO bDIETIGs SONS, Roel NOL sss i. EtaAGley sc cscs oct eles cle eleleisies 4
URAL S DAybOr ve bts: ID. IN O84, vice %16 c1cle we.0ie PSTN ONY ot eters conv cheval <i ate No foyer ‘aus! eie chorea loners 4
SAVER CeO PEID ISH 0 Geiacc scs2 ose wists ala lerojotersiare eee oie INET. GEIS | Saryo cicactaie aicle Sislie.e\'«iavaie'iste cy etsis 3
SEV ALISON. HE. ID. INO! 98 c.c.cc0ce0 IVE EIRC CT ay a setereiaiales fo 2 si cisvelciciaicrels ayatcrewsas 2
Monigomery County.
PEM SISBINOCHIOT: boc cicieGisieis ooo elon locas one oireae @heltemham, tac. Py castor ee 2
R. B. Haines & OG eset cislncke ersele eects sie Whe Femina eetareni acres eters sianeys iststaceusts 10
NEPPENSUVUESOM:, move adie lotanereiee Sisvelel sisi. wg a asiorel Gla yweyies id aeee a cei eee a ak es 2
ae Heckler, Br reusha rei alane ters /aVelsiotew 3200 ois niasaie oe MARIS MAO ese orate pelea o73 a7 eisaa sitielele 4
IB AWE Thomas SEI OLIS ES eet eee ceiee cee Wein Ol IPTMISSIAE cin. cioie cise eos 70
EP EePeW SOM Gz SONS), ..cicere sclde chistes ec ess es GMnelbemibvevmis | Uisceehastaresreercrte a ieres 1s
ne YocL LES Gr OO. ne 1. clain-c'e cies 'os.e @ceuaeieielers INOTEHWWales; . ssc. = iotinsavais’ aera. <leere 100
Wem Es see VINHO EG St rafers clos cee ecvoraraw’e entero ses ee eele' EEL I acclgk cetera oct mectiarn eters 10
PLONE VETO IIGT 2 <ieserc,s picid wleiesnleia ais (cve-oerntaave ELC Yi be tie chat oo csas ate. c.arene¥ te totalewstetelae ce iee 40
T. Meehan & Sons, WING Soran esac acre POTESHERCO WA, os seve cissareeisisiels sle@rle Se 200
Wee SEUPEZDCCIKCI so .ctc acidic ticcdeinseccrese MEGENTDS CHAOS geet cre vay sesso watch ocai the olece rele ates 1%
CULE Gs IT OUNT! tote osete are Se Se. o.0.eerejs stelerese VNC LGOTT ey yercvercrersiactn cs bonene otetcle aye cantetoteere y%
Northampton County.
Ee COGORG LOU warstepivisiacves ees) cdl oe ela sjaraiever INEZ TEE Hier rae oe rearetsnctere oheloterste\w.erayeteiaws 2
Northumberland County
RCE SES Heeb eLtsTs Seas cela teks cae ot erecvalsieieecalayeiale © SETA TAI Go ayays sincere & clave mie av Stavovere’c %
Perry County.
GEO RPASVVIAURTIOLS (e:x1c210.5, :os'eja,5.ererele rivic' Site ANTI A™ Silo ieieictecwys elm aveie srtvelee ais ccrtee 5
Philadelphia County.
UVP Vom DCT vn aioe ocloleicie cs eceleneisl ccosigale cits CUES Cat E Uy ae ac iacers charevemere ectes 500
penosswbeehan 6 Som, [nG:,, w< os oct c. woes GienimtianitOwihs. .craer come. coer 7d
UN ome VIE CS rs (O50: Nace a's Aavapaiaseints Sees oarctere Griermoaalmit Owls | sours cion)crasers arersienevoisveie 4
RC ETAUE ES eC VVES, isola cts Siete siete wislclass eleioarccws EES ELE BOM I © src. hre sens elaccrs cole cia sev ereeie 10
cAMe re OM COTO) etch ciare.oce,clace sie usisjeisveeie'a ic oc Philadelphia.” 2oscme ne cas eerlsccicle ces 10
DOUNY SEEPHeENSOM'S! SOM; sinc. .ccce cep e ce ad Oa TANe™ sake estonia cae aes 2
Somerset County.
RUPP OPINUIESOTICS. | Ac aaicceereialee a « ae o's eres 6-6 EArMCESVALIE, SoS nce eneteres os ele ortin eles 37
isi 108, 1D Chantel GL Sa cae nee Oncor Orscrcn rs Harnedsville,, A 2tuceesnsseecteeaae 7
Susquehanna County.
eA STATE Me Mist oles aie axesstolard atare; osc! arate wlsyeheia er eiet Ebeante Talkeeoae oitsne cette cence 4
SACOM SD EOUMEN aj ofrcccie. anise eseiaere assis ove sletolerstors IMIONILTOSES Sathite usc p esse ects nese 5
SES MEIGS | deters clas oe sacs & cvsicielereiss cee eevee WROTE OSCR atts Sh Scie were oo ciecio me are 2
Ses om yen, ba: Ds INOse ls on ncscicieinse ELOPDOTEOMI eso hoi. esis bec meeracs 1
Venango County.
Mena SON MESeTyaL OO... a NON Lg errs HARI III. iors sys ct ere sicle sieicis SiSiere'e obi 6
Westmoreland County.
ROE NPG AT ATS | yecsisveste ecicusten 0.67 senaieecrotere TY end BAEC W dll peer CR Sonne a 2
Wyoming County.
*W. H. Swartwood, ........... sen oe SQUAT CERO eee aces see 5
eer eI) CK CIS peictetis s Gees «isleinie tic bse sige ce SGUAre MMO wie asec ethnic eee 5
leer ea ECA SSEU Ge ere cocoa certs ofs ciece ate cralen canis MESH OP PCM) Saya seis cuitiwternse euieaice a

*Grow berry cr small fruit plants only.

148 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

York County.

Name. Place.
Pattersom Nursery, Goes as as teceecioe anise Stewartstown,
GeO SH AStGI My caiie so ctstosacctasetreravete: oveloneoe ieiarer ere East Prospect,
Wier SaeINIG WACOMLET ey | ae hence orresorslerertin calcite Glenrock.)..-.-
EJ. Weiser; JR. DE NO? WL sac. scelorieae Works -cnissoste

It has been found desirable to oblige tree dealers to obtain certifi-
cates in order to transact their business in this State, and at the
same time suppress the dissemination of the San José Scale and
other pests. The source of the stock of any tree dealer is made the
subject of inquiry by this office, and those dealers who are selling
certified stock, whether grown in this State or in other states, are
given certificates to operate in this Commonwealth. The following

is a list of tree-dealers holding certificates:

ADAMS COUNTY.
R. E. Allen, Aspers, Pa. bs

ALLEGHENY COUNTY.
W. B. Bockstose, Castle Shannon, Pa.
L. F. Miller, 1023 Garret St., Pittsburg, Pa.
EK. C. Hauser, Bellevue, Pa.
Charles Honess, Allegheny, Pa.
BEAVER COUNTY.
!
J. C. Withrow, Vanport, Pa.
A. E. Crouch, Rochester, Pa.
J. H. Gutermuth, Rochester, Pa.
BEDFORD COUNTY.

J. W. Myers, Everett, Pa.

BERKS COUNTY.

L. M. Neischwender, Hamburg, Pa.
Jacob H. Weand, Reading, Pa.

M. E. Smeltzer, Reading, Pa.
Alfred Dreibelbis, Reading, Pa.

BLAIR COUNTY.

James Hopkins, Juniata, Pa.

BRADFORD COUNTY.

J. F. Gable, Athens, Pa.
Jos. E. Hamilton, R. D. No. 16, Rome, Pa.
dfs 18% tshijyleazy 1a IDA coy ale Rome, Pa.
BUCKS COUNTY.

A. P. Kratz, Silver Dale, Pa.

BUTLER COUNTY.
Geo. W. Haine, R. D. No. 32, Callery, Pa.

CARBON COUNTY.

Paul Neihoff, Lehighton, Pa.
David N. Rehr, Lehighton, Pa.
L. D. Wagner, Weissport, Pa.
CHESTER COUNTY.

John Alcorn, Malvern, Pa.

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

CLINTON COUNTY.
W. W. Richie, Lock Haven, Pa.

CRAWFORD COUNTY.
J. C. Boyd, Guy’s Mills, Pa.
A. B. Greenfield & Son, Conneautville, Pa.
G. G. Fish, Conneautville, Pa.
F. M. Fleming, Cochranton, Pa.
CUMBERLAND COUNTY.

Ira. E. Bigler, Camp Hill, Pa.
D. C. Rupp, Shirmanstown, Pa.
Towzer & Wolff, Carlisle, Pa.

DAUPHIN COUNTY.

A. H. Shreiner, Harrisburg, Pa.
T. A. Woods, Harrisburg, Pa.
Geo. F. Greenawalt, Hummelstown, Pa.
Gilbert Troutman, Millersburg, Pa.
DELAWARE COUNTY.

John Wetherill, Chester, Pa.

ERIE COUNTY.

W. S. Waido, North East, Pa.
E. E. Carr, North East, Pa.
W. C. Batchelor, Erie, Pa.

LACKAWANNA COUNTY.

Giles L. Clark, Scranton, Pa.
A. J. Noble, Scranton, Pa.

f

LEBANON COUNTY.

Samuel P. Moyer, Myerstown, Pa.

LEHIGH COUNTY.

N. C. Beachy, Allentown, Pa.
Thos. P. Roth, Orefield, Pa.

LUZERNE COUNTY.
W. H. Lanyan, Hazleton, Pa.

McKEAN COUNTY.
F. S. Palmer, Bradford, Pa.

MONROE COUNTY.
L. D. Ellenberger, E. Stroudsburg, Pa.

MONTGOMERY COUNTY.
John Reig, Jenkintown, Pa.
Wohlert & Waldberg, Bala, Pa.

NORTHAMPTON COUNTY.

T. S. Headman, Seidersville, Pa.

NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY.

C. H. Weaver, Watsontown, Pa.
H. F. Frank, Montandon, Pa.

149

150 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Dos.

PHILADELPHIA COUNTY
J. R. Giffen, 1826 Willington St., Philadelphia, Pa.
SCHUYLKILL COUNTY.

Walter J. Keller, Pottsville, Pa.

W. O. Snyder, Minersville, Pa.

Dp: AH. Smith, Haas; Pa- ‘
Samuel Buehler, Schuylkill Haven, Pa. j

WESTMORELAND COUNTY.
Jos. Thomas, Greensburg, Ta. ‘

YORK COUNTY.
C. H. Snyder, York, Pa.
J. H. Painter, York, Pa.

Inspection of Private Premises:—Since the agricultural people of
this State have learned that we have inspectors who can really in-
spect and give help, and that the work of this office is practical and
serviceable, we are having many calls for inspections of private
premises.

The only way to do this work is to follow, systematically, town-
ship after township, through each county in this State. To pro-
vide for this an appropriation of thirty thousand dollars per year
was made by the last Legislature. Men were trained for the in-
spection and demonstration work, and were sent into the field to
give the service that was needed and is being demanded. The
following is a list of the inspectors and demonstrators that have
been on our force during some period of the past year:

Mr. A. T. Baird, J. W. Battleyon, James Bergy, P. R. Boltz, E.
C. Bowers, J. 8. Briggs, W. H. Brinkerhoff, J. W. Cox, J. R. Davis, H.
H. Dutton, Benjamin Evans, Hugh Fergus, James Fergus,
A. ©. “Finn, T...C. Foster;* Dr. 9d: “Ge ons is (Zar ee
C>-A:*-Heiss,. J: D. Herr, C.. -C.- Bess,” James* Bippless
GC. Kanffman,~ -R:- FE: ee,” A 24 B,-Lehman, sh ee
D. K. McMillan, C. F. Noll, J. K. Owen, W. B. Packard, W. E. Per-
ham, M. E. Shay, H. F. Shugars, M. H. Snavely, A. W. Stephens, G.
P. Stevens, W. G. Winner and W. H. Wolff.

It has not been possible to inspect in all the counties of this
State, owing to the fact that enough men to do the work and suf-
ficient funds to put a man into each county are not available, but
inspections have been made and demonstrations given in most
counties where the scale is found, as follows:

Inspection and Demonstration.

Adams, Allegheny, Armstrong, Beaver, Bedford, Berks, Blair,
Bradford, Bucks, Cambria, Carbon, Centre, Chester, Clearfield, Clin-
ton, Columbia, Crawford, Cumberland, Dauphin, Delaware, Erie,
Fayette, Forest, Franklin, Fulton, Huntingdon, Indiana, Juniata,
Lackawanna, Lancaster, Lebanon, Lehigh, Lycoming, Mercer, Mif-
flin, Monroe, Montgomery, Montour, Northampton, Northumberland,
Perry, Philadelphia, Schuylkill, Snyder, Sullivan, Susquehanna, Un-
ion, Washington, Westmoreland, Wyoming and York.

Inspections made but no demonstrations held.

Butler, Clarion, Elk, Greene, Jefferson, Lawrence, Luzerne, Pike,
Somerset, Tioga, Venango, Warren and Wayne.

That this work has been highly valuable in helping to save the
crops, especially in the orchards of this State, there is no doubt.

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 161

This is attested by the hundreds of letters we have received from
persons who claim from hundreds to thousands of dollars worth of
property saved for the writers by the assistance of this office. It
is highly gratifying to know that our work is giving such good re-
sults. It should be continued but on a more extensive scale, and to
do this properly an adequate appropriation should be made by the
next Legislature.

6. INSPECTIONS GF IMPORTED PLANTS, SEEDS AND FRUITS.

Owing to the liability of insects that are very destructive in other
States or counties to be brought into this State at any time on im-
ported trees, shrubs, seeds or fruits, it is important that inspec-

‘tions should be made of such importations. We are in readiness to

inspect them when it is possible to do so, but there is great difficulty
in learning of the importations, as the importers and transportation
companies do not send the desired information to this office. It is
to be hoped that some plan can be evolved by which it will be nec-
essary for importers and transportation companies to notify our
Department of importations of trees, shrubs, plants and seeds from
other States, especially from foreign countries, in order that they
can be inspected to prevent the introduction of such serious pests
as the Black Scale, the West Indian Peach Scale, the Gypsy Moth,
the Brown-tail Moth, and other exceedingly destructive pests
which are not at present found in this State, but which are liable
to be brought within our borders at any time and prove more des.
tructive than any pest we now have if due vigilance be not taken
to prevent it.

7. MAKING COLLECTIONS.

We must have collections for comparison and further study of
the distribution of insects, life histories, habits, economic effects,
enemies, etc., in order to give us keys to practical methods of treat-
ing beneficial and injurious insects and other animal organisms.
We receive many specimens for name and classification, with re-
quests for detailed information concerning them. They can not be
given readily in many cases, because they are broken or in imper-
fect condition of preservation or immature, but when we have in our
own collections properly preserved specimens for comparison with
the others sent to us, they generally can be named even from frag-
ments. The name is the key to the literature, and the literature is
the basis of the life history studies and may indicate practical ex-
periments and remedies. We can not possibly conduct the work of
this office properly without such named collections. Also, in mak-
ing collections we must study not only the injurious insects them-
selves, but the predacecous insects, which feed upon them, the
internal parasites which attack them, and the enemies of other kinds
which devour them or destroy them.

While the time of no one person has been given exclusively or
even mostly to make collection, we have collected when possible
and have lost no opportunity to preserve such specimens as contri-
butors have sent and which are desired to aid in our stu-
dies. The collections made during the past year amounted to three
thousand, five hundred and eighty, and the accession numbers in our

152 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

catalog reached from 4,849 to 8,428 inclusive. Asin most cases there
were several specimens in one collection and under one number,
this means that our collections for the year stand for hundreds of
thousands of individual specimens, and in truth thousands of spe-
cies. We now for the first time have enough specimens to make ex-
changes by which we can procure needed material to illustrate
economic features of insects and animals which we have not col-
lected, but which will prove of importance to the work of this office,
enabling us to become familiar with such creatures before they are
imported into this State, to be able to know them by sight while
they are yet comparatively rare, and thus have the means of sup-
pressing them before loss is sustained by them.

While our collections have not been made for the purpose of put-
ting them on exhibition, but rather to make a working cabinet, they
will be a useful nucleus for ourselves and others for making inves-
tigations along zoological and especially entomological lines. How-
ever, we have enough good material to form an important and very
attractive nucleus of an agricultural or educational museum, and
in many features this collection is not duplicated in this or any
other State. It would require a great deal of money to procure by
purchase, the material which we have, by persistent effort of our-
selves and others, been able to accumulate. I deem it important
that this office be able to co-operate with the State Museum to some
extent, especially the Zoological section of said museum, and be con-
nected with it in such a way as to utilize without further expense to
the State, the specimens we have collected, and the expert scientific
service which can be rendered by myself and assistants.

Acknowledgment should be made of the intense interest and ef-
ficient services of some of my assistants, inspectors and demonstra-
tors, who have taken every possible spare moment of their own time
in aiding to make and preserve collections. For example, Satur-
day afternoons are invariably considered in other offices as belong-
ing to the employes for their recreation or private affairs, when
they are free from duty. However, many of my assistants have
almost invariably taken Saturday afternoons, summer and winter,
for making collections or preparing specimens. In fact, most of
our specimens have been collected by such persons and at such time.
In due acknowledgment of such faithful application I should make
special mention of the work of Mr. A. F. Satterthwait, Mr. D. K.
McMillan, Mr. P. H. Hertzog, Mr. W. R. Walton, Mr. W. R. McCon-
nell, Mr. Harold O. Marsh, Mr. F. Z. Hartzell and Mr. Paul R. My-
ers. I should also take this opportunity to express my high appre-
ciation and thanks to the public, especially to those individuals
who have sent us many specimens, and whose contributions haves
been acknowledged with thanks in the various numbers of our
Monthly Bulletins. It is greatly to be desired that such contribu-
tions be continued, and acknowledgments will be made in detailed
manner in the Monthly Bulletin.

8. DEMONSTRATIONS OF METHODS OF COMBATING PESTS.

The practical citizens of this State have made requests to be
“shown”. In other words they have not only desired information in
the saving of their crops, but have requested that we show them, by
demonstrations, the methods of making and applying the materials |
that will give good results. As a consequence, we commenced the

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 138

work of giving demonstrations in making and applying the Lime-
sulphur Wash for the San José Scale. These were given at inter-
vals of four or five miles, in infested orchards, and announced both
by the local papers and by large posters. The attendance was good
ranging from ten to five hundred persons, and an average of about
thirty. Hundreds of such demonstrations were given in this State
by our inspectors and demonstrators, and reports are now arriving
showing that they were of immense value in helping to save trees
which were otherwise doomed to speedy destruction. Now that the
persons living in the vicinity of such infested but sprayed orchards
can see the beneficial results of this work, they are encouraged to
go forward by the same methods and save their property.

The immense possibilities of public demonstrations as applied to
preserving crops from insect enemies and fungous diseases are such
that we feel justified in arranging to take an orchard in each of the
fruit producing counties, and make it the scene of demonstration
for all the insecticidal and fungicidal operations that are needed
through the year to keep the trees and fruit in proper condition.
This appeals so strongly to the practical citizen that we have al-
ready received many letters asking us to start such demonstration
orchards. and we have promised to do so in case proper provisions
are made for the expense of the same by the next Legislature.

While this office has pressed forward in active and conscientious
work in behalf of this Commonwealth during the past year, there
may have been some mistakes made, some things left undone that
might have been undertaken, and some things imperfectly accom-
plished. However, we are satisfied that important service has been
rendered that has more than justified the expense of the year. We
are at all times open to suggestions and recommendations by in-
terested persons, and are only too glad to have the opportunity to be
of further service along the lines already mentioned or on subjects
of such other kinds as may be possible in the general field of zo-
ology.

We have had many requests to name weeds or plants, and espec-
ially to give the names and remedies for fungous diseases, but we
prefer to stay strictly in the realm of Zoology, of which Entomology
is an important branch, and refer questions on other subjects to
specialists in their respective lines.

With almost no exception, the press of this State has been in
close sympathy with our work, publishing reports of our meetings,
reports concerning demonstrations and lectures, abstracts from
Bulletins and favorable comment upon the labors we have under-
iaken and are trying to make useful and of practical interest. In
conclusion [ desire to express my high appreciation of the faithful
support of the State Administration and yourself, Mr. Secretary,
without which discouragements would have been too great for us
to accomplish more than a small fraction of what this office really
has done throughout the past year. I hope to find it possible to
make the office even more useful during the present year than the
past, and to secure the continued co-operation of my faithful assis-
tants, the citizens of the State, the Press, my fellow officers in the
Department of Agriculture and the Administration.

Respectfully submitted,
H. A. SURFACE.

Economie Zoologist.

7

11

( 154 )

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

FARMERS’ NORMAL INSTITUTE,

AND

State Board of Agriculture,

Court House, Clearfield, Pa.,

MAY 29-31, 1906.

= -

“(185 )

(166 )

OFFICIAL DOCUMENT, No. 7.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE BOARD OF
AGRICULTURE, AT A MEETING HELD IN THE COURT
HOUSE, CLEARFIELD, PA., TUESDAY, MAY 29, 1906.

ORDER OF BUSINESS.

Call to order at 10.00.

. Roll-call of Members.

Reading of Minutes.

. Appointment of Committee on Credentials.

. Reception of Credentials of New Members and Delegates.

. Report of Committee on Credentials.

. Unfinished Business.

. New Business. i

. Miscellaneous Business. toe

Py FOO: A Oe OV i RS et

. Adjournment.

Court House, Clearfield, Pa.,
Tuesday, May 29, 1906, 10 A, M.

First Vice President Fenstermaker in the Chair.

The CHAIR: The first thing in order will be the calling of the
roll by the Secretary.

The Secretary called the roll, and the following answered to their
names:

Messrs. A. I. Weidner, J. S. Burns, S. S. Blyholder, A. L. Me-
Kibben E. KE. Chubbuck, H. J. Krumenacker, John A. Woodward,
M. E. Conard; S. X. McClellan, J. W. Nelson, J. A. Herr, A. P.
Young, J. F. Seavy, R. M. Heyburn, C. B. Hege, R. M. Kendall, Geo.
G. Hutchison, S. M. McHenry, W. L. McCracken, Matthew Rodgers,
Horace Seamans, W. H. Brosius, Samuel McCreary, P.S. Fenster-
maker, A. J. Kahler, W. C. Black, M. M. Naginey, J. Sexton, I. A.
Eschbach, A. T. Holman, H. H. Hall, W H. Stout, Jacob S. Miller,
EK. R. Warburton, E. E. Tower, J. Newton Glover, M. N. Clark, D.
A. Knuppenburg, G. F. Barnes and N. B. Critchfield, Secretary.

The CHAIR: The minutes of the last meeting will be read by

the Secretary.
(157)

158 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doé.

The Secretary read the minutes of the last meeting and they were
adopted as read.

The CHAIR: The Chair appoints the following gentlemen as a
Committee on Credentials: Hon. J. A. Herr, of Clinton; M. M. Nag-
iney, of Mifflin; J. S. Burns, of Allegheny; R. M. Kendall, of Ful-
ton, and W. C. Black, of Mercer, who will meet at the call of the
Chairman. Those having credentials for admission to this body
will please come forward and present them to the Chairman of the
committee.

While the Committee on Credentials is in session and preparing
their report, if anybody desires to make a few remarks, we will be
glad to hear from him at this time.

No one volunteering any remarks, the Chair declared a recess
until the Committee on Credentials was ready to report.

After Recess.

The CHAIR: The Committee on Credentials has announced,
through its Chairman, that it is now ready to report. The report
will now be read.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON CREDENTIALS.

The Chairman of the Committee on Credentials, the Hon. J. A.
Herr, read the report of the committee as follows:

Clearfield, May 29, 1906.

The Committee on Credentials make the following report: Lehigh
County Agricultural Society sends the credentials of Mr. P. 8S. Fen-
stermaker, of Allentown, Pa., to represent them on the State Board
of Agriculture.

Also, Centre County Agricultural Association sends the creden-
tials of Mr. John A. Woodward, of Howard, Pa., to represent them
on the State Board of Agriculture, in both cases, commencing Janu-
ary, 1906.

We find the above named credentials in regular form and recom-
mend that the gentlemen be seated.

- (Signed.)
J. A, HERR,
M. M. NAGINEY,
J. 8S. BURNS,
| R. M. KENDALL,
J W. C. BLACK. -

MR. HERR: Mr. Chairman, I move that the gentlemen named
be seated as members of the Board.

The motion having been duly seconded, and the question put, it
was agreed to.

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 159

The CHAIR: The next thing in order is Unfinished Business.

MR. McHENRY: Mr. Chairman, I move you that we reconsider
the vote by which we passed the report of the Legislative Com-
mittee at our last session, and when in order, I will give you my
reasons for making this motion.

The CHAIR: You have heard the motion; are there any remarks?

MR. McHENRY: My reason for making this motion—it is only
my own idea; perhaps no one else will agree with me, but my idea
is that we made a mistake when we approved the proposition that
all license fees be retained in the counties in which they are col-
lected. I think under the existing conditions, that it was a mis-
take. I have not the figures to give you, but I will say, generally,
that almost nine-tenths of the license fees are paid from counties
in which the large cities are located, and are not our agricultural
counties as a rule, and it takes that much money out of the State
Treasury to which we must look for appropriations for schools, and
for the improvement of our roads, and so on, and is scattered all
over the other counties and all over the State. It may be a little
selfish, perhaps it is; I don’t know, but it may be so regarded, for
Philadelphia, Pittsburg and those large cities, to throw their money
into the State Treasury, as is usually done.

In my own county, license fees do not amount to very much, for
it is almost altogether an agricultural county, and I venture the
assertion that what is true there, is true in two-thirds of the coun-
ties in the State, if not three-fourths, and these are my reasons for
making this motion; I merely want to know what the feeling of the
members is.

There being no further discussion, the question was put by the
Chair and agreed to.

MR. McHENRY: Mr, Chairman, I now move you to strike out
the words “and the license fees.” I move to amend that report
by striking out those words.

A member called for the reading of that portion of the report
as adopted. The Secretary read as follows: “We further recom-
mend the enactment of the law whereby the personal taxes should
be retained in the counties in which they are assessed, thereby re-
lieving our overburdened taxation.”

MR. HERR: I second the motion on the amendment. As I under-
stand, the motion to reconsider prevailed, and the question before
us now is on the adoption of the amendment.

MR. CLARK: Mr. Chairman, in reference to the personal tax,
about all our personal tax is retained in the county. I do not
think we send any tax out of the county except the State tax.
Do not let us go on record and do anything here that is not right.
It seems to me that the only tax we send out of the county is the
State tax. Now the query with me is, whether the matter of the
State tax is included as a personal tax. If you concede that that
is a personal tax, of course that weuld include it; that is what I
want to know.

160 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

MR. McHENRY: I did not include that in this motion. I thought
it would come up in this discussion and I am anxious to have in-
formation on that myself—what is meant by that personal tax—
whether it is a tax on money and personal property or just what
it is that is paid into the State Treasury; if it is included, then I
will include it in my motion to amend.

The CHAIR: There is a member of the Legislature in this body;
probably he can enlighten us along this line.

MR. BROSIUS: Mr. Chairman, the personal property tax is paid
now into the State Treasury, and our contention has been as agricul-
turists that we should retain that in our counties. I believe that
our money at interest is personal property, and it should be, we
think, retained at home. That has been my view. We pay no State
tax to-day except a personal property tax, and that is properly
money.

The SECRETARY: Mr. Chairman, will you allow me to inquire,
through the Chairman, whether any part of that tax is returned
to the counties now, or whether it is all returned to the counties?

MR. BROSIUS: I think there is a portion of it only returned to
the counties. And now our contention, as to this resolution, if
I am right—it is intended that it should be all returned. With
our immense State revenue, it seems to me that should be done.

The SECRETARY: I understood Mr. Clark to ask the question
whether it is not all returned to the counties now.

MR. CLARK: Mr. Chairman, what I spoke of was our personal
taxes. Now money—the tax on money is not the only personal
tax that we pay. We pay plenty of personal tax that never goes
into the State funds at all. My query was this: What part of this
tax do we want to include in this? It seems to me that we should
amend it so as to include that part of the personal tax that is now
paid into the State Treasury.

MR. HERR: Mr. Chairman, make that “personal property tax”
and that will cover it, will it not?

The SECRETARY: If that were made “personal property tax”
and the other should follow immediately after the words “personal
property tax,” the words “that are now paid into the State Treas-
ury,” that would make that very plain because that would be the
tax assessed upon money at interest and nothing else. Now while
you are amending this report, while the amendments are being con-
sidered, you can insert that, and that will make it all right and
make it plain.

MR. KAHLER: Mr. Chairman, in regard to the question of the
money returned to the counties, the object of this recommendation
was that we retain it all in the counties. Now it seems to some of
us that it is hardly worth while to pay money in and get money
back. Why not leave it in? A great many of us think we are
overburdened with taxation; that would help to balance it. We

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 161

|
have been trying to get some redress for local purposes and for
some reason we have not been able to secure it. Now while we
cannot get a whole loaf, our object was to get a little, and I for my
part, am emphatically opposed to striking that out. I believe that
there is a large sentiment in this State in favor of a proposition
of that kind, that it all be retained in the county.

MR. BROSIUS: Mr. Chairman, I suppose that the gentleman must
have misunderstood me. What I meant to be understood was, that
I believed the State could well afford to do without it, with its im-
mense revenue, and that it should be retained in the county, and
the change, as I understand it, that this gentleman wishes, is that
the license fees, etc., should be retained in the county.

My contention as a farmer is, has been, and is to-day, that we as
farmers want to have ail the benefit of all the money that is out at
interest in our districts, and therefore that should not be changed.
But it is a question with them there now. Of the license money
collected, it is divided, and a certain amount goes to the county,
a certain amount to the State and a certain other amount to the
townships, but I really cannot specify the amount. Possibly the
gentleman is right in regard to the distribution. Philadelphia and
Pittsburg are large cities and have a great deal of license money,
but I would not like to go on record as to that, but I think that
the State with its vast income can afford} not only to let us have
that, but to let us have a lot more.

MR. BOND: Mr. Chairman, I think that the proposition to re-
tain the license tax in the county is very meritorious. I live in a
county where the liquor license costs hundreds of thousands of
dollars, and I believe that we should receive every dollar of that
license back to help us to pay the expense of criminal cases that
cost us hundreds of thousands of dollars that have to be paid out
of our county treasury.

MR. McHENRY: Mr. Chairman, my sole object in having this
sent to the State Treasury, is simply to equalize that money that
comes from a traffic that does no one any good, and the only way
you can equalize that over the State, is to let it go into the State
Treasury, that comes from these counties that have been spoken
of. I know that we do not get from Brother Bond’s county, but
we get this element that a bad influence has been exerted upon,
from those counties, and we get that out in our agricultural coun-
ties, where we do not have much of that kind of a thing, and the
only way we can get our share of it is to have it go into the State
Treasury first and then have it paid back for road and school pur-
poses. I am not certain that Tam right; I think there is a certain
portion paid to boroughs, whereas the townships in which a licensed
hotel is located, receives very little benefit, I think that is the idea,
as I understand it.

The SECRETARY: Mr. Chairman, that is correct.

MR. McHENRY: Now take it in my own county. We do not
have but one licensed hotel that gives anything to the township,
they are only in the boroughs and only in the cities, as a rule in

11—7—1906.

162 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

other counties, and I believe we make a mistake when we recom-
mend our taking this fund and returning it again. As I said be-
fore, it may be slightly selfish, but I feel that it is doing no harm
to get from the State all that we can get from the agricultural
people. As I said, it may be slightly selfish to want to draw this
large amount that comes from Philadelphia and Pittsburg and all
those large cities that goes into the State Treasury. Now if we
recommend this, and the Legislature passes it, it is done at the
recommendation of the agriculturists themselves, and takes money
away from them, as I know we do not have a very large amount
compared with what we need. I thought it would be wise to take
this up in order that it might be fully discussed.

MR. KAHLER: Mr. Chairman, I wish to say this, that while
the gentleman objects to the money being retained in the boroughs
and cities, he must recollect that we are not the only people that
sacrifice. A great many people pay some of the taxes in these
towns. As a rule, our towns are paying a heavier local tax than
we are. Now why not retain that? The State is not in absolute
need of it by any means; the revenues of the State are immense,
and in a great many boroughs it is a material help to their local
taxation to have this amount of money retained in their counties,
and I think we should have it, for the traffic which costs thousands
of dollars every year to defend criminal cases—that grows out of
this traffic, and from which we get very little benefit.

MR. MILLER: Mr. Chairman, that don’t really benefit the agri-
cultural part of the county at all. We have in Somerset county
probably three townships that have licensed houses and that pay a
very small amount into the county treasury or into the State Treas-
ury and I think fifty per cent. is returned. That amounts to very
little in a township, and it is the boroughs where the licenses are
paid and returned to them, that get the benefit, while the rural dis-
tricts which help to keep up the saloons—they send their boys in
to drink—and there is no return except misery.

MR HERR: Mr. Chairman, I think it is a misapprehension to
talk about selfishness. I do not think that the benefits should be
confined to the cities and boroughs instead of our rural districts,
if benefits flow from these license taxes. I know that in our county
we do not get a bit of it; the share of it that goes into the State
Treasury should benefit us and I think we can with propriety ask
for an increased appropriation for our school and road funds. It
does not help us to pay costs of these criminal cases either. It
is retained there as a borough fund, really, and not as a county
fund. It is returned there, as I understand it, into districts in which
the licensed houses are located; if that is so, it don’t benefit our
rural districts. Now it is an immense fund and I do not think you
need to consider the interests of the boroughs and cities. I think
they are quite able to take care of themselves.

MR. BOND: Mr. Chairman, isn’t it the object of this motion to
remedy that defect? Is it not the intention of that amendment to
have the money refunded to the county treasurer? The resolution
that has been passed in all meetings that I ever had any interest in

No. Uc DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 163°

and the efforts that have been made in the Legislature, to have that
law passed, with the intention of having it returned to the county
treasury, and not having it returned pro rata to the townships and
boroughs as the division is made now, is what I understand to be
sought. .

MR. MILLER: The resolution says that the whole of it is to be
returned.

MR. BOND: To the county?

MR, MILLER: It would have to be returned to the place where
it originated.

MR. HERR: My understanding is that it is to be retained rather
than returned.

A Member: Mr. Chairman, would it not be well now to appoint
a committee to get this in proper shape before decisive action is
taken, rather than to go ahead and say something that will not
sound well after you have said it.

The CHAIR: Are you ready for the question on the amendment
to the report?

MR. CLARK: Mr. Chairman, will you kindly have the amend-
ment read so that it will be understood?

The CHAIR: Will the Secretary please read the part desired?

The SECRETARY: Mr. Chairman, the report of the committee as
it now stands under consideration reads as follows: “We further
recommend the enactment of a law whereby the personal taxes and
the license fees should be retained in the counties in which they
are assessed, and thereby relieve our overburdened taxation.”

The motion to amend was to strike out the four words “and the
license fees” so that if the amendment passes it will read as fol-
lows: “We further recommend the enactment of a law whereby
the personal taxes should be retained in the counties in which they
are assessed and thereby relieve our overburdened taxation.”

MR. SEXTON: Mr. Chairman, as I understand it, that resolution
has already passed and we are discussing it after it has passed.

The SECRETARY: Mr. Chairman, for the benefit of Brother
Sexton, through the Chair, let me say that the motion was to re-
consider the vote by which the report was adopted and that motion
prevailed, so that now this report is before us just as it was orig-
inally, and then the brother from Indiana county offered the
amendment.

MR. BROSIUS: Mr. Chairman, if we adopt this amendment, it
would stand in regard to licenses the same as it is to-day. Then
we say nothing about the licenses and unless we would have legis-
lation it would remain exactly as it is; that is my understanding

of it,

164 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

The SECRETARY: Mr. Chairman, that is correct; the amendment
will leave it just as it is now; the amendment as offered refers only
to the liquor licenses.

The CHAIR: Is there any further discussion?

_There appearing to be none, the Chair put the question, and a
via voce vote was taken which left the Chair in doubt as to the
result, whereupon a rising vote was taken, the question being on
the amendment to strike out the designated words, and the motion
was lost.

The CHAIR: Now the question is on the adoption of the report
of the committee. Those who are in favor of same will say aye, op-
posed no; it is carried.

The CHAIR: Is there any more unfinished business? If not, we
will go on to New Business.

The SECRETARY: Mr. Chairman, under the head of New Busi-
ness there is a matter that I would like to submit to the Board, and
that is this: The act of Assembly provides that the election of
officers shall take place on the fourth Wednesday of January at their
meeting at Harrisburg each year. It has been customary to meet
on Tuesday preceding the first Wednesday in January—am I right
about that?

MR. HERR: Wednesday.

The SECRETARY: It has been customary, with but one excep-
tion, to meet on the fourth Wednesday of January. There are some
people who want to hold their meetings at the same time; for in-
stance, the State Live Stock Breeders’ Association, in whose work
we are all interested, and the State Dairy Union would like to hold
their meeting the same week in order that they may have the ad-
vantages of the lecturers employed by the State Board, and that
we may have the advantage of their lecturers employed by them,
but if we meet on Wednesday, there would be only left four days
of the week. They came to me and asked if we could arrange to
begin our meeting on Tuesday, so that they might have a part of
the time during the week, and I said to them in reply that it was not
a matter for me to decide. I shall be plcased to have the matter taken
up by the State Board or by the Executive Committee and I shall be
glad to follow their instructions. I shall be pleased if the State
Board or the Executive Committee will take some action in regard
to this matter. I have had requests from the Dairy Union and also
from the State Live Stock Breeders’ Association asking that we
begin our meeting on Tuesday. If we do we will have to put off the
election of officers until the second day of our meeting. Those of
you who were present then, know how we got along. This is a
matter for you to consider now.

The CHAIR: You have heard the suggestion of the Secretary.
Is there any motion?

MR. CLARK: Mr. Chairman, this matter has been mentioned to
me quite frequently. Men who are very much interested in this
question have spoken to me about it, and I can assure you that I

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 165

heartily wish that this convention may place it within the power
of the Executive Committee or of the Secretary himself to call a
meeting of the State Board of Agriculture on Tuesday, so as to give
room for the other meetings to follow, and I do not know but it
would be proper to make a motion to that effect to call a meeting
on Tuesday.

MR. SEXTON: Mr. Chairman, does not the law fix the time when
the meeting of the State Board of Agriculture is to take place?

The SECRETARY: My impression of the matter is that the law
says that the election of officers shall take place on the fourth
Wednesday of January, at the annual meeting of the Board in the
city of Harrisburg. I do not think that there is anything in the
act of Assembly that prohibits our going into session on Tuesday
only so that we are in session on Wednesday when the election must
take place.

A Member: Mr, Chairman, has the State Board any by-laws?

The SECRETARY: I believe that the State Board does not have
any written by-laws. Secretary Edge, I think, at the last annual
meeting made the statement that there are no written by-laws.

MR. HERR: Mr. Chairman, I think we have certain by-laws to
regulate our admission and so on; but I think the Secretary is mis-
taken in his stating that the law creating the Board of Agriculture
simply says that we must hold our election on Wednesday; I think
it says that the Board shall convene on the fourth Wednesday in
January at which time the annual election shall be held. We could
hold the election on Thursday if we wanted to, but that is the date
fixed for our meeting. I do not know that there is anything in the
law to prohibit us from having a special day; but I know this, that
inasmuch as the State Board of Agriculture is the recognized body
of the State to hold these meetings, and the other Associations are
not State associations, we should not divide up all our time and give
too much of it to other organizations. We have now at our dis-
position a fund to pay for our annual meeting and to secure lec-
turers, and we are willing that that fund shall go to a certain ex-
tent where our friends want it to go in the line of stock breeding,
dairying, and so on, that are so closely connected with the line of
‘agriculture, and that is as appropriate to our work as it is to theirs,
but I am opposed to cutting up any part of the time that should
properly belong to our meeting. I won’t oppose the motion to
meet on Tuesday, but I shall oppose the motion to adjourn before
the evening session on Wednesday. Sometimes some of us have
to miss some of those sessions; it has been customary for the trus-
tees of the college to meet on Tuesday evening preceding the meet-
ing of the Board of Agriculture because a good many of the trus-
tees are members of the Board of Agriculture and are interested in
the meetings of the Board of Agriculture. The suggestion was that
we adjourn Wednesday afternoon and give them Wednesday even-
ing and Thursday. I do not see why their meeting cannot convene
on Thursday morning instead of taking part of the one day that
the law requires the Board of Agriculture to meet.

166 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

_MR. BLACK: Mr. Chairman, I think that the Pennsylvania Live
Stock Breeders’ Association would be entirely satisfied to come in
on Thursday. I do not think it is their wish to limit the meetings
of the State Board of Agriculture at all.

The SECRETARY: Mr. Chairman, I would state that they made
that request as stated by Brother Herr. It is very interesting to
the live stock breeders to attend the meetings of the State Board
of Agriculture, and possibly it might be of interest to some mem-
bers of the State Board to attend the meetings of the Live Stock
Breeders’ Association. The Secretary will be satisfied with either
arrangement; I can’t see that there is any material difference
whether we listen to an address or to several addresses delivered
under the auspices of the Live Stock Breeders’ Association or
whether under the auspices of the State Board of Agriculture. We
are all interested in the same line, and that is why we are good
friends. The Breeders’ Association look at it in this way. They
will have their lecturers there, and we will have ours, and both
organizations can have the same men in some instances, but it is
a matter of entire indifference to me as to whether we shall allow
them to begin their meetings on Wednesday or not. If we begin
‘en Tuesday, we shall have all day Tuesday and Tuesday night and
also two sessions on Wednesday; we will be able to have four or
five sessions; then they would like to come in on Wednesday even-
ing and continue through Thursday and that would give the Dairy
Union people an opportunity to get in with their work, so that those
‘who are there as members of the State Board would have an oppor-
tunity to attend their lectures right along the same line. I do not
know that we have had a better presentation of live stock breeding
than we had at our last meeting.

I feel just a little bit like Brother Herr the State Board is a
State institution and we can do as we please about this matter.
Perhaps we will be conceding a little too much to give them the
Wednesday evening meeting, but we must remember that the differ-
ent sessions are made up, as it were, for the benefit of the same
family, or for the same object.

MR. HERR: Mr. Chairman, the holding of a meeting on Wed-
-‘nesday evening would be a benefit to the Breeders’ Association be-
cause they have no funds except their annual dues, while we have a
fund which is to be devoted to our work; we cannot appropriate
that to the Breeders’ Association or any other, although while it:
would really lessen their burden to have a meeting on Wednesday
evening, I do not know that it would increase our own. It is a little
‘difficult ta get there for a Tuesday morning’s session. Such an ar-
rangement would leave two days, Friday and Saturday, to go home
on, and only one day to come on, and it seems to me they can just
as easily extend the time.

MR. ORR: Mr. Chairman, Iam not a member of this Board, and
it has never been my privilege to attend a winter meeting of the
State Board of Agriculture, but I would like to say here to the State
Board of Agriculture that I think that instead of feeling that these
other organizations in the State of Pennsylvania are infringing in
any way upon their rights, privileges or prerogatives, it seems to

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 167

me that this State Board of Agriculture should be disposed to co-
-operate with the Breeders’ Association, the Dairy Union or other
organizations of that kind who want to meet with them in the same
week and take part in their work, and share a part of the privileges
that they may have at that time. It seems to me very desirable
that all these organizations should meet in the same week. I know
that in the State of Ohio the Sheep Breeders’ Association and differ-
ent other organizations—Shorthorn cattle, Jersey cattle, swine
breeders and other associations meet the same week. In Indiana
the same thing has existed for several years. I have been in In-
diana at the time of the holding of their winter meetings, and in-
stead of there being one thousand, 1,260 were present, and took part,
not only in the Corn Growers’ and Stock Breeders’ Association, but
other organizations that met at the same time, and I do hope that
this may continue, and that a committee may be appointed which
shall be empowered to arrange with these other associations to
cover the whole time, having a popular meeting at night, say the
first popular meeting on Tuesday evening under the auspices of the
Breeders’ Association, if you please, and another one on Wednes-
day evening under the State Board, and another one on Thursday
evening under the auspices of the State Dairy Union.

I think that the State Board of Agriculture ought to feel itself
complimented and that they should do everything in their power
to bring these organizations together at that time so as to have one
good, big full week devoted to the interests of agriculture and to
the stock breeders and dairymen of the State of Pennsylvania.

MR. CLARK: Mr. Chairman, I made a motion which has not
been acted upon.

The reading of the motion was called for.

The SECRETARY: Mr. Chairman, as I have noted it, the motion
was as follows: It was moved by Mr. Clark that the Secretary
would be authorized to arrange the meeting of the State Board of
Agriculture so as to begin on Tuesday.

MR. STOUT: Mr. Chairman, couldn’t you arrange to have this
order of business without doing that? Don’t that disarrange the
whole proceedings of the Board according to the requirements of
the law?

The SECRETARY: Mr. Chairman, the election of officers must be
the particular order of the day on Wednesday under the act of As-
sembly.

MR. SEXTON: Mr. Chairman, I agree with Mr. Orr who suggested
that the Board of Agriculture ought to feel complimented by the re-
quest of the other organizations to participate with us at the an-
nual meeting. We certainly do, but we want them to do much
better in that line in the future than they have done in the past,
when perhaps they came in the afternoon or in the evening to meet
us. I think it would be well to hold on to our old custom of having
the full State Board meeting on Wednesday and Tuesday as well
if we decide to open the meeting Tuesday morning; that is all right,
but we want both Tuesday and Wednesday and it seems to me that

168 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

the Secretary can arrange for speakers on Wednesday evening. If
we want the Association to help us we can have some of the promi-
nent breeders give us an address on that night. It seems to me
that that would be all right.

Mr. Herr asked for the reading of the motion made by Mr. Clark
again,

The Secretary read as follows: “Moved and seconded that the
Secretary be authorized to arrange the meeting of the State Board
of Agriculture so as to begin on Tuesday.”

MR. HERR: Mr. Chairman, I move to amend Mr. Clark’s motion
by saying, “ to adjourn not earlier than Wednesday night.”

The SECRETARY: Mr. Chairman, the Secretary would never
take the authority to make any other arrangement.

MR. HERR: Mr. Chairman, the Breeders’ Association have asked
for Wednesday evening and I think that the Board ought to have it.

MR. CLARK: Mr. Chairman, that is all right, the Secretary will
do what is right; we are satisfied he will.

The question being on the amendment, it was agreed to.
The question recurring on the original motion as amended, it was
agreed to.

The CHAIR: Is there any more New Business?
MR. KAHLER: Mr. Chairman, I ask leave to offer a resolution. —

There being no objection, the resolution was read by Mr. Kahler
as follows:

Whereas, Agriculture is regarded as a paramount interest of
our State, and contributes more to the general welfare of the State
than any other industry, and

Whereas, This Board for years in the past have labored for the
uplifting of agriculture and education, and as we are aware that
it is absolutely necessary that we have legislative aid to accomp-
lish work, and there is no means of accomplishing it except through
the agency of the ballot box, and

Whereas, This Board is absolutely a non-partisan association,

Therefore be it Resolved, That this Board of Agriculture of Penn-
sylvania pledge its individual support, and as there has been in the
past and is in the present an atmosphere of reform, that we pledge
our best efforts and will use all honorable means along non-partisan
lines to see that the very best men are nominated and elected in the
coming campaign, men that are identified with our interests and
who will give us a fair deal.

Mr. KAHLER: Mr. Chairman, I would say in support of the reso-
lution, that I think it is an opportune time before our officers are
selected, that we look, as all other industries do, a little to our own
interests on non-partisan lines, and I think that we should devote
a little more attention to our own interests. I, therefore, move
the adoption of the preamble and resolutions.

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 169

MR. HALL: Mr. Chairman, I second the motion.
The question being on the motion it was agreed to.

MR. HALL: Mr. Chairman, there is a matter in the way of an
unofficial statement in regard to the fact that there is to be new
appointments at State College that will amount nearly to re-organi-
zation. It is almost absolutely certain that the Board of Trus-
tees will be obliged to agree upon some one to take Dr. Atherton’s
place. It is also stated that Dr. Armsby is to be given the charge
of the Bureau of Animal Nutrition and there will be a new man ap-
pointed as Dean of the School of Agriculture and in charge of the
Experiment Station.

Now all the members of the Board know that the Act that created
and provided for the land grants for colleges, of which Pennsylvania
State College is one, specified that it did so, that they might give in-
struction in agriculture and the mechanic arts. Those of us who
have visited the State College and given any thought to the matter,
must have been struck with the disproportion of development be-
tween the primary and the secondary mission of the college. The
secondary mission—the instruction in the mechanic arts has been
brought to a very satisfactory state, but the primary mission—
the instruction in agriculture—seems not to have reached so satis-
factory a state. Now it appears to me that one of the things that
this Board ought to do, is to express its opinion as to who should
succeed Dr. Armsby and Dr. Atherton in these positions. Now it
would seem to me that it would be a good thing for the Board to
urge upon the Board of Trustees that those positions be filled by
men who are graduates of some agricultural industrial college, and
when I say that, mean graduates of some college that has developed
along the lines that the Act evidently intended they should de-
velop.

Now all of us would deplore very much any reorganization of that
college that would lower the standard of the department of Me-
chanic Arts, but all of us would hail with joy any reorganization
there which would bring agriculture up on a level or even put it in
advance of the department of Mechanic Arts, and it seems to me
that we ought to recommend men for these two positions whose
education and training and subsequent achievements are such as
to ensure their being in sympathy with agriculture, so that those
of us who visit the college may not find, as we do now, that the col-
lege spirit is not in favor of agriculture. If we had men in the two
positions named it seems to me that that proportion and that spirit
might be changed so that the college would be known just as widely
and just as favorably for the strength of its department of agricul-
ture, as it is now for its department of Mechanic Arts.

I do not know that it would be right to commit the Board to it
but it seems to me that a resolution asking the trustees to fill those
two positions with graduates from some agricultural, industrial col-
lege would now be timely.

The CHAIR: Are there any more remarks upon the resolution?

MR. BEARDSLEE: Mr. Chairman, I do not think there is any
risk to run at all in this matter, and that the proper thing to do is
12

170 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

just to leave it in the hands of the Board of Trustees. I think
they are qualified to do the right thing.

MR. BROSIUS: Mr. Chairman, it seems to me that we would be
very unfit to recommend anyone for those positions. To-day the
college does stand as one of the leading colleges of the State, while
many men who work along agricultural lines think it has been di-
verted from its original intent, to make an agricultural college. Any-
one that has read the law—the Morrill law—will find that it was
intended to help develop Pennsylvania in all her great industries;
and while it is perhaps true that it can do better than it has done
in the past, yet many of us who live a hundred miles or more from
the college are hardly fitted to judge of its needs, therefore, I agree
with our friend here that the wise way is to allow the Trustees to
take care of the college.

MR. HERR: Mr. Chairman, the subject is one of very great in-
terest to me, and ought to be to every member of the State Board of
Agriculture, and I feel that I am justified in saying, on behalf of
the Board of Trustees, that I believe it is their purpose to strengthen
the agricultural department of that college all they know how. I
believe they are working with a common purpose to that end.

The Pennsylvania State College is our college and we are inter-
ested in it. It is a great institution and it has a very high standing
with a strong corps of professors in the faculty, which it must
necessarily have, and it must maintain an efficient corps of in-
structors throughout.

I want to tell you most emphatically that you can’t appreciate
and do not know the amount of expense incurred to keep up its
present efficiency.

We are burdened with debt and I want to say this to you, that
the appropriations that come from the Legislature, the great bulk
of them, are specific. They can only go for the special purpose for
which they are appropriated. We can’t apply them to making the
college more efficient, and building it up, increasing the strength
of the faculty, and increasing the facilities for education there.
With the increased number of students who come there every year,
they need much greater facilities. While they have some eight
hundred students, they are only properly equipped for about two
hundred or two hundred and fifty, and without additional appropria-
tions for general purposes instead of specific ones, as has usually
been the case, it is impossible with the debt now existing to make
the college what it should be, and it is up to you farmers to see to
it that the men whom you elect to the Legislature be made to under-
stand the situation and give us more money for general purposes.

All over the State I hear it said: “Why, Carnegie gave you $150,-
000; Schwab gave you another $150,000 and yet you say you want
more money.” They forget that this all entails additional expense
to the college to take care of these new buildings that have been
erected and to properly equip them. I want you to instruct your
members of the Legislature that we must have more money for
maintenance and for equipment; that is where we are lame. We
are doing the very best we can, and accounting for every dollar
of the money that is spent there, but we must have larger appro-
priations for the purposes I have stated. The Agricultural Depart-

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 171

ment of the Pennsylvania State College, if the farmers had taken
hold of it long before as they have in the last couple of years, would
have been way ahead of where it is now, but when we had an agri-
cultural building worth two thousand dollars with an engineering
building worth $250,000, it is easy to see where the students would
drift to.

When we get the right faculty and equipment in the Agricultural
Department, we will have more students in the agricultural course.
That is the common purpose we want to work for, and we ought not
to support members of the Assembly who will not stand by your
agricultural interests in the instruction of our youth.

I am in earnest in this matter, and I have been on the Board of
Trustees for a long time, and I have studied over it and grieved
over it. It has worried me a great deal to find just how that college
stood, but we have done the best we could with the amount of money
that we had to support it. We need additional support and if you
would go there and examine it, you would find out that we need some
help, if we are to make the college what we want it to be.

That new building—McAllister Hall—we were simply obliged to
go into the market and borrow the money to build that hall because
we couldn’t accommodate the sttideuts without it. I believe it is
self-sustaining. It is an important thing, but the debt is there,
which ought not to be there, and they are really obliged to make
the debts. I want the Legislature—I want the sentiment of the
people to go in there and say to the Legislature and to the Goy-
ernor that they must help us out of this predicament and give us
the appropriations that we need in order that we may have a college
that we want.

MR. BEARDSLEE: Mr. Chairman, I am in favor of electing a
Governor who won’t veto what the Legislature does.

MR. HERR: Mr. Chairman, that is right.

The SECRETARY: Mr. Chairman, don’t you want to be sure first
what the Legislature will do?

MR. BEARDSLEE: Mr. Chairman, well, what they did do; they
cut the appropriation right in two.

MR. BLACK: Speaking of the fact that the appropriations are
specific, I recall that we wanted a few steers at one time out there
and they had no money to devote to that purpose and they indi-
cated that if certain persons would donate some steers, they would
take care of them. Several members in Western Pennsylvania
donated some steers to the college. Some two or three months
afterwards, they sent for a sample of corn. These steers were
donated and the freight was paid by the State and they were de-
livered at the college.

The CHAIR: Mr. Hall, did you want to offer a resolution?

MR. HALL: Mr. Chairman, if 1 offered a resolution now, it would
be to the effect that the Legislature appropriate an adequate amount,
with no strings to it, to give the college what it wants, and to pay
its debts.

172 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.
MR. BEARDSLEE: And let them buy their own steers.
MR. HALL: Yes.
The SECRETARY: Mr. Chairman, I move that we do now adjourn.

The motion being seconded, it was agreed to.
N. B. CRITCHFIELD,
Secretary.

NORE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 173

PROCEEDINGS OF THE FARMERS’ ANNUAL NORMAL INSTI-
TUTE, HELD IN THE COURT HOUSE AT CLEARFIELD, PA.,
MAY 29, 30 AND 381, 1906.

Court House, Clearfield, Pa.,
Tuesday, 2.00 P. M., May 29, 1906.

The meeting was called to order at the designated hour by Deputy
Secretary Martin, who announced J. W. Nelson, of Shawville, Pa.,
as Chairman, and also made the following remarks:

DEPUTY SERETARY MARTIN: Before entering upon the work
proper, it would be well to state that we have question blanks here
for distribution, and we request that all members and visitors make
use of these blanks, write the questions which you desire to ask
and at the close of every lesson, the questions can be taken up and
answered. We have with us, as you will have observed, a stenog-
rapher, it being our intention to take down the entire proceedings
of the meeting. Please be as concise and direct as possible in order
that the stenographer may prepare a manuscript that will be en-
tirely satisfactory.

We would appoint as a committee to distribute and take up the
question blanks, Mr. George F. Barnes, of York, and Mr. Chubbuck,
of Bradford counties, who will have charge of that part of the work.

I know of nothing additional to say, my friends, further than
express the pleasure it affords me to look into the faces of such a
goodly number of the old workers—farmers institute workers of
the State. We should say, however, that even here in Clearfield
county, a county which takes a great interest in this work, we in-
vite the citizens of the town and the county to join with us. They
are heartily welcome to this meeting, and we shall be glad to have
them engage with us in the discussion of the topics that are on the
program.

We would also be pleased if the delegates not only would enroll
their names on the registry list, but all others present. This can
be done at any time when it will not disturb the meeting.

Now without further remarks, the meeting is placed in the hands
of your chairman, Mr. Nelson.

MR. NELSON, Chairman: Mr. Secretary and Members of the State
Board of Agriculture, and Institute Lecturers for Pennsylvania: It
surely gives me a great deal of pleasure to welcome you people here
to our town of Clearfield.

For the five years or more that I have had charge of the Institute
work of Clearfield county, my associations with the members of
the State Board of Agriculture, have been of the most pleasant and
agreeable kind, and I assure you that I have enjoyed your meetings
and have received a great deal of information during those years,
and when I decided last winter to retire for a while in favor of a
friend of mine who, during the next three years will take my place
in the State Board, and I am glad that I have been successful in
achieving this result, and I am glad that I have the pleasure of

174 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

speaking to you in my own native town to-day; glad that my last
' official connection with the State Board of Agriculture is in the town
of Clearfield. I hope you will enjoy your stay here, and that you
will find it both pleasant and profitable.

The county of Clearfield has taken a front rank in the institute
work, and during the last year we held twenty-four days of con-
tinous institute work in the county. I don’t know what we will
be able to do in the future, for the good Book says, “Let not him
that putteth on his harness, boast like him that taketh it off.” I
want to apologize for the slimness of the attendance at this after-
noon’s session, which is due to the fact that there is a convention
in session at the other side of the river, and the room is full over
there, and that has necessarily kept a great many of our farmers
away this afternoon.

I now have great pleasure in introducing to you the orator of the
day, Judge Allison O. Smith, who will deliver the address of wel-
come to the visiting members of the Department of Agriculture
and members of this organization.

ADDRESS OF WELCOME.

By JUDGE ALLISON O. SMITH, Clearfield, Pa.

Mr. Chairman: To me your officers have assigned the pleasure of
welcoming your body to our midst, and I sincerely hope you will
not measure the scope of your welcome by the shortcomings of the
address.

Clearfield county, as you all doubtless know, is not primarily an
agricultural county, lumbering having been the chief business of
past years. Mining and manufacturing, particularly of clay pro-
ducts, and railroading, furnish employment to the great majority
of our people to-day. Scientific and intelligent agriculture is, there-
fore, in a measure in its infancy. Certainly then the educational
influence of this institute with its varied program of instruction
by learned professors, deserves from everybody in Clearfield, a
hearty welcome.

It don’t hurt to tell the truth, even about ourselves upon proper
occasions, so that I want to say now to you who are strangers in the
county, that the truth is that farming is not at the very highest stage
of development in this county. This condition, I may say further,
is not a criticism upon nor the fault of the very active and intelli-
gent body of farmers of the county whom you will meet and whom it
is my pleasure to greet at this institute. They are all right and
are securing good results, but my complaint is that there are not
enough of them. Our shortcomings, as an agricultural county,
came about from natural conditions not hard to fathom.

Not to mention some possible disadvantages of soil and climate,
the farmer of this county in the past only made farming an inci-
dent and not the real business of his life. So long as there remained
a raft of timber on his farm, or in his neighborhood to cut and de-

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 175

liver, he preferred to make his money out of it and farmed simply
as a secondary matter, only enough to feed himself and his stock,
generally even falling short on that.. The best powers either of mind
or body were not given to the farm. With the passing away of the
timber, his occupation was gone, and it too often became a serious
problem for the old farmer to know how to make it go. We may
truthfully say, therefore, that the Clearfield county farmer of past
generations lived and died in the firm belief that farming here was
a failure, and did not pay, and he was right from his point of view.
So too, the boys, as a rule, left the old farm in the same belief,
and became the professional man, the merchant, the mechanic and
the miner of this generation, perhaps not to their advantage, either.
The result is too apparent to anyone traveling through the country
and shows itself up in hundreds of abandoned farms and vacant
farm buildings with cleared fields surrounding them now grown up
with briars and weeds.

Now it is perfectly apparent to any one who gives this subject
thought, that the future welfare of the county, demands that more
and more intelligent farming shall be done, or a source of great
wealth be lost. Large areas of cleared land now idle with the soil
being washed off annually by rains, should be redeemed, cultivated
and made to produce something, if not an annual crop, then let it
by all means be re-forested intelligently. It is of course too true,
that in many parts of the county, at least, we have positive disad-
vantages of both soil and climate, and there was probably more
truth than poetry in the complaint of the old lumberman farmer
that it did not pay to farm as he didit. I take it too, that there may
still be serious drawbacks in making it pay if followed on the old
lines, and where mere grain growing is attempted; but what is the
matter with dairying, raising poultry, truck farming and fruit rais-
ing? Are they not profitable? The handicap of soil and climate
is amply recompensed by the higher price obtained for such pro-
ducts; quality too, is all right. For instance we get strawberries in
our market from Florida in the early spring, and so on up along
the coast, until the home berry is marketed in the summer. Now
the plain fact is, that the best flavored and best strawberries gener-
ally speaking, are our own berries, grown in the Grampian Hills.
So too, the best peaches marketed in Clearfield, are home grown,
and I hope soon to see the day when we will not need to go to New
York state for our best apples.

Now all this leads to one thought and one conclusion, and that
is, that there is successful and profitable farming to be done in this
county in spite of tradition to the contrary. Our only trouble is,
as I view it, that not enough of our people have been giving the
subject intelligent and thoughtful attention. With our vast popu-
lation engaged in other trades, we of course cannot hope to be self-
supporting and self-sustaining in all food products for man and
beast, but a proper study into the nature of our soil and the un-
certainties of our climate should demonstrate what to attempt to
raise and what to leave alone, and will surely bring success along
some lines. “S-

May we not hope that the next generation will see our hills and
valleys covered with fruit orchards and truck farms, financially
successful beyond our dreams. If that day ever comes, however,

176 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

it will be due to the diffusion of scientific knowledge on farm topics
which is taught through farm institute work such as we are now do-
ing. The farmer of to-day must be intelligent, a thinker, as well as
a worker. Time and money spent in institute work is well spent,
and your work of education among us should be productive of the
greatest benefit to all. We are indeed highly honored by having
the leading thinkers of the State on farm and kindred topics among
us on this occasion, and we fully believe that the helpful and stimu-
lating influence of this meeting will be felt for years to come.

In the name and on behalf of ail our people, I bid you a hearty
welcome, and bespeak for your session both pleasure and profit.

The CHAIR: I now call on the Secretary of Agriculture, the.
Hon. N. B. Critchfield, to reply to the address of welcome,

RESPONSE TO ADDRESS OF WELCOME.

By HON. N. B. CRITCHFIELD, Secretary of Agriculture.

Mr. Chairman, Judge Smith, and Citizens of Clearfield County:
Everybody likes to feel that he is welcome wherever he goes, and
it is certainly very agreeable to us to have the assurance that we
have just received that we are welcome to this beautiful little city.
My greatest regret is, sir, that the Governor of our Common-
wealth, who is President of the State Board of Agricuiture, is not
here to reply to the very eloquent address to which we have just
had the pleasure of listening. We have heard of the resources of
your county, and we rejoice with you in their possession, for what
belongs to Clearfield ccunty, belongs to Pennsylvania; and so we
rejoice with you in the possession of your forests and your mines
and your agriculture, which we are sorry to hear you say is not
in a flourishing condition. We not only rejoice in our possession
with you of the wealth of which you can boast, but we feel proud
to be recognized as fellow-citizens of the good people of Clearfield
county. We farmers have come to understand that if we are going
to do our best with our herds and our flocks, it is important that
we shall not breed too closely along the same family line; we want
to bring new blood into our herds if we are to do our best, and I
take it that what is true with regard to the lower animals, is true
also in relation to the human race. I believe that the best people
are those who are descended from many races, and if I am not mis-
taken with regard to your history, there courses through the veins
of the people of Clearfield county the blood of the very best nations
of the old world. When we go into some communities, we find the
people descended from a single race; for example, in some communi-
ties we find that the ancestry is entirely German; in others, Scotch,
in others English, in others Welsh, and in others Irish, but if I am
correctly informed by a gentleman with whom I have had some
conversation this morning, your early settlers in this county, came
from Germany and from Scotland and from Ireland, and England,

NOs. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 17?

and you even have here the English modifications that are found in
the old Quaker stock of Eastern Pennsylvania, which we all know
is not bad stock, therefore you ought to be good people, bred as
you are, and it is not to be wondered at that you have the hearty,
energetic, intelligent citizenship that we know resides in Clearfield
county. We are glad as we come here, to recognize this, and we
feel proud to be your guests, and glad to be here, to receive this
royal welcome.

But now, Mr. Chairman, if you will excuse me, I must tell you
something about ourselves. I remember years ago to have read a
very amusing little anecdote of a pious Irish girl, who, on a certain
occasion, went to confession, and while she was telling the priest
of her short-comings and her failures in life, she looked up into his
his. face and said: “Father, I must tell you that I am engaged to
be married to Patrick Dolan, and Pat was to see me the other night,
and stayed until after twelve o’clock, and he kissed me.” The priest
being in a rather jovial humor said, “Now Mary, didn’t Pat kiss
you more than once?” And quick as a flash came the reply. “Now
Holy Father, I came here to confess, and not to boast.” And so
like the Irish girl, I did not come here to boast, but I want to say
to you, sir, that the brawny hands that we reach out to-day to re-
ceive the royal welcome extended to us, are the hands that feed the
world.

Standing here in the temple of justice, I can but admire your
work as it relates to all the liberal professions of life. Iwas walk-
ing over your town this morning and I admired the beautiful work-
manship of your artists and artisans, and I heard some gentleman
tell of the great fortunes have been amassed by some of the people
here who have cut down your forests and taken your lumber to
market, and we admire the business skill and acumen that have
enabled men in the past in your midst to accumulate these great
fortunes. But sir, what would become of the race, if for but a
Single year, the farmers of the country were to neglect to improve
the seedtime and harvest which a kind Heavenly Father has promised
to give through them to the children of men. Our calling is not only
the oldest under the sun, but it is the one calling without which
the world cannot survive.

You have referred to the fact that the farmer needs to be edu-
cated, and we have in recent years come to understand this matter
as we never did before. We have come sir, to look upon our busi-
ness as a profession, and we have come to realize that there is no
industry that stands so closely associated with the great forces of
nature as does the industry of agriculture. We realize the need of
education, and so a beneficient government has in response to our
eall established our agricultural colleges all over our land. We
have them in almost every state in the Union, but sir, we cannot
all attend college. Some of us are too old, and those of us who
are young, are under the necessity of battling with the realities of
life in order*to make a livelihood, and so we cannot all go to col-
lege, hence we have our institutes, a means by which the college
comes to us and reaches out a helping hand, and here is where-.our
State Department of Agriculture takes up the work, and broadens
and extends the work that has been begun by our general Govern-
ment. Our general assembly makes an appropriation by means of

12—7T—1906.

178 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

which we are enabled to employ men, graduated from our agricul-
tural colleges, and others graduated from the equally important
school of experience, who travel all over this broad Commonwealth,
to impart instruction to those who wish to learn. The work begins
in the fall of the year, just as soon as we have gathered in our crops.
When we have our potatoes and our apples and our cider stored
away in the cellar, and our fuel is all gathered in, then our insti-
tute work begins, and these lecturers travel over the State giving
instruction in methods of cultivation, soil improvement, dairying,
stock breeding and farm and household economy, which proves bene-
ficial to us all, and this, sir, is the character of the people that you
have here to-day. The men who are engaged in this work need to
be well equipped, for the farmer is not only a student, but he is an
apt student, who not only learns readily but who has the ability
to discern between the teaching that is true and that which is false.

I remember that when a few years ago this work was begun in
the State of Pennsylvania, there were doubting Thomases in the
audience, and not until there had been some progress, until they
saw the effect it was having upon our agriculture, did some of these
men regard the work favorably, but they are becoming apt pupils
now.

These instructors that we send out must be able to keep up with
the advances made by their pupils, and sometimes this is no easy
task.

I remember when I was a boy of sixteen, I taught a public school
to which there came a class of boys and girls older than myself who
had been away to an Academy, where they had been studying Eng-
lish Analysis, and had gone through the first book of Davies Al-
gebra, and I tell you, I had a tough time of it to keep out of their
way. I think possibly such has been the case in regard to our in-
stitute work, but thanks to the energy and earnest devotion of these
lecturers, they have kept in advance. They seem to have seen in
the very beginning of the work, that it would be necessary for
them to keep in advance of their pupils, and that to do this they
must labor industriously and they did it, and did it well, and it is
due to their energy and fidelity and to the good judgment of our
Director of Institutes, Brother Martin, that we have kept up the
standard, and we have been able to meet the call for higher train-
ing and more advanced work as that call has come,

This, Mr, Chairman, is the character of the people whom you en-
tertain to-day. I am glad to have received this welcome from
Judge Smith, and I am glad to be here. I am glad to have the honor
of being entertained by the good people of Clearfield and Clearfield
county, and when the work of this week has been done, when we
have accompished the objects that have brought us together, and
when we go out, as I trust we shall, strengthened for the work in
which we are engaged, to our various homes and various fields of
labor, I feel sure we shall go cherishing the kindest feelings to-
wards the people of this little city, and (addressing Judge Smith)
I hope that you, sir, and the citizens of Clearfield will feel that some
little good has come into your lives because of your association
with us.

The CHAIR: We have with us this afternoon one of the largest
market gardeners in Pennsylvania, one of the men who uses the

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 179

most fertilizers of any person in the State, and one of our good old
grangers, Brother M. S. Vaughn. We shall be glad to hear from
him.

MR. VAUGHN: Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen of the City
and County of Clearfield: In behalf of the officers and members of
this organization, I wish to thank you for this cordial welcome,
this fraternal greeting that has just been extended to us by an
honorable representative of your city and county; and let me say,
my friends, that it affords me great gratification to be able to tell
you that he is a product of the soil of my native county. He is one
of my boys. We grew up together, I was a little ahead of him; we
toiled and labored in the fields side by side. We have eaten at the
same table, partaken of the same nourishment, and we have huntea
rattle-snakes and picked huckleberries side by side, and that was
before the discovery of the antidote of the rattle-snake bite, and
we were not provided with it.

I feel proud that I can stand here and realize the predictions that
were made years ago, the predictions in regard to this honorable
gentleman have been borne out and confirmed. I always predicted
that for him, because from a boy to a man, you never found him
engaged in anything, countenancing or recognizing anything that
did not lead to the highest standard of manhood.

Now I am only here to emphasize a few of the remarks that have
already been made. I wish to emphasize a few of the reflections
that your worthy Secretary made in reference to this class of people.
I want to say to you people of Clearfield that it will not be neces-
sary for you to increase the number of your peace officers or enlarge
your present accommodations in your county jail on our account.
We can vouch for every man among us with one exception, and if
the supply of vegetable matter and cow-horn turnips holds out,
perhaps even he will not be an exception.

I want to thank you for this privilege of addressing you. I do
~not intend to consume much of your time, but I want again to ex-
tend to you the thanks of this convention, and all the members
of this convention for this cordial greeting and this kind welcome,
so ably given to us at this meeting.

(Cries for “Bob” Seeds.)

MR. SEEDS: Mr. Chairman, County Chairmen, Institute Workers,
and Ladies and Gentlemen: I want to say to you that I am delighted
. to meet you people, and I want to take this occasion to thank the
county chairmen for the nice way they have treated me in going over
the State of Pennsylvania. I also want to thank the Institute
workers for helping me to make the institutes a success. As long
as I am interested in agriculture, I want to be with you. I am glad
to meet you. Since I was a little bit of a boy at my grandfather’s
knee, I have heard of Clearfield county, and my first impression of
Clearfield county was such that I believed that if a whippoorwill
would come here, he would have found the conditions such that he
couldn’t stay over night. I sat at my grandfather’s knee when I
heard them talk about a farm that he owned in Clearfield county.
T heard him tell his boy that he was going to sell it, because he said
that the trees were so large it would cost more to take them off the
land than the farm was worth; that farm was worth more than—

180 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

the coal beneath the surface was, worth more than his farm over
in Huntingdon county.

I am delighted to come to your county. I had the pleasure of
traveling through this county when I was working for the Deering
Harvester Company, and the largest sale I ever made in any one
week I made in your county, and I found more summer schools in
Clearfield than in any other county I ever visited.

When you talk about Farmers’ Institutes, I will tell you that the
rest of the counties want to get a skate on, if they want to keep up
with Clearfield county.

I want to thank you for the privilege of being with you. I know
that Brother Vaughn has talked about my cow-horn turnips; I guess
I am known all over the State, if not all over the country as the
biggest story teller in the world, but I would sooner be even a good
liar than a poor farmer.

The Secretary struck the keynote when he talked about the Insti-
tute lecturer keeping out of the road of his pupils. The whole
thing hinges on education. I once heard a definition of education
that struck me very forcibly: “An education is that which puts a
man onto his job.” It is just that. It is just so with the architect,
just so with the lawyer, and just so with the farmer. I remember
a story of a certain man who fell down and struck his nose in such
a way on a sharp instrument that it was cut completely off. He
picked up his nose and stuck it on again and tied it on with a ban-
dage, and after a while, when he thought the nose had properly
healed, he took off the bandage and looked in a looking-glass, and
lo and behold, he had put his nose on upside down, and every time
it rained, the rain ran down his throat, and every time the poor
fellow sneezed, it blew his hat off. He wasn’t educated; he didn’t
observe, or he would never have put his nose on wrong side up. I
tell you the whole thing hinges on education, yet often the man
who has given us a new idea has been calied a crank.

When Fulton built the first steamboat, he had a rich uncle who
had money to burn, and the uncle told him it wouldn’t do, but
Robert Fulton worked on through his rich uncle declined to help
him out with a cent. He never ceased his efforts and after his
little steamboat was completed and he pushed it out into the Hud-
son River and rang the bell to go ahead, there was trouble in that
little boat and it wouldn’t move and his rich old uncle stood on the
river bank and said, “Bob, I told you it wouldn’t go; it won’t go, it
will never go.” But Robert was not discouraged. He took his.
wrenches and his tools and he did this and he did that; he adjusted
a bolt here and a screw there, did a few things that he thought neces-
sary and then he pulled the throttle open and his little steamboat
moved on, and his old uncle stood on the bank and shouted after
him, “You’ll never get it stopped, you’ll never get it stopped!” That
is the way it has been ever since the foundation of the world. “It
is the man who does the best who gets more kicks than all the rest.”

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 181

From the register it was found that the following Institute
Managers «were present:

County. Name and Place.
BCE AYIR FN fox ctay ar civorsr nc) eiclcletnloyaie Siusefaieietcleves A. I. Weidner, Arendtsville.
PAREN OMY. oa cio, cta,cloniere os ela,ee ce eiereiere .J. S. Burns, Imperial, R. F. D. No. 1.
BBEMIBELONE: bee ccc. ccc cesencccectcees S. S. Blyholder, Neale.
BREE MC IS rare oem oe tesa wis: Cannes e's aemee A. L. McKibben, New Sheffield.
“REDNESS Coadapdgcosoo seu nooeaaAGouee H. K. Lutz, Bedford.
LS LDUR, Yosocen Go soe UBER a OBE cide Scene H. L. Harvey, Juniata.
RES TeU PEON CMe a micicisialeleietacerasistelsievers' sey ee E. E. Chubbuck, Rome, R. F. D. No. 16.
SRN easel cata: ecole cial oie vivlin elaieleie Siereieneierels) 6 Watson T. Davis, Ivyland.
BOEEMAUI TNS facia sislota/s in erelaieislinienc/o sahelsveevelere H. J. Krumenacker, Carrolltown.
DDD TiNy (Age eSnqded odor GOaDCog nec ae Brice Brinckman, Weatherly.
MBSESIN EE Ge o%e, </ohcaicteie) sie niete oisieiwietajelc’e ete eieis John A. Woodward, Howard.
RSC SUG Ia ite cis sjatcic) ciolane's, « maist ciel cialcieiclaie Dr. M. E. Conard, Westgrove.
BASPeRE TT OTR cy Moles tera cok oie teterc.ceiniere) sissies aieis S. X. McClellan, Knox.
BORED ALOU Sn | cctaturs cistelecare aisle aes eyateter E. M. Davis, Grampian.
WOPEANRU OTH a fete cto sas Seco w-o.é ae ee sere crore Sere bia Joel A. Herr, Millhall, R. F. D.
BR PURITIUL IA sa, ain Sovsiele sieeieoeceeters sc A. P. Young, Millville.
ROT AVE OL gies aieccicie, sie sieiais cisisc oe'e,s ote aioe J. F. Seavy, Saegerstown.
PETIT CLIAING CO ks cs wiocle.cn sotde oe celea.e «se Rev. T. J. Ferguson, Mechanicsburg.
AIUD TITS oss crs crscratiatei cls esse we eel evles S. F. Barber, Harrisburg.
WICIAWALC;. .cesscee scene scnece suc. dt. Me. Heyburn, Ward.
pM iscotiea even vier <vs.ale lars wiclercie Ge sls ccsierelere.c eres John B. Werner, St. Marys.
LETTE Seige Gos A Bn Goon n on Gene Se crac Archie Billings, Edinboro.
SATU ETD Me ceig cele ciciehelornielae esi si aieVererne sie C. B. Hege, Marion.
MMUIEOM Ge seeker fualicjewiel setacsec seccvecdscktodL. wendall, MeConnelisburg:
REM CCTIO tric. cccdeinarsis hen ceaies bes as nets J. W. Stewart, Jefferson.
EMUIMNET TS GON, % Sycleyerte wsae tis a eelerere eie'e Geo. G. Hutchison, Warrior’s Mark.
JORG IE Wa Tegan Ae ae eee S. M. McHenry, Indiana.
RETECE SOM: Serene ia ciejeacgis eicisa.e odio a W. L. McCracken, Brookville.
BIRPUENC EL COP Mirra (atcicte/cte cistetels: via le/eie eleiaracave ots Matthew Rodgers, Mexico.
WACK WATE, 1 oo aveisots'sciais cles ae S sre Horace Seamans, Factoryville.
RATICASUCIS soles «cic ice is siialsie cie.de.etes ~...W. H. Brosius, Drumore.
RAWECT COM ereisicc anitis's svc ete seis clo eee Samuel McCreary, Volant, R. F. D. ;
EPI ATNOT eo) ooo aie s,5 nie nie wel Gleiesleveione ore Edwin Shuey, Lickdale.
BSN oR erage cies e/a a ctesnvcroiie waleiese'e: ojstecacerecete P. S. Fenstermaker, Allentown.
1 TRO AST NE AE Si a OA aia J. E. Hildebrandt, Dallas, R. F. D.
WV CONINIIT Sees c aisles wiclels cna ctale coinarete A. J. Kahler, Hughesville. j
VRCTIGOTS caiccleic cisvsiclcisiss o1s'sdic'e se \ciew spac W. C. Black, Mercer. i
VAT ETUR TY Ae cinls checlecte etnishelout se anics Sete M. M. Naginey, Milroy. j
IMONEP OMCE YH a ctias cane duels oxteree weriee Jason Sexton, North Wales.
IVEONIAE OUT eter cracte ver ste) des o cies cevaeass ae Cc. A. Wagner, Ottawa.
INOrthuUmMbDerlangd!), hiisivs se cece» se I. A. Eschbach, Milton, R. F. D. No. 1.
IROLBYi of ces cine santa deere tice acieio we ce os dais A. T. Holman, Millersburg.
121 GSR Ra OR OOS een eee aes B. F. Killam, Paupack.
SO EGET eee co ticera tei ciesseccaieeioe la oes Horace H. Hall, Ellisburg.
Me Dy eos Sa stats ie la aleeie eosin ees W. H. Stout, Pinegrove.
SMV OCW a ae Seta cisis clas calvelsiciss ssies oo eOharies. Miller; ‘Salem:
SORICESCUs as ceeieinine oosminet ccies oe eas Jacob S. Miller, Friedens.
SUE N20 SRea GO CSN Eee ope e BeCIaeE: E. R. Warburton, Dushore, R. F. D. No. 3.
SSUSOUTCH QUA cis cs «).cciccay ieiniets o1s's aiveiote Dr. E. E. Tower, Hop Bottom.
PASTA TM carats svevetevajois sie avo'e <Sisis. est eiais,a 6 as J. Newton Glover, Vicksburg.
\V GCE Aaa GOA COCO ICIS W. A. Crawford, Cooperstown.
BVMcU IE OTM spre ste a 6) aiciela av sucreelore\s) s/o. aie aesajwseva’e George A. Woodside, Sugargrove.
Wwestimoreland.” “cc. on. ce eels care M. N. Clark, Claridge.
Wey ORM ee eee ee cake ce eee enen D. A. Knuppenburg, Lake Carey.
BY<OT ony Bern tia) Siarsaro teva cores isyaee G. F. Barnes, Rossville.

Of the Institute Lecturers, the following were present:

Barber, Spencer F., Box 104, Harrisburg, Dauphin county.
Bashore, Dr. Harvey B., West Fairview, Cumberland county.
Beardslee, R. L., Warrenham, Bradford county.

Black, W. C., Mercer, Mercer county.

Bond, M. S., Danville, Montour county.

Brodhead, C. W., Montrose, Susquehanna county.

Bruckart, J. W., Lititz, Lancaster county.

Burns, J. S., Imperial, R. F. D. No. 1, Allegheny county.
Butz, Prof. George C., State College, Centre county.
Campbell, J. T., Hartstown, Crawford county.

Clark, M. N., Claridge, Westmoreland county.

Conard, Dr. M. E., Westgrove, Chester county.

Cox, John W., New Wilmington, Lawrence county,
Cure, Z, T., Jermyn, Lackawanna county. Zz

182 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Detrich, Rev. J. D., West Chester, Chester county, R. F. D. No. 12.
Drake, W. M. C., Volant, Lawrence county.

Funk, Dr. J. H., Boyertown, Berks county.

Hall, Horace H., Ellisburg, Potter county.
Harshberger, J. W., Ph. D., Philadelphia.

Herr, Joel A., Millhall, R. F. D., Clinton county.
Hill, W. &., Chambersburg, Franklin county.

Hoover, Hon. E. 8., Lancaster, Lancaster county.
Hull, Geo. E., Transfer, R. F. D., Mercer county.
Kahler, Hon. A. J., Hughesville, Lycoming county.
Kester, R. P., Grampian, Clearfield county.

Lehman, Amos B., Fayetteville, Franklin county.
Lighty, L. W., East Berlin, Adams*county.
McDowell, Prof. M. S., State College, Centre county.
Menges, Prof. Franklin, York, York county.

Northup, Henry W., Glenburn, Lackawanna county.
Orr, T. EH., Beaver, Beaver county.

Owens, Prof. Wm. G., Lewisburg, Union county.
Peachey, J. H., Belleville, Mifflin county. -
Philips, Hon. Thomas J., Atglen, Chester county.
Seeds, R. S., Birmingham, Huntingdon county.

Stout, W. H., Pinegrove, Schuylkill county.

Surface, Prof. H. A., Economic Zoologist, Harrisburg.
Thayer, Dr. I. A., New Castle, Lawrence county.
Wagner, F. J., Harrison City, Westmoreland county.
Wallace, Mrs. Mary A.(‘‘Aunt Patience’’), Ellwood City, Lawrence county.
Watts, Prof. R. L., Scalp Level, Cambria county.
Watts, D. H., Kerrmoor, Clearfield county.
Waychoff, G. B., Jefferson, Greene county.

The following visitors were present:

DeAAS, MAL AD AULD icc, oc aveletele java altre, ois Fa'suaiele 06.50 .atwiere alin. eles teteato sree ;. Bradley Junction.
IVGISS SA an MES IB TTS. siete ays eleva. sacle: ejerssa's) olejouslWisielaye re eteltwekta Mersin tent ote Imperial.

Stee MI ALEELI rive adc diee beioeloce Ge oe brand Cake che aetna 6 ct eee Hollidaysburg.
ES US PUG rate ya eases fase covevayeiatre ocinioye Gras Taveras mpvel iarclolete ae eteaetocietctarereters New Bethlehem.
Di MT AMIGTGSS , S sere's ai o'oiass nie esesayefae.c 208 sia ee septs rote eens ohacremee bia eke ates New Bethlehem.
IM SE eer alTo Well 5 5 sre. s cicye ote te cos ss chey hte voisig jovttotetore cheno’ etal ome tclistearereneeiereeys Ivyland.

CEsOS Matter iso sdicc, carssejars oto acoVas saxsralore ie Sie ore wheats stale wisknreiaie letras Slate rele Osceola Mills.

IW ICPSR AtlCrSOMs. cic, «csc dias oleic ppaieha sites easel alae te ale elotaonsie cue cele rein ereralic McConnellsburg.
Mrs siGiuibs “WAY CHOLES 5.0 sc'sae ls slerevale speeches als « sfateierialo renee ciaranemstenne Jefferson.

Fie MES SD ANS seeks so:a te pretreat lose selicie Giseate evouate ase are ee ala ache mie ebareite ie weroke ray sistas Grampian.

MEGS. Wie ls; IVECO ra CKie no 5e:sisie uroraravetaronere, 6 elererem unicjeloto (eloiee eietehetetetensieters Brookville.

EES, HI a) MIST SCI a rotesaresoveyera: t 70 estlcresiere eve lalows fois, aye tavotejete sl cee teen antets East Berlin.

ELS GS Up ple Cease aries aro) arevavate are rateroetie mus seves oiebers eheve or atote re teveee tote teletereiote Bloomsburg.

SS CE, SKC ON a, Sasi wis «, srapeta Mave savex si adeyeiwre see obeiale eyelalre s Revelic rere o aveve tote sesteretets Hughesville.
Alex Stiltmatter 5 ois ca .free ao assis nia! usie oc lorole areisietare evsyelcinrepoaieatore oe Bradley Junction.

The CHAIR: We will now take up our regular program. The
first number is entitled “Anatomy, Physiology, Care and Treatment
of Farm Animals,” by Dr. E. E. Tower, of Hop Bottom, Pa.

The address of Dr. Tower is as follows: : A:

ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, CARE AND TREATMENT OF FARM
ANIMALS,

By Dr. E. E. TOWER, Hop Bottom. Pa.

The subject you will notice on the program is a pretty broad one,
one that should take up several hours, if we attempted to go into
the minute details of what this subject represents. To talk of the
anatomy, physiology, care and treatment of farm animals, means
a great deal, and at best we can only hint at what I wish you all to
fill out for yourselves. The few things that I shall present to-day |
I hope will be magnified by our fellow-institute workers and that

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 183

they may in some cases be able to give the farmer some hint which
may save the life of a valuable animal. There may be some little
things which I may not think of, and which I would thank you all
to ask me about when we come to that point.

(The Doctor had, before beginning his lecture, hung upon the
wall two models or charts, one representing in detail a horse the
other a cow.)

These two models which I have hung upon the wall you will ree-
ognize as models of the horse and the cow. Let us for a few
moments consider them as two machines, created for the use of the
agriculturist, machines without which agriculture could not exist.
To some perhaps this may seem a little overdrawn, but I will goa
step further and say, machines without which civilization could not
exist. :

We all know that with every kind of machinery, there are cer-
tain rules to be followed. While there are a great many different
kinds of machines, all have a certain motive power, depending
largely upon their construction and the purpose for which they
are designed. One may have a lever here to move to the right, an-
other may move to the left. One may require steam and another
may require the explosion of gasoline or. some other substance to
set the wheel in motion, but all tend to the same end, namely, to
produce power whereby the machine may do the work for which
it is designed.

The man who is successful in manipulating this machine must
know all the intricate parts. He must know what particular kind
of fuel will produce the most power. He must know how much
fuel to use and when to use it. He must know that all parts are
properly adjusted and that the important bearings are properly
lubricated. He must know the limit of speed at which his machine
may run without danger of explosion or injury.

(Referring to the mode! of the cow.) In this picture we have the
bones of the animal exposed and you will see here the large number
of levers—we will call them levers, bones or levers that are designed
to work this great machine which is here represented.

Here we have a representation of the circulation of the blood and
the nervous system, showing you how all these veins and arteries
are arranged. The blue lines represent the veins and the red lines
the arterial circulation, as it is thrown away from the heart. In
here you will notice the glands (pointing to the part indicated on
model.) Here we have the sub-maxillary gland which is so often
diseased with tuberculosis. Pardon me, but I cannot help bring-
ing in that subject of tuberculosis once in a while, because it is
something I am very much interested in, and all farmers should
be. The gland as represented here is supposed to be in the natural
condition, although perhaps a little overdrawn down here (indicat-
ing).

Here we have another division. In this we have removed the
skin only. This part comes next to the skin and shows the nervous
circulation. Here we have the spinal column, looking at it from
the front and running all through. All these little white lines are
nerves. People sometimes say that the cow has no nerves. Just
look at that and see if you think there are no nerves in that cow.
No man of any sensibility can look at that and then go home and

184 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

bang the cow over the head or hip with the milking-stool. If he
does, he hasn’t got good sense.

I want to speak of the muscles a little. You will notice the inter-
lacing of these muscles. They act as supports and assist. in the
operation of all these levers that I spoke of, two hundred and fifty-
six in number and they are all bound up here.

Now I want to go a little further on to the digestive trace and
here we have the lungs in their natural condition, and they are
colored as near to nature as possible in their healthy condition.
However, a great many changes will take place in different diseases.

I want to refer to the lungs. Here is a part that some people
have an idea must be affected in order to have tuberculosis. An
animal may die with tuberculosis, and the lungs scarcely be affected,
simply because some other organ may be affected instead of the
lungs. Pulmonary tuberculosis means an affection of the lungs,
but there are cases where the lungs are not affected, and still tuber-
culosis be very apparent.

‘We cut up the lungs and see in there the bronchial tubes; all
these little branches are the bronchial tubes through which the
air passes, and is passed from the animals in the respirations from
the lungs. Here we have the heart lying right between the lungs
in this position. We will cut that heart open and notice its struc-
ture. Could you make one of those pieces of machinery? If you
did, it would not work. That heart is the seat of the whole thing.
Of course all of these have got to work in unison, or else they are no
good. If this heart wears out, you can’t throw it away and get a
new one. You have got to keep it in repair, consequently more
care is required to do it than with any machine that has ever been
built,

Here you will observe the kidneys in position, showing as nearly
as may be their natural color. We will cut this kidney open and
see the inside structure of the kidneys. Here we have a represen-
tation of the first stomach; the cow is provided with four stomachs.
This is called the first or paunch. The horse is provided with only
one—I will show you that a little later. Here we have the spleen,
and while I am speaking of the spleen, I want to speak of one dis-
ease which is a very deadly disease among stock, and one also very
deadly to people—anthrax. You probably know what it is, one
of the worst diseases that ever was known. In anthrax this spleen
will be enlarged from three to four times its natural size. If you
were to take this spleen off in the case of anthrax, and if you were
to cut into this, it would present a jelly-like, black, tarry appearance.
No other disease that we know of can produce that appearance.
Then again in anthrax you will find little red spots perhaps on the
paunch, perhaps cn the intestines. Just underneath the skin, you
will find little spots of blood. In blackleg, which occurs in young
animals, you always have bloating, very extensive, in anthrax never.
Now we will just lay this paunch as we call it open and see what is
inside. (Exhibiting and describing inside of paunch.)

Here we have the small intestines. In the cow we have 150 feet
of digestive tracts which is twice the length that is in the horse—
seventy in the horse, a hundred and fifty in the cow. The horse
has one stomach, the cow four, as I have said. Here we have the
second, third and fourth stomachs. Here we have the true diges-

— eS

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 185

tive stomach, and these are laid in position just as they appear in
the natural animal. A great many people get peculiar ideas as to
where this stomach of the cow lies, and that is I think, a wonder-
fully nice thing to study, and it is a great help if fully understood,
in knowing how to treat them. Here in this stomach (indicating)
we have the true digestive part where the food is pressed and
agitated, separated, getting out the parts that go to make up the
blood and the muscle.

We will go on a little further. Here we have the liver in position
with the gall bladder here (indicating). In regard to the digestive

“organs, here we have coming down through the esophagus or small

pipe which you will notice runs between the lungs and in here we
have the wind-pipe or the trachea. Now it wouid not be best if
I could, to go on and give you a minute description of every one of
these organs or every one of these little nerves and blood-vessels
and all those things, but our time won’t admit. Here we have the
trachea which you see goes into these tubes right here as shown.
The air goes throvgh here and then it begins to sub-divide just like
the little brooks that go to make up a great river.

One thing I wish to mention, that is, the choking of animals.
Hardly a farmer who has not had more or less experience with
animals being choked, and this can be remedied to a very great ex-
tent, or can be relieved. While animals will get choked once in a
while, it can be helped, and I wil! tell you how the choking will take
place, probably up in here (indicating on model), although it may
be down here back of the lungs and very near the stomach. I will
tell you the simplest thing in the world to do in a case of that kind,
and it may save the life of a valuable animal and will not hurt
your animal. Take a piece of common rubber hose, you need not
use only about six feet of it, and insert that right down the cow’s
neek; perhaps it would be well to take a card and put this in the
animal’s mouth to hold her mouth open and run this rubber pipe
right down here until you strike your apple or whatever it may be
that chokes her. Often it will occur that the apple is so swelled
in there, or so firmly wedged as to be difficult to stir. Now step
back to your buggy and take your buggy whip and run it down
this rubber pipe. The pipe as it strikes the apple will fit around
that apple so that there will be no danger of making any hole, and
then press the end of your whip carefully down until it reaches
the stomach, and when it reaches the stomach, the gas will certainly
escape through that pipe so quick that your animal! will be entirely
relieved in a very few minutes.

Only last fall I was called to see a cow that was choked. I
noticed blood dribbling down the sides of her mouth, and I asked
the owner of the cow what he had been doing and he wouldn’t tell
me. I did not blame him; I wouldn’t either, if I had done it, but
finally he said, “I took the rake’s tail and put it down her throat
and it went somewhere but she didn’t seem to be any better,” I said
to him, “T can tell you where it went, it went through that esopha-
gus, and into the muscles of the neck which will cause the death
of your cow very soon,” which it did. The cow died that night. To
be sure that he had done the mischief, he cut the neck open and
found a slit about six inches long where be had forced the rake

is

186 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

handle through. A drover came along in one case where a cow had
picked up an apple—I want to say right here, if a cow gets in where
the apples are, do not run them out nor set the dog after them to
chase them away. If you go to running them, or chasing them
with a dog, they are almost certain to become choked—this drover
as I commenced to say, had a nice yearling that picked up an apple
and choked on it. They had an old man along with them who, as it
happened, had a very large cane, and it was very sharp on one end,
and the old man took this cane and jammed it down the throat of
the animal and it died in about an hour. The rubber hose is the
best thing for relieving this condition, and any man can use it, and
if you institute workers will convey this knowledge to the farmers
as you travel over the State, it may be the means of saving a valuable
animal, and if I can be the means of saving the life of one animal
of that kind, I shall feel that I have been well paid.

There is another subject which I want to mention, and that is
dehorning which is quite common at present. I am not going to
say whether it is best or not. The farmer knows better than any-
body else whether that animal should be dehorned or not. If the
animal is ugly and unmanageable, I would certainly dehorn it. Now
as you have probably noticed, there is bleeding after dehorning.
You see the little arteries that come up in here (indicating on model)
come up to the horn very closely to the edge of the gland that goes
to the horn. Now the bleeding never comes from the inside of the
horn, but it comes from this little facial artery that curves up very
near and then goes back in here and in cutting it off, most of men
cut a little of the skin—in cutting it off you often clip that little
artery. I was called out to see one the other day. It had bled
more than a pailful, and the man had a ball of cotton batting wound
around the cow’s head. Now when you get a case of that kind, keep
cool; don’t get excited; just go to that cow and see where that blood
comes from. You will find just as I have told you, that it comes
from the outside of the horn, right about there (indicating on model)
you will find a little artery which will spurt right up. Now take
your thumb nail and hold it for half a second or so there, and in
nine cases out of ten it will stop it at once. Any little thing that
will shut that together just for an instant is all that is necessary,
and the bleeding is all stopped, but do not try to bundle on a great
lot of cotton batting; that only soaks the blood up after it comes
out.

In dehorning, never leave the hole open in the horn. Nearly all
our cattle are subject to hollow-horn. You will find there is an
immense opening at the stump of that horn after it is cut off, a very
good idea, as was once suggested by our worthy Secretary, take a
piece of cotton cloth about the size of that (indicating the size)
spread a little tar on that and put it over the hole. That hole runs
directly down to the head, and connects with the nasal passages,
and if you will take pains to examine, you will find that the breath
will spurt right out of that hole.

(The doctor now passed over to the model of the horse.)

Here we have the bones. You will notice that in the horse the
bones are a little more compact than in the cow, for the horse is a
beast of burden. In this we have 256; in that, 251, the main differ.
ence coming in this part of the animal. (Indicating.)

——— Soe es iS ee! ee

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 187

In here you will notice that the circulation as compared with that
is perhaps a little stronger; the veins and arteries are a little bit
larger, and the circulation in here is of course a little different on
account of the difference in the organs. There is a little thing I
wish to speak of right here. I wish to speak of bleeding or hemor-
rhage. It is quite often that the farmer meets with an accident
either in plowing or harrowing or some other work, and an artery
gets cut. I saw a case where a man struck his horse with a whip,
and the whip struck this artery and cut it open, and the horse of
course bled terribly. And in another case only a few days ago a
horse run away and cut the artery right in here so that it bled
terribly. In this case, the owner of the horse called me up on the
*phone. He said, “You can’t get here before the horse will die,
and he is a very valuable horse; can’t you tell me something to do.”
I said, “Yes.” I told that man to take a little stick about as big
as a lead pencil or a little larger, about like that (indicating) and
put his hand around the leg until he came to the point where the
blood starts then take the stick and lay it over that point, and take
a little cotton cloth bandage and wind around it, and he would stop
that bleeding simply and easily, which was done.

I will tell you what they will do in most every case. They will
take a big string or small rope and twist it up until they nearly cut
the skin through, and in fact, I have seen cases where the skin has
been cut entirely through by this cord, and the blood kept coming
just the same. Now it is nature’s privilege to put these arteries in
a little groove, and you may tie a string around there tight enough
to cut the skin clear through, and you won’t stop the bleeding; but
take a cork and put it over that spot and you will stop it. You see
the idea is to get a little pressure onto this point.

A Member: Mr. Chairman, just there, if you please, I would like
to inquire of the Doctor how we shall know the difference between
the veins and the arteries.

DR. TOWER: I will say in reply, that you will notice here the
blue lines represent the veins, or the venous blood; the red lines
represent the blood, the purer blood which is going down this way
(indicating). You can tell by the color of the blood which one you
have got, whether it was from a vein or an artery, You would
scarcely get very little bleeding coming up here, (indicating) how-
ever, I would recommend that you use a stick long enough or a cork,
or whatever you have, to cover both ends, and then do not put ona
bandage tight enough to give the horse any pain, and this you will
find will work in almost any part of the body, and it is something
that you all know, that requires prompt attention. Ifa man has a
horse or a cow that has a sudden hemorrhage or bleeding, it requires
prompt attention. At one place I saw a man faint away just from
seeing the horse’s leg which was cut. Of course there are men of
that kind, that can’t help it. I don’t blame them. You will notice
all the blood circulation that goes around the head. There are some
little ones, too, that are not shown on this model, so you can see
how liable they are to be injured.

The SECRETARY: Mr. Chairman, may I ask the Doctor through
you, to kindly tell us how to take the pulse of a horse.

DR. TOWER: The pulse can be taken very easily. You have
the pulsing of the vein and artery both. Any place where you can

188 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

press the artery upon the bone, you can feel the pulse, but this is
the most convenient place, right up there against this jaw bone.
I would recommend you to practice that in health as well as dis-
ease; learn what is a quick pulse, a hard pulse, or a slow pulse—
learn the variations from the normal.

Now you will notice that in the muscular system the muscles
are a little bit more marked, that they are a little more spread
out than they are in the cow; that is to say, they are not blended to-
gether quite so closely. Now I want you to look for a minute at
this limb. Then you will] notice another one that goes from here
and runs down through here and passes on front here. They are
all put in there for a purpose. No machine that was ever built
could have all these levers working in such perfect harmony as in
an animal of this kind. Then you look down here to the binding
ligaments, and you will find another that works always in unison.
There is no side-pulling of any of those muscles in health. When
you come to study these all over, it isn’t anything strange that a
horse gets lame; it is more wonderful that they are not lame all the
time, the way they are used sometimes.

Now we will go on with the digestive organs. Here we have the
lungs, which you will notice are not as large as they are in the cow
in proportion. There is a disease known as heaves. Now what I
would do in a case of heaves, or what the cure is for heaves, I am
often asked? When you read an advertisement promising to cure
heaves, or a man tells you that he has a medicine that will cure
the disease, you want to be on your guard, because I am here to
say to you that no man on earth can cure heaves except by putting
in a new set of lungs, which I do not want to undertake. Now
what causes heaves? You notice these little black lines running
along in here; they represent the different air cells of which the
lungs are made up. In heaves there has been a rupture of these
air cells. Two or three have been made into one. That is what
causes the noise you hear. It is a rupture of the air cells and noth-
ing else.

A Member: Mr. Chairman, I would like to inquire of the Doctor
what causes heaves.

DR. TOWER: Heaves are caused sometimes from feeding too
much coarse, dry feed. It may be brought on when a horse has been,
perhaps, lately fed, and then is started off on a fast run, so that the
air is forced so violently through the lungs that the walls of the cells
are not able to withstand the pressure and they burst through. Of
course dry, dusty feed may cause the same effect.

You will notice in here that the bronchial tubes are a little
heavier than those of the cow; then again you see that the shape
of the heart is a little bit different. You will notice the position
of the heart; it lies right behind the front shoulder. I had a man
the other day say, “Just look at that horse’s heart beat,” when the
horse had the thumps, and the beating was located back here (in-
dicating). Now you know that thumps may be described as spasm
of the diaphram, the heart has nothing whatever to do with what
we call thumps. If you want to test that, put your ear to the
heart and put your hand on the spot where the thumping is going
on, and you will find that the heart beats with one motion and the

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 189

thumps with another, showing very conclusively that the heart
has nothing to do with it.

Here we have the stomach of the horse (pointing to same on
model) which you see is very much different from what it is in the
cow. It may be described as a large storehouse which contains all
the feed which is there manufactured into the various substances
which the horse requires to support his life and strength as a beast
of burden,

MR. FENSTERMAKER: Mr. Chairman, I would like to ask the
Doctor what is the cause of thumps.

DR. TOWER: Well, if you will tell me what is the cause of hic-
coughs in a man, I will tell you what is the cause of thumps in
a horse. It may come from different sources. It may come from
a tired condition, from a condition in which the nerves have been
irritated so that they jump irregularly; any little irritation, whether
it is from over-exertion, or from over-thirst or over-driving, any
such thing is often the cause.

MR, SEEDS: Mr. Chairman, I would like to inquire of the Doctor
what he would recommend as feed in cases of heaves.

DR. TOWER: I would recommend in heaves that you restrict the
dry feed; don’t give the horse dry or dusty feed. Moisten the hay
and don’t give them teo much of it. You will find that moist feed
will be quite a help, then in addition to this, as a medical aid, I
would give perhaps powdered licorice root, about a teaspoonful of
that on the tongue. I would prefer it on the tongue because it then
goes into the throat and into the bronchial tubes. Again, the oil
of tar is recommended.

MR. SEEDS: Mr. Chairman, I would like to ask the Doctor
whether in such cases neatsfoot oil would be helpful.

DR. TOWER: Yes, in small quantities.

A Member: Is it not a fact that there is less of that trouble now
than there was in former times,

DR. TOWER: I think so.

MR. SEEDS: Mr. Chairman, I would like to make another in-
quiry of the Doctor. We had a veterinary down to our place look-
ing at a horse in a case where the horse declined to eat, and they
didn’t understand why, and he showed me where the inside of the
horse’s mouth was all cut and bloody, which was caused by a sharp
tooth, a ragged edged tooth.

DR. TOWER: The teeth of a horse are the great instrumentali-
ties which prepare the food fer digestion and mix it with the saliva.
Such a condition as you describe is quite common and it has not
got to be an old horse either; sometimes the teeth on the outside of
the upper jaw become elongated and very sharp. The upper jaw is
somewhat wider than the lower jaw and those teeth will become
sharp which will sometimes result in the sides of the cheeks be-
coming lacerated. Now if there is a rubbing of the cheek on a

190 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

sharp tooth until they become lacerated, you will be apt to find
as a result that the horse will not eat. Only a little while ago a
man came from about twelve miles away to see me and he said,
“There is something the matter with my horse’s tongue.” I opened
his mouth and turned the tongue up, and in that tongue was a
gash at least an inch and a half long, which was full of oats and
feed that had lodged in there. When I came to look on the lower
jaw and examine the teeth, I found there was a sharp tooth which
had cut the gash in the tongue.

MR. ORR: Mr. Chairman, I would like to inquire of the Doctor
if he can show us from his diagrams how to operate on a cow
bloated. from clover.

DR. TOWER: Yes, I can tell you how it is done and give you
a very reliable remedy. Here you will see the ribs are shown.
You can see here on this diagram where the ribs begin. Now just
about half way from the hip bone to the ribs is the proper place
to operate with a trochar—about as far as from the top of the
backbone—for instance, it would be about there (indicating).

MR. SEEDS: On which side?
DR. TOWER: On the right side.
The SECRETARY: How do you point your trochar?

DR. TOWER: You will find there will be spots where it will be
puffed up, perhaps a little more in one place than in another, and
that will enable you to judge; as I say, about at this point (indicat-
ing) is right.

A Member: Wouldn’t it do to use knives?

DR. TOWER: It has been done with knives, but I would not like
to use knives.

If you stick a knife in here you are taking chances that I would
not like to take, as the stomach is acting right along, and you may
do a serious injury. If you take a trochar and insert it through
there as I have indicated, it will be safer.

A Member: If you take a knife and insert a tube, wouldn’t
that do?

DR. TOWER: Yes, that would be all right; but before you put
that tube in, they may be an inch apart—those two holes—on ac-
count of the motion.

DEPUTY SECRETARY: Mr. Chairman, we have fifteen minutes
to devote to this subject, so that it will be necessary to make the
questions brief.

MR. HOOVER: What is the cause of a horse having the habit
of stall kicking when he is perfectly safe with a driver?

DR. TOWER: Well sir, I couldn’t answer that, nor any other
man, safely. I will answer that in this way: I know a gentleman
who will go out in company and he is the nicest gentleman you ever

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 191

saw, and when that man gets home he is the biggest kicker you
ever saw. Now I have an idea that horses are a good deal the
same way; there may be a little skin trouble, a little irritation some-
where, so that when the horse is standing, it causes him to act in
that way. It may come simply from a habit.

MR. SEXTON: Doctor, in case of tuberculosis—you spoke of
animals dying from tuberculosis when the lungs -are not affected.
Now then, what I want to know is this: Would the flesh be as
badly affected if the lungs were not affected, as it would be pro-
vided the lungs were affected, and your animal had tuberculosis
badly.

DR TOWER: The flesh would be bad under any conditions. Where
animals become emaciated from tuberculosis it does not matter
that the lungs may not be affected, the meat is bad in all such
ceases. Take the liver, for instance, the liver is one of the main
glands of the body, and if that is affected, it will produce the usual
evil result. It does not matter what organs are affected, if the dis-
ease is continued and is generalized, the meat is certainly bad.

We have some cases where the meat has been found to be whole-
some, where the disease is confined to one little spot, perhaps, or
two, but has become insistent, so that the germ is not strong all
through the system.

A Member: What causes spasmodic colic?

DR. TOWER: It may come from different sources, from over-
watering or feeding or a change of feed, anything which irritates
the delicate mucus membrane may cause spasmodic colic. When
the stomach is not doing its work properly, when conditions are
such that the food is not digested properly, you are liable to have
spasmodic colic.

The SECRETARY: Any nervous excitement will reduce the
power of digestion, and of course that may produce colic.

Dr. Tower stated in answer to an inquiry as to a remedy for
colic, that you should give a horse affected with colic equal parts
of ginger, gentian and bicarbonate of soda.

A Member: Do you advise the feeding of ground grain to a horse,
and if not, why not?

DR. TOWER: I will tell you why I advise feeding ground grain
in some cases, and then I can tell you why and when I do not. If
you have a horse pretty well along in years, it is a little better to
aid his digestion by helping him grind it. You can take another
horse, equally as old and ground grain does not agree with him.
It is just as I said in the beginning, you have got to study your
horse. I would like to have ground feed as a rule for horses that
are working, and I would feed oats and corn with a little bran
mixed with it, increasing the meal proportionately as you increase
the heavy work.

MR. ORR: Would you use some molasses with that ground feed?

192 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

_ DR. TOWER: I am not much of an advocate of molasses as
feed.

A Member: How about ground linseed oil cake?
DR. TOWER: I am not much in favor of it.

MR. BEARDSLEE: Doctor, can you describe the process of milk
secretion and its delivery into the udder?

DR. TOWER: I haven’t the time to do that.

MR. BRODHEAD: Doctor, in reference to a horse not having
their teeth in proper shape, is not that the cause of colic in a horse?

DR. TOWER: In about eight cases out of ten, I would say that
colic comes from bad teeth.

Now I will not detain you long but I have a little more to present
to you in the paper that I have prepared. Referring again to the
cow, let me say again that she is the most complicated piece of
machinery that was ever built. If this be true, then the man who
takes upon himself the care and management of this animal, must
be a machinist of the highest order. He must be able to select,
or in other words, build up a machine that is capable of earning
more than it consumes. He must know what kind of feed or fuel,
if you please, to use in order to get the power. The man who runs
the steam-engine has only the one machine in his charge, and when
once he is become acquainted with iis workings, he has mastered
the situation. If a certain part of the machinery breaks or be-
comes worn by use, duplicate parts can at once be obtained. Not
so with the dairyman; he may have forty or fifty of these com-
plicated animals in his charge, and no two require the same treat-
ment or care. The farmer may study the needs of one cow and be
able to say for a certainty just what she requires to keep her in
perfect condition and at the same time pay the most profit, but
when he comes to cow No. 2, he finds another problem and so on
through the herd.

If we were to go to the National Museum and see the first locomo-
tive that was built and compare it with those of to-day, we would
searcely think they were made for the same purpose. Exactly so
with the cow; her outward appearance does not present such a
marked contrast, but her earning capacity has been greatly in-
creased. We can remember when.a cow that could make one pound
of butter in a day was considered a wonder. Now if a cow will
not make four or five pounds in a day, she is no good.

Years ago anything that had a head and horns on one end, a leg
on each corner and a tail on the other end, was a cow, one just as
valuable as another. Nobody knew what amount of butter fat
her milk contained. Nobody knew or cared what a balanced ration
was.

What has caused the change? It has not come by chance, it has
come by close, hard study, by experience, by using the different kinds
of food to see which would produce the most milk. A few years
ago, if a cow sold for $100 it was considered an exorbitant price.
Not long ago H. D. Roe, of New Jersey sold Aggie Cornucopia
Pauline for $5,500. You may say this is simply a fad; if so, then

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 193

why not devote a portion of our farms to raising fads? Those who
have studied the wonderful mechanism of the animal frame cannot
fail to admire the marvelous structure, exact proportion, and given
use of every part, and to realize the fact that only a Supreme Being
and an All Wise Providence could have brought into existence
such a masterpiece of creation. To abuse such beneficence is no
light sin; to keep the structure in repair is, to the right-minded man,
a sacred and pleasing duty.

The subject of health and disease, if dealt with from a practical
point of view, must of necessity occupy a very wide range. Health
is known as that condition of the body in oe every function is
performed in a natural and proper manner, where each one aets in
- harmony, without deviation. As in human beings so in animals,
a varied condition of health may be present.

The different breeds of animals, for instance, are marked by
peculiarities of health, and this is readily accounted for by the
great number of external influences to which the body is exposed.
A due supply of proper food, a sufficiency of pure air and water, a
certain temperature, light, shelter, cleanliness, exercise; these and
their opposites, separately or variously combined, are in constant
operation to promote, impair or modify health. These in them-
selves have an important influence on the condition of those even
whose bodies are originally free from defect. Animals have been
too much left to the tender mercies of those who are utterly ignor-
ant of their structure, the true nature of their ailments and the
proper treatment of them. True, at the present day reformations
have taken ee but we are, nevertheless, constrained to admit
that deficiencies do exist and disease continues to be nursed.

The amount of disease due to sanitary neglect has been and still
is immense. A defective drain, an ill ventilated cowhouse, a damp
or exposed sheepfold, a badly constructed stable, are often the un-
suspected roots’of many fatal maladies. Prescribed medicines are
given and advertised, cure-all drug chests are ransacked to remove
the effect while the cause is allowed to remain undisturbed. The
old proverb “An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure,”
still holds good. The evil influence must be avoided, or disease
still continues to exist.

Unfortunately some form of disease is ever present in this country.
Perfect immunity, so far as history shows, never has been, and it
may be reasonable to suppose, never will be known, so long as
animals exist; however, we have the means within our reach to
lessen mortality and in many instances to altogether prevent
animals from contracting disease. It behooves us to keep a careful
lookout for predisposing causes, and when discovered, to avoid
them as far as possible, and when unavoidable, to adopt means
whereby they may be modified.

There are many diseases over which medicine has very little con-
trol, but the cause of which, when ascertained, may be avoided.
By detecting a spark, before it is fanned into a flame, we may, in
some cases, be able to eradicate all that is mischievous or dangerous.

The CHAIR: The next number upon our program is entitled.
“Commercial Orcharding.” We will now have the pleasure of listen-
ing to Dr. J. H. Funk, of Boyertown, Pa., who will talk to you on
this subject.

13—7—1906,

194 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Dr. Funk presented his paper which is as follows:

COMMERCIAL ORCHARDING,

By DR. J. H. FUNK, Boyertown, Pa.

On seeing this heading, the first impression is, that it means a
large apple orchard planted for commercial purposes. Yet it may
just as reasonably mean a peach, pear, cherry, or plum orchard, as
all of these are planted on a very large scale, covering hundreds.
of acres, and are therefore classed as commercial orchards. Either
of these might be called an apple orchard, without having a single
apple tree in them, as the term apple means fruit in general, espe-
cially all that of a round form.

That king of fruit, the apple of our day, belongs to the genus
Pyrus Malus. It is supposed to have its origin in Europe. Pliny
mentions twenty-nine varieties of apples being cultivated in Italy
about the beginning of the Christian Era. It is doubtful if one of
these varieties exist at the present time. They have disappeared,
and are superceded by newer sorts, of higher merits. Evolution,
constant change, is the law of nature. In this country the majority
of our choicest fruits have originated by chance, by the accidental
crosses of good varieties, by the intervention of insects, the honey-
bee being one of the great factors in cross-polinization. To this
industrious little friend do we owe a debt of gratitude for its in-
strumentality in giving us many of our choicest and most delicious
fruits, as well as the thousands of beautiful flowers, with their
bright tints and sweet perfume, rendering our homes a paradise.

The apple, though introduced into America from Europe, has gone
through so many changes that the majority of our cultivated varie-
ties to-day are of home origin, showing that our seedlings, grown
and acclimated in America, are much better suited to our condi-
tions than are those introduced from other countries.

The adaptation of varieties to location is of great importance.
Of the hundreds of varieties of American origin which are grown
in the United States, but very few are found in the commercial
orchards of any one State.

Varieties that are commercially most valuable in the New Eng-
land states are not profitable in Pennsylvania; and many of those
of Pennsylvania are worthless in Arkansas. The Wealthy which
is a fine winter apple in Minnesota, is a very poor summer apple
below latitude 40 degrees. Just now numerous varieties of apples
and other fruits are coming rapidly into existence, and many of
them very valuable to the localities where they originated. These
facts have given great impetus to the intelligent breeding of varie-
ties and the selection of bud variation that show particular adap- -
tability to any given locality. The individual intending to plant
a commercial orchard should bear this in mind, that all fruits
mature earlier by moving them southward, and later by planting
them farther north. If he lives in latitude 40 degrees, he cannot
profitably plant Baldwin, Greening, Northern Spy, and such varie-
ties especially adapted to latitude 42 degrees; but he can safely

eS a a ae,

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 195

plant many varieties that originated farther south, with the as-
surance that their season will be lengthened. He should also bear_
in mind that altitude is a factor of considerable importance.

To be successful in fruit Sree, several very essential things

must be observed:

LOCATION.

In setting out a home orchard, convenience to the buildings takes
precedence. Any piece of land lying adjacent to the buildings
and not too wet, is given preference. But for a commercial orchard
it becomes a business proposition, which means success or failure;
therefore, location is looked into carefully. Never take a low, flat-

‘bottom land on which water stands part of the year, or through

which a slow sluggish stream runs, the danger of winter killing
and late spring frosts is too ereat. Select A gentle, sloping hill-
side in preference. Cut away all close surrounding forest. Many
think a windbreak on the north and west will be a great protec-
tion. Have you not noticed the terminals and bloom always suffer
most, close to the wood and in the valleys, because they interfere
with air-drainage which equalizes the temperature, lessening the
danger from frost during the blossoming period? We never fear
frost on a windy night; so where we have good air drainage, the air,
as it becomes cool becomes heavier, and runs down the same as
water, to be replaced by the warmer air from below. This causes
an agitation of the atmosphere, and removes the danger of frost.

A thermometer placed at the higher point registers considerably

higher than one placed at the foot of the hill. The meadows and
valleys will be covered with frosts, when but a few feet higher
none will be visible.

Fxposure—Opinions differ greatly; some advocate a southern
exposure as being less liable to injury by our severe winters; others
prefer a northern exposure, claiming it retards the fiow of sap in
Spring, preventing the buds from starting should there be several
warm days during March, which if followed by severe cold, would
freeze the tender buds. 1 have every exposure,-N., 8., E. and W.,
in my apple and peach orchards. I find no difference in time of
blooming or danger from cold, as I have had no failure so far in
oo years from any of these causes, on any exposure. It all depends
on the condition; if your trees are well fed, cultivated, pruned and
attended as they should be, you need not fear damage or loss,‘ un-
less the winter is unusually severe, reaching 20 to 30 degrees be-
low zero.

SOIL.

The apple is a gross feeder, but adapts itself to circumstances.
It thrives upon cur mountain ranges; in the limestone valley on
the sandstone and shales; upon the alluvial deposit in our river
bottoms; the vast prairies; from the granite hills of New England,
to latitude 32; from the Atlantic to the Pacific Coast; the apple
does well, but all varieties do not thrive equally as well in all these
locations. Every locality has some particular variety that seems
especially adapted to that section. And it is important that the
orchardist familiarizes himself with the nature and habit of each
variety, that he may select such varieties as are best adapted to

196 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

his climate and soil: therein lies the profit. There are many soils
in every district so entirely unsuited in the condition we find them,
that it would be folly to plant any variety; but in very many in-
stances the objectionable features may be entirely removed, or
changed. Compactness, may be overcome by mechanical means
by the application of humus, exposure to the elements; missing ele-
ments may be supplied; excessive moisture may be removed by
ridgeing, or by underdraining, thus carrying off all surplus.

Soils that are porous, permitting the surplus water to penetrate,
are most suitable for orchard planting. These may be designated
as gravelly, sandy, or sand loam. Others are more compact, made
up of finer material, clay, which permits the water to penetrate
very slowly, and requires very different treatment. By back farrow-
ing, throwing up a ridge upon which to plant, or by underdraining
and turning under plenty of material to make humus, this soil be-
comes more porous and becomes peculiarly adapted to the pro-
duction of certain varieties of apples, as certain apples do much bet-
ter upon clay or clay loam; others upon limestone, granite, etc. One
variety may give abundant crops of the choicest fruit upon a granite
formation, and be utterly worthless upon a shale, or sandstone
formation. Therein lies the value of understanding the individu-
ality of the different varieties.

Preparation.—This should ordinarily be begun the season pre-
vious. If the soil is lacking in humus, which is the foundation of
fertility, it should ke well covered with good stable manure, thor-
oughly and deeply plowed, and planted to some hoed crop, corn or
potatoes, the latter being the better. Apply complete fertilizer
of high grade, at least 1,000 pounds per acre. As soon as the pota-
toes are removed, sow to cow peas, or some other quick growing
crop; this may be turned under late in fall, or left as a winter
mulch on top and turned under early in spring, plowing not less
than 10 or 12 inches deep, harrow thcoroughly and roll, which places
it in excellent condition for planting,

Selection of Stock: What Age?—If peach, never take a tree over
one year from the bud, but good, strong, healthy stock, 4 to 6 feet
high, with clean bark, clean roots, free from root galls.

If apple or pear, select one year old in preference, if you can get
strong 4 to 6 feet whips. The reason for this choice is, when you
get trees of this size at one year old, you have trees of strong,
robust habit, strong individuality, the very cream of the nursery.
They can be dug with less injury to the roots; you can form the top
at any height you desire; you can form a head any shape you wish,
having no forks, which should be avoided, as they are apt to split
when they are heavy laden with fruit. It is almost impossible to
get trees with heads formed in the nursery that will suit the or-
chardist who understands his business.

If you cannot get one year old trees as described, take smooth,
thrifty two-year old trees, that have low, well formed heads. It is
advisable to place your order early with some reliable nurseryman,
or dealer, before his stock is reduced, as too many will substitute
rather than lose the order, and substitution is what you wish to
avoid, for if you have made a careful selection of just what you want,
you want that order filled to take the letter, and do not wish to have
some worthless variety, which the nurseryman says is just as good,

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 197

(because he happens to have a surplus of that variety), palmed off
on you.

As to Varieties —Make a canvass of your neighborhood, see what
varieties are regular bearers, of good sized showy apples, of good
quality. Make inquiries of some one who is well versed, on fruit
suitable to your locality. No matter how good an apple you get,
if it be a poor bearer, leave it alone; on the other hand, no matter
how good a bearer a variety is, if it lacks quality and beauty, do
not plant it. The time has come when people’s tastes are becoming
cultivated, and such apples as Ben Davis, etc., are not wanted.

In selecting varieties, if for family use, have a succession, from
early, until late. You can have apples the year round.

If for commercial purposes, do not plant too many varieties.
Plant a limited number of select fall varieties, as there is a time
when choice fruit is scarce, and brings high prices. These can be
supplied by planting Jeffries, Gravenstein, Summer Rambo, Wealthy,
and Smokehouse, all choice fruit of highest quality, trees hardy
and heavy producers. These are followed by Hubbardston, None-
such, Jonathan, Grimes’ Golden, Kinnard’s Choice.

For winter, plant heavy of Stayman’s Winesap (of this variety you
cannot plant too many), York Imperial, Rome Beauty, Salome, Not-
tingham Brown, Nero, Mammoth Black Twig. If you are plant-
ing north of 41 degrees, you can add Baldwin, Greening, King and
Northern Spy. There are many other excellent varieties in every
locality, but from those given the planter can make a selection, that
for productiveness, quality and profit, cannot be excelled.

When Shall We Plant ?—We can generally get the best stock in
the fall of the year, more likely get varieties we want; we also
have more time at this season, and the work is apt to be done bet-
ter. For the hardier fruits, such as apple, pear, cherry, ete., also
currants and gooseberries, I believe this is the best season, giving
the roots, where cut, time to callous, and often start new roots weeks
before the leaves appear, and are thus better able to overcome the
severe shock of transplanting. When planted late in the spring,
the buds expand and leaves form and often pump out the stored
up vitality, faster than the mutilated roots can furnish moisture
and food; then should a dry season set in, as it so often does, the
tree suffers very severely and frequently dies.

How Shall We Prune?—First, the roots that are bruised and mu-
tilated should be cut back, leaving stubs from 3 to 6 inches. Any-
thing beyond 6 inches is superfluous. The Stringfellow method of
pruning, if you are north of latitude 38 degrees, leave it alone; entic-
ing as it may appear, failure is almost inevitable.

Cut all tops back proportionately, if one year old apple and pear.
Cut back to two feet stubs. If two year old, with tops already
formed, cut limbs back to mere stubs, cutting off immediately above
an outside bud, so as to give it an open spreading head. On visiting
my orchards, both apple and peach, the visitors’ attention is first
attracted to the spreading open heads, and they wonder how I get
them so. Care in pruning is the whole secret. A good sharp knife
is a wonderful instrument in the hands of an intelligent, practical
horticulturist. As you can prune for wood growth, prune for fruit,
early bearing and many other things.

158 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.
PLANTING.

Never plant in sod, unless you wish to utilize a steep hillside or
rocky piece of ground. If such is the case, then dig large holes,
placing the surface soil on one side, the subsoil on the other. Set the
tree about one inch deeper, than it originally stood, putting the
good surface soil, supplemented with bone meal, in below and over
the roots, filling the poorer soil in above. Mulch the ground heavy
with straw manure, to keep moisture, and the surface loose, also
to furnish fertility. If the ground is plowed and in good tilth,
then open deep broad furrows with plow, and plant the young trees
therein.

Distance. —A. great diversity of opinions exist as to the proper
distance trees should be planted in an orchard. Many plant 40 feet
apart, claiming when mature, the tree needs all this space for the
spread of its roots in search of food, also giving room for the limbs
to spread, giving plenty of circulation of air and sunshine, that fruit
erown on such trees bring better fruit, of brighter color and higher
flavor. Others claim that this distance is unnecessary, that 30 feet
is far enough for any orchard, and more a waste of land.

In many commercial orchards they plant 35 to 40 feet apart for
permanent trees, then plant fillers between, making three fillers
for every permanent tree. In the large Western orchards this
method is in vogue, planting such varieties as come into early bear-
ing, such as Missouri Pippin, Grime’s Golden, Wealthy, etc. In
sections where the peach does well, peach are planted as fillers.
After these fillers have borne several crops, or when the trees be-
gin crowding, the fillers are removed, giving the entire space to
the permanent trees. 2

I am frequently asked whether it is advisable to plant fillers. It
is doubtful if apple fillers ever produce sufficient before removed
to pay for care and expense. With peach it depends on the man,
whether he has the moral courage to cut them out in time to prevent
injury to the permanent trees, especially if said fillers are paying
$10.00 to $15.00 per tree. I have gone through this and know
whereof I speak,

T think 35 feet is about the proper distance for apple; 25 feet for
pear; 20 feet for peach, plum and sour cherry.

CULTIVATION.

In former times cultivation was thought unnecessary, but clean
culture is now acknowledged best by all intelligent fruit growers.
During the early stage of an orchard, if the lay of the land permits,
and the owner prefers, he may plant some hoed crop for a few years,
applying plenty of fertilizer to keep up the fertility of the land.
But, if not financially necessary, the best results can be obtained
by clear culture in the spring, then sowing to some leguminous
crop to mulch the ground over the winter, to be turned under in
the spring, which adds humus and breaks up the mineral elements
in the soil, appropriating them to its own use, to be returned to the
soil in a more available form, abstracting large quantities of nitro-
gen from the air, and thus enriching the land. When the orchard
comes into bearing, the raising of leguminous crops cannot so well
be done. Then it is best to seed to grass and leave this cropped
short, keeping all clippings on the ground. Or the land may be

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 199

mulched by hauling foreign matter, as spoiled hay or straw, on the
ground. The best showing I ever had from mulch was from a three
inch covering of second crop clover hay, after the seed had ripened.
The seed kept reseeding the ground for several years.

For peach, I prefer the dust mulch, going over the ground both
ways in early spring, while the ground is loose, with a sharp spring
tooth harrow. ‘This can be done even when trees are so large that
the terminal shoots meet, by dividing the harrow and placing a steel
frame between the two sections, thus enabling the team to pass
through the middle, while the harrow passes under the limbs, close
to the trees. After the land is broken loose, the cultivation is con-
tinued with a three section spike tooth harrow, taking a full width
Space with one passage. This is kept up two to four times a week
until in July, always keeping a dust mulch, never leaving a crust
form, the cultivation not to exceed three inches in depth. The drier
the season, the oftener you cultivate, as you thereby prevent evapo-
ration and retain the moisture for the use of the tree. This may,
in dry season, be continued until the 10th of July; but continuing
later will be detrimental to the tree by keeping up the growth too
late to properly mature its wood, then should the winter be severe
the tree suffers greatly.

Thinning—This is very essential for successful, profitable fruit
raising. Trees frequently set so much fruit, that if left, will so
impair the vitality of the tree, that the present crop fails to at-
tain its full size and flavor; also fails to make the necessary wood
growth and develope good strong buds for the following season.
It frequently happens such a tree sets’ sufficient buds showing
abundant bloom the following spring, but, lacking vitality, drop
without setting fruit. The fruit matured lacks in size; frequently
one-half developes, the other half stops growth when half-size, re-
mains insipid and tasteless, whereas if three-fourths had been re-
moved when less than one-fourth grown, the remainder would have
increased in size, yielding as many bushels of fruit, of superior
quality, bringing three times as much money to the producer. Choice
fruit never gluts the market. It is the poor, insipid, worthless trash
that ruins the market, as well as impairs the health of the con-
sumer. It is not the edible part that reduces the vitality of the
tree, but the seed. The edible part is made up largely of water.
When you reduce the number, the tree having so many less seed
to mature, throws all its energy into developing the pulp or edible
part, and stores up all surplus vitality in good strong buds for next
season‘s crop, thereby giving you a full crop every year. An off,
year is not in accordance with Nature’s plans. If one fails to ma-
terialize (unless something unusual, such as a severe freeze in blos-
soming time, or a continual rainy week while the tree is in bloom,
occurs), something is radically wrong, showing gross mismanage-
ment. Many may think this is unavoidable, but a tree properly
pruned, sprayed, fed, etc., is able to withstand hardships that would
be fatal to the tree neglected, as most trees are. I know whereof
I speak, not having a failure in a fruit crop in thirty odd years.

INSECT ENEMIES.

These are the bane of the fruit raisers’ life; and there are so
many of them. Fifty years ago a large proportion of these pests

200 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

were unknown, or in such small numbers that little damage was
done; but, with the importation of new fruits and vegetables, these
different insects were imported with them. We have the San José
Scale from China; the Codling Moth from Europe; and many others
that time will not permit us describing. But these two are the
most dangerous, and unless the orchardist fights them with the most
approved machinery and the best insecticides, he had better give
up and leave fruit raising to the man who has the brain and push
to do effective work.

Remedies —During the last few years so much has been written,
talked about, demonstrations held throughout this and other states
about the San José Scale and how to control it, that there seems
little more to add. Formulas have been given by the score; lime,
sulphur and salt, cooked and uncooked, by kettle and steam, how
to apply it, and when to apply it; oils, soluble oils, emulsions, soaps,
etc., have been extolled. One would think the little insignificant
pest would have surrendered long ago, yet strange to say, there
are still a few left, enough to make it interesting.

Why is this apparent lack of success? There are several reasons,
such as poor material, poor machinery, poor man. The two prin-
cipal causes are poorly prepared material and poor application.
The average farmer is so used to doing things in a careless, indiffer-
ent way, he thinks a few small details left out will make no differ-
ence in final results, so he wastes a little time, a little money, and
accomplishes nothing; then “cusses” the professors, scientists, and
specialists as a set of imposters. Lime, sulphur, and salt is now con-
ceded, when rightly made, to be a sure remedy.

Its Time of Application —Instructions are given to apply any
time after foliage drops until buds expand, some advocating fall
to be just as good as spring. Do you know that term “just as
good” disappointed many a man? The fall is all right for the apple
and pear, but for the peach it is dangerous. This past season hun-
dreds of peach trees sprayed in October and November were serious-
ly injured, not only the buds but the new growth? Last fall I
sprayed about two hundred peach trees. I can estimate my loss
at not less than $100.00 on this season’s crop, and a greater loss in
future. The injury shows at a distance; trees full of dead limbs;
all bearing wood inside the tree killed; high limbs that received less
of the spray are alone producing their full crop. The symmetry
and productiveness of the tree is destroyed. Too much care cannot
be taken, to give no advice, unless it has been tested, what is food
for one, may be poison for another.

The man who abuses a confidence should be held criminally re-
sponsible for his neighbors’ loss. If such were the case, there would
be less rubbish published in our papers.

The Codling Moth—There is more loss to the fruit grower from
this insect than from any other insect we have. The loss annually
can be estimated at millions of dollars; yet the greater part can be
saved by judicious spraying with an arsenical poison, just after the
petals fall, and again a few days later.

Fungi can be treated by Bordeaux mixture, combining the two and
applying at one operation.

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 201
PROFITS.

I have left this important item for the close. Yet it is one of
such vital importance to the individual about to embark into any
enterprise. Does it pay? Can it be made to pay that it should be
a first consideration? In answer to these questions, I will say for
the intelligent, industrious, painstaking man, one possessed of good
business traits, there is no other business enterprise that offers such
sure and satisfactory returns for time and money invested, than
a well selected, well trained, and well fed orchard. There are hun-
dreds of them, from Canada to the Gulf of Mexico, from the At-
lantic to the Pacific Oceans, that have been, and continue to bring in
to their owners, princely incomes. There is no other business
started with a small amount of money that grows so rapidly. No
other business, while paying large dividends, lays by a sinking fund
so rapidly.

The lowest estimate on horticultural yalue is one dollar per tree,
per year, for the first thirty years. That means one acre of land
planted with thirty-five trees would be worth, at that time, the
large sum of $1,050.00. Will it pay interest on this?

At this age, a minimum crop would be ten bushel. In favorable
seasons, and with good attention, it will treble this. At ten bushel
per tree means only 350 bushel per acre. At 50 cents per bushel
(price of common apples), means $175.00 per acre, or over 164 per
cent, interest on horticultural value. Many orchards pay for them-
selves and pay these dividends before attaining the age of ten years.
Time will not permit of going into details on the profits of commer-
cial orcharding. If there are any “Doubting Thomases,” I can give
them the names of scores of successful growers to corroborate my
statements.

I will give data, secured in Orleans county, N. Y., showing yield
and income from orchards sprayed different numbers of times:

Yields. | Income.
|

rd 3

: & a

g 3 g

| : :

a ban hy

= 3 ®

How Treated. : B 2 2,

n 1o7 a, oO

ig i) = 8

2 ¥ 3s = 3

3 z & re &

= (3) . og

° 3 og o o

On i on so Yi)

re) 3 3 iS Fs

ae! B5 i

. ° oO a Oo

3 3 pia of >

a A 4 Ay <q
MATES AC AOU mc oe eialainicis oye icicle sie aie.sicle/sjeichelsletsiaisielelelateleyhie eaaiare 43 | 381 328 66 $103 00
SEE, DINE, Pee Raede CesEce enn ACeen ade GRA: BOSE AOnSHnOAA 33 | 352 346 74 139 00
Sprayed twice, ........ 70 701 374 78 143 00
Sprayed three times, ... “21 247 414 87 184 00
Sprayed four times, .... 6 43 | 569 VW 211 00

The orchards above mentioned were, of course, otherwise well
cared for. Such instances can be given in nearly every state.

MR. SEAVY: Mr. Chairman, I would like to ask what is the cause
of the bark. of young apple trees four or five inches through, split-
14

202 , ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

ting. The bark splits clear to the ground on the trees, splits al-
most straight down in April.

DR..FUNK: You find it just with certain varieties, do you not?
The Hubbardston and Nonesuch will dc it to a limited extent. We
find it in certain trees that are not adapted to certain localities. In
the selection of varieties they must be chosen with regard to the
particular locality.

QUESTION: Will Stayman’s Winesap do as well, and be of as
high quality in southwestern Pennsyivania, on a soil of a sandy
clay formation, as in your own locality? Do you know of the
Banana apple being fruited in southern Pennsylvania? If so, what
is your opinion of it?

DR. FUNK: Stayman’s Winesap, you must understand origi-
nated in Kansas. It is an apple peculiarly adapted to the north;
no matter how far north it has been tried, it has been a success.
We have certain kinds of fruits which are adapted to all soils and
climates, and we should not hesitate to recommend Stayman’s
Winesap to any man in any locality where apples will grow. It
is hearty, a heavy bearer, and of the highest quality, and if you will
fertilize well, getting plenty of phosphoric acid in your soil, you
will get the color.

I know nothing of the Banana apple being raised in Pennsylvania.
In York state it is raised and considered a very good apple.

MR. MORRIS P. HALLOWELL: When is the best time to prune
an apple orchard? Does it hurt to prune after sap starts? What
will it cost to spray 10-year old trees?

DR. FUNK: You can prune the apple orchard at anytime dur-
ing the year. If you are pruning for wood growth, you can com-
mence in the fall and prune anytime during the winter and up to
late spring. If you are pruning for fruit, it is best to prune in
June. You understand that a fruit bud and a leaf bud are to a cer-
tain extent interchangeable; you can convert a fruit bud into a leaf
bud and can convert a leaf bud into a fruit bud just by your method
of pruning.

A Member: You can change a leaf bud into a fruit bud if you take
it early in the spring.

DR. FUNK: Certainly you can. You may have a leaf bud de-
veloping and if you stimulate that soil by giving it a good nitro-
genous fertilizer, and you cut that limb off immediately above the
leaf bud and you develop a fruit bud from that. On the other hand
if you have a leaf bud and your tree is not coming into fruiting, if
you will tie a band around there, you will convert that into a fruit
bud. You can control] a tree just as you want it by pruning and by
attending to it properly at the right time.

MR. T. L. WALL: Is it possible to treat San José Scale at this
time or in June, if so, how?

DR. FUNK: Certainly it is; but the best time to treat it is while
the tree is dormant, and lime, sulphur and salt is the best remedy.

Wr we a £6

NN

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 203

If the trees have been inoculated and you find about the 15th
of June, or perhaps a little bit later, that they need attention, then
you can use some emulsion; use the kerosene emulsion, or use the
soaps. Wherever you use the oil, use it in emulsified form with
soap and water.

. QUESTION: What variety of peaches would yeu set in north-
western Pennsylvania?

DR. FUNK: Set varieties of the North China type, the hardiest
of all the type of peaches that we have. If you take the Persian
type or the Honey type, you will find they are not hardy enough,
but by taking the North China type, you can commence early or take
the Carman, that will withstand a temperature running down to
at least twenty degrees below zero without injury, and it is an
enormous bearer of fine, large select fruit. Plant with them for
about your earliest. There are still earlier ones, but they cannot
be depended upon. You can follow that with the Highland, and
that can be followed by the Champion; then comes the Belle of
Georgia. You can follow that by the Captain Eads. Those are
peaches that are all extremely hardy. They are all heavy bearers
and of excellent quality. The first one I gave you is a Summer
Queen, one of the very first early peaches here, and coming in so

early that it is wanted by every one, and it will bring big prices.

MR. CLARK: Mr. Chairman, I would like. to inquire of the

Doctor what his opinion is of the Elberta?

DR. FUNK: We raise them, but if you once plant Captain Eads,
you will never plant another Elberta. The Elberta is large, it is
beautiful in appearance, but its quality is not first-class. When
you come to the Captain Eads, it is more uniform in size, and you
will find it will produce an enormous crop of uniform peaches, so
that you may pick a hundred baskets and you can hardly make a
selection, which one is the nicest. It is a better quality than the
Elberta, and whenever I have sold the Captain Eads to anybody,
they always want the Captain Eads again as a yellow peach.

MR. CAMPBELL: Would it be safe to plant largely of York Im-
perial and Stayman’s Winesap in northern Pennsylvania at an al-
titude of 1,200 feet, clay loam soil?

DR. FUNK: I would risk any quantity if it was on well drained
land, or I could well drain it. I would risk either one of them ona
sloping hillside.

QUESTION: Would you top-graft Ben Davia *hat are bearing with
some other apple?

DR. FUNK: Yes, and you will have Ged’ ‘\lessing upon you if
you do.

MR. MILLER: How do you thin on a large apple tree?

DR. FUNK: Now that is something that you very seldom need
to do, if you have started the orchard yourself and have got it into
the annual bearing habit. Our young apple trees we always thin
them until we get them established in regular bearing.

204 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

QUESTION: Can the King apple be grown in any sgoil and
climate?

DR. FUNK: If you live below latitude 41 I would advise you not
to touch a King apple; they are not adapted to the climate below
that latitude.

MR. GLOVER: Is it advisable to sow alfalfa in an orchard of ten
years’ growth?

DR. FUNK: I would rather sow any other luguminous crop, as
for instance, take crimson clover, or take any clover, I would prefer
it to alfalfa in such an orchard.

MR. KILLAM: In what portion of this State is the San José
Scale the worst? We have none in Pike and Wayne counties,

DR. FUNK: Well, if its worse any other place than it is down
in our section of the country, I don’t know—it is certainly pretty
bad.

MR. MILLER: Does it exist in all counties? I understand that
it has not been found in Somerset county yet.

DR. FUNK: I think if a proper examination was made, you will
find that county is not exempt.

QUESTION: What are the best varieties of peach trees which
will bear the most severe cold?

DR. FUNK: I have already answered that question.

QUESTION: Is it not too late to grow a crop of cow peas in an
orchard after potatoes are out?

DR. FUNK: No, 1am going to sow if the weather is fit, next week,
using the Whippoorwill variety. You can take the Black Eye and
some of those varieties that mature quickly and it is all right.

QUESTION: What varieties of pears would you advise for Clear-
field county?

DR. FUNK: If you know how to raise them, I would say the
Keiffer pear, then pick it at the right time and it is as smooth as
any Bartlett pear you ever ate. It is of excellent quality and will
bring prices equal to any Bartlett pear. Of course if you want it
for home use, you want it for a selection, and you will get nothing
better in quality for that purpose than the Seckle pear. The Bart-
lett Seckle is another pear that can be recommended, and the Due
D’Anjou is another pear that is all right. I maintain that all fruits
are annual bearers when properly attended to.

QUESTION: What is the trouble with the cherry trees? For
the last two or three years they are all dying off?

DR. FUNK: That is only the sweet varieties, is it not? You
take the common wild cherries and the sour cherries and we can
do well enough with them in our section of the country, but we
can’t do anything with the sweet variety, and the only plan is to .

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 205

keep the trunk shaded from the afternoon sun; in that way you can
avoid the splitting of the bark, otherwise you cannot do it.

MR. SHEDS: Doctor I have got seventy-five grape-vines around
my wire fences. Now how would it be to gather the stones on that
orchard and mulch every other grape-vine? I have got a stone
pile on every other grape-vine.

DR. FUNK: I would prefer to mulch with alfalfa or clover or
anything of that kind.

MR. SEEDS: I can’t cultivate it, it is pretty steep, you know.
It’s pretty hard to keep the stones from rolling off the farm.

DR. FUNK: How do you do with your grapes, squeeze the juice
out and let it run down hill?

MR. WATTS: Mr. Chairman, I would like to ask the Doctor a
question. Would like to know whether in a commercial orchard, for
instance, you would plant Stayman’s Winesap or the York Imperial
or the Spy in blocks of four or five hundred and will they do well
if planted in that way?

DR. FUNK: There is no variety but what is improved by cross
pollenization. Take nine-tenths of the varieties of apples that we
have at the present time, and they are practically self-serving. You
can take many of them and you put one single scion—you may take
an apple tree that is a fair bearer and do that, and you will make it
a heavy bearer because it is so strong in the pollenizing power;
cross-pollenization is an important factor.

MR. WATTS: I have quite a good many Baldwin trees and they
scarcely fruit at all, and I have attributed it to that fact.

DR. FUNK: There is an orchard where I think there are sev-
enty-five acres of Baldwin apples; that orchard was unprofitable,
hardly ever bore until they took about every third row and topped
that with the Rhode Island Greening, and after that it was one of the
most productive orchards in that part of the State, showing the
benefits of cross-pollenization,

The Chairman announced the Committee on Resolutions as fol-
lows:
SAMUEL McCREARY, Chairman,
FRANKLIN MENGES, Secretary,
Tl. E. ORR,
MATTHEW RODGERS,
AMOS B. LEHMAN,
D. A KNUPPENBURG,
M. N. CLARK.

MR. HERR: Mr. Chairman, I move that we do now adjourn. The
motion having been duly seconded and the question put, it was
agreed to, and the meeting adjourned to 7.30 o’clock this evening.

206 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

Court House, Clearfield, Pa.,
Tuesday Evening, 7.30, May 29, 1906.

The meeting was called to order at the designated hour by Hon.
Jason Sexton, of North Wales, Pa., Chairman for the evening ses-
sion.

The CHAIR: It gives me great pleasure to introduce to you Prof.
J. W. T. Duvel, of the United States Department of Agriculture,
Washington, D. C., who will now address you on “Good Seed, and
How to Obtain It: Adulterated Seed.”

Prof. Duvel delivered the following address:

GOOD SEED AND HOW TO OBTAIN IT.

By PROF. J. W. T. DUVEL, United States Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.

The question of the quality of the commercial seeds of our farm
crops, particularly of our forage plants, is one of the most important
with which our farmers have to contend to-day. During the last
decade the quality of agricultural seeds which have been placed on
the market has grown gradually worse, and within the past six
months hundreds of thousands of pounds of worthless trash, screen-
ings or misbranded seed has been sold to our farmers and much of
it at fancy prices. The low quality of seed is particularly marked
in red clover, alfalfa, orchard grass and Kentucky bluegrass. But
inasmuch as the farmers of Pennsylvania are but little interested in
orchard grass or Kentucky bluegrass, I will discuss principally the
quality of commercial red clover and alfalfa seed.

Every man who practices general farming knows that to omit
red clover or a closely related leguminous plant from his rotation,
almost invariably leads to a failure of crops. Yet, go into any sec-
tion of the country you please and farmers will tell you that they
can no longer grow red clover successfully in their fields. They
say their land is “clover-sick,” needs lime or some other treatment,
they know not what. If the soil is known to be all right, the failures
are attributed to unfavorable weather at the time of sowing or per-
haps to a drouth later in the season. Undoubtedly any one of the
foregoing factors may result in the failure to get a stand of clover,
but an inspection of the quality of the seed which is being sold
will show that scores of failures can be traced directly to low grade
seed. In fact, to one who has examined the quality of commercial
seed, it is surprising to know that the failures are not much greater
than now reported. Seed of low vitality will not produce plants
which will thrive even under favorable conditions. While if the
seed is of strong vitality, the young plants will be healthy and full
of vigor; capable of producing good plants, unless the conditions
are extremely unfavorable. It is safe to say that good seed will al-
most invariably give a good stand when sown in sections adapted
to the production of red clover.

Similarly we find innumerable failures in the growing of alfalfa,
the crop which promises to be of inestimable value to our farmers.

"

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 207

Alfalfa has been so highly recommended, and the difficulties of se-
curing a stand so stronghy emphasized that most farmers have come
to think that a stand of alfalfa can be secured only after one or
more failures. If every farmer could know what percentage of the
seed sown is pure alfalfa, and what percentage of the pure seed is
capable of germinating and producing vigorous plants, then the
many reported failures would be viewed in an entirely different
light. ;

For a number of years the United States Department of Agricul-
ture and many of the State Agricultural Experiment Stations have
been endeavoring to point out to the farmers of the United States
what enormous quantities of low grade clover and alfalfa seed are
sold in the market. These efforts have resulted in a marked de-
gree of success, but considering that the quality of red clover and
alfalfa seed is poorer to-day than it has ever been before only shows
that the American farmers have not made the most of their oppor-
tunities in securing a good grade of seed. In order to bring this
clearly before you I beg to make use of some charts which show the
result of the analyses of a few samples of commercial seed. The
first that is to be considered treats of red clover,

Chart I—Analyses of representative samples of commercial red
clover seed which were obtained in the open market.

|

| 1 2 8 4 as 7

| | |
Broken seed, dirt, etc., per cent., .......esee- 4.5 1.2 2.3 3.5 3.4 10.7 11.5
*Seeds not red clover, per Cent., ..........se. / 3 8 4.2 2.6 3.6 12.2 | 24.3
Number of kinds of weed seeds, .........es00 |recceees 15 5 138 40 | 26
Number of weed seeds per pound, ......... eae 3,253 2,057 3,719 | 21,156 | 38,334 73, 765
PUNE TEC ClOVEr; Per CONT. © ccccccarcccesccnce's PRE Sr4 98 93 93.9 | 98 Tick 64.2
SSOP NA MA EIOM ew ROT NCOLE.» cjeiciclecicisie sic caine o\0.s.ncielele 93 94.5 91 80.5 | 89 68 @.&
PCG etd Wer | DUSHEL. oi cic victelenn closes ine ls.a/sle | $875 | $850 $800 | $800 | $750) $7 50 $6 00
Actual cost per bushel of pure seed which

CSR EL TONY =" Warsi etslurstctalelbieiw/aie, eteisvere nie arsleinlaienccbie™wie's 9 88 9 18 945 | 10 58 906 14 39 13 07

*This may include alsike clover, white clover, timothy or some of the other valuable forage
plants, which are not included with the weeds.

Broken Sed, Dirt, Etc—In all commercial seed there is more or
less broken seed, stems, dirt, chaff, etc. However in a well-cleaned
lot of seed the amount of inert matter of this character need not
be large, at least not more than two per cent. The seven lots of
seed here represented show from 1.2 per cent. to 11.5 per cent. of
inert matter. Samples 6 and 7 contain a high percentage of broken
seed and dirt, representing a direct loss of 10 or 12 per cent., which
will likewise result in a reduction of the amount of seed sown per
acre.

In addition to the presence of broken seed, parts of stems, etc.,
crushed quartz is not uncommonly found in commercial seeds. These
small particles of rock are screened so as to be approximately of the
same size and in some instances are stained to be of the same color
as the seed with which they are to be mixed. A few years ago there
existed in both Europe and America, firms whose business it was
to supply unscrupulous dealers with such crushed quartz sand at a
cost ranging from $1 to $3 per one hundred pounds. This was ther
mixed with red clover and ultimately sold as such to ow farmers.

208 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

It is, however, gratifying to know that this illegitimate practice is
at present much less common than it was a few years ago.

Foreign Seeds, Weeds——Aside from the presence of a considerable
quantity of broken seed and dirt, the majority of commercial samples
contain a large number of seeds other than red clover. In many
instances these are seeds of many of our most noxious weeds.

Every institute worker present this evening, however, knows only
too well what the presence of bad weeds mean on the farm. Every
farmer in the United States, at least every good farmer, realizes
that many dollars could be added to his bank account every year
were it not for the weeds. They rob the soil of the nourishment
which is needed for bringing our crops to the highest state of ma-
turity and productiveness. They crowd out the young and tender
plants which cannot survive without the requisite amount of light
and air. Likewise, the amount of time spent with the scythe or
hoe, cutting thistles, burdocks, cockleburs, plantains, dandelions,
wild carrots, wild parsnip and scores of others, is a bugbear to suc-
cessful farming and particularly to the farmer’s boys.

Some of you no doubt want to ask where the weeds all come from,
This can be best explained by means of the results of the analyses
as shown in Chart I. Sample Number 1 contains no weed seeds, the
seed has been well cleaned and is of extremely good quality in this
respect. Sample Number 2 contains fifteen different kinds of weed
seeds, aggregating 3,253 in every pound of red clover seed. Seeding
at the rate of 12 pounds per acre, means that the farmer himself has
bought from his seedsman and sown on each acre 39,036 weed seeds,
representing fifteen different kinds. This rate of seeding is nearly
four times as great as the number of corn stalks on an acre, allow-
ing three stalks for every hill of three and one-half feet. Samples
3 and 4 contain approximately the same number of weed seeds as
sample Number 2, yet the number of weed seeds in either of these
three samples is relatively small when compared with the average
quality of commercial red clover seed. Sample Number 5 contains
nineteen different kinds of weed seeds, aggregating 21,156 seeds in
every pound of red clover seed. These were made up of buckhorn,
broad plantain, barbed plantain, wild carrot, sorrel, curled dock,
lamb’s-quarters, pigweed, spurge, catchfly, chickweed, pennyroyal,
five-finger, foxtail, three kinds of panic grass and two kinds of quack
grass. In addition to these there was present timothy, Kentucky
bluegrass, white and alsike clover which of course, are not considered
as weeds. This sample was offered by a western seed-house as
“Strictly Prime Seed.”

Sample Number 6 contains forty different kinds of weed seeds
and Number 7 contains twenty-six different kinds, the former having
38,334 and the latter 73,705 weed seeds in each pound of red clover
seed. Every twelve pounds of seed (an average amount sown per
acre) from lot Number 6 contains 460,008 weed seeds, while twelve
pounds from lot Number 7 contains 885,180 weed seeds. The former
will give 10 weed seeds and the latter 20 weed seeds on each and
every square foot of soil.

I think with this there is no longer any question as to where our
weeds come from. When they once get into the soil their eradi-
cation is a very difficult task. Our seedsmen, you know, are gener-
ous and I presume give these as premiums with agricultural seeds,

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 209

the same as many of them give the small packages of mixed flower
seeds with every purchase amounting to $1 or more.

It is not uncommon to find commercial red clover seed which con-
tains a relatively high percentage of timothy. In such cases the
dealer generally succeeds in convincing the farmer that the presence
of timothy seed will improve the quality of the pasture and the hay.
This may or may not be true, but whenever you find such seed ¢ on
the market you can rest assured that the dealer is selling you timothy
seed at clover seed price? If you wish to sow a mixture of clover
and timothy, buy the desired quantity of timothy seed, the best of
which should be bought for two or three cents per pound and do
your own mixing, thereby saving ten or twelve cents per pound on
all the timothy seed sown. The presence of more than a trace of
timothy seed means one of two things—either the mixing has been
done intentionally in order to increase the profits, or the seed has
not been cleaned and is probably a fair indication that innumerable
weed seeds are present.

Pure Red Clover Seed—By pure seed is meant the amount of
whole seed of the kind examined whether it be immature and shriv-
eled, discolored or good plump seed. The only matter excluded be-
ing the broken seed, dirt, stones, sticks, chaff, etc., and all seeds not
of the kind examined. Sample Number 2 in Chart I, shows 98 per
cent. of pure seed, and there is no reason why a good grade of red
clover seed should be less than this. Sample Number 1, however,
while not so high in either purity or germination, is given first place
owing to the absence of weed seeds. The .3 per cent. of foreign
seed as indicated in sample Number 1 consists of alsike clover and
a few timothy seeds, which are not objectionable when present in
such small quantities,

The amount of pure seed contained in samples Numbers 6 and 7
is only 77.1 and 64.2 per cent., respectively. Such samples as these
are considered as very low-grade seed, yet thousands of pounds of
seed of this character are being sold every year, and many lots of
even lower grades.

Germination.—There is probably no factor in crop production of
more importance than the vitality of the seed sown. At the same
time it is equally true that there is no factor more frequently over-
looked. If the seed is not of good strong vitality the resulting crop
is certain to be a failure. Look, if you please at samples Number 6
and 7 in Chart I; the former germinated 68 per cent. and the latter
71.5 per cent. With the low percentage of purity and germination
the actual value of the former is 52.4 per cent. and of the latter 45.9
‘per cent. (the percentage of purity multiplied by the percentage of
germination). Hither of these would result in a failure to get a
stand, even under favorable conditions. Sample Number 3 which
has a ‘purity of 93.9 per cent. germination only 80.5 per cent., mean-
ing an actual value of only 75.6 per cent.; i. e., when seeding at the
rate of twelve pounds per acre, only nine pounds of germinable seed
would be applied. As an extreme case compare sample number 3
in Chart III which shows 218 per cent. of pure seed which ger-
minated 81.5 per cent., giving the sample an actual value of 17.8
per cent. And still more extreme is the sample of alfalfa shown
in Chart III, column 6 which contained 23.5 per cent. of pure seed

14—7—1906

210 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

and germinated only 27 per cent., having thus an actual value of
6.3 per cent.

Cost of Seed—The cost of the seed is, or should be, only of sec-
ondary importance. The first consideration should be the quality
of the seed itself. Presumably the cost of the seed is regulated
according to the quality, but this is not necessarily true. If the
dealer is known to be thoroughly reliable, a fairly safe rule to fol-
low is to buy what he calls his best grade. This is, however, not al-
ways a safe guide.

In the charts given herewith is shown the price paid per bushel
for the different lots of seed and likewise the actual cost per bushel
of the pure seed which will grow. It is the latter factor which de-
termines the value of the different grades of seed. This, however,
does not take into consideration the number and kinds of weed
seeds present, which should always be reckoned with. Samples
Numbers 3 and 4 were each sold at $5 per bushel. The percentage
of pure seed was slightly higher in Number 4 than in Number 3,
but the germination of the former was approximately 10 per cent.
lower than the latter, making the actual cost of Number 3 $9.45 per
bushel and of Number 4 $10.58 per bushel. Moreover, sample Num-
ber 3 contained less weed seeds, both in number of kinds and number
of seeds and is therefore much the best grade to buy. The same is
practically true of Numbers 5 and 6—seed sold at $7.50 per bushel.
It will be observed that the actual cost of Number 5 is less than
any shown in Chart J, but owing to the large number of weed seeds
such seed should not be purchased. ;

ADULTERATED SEED.

The adulteration of seed is not uncommon in the trade, and it is
quite necessary that the farmers should learn to what extent this
adulteration is being carried on. Of recent years unscrupulous
dealers have placed large quantities of seed on the market which
has been mixed with other seeds very similar in appearance but
much less valuable. Red clover and alfalfa, particularly alfalfa,
lend themselves very readily to the adulteration with yellow tre
foil or black medick (Medicago lupulina). This is grown in Europe
to a limited extent where it is used principally as a sheep pasture.
It is found growing as a feed in many sections of the United States.
Its use, however, as a forage plant, where alfalfa or clover can be
grown is not worthy of consideration. Large quantities of this seed
are imported into the United States at a cost of about five cents per.
pound, and when mixed with aifalfa command a price of from fifteen
to twenty cents per pound. In addition to the use.of trefoil as an
adulterant for alfalfa, two species of bur clover (Aledicago denti-
culata and Medicago arabica), and occasionally sweet clover ( Meli-
lotus spp.) are sometimes used illegitimately in this way. Alfalfa
is seldom adulterated more than 50 per cent., but a few cases have
come to our notice where the pure trefoil has been sold as high-
' grade alfalfa. The extent to which this mixing is done is shown
in the tabulated results given in Chart II.

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 211

Chart II.—Analyses of samples of seed sold as alfalfa. Adulterated

seed.
5 2 8
Pemiratuaad lint tate. per Crit: cisckc o+a. -caedercdoccesusosquutersvsecs ia |. 16.4 4.4
PaCS GL MEE e esc s Same clts ce talelsisisin cine orci cclcclewls vets ceis\sec setciceu enon essa 12.5 19.3 4.1
Adulterants, per cent aU raaisiniera’cae nite a ess eintesa cial dinte: eicie’aiwiat e(nialalnreicintcre sioecterneie\s sisles 10 16.5 45.7
Pure alfalfa seed, per CUR reer Gieiviarc atin Gewlcintere cleivi viele eietdic.e ataisivloyeiamnipierseie 74.1 65.3 49.5
BBLIMTMALION DEI. COMbse sora cceccus ccucciccuccs sec tleiee saceswececceuewasececse %
Price paid per Sea BET Sah preaeiatn eraiita aie tai oteietece aca oie ci wiclew ainieiela nae. ste esie'e lace $12 00 $6 00 $9 60
Actual cost per bushel of pure seed which would grow, ..........sss.00- 21 12 wD 4

The three samples in the table show an adulteration of 10 per

cent., 16.5 per cent. and 45.7 per cent. respectively. In addition to
the adulterants lots 1 and 2 contain a relatively high percentage of
broken seed, dirt, etc. Moreover, the germination of the pure al-
falfa seed contained in these two samples is so low (50 per cent. and
43.5 per cent.) as to render them almost worthless. The high per-
centage of dirt and the low vitality of the alfalfa seed is made pos-
sible owing to the nature of the adulterant. The trefoil seed is of
a slightly brighter green color and when mixed with low grade al-
falfa gives the seed a good appearance. When mixed with good
clean alfalfa seed, the mixture would be considered as an excep-
tionally fine grade of alfalfa seed to one not able to distinguish the
two kinds,
_ The first sample was sold at $12 per bushel, twenty cents per
pound, which should buy the very best seed on the market. The
actual cost of the alfalfa seed which would grow contained in this
lot of seed was $32.40 per bushel. The actual value of the sample
was 37.2 per cent.—which could possibly result in nothing other
than a failure to secure a stand. This is likewise true of the other
two lots of seed.

Kentucky bluegrass and orchard grass are also very commonly
adulterated. The Kentucky bluegrass is adulterated with Canada
bluegrass for which purpose approximately 700,000 pounds are im-
ported annually into the United States from Canada at a cost of
about one-half that of Kentucky bluegrass. The difficulty to dis-
tinguish the seed of these two grasses is very great and large
amounts are sold as Kentucky bluegrass which contain no Ken-
tucky bluegrass at all.

Orchard grass is largely adulterated with meadow-fescue and
English rye grass. Of 265 samples of orchard grass obtained in the
open market last year, 183 were found to be adulterated, the de-
gree of adulteration varying from 1.1 per cent. to 98.55 per cent.

Further information relative to the adulteration of seeds can
be had by consulting circulars numbers 12, 14, 15 and 18, published
from the office of the Secretary, U. S. Department of Agriculture.
These circulars give the names and addresses of seed firms who sold
adulterated red clover, alfalfa, Kentucky bluegrass and orchard
grass seed 435 the past eighteen months.

IMPORTED SEED.

Aside from the importation of large quantities of trefoil and
Canada bluegrass which are used principally as adulterants, hun-

212 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doce.

dreds of thousands of pounds of low grade alfalfa and red clover
seed are brought into the United States every year from Europe.
It must not be understood that all of the red clover and alfalfa seed
imported into the United States is of poor quality for much of it is
high grade seed. The importation of the low grade seed, however,
should be discontinued and this can be best accomplished by our
farmers refusing to buy seed of this kind. The tabulated results
of a few importations of alfalfa and red clover are here given in
Chart III:

Chart III—Analyses of samples of imported red clover and alfalfa

seed.
Red Clover. Alfalfa.
1 2 3 reds 6
|
i}
Amount of importations, pounds, ................seee. 30,550 | 6,740 | 9,300 | 88,185 | 12.106] 12,540
TROP E V UIRTEp repe cterarsictcie tine seoereidisiaratciniatele wie tororncrsioleteraicteteterionted $3,156 $349 $570 | $9,659 S980) cree
IPE ASGCOUP ETE COM sece tie crete eae ele iaielece wrote v/s leleieleinieile ekelets 95.5 48 ZS eo Sitch $6.2 23.5
Germ tion pep Gr a Cemlteeuceteisemstttels ave o'aielelcieieivieiateisinieialeceieiate 92 35.5 81.5 | 83 | 28 27
Number of weed seeds per pound, ..............0+0.08: A GQTAIISOL TOT || Senet | 454 816 | 17.190
IPPIRey OAIG DE aDUSIIELs otic c cc cits niin s atte se areverioceenaitue a $6 18 $3 10 $3 68 $6 54 $4 86 *
Actual cost per bushel of the good seed which would |
STOW) csieieice Sestaraninte ale losinte nlcleteletercielateicioicis « Helsiels he ntelwinveicimeteion 704 | 1817) 2070 | 7653 ; 1805 76.3

*Actual value of the sample based on purity and germination.
yPer cent.

The chart shows one consignment of red clover consisting of 30,550
pounds, which was of fair quality, but the other two consignments
which aggregate 16,040 pounds, were both of very poor quality, The
actual value of Number 2 being 17.04 per cent. and that of Number 3
being 17.8 per cent. The conditions with the alfalfa are even worse.
The actual value of the consignment of seed shown in column 6
was only 6.3 per cent. This same seed also contained 17,190 weed
seeds for every pound, 4,754 of which were seeds of the clover
dodder, the most dangerous weed for the clover and alfalfa field.

One consignment of 48,000 pounds of particularly low grade alfalfa
seed was received at New York little more than one year ago which
was imported for one cent per bound (sixty cents per bushel). . This
lot consisted of immature, brown dead seed—all of which was un-
doubtedly used for grading down good seed, as is all of the low
grade seed which is imported. Some dealers frequently contend
that consignments of seed of this character are recleaned, and that
only the good seed gets into the market, the screenings being dis-
carded. The most superficial examin: ae on, however, will show that
this is farfrom the truth. The good recleaned seed in consignments,
Numbers 2 and 8 of the chart cost S1&.17 ani 1 $20.79 per bushel re-
spectively. Would any sane man import clover secd at those prices,
when as is shown in column 1 of the same chart he could have ob-
tained a good grade of seed for $7.04 per bushel?

HOW TO AVOID POOR SEED,

I am convinced that those of you who have followed what has
been said, are almost of the opinion that the American seed trade

.

INOF tee - DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 213

is deserving of but little respect. In view of this I desire to say,
and with considerable emphasis, that our American farmers get
from the seedsmen about the quality of the seed they deserve. The
demand everywhere is cheap seed and it is about time that our
farmers were beginning to wake up on the seed proposition and in-
stead of demanding cheap seeds, to demand good seed of high purity,
strong vitality and free from noxious weeds.

If you desire seed of»good quality, secure samples from your
seedsman and send them to your Agricultural Experiment Station
and have them examined. But first of all avoid the cheap grades
for cheap seed necessarily means seed of low vitality, a large per-
centage of screenings, innumerable weed seeds. and the officials of
your Experiment Station cannot afford to examine samples of this
kind. Demand of your seedsman good clean seed of high vitality,
and with the assistance of the Director of your Agricultural Experi-
ment Station, you will get it.

SEED LEGISLAION.

Unless our farmers soon begin to realize the importance of sow-
ing only high grade seed, the time is not far distant when some leg-
islation will be necessary to prevent the sale of adulterated and low
grade seed. Europe has had Seed Control for a number of years
and the dealers must guarantee purity and germination It
is this European Seed Control which is largely responsible for the
heavy importations of screenings and low grade seed into the United
States. Similarly the recent enactment of a very rigid seed law in
Canada has had a like effect. Our choice seed is exported to Canada
and to Europe and the screenings from this choice seed are retained
for our own sowings. Moreover, the screenings from the Canadian
and European seeds are sent into the United States because they
cannot use them at home, while they find a ready market for them
here. It is to be hoped that our farmers will take this matter into
their own hands and avoid legislation by persistently demanding
a high grade seed. However, if legislation regulating the sale of
agricultural seeds is undertaken it must of necessity be severe in
order to be effective. Some of our states already have seed laws in
which it is necessary to prove the intention of fraud, which is al-
most wholly impossible. The only effective seed laws must be such
that any dealer selling or offering for sale seed of a quality other
than that which is permissible under the law shall be subject to a
fine or impriscnment or both. There is no reason why the seeds-
man should not know within certain bounds the quality of the goods
he offers for sale just as much as the man who sells fertilizers.

A Member: If I should send you a sample for examination how
soon would you send it back?

PROF. DUVEL: We try in our work at Washington to accom-
modate the farmer. If you tell us that you are in a particular hurry
for it, we examine it and send out the answer by telegraph at your
expense, of course. For a detailed examination it would take on
an average sample—it might take three or four hours to work it
out. Sometimes samples have to say in our laboratory a week be-
fore we can get to them.

214 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

MR. DAVIS: I know of samples that were sent to our experi-
ment station at State College, and we didn’t get an answer for six
months.

PROF. DUVEL: I know that your facilities are limited at State
College.

MR. CRAWFORD: I have got prices on goods now. Can you tell
me which is the best? Is there any way to determine that?

PROF. DUVEL: So far as the trade names are concerned, they
mean absolutely nothing, but there is quite a difference in the prices;
it is a way they have of grading them. But to say they tell ab-
solutely nothing, it is probably putting it a little too strong. Per-
sonally I think a seedsman that is in the business, if he makes up
his mind that he is going to sell only a good quality of seeds, sell
only the very best, he is going to build up his trade.

‘PROF. BUTZ: Mr. Chairman, I would like to say that I do not
know of any sample of seed that has been lying at State College
for six months, and they all would have to come to me if they had
come there for a test. I want to say that arrangements have been
made for tests whenever asked for. A germination test requires
about ten days in order to complete the test, but if it is specified
that they simply want to know the quality of the seed it will take
but a very short time. I would like to know from Brother Davis
where that seed was sent from; perhaps he would prefer to tell me
privately.

MR. DAVIS: Mr. Chairman, I would say to Dr. Butz that maybe
I am mistaken, but as I understood it, the man sent up a sample,
and then wrote again and got a reply, and it took some six months.

MR. HOWDEN: Mr. Chairman, I would like to ask the Professor
if the farmer couldn’t do some of this work himself.

PROF, DUVEL: Yes, certainly he could. I took a quantity of
these seeds, twenty-five in each lot, I counted that many out very
readily and in about ten days one of the lots germinated strong; the
leaves looked dark and healthy, while the others would hardly
germinate; the lowest priced seed was the one that did not germi-
nate. I very readily tested them and I took the other seed at half
a dollar higher. Now you can determine with a strong microscope
just how they appear.

The farmer can test them. for weed seeds very well; he has to
have a little magnifying glass. The way we do to make an ex-
amination, we take ordinarily about five grammes, that makes prob-
ably a teaspoonful or something like that. We then take a number
of checks that these represent, showing the quality of the samples,
and we simply put them down on a piece of white paper and go at
them with a pair of forceps, and then these three different parts
are weighed. A farmer can do that himself, or any man can do that
and get a very good idea. Separate those which had the good clover
seed and get those out by themselves, and then the weed seeds,
and get the two piles together and estimate the amounts. Of
course it is quite an important factor in that case to know these

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. . 215

different kinds of weeds. They may be common fox-tail or fall grass.
I got a sample last winter that contained over fifty per cent. of fox-
tail, and fall grass that was brought to me as good quality of seed.
The farmer who grew it of course thought it was good.

As for the germination test, the farmer can do that just as well
as we can do it at the experiment station and it is just as sat-
isfactory. It does not take any very special apparatus, either.
Take simply two dinner plates and a strip of canton flannel about
that long (indicating) and moisten that canton flannel thoroughly
and squeeze it out so that it does not drip and put down two thick-
nesses of it at the bottom of the plate and upon that we put our seed.
Now there is one thing which I would mention as a precaution;
never make a germination test without knowing exactly how many
seeds you put in. If you do, you don’t know in such a case whether
ten per cent. germinate, or whether you have ninety-nine per cent.

A Member: If I find that by examination under the magnifying
glass, would it be absolutely necessary for me to know the botanical
names of these weeds?

PROF. DUVEL: No, it would not; you would take it for granted
that they were bad seeds anyhow.

The CHAIR: The next subject on the program is, “Domestic
Science, or Farm Homes,” which was to have been presented to us
by Mrs. T. E, Orr, of Beaver, Pa., but on account of her illness we
shall be obliged to dispense with that topic, and we will pass on
to the next number on the program, No. 3, which is entitled “Ac-
cumulation of Soil Nitrogen.” We shall have the pleasure of list-
ening to Prof. J. W. Harshberger of the University of Pennsylvania
who will now address us upon that topic. It gives me pleasure to
introduce to you Prof. Harshberger.

PROF, HARSHBERGER: Mr. Chairman, and Ladies and Gentle-
men: I have been asked to speak on the accumulation of soil nitro-
gen. Before speaking on that subject, I would like to say a few
words about how the nitrogen is lost from the soil. Perhaps the
most important way is the drainage from the upper layers of the soil
down into the lower layers, down into the sub-soil. Now this
takes place more rapidly in autumn and in the winter months. The
nitrogen is lost and the other ingredients are lost more or less
rapidly during the summer and winter months.

Now it is very important to grow a catch crop, some crop that
will hold that soil nitrogen.

Prof. Harshberger then read the following paper:

THE ACCUMULATION OF SOIL NITROGEN.

By PROF. J. W. HARSHBERGER, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.

It is important before considering the accumulation of soil nitro-
gen, to briefly state how the soil may lose this valuable chemical sub-
stance. The nitrogen in the form of ammonia gas may be diffused

216 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

into the atmosphere, and there is no doubt, but that a very con-
siderable amount of nitrogen is thus dissipated. The soluble ni-
trites and nitrates may be removed from the surface layers of the
soil by drainage into the subsoil, where they usually find their way
by the percolation of rain water from above. This loss by drain-
age is greatest during the late summer and autumn, when the pro-
cess of nitrification is excessive, and hence, it is important to grow
some crop which will catch this nitrogen. Here, we have the ex-
planation why Indian corn does not exhaust the soil, as rapidly,
as some other crops. The growth of corn extending much further
into the late summer and autumn, the plant is adapted to utilize
the nitrates formed by the active processes of nitrification. In
the third place, under certain conditions of soil, the nitrogen may
be united chemicaliy so as to form insoluble compounds, and thus,
the available nitrogen is locked up in some unavailable form, or by
the process of denitrification, the nitrogen may be set free upon
the decay of dead plants and animals that are found in any given
soil, and thus lost to the growing crop. Perhaps, the largest amount
of nitrogen is removed from the soil in the harvesting and disposal
of growing crops. These crops are in general sold at our large
centers of population, or are exported to foreign countries, where,
they are lost, in the form of manurial wealth to the country in which
they are produced. In the husbanding of our natural resources,
the sewage from our large cities, which is poured into the rivers and
ultimately finds its way to the sea should be pumped into reservoirs
where, by a proper system of distribution, it can be delivered to the
fields, where it is most needed. Connected with this sewage dis-
posal is the encouragement of home industries and local markets,
where the produce of our farms might be utilized directly without
the expensive outlay necessary to export such products to foreign
lands.

Having briefly outlined the ways in which the soil becomes im-
poverished, it is important clearly to state how the nitrogen of the
soil may be accumulated. One of the most important sources of
supply is barnyard manure, which contains large quantities of am-
monia, but that ammonia cannot be absorbed directly by the root
hairs of the plant. We have abundant experimental proof that
green plants, except the leguminosae, can utilize the nitrogen only
in the form of nitrates, or only to a very slight extent, as am-
moniates. The ammonia in the manure must be converted into the
higher form. It has been found that there are two steps in this
conversion through the activity of soil bacteria. One kind of bac-
terium converts the ammonia into nitrous acid, or nitrites, the other
organism transforms the nitrous acid (nitrites) into nitric acid, or
the salts of nitric acid, the nitrates. The growth of these organ-
isms in the soil is stimulated by aeration, by the requisite moisture
and by a feebly alkaline condition of the soil. Too much ete

material, too much water and too acid a condition of the soil,
hibits the growth of the micro-organisms concerned in niirikedeaee
Once the ammonia is converted into nitrates, the supplies of nitrogen
in the soil become available to green plants. The root hairs of “all
our crops take up the nitrates in the soluble form, and in the green
parts, they are converted into protoplasm, or by protoplasmic ac-
tivity stored as nitrogenous reserve food. Many plants are inde-

INOS Gs 4 DEPARTMENT CF AGRICULTURE. 217

pendent of this supply of nitrogen, viz: the leguminosae, and can
utilize directly free atmospheric nitrogen.

We have, therefore, two classes of agricultural plants: Nitrogen
Consuming Plants and Nitrogen Storing Plants. The nitrogen con-
suming plants can utilize the nitrogen only in one form and that
is as nitrates. There are four groups of these nitrogen consuming
plants, viz: root crops, which include the potato, sweet potato, rad-
dish, turnip, beet, mangold wurzel, horse raddish and onion; leaf
crops, viz: kale, celery, lettuce, cabbage, salad plants in general;
fruit crops which comprise apples, pears, quinces, strawberries, cher-
ries, peaches, etc., and lastly the cereals, such as wheat, rye, barley,
oat, millet, maize and various other grasses grown for hay. All of
these enumerated crops need nitrogenous supplies for their best de-
velopment, because sugar, starch and other carbohydrates reserve
materials are only stored in the plant in considerable quantities when
nitrogen is present in efficient supplies. The proper storage of the
various carbohydrates can take place only when the storage cells
are supplied with the requisite amounts of nitrogen and potash.
If the plant is nitrogen hungry, such carbohydrate supplies are not
usually reserved.

The second group of agricultural plants, the nitrogen storing,
comprise those plants that belong to the natural order leguminosae.
These plants, if the soil is rich in nitrogen, or if nodules do not form
on their roots, act as ordinary nitrogen consuming plants, i, e., they
require nitrogen, but in ordinary soils, the tubercle forming bacteria
are in sufficient numbers to cause the production of nodular swell-
ings on their roots. When the seeds of clover, or some other legu-
minous species are planted, soon after the primary roots appears
with its root hairs, the nodule producing organism Rhizobium legu-
minosarum, attracted perhaps chemotactically to the fine root hairs,
pentrates the wall of these root hairs by ferment action and enters
through these cells into the middle cortex layers of the root. So
many organisms enter at once, that they form a long slimy cord,
almost hyphae like. Here in the root cortex cells, the micro-organ-
isms form nests, or pockets, that become filled with bacteria. The
presence of these rod-shaped bacteria causes the formation of swell-
ings, tubercles or nodules on the roots of the leguminous plants.
Here they remain, utilizing the free atmospheric nitrogen until about
the time of flowering, when the germ cells begin to undergo involu-
tion changes, enlarging considerably in size and assuming S-shaped,
or Y-shaped forms. After this, they are gradually absorbed by the
green plants as protoplasmic and nitrogenous substance and this sub-
stance is conveyed to the actively growing points, or stored as nitro-
genous reserve supplies. The growth of these useful organisms in
the soil is stimulated by aeration, by a considerable amount of or-
ganic material, by proper soil drainage, so as to prevent the ac-
cumulation of water and liming, so as to overcome soil acidity.

When the leguminous crop is mature, or before it is mature, it
may be plowed under as a green manure. Here by the process of
putrefaction; the organic nitrogen of the living plant is converted
into a form of nitrogen which through the agency of the nitrifying
organisms is again converted into a form available to the growing
green plant. Thus the nitrogen cycle is completed. Or, if the legu-
minous crop is consumed, it should be used on the farm and not

15

218 : ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

sold off the farm, because as barnyard manure, the plant substance
can be restored to the soil, and only as much nitrogen is lost
theoretically, as is removed in the animal tissues. One of the most
approved methods of agricultural practice is to grow leguminous
crops for home consumption and afterward nitrogen consuming
crops for sale. One practical farmer grows mixed crops of legu-
minous plants, liberally fertilized with potash and phosphoric acid.
He converts the first year’s crop into silage, which he feeds to his
cattle, returning the manure to his soil and converts the second year’s
produce into hay. The land thus produces highly nitrogenous crops
without manure and is left in a high condition for potatoes, or
cereal crops, which respond to dressings of nitrogenous fertilizers.

Having ascertained these facts, the question naturally arises? How
can the growth of leguminous plants be encouraged? It has been
discovered, that leguminous crops require considerable supplies of
potash and phosphatic fertilizers. Potash has considerable to do
with the metabolism concerned in the formation of carbohydrates
and phosphorus compounds with the nitrogenous metabolism. The
writer was impressed by this fact in 1892 on a visit to the Roth-
amsted Experiment Farm in England. Whenever nitrogenous fer-
tilizers were supplied, there was a natural appearance of grasses
on the plots thus treated. Whenever potash replaced the nitrogen,
the grasses diminished and leguminous plants occupied the ground.

From what has preceded, it becomes necessary to study the nodule
producing bacteria. Can these be added to the soil, or used so as
to increase the number of root nodules per plant? This has been
accomplished by the methods of pure culture. Pure cultures of the
various races of Rhizobium leguminosarum have been grown and
these have been introduced into the soil directly, or on the surface
of seeds previously dipped in the liquid-culture media. The United
States Department of Agriculture distributes these germs on cotton
previously soaked in the liquid culture media, but this method be-
ing open to certain objection, culture tubes of pure germ growths
are now being largely used.

The following precautions should be observed in using the pure
cultures of the nitrifying organisms. Inoculation of the soil is de-
sirable, if it is low in organic matter and has not previously borne
leguminous crops, or if the legumes previously grown on the same
land have been devoid of nodules, or if the legume to be sown be-
longs to a species not closely related to one previously grown on the
same soil. For in order to prevent clover sickness, it is advisable to
grow in succession a variety of leguminous crops. Inoculation will
prove useless, if the legumes usually grown are producing average
yields, or, if the roots show nodules in abundance. If the soil is
rich in nitrogen, it is useless to inoculate the soil for few nodules
are formed under these conditions. Inoculation will be a failure,
if the directions are not carefully followed, or if the soil is acid
and in need of lime. In most cases failure will result, if the soil
needs fertilizers, such as potash, phosphoric acid or lime. In all
cases, it should be remembered that soil inoculation will not over-
come the results of bad agricultural practice.

MR. SEEDS: Mr. Chairman, I would like to ask the Professor a
question. Professor, if I understand you right, I understood you

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 219

to say that of some leguminous plants, some may and some may not
have nodules on.

PROF. HARSHBERGER: Yes.

MR. SEEDS: The ones without nodules on, are they any better
to the farmer?

PROF. HARSHBERGER: No, the leguminous plants—it is only
when the soil is deficient in nitrogen that these plants become nitro-
gen restorers.

QUESTION: The leguminous plant without the nodules on is no
better than the others?

PROF. HARSHBERGER: No; one farmer may have a good catch
of clover, and another not, and one may have the nodules on and
the other not. You may get a catch of clover without the nitrogen.

QUESTION: Then there is no use of growing clover only that the
man that has the nodules on the roots is ahead of the man who
-has nothing; if I understand you right, you say all soils have the
bacterial germs more or less.

PROF. HARSHBERGER: Yes, as I understand, the soil that has
been growing clover will have the red clover germ; there might be
a difference in these different germs, for instance germs that will
take on red clover will not take on alfalfa; it is all one germ as I
understand it, but there are slight differences, so that one may ac-
cept that particular sort and grow white clover or crimson clover or
alfalfa, even if the soil has only the crimson germ. Soil which con-
tains only white clover—the nodules will not be formed on a red
clover crop.

MR. SEEDS: Pennsylvania has been a great clover state and it
ought to be inoculated thoroughly with the bacteria of the clover
plant, but it is still getting harder to raise clover every year.

PROF, HARSHBERGER: The germs must have exhausted their
vitality, as far as I know, like when a man has been working in one
position for many years. You know he needs a change after a while
—a summer vacation now and then. These bacteria are exactly
like higher organisms in a certain way, I am inclined to think.

The DEPUTY SECRETARY: Mr. Chairman, I would like to ask
the Professor, in case the potash should be exhausted in the soil,
would that have any effect

PROF, HARSHBERGER: I think so, yes, sir.

MR. DRAKE: Professor, if I have a field that is rich in nitrogen,
if I supply the bacteria by the patent process, will they produce
nodules?

PROF. HARSHBERGER: I think if you observe the precau-
tions that are recommended, that result will follow, in soil not
water-logged, good, mellow soil containing the potash and other

220 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doce.

matter required. If you have a soil that is already rich in nitrogen,
you don’t want them then. S

In Germany, near Berlin—Berlin is situated in a very sandy dis-
trict—the only thing they can grow is pine trees in that neighbor-
hood. They grow the yellow lupine. After the growth of the
lupine, it becomes very much richer in nitrogen.

MR. NELSON: Mr. Chairman, I would like to ask the Professor
if the presence of potash in the soil is one of the principal things
in the growth of clover, that when we burn and clear new land in
this country, why it is that we have a condition there in which clover
will not catch on, or germinate, except in rare spots.

PROF. HARSHBERGER: I think that is due to the leaf mould
that is still present in the soil.

MR. NELSON: That is burned out by burning your clearing.

PROF. HARSHBERGER: If you had a forest fully cleared, you
would find that leaf mould still present. It will godowna foot ora
foot and a half into the soil, and burning over the top of the soil,
would not burn that out. You would perhaps burn the loose mater-
ial whereas this compact, black earth would go down a foot or two.

MR. NELSON: That would hold good in swampy land, but not in
the conditions that I speak of. In our ordinary lands we don’t have
any leaf mould, down more than three inches, that is, where the
ordinary burning has been done.

PROF. HARSHBERGER: I would explain that in that case, by
saying that through all the ages, the organisms that exist, that are
in the soil of the forests, are more of the denitrifying kind; they
break down the leaf mould, and they are in larger number, and it
takes some time for the germs that may bé present to increase
themselves in sufficient number to do that.

QUESTION. Might they not be destroyed by heat?

PROF. HARSHBERGER: Yes; I am very glad for that sugges-
tion.

PROF. WATTS: Mr. Chairman, I would like to say that I remem-
ber a case not very far away, I remember that they sowed clover on
a certain field and all that field was limed except a square block in
the center of the field, and the clover was a perfect success except
in the center where there was no lime applied, where it was a
failure.

MR. NELSON: It is almost impossible in this country to get a
right good catch of clover before the third crop after land is newly
cleared, and I don’t understand why unless it be the aeration by
cultivation, wherein the exhaustion of the acidity would come in.

PROF. HARSHBERGER: Don’t you apply lime to your soil?

MR. NELSON: It is not generally applied to new land. I don’t
know of any instarice where we have applied lime to new land. I

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 221

wanted to ask you if the process of extracting nitrate from the
air was likely to prove a success. You know we have several plants
for that purpose at present.

PROF. HARSHBERGER:I don’t quite understand.

MR. NELSON: The process of extracting nitrates from the air—
is it likely to prove a success commercially?

PROF. HARSHBERGER: I can’t answer that question, I have
not followed the details of that.

MR. NELSON: You know they have a plant in Norway and there
are one or two more in the process of erection for that purpose; it
seems that their greatest difficulty is in the storage.

MR. HALLOWELL: When I first started farming, I remember
there was an old machine out in the loft and I didn’t know what
it was, and the landlord was there one day and I asked him what
it was, and he said, “Why don’t you know what that is? That is
a clover huller.” When I look back to my boyhood days and think
about the methods of farming then, and since I have seen this chart
and seen how we have been deceived on seed, I have come to the
conclusion that that has a good deal to do with our catch of clover.
Our seed has been adulterated, and adulterated so that probably
we sow more seed that don’t grow than that that does.

A Member: Mr. Chairman, in my locality an application of wood
ashes where there has been no clover sown for perhaps five years
or more, will almost invariably bring in a good field of clover.

PROF. HARSHBERGER: I think that would naturally follow
the application of potash in almost any form.

MR. NELSON: I have noticed a peculiar phenomenon. Being in-
terested in bees, I got some bacteria with sweet clover seed several
years ago and I find it is indigenous to this country; if it is sowed,
it will grow in a square block or in little patches, and yet in soil
down at a certain tunnel, I find that these seeds will germinate and
grow in disintegrated rock, and I wonder why.

PROF. HARSHBERGER: I don’t know why.

MR. BOND: Out in my neighborhood, there is some sweet clover
growing wild and there is something very peculiar about it. I have
been trying to cultivate it without success. It grows under the
most unfavorable conditions very luxuriantly. I had some photo-
graphs taken for my friend Seeds, where it grows right on top of
the cupola of an old blast furnace. I counted there from a single
seed stool, thirteen stems averaging from five to eight feet high;
it is growing with a growth of from five to eight feet right on the
center of the slag bank where there is nothing but the slag of that
furnace for twelve feet deep and yet it refuses to grow under favor-
able conditions.

MR. SEEDS: I have been growing that on my farm and I have
got some seed from it and I am going to sow it again.

222 ANNUAL REPORT CF THE Off. Doc.

MR. HALL: Mr. Chairman, I would like to ask the Professor
whether weather conditions have anything to do with the succegs-
ful growing of such crops.

PROF. HARSHBERGER: I should think so, if you have a heavy
rain or a dry period, I should think it would have a very material
effect.

MR. HALL: Will you please give us the ideal condition of the
soil?

PROF. HARSHBERGER: The conditions as I understand them
are—the soil should never be acid; that can be decided by a litmus
test; in the second place, the soil should not, as I said before, have
a water-logged condition. The water should have drained through;
there should be a certain amount of moisture, of course, but it
should have been drained through into the subsoil, and there should
be a certain amount of aeration, and also a certain amount of
humus. Humus is not absolutely necessary, but there should be a
certain amount of that in the soil, and there also should be a cer-
tain amount of lime. Those are the conditions, as I understand
them, for inducing the production of the nodules on the roots.

MR. SEEDS: The farmers over Pennsylvania don’t know whether
they are a success until they dig up the roots and make an inves-
tigation.

PROF. HARSHBERGER: Well, they don’t need to dig up the
whole crop, I guess.

MR HALL: I made some experiments in inoculating a field that
would not grow clover with soil from a field that did grow clover;
a part of it was a success and a part of it was a failure. A part of
that land was put in on a cloudy day, and harrowed in, and a part
of it was put in on a sunshiny day; now which of those days should
have been successful?

PROF. HARSHBERGER: I think both of them should have been;
I cannot see why there should have been any difference.

MR. HALL: There was a difference; that put in on the sunshiny
day, I couldn’t get any clover.

PROF. HARSHBERGER: It is possible that the sun may have
dried it off perhaps so as to have kiiled the germs,

MR. SEEDS: I have been raising some alfalfa and it has not been
a question with me in regard to nodules; I don’t care anything about
the nodules only so that I get the hay. I have a field situated be-
tween the house and the barn that has been sown to alfalfa this
year. I don’t care anything about the nodules, but I am going to
plant that alfalfa—I am going to seed it the third time. My object
is to plow down the alfalfa plants and get into that soil the food
that produces alfalfa and see if I can raise as much as the western
man.

PROF. HARSHBERGER: The mechanical condition of your soil
is what you regard, probably.

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 223

MR. SEEDS: The question is whether I can be as successful with-
out the nodules. When I get my roots down into the ground ten or
fifteen feet, I believe I shall succeed.

PROF, HARSHBERGER: I should think it probable that you
want soil accumulation in your soil.

MR. ORR: Mr. Chairman, I wish to announce that the Committee
on Resolutions will meet to-morrow morning at eight o’clock in the
hotel dining-room, and if anyone has any resolutions that they wish
to present to the committee, he will please present them before
that time.

MR. SEXTON: I will make the announcement now that the open-
ing of the session to-morrow morning will take place at nine o’clock.

MR. McCLELLAN: Mr. Chairman, I would suggest that we meet
at the hour appointed and not meet half or three-quarters of an
hour later, as we did to-night.

The DEPUTY SECRETARY: I would say to the delegates pres-
ent, do not forget the hour of meeting—nine o’clock in the morning;
let us all be here promptly at that hour.

On motion, duly seconded, the meeting adjourned to nine o’clock
to-morrow morning.

Court House, Clearfield, Pa.,
May 30, 1906, Wednesday, 9 A. M.

Chairman of the morning session, J. S. Burns.

MR. BURNS: Ladies and Gentlemen: The howr for opening
this morning’s meeting has already passed a few minutes, and it
is our purpose to begin as early as possible, in order to keep pace
with the requirements of the program. Now we wish that each of
you be provided with the slips, so that you will be enabled to write
upon these any questions which you may desire to ask upon these
subjects. Especially we would ask you to do so on the part of Prof.
Massey, whose hearing is a little defective, and also for Prof, Owens;
we think it is the better plan, anyway. The first topic upon the
program this morning, is entitled, “What Chemistry is Doing for
the Farm,” by Professor William G. Owens, Bucknell University,
Lewisburg, Pa.

I now take pleasure in introducing to you Professor William G.
Owens, who will now address you upon the subject named.

Prof. OQwen’s address is as follows:

WHAT CHEMISTRY IS DOING FOR THE FARM.

By PROF. WM. G. OWENS, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pa.

When we speak of farming and agricultural chemistry, we men-
tion the oldest and one of the youngest sciences. The first began

224 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

in a crude way with the beginning of the human race, the second
with the investigations of Liebig, just two-thirds of a century ago.

Some may question whether farming is a science. But if it is
not, one of the principal objects of the agricultural chemist is to
put it on a scientific basis. When Liebig, the father of agricultural
chemistry, began his investigations sixty-six years ago, on the sub-
ject of nutrition, almost nothing was known upon this subject. At
first the progress was slow and few followed this line of chemical
research. Other fields offered so much larger returns in a material
way for the time and money expended, that this work was taken up
by few. Work done along this line would affect tens of thousands
of farmers, and produce millions of money in the country at large,
yet the share of profit coming to each individual is comparatively
insignificant. A few more bushels of grain raised on each farm is
worth millions of dollars to the nation, but only a few dollars to
each farmer, therefore comparatively little was done in agricultural
chemistry until the Government took up the subject, and now no
government worthy of the name exists that does not carry on-in-
vestigations in agricultural chemistry.

In speaking upon “What Chemistry is Doing for the Farm,” note
first that it is trying to discover what is needed by the plant and
animal for its highest and quickest development. To do this, the
chemist has analyzed every part of plant and animal, and found
out the elements and compounds which compose them. He has
next tried to learn in what form the elements must be supplied to
the growing body to produce the best resuits. He has then ran-
sacked all nature and the products made by man to find the proper
materials capable of furnishing the nutriment needed. -

In plant nutrition he has discovered that the only elements not
furnished in abundance by most soils, are potash, nitrogea and phos-
phorus, but these are absolutely essential and no plant can make a
proper development if either of them is wanting. They must also
be in an available form; tons of them would be useless if the plant
could not use them. On the other hand, they must not be in too
great excess, or they will be lost by leaching out of the soil even
if they do not kill the plant by their chemical action. A nice equili-
brium must be maintained between demand and supply.

POTASH.

When the demand for potash was limited, it could be supplied
by wood ashes, but as that supply became exhausted, the chemists
of Germany put the great mines of Stassfurth on a paying basis
and now the larger part of the world’s supply is obtained there.

NITROGEN.

When it was discovered that nitrogen was used by plants and
that the most available form was the nitrate, the deposits of guano
off the coasts of South America were developed. When this source
became exhausted, the nitrate of soda beds of Chili and Peru were
opened up. As the price kept advancing, various forms of animals
matters were utilized. Fish which were not edible and offal from
slaughter houses were turned into fertilizers, furnishing nitrogen,
thus using materials which a few years before had no value, and

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 225

were an expense to the producer. Not content to produce nitro-
genous compounds which had already entered the animal kingdom,
the chemist discovered the means of calling to his aid innumerable
bacteria which have the power of fixing the free nitrogen from the
atmosphere. But with all this the chemist was not content, and he
has kept on experimenting until to-day it is reported that in Europe
and America there are factories in successful operation fixing the
free nitrogen of the atmosphere and making it available for plant
growth. If this has really been accomplished, and the chemist has
succeeded in transforming the nitrogen of the air into a compound
available for plant food and at a slight cost, a new era in farming
has arrived.
PHOSPHORIC ACID.

When phosphorus was needed for the growth of plants, bones
were first used; later they were treated with acid to make them
quickly available.

Phosphate rocks were next utilized, and after that certain linings
of steel furnaces. Thus we see that the chemist has placed the prin-
cipal inorganic fertilizers in the hands of the farmer.

Whenever he found products whether of nature’s make or man’s
which contained the elements of fertility necessary for plant de-
velopment, he devised a method of treatment which would make
the food available for plant nutrition.

Knowing the value of the elements taken up by the plant enables
the farmer to grow such crops as will exhaust the soil to the least
degree, or if a crop which requires a large amount of a certain fer-
tilizer is raised, that ingredient can be supplied in the greatest
abundance.

The study of plant nutrition, which Liebig first investigated, has
enabled the farmer to put on his fields just those compounds which
will be of the most value to his crops.

The soil is not a dead mass as was once supposed, but is now
known to be teeming with life and must be treated as such.

FINDING VALUE.

Chemistry helps the farmer by determining the value of what he
produces, uses and loses. In feeding stock it is of great importance
for the farmer to know not only what can be used, but what has the
greatest feeding and manurial value. It often happens that a
farmer can gain by selling part of what he has raised and buying
some cheaper feed. The compounds found in feeds of most value
are protein, fat and carbo-hydrates. These vary greatly in different
feeds as hran, middlings, brewers’ grain, linseed mé@al, cotton-seed
meal, etc., but if the feeder understands the value of each, he can
so buy as to get the best results for the least money.

NEW FEEDS.

Many new feeds have been placed at the disposal of the farmer
through the work of chemistry. When cotton-seed was a nuisance
to the man who produced it, and a nuisance to his neighbor as well
as to the fish in the creek where it was usually thrown, the chemist
took it, extracted the oil, which immediately became a valuable pro-
duct, and produced from the cake a valuable cattle-feed and the

15—7—1906.

226 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

cheapest source of protein. The chemist has no small part to play
in the marketing of many bi-products which but a few years ago
were not only a drug on the market, but many of them had no value
at all. By the methods now in vogue, there are few bi-products
which cannot be utilized to feed either the animal or the soil.

FEED VALUES.

The chemist has not only determined what elements are needed
by the plant or animal for its best development, but he is trying
to determine in what form and quantity they should be introduced
to produce the best results. Much valuable food is wasted by im-
proper use. Feeding standards have been made out for different
animals, and by fellowing these more or less closely, the farmer can
get the highest value out of the materials at his command.

Not content with things as he finds them, the chemist has enabled
the producer to improve his product. By the invention of the Bab-
cock Milk Tester, the chemist at the Wisconsin Experiment Station
has placed in the hands of every farmer, a means of testing the value
of his cows. By proper selection and breeding it is possible to
greatly improve a herd of cattle, and send the “boarders” to the
butcher’s block.

By analyzing the different parts of a grain of corn and noting its
physical appearance, the chemist has enabled the grower in the
great corn belt, to produce kinds of corn which differ widely in their
chemical contents. One kind is used for growing cattle, another
for starch or other purposes. Wheat has also been differentiated,
and the raising of macaroni wheat has become a distinct business
in some localities. .

Secondly, the chemist does not only introduce the farmer to his
best friends, the fertilizers and feeds, which help him produce the
largest crops and best herds, but he also has tried to protect him
from his enemies. Of these enemies there is first himself, often
the farmer’s greatest enemy is his own wastefulness. He does not
know how to care for the manure produced on the farm and the
chemist has shown him that almost a hundred million dollars’ worth
of fertility every year goes down the Mississippi River, and even
this is only a fraction of what is annually lost in the whole country
by the improper care of manure. Again, in the treatment of his
stock, sometimes he over-feeds, and again he under-feeds.

PROTECTION AFFORDED BY CHEMISTRY.

Chemistry protects the farmer from those who would impose upon
him. Scarcely had the farmer begun to use fertilizers until all
kinds of materials were sold to him as high grade goods. Before
the days of the public chemist, carloads of pulverized sand were
sold to unsophisticated farmers of Pennsylvania as deodorized
Peruvian guano, but since the chemist began his work, all this has
been changed. Now every progressive country in the world employs
a number of chemists who devote their time to analyzing fertilizers
and seeing that they agree with the formulae marked on the con-
tainer.

Another gigantic fraud is the sale of artificial butter under the
name of cow butter. While it is perfectly proper to sell oleo under

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 227

its proper name and mark, every one must agree that it should not
be allowed to replace the product of the cow. Chemistry also pro-
tects the honest milkman from the man who buys old milk and pre-
serves it in a like case. There are also many other kinds of adul-
terations which time does not permit me to mention.

The farmer has another class of enemies from whom the chemist
tries to protect him. It is the insects which infest his trees, vege-
tables, seeds, ete., which must be killed. The scale and fungus
growths must be combatted. For all of these the chemist has been
trying to find a remedy and in most cases has succeeded if the cure
is properly applied.

THE REIGN OF LAW.

The highest service which chemistry is doing for the farm, is
to make the farmer realize that he and the growth and development
of all things on the farm, are under the reign of law. There is no
such thing as chance or luck. Often when a man loses a crop or an
animal, because he contravenes the laws of nature, he says he had
bad luck, or lays it to Providence, but he must learn that his ver-
dict is no more just than of the Texas coroner’s jury who sat on
the case of the cow-boy who committed suicide and who had many
friends who thought suicide a disgrace. The cow-boy, after nearly
killing himself with drink, took a half ounce of.arsenic, swallowed
an ounce of. laudanum, opened his arteries with a razor, and sitting
on the window sill, put a bullet through his heart and fell five stories
to the flag-stones below, breaking his neck. The jury, out of re-
spect, brought in the verdict, “Died by the intervention of Provi-
dence.”

The farmer must realize that he is living in a world governed by
law, and when he follows the law, all goes well, but when he follows
his own ideas, that does not change the law. Luck and the moon,
and all the other signs will be of no avail to the man who does not
think. The lively discussion which followed the learned papers of
Professors Duvel and Harshberger last night, show that in this
audience there are many who have been thinking, and the greatest
service that the chemist can do for the farmer, is to help him solve
the problems which thinking will caH forth.

A Member: Mr. Chairman, in our locality we have been feeding
gluten meal and some farmers claim that it pays to sell their corn
and buy the gluten meal. I would like to ask Prof. Owens what he
thinks of that.

PROF. OWENS: That would depend entirely upon the price of
the two; it is necessary for the dairy to keep supplied with a cer-
tain amount of protein and by working out that equation, it is pos-
sible to determine the question. You must take into account not
only the value of the materials, but also take into account that
certain feeds do not agree with meal when fed in excess, but leav-
ing that out of the question, it is possible to determine exactly how
much of any given compound ought to be fed to cattle to produce
the best results. It would be impossible to say offhand whether it
would be best to sell the corn and feed the gluten meal, or to feed
the corn.

228 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

MR. HUTCHISON: Mr. Chairman, I would like to ask Prof. Owens
if the gluten meal would not be a great deal higher in protein.

PROF. OWENS: Yes, if you wanted protein, then the gluten
meal would be the material you would want to get; of course just
what you want is the thing that requires consideration in deter-
mining what to use.

MR. PHILLIPS: Mr. Chairman, it seems to me that there is an-
other question that comes in here; the gluten meal is a heavy, con-
centrated food, and cannot be fed in large quantities with impunity.
I think it contains somewhere in the neighborhood of five per cent.
of protein, and is the most successful food where that is needed.

I want to say this, that there are other food products not quite
so high in protein, and yet very desirable as feeds, and in addition
to what the Professor has said, as to the requirements of a certain
number of pounds of protein that an animal ought to have in twenty-
four hours, there is still another important question and a vera im-
portant one too, and that is the question of health.

PROF. OWENS: Yes, you must always include in your standard
the health of the animal, which would be more or less of an indi-
vidual factor.

QUESTION: Is there positively nothing in the signs of the moon
for planting crops?

PROF. OWENS: I think as long as you plant upon the earth, there
is nothing in the signs of the moon.

MR. HUTCHISON: Hasn’t the moon an effect upon the tides upon
the earth?

PROF. OWENS: Yes, certainly it has.

MR. HUTCHISON: Might it not have some effect upon the earth
as well as on the tides?

PROF. OWENS: I don’t know that any effect has been dis-
covered.

MR. HUTCHISON: Might it not be possible?

PROF. OWENS: I do not say it is absolutely impossible; there
is more in nature than our philosophy includes.

MR. R. P. KESTER: What difference between commercial nitrate
of soda and salt-petre?

PROF. OWENS: Nitrate of soda is sodium nitrate. Salt-petre
is obtained largely from India and sodium nitrate is obtained largely
from Chili. Potassium nitrate, if you could afford that, would fur-
nish the two elements at the same time, would give you the nitrate
and potash both, whereas the nitrate of soda only gives the one.

DR. FUNK: Which is the cheapest to use?

PROF. OWENS: I haven’t figured that out. You could easily do
that; any one can do that and arrive at the absolute amount of

INO: | @ DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 229

potash you get. Take then your nitrate of potash and calculate
the absolute amount, and after that the value of the nitrate that is
in it; it would be possible to determine very easily and accurately
what is in it. It is simply a matter of calculation.

DR. FUNK: The nitrate of soda will cost you about fifty-two and
the other will cost you about seventy-five. Now which is the
cheapest?

PROF. OWENS: I have not determined it; I have not figured it
so am not prepared to say at the present time.

MR. FENSTERMA KER: Give some information about the process
of extracting nitrogen from the air by electrical instruments,

PROF. OWENS: I don’t know; I havn’t seen any statement of
the exact apparatus that is used. Prof. Harshberger, have you
seen that?

PROF. HARSHBERGER: No, I don’t know anything about that.
The nitrogen can be obtained by passing a very powerful current
through the air under certain conditions, but the processes, so far
as I have seen, have not been published. I have not noticed them
in any scientific journal, therefore more than that general statement
I could not give.

MR. NELSON: I believe that the American Inventor described
that process completely. I wish I had brought it along.

PROF. OWENS: I wish you had.

MR. MILLER: Has the chemist succeeded in putting all farmers
to thinking, or what per cent?

PROF. OWENS: That is a question I would like to have answered
myself. I am sure they are beginning to think, and farmers are
waking up, and when the time comes that they properly appreciate
the possibilities that are open to them, and when they utilize the
materials that are lying all around them, there will be accomplished
far better results. You have no idea of the amount of waste there
is all around us, until you begin to think of it. Coming here from
Williamsport yesterday, we came. through certain sections of country
where we saw the remnants of thousands of pieces of lumber that
had been allowed to go to waste. You travel through Germany
and go into the forests there, and you will find them almost as free
from sticks as the streets and parks are here in the cities. After
every storm the women go out and gather up these things, or the
old men, or the children, so that nothing is wasted. Here you go
out into these forests and millions of feet of lumber are allowed
to go to waste.

MR. HUTCHISON: Would that not improve that soil from the
farmers’ standpoint.

PROF. OWENS: It may leave a little potash and that is about
all. I only speak of that as one sample of the waste that goes on
continually in this country, and the farmer fails to appreciate it;
there are of course, many other wastes.

230 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

MR, DRAKE: I would like to ask a question relating to the sub-
ject of feeding. I am a cattle feeder, you may say, at least, I am
feeding some cattle on pasture. Now the question I wish to ask is,
Do I need to have a grain carrying a very heavy per cent. of protein?

PROF. OWENS: Are they cows or steers?
MR. DRAKE: Steers.

PROF. OWENS: Without looking up the matter, I should think
that you would not need to carry very much protein in that case.

MR. DRAKE: Would you say that the pasture will supply enough?
It is a good, blue-grass pasture.

PROF. OWENS: I should think it would supply nearly enough
protein, but I would not like to be quoted as authority on that.
You can get the Bulletin and see just exactly what is required. You
must feed every animal for a certain purpose. In the case of the
cow you are feeding for milk, and in the case of the steer, you are
feeding it for fat, and so of course you must apply that doctrine
to the compounding of the feed.

A Member: Is cottonseed meal dangerous to feed to cattle?

PROF. OWENS: Well, it is, unless you feed it in safe propor-
tions;- that is the cheapest form of protein that you can feed, but
you must know what proportion is safe. I think that something
like a pound and three-quarters, not over two pounds, would be
about the amount; but as I say, I do not have these figures in my
head; I would prefer that you would look them up in the Bulletin
from those people who have carefully worked them out.

MR. BILLINGS: Does cottonseed loose value by age?

PROF. OWENS: Cottonseed of course, is a highly organized seed,
and if not properly cared for, would loose value, and might
present some danger if decomposition takes place in the cottonseed,
but if properly taken care of, there would be probably but a small
loss.

MR. HUTCHISON: Where feed is damp in a shed, it looses very
rapidly; the protein is not likely to loose so much but you must be
careful in keeping the feed in a proper and suitable place where
_ you buy a ton or two, or you will loose a large percentage of the
fat.

MR. BLYHOLDER: What effect or what change in the feeding
value does the heating of corn have? In our section of the country
there is quite a good deal of corn sold now by one certain merchant
that heats on the cob. I would like to know what effect that has
upon the feeding value?

PROF. OWENS: That lowers the fat; it don’t affect the protein
so much, but it lowers the fat.

MR. BLYHOLDER: What effect would it have?

ING: T DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 231

MR. HUTCHISON: Well, the cattle don’t like it.

QUESTION: After it has passed a certain stage, as I understand,
it is positively dangerous to feed it.

PROF. OWENS: Yes.

QUESTION: I would like to ask a question in reference to sun-
flower seeds. How do sunflower seeds compare in feeding value with
cottonseed?

PROF. OWENS: They have an abundance of fat, and also con-
siderable protein, but I could not give you the comparison with cot-
tonseed.

PROF. MASSEY: We had a perfect epidemic in North Carolina
of scours in horses and it was traced to that very thing, the feed-
ing of damaged, mouldy corn, and mouldy feed of any sort is likely
to produce that effect.

PROF. OWENS: Of course in the case of any feed that is spoiled,
mouldy hay or corn or anything, it should be avoided, because that
is not a proper food; it has passed the condition when it is a proper
food for the animal to eat, and if you use it you always run the risk
of bringing on disease of one kind or another by using that kind of
food.

The CHAIR: The time has arrived when we should take up the
next subject. Now allow me to repeat what I said in the morning;
Prof. Massey who will address you, his hearing is somewhat de-
fective, and he has asked that those of you who wish to ask him
questions, will please write your questions upon these query slips.

I now take pleasure in introducing to you Prof. Massey the editor
of “The Practical Farmer.” His subject is “Soil Improvement.”

PROFESSOR MASSEY: Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen:
I thank you for the welcome to Pennsylvania. There was a time
when we men wearing the gray clothes were welcomed rather
warmly by the burning of powder, and they were rather careless
in the use of their guns.

I would rather look my audience in the face and talk to them,
but in this case, in order to keep myself in line, I have prepared a
paper and I shall ask your indulgence while I read it, as the sub-
ject is one of recognized importance, and I want to say what I have
to say as concisely as possible.

The paper of Prof. Massey is as follows:

THE IMPROVEMENT OF THE SOIL AND THE MAINTENANCE
OF FERTILITY.

By PROF. W. F. MASSEY, Editor, ‘‘Practical Farmer,” Philadelphia.

There is no more important problem for the farmer in the older
sections of the country than the improvement of the productive

232 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

character of his soil, and the maintenance, in an economical and
business-like way of this productiveness and fertility. In all the
older sections of the country there is no phrase more commonly used
in speaking of a depleted soil, than to say it is “worn out.” The
real fact is that we have no really worn-out soils. We have soils in
many localities which were originally fertile and productive, but
which, through a long course of injudicious treatment and cropping,
have gotten into a very unproductive condition. We have other
lands that never had any store of fertility to be worn out—deep
sands, which are naturally barren.

The “old fields” of the South are good examples of what men call
worn out soils. They were cropped year after year in the old one-
crop system till no longer producing a paying crop by the shallow
plowing and methods of cultivation to which they were subjected,
and have been turned out as perfectly worthless and utterly worn
out. What then takes place? The ever-present broomsedge soon
covers the land, and sods it over with its strong roots. Down among
the broomsedge the pine seed, borne on the wind, find a congenial
shelter, and a thicket of old field pines grows up. The pine tree has
a wonderful subsoiler in its deep tap root, and it strikes down into
the soil which the little one horse plow of the past never touched
and year after year brings up food from below, and covers the
earth with its fallen leaves making humus to replace that which
had been used up in the careless cultivation of the past. After a
while the forest is cut down for firewood and the owner finds that
he has a new and fresh soil, which will make as much cotton or
tobacco as it ever did. Nature has made this fertile soil by pro-
cesses of her own, and with no help from the fertilizer manu-
facturer. But for the broomsedge and the pine tree a large part
of the Southern uplands would to-day be a howling wilderness. If
the man who clears the pines away goes on again to reduce the fer-
tility of the soil, and finally turns it out again. Nature will renew
the process, and will show that there is in all of our soils which are
of a good mechanical composition, and originally productive, a prac-
tically inexhaustible supply of plant foods with any sort of proper
management. What is it that Nature does for the restoration of
the soil through the long years she takes to cure man’s improvi-
dence? Merely getting deeper into the unused store of mineral mat-
ter that had not been touched, and putting the accumulated vege-
table matter on the surface soil to decay and restore the humus
content to the soil which the constant cultivation of the past had
used up. It takes unaided Nature long years to accomplish this,
while all that she does the wise farmer can do ina few short years
if he learns what is needed and the method of getting it.

One of the chief deficiencies in our old cultivated soils is organic
decay making what we call bumus. We are but just getting to
realize the importance of this humus. It is valuable, not altogether
for the amount of plant food it contains, though it does furnish a
large part of the nitrogen, which is so hard to keep in good supply.
but by reason of other effects which it has in the soil. It darkens
the color of the soil, and hence makes it more retentive of heat. It
prevents a clay soil from running together and baking hard in
dry weather. Through the acids it contains it has a great solvent
effect on matters of plant food otherwise insoluble, or very slowly

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 933

so. Chemists in the Experiment Stations have for many years
been dividing up the phosphatic fertilizers which have been treated
with sulphuric acid into the soluble, or water-soluble, the reverted,
or citric acid-soluble, and the insoluble. Many of the Stations in
their estimates of the value of the fertilizers carrying phosphorus
have placed no value at all on the insoluble phosphoric acid in them,
or at best a very low value. But we are fast learning that some-
things happen in the great laboratory of Nature which our little
laboratories told us nothing about, and it has now been found that
in a soil abounding in humus we may place the insoluble pulverized
phosphate rock, and it will rapidly become soluble and available to
plants. But equally important is the fact that humus is more re-
tentive of moisture than anything else that goes to make Up a‘soil,
so that a soil abounding in humus will stand more drought than
soil of any other character. The vast importance of this fact will
be realized when we reflect that plants cannot take any food from
the soil until it is in perfect solution in the soil water. Hence the
retention of moisture for this purpose is of the greatest import-
ance.

But if you will pardon me, I would like to digress a while from
the direct subject, and endeavor to explain to some extent how
plants which make up our crops grow and get their food from
soil and air. There is more ignorance in regard to the anatomy
and functions of plant life, even among men considered educated,
than about anything else apertaining to agriculture. But in order
fully to understand how we are to improve our soils and make them
more productive in crops, we should fully understand how plants
live and grow in order that we may know how and with what to
feed them.

There has been a great deal said of late years about a certain
order of plants, the legumes, which, through the agency of certain
minute organisms of the low order of plant life, known as bacteria,
are enabled to get and combine in an available form the free nitrogen
. that exists so abundantly as a gas in the air. Of these will speak
later. But is is not so generally realized that all plants get far more
of their structure from the air than they get from the soil. More
than ninety per cent. of the organic structure of every plant comes
from the air, and less than ten per cent. from the soil. Growth
in plants is made by the increase in number and size of little box-
like structures called cells. Cut across the stem of any woody plant
and examine the cut end with a lens of even moderate magnifying
power, and you will see that the rings of growth are really circles
of these cells, larger and thinner walled in the spring, and gradually
becoming smaller and thicker walled as the close of the season of
growth is reached, so that to the naked eye they merely look like
rings. These little cells are filled at first with a formless substance
similar to the white of an egg, which biologists call protoplasm.
This is the only material in the plant that possesses life, and this
formless living matter carries with it and constructs the material of
which the cell walls are made. In short, the growth of a tree is made
of constantly increasing circles of cells somewhat after the manner
of building a wall with bricks, only that in this case the brick-
maker and the mason live inside the bricks and form from their own
substance the walls that confine them. In the first thin growing

16

234 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

cells between bark and wood the living mater in the cells is in con-
tinuous connection throughout the growing tissues. Later on, as
the cell walls thicken, each lives to itself and carries on the making
of the wood until all the living matter is used up and the wood is
finished, and we call it “heart” wood, really dead wood, for the heart
of a tree merely remains to hold the tree in position, while the life
goes circling on around it. The heart may decay and the tree get
hollow, but it will keep on growing, but if you cut through the grow-
ing cells all around the outside of the tree it will be killed.

The leaves as well as other parts of the tree are made up of these
cells, but in these the living matter contains certain green granules
which can easily be seen under the microscope, and which from their
abundance give the naked eye the characteristic color of the leaf.
In every leaf, and especially on the under side of the leaf, there
are numerous minute openings which require a microscope for their
detection. On each side of these openings there is a cell shaped
like our lips, which give the openings the appearance of mouths
under the microscope, and they are really the mouths through which
the plant gets food from the air. In some leaves there are 70,000 of
these minute pores to the square inch. They open into the interior
of the leaf where the cells containing the green matter are loosely
arranged. During the hours of sunshine, and at no other time,
these mouths are open, and they close in sunshine when a plant
wilts from lack of moisture so as to check evaporation and give the
plant a chance to recover. In the air there is always a small per-
centage of carbon dioxide or carbonic acid as it is commonly called,
which when in excess is poisonous to animal life. When the sun
shines the mouths in the leaf open and the air with the carbon di-
oxide enters the leaf and comes in contact with the green granules.
This green matter has the wonderful power to break up the com-
bination of carbon and oxygen throwing back the oxygen to purify
the air and taking the carbon for the use of the plant. Then in the
leaf Jaboratory the food brought up from the soil in the soil water
taken in by the roots is combined with this carbon and the living
matter uses it for the work of what we call growth. The nitrogen,
coming from the soil, continually renews the vigor of the living mat-
ter, while the materials from the air, which scientists call carbo-
hydrates, because they are composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxy-
gen, are used by the living matter to construct new cell walls and
woody material. While the great bulk of the plant structure thus
comes from the air, the matters that the roots take from the soil
are nevertheless of vital importance. Let us study the root and
see how the plant gets these materials from the soil. Place several
layers of thick blotting paper in a saucer and wet them. Then on
the wet paper lay some seeds of ordinary string beans. Cover the
saucer with a pan of glass and set in a warm place. They will soon
sprout and throw out roots over the wet paper. By examining these
carefully you will see that the extreme tip is pointed and naked,
making what is called the root cap. New cells of growth form back
of this root cap and push it forward through the soil, and renew-
ing it as it wears away on the outside from behind. Just back of
this root cap you will see that a portion of the root is covered with
a velvety coating of minute hairs. These root hairs are the only
part of the root engaged in taking in food from the soil, and from

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURHE. 235

their minute size it is easy to understand why the food must be in
solution, for these little hairs cannot absorb anything of a solid
nature. As the root progresses in the soil the root-hairs dry up
and new ones are produced back of the root cap, so that the roots
are ever foraging in fresh soil. Since these root-hairs are the only
parts of the roots engaged in taking food from the soil, and as they
are always near the remotest tips of the roots it is easy to see why
the man who runs a big plow through his corn and tears off the roots
is depriving the plants of the power to get food from the soil till
new rootlets are formed.

Knowing these facts in regard to plant life, how shall we apply
them in the improvement of the fertility of our soils? The import-
ance of the moisture-retaining character of humus in the soil will
be better understood when we fully comprehend the need for the
solution of the plant food for the minute root-hairs. There are a
number of elements that must be supplied in the soil water in order
that plants may live and grow, and if any of them are entirely absent
the plant cannot thrive. These elements are nitrogen, potassium,
phosphorus, magnesium, sulphur, sodium, iron, chlorin, silicon and
calcium. Some of these are only used in minute quantities and some
only by certain plants under peculiar conditions, and most of them
are in such abundance as to be practically inexhaustible. Those
which are used freely by all crops, and most apt to become deficient
in the soil are nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus, and in rare cases
calcium or lime. Nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus exist in
smaller amounts than other essential elements in all soils, and are
most rapidly taken up by crops. They exist in greatly varying
amounts in different soils. A soil may be rich in nitrogen like the
black prairie soils of Illinois, and yet be deficient in phosphorus, as
has been shown there, and in hill lands like those of southern I-
linois, potassium may be abundant, while both nitrogen and phos-
phorus are deficient. Some years ago I was invited to lecture at
an Institute in one of the southern Llincis counties, and the sub-
ject assigned me was the restoration of worn out land. It seemed
odd to me that Illinois farmers were already considering the exhaus-
tion of their soils in a section formerly known as Egypt, from its
great productiveness. When I reached there, however, I found that
reckless farming and bad treatment of the soil resulted in the same
conditions in Illinois as they do elsewhere, and I found washed
hillsides and unproductive soils there, just as they exist in the up-
lands of the South and from the same causes. When I was a young
man I was engaged in making railroad surveys from Minnesota to
Texas. On the rolling prairies of the Grand Divide in northeastern
Missouri they were then just turning the raw virgin sod, and they
laughed at the idea that their soil would ever need manure, and
boasted that they made 25 bushels of wheat per acre while eastern
farmers made 10 to 15 bushels. But last year the farmers of Mis-
sourl paid two million dollars for commercial fertilizers, for their
lands had gone down to 10 and 15 bushels of wheat per acre, while
the lands in eastern and northern Maryland had gotten to making
40 bushels of wheat per acre in many counties. They have found
that the essential elements for crop production can be exhausted
in any soil, and that to keep up production some means must be
taken to repair the waste. Single cropping has brought the famous

236 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

wheat lands of Minnesota and the Dakotas down to half the yield
of these old Maryland soils.

Years ago, when wheat had fallen from the inflated price after
the Civil War to $1.00 a bushel, I was traveling on a Chesapeake
steamer to one of the best wheat growing counties of Maryland, and
in conversation with a farmer, he said that they would have to give
up wheat, for it could not be grown for $1.00 a bushel with any
profit. At that time, and by the old methods of farming with the
annual use of complete fertilizers, they rarely made over 15 bushels
per acre and generally less. Since then that same farmer, and many
others in the same section have grown wheat at a greater profit for
less than a dollar than they did when it was higher. Conditions
required better farming, and the farmers rose to the conditions and
succeeded. One of my oldest friends in that section, who died a year
ago at the ripe age of 86 years, and was an enthusiastic farmer up
to his death, told me two years ago that thirty or more years ago,
like all his neighbors, he was farming in the old way and spending
a great deal of money for complete fertilizers and made 15 bushels
of wheat per acre and often less. But that for the past twenty
years, by the adoption of a short rotation and close attention to
clover, he has averaged 40 bushels of wheat per acre, and 50 bushels
fad been made in the neighborhood, and that during that time the
only commercial fertilizer he had bought was plain acid phosphate
for the wheat that cost him an average of $9.50 per ton, and his
corn crop had gone up from 40 bushels per acre to 75 bushels.

Recently certain alarmists in Europe have been prophesying dire
calamity to the world by the failure of the wheat crop from the ex-
haustion of the supply of nitrate soda and other sources. They
claimed that there would be a wheat famine all over the world if
some new source of nitrogen was not discovered. Most of these
statements were evidently for the purpose of booming the newly
discovered source of nitrogen in calcium cyanide. But these Mary-
land farmers found years ago what I have been trying for a genera-
tion to impress on the minds of farmers in all parts of the country,
that in any ordinary grain farming, the farmer who buys artificial
nitrogen in any form is wasting his means for something which he
can get without cost, and can even make a profit in the getting.
Market gardeners whose crops have a special value and need early
forcing can afford to buy nitrogen, but the farmer whose interest
is in grain production need never buy an ounce of nitrogen in any
form, if he farms right.

Professor Hopkins of Illinois recently said, “As a matter of fact
at least 99 per cent. of the crops of the world are being produced
without the use of commercial nitrogen and without artificial soil
inoculation, and where abundant use is made of the legume crops in
rotation, it will be possible in all future years, as it has been dur-
ing the thousands of years in the past, for farmers to maintain a
sufficient supply of nitrogen in the soil without the purchase of any
artificial nitrogen...... There is more nitrogen in the atmosphere
above every quarter section of land than is required for the entire
annual corn crop of the world, and while bacteria work for nothing
and board themselves, living on the roots of the legume crops and
transforming free atmospheric nitrogen into combined forms for
the use of growing crops, there is but one conclusion to be drawn in

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 237

regard to the great nitrogen problem, and this is, that there is no
such problem except in the minds of people who ignore these facts.”

We cannot too often repeat the fact that the farmer who prac-
tices a good short rotation, in which the legumes come frequently
on the land, needs never to buy a complete fertilizer, that is one con-
taining nitrogen as one of its constituents. The importance of this
fact can be seen when we reflect that in the usual complete fer-
tilizers on the market the cost of the nitrogen equals or at times
exceeds that of the phosphorus and potassium in the mixture. It has
been proven beyond any reasonable doubt that the agents which en-
able the legume plants to combine the free nitrogen of the air are
the bacteria which live parasitically on the legume roots. It has
been shown that unless these are present the legumes do not get
the nitrogen, and that when they are present they do getit. Various
theories have been promulgated to explain just how these bacteria
do their work, but the exact method is still unknown, and it mat-
ters little to the practical farmer, since, for his purposes it is suffi-
cient to know that they do get it. But every now and then some
one rises up to say that the scientists are wrong. Ina recent Eng-
lish daily paper one of these know -it-alls says that the idea that
the bacteria do the work is all wrong, for that all plants have the
same power, and all get nitrogen from the air through their leaves,
and that the best way to increase the nitrogen in the soil is to use
Thomas slag liberally. Since this slag is entirely composed of phos-
phorus, lime and magnesia it is hard to see how it can increase the
nitrogen in the soil unless used to promote the growth of the legume
crops. As a rule farmers should pay no attention to the science
of the daily papers, for the average newspaper reporter is the most
gullible of mortals about anything relating to scientific agriculture.

While we can get all the nitrogen we need in general farming
from the air, we cannot get phosphorus or potassium, and when
these are deficient they must be restored to the soil in some way.
The element most generally deficient in our old cultivated soils is
phosphorus. It is taken from the soil to form the bones of every
animal raised on the farm, and the grain crops use it up radily.
Potassium exists in most of our clay soils in abundance, but is apt
to be deficient in sandy and especially in peaty soils like reclaimed
swamp lands. In our clay soils it exists in the form of an insoluble
silicate, which is slowly made available by the carbonic acid in
rain water, and can be made more readily available by the use of
lime or plaster. The chief problem for the farmer is to determine
whether it is cheaper for him to get at the potassium in his soil or
to use the potash salts.

The question is then narrowed down to the keeping up in the
most economical way the supplies of phosphorus and potassium and
putting them in a shape most readily available to crops.

When these are deficient, they must be added in some artificial
way to the soil, and it depends very largely on the conditions sur-
rounding the farmer as to how he shall do this. If he is so situated
that he can profitably buy and feed the grain ‘which has been grown
on some other man’s land, he can restore these elements and can
keep up the fertility of his soil without the purchase of commercial
fertilizers. Where he cannot do this with profit, he must buy these
elements in the forms in which they are sold on the market. It is

238 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

merely a question of conditions under which a man is working. The
main difference between his fertilizer and the commercial article is
that in applying the barnyard manure he is adding humus-making
material to his soil, which the commercial fertilizer lacks.

And right here comes in a question of farm economy. In what
way can we get this humus-making material most economically?
Shall we depend on hauling it there or shall we grow it already
spread over the land by the use of the mineral fertilizers used on
legume crops? As a rule, the best farming is done where some
form of live stock husbandry is practiced, but it is nevertheless per-
fectly practicable to increase and maintain the productiveness of
our soils through the use of legume crops, aided by the mineral ele-
ments used for the increase of these crops, and there may be farmers
who will find it more economical in their conditions to have the
humus-making material grown already spread on the land than to
haul it there laboriously in the form of barnyard manure. Of
course I would never advise carelessness in the making and use
of the manurial accumulation which necessarily occurs on all farms,
But I differ from many, who would under all conditions make a sort
of fetish of a manure pile, and think that all farmers can afford to
feed cattle at an actual loss and make it good in the manure.

Asa rule, in many cases, it will be found that there has been a
big price paid for the manure. By the proper use of the artificial
forms of potassium and phosphorus for the increased production of
the legumes it is perfectly practicable to get increased supplies of
combined nitrogen for the use of succeeding crops, and to get a
far larger amount of humus-making material than we could possible
afford to haul there in stable manure.

But again the matter of farm economy comes in. This course as-
sumes that all the legume crops are to be used directly as manure.
We have grown, for instance, a crop of clover or cow peas which
will make at least two tons per acre. This hay is worth for feed-
ing on the farm $10 a ton. Can we, for any of our ordinary farm
crops, afford to bury $20 worth of valuable feed in the soil as
manure? This question becomes all the more important when we
understand that in feeding this hay we can, by any reasonable care
of the manure, recover at least 75 per cent. of its manurial value,
and perhaps more, so that in burying it as manure we are losing the
feeding value, so that the cases are very rare in which it will pay a
farmer to ignore live stock feeding and depend on “chemicals and
clover” for the increased productiveness of his acres. It is rather
a question of possibility than of profitability, so that, argue as we
may, we come back finally to the fact that the growing of forage
crops, and the feeding of live stock, lie at the very foundation of im-
proved agriculture with the great majority of farmers. We are too
apt to consider only the market value of the feed in estimating
the cost of animals fed, instead of the actual cost of the production
of the feed, and the loss to the farm in selling it.

This brings me finally to the consideration of the practical methods
for the improvement of the productiveness of our soils. In lectur-
ing last winter at Institutes in Bucks county, near the city of Phila-
delphia, I was surprised to notice so little clover, and on urging the
farmers to give more attention to clover and a shorter rotation I
was met by the response “We cannot grow clover any more.” The

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 239

same statement is made in all parts of the country in places where
clover has thriven in the past, and the difficulty in getting clover
seems to be very general. Two years ago I was requested to address
the farmers of East Tennessee at their annual convention in the city
of Knoxville on the Southern Cowpea. After I had concluded
my address a farmer took the rostrum, and in a very emphatie way
declared that he did not want the pea, and that the clover was the
crop for him. I interrupted him, and told him that I had not said a
word against clover, but would like to know why they did not grow
it, for I had ridden the day before down the beautiful limestone
valley of the Tennessee from Asheville to Knoxville, in the month
of May, and had not seen one decent field of clover? The audience
of 2,500 of the best farmers of East Tennessee applauded loudly at
this, and many of them told me afterwards that the man who was so
fond of clover utterly failed to grow it as most of them did. I told
them then, and would repeat it now, that I believe the failure of
clover, where it formerly succeeded, is due to one of two causes,
either the exhaustion of elements in the soil needed by clover, or
soil acidity, which is death to the bacteria that live on clover roots
and get nitrogen for it from the air. Generally both conditions are
present where clover fails. The farmers in Bucks county have been
running their lands in timothy to sell hay in the market of Philadel-
phia, year after year till the hay crop is too small to pay before
breaking the land again. The long and exhausting rotation is the
chief trouble, and the soil has become acid thereby. Many years
ago I took a farm in Maryland just south of the Pennsylvania line.
It was a beautiful limestone valley, and the soil was fertile and well
supplied with humns, but one field was pointed out to me as being
clover sick.

I never took much stock in the clover sick idea, and I gave that
field a good dressing of lime, and never saw finer clover than grew
on it the next year. The soil was simply in an acid condition, and
the lime restored the conditions in which the bacteria throve again.

The most thoughtful men in all parts of the country are fast com-
ing to the conclusion that the constant use of the dissolved phos-
phate rock, or acid phosphate as it is called, has been the cause of
soil acidity in many sections. We were not at first disposed to ac-
cept this, because we knew that manufacturers of acid phosphate
were very careful not to have any free sulphuric acid in their goods,
as it would interfere with the drilling of the article. But the inves-
tigations of the Ohio Experiment Station seem to throw further light
on the matter. Dr. Thorne, the Director, believes that the effect of
the acid phosphate in creating acidity in the soil comes from the fact
that the soluble phosphoric acid is taken up rapidly by the crops,
and the sulphuric acid is set free and at once combines with the
lime in the soil, and forms lime sulphate, which does not sweeten
the soil as the carbonate does. The soil, being thus robbed of lime,
becomes acid and clover fails to thrive until lime is again added.
He has found too that when the pulverized phosphate rock or “floats”
is used in connection with stable manure it rapidly becomes avail-
able to plants and the use of this pulverized rock will entirely do
away with the difficulty attending the use of the dissolved rock,
in case the soil is well supplied with humus-making organic matter.
Here again we see the importance of humus. The old long rota-

240 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

tion, in which the land is mown till it no longer makes paying crops
of hay, so reduces the humus in the soil, as well as the mineral
matter, phosphorus in particular, that clover does not find the
food it requires, and the soil has become so acid that the nitrogen
fixing bacteria do not thrive, and hence clover fails. The remedy
is a shorter rotation of crops, legumes more frequently grown and
fed on the land, the humus content of the soil increased by the
legume roots and the manure made from feeding the hay, the growth
of which has been promoted by applications of the phosphatie fer-
tilizers and an occasional liming.

But here is where many farmers have made a mistake. Noting
the good effects of a first liming of the land, they jump to the con-
clusion that lime is all the manure they need, and they use it in a
lavish way, only to find finally that lime no longer gives them the
great results it did at first, and that they are compelled to resort |
to commercial fertilizers. I know of sections in this State where,
in my college days, the farmers applied 100 or more bushels of lime
per acre, where on the same lands now but 25 bushels is used, since
the farmers have learned the true office of lime, and have discov ered
that a smaller amount per acre applied more frequently in connec-
tion with the legumes, is better than a large amount applied with
the notion that lime is a manure.

It is by no means the purpose of this paper to lay down rules for
every farmer to adopt in the rotation and cultivation of his lands.
That would be pure agricultural quackery. We must assume that
every farmer who is a student of his profession, is wise enough to
adapt any suggestions that we make to his own conditions. What
we wish to impress on the farmers is the importance of a shorter
rotation of crops, the regular use of legumes for increasing the
available nitrogen supply and the humus in the soil and the feeding
of stock better than timothy ever will, the giving to the legumes
abundantly the mineral elements of plant food which they need in
order to do better their work of nitrogen fixation, and Jeavirg them
to do the rest. In brief, the office of the commercial fertilizers
should be the feeding of the crops that feed both the soil and the
stock. If the legumes are well supplied with phosphorus and potas-
sium you may depend on their producing the sale crops and feeding
the stock. Just what a man’s rotation, and what his money crops
shall be must be determined by the man himself from his knowledge
of his own conditions. But it is evident that the successful farmer
of the future must be a legume farmer, and the man who puts his
greatest efforts into the production of the legumes and the feeding
of the forage will always have the money crops in larger amount
than the man who gambles with a complete fertilizer merely to get
more to sell off his land direct. On most of the soils of Pennsyl-
vania the pulverized floats and lime will be all that he need buy
for his land, and the legume farmer who keeps up with the advance
in modern scientific investigations will farm more cheaply than the
fertilizer gambler, while having more crops to sell. But he must be
a student of his soil. Our soils vary so much even on the same farm,
in their mechanical make-up and chemical composition, that different
treatments and different fertilization are required. The chemist
can tell you what a soil contains, but he can give you little informa-
tion as to the availability of the matters in it, and the only man

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 241

who can find out what a soil needs is the man who cultivates it, and
he must do it by careful experimentation year after year with the
various forms of plant food separately and in combination as com-
pared with check plots, and in this way can come very closely to
what his soil is deficient in and what he need not buy. Crops vary
too as to what they take from the soil, and the needs of special
- crops as well as the needs of the soil must be studied. One point I
have reserved till now. This is the preparation of the soil for crops.
A deeply prepared seed bed is of course important, but we must go
slow in the deepening of a soil that has been plowed shallow for
generations. Then whether subsoiling will pay or not will depend on
the nature of the land. A flat clay that needs underdrainage will
not be benefited by subsoiling till the drainage is made good. But
on most of our roiling lands with a clay subsoil once in each round
of a four year rotation will be found of advantage. But one thing
is important, and this is a complete pulverization of the surface
after plowing. I have found that in the preparation for fall grain
every time the harrow went over the land till completely fined and
compacted I was adding bushels to the crop, _

When finally all our farmers know these things and practice them
we may some day reach the time when we will be to a great extent
independent of the seasons, and will find the day, which Secretary
Wilson imagines is already here, when we will have no crop failures.

The extent to which the wheat growers have learned that the
buying of commercial nitrogen is needless is shown by the fact
recently stated by a fertilizer manufacturer in Baltimore, which is
the headquarters of the fertilizer trade, that over 80 per cent. of the
fertilizers now sold there consist of phosphoric acid and potash with-
out any nitrogen.

In arecent number of the Ohio Farmer, Dr. Thorne, the Director of
the Ohio Experiment Station, sums ap the consideration of the value
of humus in the soil thus: “The humus of the soil is, therefore, the
great storage battery of its elements of fertility, mineral as well as
nitrogenous. It is in this store, chiefly or altogether, that our crops
find their sustenance. When this store is exhausted they starve,
and in proportion as it is reduced they suffer hunger...... Sand and
clay are but the skeleton of the soil; humus is its life.”

MR. NELSON: Is there no circulation of sap in the heartwood
of a tree?

PROF. MASSEY: No, none at all. Hold ona moment, heartwood,
as you know, lasts longer than sap. Decay starts in where there
has been death. There has been no death in the heart, hence there
is no decay, which starts in there, no blue mould as there is in sap
wood. This dead matter lives on sap. It don’t live on the heart.

MR. NELSON: I have an oak tree in my corn field, and I cut a
groove around in it an inch deep on the fifth of May a year ago. I
have done that several times and it is leaving out this spring and in
blossom, just as nice as it ever did, and it will do that the next four
years.

PROF. MASSEY: Well, it will die. I know that they will do
that sometimes, but it will die.

16—7T—1906.

242 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

QUESTION: While the southern farmer had poorer land by buy-
ing fertilizers was he not poorer financially?

PROF. MASSEY: Well, as I said, the southern farmer has been
dependent upon growing cotton upon the same land year after year
and I know of some land in North Carolina that has been in cotton
seventy-five years in succession. The land has certainly gotten
poorer not because of the fertilizer, but because the owner has been
enabled to draw still further on the natural resources of the land.
He puts a little on there, and the plant uses a little of that, and
draws on the soil still further. It was really the lack of fertilizer,
rather than the amount that he used; he has grown poorer financially
because he has wasted his substance; he has wasted his bank ac-
count.

QUESTION: Please give an ideal short retation for the Pennsyl-
vania farmer engaged in general farming.

PROF, MASSEY: Now genilemen, I do not like, as I said, to
lay down rules for any particular man or particular section. We
. have certain rotations that have been found successful in various
sections of the country. We have Mr. Cherry’s rotation of potatoes
and wheat and clover out in Olio which has proved successful with
him, but those farmers that I spoke of who are growing wheat so
successfully on the eastern shore of Maryland have adopted a rota-
tion of corn and wheat and clover. One man there who came out
of the Confederate Army as poor as the rest of us started in there
with nothing, went into a little business and got a little money
ahead, and land was cheap in that section at_that time. He en-
gaged a man to farm for him on shares, and laid down the rotation,
and the farm began to improve, and pretty soon he got money enough
ahead to buy another farm, and there was a man ready to go on it
on the same terms; that is, they would divide the cost of cultivating
that farm as nearly as possible, and it was understood that all the
roughage was to be used up on the farm, and the landlord take his
pay in the manure, and the tenant soon found that it was a profitable
business.

Year after year this man bought farms in that same neighboor-
hod until this man McKinney died about a year ago, owning forty-
two farms. His last wheat crop was 120,000 bushels, and men liv-
ing near his farm are buying land and renting it out in the same way,
and getting improved farms. That system of tenantry has been
wonderfully successful there. Lawyers and business men are en-
gaged in buying land, improving land and in renting it in the way
I have mentioned. That system has been successful there. Their
main money crop is wheat. Their object is to get as large a crop
of wheat as possible, and then to manure their clover crop and put
itin corn. They used to think, under the old system, that corn-land,
was very poor for wheat; now they get the best wheat off of corn-
land. I was in Maryland two years ago and had pointed out to me
a twenty acre field from which a man had sold a thousand bushels
of wheat, but that was the old land that had been cultivated since
the early settlement of the country and only in recent years have
they realized what that land could do in the way of wheat grow-
ing.

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 243

MR. RODGERS: Why will a tree not grow with the leaves all
plucked off as they grow?

PROF, MASSEY: The leaves are the laboratory of the plant;
they construct everything that tends to make growth, and without
a laboratory for the plant, you can’t get the growth, of course.
There are some things like the evergreen tree, or the passion plant
or like the cactus plant that act in the same way as leaves.

MR. J. W. COX: Can as good results be obtained by plowing
manure under as applying it to the surface of the soil on a grass
crop? Can the same value in plant food be obtained, or is there
any loss in plant food by plowing the manure under? Will the
plant food in manure, plowed under leach away beyond the reach of
ordinary farm crops?

PROF. MASSEY: Well, I should say that would depend upon a
great many conditions. We have found in certain experiments
that manure spread in the fall on the surface and let lie there all
winter—we have compared that manure plowed under at the same
time, and other manure applied in the spring and plowed under
when the whole was plowed, and we have found that that manure
that was applied in the fall and let lie there on the surface all winter,
gave the biggest crop of the three. That was one single experiment
and made at the New Hampshire Experiment Station. Now one
swallow don’t hake a summer, but as a rule I have found in the
South—now climate and conditions diifer—but as a rule I have
found in the South the nearer you can keep the manure to the sur-
face, the better, because it adds there a mulch and tends more to
preserve the humidity of the soil. Therefore I believe that the best
way to use manure is to keep it as near the top of the ground as pos-
sible,

MR. COX: How many pounds of nitrate of soda is necessary per
acre for a top dressing of an old meadow, where the soil is in a fer-
tile condition?

PROF. MASSEY: None at all, if the soil is in a fertile condition.
The question assumes that the soil was not in a fertile condition;
that it needs nitrate of soda. Nitrate of soda is a very good thing
for some land for a grass crop, but as I have said, we ought to farm
economically. It is necessary to produce an article so as to leave
to the farmer the largest margin of profit without injuring his land.
Some years ago a man down in South Carolina made 254 bushels of
corn on an acre, and if he hadn’t got a premium of $500 from “The
American Agriculturist” and $500 from the State of South Carolina
he would have lost money on it, so that the average good farmer
wants to make good crops with the margin of profit on his side, and
not to spend more than he receives in return as some millionaires do.
Now I should apply—if I had special need for stimulating a crop of
grass—I should apply about 100 pounds per acre of nitrate of soda.
It is a very good thing, and in a great many cases it may be very
profitable.

QUESTION: At what season of the crop would you apply this
nitrate of soda?

244 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

PROF, MASSEY: I would never apply nitrate of soda except
when the plant is in active growth and then would not apply it
when it is moist from rain or dew.

QUESTION: Is it not well to apply the nitrate of soda early in
the season?

PROF. MASSEY: Yes, you ought to apply it at the time of active
growth, because otherwise you lose a great deal of it. It is washed
away in the drainage water.

QUESTION: Is not nitrate of soda more beneficial by putting it
on in a dry season?

PROF. MASSEY: No, I think not; if it is very dry, you must have
moisture enough to dissolve whatever you put there, even so avail-
able an article as nitrate of soda. Ido not think a dry season would
increase its effect. Heavy rains might wash it away; there is no
doubt about that.

QUESTION: How much commercial lime would you apply per
acre?

PROF. MASSEY: That depends upon the kind of lime. Some-
times it is very strong in magnesium and not so good for some soils.
Magnesium is a plant food, but we do not want too much of it. With
good, pure lime, I think that 20 to 25 bushels is a plenty, if you are
practicing a short rotation, and liming in about once in four to six
years.

QUESTION: Would not the amount of lime that would be bene-
ficial to the laid depend very largely upon the kind of soil? For
instance, a very heavy clay soil will respond well to a large applica-
tion of lime than a looser soil will. Won’t the amount of lime de-
pend more upon the character of the soil than it does upon the
quality of the lime itself?

PROF. MASSEY: It depends very largely upon the amount of
organic matter in the soil, because some experiments seem to show
that the reason why lime acts beneficially in the promotion of the
nitrification of this organic matter, is, that these bacteria can get
carbon from the calcium carbon which green plants can’t do. Now
whether that is exactly true or not, I am not prepared to say at
present, but that their growth is promoted by the presence of an
excess of lime in the soil, and that where then there is a great abund-
ance of organic matter, lime is more apt to give good results, than
where there is but little.

MR. RODGERS: Would the beginning of May—the first two or
three weeks in May be too late?

PROF. MASSEY: That would depend very much upon the lo-
cality.

QUESTION: Do you think that clover failures are due as much
to a poor, mechanical condition of the soil, that is the lack of humus,
as to any other cause?

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 245

PROF. MASSEY: I think, as I said, it is probably due to the de-
ficiency of humus in the soil, as well as to acid conditions.

QUESTION: How much lime should be applied to insure a good
growth of alfalfa on a medium heavy clay soil on which clover can
be grown with a fair degree of success?

PROF, MASSEY: I think the same amount would do very well
for clover or alfalfa, and alfalfa particularly needs lime. I never
succeeded with it without lime.

MR. GLOVER: When second-crop clover is not filled with seed
which is better to cut for hay and feed stock at no great profit or
leave on the land to be plowed down the following spring for corn,
taking the question of labor saved into account?

PROF. MASSEY: I think for most farmers where that second
crop cannot be used profitably for feeding he had better leave it
where it is and take the profit in the corn the next year and in the
seeding of the land for clover when it is broken again.

QUESTION: In regard to saving for seed. If clover is hulled
and the hulling spread over a field, will it give about the same benefit
as it would if it was left uncut?

PROF. MASSEY: O yes, I think so. You know the need for
germination, moisture, and the presence of oxygen, and if any of
these are absent, the seed is not going to grow.

MR. GLOVER: Is an application of 40 bushels of lime to a soil,
fairly well supplied with humus, every twelve years using too much
lime where a four year rotation is practiced?

PROF. MASSEY: No, it is not using too much lime, but putting
too long a time between applications. They better use half as much
and use it twice as frequently.

QUESTION: What is the best legume rotation for the general
farmer?

PROF. MASSEY: I am going to leave the farmer to work that
out for himself.

QUESTION: How may the thinking faculty be better developed
in a shallow mind?

‘PROF. MASSEY: Well, by the use of any faculty, we can cer-
tainly improve it. If a man will put himself to reading and think-
ing, he can certainly improve his thinking faculties.

QUESTION: Why do crops thrive near locust trees and not near
walnuts?

PROF. MASSEY: Locust trees are legumes.

QUESTION: Nitrate of soda and potash salts have a tendency to
draw moisture from the air. Is is probable that the benefits de-
rived from their use is in a measure attributable to the water sup-
plied as to their chemical constituents?

246 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

PROF. MASSEY: I think that the matter of moisture from the
air would have very little to do with the effect of these chemicals;
you have got to get a larger amount of moisture by a good deal
than would come from that source. .

QUESTION: Please repeat that statement in reference to the
use of lime on alkaline soils, ete.

PROF. MASSEY: I did not speak of using lime on soils already
alkaline; I spoke of restoring feeble alkalinity in soils which is fav-
orable to clover.

QUESTION: Is it not true that early fruiting in fruit trees,
shortens the lives of the trees, the same law holding true in animal
life? If so, isn’t it a question if trees should be thrown into early
fruiting, especially a fine tree?

PROF. MASSEY: Well, that is a matter for a man to consider
in regard to the profits which he is seeking to get out of a tree;
whether he is going to profit for a few years or for many years.
There are some varieties of trees that are early bearers and usually
short-lived trees. The longest lived apple trees are a great many
years coming into fruiting.

QUESTION: Many farmers take all bark off of the trunks of old
trees, claiming that it produces fruit. Why do these trees not die?
Does not the sap run between the cambium and bark?

PROF. MASSEY: Well, the new growth, if you take it at a cer-
tain time of the year, if you are careful not to too much interfere
with what is called a cambium layer or the younger cells and bark
that exert the drawing influence on the air, it may be done, but
it is a serious check, however, to the tree; it may throw a very
rapidly growing tree into fruiting, but I think there are other
methods that might be used which are safer. You may make a
mistake and kill the tree.

QUESTION: Would you use cow peas instead of clover when you
can grow either? Which should have the preference?

PROF. MASSEY: I should use cow peas to put in as a catch crop
in any place that I had for them vacant. I should depend upon
clover as a regular thing, all the time.

MR. SEEDS: What variety of seeds should you use?

PROF. MASSEY: It depends upon where you live; whippoorwill
is good for the average conditions in Pennsylvania.

MR. SEEDS: Which would be the best in a short season?

PROF. MASSEY: The New Era and Warren’s Extra Early; they
are both seeds that will ripen in sixty days. Wherever you find
that you have ninety days of warm weather, the Whippoorwill will
do very well.

QUESTION: Is it too late to sow them now?

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 247

PROF. MASSEY: No, in North Carolina I sowed anywhere from
the latter part of May to the middle of August; here you can sow
from the middle of June up to July, I should say.

QUESTION: Would these be very much superior to the Canada
field pea?

PROF. MASSEY: Ob yes, we have tried the Canada field pea in
the South; it is certainly unsuited to climate conditions there.

QUESTION: Where can I get the New Era cow pea?

PROF. MASSEY: You can get it in Philadelphia; I don’t know
whether my friend Moore has it or not. You can get it of Mr. C. W.
Wood & Sons, of Richmond, Va., I know.

MR. BEARDSLEE: Will it flourish well in the northern half of
Pennsylvania?

PROF. MASSEY: Except on special soiis, I very much doubt it.
If you get a warm sandy soil, it might. Now I hada photograph sent
me the other day of a very successful field of cow peas grown in
Wisconsin. I met a lady dairyman in southern Vermont who said
she couldn’t get along without it.

MR. HALLOWELL: Is green rye to height of three feet advisable
to plaw down in order to increase fertility? Or, shall I take off
same after-blossom and apply commercial fertilizer to produce corn
for_silo filling?

PROF. MASSEY: I would plow the rye under for a cultivated
crop. Now in the South we have found that it never does to plow
under a green crop in hot weather. In the spring of the year we
can plow under there a green crop for a cultivated crop like corn very
successfully.

QUESTION: What time of the year and to what crop do you ap-
ply lime to correct soil acidity? How many bushels per acre do
you apply?

PROF. MASSEY: Apply it to the corn crop which they are go-
ing to follow with wheat and clover. Ordinarily if my land was
adapted to give me a good stand of clover, I would try it on clover
the second spring.

QUESTION: Do you recommend feeding this to stock?
PROF. MASSEY: Ordinarily, I would turn it down, I think.

_ QUESTION: Where we do not have the humus had we not better
use the acid phosphate and apply lime?

PROF. MASSEY: Yes, I suppose you had better apply the dis-
solved rock in that case; but if you will use it with your stable
manure and abandon all this pulverized float, it will become very
available, and not only that, but it will save manure to a great ex-
tent.

248 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

QUESTION: The Pennsylvania valleys are usually covered with a
deep, clayey, loamy or shaly soil, the hillsides the same but shal-
lower, but under all we have no end of raw soil-making material.
We use the short rotation and fill the soil with vegetable matter.
Would you advise the use of lime, and how much to the acre?

PROF. MASSEY: I did talk about that; I would use lime in regu-
Jar rotation.

QUESTION: When there is no trouble to get clover, do you be-
lieve it good to practice a two-year rotation, that is clover every
other year?

PROF. MASSEY: No. I would make it a little longer; say three
or four years. ;

QUESTION: In a three-year rotation of wheat, clover and pota-
toes, will the potato crop be benefited more by applying commer-
cial fertilizer after harvesting the clover than by applying when
planting the potatoes, the second crop of clover being left on the
ground and plowed under in spring?

PROF. MASSEY: I would apply all the fertilizer to the potato
crop.

MR. CAMPBELL: Why is it that fertilizer manufacturers are
asking almost as high prices for floats as for the acid phosphate?

PROF. MASSEY: Because a trust controls the whole thing.

MR. C. O. MATTERN: What variety of cow peas would you ad-
vise this far north?

PROF. MASSEY: I have just stated that.

MR. MILLER: Where we lime every third year (lightly) is there
any danger of acidity?

PROF. MASSEY: No, I don’t think that is really advisable. I
would not lime more frequently than once in four to six years.

MR. MILLER: Would you sow all clover as the third or fourth
year rotation?

PROF. MASSEY: In my experience, I would prefer all clover.

QUESTION: Can a repellant .be introduced into the circulation
of a tree to prevent insect injury to the foliage or fruit?

PROF, MASSEY: I know of none at all.

MR. HOOVER: What formula of commercial fertilizer is best
adapted for the tobacco plant?

PROF. MASSEY: Commercial fertilizer which should contain at
least ten per cent. of potash in the form of hydrosulphate, not in the
form of muriate. The nitrogen is best obtained by a small portion
of nitrate of soda to start the crop and dried blood is the main source
of organic matter; acid phosphate would cause the tobacco to be
bony.

No, 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 249

QUESTION: Is it best to plow down the full-grown crop of scar-
let clover, or first to make the crop into hay and then plow the field
for corn or other crops?

PROF. MASSEY: It depends upon whether a man can feed it
profitably or not. I think as a rule it is harder to cure than any
other clover, in my experience, and I would generally plow it under.

QUESTION: How would you thicken an alfalfa plot?

PROF. MASSEY: By harrowing it over and sowing in some more
seed.

QUESTION: What price should we be able to get float for per
ton?

PROF. MASSEY: About seven dollars and a half.

QUESTION: In a corn, clover and grain rotation, will you give
more of the details of the sowing and harvesting of these different
crops?

PROF. MASSEY: Well, take “The Practical Farmer.”

MR. HUTCHISON: Mr. Chairman: We are to have to-night a
memorial address by Mrs. Wallace, and I move that an invitation
be extended to Prof. Massey to deliver a talk of ten minutes and to
Joel Herr, after Mrs. Wallace delivers her address.

The motion was duly seconded.

DEPUTY SECRETARY MARTIN: Mr. Chairman, kindly let Mr.
Nelson make a statement which may give more light upon the mat-
ters involved in this motion.

‘ MR. NELSON: Mr. Chairman, I have been asked to invite the
visiting comrades who are here to remain at the Memorial Service
which will take place this afternoon. I understand that the address
of Mrs. Wallace will come immediately after the services which are
to be held here.

The DEPUTY SECRETARY: Mr. Chairman, I would just briefly
state that this Memorial Service is of a greater importance and ap-
peals more directly to our hearts and feelings than any other service
or any other holiday in the United States, and we gladly join with
the Grand Army of the Republic in this service, and yield a portion
of the afternoon’s program for that purpose, and if it is agreeable
to the Grand Army and their portion of the program, we will join
and have Mrs. Wallace follow with her address which is given on
the program for this evening, and then the motion of Mr. Hutchi-
son that the veterans who belong to this convention, be invited
to take part in the program in the Memorial Service for this after-
noon, and then after the services are concluded, if time will per-
mit, we will take up the round-up section, devoted to the matter of
local institute management.

We probably will have finished this service about two o’clock or
thereabouts. I make this suggestion in order that we may all join

17

250 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

together in this, one of the most sacred days of the year for those
who love this great country of ours.

MR. HUTCHISON: Mr, Chairman, I will withdraw my motion in
regard to this evening, but I would renew it so that the gentlemen
named may speak this afternoon. I think it will be very fitting to
have the Blue and the Gray join in the services, and therefore I
make that motion.

The question being on the motion, it was agreed to.

The Chairman announced that the Memorial Service would take
place at one o’clock. E

On motion, duly seconded, the meeting adjourned until one o’clock
PM

MEMORIAL SESSION.

Clearfield, Pa., Court House, 1 P. M.,
Wednesday, May 30, 1906.

At the hour designated the Memorial Service was conducted under
the auspices of Post 179, G. A. R., of Clearfield, Pa. The order of
exercises was as follows:

Singing by Quartette.

Prayer by the Rev. Mr. Miller.
Singing by Quartette.
Introduction of Orator by Chairman.
Oration by Rev. Mr. Enders.
Singing by Quartette.
Address of Prof. Massey.
Address by Mrs. Wallace.
Address by the Hon. Joel Herr.
Closing Song, America, by Audience.
Closing Prayer, by Rev. Mr. Reily.
Distribution of Flowers to Veterans.

Mrs. Wallace, as per program, delivered the following address:

MEMORIAL DAY,

By MRS. MARY A. WALLACE, Ellwood City, Pa.

Mr. Chairman, Comrades, Ladies and Gentlemen: As many are
gathered here from almost every section of the State, attending
the Farmers’ Normal Institute on this Memorial Day, it is fitting
that we should specially remember the soldier dead of Pennsyl-
vania. But friends, you cannot honor these dead of ours. They
have passed beyond our reach. History hath claimed them for her
very own. Upon the broad facade of the Republic, their names are

ee

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 251

indelibly inscribed. Grandly they responded to their country’s call,
“to arms,’ and nobly did they do their duty as soldiers. Wherever
there was need of the bravest, there were the Pennsylvania volun-
teers, and when the high tide of the Rebellion threatened to engulf
this old Keystone State, it was one of her sons who led the forces of
resistance, that turned it backward and saved the Union—Meade,
Gettysburg.

Gettysburg! Gettysburg! Pennsylvania is proud of thee, the
nation’s most hallowed shrine before which she bows her head in
reverence and honor to-day.

The graves of many of these dead of ours, are kept green in our
National Cemeteries. Thousands are resting in the quiet church-
yards and cemeteries throughout the land, while still other thou-
sands sleep where they fell by mount, and stream and sea, the place
of their sepulture, unknown to all save God and His angels.

But whether they lie beneath the ocean’s wave, or in the dismal
swamp, beneath Southern palms or Northern pines; in the dark
ravine or on the mountain top, a grateful nation pays its tribute

- of devotion to their loyalty to-day.

May we not hope, friends, that in that land where there is no
wer, where the sun of peace sets, that there is to-day a grand
rendezvous, a grand rally of all the soldier dead who have borne
arms in the defense of our country here on earth, and that they can
see and know and are rejoicing in the prosperity that hath blessed
the land for which they suffered so much. And may we not hope,
too, that the men in Gray who met the men in Blue with bayonet
and bullet on the many gory battle-fields, are with them, are rejoic-
ing with them, and, figuratively speaking, drinking with them from
the same canteen.

Comrades of the Grand Army, as memory slowly fills up the lines
in your furrowed faces and obliterates the gray hairs on your heads,
we recognize you as the “boys of ’61,” who, in the full vigor of early
manhood, when face and form were aglow with the fire of youth,
went forth so grandly with the Comrades whose graves we decorate
to-day to battle for your country.

Each year your skeleton ranks are being reduced still more by the
details ordered to join the forces beyond the river, but to you who
still remain in camp on this side, I will speak a word of encourage-
ment. When you have listened to the solemn sound of taps for the
last time, when the reveille shall waken you no more, and you have
turned in for that long, dreamless sleep that comes to each of us,
may it comfort you to know that so long as the Stars and Stripes
shall kiss the freeborn breeze, so long shall your deeds be spoken,
so long shall your names be carved in the historic marble of your
State and Nation, so long shall your descendants and all citizens
in whom you have by your example kindled the fire of your unquench-
able patriotism, assemble on each recurring Memorial Day to re-
count your struggles and to place a flower upon the soil that shelters
a soldier’s bivouac.

Aud now friends, in closing, I would say that although Memorial
Day is a day dedicated to the memory of our soldier dead, it should
also be a day of introspection by every citizen.

There have been other republics, great and grand and strong,
but where are they to-day? Where is Greece, that mother of re-

252 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

publics, whose hills were the birthplace of freedom? Greece, that
in the centuries of her existence as a republic had risen to the high-
est plane of learning, art, science and literature. Nothing remains
of that once powerful republic except the imperishable-thought that
has come down to us from her poets, her philosophers, her states-
men, her sages, and through which those brainy old Greeks are to-
day in this twentieth century the
“Sceptered sovereigns that rule our spirits from their urns.”

And Rome, great and mighty Rome, what of her? Rome whose
transformation from a republic into an empire, was one of the great-
est crises in human events. Her history is recorded under the
heading of “Republics that have been.” Is it possible that the
record of those republics is to be the record of the republic of the
United States of America? Aye, friends, it is possible, but let us
hope not probable, and that our old ship of State may take warn-
ing, and avoid the rocks upon which they were wrecked.

One of these, to which was largely due the downfall of Rome,
was what in these days would be termed her “territorial expansion.”
As Rome grew older she became ambitious to rule the world, and
began reaching out after this kingdom and that kingdom, until in
the end, it might be truly said that she fell by her own weight.
Rome learned too late that the difficulty in maintaining a republican
government is largely in proportion to the extent of the area over
which it is established.

Another cause for the downfall of these great republics, was the
decay of those peculiar virtues so necessary in upholding a popular
form of government. Patriotism and love of country, so dominant
in the older Greeks and Romans, became swallowed up by the gross
vices of lust for power, wealth, pleasure and personal ambition, and
for years before the end they were only Republics in name, in reality
an aristocracy of wealth, luxury and pride. Social and political
corruption ran riot while the rich became immensely rich and the
poor desperately poor.

And so I say, friends, that in these days of greed and graft, when
great corporations are demonstrating most forcibly that they have
no souls, when millionaires are made in a night, when the wealth
of the land is being centered in the hands of a few, when fathers
and mothers will barter away their daughters to some scion of
royalty for his title, thus showing the aristocratic tendency of the
times, it is important that we stop and think; that every citizen
should, on this Memorial Day, ask himself the question, allowing his
conscience to answer him truly, whether or not he is living up to
the high ideals of true citizenship, and the words of the immortal
Lincoln, “from these honored dead take increased devotion to the
cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion, and
highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain; that the
nation shall, under God, have a new birth of freedom, and that a
government of the people, by the people and for the people shall not
perish from the earth.”

And now to our soldier dead, farewell! To our soldier living all
hail!

Professor Massey was next introduced, and coming as a native of
the South, and having fought in the Confederate army in the great
conflict, added interest to his remarks.

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 253

He said people talked about the New South. It was the Old South
in reality represented by the younger men. While it was true
that he was a representative of “The Lost Cause,” he said he thanked
God that the cause was lost. It was a blessing to the South; the
whites were emancipated as well as the blacks. They never knew
until they were taught by experience after the war, the stuff that
was in them. To-day they stand by the flag as loyally as their
northern brothers.

The Hon. J. A. Herr, a veteran, and member of the State Board
of Agriculture, also made appropriate remarks along the same line.
After the exercises of the meeting were concluded, a parade was
formed and marched to the Cemetery.

Meeting adjourned to 7.30 P. M.

Court House, Clearfield, Pa., 7.30 P. M.,
Wednesday, May 30, 1906.

The Institute assembled and was called to order at the designated
hour by Mr. T. E. Orr, Chairman.

MR. ORR: The first topic to be taken up this evening is “The
Breeding of Poultry for Egg Production; Housing, Care and Man-
agement,” (illustrated by lantern slides,) by Prof. James E. Rice,
in charge of Poultry Husbandry, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.
It gives me great pleasure to introduce to this audience Prof. Rice,
of Cornell University, as the lecturer of the evening, and I want to
say to you that Prof. Rice has done more for the poultry interests
of this country than any other man, or any other five living men. I
have seen the work he has been doing for ten years, and I want to
say that the work he is doing in his position at Cornell University
at Ithaca, where he has occupied and still occupies the position of
Professor of Poultry Husbandry, has been of the very greatest value;
and now without extending these remarks, I will say that it is a
privilege and a pleasure to introduce to you to-night, Professor Rice,
and I hope you will join in giving him a hearty greeting,

Prof. Rice addressed the audience as follows, illustrating his talk
by lantern slides of a very interesting character, showing the latest
methods of poultry raising in various parts of the country:

SOME POULTRY PROBLEMS.

€

By JAMHS H. RICH, Assistant Prof. of Poultry Husbandry in Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.

Ladies and Gentlemen of the Institute: It is a special pleasure to
attend this meeting. First, because it is on one of the largest
poultry states in the Union, ranking among the first six in import-
ance and value of its poultry and poultry products. Second, be-
cause I have long desired to know more about the institute workers
of Pennsylvania whom I have read about and learned so much about

254 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

through our mutual friends, T. HE. Orr and Alva Agee. Third, be-
cause I wish to reciprocate in some measure the good which Mr.
Orr has done for the State of New York through his. many practical
lectures at our poultry and farmers’ institutes.

Poultry husbandry is just coming to its own. The people, now, as
never before, are beginning to realize the creat extent and the im-
portance of poultry keeping. They realize that almost every farmer
and many village people are interested in poultry, and therefore
poultry bulletins and other literature issued from our agricultural
colleges and experiment stations is one of the easiest and most ef-
fective ways of reaching the people. Notwithstanding the import-
ance of poultry husbandry froman educational, as well as an economic
stand-point, only three or four states in the Union are giving it any
special recognition as a subject for instruction or investigation.
The few efforts which have been made to establish poultry depart-
ments in the experiment stations and agricultural colleges, are meet-
ing with such marked approval on the part of students and poultry-
men generally, that a large number of states are now considering
seriously the advisability of establishing poultry departments as
strong and effective as any of the other departments of the college
or the experiment station. They are wise in this decision. No
money that is appropriated by the State is expended more wisely
than that which is devoted to the education of the farmer in the
methods which will enable him to produce better products to feed
the world, and to do so most economically and effectively. One cent
saved on each dozen of eggs produced in the State of Pennsylvania,
one more chicken raised on each farm in the State, one dozen more
eggs produced each year by each hen in the State, would produce
a product so great that none of us would have guessed its value.
Nevertheless, such are the possibilities to be brought about in this
and in every state through investigations and by instruction at the
Agricultural College, the Farmers’ Institutes, the Reading Courses,
etc. Indeed, such a result is taking place in several states. It is im-
perative that each state undertakes this work in order to keep up
with the race and sharp competition for the markets of the world.
The poultrymen in the State which does not encourage and help them
cannot win out in competition with the states where they have up-
to-date poultry schools and an experiment station where the inter-
ests of poultrymen are given a proper share of attention.

My purpose, however, in speaking to you this evening, is to dis-
cuss some of the important problems confronting poultrymen and
to illustrate by lantern slides some of the things which it is diffi-
cult to express in words. The field is so large and the time so
limited that it is impossible, in the short space of an hour, to touch
upon many topics.

One of the most important poultry problems is, how-to maintain
and increase the vigor of the flock. Constitutional vigor plays an
important part in the production of large numbers of eggs, of fertile
eggs, of hatchable eggs, and of chickens which rather live than die.
How best to breed, feed, raise, and house poultry so that each year
the flock will be more hearty and vigorous than before, is the ques-
tion around which all of our investigations at Cornell University,
center. One of the principal factors which has contributed toward
lower vitality in the flocks of the country, is the improper construc-

ae

256 ANNUAL REPORT CF THE Off. Doe.

as far as possible, fences. Fig. 4 is a view of a Westchester county
fruit and poultry farm where 1,500 White Leghorns are kept for
egg production. These are divided, approximately, into three flocks
of from four to six hundred each. These flocks are separated from
each other by six foot wire fences and each is given two or three
acres of orchard for range. The orchard furnishes shade, the in-
tervals between the trees permits growth of grass for green food,
and the fowls in return, furnish fertility to grow larger trees and
better fruit. On this farm the fowls were originally fenced off into
small flocks of 25 to 30 each, which made a tremendous outlay for
fences and made it well nigh impossible to spray the trees effec-
tively, the spray mixture quickly ruined the fences. Gradually
these fences were taken out and it was found that all the various
flocks returned te their own separate pens. It is well to remember
that the biggest bump in a hen’s head is the bump of location. Com-
pare by contrast the expense of the yards, restricted runs, extra
labor, and the lack of shade in the poultry plant shown in Fig. 5.
The problem which concerns all who operate incubators, is a
proper temperature at which to operate the machines. We have
tried a large number of experiments with the object in view of
determining the best temperature to run the machines during each
week of the hatch. We early discovered, that, in order to know
the temperature which the eggs were receiving in a given machine,
we must first decide how the thermometer should be placed. With
this object in view, we ran a large number of hatches with different
incubators, each of which contained three thermometers of differ-
ent types. One was suspended with the bulb slightly above the sur:
face of the eggs. One was placed with the bulb resting on fertile
eggs. The other was placed on the tray with the bulb between the
eggs. (See Fig. 6.) In each case these thermometers were placed
precisely according to the instructions of the manufacturer. The
actual result as shown by the reading of these thermometers dur-
ing the entire hatch was startling, see Fig. 7, which is a reproduc-
tion of one of the incubator records which we keep when we operate
each and all of our machines. The top line represents the tempera-
ture reading of the hanging thermometer, the middle line the ther-
mometer resting on the eggs, the bottom line the thermometer that
was between the eggs. It will readily be seen that there was a net
difference between the reading of the hanging thermometer and the
thermometer between the eggs of three to four degrees during the
first two weeks of incubation which was gradually reduced during
the last week. It will readily be seen also that if a given ma-
chine were to be run at 103 degrees by the hanging thermometer,
the reading of the thermometer between the eggs would be 99 to 100
degrees. If, on the other hand, we were operating the incubator
by the thermometer between the eggs at 103 degrees, the hanging
thermometer would be running at 106 or 107 degrees. We have not
yet determined just what temperature a machine should be run
with each of these thermometers, but we have demonstrated that
with certain machines the hanging thermometer did not give suffi-
cient heat to get the chickens out until the 22nd or 23rd day, and
some of them not at all, particularly where the eggs were cooled to
any extent. We found, on the other hand, that where the tempera-
ture was run at 103 with the thermometer between the eggs, nearly

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Now 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURH. 257

all of the chickens were killed during the first or second week of
incubation, due to excessive heat, particularly where little cooling
was given. We anticipate publishing a bulletin, in the near future,
giving the results of our investigation as soon as we can make posi-
tive recommendations.

Of equal importance to the successful hatching of chickens is the
method of brooding. There are four ways of brooding chickens.
Ist, long house, with hot water pipes which is particularly intended
for rearing chickens during the winter. 2nd, the out-door brooder
holding 50 to 100 chickens, intended primarily for the smaller poultry
farms. 3rd, the long house heated with individual in-door brooders
which is a combination of the first and second types and has the ad-
vantage of saving labor, but has the disadvantage of serious loss by
fire, and the difficulty of keeping the air pure. A fourth type, which
in my opinion, is very much to be preferred, except, possibly, for
winter broilers, is the colony house with an in-door brooder. (See
Fig. 8.) The advantages of this system are that the houses are porta-
ble and can therefore be moved with ease from place to place in order
to give chickens fresh ground and larger range. For instance, they
can be grouped close to the buildings during early spring where
they can be easily cared for and moved to the meadows, pastures,
orchards, and corn fields later in the season. If these houses are
built, as they should be, 8 feet square, they are large enough to be
used the year around so that there is no idle capital invested. Such
a house will accommodate fifteen fowls for egg production during
the winter which makes a nice breeding pen. The house shown in
the illustration is one which we designed at Cornell University, with
the double object in view of the greatest economy of material with
sufficient head room’ to do the work conveniently. It is built on
runners, one foot high, which form the sills on two sides. This idea
we got from Brother Orr and are very much pleased with it. ~The
advantage being that the chickens have the benefit of a cool, shady
place during hot weather and a quick retreat from the hawks. A
point of no little importance is, that rats and other vermin cannot
use it as a breeding and hiding place as they do with all types of
brooder and colony houses which are close to the ground. This
particular type of house, shown in the illustration, we heat with
gasoline heaters especially designed for the purpose. Gasoline has
two decided advantages over kerosene. First, it furnishes a much
higher heat so that we can keep 200 chickens in a flock without
crowding instead of 50. We therefore save about three-quarters the
labor of feeding, watering and caring for the chickens. Second, the
five gallon tank of gasoline, which is stored in the peak of the build-
ing, does not need to be refilled more than once in two or three
weeks, depending upon the weather. There being no wick to trim,
the heat system therefore requires scarcely any attention from one
week to another. You will observe that the house is provided with
both cloth and glass in front. The glass window furnishes warmth
and sunshine necessary to the health and dryness and the cloth gives
ventilation. Bulletins will be issued during the year, from the ex-
periment station, giving details as to the construction of these houses
and system of heating which will be free to all who apply for them.

The four slides which follow are the results of an effort to solve
and show graphically some of the laws governing egg production.

17—7—1906.

258 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doce.

Fig. 9 represents by plotted curves the percentage egg production
of three large flocks of Leghorns on largely separate farms in the
State of New York. Observe how closely the lines follow each other
during each month of the year. Through this we deduct the law that
egg production is governed by climatic conditions which has to do
not only with the temperature, but the length of day and the amount
of sunshine. The lowest per cent. productions, it will be seeny are
in the months of October, November, December and January, the
months of lowest temperature, shortest days, and least sunshine.
The months of highest percentage production are April, May and
June, months most favorable for egg production. The total height
of these curves can be raised by increasing the per cent. of egg pro-
duction through the use of early hatched pullets and by using pullets
rather than hens.

Fig. 10 shows the variation in egg production for a year and two
months between three flocks of poor layers which laid less than 100
eggs each a year. This flock consisted of 5 Light Brahma _ pul-
lets, shown by the dash line, 22 Barred Plymouth Rocks, the solid
line, and 7 White Wyandottes, the dotted line. The upper three
lines represent the variation in egg production each month of 9
White Wyandottes, 6 Light Brahmas, and 22 Barred Plymouth
Rock pullets, each of which laid over 160 eggs per year. You will
observe that the hens which laid the least eggs did not begin to
lay until January and February, whereas, the others were laying
well in November and December. The poorer hens never reached
a production of over 13 to 14 eggs per month per hen, whereas, the
others continued for the entire spring, summer and fall, with a
record of over 16 to 20 eggs per hen per month. You will see, also
that the poorer hens got tired of their job and ceased business en-
tirely the following October, while the better hens continued to lay
from three to seven eggs a month during November and December.

A problem much discussed among poultrymen is, how long to
keep fowls for profitable egg production. Fig. 11 shows graphical
plotted curves of percentage production of certain flocks of hens
through two full years of laying, as in the previous chart the pro-
duction of three breeds are considered. It is worthy of note that
they follow pretty closely, the same general trend of productivity of
each month. Observe how much higher the curve of percentage
production is with the pullets than it is with the hens. Especially
compare September and October at the end of the first year with
the same months at the end of their second year. These hens were
all trap-nested as a means of determining the best from the poorest
layers. It is also interesting to learn whether or not it is possible
to select in any other ways than by trap nest, fowls which are to be
the best producers. One of the ways in which we may judge of
the fowls future productiveness, is by its early maturity and pre-
cocity. Occasionally this law is interfered with from the fact that
too early maturity, while it indicates possibilities of productiveness,
so weakens the fowl that it fails to meet its possibilities and our
expectations because of exhausted vitality.

Fig. 12 is an effort to show actual results in percentage produc-
tion of three flocks of pullets which began to lay first, and three
flocks of the same variety and of similar age which were latest to
begin to lay. The solid line represents those which laid first with

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No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 259

the record of from 20 to 28 per cent. production for the months of
November and December, and 40 per cent. for January, whereas, the
slowest to mature laid no eggs during November and December and
only 9 per cent. during January. Irom that time on, for two years,
they laid the same percentage, but those which began to lay last
never overcame the handicap of the three months of their tardi-
ness, November, December and January. Calculations and the de-
ductions drawn as shown by the plotted curves were made by the
writer from data found in bulletins published by the Maine State
Experiment Station, giving the trap nest records for several years
of a large number of hens.

Of equal importance to the production of good poultry and eggs
_is the problem of marketing the products at high prices. Good eggs
and poultry are worthy of neat, attractive packages. Aside from
producing good eggs, it is the easiest and most effective way to con-
vince consumers that your product is better than the other fellow’s.
Appearances count for much in the selling of any article for human
consumption. A well made, attractive, properly stenciled crate
not only enables a person to charge a higher price because of at-
tractiveness, but also insures the safe return of packages when
shipped by express, due to the fact that they are not so likely to be
overlooked and thrown off at the wrong station, also because they
are so conspicuous that they are not likely to be taken by other
shippers intentionally or through error.

The last two slides to be shown illustrate a piece of investigation
which one of the students in poultry husbandry at Cornell has been
doing the past year. To find out the difference in type of the differ-
ent breeds of poultry particularly with a view of determining charac-
teristic qualities for economical meat production, he photographed
alive, dressed, and dissected, a large number of fowls of six different
breeds, took accurate measurements and weights of the different
joints, muscles, internal organs, etc. In addition to this, he made
cross sections and longitudinal sections of various muscles from
the different varieties studied. For the purpose of illustration, it
will be sufficient for us to compare, by contrast, two of the prin-
ciple breeds which he examined.

Fig. 13 shows the Barred Rock male and the White Leghorn male
alive, dressed, and dissected. Observe the difference in type. The
long narrow body of the Leghorn and the heavy, thick, blocky body
of the Plymouth Rock. A close examination of the photograph will
reveal many differences in the size of the various parts, some of
which it may be well to mention. The intestines of the Rock
measure 70.5 inches, while that of the Leghorn was only 55.9 inches.
The caeca in the Rock measured 7.2 inches and in the Leghorn 6.6
inches. The percentage of the dressed fowl to the live weight in
the case of the Rock was 90.50 per cent., while that of the Leghorn
is 86.80 per cent. In like manner the percentage of the edible parts
of the Rock is 75.49 per cent., and that of the Leghorn 66.55 per cent.
Again the percentage of the waste parts of the Rock is only 13.42
per cent. in contrast to 16.45 in the Leghorn. Further comparisons
are as follows:

260 - ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

Male. B. P. R. | We. Leg:

MeV. Get OWN wei clote or crsisists tevin leis ie\om nieierele miele icreisisipiainicie iolarsieieieie pinintotersiierotamisintetersieictart =isietalere eta labers 100 100
Feathers, 5.16 8.15
SIOOG Fons cle clei cielo «ie AOE Dae 3.84 3.34
DITOESSO LOWS we cits clalere rere abicte cree atelainle eislalereraleiscetal ale oleleicistes Clete lacmeteisiaiciere eisvalowwiale Miaterereefeteieis 90.50 86.80
SGIDION DATES ewe denne cacmectncoeiaiine ancleseoanisnecenicacnmentaecee acer ceemeecma 75.49 66.55
R. arm, first joint, 1.63 | 1.46
R. arm, second joint, 1.88 | 1.84
ee arin first; Bombe) riences 1.68 | 1.338
L. arm, second joint, aot ioe 1.92 1.84
Revler! first joints: 7. ceencssceme See ee 7.66 | 6.26
R. leg, second joint, 6.5 5.07
Mer S tN SE ej LIC yuri ctstalolatorstsataleraisiefeletersietare ei ctsiata cals cfevete etetetoratere clara sisters ie eiaeLeroteloess elem averorate 7.92 | 6.20
L. leg, second joint, 6.39 | 5.15
AD eb go ei8) (20: ts) Eee SRR a AH RGD USEING O AOTAOCO SAN ROO RGACOO Lae nEaccoptnucappe aoroanonanod 16.50 15.95
Welt sDGCtOrals,,| dseeetvacsnciasececsace Seldentnewescineecomeine 7.53 6.80
Back, rump and neck, ....... 19.80 17.25
FERED gy 85 Wha soquo aadogscueocan «58 54
iUhAS8) | Gandoossenopconndon doses 1.54 1.50
GIZZATA, awacsnice seem eee cee eee ee SO a ae etee HlaaTare MCL Mele aaa olaveiatetomermisicte ete elsterrtoeers 1.42 | 2.09
DOLAle WAStOC DATUSS memelsiclecisise stole elsci low lo sineinicte alstolelstnieteleteiateisieteinieiaintalclatecs'o) vinialaleiatalaters)mtereil 13.42 16.45
LOWER * fadsupanodatior naocbagecD pbc pu ase oecueccacoadoEdts abn soc conUecLboManToOsebSSoc00c 58 | 46
TANI CVS oe coete nreiercie isis seivtnvete cloveisice cisTaleicfoveiele sietorasiateieisiaretalalewiaistevsisinisiersielolclesis(erestaieie-sisiatetersioets ets -45 -65
1s Gta RCS aaa ater ndoncocagnacacracemaaeoada 2.45 5.23
Shanks and toes, ... 5.86 5.48
TEBLICIERS Ae caciciivivcls vice -73 30
AME acts ava iote a a wine ssciein cla wais erste amis a(eicreaionala mate vets ais e/aTaiare) opeslelaierele ctstaisiess <leloralersseiein ie violet alaaieieys 4.66 5.89
EOS AWOL ES TIC tere cjelcteters ie tereteveinis atoteletnvciate cieleis wir (eierelacaiereinicteveteleints eleloieentele ersteteteioter clerics tetomisieistel ata lei 5.48

These tabulations seem to give a decided advantage, as an economi-
cal meat fowl, to the Barred Plymouth Rock.

Fig. 14 shows eight sections of the muscles; those on the left are
from the Plymouth Rock, those on the right from the Leghorn. The
first two on top are cross sections of the breast muscles. The next
two are longitudinal sections of the same muscles. The next two
are cross sections of the thigh. The next two are longitudinal sec-
tions of the thigh. It will be observed that the muscle, that is to
say the lean meat of the Plymouth Rock, has a larger proportion
than the Leghorn of the muscular fibres which contain the juicy,
tender meat, and a much smaller proportion of the tough connec-
tive tissue. The latter being shown by the light portion and the
former by the dark.

T regret that through lack of time it has been impossible to take
up in detail, a discussion of the problems as thoroughly as it should
have been done, and apparently there will be very little opportunity
for informal questions and discussions, which to my mind, is one
of the most important features of a meeting of this nature. I thank
you for the opportunity of speaking to so large an audience and feel
very grateful to Director Martin, and trust that I may some day
have the pleasure of meeting you again, either in your own state or
that you will visit us in New York, where I may have the pleasure
of showing you what we, at Cornell University, are trying to do for
the poultry interests of the country.

The CHAIR: The next subject for the evening is “Bee Keeping”
(illustrated by lantern slides) by Prof. H. A. Surface, Economic
Zoologist, Harrisburg, Pa.

Prof. Surface addressed the audience on the subject of Bee Cul-
ture, illustrating his remarks by lantern slides, showing the various
processes of handling, and the methods of keeping bees, as fol-
lows:

Hig. 13:

. 14,

Fi

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 261

BEES AND HONEY.

By PROF. H. A. SURFACH, State Zoologist, and Prof. of Zoology in the Penna. State Co!lege.

I find “Bees and Honey” is a popular subject when viewed from
the standpoint of the consumer, for there are very few persons in-
deed who do not enjoy this most delicious and healthful food; but
from the standpoint of the producer it is not so popular in this State,
as we do not have nearly as many bee-keepers as there should be to
supply the honey that is desired for use.

I do not understand why there is not more Honey produced in
this great State of Pennsylvania, which has flowers of great variety,
producing nectar for the most excellent honey, almost all seasons
of the year, from early spring to late fall, unless it be that our
citizens have not learned the real art and science of bee-keeping.
In our State, Nature has done her work, and is only waiting man-
kind to do his to make this State literally one that is “flowing with
milk and honey.”

Since having taken up this subject in earnest, and studied it from
a printed and scientific source as well as by practical means, I have
become convinced that there is no subject along agricultural lines
that engages the attention of mankind concerning which the ma-
jority of people know so little and of which there is so much to learn
in order to be successful. At one time a man who kept a few bees
was called a “bee-keeper.” Perhaps he was. To-day a man who
produces honey is known as a Bee-culturist or Apiculturist, just as
we have Agriculturists and Horticulturists, and he must know con-
cerning his business fully as much as his brothers know of their
business, respectively. When he gains a practical knowledge of his
profession it is certain to yield him greater returns for his compara-
tively small outlay than if he should engage in any other side line
of agriculture. Concerning the profits from Apiculture, when run
in a practical way, there can be no possible doubt, but it is to the
farmer who wishes to produce enough honey for his own family
and his immediate friends that I wish to speak.

As President of the Pennsylvania State Bee-Keepers’ Association,
I have been asked by Director Martin to prepare an address on “Bee-
Keeping” that might help the farmers of this State. To do this I
have prepared many slides for this occasion and shall use them as
I speak.

The bee-keeper who is to succeed should know the facts of such
subjects, as the honey-producing plants, their date of appearance,
the yield and abundance, the general structures, habits and life-
history of the honey-bees, the methods of handling bees with safety,
the manipulation of them to obtain the best results, modern hives,
the best methods of changing from the old to the modern hives, the
use of foundation or sheets of wax where the comb is to be found,
methods of getting rid of the drones where not wanted and of pro-
ducing drones where needed, the methods of producing queens or
buying queens of a desired strain or race and introducing them into
the hive, and getting rid of those already there, clipping the wings
of the queen and thus prevent loss of bees by swarming, dividing

262 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

the hives or colonies and entirely preventing swarming, moving
bees from one place to another, wintering them safely and cheaply,
feeding them at such time of the year as is necessary, getting the
best results from using pound sections to produce the comb honey in
the neatest possible way, or extracting and producing the liquid
honey, the method of marketing honey in the most attractive and
successful manner, the enemies and diseases of bees, and should
recognize these evils and know how to overcome them. There is
much more to be said about bee-keeping but this is a synopsis of the
points to which I wish to call your attention in this limited address.

What is honey? Honey is defined by the Pure Food Standard as
being the Nectar of Flowers, or the saccharine exudations of plants,
gathered, transformed and stored by the honey-bees. Thus it can
be seen that if a person should attempt to feed his bees with glucose,
sugar, or syrup of any kind, and the bees should store it and cap it
like honey, this substance would not be the regular article, and any
one could be prosecuted for selling adulterated honey if he should
sell that which had ben adulterated by this method. At this time
I wish also to take the opportunity to say that there is no such
thing as artificial comb-honey and comb-honey can not be made artifi-
cially. The National Bee-Keepers’ Association has a standing offer
of a forfeit of $2,000 to any person who will give them two pounds
of comb honey so made that it is not readily detected. I am a mem-
ber of their Publication Committee, and it is our duty to dissimi-
nate such facts as these, as it is now quite generally but wrongly
supposed that honey is generally adulterated by all kinds of sub-
stances.

Honey-producing Plants.—The bee-keepers should know the honey-
producing plants ‘of his region, and their dates of yield, in order
that he can build up his colonies and get them as strong as possible
at the beginning of the important flow of honey, and also in order
that he can be prepared for a heavy crop by having all apparatus
and parts of the hives ready to be put on or changed at any time,
without a moment’s delay when the bees have filled the super or
storage receptacle. The loss of only a few days during the height
of the honey flow often means swarming fever and the loss of a
swarm or more. Among the first plants in spring we have all the
Maples, which do not yield a great deal of honey, but their pollen is
very important in feeding the young bees and stimulating the queens
to egg-laying. The Box Elder is likewise an early pollen-producing
plant, and the willows, especially the Pussy Willow, are important
in this regard. Where these are found in abundance the bees will
increase rapidly aud will be in good order by the time for the fruit
blossoms. However, the blossoms of the fruits, such as peach, plum,
cherry, apple and pear are generally of the greatest value in build-
ing up a colony and stimulating the rapid egg-laying of the queen,
and thus putting them in good shape for the white clover, which is of
greatest importance in our country. It is true that for a short time
we have a tremendous flow of fine white honey from the black locust
or yeliow locust, as it is also called, as I know that this spring some
colonies stored as much as twenty pounds of honey in one week.

Where bass-wood is yet to be found in sufficient quantities, this
is one of the most important honey-producing plants of our State,
but it has been destroyed to such extent that it is not generally re-

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 263

garded as important in honey-producing at the present time. Sumac
and the late maples are of some value, but there is no plant like the
white clover. Alsike, where grown, is valued for honey. While it
is not generally believed in the East that Alfalfa is a nectar-pro-
ducing plant, we have recently found Honey-bees, Bumble-bees,
Butterflies and Skippers on alfalfa flowers, and we have seen it yield
well developed seeds in Cumberland county. It is our opinion that
insects would not visit it if it were not nectar-producing. It is
one of the most valuable honey-producing plants in the western
part of the United States.

Aiter the white clover comes the Mellilotus or Sweet Clover, of
which we have two varieties, the Yellow which is early, and the
White, which is later, and is prolonged through July into August.
In rich damp valleys this is a most valuable honey-producing plant,
while on the hillsides and along roads the catnip is often found in
such abundance that it is an important factor in producing nectar
The various mints are also important in midsummer and _ later.
Later in the season we have the far-famed buckwheat with its dark
well flavored honey, which, where grown, makes it possible for the
bee-keeper to remove all the white clover honey from the hive and
the bees will make their entire winter store from the buckwheat.
In the southeastern part of this State, especially in the low lands
and along streams, there is a plant known as the Yellow Plant or
Yellow Autumn Flower. When the seed is mature it is known as
the Spanish-needle (Bidens). This is a valuable plant and yields
an abundance of honey for the winter storage. While red clover
is grown in this State, the bumble-bees make the greatest use of it,
for the honey-bees do not usually work upon it unless the flowers
are short, as on sandy soil or during a dry season. While Red
Clover Honey Bees are advertised by some dealers, they are nothing
more than a good grade of Italians and a great many of them are
no better than some of the other strains.

The inhabitants of a hive consist of (a) the queen, who is the egg-
layer or the mother of the entire colony, (b) a few or many drones,
which are the males and which are present only during certain parts
of the year, and (c) a great many workers, which are rudimentary
females, and which may develope the function to lay eggs if they
be long deprived of a queen. However, their eggs, not being fer-
tilized, always hatch drones. When they are preparing to swarm
or when the queen dies, is lost or becomes infirm from age or dis-
ease, the bees construct queen cells and feed the larval bees with a
secretion from their heads, known as royal jelly, until the young
queens are full grown. A young queen then comes forth and takes
the place of the old queen. This displacing a worn-out queen by a
young one is known to bee-keepers as superseding.

Swarming is nothing more than the old queen leading most of
the old workers in flight to a new place and establishing a colony.
The new queens are left in the hive, and the strongest one kills all
the others. If at any time the queen be removed or lost by any
means, the bees immediately proceed to feed royal jelly to some of
the larve that are less than three days of age and continue to feed
them abundantly with this substance until full grown, when they
are enclosed in their cells a few days and then emerge as queens.
The first one out of the cell bites open the other queen cells and kills

264 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

the inhabitant of each. All young bees are fed on this royal jelly,
which is a secretion from glands in the head of the workers, only
during the first three days of their lives, after which they are fed
on thin honey and pollen or bee bread, and then they develop into
workers instead of queens, as they would have done if fed differently,
Bees do not make queens except when their queen is lost or infirm,
or about to swarm.

The structure of the bee is important, as the protection of the
bee-keeper depends on it. The bee has two kinds of eyes, one known
as the ocellus or simple eye, which is a large single lens, three of
which are placed in the head. The other is the compound eye, which
consists of a great number of lenses placed together to form one
eye at each side of the head. It is known that bees have very ac-
curate far sight and fine near sight, and it is thought that one of
these eyes is for seeing objects at a great distance and the other for
seeing them at very close range. The bee keeper takes advantage
of this and can stand fairly near the hive and is not attacked, while
objects twenty feet away, or even more, receive the attention of the
angry bees. The tongue of a honey-bee is generally about one-
fourth (4) inch long. While an effort has been made to breed longer
tongued bees in order that they may reach the bottom of the red
clover tubes, this has not been accomplished as yet. The sting of
the bee is attached to a poison sack, and is also provided with muscles
to force it into objects. Owing to the backward barbs on its tip
it is frequently left behind and causes the death of the owner. If
the sting be removed immediately after it is inserted, but little poison
passes through it, but if it be left for some time it continues to go
deeper into the skin of the victim, and the muscles continue to work
and force the poison through the tube and cause considerable pain.
In removing the sting the operator should be careful not to grasp
and squeeze the sting and thus force more poison into the flesh, but
should scrape it away so that the poison will not be squeezed through
the hollow dart from the poison sack. Applications of ammonia,
soda and water, essence of Jemon, or other substances will relieve
the pain of the sting, but the bee-keeper soon becomes almost im-
mune to stings and works with the bees with bare hands without
fear of being stung occasionally. :

The legs of the worker bees are provided with bags for carrying
the pollen, which becomes the bread of the young. In their diges-
tive tract they have the honey sack, which is not the stomach, where
they carry the nectar which they gather and make it into honey
by the addition of a little formic acid. When the bees reach the
cells in which the honey is to be stored they disgorge the precious
burdens through their mouths.

By a peculiar arrangement of the reproductive organs, the fer-
tilized queen bee is able to lay worker eggs or drone eggs at will.
This is because the eggs which are fertilized hatch into queens and
workers, and those which are not fertilized produce only drones.
The queen mates but once in her lifetime, when flying high in the
air, and the fertilizing element is retained in a small sack at the
side of the duct of the ovary. When laying the egg, a small portion
of this is permitted to reach each of the worker eggs, but in laying
the drone eggs this is held tightly in the closed sack.

The queen commences to lay eggs in the middle of the comb, near

1. First Step in Transferring to New Hive. Driving Bees up from Old Hive
into New. Scene in Apiary of Prof. H. A. Surface, State College, Pa.

2. Second Step in Transferring a Coiony of Bees from an Old Hive into New.
Splitting away the Side of the Old Hive Parallel with the Sheets of Comb.
Photographed by H. A. Surface, in his own Apiary.

‘eq “OD puvjzequing ‘ITH dwep ye ‘Auvidy [vyueutsed
XO. SIU UL 9DeJINS “V “H ‘fold Jo ‘oj0Uq ‘SeATHR UOpOIW AOJ sowwBVIgq Mou
OJUL SdIIJG UIpOOM YIM SQWOD SUIUZISeY ‘Soog SUIIIOJSUBAL, UL des ply ‘§

4. Fourth Step in Transferring Bees.—Placing Newly Filled Frames and Shak-
ing Remaining Bees into new Hive. Photo. of Prof. H. A. Surface and Assist-
ant in Experiment Apiary at Camp Hill, Cumberland Co., Pa.

5. Comb in Center of a Frame Showing Young Bees or Larve just Hatched and
Surrounded with ‘“‘Bee Milk’ for Food, and also Eggs (White Specks) in
Surrounding Cells. Photo. by H. A. Surface.

6. Full Frame of Drone Comb, Made by Placing in one Frame Several Small
Pieces of Drone Comb Cut from other Hives. Used for Cbtaining Caucasian
Drones for Mating Purposes. Photo. by H. A. Surface, in his Apiary.

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 265

the centre of the hive. She does this with system, passing around
the comb in widening circles from the center toward the outside.
These eggs hatch in three days, and if they be made queens they
develop into the winged queen and mature in about 15 days. The
workers require 21 days and the drones take about 24 days to de-
velop. The number of eggs may vary from 800 to 3,000 per day and
depends to a great extent upon the number of bees in the colony to
care for the young and the amount of honey coming in. During
a time of scarcity there are very few eggs laid and during a heavy
honey flow there are a great many if the queen can then find room
for them.

It is possible to take advantage of this knowledge and build up
a colony by artificial feeding at a time shortly previous to a heavy
honey flow, in order to get the benefits of a strong colony at such
time. By feeding my bees upon syrup made with granulated sugar
(1 part) and water (2 parts), I have induced egg-laying and brood-
rearing to such an extent that the hives were full of bees at the
height of the fruit season and an immense amount of honey was
stored before most of the other bees commenced to do much work.

The most essential instrument in working with the bees is a
smoker and I would as soon think of making a practice of driving
horses without lines as of working with bees without a smoker. It
immediately surpresses all insubordinate bees and lets them know
they have a true master. However, bees should not be smoked in-
discriminately, at all times, or to a point of suffocation, as even a
small puff keeps them in a hive for sometime and consequently re-
duces their services as honey-gatherers for that length of time.
Some persons will go among their bees frequently and handle them
with neither veil or gloves and not be injured by them, while others
are badly stung and say they can not keep bees at all. We must
remember there are three things which arouse the anger of bees,
and when they become fully infuriated they become utterly indiffer-
ent to their own death or suffering: One of these is a compara-
tively light tapping or jarring of the hive; another is the breath
blown gently on them and also offensive odors from the operator,
and the third is the sight of fur or hair. The explanation of this is
that for centuries the home of the bees has been in trees and their
greatest enemies were the bears and such other animals as could
climb the trees. The slight scratching of the bears on the bark
of the trees as they climbed was sufficient to apprise the bees of
the approach of their enemy, and as a consequence this instinct or
inherited fear and quick anger under such conditions is retained
to-day. Another thing, the bear approached the hole in which the
bees lived and breathed in it and they thus became aware of their
enemy and would make an attempt to dislodge it. In this is found
the reason for the anger of the bees when a warm breath blown
gently upon them. The anger from seeing hair or fur is a relic of
the time when their greatest enemies were the hairy animals. Con-
sequently, when bee-keepers go into the bee yard, especially ladies,
without a hat or veil it is only to be expected that the bees will be
angered and that they will be stung. Likewise it is a common be-
lief that in order to hive bees with the best success the owner or
operator should wash himself and change his clothes. This prob-
ably has for its basis the fact that bees are offended at certain odors,

18

266 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

as mentioned before. However, the smoker will immediately quell
such insubordination, if taken in time, and as said before, this is
the most essential implement for the person who keeps bees and
produces honey.

It is also necessary to have modern hives with movable frames,
as it is impossible to have success with old-fashioned box hives or
gums. To use a hive that can be opened and examined in every
part at will is as necessary in modern bee culture as it is to plant
corn in rows for the modern cultivation of the corn, and we would
as soon try to cultivate a crop of miscellaneously scattered corn and
produce first class results as we would try to get the best results
in bee-keeping by using the old box hives. With the old style hives
it is impossible to know when the bees in the hive are diseased and
apply remedies, or learn when they have enemies (worms) and re-
move them, or to Italianize or introduce a new queen, or to find the
queen and clip her wings or remove her, or give them the care that
is necessary for intelligent bee culture, or to produce either comb
honey in sections or extracted honey.

There are many styles of modern hives, but they all agree in hav-
ing movable frames, suspended at the top or ends, and which can
be taken out separately and at will. For general purposes in honey
production, we regard the 10-frame dove-tail hive, with style of
frame known as the Langstroth, as the best that can be used. With
such a hive one should have the super or top fitted with honey sec-
tions one inch thick, four inches wide and five inches high. These,
when fairly full, will hold just about a pound each. Each of these
supers will contain 28 such sections. These hives can be ordered in
the flat and nailed together by the receiver, or if he dosen’t know
how to do this he can order one hive nailed together as a sample
and the rest in the flat, and he can then put them together. It is
necessary that all parts fit, to the fraction of an inch, and when all
the hives are the same size the frames can be changed from one hive
to another. We consider it so very important that all the hives in
one apiary be of the same size and make, that we have recently
thrown away 18 hives of the movable frame type because they were
not the exact size and shape as the rest in our regular apairy. Un-
less one has lumber, tools and time in abundance he can certainly
buy his hives ready-cut much cheaper than he can make them him-
self. I would not, under any circumstances, advise the use of differ-
ent size and shape hives in the same apiary. This is because of the
fact that the bee-keeper often desires to change the frames from
one hive to another, and he can not do this without uniformity.
When the hives with the movable frames are used, and the frames
are filled with straight comb or sheets of wax as a foundation, there
is no danger of the bees building crooked comb. However, it is
quite necessary that the hives be kept full of frames, and these
should be kept so close together that there is just the distance of
one bee’s-space between (three-eighth inch) them. When the frames
stand further apart the combs are quite liable to be irregular in
thickness and they will no longer be interchangeable.

In working with bees at any time it is best to wear a veil. The
one who works without a veil is fool hardy, but he does not need
to work with gloves or hand-protectors, as this is somewhat of an
impediment. With the smoker he should puff lightly into the

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 267

entrance of the hive, then pry off the cover just enough to allow
the smoke to go in but not enough to let the bees out, puff some
smoke under the cover and then lift it off, shaking the bees from
it near the entrance of the hive. Then pry a frame at one side
enough to loosen it and lift it out, shake the bees in front of the
hive and stand the frame down against the outside of the hive or at
the rear, near at hand. Remember to take out the outer frame first.
If it be held fast by burr comb cut it loose with a long bread knife.
After the first frame has been removed it is easy to pry aside the
other frames, and they can be raised and examined for eggs, drone
comb, queens, queen cells, moths, and disease. If worker eggs be
found the bee-keeper knows that the hive has a queen and she has
been laying within three days. If no eggs be found and queen cells
be present he will know that the queen has been lost, probably in
the last manipulation, and that the bees are engaged in rearing a
new queen. He can then, if he wish, remove all the young bees
(“worms” or larva) from the queen cells and in their place insert
those of some strain or variety which he may wish the new queen to
be. In this way he can produce his own queens without trouble or
expense,

It is very important for the bee-keeper to be able to remove the
drone comb when he doesn’t want it and thus prevent considerable
loss by these lazy fellows consuming good honey. In this way he
can also prevent the drones from appearing in certain hives that he
may not wish to propagate in his apairy. On the other hand, by in-
serting drone comb into frames where he may wish the drones he
can thus propagate the good qualities of his best hives. The bee-
keeper should select for propagation only those which have yielded
the largest amount of honey, as it is not at all advisable to rear
queens from a poor hive or queen. It is best to remove the poor
queen from the hive and introduce a better one. At the end of
four or five days cut out all the queen cells that are found in the
frames in the queenless hive and out of the desired hive remove
a frame with the eggs and insert in the poor hive. From these
new queens will be reared. The detailed method of rearing queens
is so complicated that we cannot discuss the subject here but would
simply show how it is possible. In looking over the frames the
evidences of diseases of bees can be found and the proper remedies
applied, the larve of the bee moth can be detected and removed,
the drone comb can be cut out or inserted as desired, and queen cells
can be cut out or can be inserted them from other hives. For ex-
ample, if I have several hives which are not yielding as much as I
think they should I can start one of them to making queen cells by
the methods mentioned, and when these queen cells are completed
and capped they will be about the size and shape of a peanut. I
then remove each queen from the hives I wish to re-queen, cut a
queen cell from the desirable hive, and set it in the comb of the hive
from which a poor queen has been removed. In this way a queen-
less colony is started to rearing queens for several hives, and I have
no trouble in transferring the queen cells with the new queens in
them and re-queening each colony.

With the modern frame hives there is no difficulty in introducing
a new queen of a different race. I have recently had bees sent
from the different states in the Union, and in fact from across the

268 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

ocean. They come by mail in cages, and all that is necessary is to
open the cages and follow introduction methods in some good book
on bee-keeping and introduce them to the queenless colony. Have
the opening through which the queen would crawl stopped with
bee sugar, which is honey and powdered sugar mixed together.
While the bees are eating this away to release the imported queen,
they are becoming acquainted with her, and in a day or two will
accept her as queen. Of course the hives must be made queenless
before it is wished to introduce a new queen. This of course can
not be done with an old style hive where the operator could not
look through the hive and find the old queen. We take this oppor
tunity to denounce against the so called observation hives, which
are frame hives with glass on all sides. They are expensive and al-
luring, and while the outer side of each of the frames that are on the
sides can easily be observed, one can not see what is taking place in
the interior of the hive and can not see the queen nor the young bees
without taking out the frames, as with the ordinary frame hives.

It is easy to transfer bees from an old style hive to a new one.
Have the smoker ready for use. The first step is to smoke the bees
in the old hive, open a hole at the top so they can pass up through
it, set the new hive on top of the old one, and by pounding the old
one and occasionally puffing smoke into the same, drive the bees
from the old hive into the new. As soon as the queen comes out
there will be a grand rush into the new apartment in the upper story.
Remove the cross sticks, if any, and split off the side of the old
hive that is parallel to the sheets of comb within it, and also split
off the bottom or pound it off with a hammer. With a large knife
like a bread knife cut out the sheets of comb with honey brood.
Lay it on a board and using one of the new frames as a pattern cut
the comb to fit the frame as closely as possible. Fasten it in with
thin sticks, as shown in the illustration, or with strong rubber
bands. If the rubber bands are used they must be very strong, to
prevent lopping over at the top. The frames are then put into the
new hives. If the comb is uneven it should be cut so as to fit and
permit all the frames to be put parallel in the hive. Avoid crush-
ing the bees at all times and especially now, as it is hard to tell
where the queen is and if she be killed the most valuable part of
the hive is lost.

I have had my students and visitors at State College help me in
this work with safety, and it can be done by any one who is willing
to undertake it. In fastening the comb in the frames the sticks
can be placed either diagonally or vertically, as shown in the illus-
tration. The bees will soon fasten this at the sides and top and
the sticks can then be removed and the frames will be in a first
class condition. If there be not enough comb to fill all the frames,
as many should be entirely filled as possible. Make it straight so
that the frames can be put in without crowding the comb against
other frames. Where there are any fragments of broken comb left
it can be made into bees wax which is quite valuable. If there
should not be enough comb in the old hive to fill all the frames of
the new hive, foundation sheets, which are sheets of beeswax rolled
thin and the impression of the base of the cells marked on it, should
be put on the remaining empty frames. All foundation should be
fastened in place with fine wire imbedded init. In most cases where

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State College, Pa., Showing Row of Hives (at right,

7. Interior View of Bee House, at Former Apiary o
Same, and Bee-Keeping Appliances (at left).

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No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 269

this is not used the bees will not build the comb straight. This
foundation is very important and should be uscd by all practical
bee-keepers.

We have mentioned the possibility of losing bees at the swarm-
ing time. This can be entirely prevented by clipping the wings of
the queen at any time after she commences to lay, and there will
then be no need for the bee-keeper to chase swarms and climb trees
to take them down. We have not had a swarm of bees in two years,
by dividing the colonies. If the wings of the queen be cut she can
not fly, and even if they start to swarm they will miss the queen
and return to the hive. If the owner is near he can pick up the
queen and put her near the hive entrance, or if the hive be close
to the ground she will crawl back into it when she finds she is unable
to fly away.

Races of Bees.—There are a great many different races of bees,
with varying qualities or characteristics. While it is my firm
opinion that the best bee for the American bee-keeper, according
to our present knowledge, is the Italian, yet the Caucasian is so
gentle as to have earned the title of the “stingless” bee. Students
and visitors at the College have handled my bees on the frames
without any smoke having been used in opening the hives or any
other way, and without veils or gloves, as shown in the illustration,
However, with proper handling, the Carniolians and the Italians
can also be manipulated without smoke. The Cyprians are the
crossest we have, but they are at the same time great workers. We
believe that there is great promise in the improved honey bee which
has the Caucasian race for the paternal ancestors and the Cyprian
race for the maternal. This cross would give from the male the
gentleness which is characteristic of the Caucasian race, and from
the female the hustling ability to gather honey, which is a feature
of the Cyprians.

Wintering Bees.—We do not think it necessary to fave special
caves or cellars for bees, although there is great loss in this State
each year from the failure to winter properly. We have found that
the first requirement for wintering is to have the hives well filled
with honey. Each hive should have at least 30 pounds of sealed
honey or be fed with sugar dissolved in water till they have that
much. In warm weather this can be used at the rate of one part
sugar and two parts water, but in cold weather they should be fed
in equal parts. Each hive should have a queen and be without dis-
ease or moths. When the larve of the bee moth is found in the
hives they should be well cleaned, and they will be in good condi-
tion again. Last year we packed out hives in large boxes with a
thickness of four or five inches of hay or straw packing around
them at all sides, including the bottom. Arrangements were made
for the bees to pass out through a little box for the cleansing fly
when desired. We lost but one colony, and that was due to chang-
ing them so late that they were unable to put in enough stores to
feed them properly.

Bee-keeping for Women.—The success of bee-keeping by women
has been proven by many ladies who have handled them with great
success, showing they are qualified for this.

Honey producers will find that the pound sections, put on the
market in the most attractive way possible, will give them good

270 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.
{

profit. If he desire not to produce comb honey but to produce the
liquid or extracted honey he will need an extractor. He can then
uncap the honey cells in the frame, extract it, and place the comb
back in the hives. By careful manipulation he will be able to pro-
duce nearly three times as much extracted honey as comb honey
from the same bees, because he saves the time of the bees in mak-
ing the comb and since 15 pounds of honey are required by the
bees to make one pound of comb. This amounts to a great deal.

No person should think bee-keeping is all smooth sailing. There
are a great many points to be obtained, practical and otherwise,
and these are objections to many people. They are liable to dis-
eases, such as Black Brood and Foul Brood which has been known
to carry off entire apairies. They may die by being wet and chilled
or starved during the winter and from other causes. It is indeed
true that for many persons the knowledge of this subject is very
limited. To have the best success, the bee-keeper should read and
follow the suggestions given in some of our modern books on
bee-keeping and subscribe for one or two of the seven up-to-date
Journals published on this subject in America.

In conclusion, I wish to urge the importance of every person in-
terested in joining the State Bee-Keepers’ Association to aid in the
advancement of this important but greatly neglected industry. We
need legislation for the detection and suppression of contagious
bee diseases and more instruction ‘n this subject. “In union there
is strength.” When our State Association is strong enough or has
enough members, it will procure for all bee-keepers the protection,
legislation, aid and State publications that they need. For circulars
concerning the Association, write to the Secretary. Mr. L. R. White,
Office of the State Zoologist, Harrisburg, Pa., or to the speaker,
upon whom rests the duties of the office of President.

On motion, duly seconded, the meeting adjourned until half-past
eight o’clock to-morrow morning.

Court House, Clearfield, Pa.,
Thursday, 8.30 A. M., May 31, 1906.

The DEPUTY SECRETARY: Gentlemen of the Normal Institute:
We have now come to the last day of the meeting. Owing to a very
pleasant change in the program yesterday, being Memorial Day, we
were compelled to drop one session, and by the way, a very important
session of this meeting. That session was important because it in-
volved the entire management of township, county and State
methods of the farmers institutes of Pennsylvania, hence we ap-
preciate its importance.

There is involved in this the local management of the county
chairmen. I have in mind quite a number of propositions which
it is desirable to present to the county chairmen of the institutes
of Pennsylvania, and by the very many requests coming to us ask-
ing that the session be not dispensed with, we have finally decided
that at least the one-half of the forenoon shall be devoted to the in-
terests of farmers’ institutes.

Before entering upon the work of the session, I want to make a

ee ee ee ee eee roe, ye a: oe

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 271

statement or two. I am in receipt of a letter from Professor Wells
W. Cooke, one of our excellent scientific institute instructors, of
Washington, D. C., stating that he is prevented from attending this
meeting on account of the severe and probably last sickness of Mrs.
Cooke. In this sad hour we all join in heartfelt sympathy.

Also that Professor Surface, being President of the Bee-Keepers’
Association, asked me to request all persons engaged in bee-keep-
ing in Pennsylvania to send to him at Harrisburg, Pa., their post-
office address, as he desires to correspond with them. Please bear
that in mind all those who are engaged in bee-keeping.

I think there are no other announcements, except to say that
those persons who were placed on the program for what will be the
regular session this morning, all I believe have manuscripts, and
if time will not permit them to be heard, they will be printed in our
bulletin, giving the proceedings of this meeting, so that if you do
not hear these papers to-day they will all come out in printed form
in due time.

MR. HUTCHISON: Mr. Chairman, I move that the Deputy Sec-
retary be requested to send a telegram of sympathy to Prof. Cooke
in this sad hour.

The motion being duly seconded, it was unanimously agreed to.
Mr. A, P. Young, of Millville, Pa., in the Chair.

MR. YOUNG: We will now take up the order of the day. The
first thing in order is the discussion which is to be opened by our
worthy Secretary Martin.

The DEPUTY SECRETARY: Mr. Chairman and Ladies and
Gentlemen: When we are at home and in our office sometimes we
think of some very elaborate things which we desire to express
and present to the Institute. There are two or three reasons why
I shall not give a long talk as I had expected and intended to do;
one is,that about ten days since I was taken with a very severe and
heavy cold which simply prohibits me from using my voice beyond
a certain stage, and you will understand that I must necessarily ab-

' breviate. There are, however—and I want to say in the out-start

to the County Chairmen of Institutes, that whatever of success
and advancement in the great work devised for the instruction of
the farmers of Pennsylvania, is*largely due to your untiring and
unselfish effort in the counties which you represent.

Now do not understand by this statement that you are all perfect
men; do not understand that you might not have done some things
which might have accomplished better results. Indeed, whenever
the time comes that we have arrived at such a condition when noth- °
ing better can be done, our work will have been accomplished in
Pennsylvania. But let me say quietly to you, that as long as man
tills the soil on this great earth of ours, the time will never come
when it will not be necessary for the farmer to procure and secure
knowledge, practice and instruction, greater, broader and deeper
than he has already attained. The reason for this is, that agricul-
ture embraces and gathers within itself all other sciences; chemistry,
botany and everything pertaining thereto, and those sciences are
based upon great natural principles; principles that emanate from

272 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

their source in the great Divine mind, and can you not readily see
that the mind that is finite will never be able to fathom the depths
which we must search after in order to arrive at the best conclu-
sions and the best practice upon the farms of Pennsylvania. This
gives us some idea and enables us to some extent to appreciate the
high and the vast work in which we are engaged, and in order to be
more direct, I have thought and now fully believe, that in the
history of farmers’ institutes in Pennsylvania, that we ought to
have more compact county and township farmers’ organizations;
that we ought to have in every county in Pennsylvania, a permanent
organization of farmers known by some appropriate name, organized
as a continuous body in order that we may carry on this work more
efficiently in conjunction with the Department of Agriculture, and
to uphold and sustain the hands of the county chairmen of insti-
tutes. With that object in view, we have prepared and arranged
a constitution for county farmers’ institute-societies providing for
the organization of such a society in every county in the State. We
have had this printed. We want the county chairmen of institutes
and all others to get a copy, and if some one will please distri-
bute those now among the audience, I shall be obliged.

The need of such an organization is imperative. To-day there is
just one organization in Pennsylvania which gives you, as the chair-
men of institutes, the right to ask a man to serve and aid in this
work, the county society, and if he chooses to serve, we recognize
him as county chairman of institutes.

Now there has grown up in Pennsylvania many or ganizations of
farmers. We have farmers’ clubs, farmers’ alliances, farmers’
unions, local granges, Pomona granges, those in all or "nearly all
of the counties of the State, and these various organizations are
organized voluntarily and thus they help you along.

Now if you will examine this constitution you will see that it
provides—that out of these organizations, they can elect a com-
mittee, they can elect a representative from all these organizations,
and they will form the executive committee who will make arrange-
ments to help along with the local work of these farmers’ insti-
tutes.

What we want to do, in my judgment, is to so arrange matters
that we will have in ev ery county and township in Pennsylvania an
organization of men devoted to this work. There is just a little
more about that yet. It is my duty and it has been my work for sev-
eral years to collect from the agricultural societies of Pennsyl-
vania the statistics of their fairs, and exhibitions, the moneys ex-
pended, and I am in particularly close touch with them. I find that
probably more than a half of these county fairs do not really rep-
resent a real agricultural fair or agricultural exhibit.

Now what do we want as farmers? In my judgment, to get an
organization of bona fide farmers who have at heart this work.
There is an Act of Assembly under which some of the county chair-
men of institutes have been acting very wisely; even this county of
Clearfield has availed itself of it; the county of Lackawanna, where
Mr. Northup has had charge, has availed itself of these aids; so
I say we want county farmers’ organizations and agricultural so-
cieties that will raise funds to the amount of a hundred dol-

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 278

lars; they can draw from each county an equal amount of a hun-
dred dollars to be used for agricultural education and development.

Thus when we form an organization of the character here intended
and get your societies in the townships and counties thoroughly or-
ganized, you will have a demand for fifty or twenty-five days of in-
struction, as you choose to make it, and get a thousand or two thou-
sand members. hen you will be able to raise that hundred dol-
lars without an effort and draw the additional hundred dollars from
the county and be equipped, not only for agricultural exhibits in
these institutes and other places, but you will demonstrate that you
are actually engaged in developing agriculture in your home coun-
ties.

A Member: Does not the law say that it must be a free contri-
bution?

The DEPUTY SECRETARY: It is a free contribution; it is for
the purpose of agriculture and no other,

Now that is not all that is in our mind about this matter. My
friends, agricultural education, in order that it may be accomplished
satisfactorily, is a great work, and to a great extent is twofold.
The first is to have mentally conceived an idea, and the next part
of that education is to carry it out with your hands in actual prac-
tice. We have come to a time in the history of farmers’ institutes
in Pennsylvania in which we not only give and must give the cor-
rect oral instruction in open farmers’ institutes and we can never
dispense with that—for as long as man lives and has a tongue and
intellect, we musi have oral instruction, but then, in order to couple
together these two great principles, we must organize in these coun-
ties for actual practice, namely, schools of practice in our insti-
tutes running for a week or two weeks in the different counties of
the state in which we will take up such subjects as dairying, and
we want to enlist the young men as well as the old in the work, and
have a two weeks’ school at some of the dairy farms, and gather
in a hundred young men and old men, and go through the actual
practice, not only teaching by word, but by practice.

We are approaching that time, and when it comes, then we will
have with it, out on these farms of Pennsylvania, men who, when
they enter upon any special line of farm pursuits, will not only
have the mental knowledge, but the practice to carry that on to
SUCCESS.

Now I have developed to you somewhat the degree of instruction
both oral and practical that I think we should have in these
farmers’ institutes. I do not know how you feel about this, I think
T know, but I may be mistaken, but I am certain that you are all in-
terested in the work; I know that from the conversations and let-
ters I have received. Take the suggestions home with you, and
discuss them in your grangers’ and farmers’ unions and amongst
your friends, and in counties where there is no organization, and
start to work and form these organizations, and when the next Legis-
lature meets, we will have the law so amended that it will amalga-
mate and bring together all the different organizations in one great
combine for united effort in this work.

My friends, until that time comes, some improvements which we
think should be acted upon by the County Chairmen, which are es-

18—7—1906

274 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

sentially necessary under existing conditions, and I know you will
not regard me as censorious when I say thag there is not a county
chairman of institutes to-day who has fulfilled his duty as he ought
to, if he has not had prepared at least six weeks before an institute
is to come off in his locality, a complete program for that meeting,
and had it printed, and that program ought to be printed in num-
bers—large numbers, and distributed throughout the country as a
means of giving information to the farmers of that county as to
who of the State speakers will be present, the topics they will dis-
cuss, coupled with an invitation to be present.

I believe that in every county except two or three, this has been
done. I know that one or two counties failed to print programs, and
I call attention to that. We suggest that the program for each in-
stitute, say there are to be held eight institutes in a county, four
two-day institutes, where the practice has been to have the pro-
gram for one printed on a separate sheet of paper. The next one
is printed on another sheet of paper and so on; the expense in
that way is almost trebled. I advise the county chairmen of insti-
tutes to go to some printer in their county and have the programs
for all the institutes of that county printed together on one sheet;
go to that printer and find out what he will print a certain num-
ber, one thousand or two thousand for, and have them all printed
on one sheet. That becomes an advertisement not only for one in-
stitute but for all the institutes in the county, and in that way
you will get them all printed so as to cover all the institutes to be
held in the county nearly as cheaply as you will the programs for
one institute. I throw out that suggestion to you now. I think
it would be good practice. I want to suggest further, make that a
business proposition everytime. I do not mean by that that you
should go to the printer and try to “jew” him down, not that, but
make it strictly a business proposition.

Now my friends, I want to commend these county chairmen for
a good many things, but time will not permit me to commend you
for all the things I would like to mention.

There is one matter to which I wish to direct your attention.
These speakers who come from a distance, you know they are en-
gaged in a very arduous work. They are often obliged to travel by
day and by night; they endure great exposure, and the time has
passed, my friends, when the impression that once prevailed to some
extent in Pennsylvania that these fellows were traveling around
over the State having a good time at the State’s expense, needs re-
futation. You know and I know that such is not the case, and no
county chairman of institutes has discharged his duty to the ful-
lest extent that has not arranged for a hotel or suitable stopping
place for these lecturers and procured a separate room for every one
of them. The State is willing to pay for that, such accommodations
ought to be provided, and provision ought to be made not only for
a separate room, but if the weather is cold and severe, that room
should be heated and made comfortable for these lecturers. Why
do I say all this? Simply because these men have to talk in rooms
where the ventilation is frequently not good, and they have to talk
there for an hour or two hours and they leave that room with their
physical condition somewhat depressed, and a good deal heated, and
then they go into a room in which no one has slept for probably

ee

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 275

six months. Now just imagine the effect upon thai man. We call
your attention to these things. It don’t make any difference whether
he is at a farm house, a hotel or a boarding-house, he should be suit-
ably taken care of, and the State is willing to pay for it, and we be-
lieve it pays you in any way you consider it, because we want to keep
these lecturers in the very best physical condition, possible, to get the
best work from them. I could name one of our lecturers, one of
the finest on the force, who had to sleep one night in a room that
was down below zero. I call your attention to this seriously and
earnestly.

Now, my friends, if there are any questions which you want to
ask in regard to other conditions about this institute work, we will
gladly talk along that line, because you know, this meeting was set
apart for the exchange of expressions and experiences and the ob-
ject is to open up all these questions that arise in the course of our
institute work, and the desire is to have a free interchange of ex-
periences and expressions as to the best things to be devised for
the management and the carrying on of this great work of farmers’
institutes, and unless you have some questions to ask regarding this
matter, I will take my seat and the meeting will be opened up for
your free discussion.

I see my old friend Agee in the room, and before you get-properly
upon this work, I would like to hear from him.

MR. AGEE: Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen of this Nor-
mal Institute: I want to thank you for the greeting given me, and
I want to say that I look forward every year with pleasure to your
Spring meeting. I know you men, the most of you, personally, and
I know your worth to the State, and I say this without any desire to
pay you an empty compliment. You are the President, you are the
Board of Trustees, you are the Faculty of the popular Farmers’
College. That is true in every state. These institutes are the
popular farmers’ colleges in the land and the work you are doing
is an educational work of the greatest value in the building up of a
more intelligent and scientific agriculture. You give up your time
to it, and as I meet you here each year and think that you have in
Pennsylvania a great body of men who are willing to do all they
can for agriculture, it is one of the pleasant sights and the meet-
ing is one of the pleasant meetings that it is my privilege to at-
tend. I look forward to these meetings on account of the profit I
expect to get from them.

These Normal Institutes are of great benefit to the State, and an
important part of the educational “work of the State, and they fur-
nish the means of making better lecturers, and that is the demand
all over this country. We are now only at the beginning of a new
educational scheme the institutes are developing along various lines
in our various states. You Pennsylvanians are improving the in-
stitutes of your State and are working along good, practical lines.
In another state you will find that the development is a little differ-
ent, but you have a common purpose. The efficiency of your work
depends upon you, and the Normal Institutes are designed to ae
better workers of us all.

Now yesterday, when I had the privilege of listening to a ‘nies
of lecturers, that especially of Professor Massey, it seemed to me
worth a great deal, that we could be brought together to study the

276 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

soil fertility problem; that is the one that interested me most, and
it seems to me very desirable that we should try to get together on a
certain line of teaching that we can carry to the farmers—that we
should get a line that it would be safe for them to accept, that will
mean soil improvement.

I won’t take up your time; I have no special message for you just
now. I came in here as an old worker among others merely to en-
joy the privileges of the meeting. I think you are doing a great
deal, yet I think sometimes you might do more; you might send a
few of these men to the State Legislature for the good of that body
and when they get there, we might be able to secure appropriations
that are needed for the better development of agriculture. If you
pick out some leading member and make him the Governor of your
State as representative of the farmers’ interests here, then it seems
to me that you would have been doing your full duty for Pennsyl-
vania.

Again I thank you for this kind greeting. It is one of the
pleasures each year to me which I always look forward to, and I
wish you continued success and hope that your efforts made in behalf
of Pennsylvania agriculture may bear such fruit as to put it on the
plane where we all wish to see it.

DEPUTY SECRETARY MARTIN: Now if there are any ques-
tions let them come in now.

MR. HUTCHISON: Will it not be better to call the list of coun-
ties?

The DEPUTY SECRETARY: The trouble with that is, it exhausts
a great deal of time; whatever you have to say, say it.

MR. NORTHUP: Mr. Chairman, I would like to talk five minutes;
I am just persuaded that this is one of the most important sessions
that we shall have in our spring meeting and I feel that it wil! have
a very important influence upon the work which we have to do. I
have been a chairman in the conducting of farmers’ institutes for
ten years and I have had the hearty support of Brother Martin in
all that 1 have undertaken to do or I could not have undertaken the
work, and when he called up that subject this morning in reference
to better institute work, I thought that is just what we had to con-
sider and just what we have been endeavoring to accomplish.

Now in the first place, the county manager has got to be a grand
good beggar, because my brother over here says that the money se-
cured has got to be secured by voluntary contribution, and it is one
of the hardest things in the world to touch a man’s pocketbook, or
anything there is concerning him that costs money and the fellow
that stands up before an audience of people to get the money has
got to be a grand good beggar. I think sometimes he ought to go
into a Methodist meeting and hear the presiding elder beg, for some
object for which he wants to raise money in the church as an ob-
ject lesson, for he certainly wants to be a good beggar.

I remember an instance in which a young man was going to be
ordained for the ministry, and they called together a large council
of brethren and some old ministers and they were about to ordain
the young man, and one of the old ministers stepped around to the

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 277

front and wanted to know of the audience how much they were go-
ing to give him as a salary, and they told him they were going to
give that young man a salary of a hundred dollars a year, ‘and “the
old minister stepped right up to the front and he said, “I would like
to know if there is any brother here who has a long ladder,” and
one brother said, “I have got a pretty long ladder.” Well,” the old
minister said, “I want one long enough to reach from here clear up
to the good place, so that the dear young fellow you are about to
ordain, and whom you propose to give a salary of a hundred dollars
a year, shall have the privilege of going up that ladder every Mon-
day morning and coming down on a Saturday night so that he can
preach to you, for he never can keep soul and body together in this
world on a salary of a hundred dollars a year.”

Now an institute manager has got to have this power to influence
his people and to get this money, and if he is a grand good beggar
he can just get this hundred dollars and he need not fail. :

I said to our people in Lackawanna county, “I will assure you of
a hundred dollars at the close of our institute, and then go down
to the County Commissioners and we will have a hundred dollars
more;” and some one said, “What are you going to do with this
money?” I said, “I am going to hire the very best men as in-
structors that I can get in the State of Pennsylvania, I am going
to get the very best men there are on the force to come and work
in the farmers’ institutes in this county, and I want to say to you
that the time has come when not every fellow can stand up ina
farmers’ institute and instruct the people. You have got to have
the very best men you can get hold of, and this $200 is little enough
to enable you to succeed in your efforts and to bring in these men.

MR. BLYHOLDER: Mr. Chairman, I would like to say that for
ten years we have never failed to get this hundred dollars and last
year we got $101.25.

MR. NORTHUP: You can get it, and you can push an institute
with enthusiasm. There is so much depends on the county chair-
man to make it a success, that he has got to be master of the situa-
tion. He has got to study his business, and if he gets it in his mind,
lays out his plans, it won’t do for him to just trust to his memory,
but he has got to have a little memorandum right here in his pocket,
on which he will have noted all the arrangements he has made, and
then when he wants to know just what to do when he starts his
meeting, he can refer to his little memorandum and see what comes
next. He has simply got to glance at his memorandum there, and
see what is on the program, and he can carry his institute right
straight through. He has got his helpers right there, and every
thing in order and the institute with such an arrangement as that
will be a success all over Pennsylvania.

You take an institute manager like that, and you will find that
the politicians all over his county will come up to him and want
his support. They will say, you know more farmers in this county
than any other man there is living there, and he will be sought for.

A Member: Mr. Chairman, I would like to ask the question
whether when the County Commissioners pay $100 if an additional
$100 can be secured for institute work?

278 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

The DEPUTY SECRETARY: No, it cannot.

MR. MILLER, Somerset County: Mr. Chairman, I have listened
to the orders of our worthy institute manager that we should keep
the lecturers in good condition as soon as we have them in our
hands, It is an important matter. I know that in our county of
Somerset we can’t always do it. We had an institute in one part
of the county, in a little town where we had a hotel which we ex-
pected to be warmed up and they promised to have it warmed up,
but I am sorry to say it was cold weather and it had not been warmed
up to any extent, such as we would have liked. They were not pre-
pared to do it; they did not have the heating apparatus in, that
they should have had although it was not as I say, much of a place,
just a small place in the country where it was not up to date.

Now it is a hard task always for the county chairman to have
everything just right. The appropriations given to him is not suffi-
cient to carry on ihe work as he should. He does not get enough.
Twelve dollars and a half a day will do for the day but to prepare
for the institute and to do all this advertising which is proper and
right, it is not enough money, and the appropriation ought to be
larger. We spend a great many days that we have nothing for,
not a penny, and the chairman gets discouraged when he has to
spend so much time just for the benefit of the farmers in his county.
The farmers don’t appreciate it. They say, “That fellow is in it and
he makes lots of money out of this business.” You will hear that
in every county. I thought myself when Senator Critchfield was
chairman that he made something out of it.

The DEPUTY SECRETARY: You learned a lesson.

MR. MILLER: Yes, learned better. I don’t complain about that;
I am willing to spend weeks in winter when I haven’t much to do
in this work, but really I don’t want that cast into my teeth that
I am making money out of that. I don’t like that.

A great deal depends upon the county chairman, and if he can get
to help him men to stand by him and make out a program, his work
will be much easier. We have different committees appointed to
come and help us make this program, but they generally throw the
burden on the chairman.

The DEPUTY SECRETARY: Don’t you think that if you had an
organization such as this constitution provides for, you could do
better.

MR. MILLER: I believe that is a good thing. I believe there
ought to be more agricultural organizations, so it would come home
to every farmer in the county, as near to his home as possible, and
have these local institutes and county institutes all through the
winter and get the people aroused all over the county and have fifty
institutes instead of two or three or four or six—have fifty different
places if possible to hold these institutes, and I shall do my best to
establish this organization in Somerset county.

MR. HEGE, Franklin County: Mr. Chairman, we have a county
organization in our county, and some eight or ten years ago we
did have some trouble at first to get the people together. For fifty

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 279

cents they can be a member of our organization, but since that time
during our farmers institute sessions, we have somebody that goes
‘around in the audience quietly and explains to them, whilst it has
been explained before by one of the lecturers, but explains to the
people the importance of being a member of the association. Now
then, last year we drew $90 from the county.

My short term as a member of the Board expired a year ago last
winter. I believe Mr. Martin was present the night I was elected.
I stated there at that time the fact of my being a member for the
fourth time in the Board. I was elected whilst I had to go to the
telegraph office—I was elected the fourth time. Now I stated that
I would prefer not to serve; the reason is not because the work is
unpleasant to me, but because I have every year to spend some of
my own money in addition to the amount of the appropriation in
‘order to make my institutes a success. I won’t have a failure if it
ean be avoided so I went down in my own pocket. The committee—
our executive committee agreed to make good all the expenses I
had there over and above the appropriation from the State. They
agreed that they would make that up, which they did. Take for
instance, one of my institutes last year, where I arranged with the
committee on program; I allowed the committee to spend what is
appropriated, twelve dollars and a half, and when I came to settle
with them, they had spent eighteen dollars there at Fayetteville,
and they asked me to pay the bill. There was $45 coming to me
from the State, and I had the programs to pay for, my own car
fare and hotel bills to pay, and sometimes friends came from a dis-
tance and I took them with me to the hotel and paid for their din-
ner, so you see where I was, with that $45 where they had spent $18
as I stated. You may want to know how they could spend $18.
Well, they were determined to make a success of it and had to spend
it. The only trouble with us is, not because we don’t have enough
people, but the trouble is how to provide room for them, so we get
the best and largest church in the town.

There was a musician in the college, it was his home college
when he was a boy, one of the best musicians we had in the county,
so they got that man to come out and they paid him $10. It looked
like an extravagant sum, but IJ didn’t regret it, for in that church
we lifted up everybody that was there, and so in that way it is a
great benefit to have an organization and these members of the
organizations will help you to make your institute a success.

Now there is one question that I would like to ask my friend
Martin: You recommend to us to have our programs all printed at
one printing office, and the same program for all the institutes. Now
I do not see how it is possible to do that. At Fayetteville we have
several gentlemen who are leaders, who head the program of that
institute, then we have a Music Committee; now then it would not

be suitable to use that program we have for Fayetteville in other
places.

The DEPUTY SECRETARY: Just let me make an explanation.
My recommendation was not that you should have the same pro-
eram for each meeting, but that you should have your program, for
example, your Fayetteville or your Marion or your Chambersburg
meeting separately—have a separate program for each meeting, but
have these separate programs all printed on one sheet or folder,

280 ANNUAL REFORT OF THE Off. Doc.

or pamphlet, in order that when you come to hold your institute you
will have all these programs for these different places on the one
pamphlet or sheet so that all the people who attend the institute
will see that you are to hold an institute at such a date at the other
places in your county where you intend to hold them, whether it be
at Marion or Chambersburg or elsewhere in your county, and in
that way those who attend each meeting will see what is to be done
in your other meetings and it will be an advertisement and they
will then know what is going on all over the county. Do you see
the point?

MR. HEGE: Yes, I see the point. One of the chairmen told me
once that we could save money by having our programs printed
all by one printer. Now I am a subscriber to all our county papers
and two or three years ago they took a program for the institutes
all to one office; they got the four programs all printed for $10.00,
whereas they often charged me from $4.50 to $5.00 for a single pro-
gram. When we came to get our institute advertising in the papers
usually they put in a local for us naming the dates when our insti-
tutes were to be held, etc., and the lecturers expected and so on.
Now there are four printing offices there and they complained and
said to somebody that we gave all the printing to one office and they
never put a single local notice in the papers that did not get any
of the printing, about the institutes. Now that is one reason why
we get them separate if it does cost a little more.

DR. CONARD: Mr. Chairman, the amount of money not being
sufficient struck me rather forcibly. I thought our brother from
Somerset seemed to think he was a little short of funds to carry on
the institute work. I think that the plan our good friend Martin
has outlined is an excellent one, and I think it will very materially
reduce the expenses.

MR. MILLER: I would say that we always do that.

DR. CONARD: And I believe also that twelve dollars and a half
a day is plenty. Ido not think we need any more than that amount
to carry on the institute work. If it cannot be carried on for that
amount, I think there are plenty of local contributions which will
be made to meet the deficiency.

In our own county of Chester I have had institutes held, the very
best institutes we have had, for much less than twelve dollars and
a half a day and I have had some that cost a little more than twelve
dollars anda half aday. Right there seems a condition, and I would
like to call Mr. Martin’s attention to it as well as the rest of those
present. We have one organization in our county who own their
hall; they are a good live organization and they have an institute
every year. They own the hall and they expect their $25 every year
if they hold a two-day institute. They say they are entitled to it
by the bulletin; that it is so stated in the bulletin that they are
entitled to it.

While they do not say it in these words, they give us to under-
stand that it is none of our business whether they pay $5 or $20 for
the rent of the hall; they furnish the hall and they want the $25.
They hold the institute, they make the program and furnish the

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 281

program and the advertising and it is always a success. Now I
think that a good little bit of that money goes into the treasury
of that organization and is not spent for that particular institute.
They boasted that they had paid a good dividend on the money in
vested in the hall and I know that we helped them to pay it.

I would like to have some instruction that would make it so that
I could say to them that they can have just so much rent for that
hall, and that the institute can be held for less than twelve dollars
and a half a day, which I believe it can, that I would be instructed
so that I could use the remainder of that $25 at such other point
as would be best in the county. We usually hold another indepen-
dent institute in our county. Sometimes I have a little money left
and when I do I am glad to do it.

I think if I had such instructions as that, I could have more, and
have enough probably to hold one or two, or two or three more days
of institutes for the same money.

MR. BLYHOLDER: I would like to ask whether you have been
giving them that $25.

DR. CONARD: I have; I did it, but I did it under protest.

The DEPUTY SECRETARY: You have asked a question Brother
Conard as to your duty under the Act of Assembly; that Act pro-
vides that the expenses per day shall be twelve dollars and a half
providing the actual expenses amount to that much. The Act does
not say that there is absolutely twelve dollars and a half set apart
for local expenses, but it does say that providing the actual ex-
penses amount to twelve dollars and a half a day, that is the limit.
We recommend to the chairmen under this Act to keep the fund
within their own control. I would suggest that you make arrange-
ments with the local people there for the use of that hall for so much
and pay that and no more; so much expense for the hall, so much
for their advertising and local expenses. and so on and so on. You
are then acting in conformity with the law governing you in that
case. I know that you may delegate your power to these people in
a legal way, you may throw this fund into their hands if you so
choose, but you are the arbitrator, you are the one who under the
Act of Assembly the Department must look to for the careful dis-
tribution and expenditure of this fund.

DR. CONARD: That is all right, but their bill comes like this;
they say so much for advertising. Now they are not always in
harmony with us; they do not always adopt our advertising, but
they usually get some more bills struck to suit themselves. They
make the advertising bill of pretty good size, so that really when
it comes to the settlement, it takes all the rest to pay them for
the hall, for they are a little like the traveling man with the suit
of clothes. Maybe you don’t see it in his monthly expense account
but it is in there all the same; so they get it in. I think it would
be better if we were instrvusted as Mr. Martin says in the Bulletin.
J have no doubt that we are so instructed now, but if there was an-
other clause added in the Bulletin that we should be rendered bills
for every item of expense incurred at ‘each and every institute, and
that we are held accountable to the State for those bills, I think
it would be better.

19

282 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

The DEPUTY SECRETARY: That is exactly what you are.

MR. BLYHOLDER: I am rather surprised at the remarks of the
gentleman. I have always felt that I was responsible, and required
to render a bill for every cent of expenses and I am surprised that
any gentleman could draw that amount without rendering bills. I
have felt this way also; in one locality in the county which I repre-
sent and have represented for a number of years, they have been
accustomed to hold institutes irrespective of any consultation with
me. They said, we are going to hold these institutes. I said, all
right, you can hold them but you will get nothing from the State
appropriation. The result was that they kept them up for two or
three years and then when they went to arrange for the next insti-
tute or before they arranged for it they sent a delegate to the meet-
ing and they begged that we would go in partnership with them,
and we did, but we had control, and we retained control of the in-
stitute fund right along.

My method of holding an institute is to meet with the committee
wherever I intend holding an institute, and I assist them in prepar-
ing the program. When the time of holding the institute comes,
I meet my speakers and stay with them until they leave the county,
and I pay all the bills for hall rents and whatever our necessary ex-
penses are, and then I will render that account to the State, and
in a number of years experience I have never drawn the amount of
twelve dollars and a half per day because I believed it was not just,
because I had not expended it. I think that is correct. Am I not
correct, Brother Martin?

The DEPUTY SECRETARY: ‘That is correct.

MR. BLYHOLDER: I want to say that I am glad our worthy secre-
tary has presented a schedule, or a plan ora draft of an organization,
such as he presented to us this morning. I have felt for some time
that it was necessary for us to do something of that kind, and in the
last two months I have been in correspondence with the various
townships and the people in my county. This has always been a
lame point in my county to get a representative for the June insti-
tutes. Iam sure that I am very glad that this suggestion has been
presented; if that is not just exactly what is wanted, I know that the
Secretary will agree with us if we change it to meet the various
wants of the different localities.

The DEPUTY SECRETARY: Certainly, this is simply a draft
or a general outline, subject to such modification as may be required.

MR. BLYHOLDER: I think that the conditions are such that
something of this kind is necessary, and I hope that we may have
these organizations in every county, so that they may bring their
influence to bear on legislation by means of which we shall be able
to secure more satisfactory results than in the past.

I think that we ought to go further, and in a measure substitute
these organizations which we propose organizing for the many so-
called agricultural societies that are at present organized in our
county, that perhaps have not an agriculturist holding in the whole
association. Now it seems to me that we ought to substitute these

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 283

proposed societies for those which are now drawing this hundred
dollars from the county. We know of a number of instances where
they are doing that, and it seems to me that we can’t organize too
quickly. We ought to have that other hundred dollars that the
good brother says he begs still. We need it.

The institute work is an educational work, and referring again to
what was said by the Secretary, I like his suggestion in the way of
programs also. The good brothers adjoining me in Westmoreland
county—we tried an experiment something along that line, but his
suggestion goes further, and more, his experience also goes further
than that of the good brother, and I think it a good idea to follow
out in the printing of the programs. I think that the programs
should be printed with the subjects upon each program together
with the names of the speakers, the dates, etc., of every institute
in the county. We have tried that and it was a success, although
I feel that we can improve that by putting on to that program the
subjects that the local speakers are to discuss and preparing a local
program for every meeting. The plan that we followed last year
was, I think, a success, and I believe a little in advance of what we
had before, because we took just the subjects that were suited to the
audience that was present. You know in some places where insti-
tutes are held, the audience may perhaps be an audience interested
in dairying, while in another place their interest is in some subject
entirely different. That afforded the opportunity of taking from the
program the subjects suited for the persons present, and we tried
to do that, and I think it worked admirably.

Now another matter, I endeavored to arrange when they were to-
gether in the June meeting—I said to them, “Do you want an in-
stitute?’ And if they said yes, I inquired, “What are you going
to do for that institute? Are you going to furnish the hall or are
you not?” If possible we required them to furnish the hall free,
though I have had to pay for it on various occasions, and even some-
times been obliged to put my hand in my pocket too. It don’t go
very good when we have to expend our time and then in addition
pay out money of our own for expenses. It seems to me that by
forming these organizations and going to work together we can
carry on our institutes very successfully, and more than that, can
combine with them more educational work that is so absolutely nec-
essary for the farmer to-day, and in the way of music I would say
that in some places we must have music, must have a band and
some places pay for it, as the good brother has suggested. I have
come down to this. I say to them if you want to furnish us with
entertainment, very well and good, we will-thank you very much
if you do, but if you can’t do it without having us pay a large amount
for it, we must omit it. You know farmers are often good musi-
cians and in many places we have just as satisfactory music as
though a band was employed.

MR. BEARDSLEE: Mr. Chairman, I have been to the institute
round-ups a good many times and I do not know as I have ever
occupied the floor before. In five minutes I will say all I wish to
say. When I was twenty-two years of age I was put in charge of
a school-house over a large district, and after I had engaged to
work through the winter at my first school, the district was di-
vided, and I was put in over the advanced scholars. I worked along

284 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

until the county superintendent came in, and at that time I had forty-
four scholars ranging from sixteen to twenty years of age, and they
all had been well instructed; their school laws are better than ours.
The superintendent was a highly educated man; he asked no ques-
tions but made his observations and stayed a couple of hours and
went out and told the supervisors in that district that the school
was the best school in that county outside of the village of Owego.

Now that is just the case with the institute workers and the
farmers of Pennsylvania.

I wish to divert your attention from the State Board subject. I
wish to call your attention to the question of having men go out
as instructors in whom the people have confidence to believe they
can instruct them. In my judgment that is important, if we are
to obtain the results desired.

Now, gentlemen, the attainment of success in the institute work
is not a question of the dollars and cents paid for a hall, or for a
band of music, but it is a question of the quality of your teachers,
and a question of the impressions which they leave and of the im-
portance of their instruction.

I drew the line eight years ago—I have been in this work for some
fifteen years, and I drew the line—I would not go into a cold room
under any circumstances. I have lain within three feet of a hot
fire in a bar-room to avoid a cold room, for as I said, I will not go
into a cold room, and I can stand thirty degrees below zero because
I dress accordingly, but when ten o’clock at night comes, and the
speakers have passed through their meetings of the day in a strong
effort to leave an impression that is of value to the farmers, and
then when they go to their stopping-place to remain over night,
you can judge about the condition they are in. Give us a warm
room, a warm hand and a warm heart and we will do our best in
whatever work we have to do.

We have got to inform ourselves during the season, and be pre-
pared for it. You are all wide-awake and the men who come to
you as instructors must be wide-awake.

Now, gentlemen, from the incipiency of this enterprise there has’
been great progress made. I can recall when I have been driven
away from a church door in places where institutes were appointed
to be held just because of the prejudice of the people in that lo-
eality; they thought we were a humbug. Those prejudices have
been dissipated by the force of the arguments presented, and the im-
portance of the facts brought home to the farmers, showing the
conditions which must be met. They have been impressed by the
truth as it has been presented, so that now they value very highly
the work that is being done for them along this line, so that now
where appointments are made all over the State, they are anxious
to receive us. I think my five minutes are up.

MR. RODGERS: Mr. Chairman, I move that the order of the day

be taken up at 10.30.
The motion having been duly seconded and the question put, it

was agreed to,

MR. McHENRY: Mr. Chairman, I have listened to these remarks
here and I was very much pleased with some of them, and I want
to give just a few words of my experience. I have found when I

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 285

had committees assisting me to make programs and to run the in-
stitutes, that I have always had to go down in my pocket after the
expense account was rendered, when I had finished up. For three
years I have had nobody to help and have attended to the business
myself and I have never spent quite all the money allowable but I
have had the luck to get churches, paying the janitor for cleaning
up in many instances,

Now I believe this, that we want more brains put into the ar-
ranging and the running of our institutes, rather than more money.
It is brains we want; I do not mean that I have those brains at all,
but the idea I wish to convey is, that it takes a deal of arrangement
and management, and that arrangement you must commence when
your June meeting comes, and follow up to the very nights of the
institutes, not a let up, if you want a success. I do not say that I
have had a success in my county; that I will leave to the lecturers
who have been there. I do say this, I have had no trouble in get-
ting up my programs, and my papers have always done this. I would
manage some way or another to get them to publish my program,
which usually costs me from seven to ten dollars. Every paper in
the county would publish that program in detail, put it from column
to column; that was my advertising; besides that, drawing the atten-
tion of the people to it every few weeks beforehand, sometimes six
weeks or two months before, keeping the fact of the institutes be-
fore the people, and advising them of what was going on, keeping
it to the front, and with the posters which were put up all over
the county, my advertising has been effective; I have had no trouble
in that way. My great trouble has always been to get a place for
those speakers, so that they would not be obliged to go into a cold
room after talking for an hour or two or for the whole evening, and
then go into a cold room, as cold almost as ice, and there is the
trouble. Take my own county and I venture to say this, that it is
the same with many others, and we haven’t got a good hotel out-
side of the county seat, and I guess, ii clude the county seat and not
be far wrong. Now what are you going to do? They have no warm
rooms, no rooms heated at all. Many times we have got to go to
the farmers’ houses.:

The DEPUTY SECRETARY: Haven’t you got a lot of coal out
there?

MR. McHENRY: Yes, any amount of it, and they will let you dig
it yourself if you want to, but the question is, how are you going to
heat up a room? No fireplace, no stove in it. I have had them
heat irons and bricks and all those things yet it does not accomplish
the heating of that room, and this is a matter which has given me
a great deal of trouble.

I like one idea that has been brought forward, and that idea is
one of the questions before us here, presented by Brother Martin.
I think that we want our counties organized in these societies, not
so much for the money that it may bring, as because it will arouse
our people and bring them together and when they get their heads
together we will get better work done, and more concentrated work
and more united work, and we want to get our whole people inter-
ested in these institutes.

286 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

MR. HOOVER: Mr. Chairman. I have been listening to this dis-
cussion with a great deal of interest. I belong to that class of
workers called Farmers’ Institute Managers and also take a part in
trying to instruct farmers as to a better and higher mode of farm-
ing.
While I agree with all that you have said, there are still a few
things that I think are worthy of our consideration, and one is that
I think our institute managers should be men who are successful in
their vocation themselves. If you want those to whom you preach
your doctrine to have faith in what you say and what you preach,
you ought to be able to show it in your own work. A man who
cannot point back to his farm with some pride, or at least with
some idea that he has set his standard high, or anyway a little above
the ordinary, is hardly the man to be an institute manager, be-
cause it is a rule that the doing of a thing always has more force
in it than the mere preaching of it. You must show what you can
do. You must not only preach, but you must practice. If a man’s
work does not bear him out, he is a poor leader. That is one of the
important features, as I think, to be considered by institute man-
agers and workers. He must teach not only in the lecture field, but
on the very farms as well, in order that persons who are prejudiced,
who are indifferent, will see a forcible presentation of the argument
made, much more so than he can bring before them in words, for if
they see it exemplified right on his farm, it will be an object lesson
far beyond any mere words,

I have known a number of cases of men who were leading men
who stood by me in my work in my own particular county, where
there is still a good deal of prejudice and indifference, they have
stood by me showing results on their farms and in that way they
drew in some of those indifferent persons who had failed to attend
their institutes and who had looked upon our work as a species of
humbug. By these practical means, those prejudices have been re-
moved, and progress has been made, and more successful methods
of farming have been taught, and you know we want to have better
farming and higher farming; that is the main purpose of our organi-
zation. These are the things that occurred to me as things that
are well for us all to take home and consider.

MR. SEEDS: Mr. Chairman, one of the gentlemen who has ad-
dressed you, has spoken about the great trouble the county chair-
man has to get a suitable room and accommodations for the speakers.
I will acknowledge that it is all right during the day when his in-
stitutes are going all right, and he has got a good crowd that stands
by him and he feels good until he goes to the quarters for the night
and gets into that cold, dismal bar-room, perhaps heated with an
oil stove that warns us of future punishment. That is what breaks
an institute worker’s heart and makes him homesick and he wishes
he was home.

I have not got much complaint to make as I have nearly always
got the best in the land and in the community, yet if you have got
a cold room, I would say this, at least get the people to air it. The
coldest room in the world is a room that has been closed up. Let
the air in and go in about three hours before bedtime, and try to
heat that room up. I have got into bed clothes that were fairly

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 287

damp because the room probably hadn’t been aired for six months.
Now an oil stove is the meanest thing to heat a room with that can
be found. I would sooner have a lamp, one of those sixty-horse
power lamps.

Now that is the only complaint I have to make. I generally get
the best of treatment as I go from one place to the other, and the
county chairmen are doing better and better every year. Six years
ago I used to go up to the hotel or store in a town, and they said
to me, “Why do you leave the institute?” Well, the reason was that
I sat there and listened to some man’s speech until I couldn’t stand
it any longer. Now you know they used to call me a big liar, but
to tell the truth, I haven’t had a man call me a liar for years, which
shows the progress that is being made in agriculture in Pennsyl-
vania. I went right down here in northwestern Pennsylvania and
covered the ground that I covered six years ago, and I know that
the institutes are getting better, and we are moving along and im-
proving in our work every year. ;

I want to say to the.man on the platform who is using his voice,
use water externally, internally and forever.

MR. RODGERS: I just want to say that this institute work de-
pends largely on the institute manager of the county just as much
as plowing depends on the man handling the plow. If the insti-
tute manager is well fitted for his place and has the confidence of
the people, he can control the institute work in his county and
make it a success. I have had the honor of being institute manager
of our county for twelve years, and I refer you to Deputy Secretary
Martin or to the figures of the Department of Agriculture of the
Commonwealth, and I have never yet spent the money allowed me
for the institute work in our county. We have had good institutes
and good lecturers and they have been well cared for. I have con-
trol of the whole management with the assistance of men that I
know in the different parts of the county. I draw them to me; I
consult with them. I begin with the June meeting and I do not
quit until the last meeting has closed of our institute work. I get
quite a good many of our local men to take part in the work. Our
program is loaded with local men. We want to get out the young
men and the ladies. We want to get out everybody that we can get
to help, and to get them to feel that they are doing the work. I
don’t make a speech; I don’t talk as much in my institute as I have
said to you since I have got on this floor,

In regard to printing, I get it all done at once place and I get it
done cheap, and have saved money every year since I have been
at it.

I was the first chairman of the first institute ever held in our
county, and the last one, too; it depends on the men who manage
the institutes just as much as it depends on the men who hold the
plow.

MR. BOND: Mr. Chairman, I want to say a few words on the
question of accommodations for lecturers, and the criticisms which
have been made as to cold rooms, etc. I would like to know if we
are a lot of hothouse plants that have got to be nursed like a tender
plant or an invalid infant. If we are, let us stay at home and not go

288 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

out. I am tired of hearing this line of talk, and I say let us stop
these criticisms.

MR. HERR: About three weeks ago the chairman here asked me
to prepare a paper, which I did, on the requirements of the institute
worker. Now I want to say a little bit about an institute manager.
My friend Rodgers touched the subject very nicely. He has been
an institute manager for many years and is one of experience. I
will also add that I have conducted all the institutes held in our
county and they were among the first held in the State.

The institute manager is as important as the speakers are in the
success of that institute. He ought to be a man of attainments
and he ought to know something about human nature. He ought
to be a leader among the people, whom the people look to with re-
spect, a man of standing, a man of character, and a man of influence.
He ought to be a speaker of sufficient force and distinctness to be
heard all over the room. The institute manager that gets up and
makes announcements that cannot be heard all over the room is a
misfit as an institute manager. I remember being introduced on
one occasion something like this: “Now, Mr. Herr will make his
speech from Clinton County.” You want a man who can foresee
any local difficulty that is likely to come up. He must be a self-
possessed man and not get mixed up. He must be a parliamentarian,
and one who don’t get rattled and mixed up because there is noth-
ing like the fun for an audience if the presiding officer gets mixed
up and don’t know where he is.

There are occasions when some man is going to bore you perhaps
with a long speech or something that is not of interest to the audi-
ence. Now there is a very mild and nice way of dealing with such
men, and there is also a way of insulting them, and such a situa-
tion requires tact and careful handling, and if you have it you can
prevent a whole lot of trouble in that line. The chairman should
be a man who is firm and courteous to everybody in the audience.
He must not be like that man whom my friend Agee once told us
about who, when a speaker was occupying too much time and boring
the audience, said to him, “Dave, Dave, my God, sit down, sit down,
shut her off!”

Another important qualification of an institute manager is to
be able to comprehend what is going on and to know whether it is
practical in the community in which he lives, and when misstate-
ments are made—many a time false instruction goes out that is not
applicable at all to the place, and if a speaker gives such instruc-
tion, it ought to be promptly corrected. It ought to be corrected be-
fore people are led in the wrong direction, but the one great qualifi-
cation, I might say the first and foremost, is that a man must have
his heart in his work.

MR. NELSON: Mr. Chairman, one of the most important things
we have on hand here to-day is to find out how we can get more in-
stitutes. Our county has been successful in increasing the number
of institutes. I will introduce here a new member of the State
Board of Agriculture, who was present at the society meeting last
year, who will tell you how we raised the money for those extra
institutes, that is Brother E. M. Davis, of Grampian.

NOt ds DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 289

MR. DAVIS: Mr. Chairman, I am not a public speaker but Iam an
awful worker. We have in this county an agricultural society which
I was president of, and we held twenty-four days of institutes in this
county, and I believe they were all a success. We have in our con-
stitution of our county organization or agricultural society a clause
that 25 cents makes a member for one year. We districted our
county into twelve districts with the idea of holding twelve insti-
tutes of two days each but we held only ten. I said to them that if
you will raise a minimum of seven dollars and a half by 25 cent
membership fees, we will take that $100 to the Commissioners and
have it duplicated, and it gave us $200 to run the twelve institutes
which we accomplished last year very successfully. Brother Mar-
tin was with us for two or three days, and Brother Northup for
two weeks; outside of that we did the whole work with our local
help; the State did not supply us with one speaker; we can do excel-
lent work among the farmers with our local help. I always feel
that the local heip should be encouraged, because it is cheaper than
to get this foreign help. That is about all I have to say.

Time being limited, several members of the Institute had no op-
portunity of expressing their opinions in the general conference.
Two members, however, have submitted their ideas in the two fol-
lowing papers:

ADDRESS. :

By W.H.STOUT, Pinegrove, Pa.

Not jong since a delegation of farmers from my reighborhood went
on an errand of investigation to see the home practice of a number
of the State speakers who made rather extravagant statements
at institutes of their practices and successes, and if I might repeat
what was reported in detail, it would not make a very creditable
showing. The conclusion arrived at was that they would not go
any distance to learn from them, having more practical and better
work near them in various lines of farming.

Pennsylvania farmers have the reputation of being leaders in their
pursuit, and anticipating Horace Greeley, numbers went West early,
in Conestoga wagons, across to Ohio, where they introduced their
thrifty and industrious habits, so that our border state has some very
good farmers, taught by farmers from the “Keystone” State of agri-
culture, and it is not the one state only, but many others all the
way to the Pacific Ocean, and the Southern states as well, received
lessons and inspiration from the sons and daughters from the farms
of this State.

As westward the empire made its way, the East was neglected so
we hear and read of abandoned farms, and neglected agriculture
in some of the Eastern states,

As educators too, we lead, as evidenced by the fact that our in-
stitute speakers are in demand in New Jersey, New York, Mary-
land, Virginia and Ohio, showing conclusively that we are entitled to
the credit, justly merited, of being at the head of the procession.

Possibly rate regulation has an influence in getting up railroad

19—7—1906.

290 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE. Off. Doc.

outfits. Perhaps patriotism or policy may induce officials to gen-
erosity, and while it may, for certain sections, be appropriate, we
at home need to look after the rural districts, the backwoods and
isolated sections where trolleys carry no freight, and limited trains
no intelligence.

The average farmer who belongs to that great primary class in
less favored localities, on poor soil, and the tenant farmers, so num-
erous in the most fertile valleys, need instruction, example and in-
Spiration more than those near the centers of industry and main
lines of travel, where improvement, progress and intelligence are
in the air.

Possibly my scheme to make the work more effective and bring it
home to the indifferent farmers, may meet approbation, so I will
outline a plan entertained in anticipation of receiving the appoint-
ment of Director of Institutes.

The schoolhouses throughout rural communities are standing
vacant during the summer months, and to engage lecturers to go
from one to another every evening during the week, and program
the itinerancy in advance, sending three into each district to suc-
ceed each other alternate evenings and make their way from place
to place on foot, in the meantime studying the topography, geology,
crops suited to various localities, gather specimens of insects both
beneficial and injurious, the characteristics of the people, explain to
them on the fields the best methods of cultivation, applying fer-
tilizers, how to use manure, show them how to milk cows, use the
separator, niake high-class butter, determine a balanced ration from
the material at hand without having reference to purchased stuff,
like dried brewers’ grain, cotton-seed meal and hulls, and in a gen-
eral way suggest methods of improvement, are a few of the duties
devolving on the coming institute worker. It can be accomplished
economically by traveling, as the San José Scale is said to do, and
by boarding around like the earlier teachers used to do, it will be
both practical and economical.

In order to give more publicity and dignity to the undertaking,
a body now in the employ of the State, who do not know what to
do with themselves, and the authorities as little, can be engaged
to maintain order and ride around distributing programs, extending
special invitations to whoever they meet. This has reference to
the body known as the State Police or constables. This is only a
rough sketch of the scheme, as the time alloted is too short to go
into detail, which can be worked out later on.

Trimming trees, general orcharding, building economical and sani-
iary barns, refrigerators, stock breeding, marketing, general sanita-
tion, hygiene, good house-keeping, bee-keeping, and explaining eco-
nomical matters, are some of the other features that might well be
included in the curriculum as occasion demands,

Subjects must be condensed so that each speaker is limited to
three hours and is not permitted to taffy the county chairman or the
women, and telling stories, unless they are true stories, will not
be permitted.

INOEe i DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 291

ADDRESS.

By MR. HORACE SEAMANS, Factoryville, Pa.

“The Local Organization of Institutes.”

We are told by one of the greatest lexicographers of this or any
other land, that organization is the act of forming or arranging parts
of a compound or complex body in a suitable manner for use or
service, and certainly the organization of a local institute is some-
times very complex as far as my limited knowledge extends.

At the city of Scranton, in our county, is a Home for the Friend-
less. A childless couple went to this Home recently and adopted a
five or six months’ old baby and started for their home with it.
They had not gone far when the wife says to her husband, “Here,
John, you take the baby; I must go back and ask a question.” When
she had found the matron she asked, “Was the baby’s parents Dutch,
for if they are and the baby talks Dutch, what a dreadful fix we will
be in, for neither John nor I know a word of Dutch?”

Even so with the organization of our local institutes. We must
talk of what we know and know what we talk about, or we will be
in a dreadful fix, and our speakers must talk on subjects that are
of local interest, and it is essential to our progress that we inter-
est the young farmer and induce him and his wife to attend the in-
stitutes.

There are sometimes unusual occurrences. I have in mind an
institute held in our county in December, 1904. Our local society
had appropriated a sum of money for music, and our institute
manager (H. W. Northup) had engaged the services of a noted
singer and his niece, but for some reason the singers did not arrive
at the proper time.

In opening that evening’s session, our manager stated with pain
perceptible in his face, that we would all be disappointed, as the
musicians had not arrived. At this moment he was called to the
door and soon returned with a smile on his face, such as only Henry
W. Northup can wear, and announced in a good voice, that we
would have music, as Mrs. Krebs and her relatives had kindly come
to assist. This music was excellent with frequent encores. One
piece was a medley with just a touch of Yankee Doodle init. The
pastor of this church was absent that night, but he heard of Yankee
Doodle early the next morning and finding Mr. Northup and my
self, he told us very plainly that his church was not for Yankee
Doodle, and that we could not have it again if such music was to
be heard there. Of course we both apologized, but said we saw no
harm in the music; if any one was to blame it was our local mem-
ber who had invited Mrs. Krebs and her friends to come, who was
also a member of that church.

Next night I was chairman. Mrs. Krebs came again but was met
at the door and told that her music would not be allowed. She
came to me and stating her case, asked to be allowed to make a
few remarks during the evening. I consented, and later called upon
her. She gave a short history of Yankee Doodle and said she had
played that medley in the churches of the larger cities of the United

292 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

States and there had never been any criticism of it before, and finally
said that the good people of that village would never be troubled
with her music again. She was cheered all over the house. The
pastor came to me at once, and asked why I allowed that woman to
talk. I answered that I supposed that she had on oration; at least
she did very well. Some one made a mistake, or was opposed to
the organization.

The same year we had Brother M. 8S. Bond with us. You all know
he is a potato talker and a potato grower. In one part of our county
the principal crop is potatoes. We opened our institute there the
second day at ten o’clock and Brother Bond was the first speaker.
When his time was up, questions were being fired at him from all
over the church, and he kept going till time to adjourn for dinner.
He didn’t stop there; the audience would not let him. The dining-
room was in the church and questions were fired at him all through
the dinner hour, and then there were those that wanted to hear him
some more.

This might be called a successful organization of a local insti-
tute.

The CHAIRMAN: The hour has arrived for the order of the day,
and the Committee on Resolutions, as I understand, are now ready
to present their report.

MR. McCREARY: Mr. Chairman, #s Chairman of the Committee
on Resolutions, I will call on Professor Menges to read the resolu-
tions.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON RESOLUTIONS.

1. Resolved, That we, the Farmers’ Normal Institute in session,
May 29th to 31st, 1906, in Clearfield, Pa., desire to express our hearty
appreciation of the courtesies extended to us, first, by the county
chairman of Clearfield county, Hon. J. W. Nelson, in inviting us to
meet here, and in making good his promises for our comfort and
pleasure. Second, to the County Commissioners of Clearfield county
in granting the use of this court room. Third, to Hon. A, O. Smith,
judge of the Common Pleas Court, for adjourning his Court in order
that we might have the use of this room for holding our sessions
here. Fourth, to the newspapers of Clearfield for advertising and
reporting our meetings. Fifth, to Hon. N. B. Critchfield, Secretary
of Agriculture, and the Hon. A, L. Martin, Deputy Secretary of Agri-
culture, for their thorough and complete arrangements for bringing
us together with the State Board of Agriculture, and for the pleasure
of hearing the distinguished specialists they have brought here from
a distance to instruct and entertain us.

2. Resolved, That we cordially welcome the announcement of the
plans for a Farmers’ week at the Pennsylvania State College during
the coming Christmas vacation for the purpose of discussing the
modern method of seed selection, stock judging, butter scoring and
other important matters of farm practice. That, in view of the high
practical value which such work has shown in other states, we
bring the plan for a Farmers’ week to the attention of the farmers
of our neighborhood, and urge them to avail themselves of the ad-
vantages it offers.

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 293

3. Resolved, That we appreciate and deplore the difficulties that
lack of funds brings to the Board of Trustees of our State College,
and we pledge ourselves, and earnestly urge all agricultural organi-
zations and all individuals who are interested in agriculture in our
State, to use all honorable means to secure adequate appropriations
to enable the Board of Trustees to bring the agricultural branch of
our college up to as high a state of efficiency as is now enjoyed by
the Mechanic Arts branch.

4. Resolved, That it is the desire of the members of the State
Board of Agriculture and the institute lecturers of the State of Penn-
sylvania, and that we recommend that the Legislative Committee
ask for an appropriation to be used by the Department of Agri-
culture to pay the services and expenses of competent persons to
instruct the shoeing smiths of this Commonwealth in their vocation
thereby preventing the many serious diseases commonly brought
about by the lack of knowledge on the part of the shoeing smith,
which would be a great benefit not only to the shoeing smith, but
to the horse owners and the farmers throughout this State.

5. Resolved, That we suggest that the State Breeders’ Association
and the State Dairy Union hold their meeting at Harrisburg during
the same week that the State Board of Agriculture meets in order
to save time and expenses of those who wish to attend any or all of
the meetings.

6. Resolved, That the township laws relating to roads, etc., should
be codified and published in such form as the school laws now
are.

7. Resolved, That we demand such legislation as will make electric
railroads common carriers, and that they be given the right of emi-
nent domain the same as the steam railroads.

8. Resolved, That we insist on liberal legislation and appropria-
tion looking to the completing of a system of macadamized highways
in this State.

9. Resolved, That we heartily endorse the great public movements
now in operation in the exposure of graft, in all its devious forms,
and that we pledge ourselves to sustain this effort until graft shall
be banished from government, corporate and public institutions.

10. Resolved, That we favor the passage of an Act providing for
voting upon questions of public policy for an expression of opinion,
if ten per cent. of the voters for Governor at the last previous elec-
tion shall so petition.

11. Whereas, In view of the fact that from numerous sources all
over the State have come demands that the agricultural interests
at this time of uncertainty, make the same requests as do other or-
ganizations for recognition in governmental office, and in view of
the further fact that not since the adoption of the present consti-
tution has a representative of the agricultural and business inter-
ests occupied the gubernatorial chair, and further recalling the suc-
cessful and untarnished record for six years as a member of the
Legislature, when, as Chairman of the Agricultural Committee he
rendered most efficient services, and further remembering his career
of seven years as Deputy Secretary of Agriculture, where with un-
tiring energy he has so organized and administered the farmers’
institute system of Pennsylvania as to make it second to none in this
country, and believing that he would draw to his support the agri-

294 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

cultural and business interests without regard to party affiliations,
and that in harmony with his previous record, he will administer
the duties of the executive office of this State with honesty, effi-
ciency, and to the best interests of all parties, therefore be it,
Resolved, That it is with pleasure we note that calls are coming
from various sections of the State that Hon. A. L. Martin become a
candidate for Governor, therefore, we most heartily endorse him as
the candidate of the agricultural interests of the State.
These resolutions unanimously recommended by the Committee.
(Signed.)
SAMUEL McCREARY, Chairman,
FRANKLIN MENGES, Secretary,
T, E. ORR,
MATTHEW RODGERS,
AMOS B. LEHMAN,
D. A. KNUPPENBURG,
M. N. CLARK.

The CHAIRMAN: The resolutions are before you; what is your
pleasure?

It was moved and seconded that the resolutions be adopted as
read.

The CHAIRMAN: You have heard the motion; are there any re-
marks?

MR. AGEE: Mr. Chairman, I want to say that I am very glad
that the resolutions refer to the needs of the State College. The
trustees of the State College I know propose to develop the agricul-
tural end as much as the engineering department and mechanic arts.
It is in the hands of the farmers of this State to do it.

Now I know that some of us have felt in the past that we have
not had at our State College as full recognition of agriculture as
we should have. It is within my knowledge that the executive
committee are determined that the agricultural end of the college
shall be developed, and I want the support of the farmers of this
State for that week. If we have a farmer’s week at State College
I hope you will make an effort to attend and you will give an inter-
est to that meeting, and to the work of popularizing agricultural
education. We are not working just for this generation, and un-
less you people in your institute work teach the boys in our homes,
give them better instruction than we received, these institutes will
not have done one-half the work that they should do.

Professor Van Norman told me that they are hunting the United
States over for the most distinguished specialists. They want to
get men like Professor Holden, of Iowa there during that week, and
have a talk on corn breeding, and similar men all along the line in
other departments. Let us advertise that week, and get our Penn-
sylvania farmers interested. I say that because I feel that I am at
least part Pennsylvanian; get the people in the audience interested
and let them go up there, and if you do that, you will get a greater
influence to bear upon the trustees of the institution, and I want
to say to you that good men are going to be brought in, and in five
years from now, State College is going to be a leader among the agri-

\

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 295

cultural colleges of the nation. I hope you will advertise Farmers’
Week all over this Commonwealth, and let us take a new start and
let us make the State College the great institution it should be.

The DEPUTY SECRETARY: Mr. Chairman, I have listened with
great interest to the resolutions that have been presented for our
consideration at this time. The one resolution, my friends, referring
to the last seven years of farmers’ institute work in which mention
is made of the work accomplished and the confidence therein ex-
pressed and reposed in whatever part I have borne with you in that
work, is esteemed and valued by me more than all the other resolu-
tions or than any resolution that could possibly be presented, for,
my friends, the man who undertakes to serve the public to-day in
Pennsylvania is a failure unless he has the whole, heartfelt confi-
dence of the people in whose interests he labors and I esteem that
expression over and above all others.

Mention has been made of the highest office within the gift of
the people of Pennsylvania. For many years I have been impressed
with the thought that agriculture, the base upon which every other
industry and occupation and business rests to-day ought to be rep-
resented in the highest position, and while I believe that the inter-
ests of agriculture aré entitled to such representation, I have not
dreamed nor do I dream now that my personality can enter into view
in that connection.

As you are well aware, my friends, conventions nominating and
presenting names for the governorship are already partly consum-
mated; one is held to-day, another next week, and another a few
days later. You are aware of that, and that delegates are already
elected, therefore I take it that the resolution in question is scar-
cely intended for more than the presentation of an expression of
your will upon this point and question,

For the past many months questions of this kind have been pre-
sented to me and I have repelled them and have not considered them, ©
but I want to thank you for the honor you have conferred in pre-
senting my name. I shall go away bearing with me the recollection
of your kindness and confidence as shown by the expressions in these
resolutions,

MR. HERR: Mr. Chairman, I would like to emphasize one of the
resolutions you have heard read, and I would like to have our people
aroused to its importance a little better than we are, and that is
for the maintenance of State College. I said something about this
on Tuesday morning but I know there are many here now who were
not here then. Speaking for the trustees, several of whom are pres-
ent, and they are all of one accord, I want to say that they are do-
ing all they can in the way of advancing the agricultural end of the
college, as my friend Agee has stated, but if we are to do it we must
have something to do it with, and it is up to you as influential citizens
all over the State to see that we shall have these funds.

We want to elect a Legislature which will consider the claims of
State College and give us maintenance funds. Maintenance funds
which sufficed two or three years ago to care for two or three hun-
dred students are not sufficient to care for a thousand students
which we have, or will have in the very near future, and the appro-
priations that we have received from the State have been so specific

296 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

that we could not use them for maintenance. We need an appro-
priation which shall not be specific, but for general maintenance,
and large enough to meet the need, and then we will bring up this
agricultural end, and place it where it should be.

Then we want to elect a Governor who will not cut the appropria-
tion in two and give us only the half of it. Only give us the ma-
terial that we need to work with and you can depend upon it that we
will do the very best we can for the agricultural community,

MR. KAHLER: Mr. Chairman, I know that it is customary in
nearly all associations to present resolutions. They are presented
and adopted and that is about the last of them. I think the time
has arrived when if we express our sentiments through a resolu-
tion, it should mean something. We generally embody in that reso-
lution what our wishes are. I think you will all agree with me that
nothing can be effected in the legislative line in the interest of the
State College or in the interest of reform in any way, unless you
create a sentiment for it. Now how can we do that? I think it is
up to us, as has already been said, and that the time has arrived
in agricultural education and in many ways that we make manifest
our wishes and desires and give the State to understand that we
mean it.

Now in this association, with representative men from nearly every
county in this Commonwealth, let us not just merely direct the adop-
tion of this resolution, but let us create a sentiment at home, and I
tell you that the politicians can’t withstand the sentiment behind it.
There has been nothing said or done here on a partisan line; we have
had a confounded sight more partyism than we have had of whole-
some laws. I am for the man who will stand for us, I don’t care
what party he represents. I want to know what he is.

MR. BRODHEAD: Mr. Chairman, I would like to ask how many
men in this audience own horses. Hands up. (Many hands were
lifted.) I wanted to get this vote for information. I am traveling
over this State and some others and I have found that the horse-
shoeing interest is retrograding. The horseshoer used to be a power
in his neighborhood. There is another thing I want to know. I
want to know how many men here know of men learning the horse-
shoeing trade under twenty-one years of age. (Three or four hands
were raised.)

I was in fifty-four shops in the State of New Jersey a year ago
last winter and found only three solitary men learning the trade.
I havn’t found a man in two years trying to learn the horse-shoeing
trade. Our business has been brought down and our fellow-crafts-
men have lost their interest and only learn by what they pick up
here and there. There is not a place in the State of Pennsylvania
where a man can go and get any anatomical knowledge to fit him for
the business of horseshoeing whatever. We have to pick up just
what we can. I have tried to get State College to take this up and
give our young men an opportunity to get an anatomical know-
ledge of the horse’s foot and leg.

I hope that this resolution, when it goes before the legislative
committee—I hope they will do something to better our condition
and better your condition. The day is not far distant when men

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 297

who own horses will have to do their own horseshoeing if they want
it properly done, and they will have to learn how to do it.

I thank you for your attention and I hope that we may have some-
thing done to better the condition of the horseshoers of Pennsyl-
vania and the surrounding states.

MR. FENSTERMAKER: Mr. Chairman, if you want your farms
all cut up just make common carriers of the trolley roads and give
them the right of eminent domain. That is the reason why I am
opposed to these resolutions covering that point.

MR. HERR: Mr. Chairman, I move that Mr. Brosius be given the
privilege of the floor.

The motion being seconded and the question put, it was agreed to.

MR. BROSIUS: Mr. Chairman, I simply wish to speak for a
moment upon this railroad question. The trolley has come to us
and it has come to our farms, and it has come to stay. The trolley
is to circle our valleys and climb our hills and the steam railroad
never can come that way. A steam railway can never be brought
to our farms. To give the trolley roads the rights proposed may
injure some individuals, may injure the feelings of some people who
own the farms and homesteads, yet for the good of the whole, we
have given steam railroads the right to divide our farms and go
everywhere in the State except in your homesteads. More people
will be benefited by trolley railroads than by steam railroads, and
they ought to have the rights which will enable them to efficiently
perform the work necessary for the good of the whole people.

I do not want to go upon record nor have it go upon record from
this institute that we are opposed to eminent domain for trolley
railroads, because I think they ought to have it.

The chairman stated that it was important that a part of this
‘period be divided and the period following and requested Mr, Glover
to come forward and take the chair.

Dr. Conard stated that there: was a course in horseshoeing in the
University of Pennsylvania.

Mr. Glover took the Chair.

Prof. Menges asked leave to amend the resolution relating to
horseshoers so that it might not be in conflict with existing facts.

Leave was granted and Prof. Menges, as Secretary of the Com-
mittee on Resolutions amended that particular resolution in con-
formity with the understanding arrived at, being authorized so to do
by the motion of Mr. Hutchison, duly seconded.

The CHAIR: We will now take up the first number on our pro-
gram, which as you will see is, “On What do the Dairy Profits De-
pend?” By Prof. H. E. Van Norman, Department of Dairy Hus-
bandry, State College.

Prof. Van Norman read his paper as follows:
20

298 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

ON WHAT DO THE DAIRY PROFITS DEPEND?

By PROF. H. E. VAN NORMAN, Department of Dairy Husbandry. State College, Pa.

The profit in a business is the difference between the cost of pro-
duction and the price received for the goods produced. It is the
proportion of the selling price which may be used for enlarging the
business, or it may be paid to the stock holder, or proprietor as divi-
dends. Without exception, all our large and successful manufactur-
ing concerns maintain a considerable force and spend no little money
to secure exact information as to the cost of manufacturing, hand-
ling and selling their goods. In many lines the margin of profit
is so small that a variation of a few cents in the cost of production
means immense loss,

I believe there is no business which will stand the losses and leaks
that most farm business establishments suffer and still yield the
owner a living. If with a reasonable outlay of time, labor, and even
money, and considerable proportion of these losses could be stopped,
and the profit proportionately increased, many farms which now
yield their owners a bare living would show a profit to be used for
the good things of life, the luxuries, comforts, and travels or enter-
tainment.

My first point is, the dairyman should know what his cows are
producing in return for the feed consumed. Statistics show that
the average production per cow in this State is about 160 pounds
of butter per cow per year, which little more than pays for food con-
sumed, while Experiment Station figures, commercial herd records,
and many investigations carried on among creamery patrons show
herds that have produced from 225 to over 300 pounds of butter
fat per cow per year. In one community, Experiment Station
figures showed that 68 out of 100 farmers did not receive as much
for the product of their dairy herds as they could have received
for the food consumed had it been sold at market prices, while the
remaining 32, by the use of silage, clover hay, better grain mixtures,
care of the manure, attention to blood lines and the reading of dairy
papers, secured a handsome profit over and above the value of foods
consumed.

There is not only a large difference in the production capacity of
different herds, but even a greater difference in the production by
individuals in the same herd. One cow will produce from 90 cents
to $1.00’s worth of milk for each $1.00 worth of grain, pasture, and
roughage, while another will consume practically the same amount
and return from $1.50 to $2.00 worth, and, in some cases, even more
of milk or butter. Some of the profits from a good cow must be used
to pay for the losses on the poor ones, thus reducing the profit per
cow very considerably. It is this great difference in productive
power of different herds, and still more important in different cows,
in the same herd that makes it so important for the owner to have a
definite knowledge of what his cows, are doing. The fact of this
variation has been proved over and over. Confirmation of this state-
ment may be found in Bulletin No. 75, B. A. I. of the U. 8, Depart-
ment of Agriculture. |

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 299

If we accept this fact of variation “in productive power,” how
shall the ordinary farmer determine the yield? It will pay any man
who is milking cows as a business to weigh the milk of each cow at
every milking, but most men won’t do this. It will pay because
most milkers will strip enough more carefully to more than offset
the time required for weighing. If the yield was down one-fourth
of a pound or one-half pound at the preceding milking the milker
will unconsciously give a little more attention at the succeeding
milking, prompted by the scales that may be he did not do his work
as well as he should the last time. It will pay because in no other
way can the owner know definitely that each cow is doing as well
as she should do, especially if he is not doing the milking himself.
By means of the milk record he may discover the evidence of care-
less milking, and the failure of certain cows to do what they should;
oftentimes this information will enable him to correct a fault and
maintain a yield that will amount to a good many hundred pounds
additional in a year. This is a feature of the daily record which is
usually overlooked by the men content to weigh occasionally,

Recognizing that many would like the information but are de-
terred from keeping the daily record by the apparent amount of
labor, the next best thing is to weigh the milk for seven consecutive
days every seventh week, seven times during the year; this will give
a very close approximation of the amount of milk produced, but will
be of little value to the man who is desirous of securing the largest
returns for feed consumed from day to day. If the market product
is butter fat it is necessary to test the milk and know how much
fat has been produced. In addition to the pounds of milk produced
he must know the per cent. of fat in the milk. To secure this, pro-
cure a sample bottle, pint milk jar or fruit jar, one for each cow, in
to this place a sample of each milking for seven days the same week
the milk is weighed, or if weighed every day, every seventh week.
With the weight of milk and the per cent. of fat for definite periods
regularly throughout the year, it is but a matter of figures to know
the production by each cow.

Some prefer to weigh and test the milk three days, only, each
month. I prefer a longer period of seven days every seventh week,
because the longer the record period the more apparent the daily
variations, and the fewer times in the year will the occasional work
of testing need to be done.

Most men are satisfied if they can guess pretty near to what their
cows are doing. When a very successful dairyman, and president
of a State Dairy Association, began the keeping of a milk record of
his herd he recorded his guess as to which was the best cows 1st, 2nd,
3rd, 4th and so on. At the end of the year the one he had guessed
first actually ranked 4th and the one which held first place he had put
fifth in his guess, at the beginning of the year, while his second
guess occupied 6th place in actual production. Records from many
States show man’s inability to guess accurately and therefore the
need of positive records to secure definite knowledge.

While there is a difference in the value of feed consumed by differ-
ent cows in the same herd, this difference in most herds will be
less than $5.00 and will rarely exceed $10.00, yet the returns from
the different cows in the herd will vary from $30.00 to $80.00, or to
State it in another way, $1.00 worth of feed will produce less than

300 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

$1.00 worth of milk from one cow, while in the same herd another
will produce more than $2.00 worth of milk.

In Denmark, associations have been formed in which the farmers
co-operate in employing a man to test their cows, weigh, feed and
secure this information for them. Michigan is the first state in
this country to organize Cow Testing Associations, and Canada is
following in the same lead. Is it not time for our Pennsylvania
Dairymen to take hold of this matter? I shall be glad to render any
assistance in my power in the establishment of such associations. I
believe our creamery managers could well afford to give consider-
able attention to the organizing of Cow Testing Associations among
their patrons.

Having established the fact to his own satisfaction, that his cows
are not as good as he wants, how shall he get better ones? It is im-
possible ‘and impracticable for most men to sell the herds they have
and try to buy better ones. The best plan is to raise them for this
purpose. He should procure a sire whose dam bas a yearly record
for creditable production, if the breeder can show yearly records for
several of the sire’s female ancestors, this is the best guarantee which
the buyer can get, that the offsprings of this sire will be large pro-
ducers. From such a sire as this, and those cows in his herd which
have made good records, he should save the heifer calves, using them
to replace the poorest cows in his herd,

It is unnecessary to say that the unproductive cow should be got-
ten rid of at the earliest possible moment. Yet I have known men
to keep a cow to convert $32.00 or $33.00 worth of feed into manure,
and produce only $25.00 or $28.00 worth of milk. Since manure is
usually valued sufficiently high to pay for the labor and care of milk-
ing, it is hard to figure any profit in this transaction.

If a number of farmers in the same community will use sires of
one breed, the time will come when each having a few heifers to sell,
a buyer can procure in a community a carload, thus enabling the
farmer to securemore for his heifers than hecould possibly have done
for one or two if they must be shipped by themselves. I believe this
“community of interest” should receive more attention from the
farmers in a neighborhood than it does, and lastly the profits will
be materially increased if the quality. of the product is maintained
at its highest, indeed rarely has the-market more of the “first” or
“extra quality” be it cows, butter, milk, corn, or even men, than
the demand, yet there is much of the time an over supply of the next
grade lower, and it is quoted as “a drug on the market” or “slow
sale.”

Uniformity of product from week to week is of vital importance.
If the public can depend on a brand of goods always being the same,
it does much to insure a steady demand and insures a premium above
market quotations,

A Member: I would like to ask the Professor if he has had any
experience with the milking machine?

PROF. VAN NORMAN: Personally, no. I saw the American
machine at the Chicago Dairy Show, and I saw the Burrell machine
where they were milking some sixty cows. So far as I have seen it,
I believe that the milking machine is about where the automobile
was several years ago. I believe they will be improved and that

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 8ul

they have come to stay. I believe where good men are employed
and placed in charge of the machines, that they will be a success.

A Member: They are all power machines that you have seen?

PROF. VAN NORMAN: Yes, I don’t know of any small machine
that has risen to any general recognition. The machine of the Bur-
reil people has got to that point where it is getting into commer-
cial practice. I know of a number of farmers that have put them
in. They are wealthy men, it is true, but they are looking after the
dollar.

The disadvantages will be, there will be some cows that will be
difficult to milk. A man who will take the precautions that are
necessary can keep them clean, and the expense of doing that will
not, in my judgment, be prohibitive.

A Member: How expensive are the machines?

PROF. VAN NORMAN: The machine itself to do the work only
costs about $75, and then there is the pipe and you have to have an
engine of some kind to get the necessary vacuum and you have to
have a pump. I remember one gentleman who figured a cost of $800
for about sixty cows; it was a good deal less expensive than two
men.

I saw a machine milking sixty-four cows in one hour and sixteen
minutes, and found thirty-two cows with less than six pounds of
strippings. I do not think you can do that with men milking. I
found one man who said he had discontinued his strippings, be-
cause he got so little.

I don’t advise the general farmer to go ahead in the use of these
machines at present; let the other fellow experiment a little longer.

A Member: I understand that Mr. Billings is operating a milk-
ing machine, and I would like to hear from him.

MR. BILLINGS: Mr. Chairman, we are trying a foot-power ma-
chine. We have been operating it for three months. It has been,
we consider, a great success with us.

We were having difficulty to get help that was efficient to handle
our dairy. We heard of this machine and we ordered two and
brought them into our herd and they are doing very satisfactory
work, for this reason; a man with one of these machines can do twice
the amount of work, and he produces a great deal cleaner article
than he can in any other way.

I found one man who had a machine and threw it out because he
was not there to look after it himself. Now the machine has got to
be looked after, to keep it clean, but it is not difficult if you are
right there, and watch it closely.

With this machine, one man can milk about sixteen cows per
hour. With our herd, it takes a good man to milk eight cows per
hour by hand. You can sit down there and milk all day with the
machine the same as you can go on to your farm and do any other
work, and you are not exhausted. We didn’t know when we went
into our plowed fields this spring but that it might worry us a little
when we got to milking there, but we are well satisfied and con-
sider that the machine is a great success as far as we have experi-

302 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

mented with it. What we are interested in now is, to know whether
by continuing the use it will continne to be as satisfactory as it is
at the present time.

MR. HUTCHISON: What is the cost of the machine?
MR. BILLINGS: We paid $65 for it. 3
MR. FENSTERMAKER: Who is the manufacturer of the machine?

MR. BILLINGS: George Lowe Behring is the manufacturer of
this machine. He has been working at this machine for fifteen years.
The inventor was at my place and showed us some things about it.

MR. AGEE: Didn’t you ever observe that some nervous cows pre-
fer it to hand-milking?

MR. BILLINGS: Yes, that is another point. Some cows take it
more kindly than they do hand-milking,

PROF. VAN NORMAN: There are a great many of us who would
not milk for twice the income we are getting, and I believe this.
When the milking machine is perfected, it is going to make it pos-
sible to employ more intelligent men for the work, and we are
going to be able to pay a higher price for more intelligent men,

MR. BILLINGS: I would say this, that if you put in one of these
machines, you have got to hang to it a little while, or else you will
discard it before you know what it is. We had to work something
like two to three weeks before we got everything satisfactory. Some
of the people who have bought them have discarded them in two
or three weeks, simply because they did not stick to it until they
knew just how to operate them.

DR. DETRICH: Mr. Chairman, we have looked quite carefully
into the milk machine question for other people, but the real ob-
jection to the machine is, the jealously which people have towards
the instrument. They don’t want to use it. They had a terrible
time with the help at Berkley’s farm. The trouble is, the men think
it is in opposition to their own business,

It is like the mowing machine when I was a boy. You can hardly
imagine the opposition there was at first to the use of the mowing
machine. If you had a mowing machine, you could hardly get a man
in to help you hay under any circumstances. It is the very same
with the milking machine. Everything is really in favor of that
milking machine. The only thing that I can see is, that cows have
different sized teats, and you have to have different sized apparatus
to fit these teats—you have to have different sized cups. It is a
rather pleasant operation for the cattle. I have seen it put on cattle
for the first time and they took it without trouble.

It is a cleaner operation than ordinary hand milking, and the men
are neater. One man can operate and milk six cows at a time.

Men who write up the machine, who are aware of this prejudice,
say wait a little while, and the prejudice will disappear as it has in
other instances, but the trouble is you will find that your men will
make objections to it; they don’t want to do this and they don’t want
to do that—they don’t object to the machine exactly, but as a matter

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 303

of fact they don’t want the machine at all, and we will have to over-
come that prejudice and show these men that this machine is really
for their benefit, and just as soon as we get them to co-operate with
the machine, I am sure it is a go.

PROF. VAN NORMAN: How many cows do you milk with your
machine at a time?

MR. BILLINGS: We milk but two; we can put on another section
and then milk more. That we are going to fix for ourselves.

A Member: In our section we lost quite a good many cows by
milk fever, and would it be out of place to ask Dr. Tower or Dr.
Detrich to talk on milk fever.

DR. DETRICH: I would like to hear Dr. Conard talk about that.
I can give my experience as a herdsman and with cattle in handling
that. I will assure you this, that no poor cow will ever have milk
fever. If a man has carefully watched his cows for thirty days be-
fore the cow is fresh, he will tell you just what your cow is going
to be, and until a man gets his cow right down and understand the
whole situation, he will have trouble. If you want to be a dairy-
man, you have got to get down to business, and you must know your
cow thoroughly, and if a man does not want to get down to that
business and study it until he understands it, let him quit the busi-
ness.

There are other diseases as well as milk fever, that will demand
the attention of the dairyman. Milk fever always comes from care
less feeding. You get a fat cow, if you take care of the cow and
feed her with the right kind of feed, you will have good results and
plenty to go into the bucket. If you handle your cow properly and
keep her on proper food, she will come along all right, but you must
have an eye to know the cow. A man has got to have an eye for
the dairy business in order to succeed. It is just like a man trying
to play the violin, like Ole Bull. If a man has no eye, just as like
as not he will kill the cow.

I don’t care what you say about dairying or about handling cattle,
a cow must have an udder, and that udder must be filled but you
‘don’t want to carry it to excess. When it comes to milk fever, you
feed the cow with bran and hay and water ten days before she is
fresh, and if she is not making a bag, see that she gets an udder
without fail, and then give her a little salt for tendays. Her manure
must just be right, for after all, the udder of the cow always fol-
lows the manure; if the manure is right, I will guarantee that the
udder is right. You can control it to a very great extent just by
watching the droppings. You must look and watch every day.
Dairying will never be profitable until a man knows how to handle
the cow’s udder. The whole system must go together. When you
have your eye and your hand and your feed and your cow and your
weighing machine, then you can commence with the probabilities
of success in your favor in the dairy business but not till then.

DR. TOWER: Mr. Chairman, this subject of milk fever is one of
pretty broad import. What the gentleman has just said is import-
ant, but if we carry this a little further, we will find that milk fever
will sometimes occur no matter what you do. I don’t believe there

304 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

is any rule by which we can avoid milk fever in every case. Nowa
few years ago we used to think that milk fever was one of the most
deadly diseases we had, and so it was at that time. A great many
different remedies were proposed; most everything was tried to stop
it. We gave them large doses of physic in some cases, and some
gave them large doses of aconite and we found that it was the same
with this disease as with other diseases. Once in a while a cow
would live in spite of what you gave her; I guess that is the way to
say it. If aman had a case of milk fever and the cow lived, he
ransacked his mind to know just what he gave that cow; then he
thought he had a specific and was ready to swear by that in every
case. Then a method of treatment came into effect which saved a
great many cows. It was thought that the iodide of potash which
we injected into the udder, did the business. Now I think that Dr.
Conard will bear me out in the statement that it was the air that
we injected into the udder that did the work, instead of the medicine.
If you get this little instrument that we use for injecting air into
the udder and use it in time, and in decent shape, you won’t lose
one out of fifty.

I know this, I have had within the last two years something like
seventy-five cases of milk fever without losing a single case. That
is a pretty good record. I don’t say it to boast, but I say it for the
benefit of the treatment.

A man called me up on the ’phone a little while ago, and he said
he had a cow that was very sick with the milk fever, a cow worth
a hundred dollars, and he said, “What shall I do?” Then I asked
him if he had a bicycle pump. He said he had, and said he, “What
are you going to do?” I said, “I want you to give the cow air.” He
took it as a joke. I told him to take the milking tube that I had
left with him a few days before, and instructed him how to pro-
ceed to get air into the udder. I don’t recommend the bicycle pump
in the treatment of milk fever, but I simply say this, if you can’t
do any better, sterilize your bicycle pump or any other pump and get
the air into that cow’s udder, but a man who has a dairy is very
foolish not to have one of these instruments which are made on
purpose for treating milk fever. They can be bought for $2.50 and
any farmer can handle them. I do not wish to take up any more of.
your time.

DR. CONARD: Mr. Chairman, I agree with every word that Dr.
Tower has said, and I was exceedingly glad to hear him say it.
Every dairyman should own a pump or a little outfit for the treat-
ment of such cases. It is very important that the treatment be ad-
ministered quickly. There are some cases, if they continue too long,
the poison will become so thoroughly diffused throughout the sys-
tem that they may not recover; an early treatment is very much
the best.

I just want to explain; I think that the Reverend Detrich spoke
of feed producing milk fever. I just want to go a little further into
that, if you please. I don’t quite agree with him without some
modification. The feed may produce the conditions which make
fever—milk fever—but the feed of itself will not produce the dis-
ease. A cow that is well fed with succulent food, bran, ensilage
and such food as would produce milk and before the time of par

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 305

turition her udder is largely developed, and is producing a large
amount of milk. If she is a young animal, that udder is a larger
per cent. of that cow’s being or that cow’s whole body weight, than
it would be if she was fed on any other kind of food, if the udder
was not quite so well developed, was not so well filled with blood
and was not such a good culture medium for germ growth, for I be-:
lieve we understand that milk fever is the result of the growth of
an organism in the milk ducts of the udder which produce a poison-
ous element which is carried through the system by absorption, so
as to become and is, poisonoun to the animal, and produces a paraly-
sis. Now if that udder is of a smaller percentage of that cow’s
weight, if it is not developed so well, her resisting power will be
more able to overcome the attack. Suppose that the udder was
one-fourth of her whole weight then her resisting force would be
as three to one, we might say, but suppose it was one-twentieth part
of her weight and the resisting force would be as nineteen to one,
so that it is the food that puts the animal in condition to succumb
to the disease when it is present; it is not always present, for-
tunately. As to the sterility of the instrument used, it is very im-
portant, and that is the only objection to every man possessing his
own outfit, and if he is thoroughly aware of the importance of hav-
ing everything thoroughly sterile, he is just as competent to do the
work as anybody else. I think that nearly all the cases followed by
garget are due to the iatroduction of some poisonous matter into
the milk ducts. The milk tube is a very dangerous instrument to
use; it should never be used at all without being thoroughly steri-
lized, and that sterilization should be done immediately before its
use. Boil it immediately before using; if it is not sterilized at that
time, and sterilize it after using, for you don’t know just what may
come in contact with in using it, and it is one of the best incubators
of disease you can find.

DR. DETRICH: Mr. Chairman, I would like to say one word.
“There is such a difference in drying a cow off. You go into a dairy
barn and you will say “Is this cow dry?” “Yes, we have quit milk-
in her.” Now to quit milking a cow does not make a dry cow, and
that is the very thing that will create germ after germ in that udder.
I don’t think there is a more reckless thing to do than to carelessly
allow one-fourth of the milk to stand in that cow’s udder.

I agree with Dr. Conard that the use of a milk tube is a very
dangerous thing. You seldom get persons to sterilize milk tubes
as it ought to be done. To sterilize is the thing to do, and if you
have your boiling water to dip this plug in, and then take it out,
and then put it right back into the teat again, with little cosmoline,
and dry the cow off without a doubt before you prepare her for
motherhood.

If your cow is not dried off properly, you may expect all kinds of
trouble. I heard a man say a while ago “you can’t milk a cow dry.”
You give a cow nothing but timothy hay and water and you can
dry that cow off. As soon as the cow is dry, commence to feed her.
Give her so many quarts of bran a day and so much timothy hay.
Watch that cow’s system. Give her something cooling. Give her
no milk-producing food unless it is really necessary. Use linseed
meal; never give her cotton-seed meal. Keep her on a feed of

20—7—1906.

306 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

timothy hay, bran and linseed meal and water, and give the cow as
much exercise as you can. Stand back of her and feel her short
ribs. No well fed cow will want to walk, but make her walk, and
give her the exercise, and I will guarantee you won’t have milk fever
on the farm.

DR. TOWER: Mr. Chairman, it is quite customary to think that
they must do something besides giving this treatment with air; they
think they must give medicine. I have known of two or three cases
where the veterinary went away after doing what was necessary,
_and they went and gave them a lot of medicine. In the case of two
cows, they both recovered from milk fever, but they died of pneu-
monia afterwards. After you give them the air, let them alone.
If you go to pouring medicine down them, it is just as liable to go
on to the lungs and cause your cow to die from pneumonia,

Adjourned to one o’clock P. M.

Court House, Clearfield, Pa.;
Afternoon Session, Thursday, May 31, 1906.

Mr. Glover in the Chair.
The meeting was called to order at the designated hour.

The CHAIR: We will now take up the second number on the pro-
gram for this morning entitled “Feed, Breed and Care of the Dairy.”
By Dr. J. D. Detrich, West Chester, Pa.

DR. DETRICH: Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen, and Fellow-
Farmers: It is a very great pleasure to me this afternoon to stand
here and speak to you on the subject of “The Feed, Breed and Care
of the Dairy,” but before saying one word in reference to this sub-
ject, it is my delight to present to you at this time the very splendid
address that was delivered by the President of the United States
yesterday at Hampton, Virginia, and he spoke of the agricultural col-
leges, and the work which the agricultural institutes are doing for
the farmer, and urged the young men of America, colored men as
well as white men, to stick to the farm, and I am happy to be able
to present to you this suggestion from the President of the United
States, and such good words for the advancement of agriculture,
for we know very well that we do not have the sympathy of every-
body in the United States, and sometimes we feel that we are pulled
down by the tremendous tide that is trying to draw us away from
the scientific side and down to the ordinary method of practicing
agriculture in the past.

Still further, I bring to you the greetings of Mr. Kates—those of
you who were present at West Chester last year will remember him
well, and he wished me to say to you, that if you would come to see
him again, he thought he could offer you some good milk to drink
instead of some of the other stuff.

Dr. Detrich discussed his subject as follows:

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 307

FEED, BREED AND CARE OF THE DAIRY.

By DR. J. D. DETRICH, West Chester, Pa.

Speaking of the care of the dairy cow, the first thing is, undoubted-
ly, the feeding of the dairy cow. Of course you have to have your cow
before you have to have your feed. We understand that grass was
created before the animal, so that we consider that as a matter of
course. Afterwards comes breed, second, and the care of the animal
next.

There is another phase to this business of dairying which belongs
to the handling of the milk and to the marketing of the milk, a ques-
tion which belongs to the commercial side. You can dispose of it
through a milkman, or if you are conveniently situated to do so, you
can market your own product. Not every farmer is situated in that
matter so as to send his milk directly to the consumer; therefore
it is the duty of every farmer to become a business man as well as
a dairyman.

FEED.

In speaking for the dairy animal, and believing that the grass
was created before the cow, we likewise have to take hold of the
subject of the feed for the purpose of handling the dairy business
properly. There are several systems that have been in vogue, looked
upon as more or less extravagant, and usually conducted more or
less on an extensive scale. First, there was the system of pasture,
the roaming of cattle out on the plains where there were no fences,
and then coming down to the day of fencing and to the keeping of
animals within certain bounds, and they have calculated that it
takes five acres to keep a cow within the borders of civilization and
advanced society. The position which society occupies to-day as re-
gards the variety of the products and its demands has driven the
dairyman upward all the time. It will not do to feed the dairy
animal on mullen stalks and weeds and all kinds of trash, and then
expect her to produce a good product. This animal has to have the
very best of food, and to this subject we direct the attention of the
twentieth century dairymen who are looking to agriculture as well
as to the dairy to-day for a business as well as a profit, and in such
a way that they are endeavoring to grasp all the conditions of the
question of producing milk and the various stages of its production;
and they must not only consider it from the point of view of the
dairyman, but also that of the sanitarian.

Well, there were millions of acres of range that animals were
permitted to roam over in the past, yet every year as civilization ad-
vances and the population of the earth becomes greater, the condi-
tions change. You would think that the dairy animal would be
driven further and further away from society instead of drawing
nearer to it.

Now as to the question of food, instead ‘of having one kind of
food, we have to-day a whole multitude of foods, scarcely an in-
dustry opens up to-day that we do not have a benefit derived from
it in the way of a by-product. Look at the oil mills to-day, linseed

308 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

as well as cotton-seed. They all tell the story of these by-products
which are coming up in such a way that they are splendid dairy
foods, whether they come from the flour mill, the linseed oil mill or
the cotton-seed mill; they put upon the market foods that can be
fed to such an advantage that you can continue increasing the milk
rather than simply to have a cow that you can milk for a few weeks
after she is fresh.

The dairy animal was fitted to give milk so long as she nurtured
her calf, but we have succeeded in changing the dairy cow entirely
around. You take a cow that is properly handled under modern
methods of dairying, and you have a very different animal from
the one that used to be permitted to roam over perhaps a hundred
acres in the field.

Take our dairy cows to-day, after they have been fed properly in
the barn, and I let them out upon a rich pasture of growing grass,
they would refuse to take a mouthful of food. You would say, it is
unnatural. It is, in one sense, but what difference does it make if
you provide the animal with superior food in your own dairy farm
and in your system of handling that animal, have a profit, whether
she eats grass or something else, and if you can bring that animal
into such relations and conditions that you can afford to feed her
a concentrated food from these by-products, why that is what you
want and we have simply hinted at it. If you can balance up a
ration in such a way that this cow will keep alive on this ration
and the surplus she puts in the bucket, that is the verification of the
method, and it is simply a business proposition, as much so as any-
thing can be, and the whole thing is, to study the animal, to find
out on what she thrives the best, and what is best for her.

Take those cattle at St. Louis. They tried different ways of
feeding them, and you have heard me speak time and again
insisting upon the right method of feeding the dairy cow.
When they tried it at St. Louis and experimented upon differ-
ent methods of feeding, what did they find? They found out that
they had to come right back to cut hay instead of feeding long hay;
found that they had to make up a regular mixture with hay and
ensilage and grain to keep those cattle upon their feet. We know
that is the only way, from experience. Weare in the dairy day after
day and have studied all these conditions; I call that common sense.
To milk a cow seven months in the year and then let her lie simply
fallow, to have a cow fresh in the Spring and let her go dry in the
Fall, these are the methods that you are to consider.

We turn a cow out to grass in the springtime and let her go dry
in the Fall, said some of the people when I was up there. They
said the truth is that the milk gets so scarce up there in the winter
time that we have to raise our babies on cider.

Situated as I am in the dairy business on a large farm and having
no place for growing our own cattle for the first year or two, I was
obliged to go into the market to buy a lot of cattle this Spring,
although the Fall is the better time for buying cattle. In the Fall
many persons have cattle running out and grazing, and then as
winter approaches, and they realize that they will have to put them
into the barn and feed them through the winter, they think that
they had better sell and that is the reason why you can usually buy
cattle at better advantage in the Fall of the year than you can in

INO@sn DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 309

the Spring. I was perfectly amazed when I went into some coun-
ties to buy cattle, and I could scarcely believe that modern farmers
would be guilty of practicing such methods and still would go to
church and claim to have common sense and self respect.

It is a strange thing that any one in charge of animal life will
permit it to stand out in sheds or barns in the condition that I found
these cattle. You might as well feed them on fence rails, and yet
some of these people told me to my face that they fed these cattle
grain. Why, it was difficult for them to stand up, much more diffi-
cult for them to produce milk, covered with all kinds of dirt and
afflicted with disease; it is a wonder they were alive at all—yet these
animals were called cows. There was no possibility that any man
making a business of dairying could succeed under such conditions.
Tt is a perfect outrage on society that such things should be. Talk
about cruelty to animals; there is nothing more cruel. You can beat
an animal and give it a tremendous beating and it is soon over, but
to keep an animal standing in such condition for six months, prac-
tically in a state of famine and starvation, so that you can count
every bone in its structure, why the very condition of the animal
is changed, the very condition of its whole system is in such a
state that you take that animal and put it into a good barn and at-
tempt to feed it a balanced ration and you are defeated.

I thought I had studied the balanced ration pretty thoroughly and
I thought that I knew pretty well how to handle an animal. I thought
I could take these cows and put them into a barn and commence
to feed them ensilage and cotton-seed meal, and that these cows
would respond to such treatment. But no, they would stand anda
look at the ration as though they had never seen any think like it
before; they looked at it as if it was merely so much sand.

’ Now what shall we do with such animals? It was a problem and
how did I solve it? I went to the corn crib, got nubbins and they
ate them greedily. Imagine Detrich standing up before a lot of
such cattle and going up to a corn crib for a bushel ration and get-
ting out nubbins for a lot of scrub cows, cows so poor that you could
count their ribs on each side, so thin that the wind could blow
through them, in fact, in a perfectly horrible condition. And yet
what did the people want for them? Why, they wanted the price of
good cattle for them.

Look at the argument, and yet men say there is nothing in the
dairy business; and I agree with them. I agree that no man will
ever make a success out of such a dairy business! It is impossible
for any man to do it. Then look at the cattle; talk about a scrub
cow and a scrub sire; put them together and you get something still
more scrubby, and then they feed them this miserable feed or no
feed at all and call it the dairy business. No one can ever enter the
dairy business and flourish under such treatment as that, and that
is not an overdrawn statement either of what I found, and my own
experience this winter in buying seventy-nine head of cattle, con-
firmed it, whether I went into one section of the country or into
another, I found the cattle to be in this impoverished condition and
the people that owned them were complaining that farming didn’t
pay; their grass fields showed it and their barns showed it, and they
themselves showed it, as additional pictures of this famished con-
dition of their dairy business. They never heard of a balanced ra-

310 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

tion; they wouldn’t know it if they saw it, and they keep their cattle
in sheds where there are just a few fence rails put up on each side
with a lot of sticks on top. No doubt many of you have seen just
such a cow shed as that. I said to one of them, “What do you
want for yourcow?” He said “Forty-five dollars.” Why, I laughed
at the man; the cow would have been dear at fifteen dollars. I saw
a stable not very far from the center of this State in such a condi-
tion that I would not have given twenty-five dollars for the whole
bunch of twenty-five cattle, in fact, I wouldn’t have driven them
home. The cattle were in a state of starvation; you couldn’t have
got them on their feet for three or four months. No cow is going
to milk well when she can’t shed her coat and she is liable to any
and every disease. You are just as likely to run into garget as not
when you are going to feed them with their whole system impoy-
erished and their circulation and skin gone wrong. You take a cow
and her circulation is bad and she just stands in that shriveled con-
dition with her back humped up, the worst possible condition for a
dairy cow. The dairy business will never flourish and succeed any-
where under such conditions as those, and it is foolish to expect it.
You cannot possibly bring it to pass. If you have scrubby animals,
and then feed them scrubby feed, they are going to be the serubbiest
of things. On the other hand, you take a balanced ration, and have
your cows balanced, and still more, the feeders balanced because an
unbalanced man is the most fortunate of the two—I would rather
have a balanced man than a balanced ration for a feeder, because he
will know what the cow needs, and he will succeed, while if he
does not know that, he never will succeed, whether he sends to the
college and gets that ration marked out for him, just as nicely as it
ought to be, whether it is a narrow or a wide ration, if he is not
master of the situation and master of the individual animal, he will
never feed that animal properly. He may feed her, but for the dairy
business, he certainly will not succeed. He must know how to adapt
his feed to the business and to the animal.

In looking then at the impoverished condition of some of the cattle
which come into the eastern market at certain times of the year,
if they were fed twice as much as they usually feed the whole bunch
of them, they would be in better condition and in every way be bet-
ter. You cannot get a cow into a real working condition in that im-
poverished state in less than three or four months, and what does
that mean? That means four months of wasted time, or three
months of wasted time because that means neglect and carelessness
of the man who owns the animal. It is the man who is to blame
in every respect. It is the man that makes the cow. It is not the
cow’s fault if she is bad; he has bred the cow; she has not. It is
the man’s business to use his intelligence to breed and feed the
animal. The whole position puts the man in such a relation to the
animal that he is not only the master of the cow, he is the keeper of
the cow, the breeder of the cow, and the feeder of the cow.

Now what should we do with the dairy situation as it is in this
country? We must provide the foods that to-day are in the market.
You can have brewers’ grain or malt stock if you want, or the refuse
from the cotton mill or linseed mills, any one of them you can take
them and balance them up to keep the animal alive and feed her
enough besides to make you a profit, but if you are going to turn

No. 7. ; DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 311

your head, and say it doesn’t pay, and turn your head away from
the animals, and say, I don’t care, I am not going to bother with
cows; they are too much trouble. Don’t attempt to keep a herd of
cattle unless you make yourself master of the whole situation.
Study the cow’s whole constitution and understand your individual
cows.

You can’t take some old thing that has no nervous system and
make a cow out of her; she must have a splendid nervous system in
order to make a good dairy cow out of her. If you take a cow with
a poor nervous system, you will never find one such cow to turn
out to be a great dairy cow.

Take a horse that has the right shaped head, and well knit, well
proportioned body. He has courage for any service that you want
him for. Take a dairy cow again and look at her constitution. If
she has a good nervous system, you may take that one friendless
cow on the farm and take a shovel and go and dig it into her and
never think of stroking her face and never think of stroking her
hair the right way at all, but rather always the wrong way, when
you do stroke it, and you will not have a good dairy cow, with such
treatment as that. What is milking but simply taking so much
vitality from the cow. When you begin to milk, you should com-
mence to coax the cow, and learn to flirt with your cow a little;
she will never fill the milk pail for you until you do. It is astonish-
ing what a sympathy there must be between the dairyman and his
cow. Just watch what she will eat and not what she leaves. Just
feed her so that she will always eat it up nicely. She should not
be confronted with feed that is not agreeable to her appetite. There
is a foolishness in it you may say. Well, yes, I will admit there is,
but there is also a profit in it, and the profit that you derive from
the dairy animal under those circumstances will continue to enrich
your farm, and the cow will continue to fill your bucket, and you
will get the results that you are after. A man will say, “It costs
too much to feed a cow in that way.” Now what is your experience
in the matter? Day before yesterday I had a spreader drive on
the scales and the spreader contained a load taken from thirty-
three cattle, and I had 2,650 pounds of manure on that spreader from
the thirty-three cattle; it bore out my calculations splendidly. A
good cow will make forty pounds of solid manure to add to the fer-
tility of your fields, and thirty pounds of liquid manure to add to
your fields when she is fed properly, and she will give you from
twenty-five to thirty pounds of milk. Now look what you are wast-
ing when you throw that into the barnyard. What is manure but
plant growth? I would just as soon talk to a stone wall as to at-
tempt to argue with a man who does not take as good care of his
manure as he does of his milk; he is no farmer.

I regard a man as a merchant when he is like John Wanamaker;
when he takes an old freight depot and starts a store in it, and fills
it up with laces and silks, and studies his business until by and by
he builds a proud marble structure eighteen or twenty stories high;
I call that man a store-keeper; I call him a merchant. He knows
his business. When a man takes care of his dairy as well, he will
succeed. When a man takes off a crop of rye in May, I call that
farming. When he puts in his grass seed in August, when the
next season turns around, and he takes off two tons to the acre,

312 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE ; Off. Doe.

and in about five or six weeks takes off two tons more, I call that
man a farmer that does it, and the man who simply cuts off and
scrapes off white tops and mullen stalks, does not deserve the name
of a farmer. You cannot possibly, under any circumstances under
God’s heaven, expect the dairy business to hold you up as a farmer
or to furnish you as palatable food for infants or for society to-day,
if you attempt to feed any such trash, and I don’t see how you can at-
tempt it and call yourself a good citizen of the United States.

The dairy business is a valuable one. There is no food on this earth
s0 valuable and so nutritious for the infant, for the sick, for the
hospital, as milk, and if a man is a true farmer or true dairyman.
he would try to make better milk, and if he made better milk he
would increase the consumption of milk just in proportion as it be-
comes improved and better, and a richer article. He would enlarge
his business in that way, like John Wanamaker with his old Market
street store starting as a freight depot and winding up with a marble
structure; that is what the dairy business ought to be. There is
nothing to-day that is taking its rise like agriculture in America;
nothing stands higher than the business of the husbandman; noth-
ing in the history of the world as we understand, stands higher than
agriculture even if you go back to the days of Artaxerxes and Alex-
ander the Great.

When Van Pelt commenced to experiment with the feeding of his
Jerseys out there, he found there was nothing like making a proper
combination of foods; for instance, if you have flour and water and
fruit, and are going to take these ingredients to make a cake, you
take your fruit and eat a little bit of this and a little of that, and
you taste the sugar and it is just the same when you are going to
make a pie as it is when you are going to prepare a ration fora
dairy cow. Make your food rations so nice that you will tempt the
appetite of the dairy cow to eat it. Take some hay; it is just as
necessary for a cow that is a ruminant to have hay as to have any-
thing like meal. Try to feed her nothing but bran or nothing but
corn meal and see what will become of your cattle. Your cow must
have cut hay, and have her cut ensilage and don’t just throw it into
her in any old way as if you were feeding her with white tops and
mullen stalks. You want the very best clover that your farm can
grow. You must have such elements down in your soil as phos-
phoric acid and potash, so that the plants can convey it to the animal.
You start away down with a little plant, look at the difference be-
tween the various kinds of plants. Take an apple on the tree, a
little knotty, stunted thing that grows in the shade and on a weak
limb, and take one of Dr. Funk’s splendid Winesapsand put it along-
side such a miserable dot of a thing, with a worm in the end, and
put it on your table, and compare it with the lucious Winesap. Now
it is just the same with the cow. There is hay properly cured, and
hay not half cured. You allow it to ripen properly and there is not
a cow in the world but will eat it. No cow can digest a clover seed
nor any grass seed, but you take it in the condition when it is just
worked right and cured right and the food flows right into the plant.
You get the potash of the soil. It goes up into the plant and you
have a most succulent hay, with the succulence not burned out of it,
and you prepare this with the best ensilage, that is, cut hay and
use some bran, winter bran, some hay, and the linseed and the gluten

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 313

and you will make a complete ration for the dairy cow and make it
really palatable for her. Don’t say, “I salt my cows twice a week.”
How would your pie taste if your wife should say, after you had
eaten it at dinner, “Go out and lick some salt in the kitchen.’ You
are touching the animal on a very tender point. Yuu let a little
bit of grease get into that ration and see how quickly she turns her
head away. You say the old cow won’t eat that. No, and she ought
not to eat it. You must adapt the ration to the cow. The ration
may be splendidly digestible, but not palatable for the animal, and
that is just what you have to test, and find, and choose, something
palatable for the dairy cow.

You may take an animal in a certain condition, and you have
a certain problem before you to learn the peculiarities of that
animal. I know there are some people who think they are smart,
and who shake their heads violently when this is suggested simply
because they think that a cow is a cow, but you can’t make a cow’s
milk rich on corn meal. The whole truth is this: You can do it
in some instances. Some cows are in such a condition that you
could not do very much with them until you get them in proper
condition, and then when they are in proper condition, you talk
about the lazy old cow, and you talk about the eight-hour man and
the sixteen hour-woman. Why, they are not to be compared with
the work of the cow, milking fifteen or twenty quarts of milk a day.
She uses up more nervous energy than the horse on the street. She
is using all her power. She gives us her power.

The trouble is the milch cow has usually had too much exercise
for the profit of the dairy. When properly fed and watered, she
won’t.go around exercising. Why? From nature and constitu-
tion and her four big stomachs, and she wants to chew her cud, and
she rolls that over and over in her mouth. She wants quiet. A
cow has that advantage that after she swallows, she commences to
chew it over and over again. There is no more peaceful sight in
the world than to see a cow that has been properly fed, with a real
glossy coat and a splendid circulation of the blood, with a nice pliable
skin, quietly chewing her cud, grinding it into the lacteal fluid that is
afterwards to supply food for all human life. When you see these
fine babies that have been nurished on her milk you begin to realize
that there is nothing like the dairy cow. You may talk about the
American hen, which is all right and proper, but there is no compari-
son to be made between the hen and the cow. You don’t want a cow
for beef, half steer and half cow; you don’t want a cow either that is
half cow and half goat. You want her to be a cow all over, the out-
side just as valuable as the inside and the inside just as valuable as
the outside. Unless you know both sides of your question, you will
never be a dairyman, and if you are a dairyman, you will find that
there is a constant problem presented to you for solution. Every
year that I have spent in the cattle industry has taught me that I
have more and more to learn. I get letters time and again from
people who want to take up dairying as a business. I got a letter
only a few weeks ago from a gentleman who is Professor in a Vir-
ginia Seminary, saying that he would like to place a young man
under my care and if I would receive him he would be very much
obliged. I wrote a letter saying that I would, and the young man
turned up shortly. When he came I asked him if he was fond of

21

314 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Dog.

cattle. Yes, very. Are you fond of chickens? Yes, very. Well,
let us go to the dairy barn. We went out to the dairy barn, and I
commenced to mstruct him along that line, and he turned around
and said, “I didn’t know there was so much to learn about cattle.”
“Oh,” I said, “You have not learned it all yet,” and as 1 explained
further, he said again, “I didn’t know there was so mvch to learn
about cattle. I thought you just fed a cow and got her milked, and
that was all there is of it. He said, “it’s a good deal of trouble, is
it not?” “Yes,” I said, “there is a good deal of trouble about it;”
but I said, “This cow has to work here for 365 days in the year.”
A few days afterwards he wrote a letter home to his father that he
wasn’t feeling very well, and that he had a headache. His father
came on and said his son was not very strong and that he would
take him home. Now that boy will never make anything. You
often cry that the boys leave the farm. Well, if they are like this
boy, let them go; we don’t want such stuff, and the quicker you get
rid of that sort of material the better it is for the cow and the bet-
ter it is for the farm, too.

Speaking of the dairy cow from these standpoints then, you can
see very well what we think is necessary in their management, and
as I have said, one of the chief things is, to provide this food in such
a palatable way that it will tempt the appetite of the cow. The
reason I insist upon this method of preparing the food is, that you
will get the best results from it.

Now let us turn for a moment to the other side, and suppose that
a man says, “I am going to feed the cow hay in the morning, and
then I will give ber some bran and gluten meal.” The hay drags
down under her feet, and he lets it remain there and then goes to
feeding his other foods: Can you afford that? I can’t. Wouldn’t
it pay you to put in a little bran when you feed her the dry feed?
You will note that she dips into it greedily; perhaps she looks around
this side and that side of the trough, and finds the bran is on either
side. Suppose you have a hundred cows and are giving each one
an ounce of bran. It is easy to figure out that if for each cow you
feed an ounce, having a hundred cows, you cannot afford to have
it wasted as I think is frequently the case. Now you want to pre-
vent that. How shall you do it? You mix up the rations of the
cow, hay, ensilage and bran, and put it before her in a proper way.
She dips her head down and perhaps she will pitch the whole thing
out. Now just put a stick across so that she can’t pitch it out. We
feed in a long trough. Ask Dr. Conard what he thinks about it.
As the State Veterinary, Dr. Pearson, what he thinks about it.
Ask any of the expert feeders of the country whether that is the
way to feed a cow. Ina lot of cows this cow is giving fifteen quarts
of milk, and this one pretty near dry and that one past dry. Why,
gentlemen, there is no more stupid feeding than that. You must
have a system. I know it has been a main reason for failure in the
business, such work as that, because of the carelessness connected
with it. You can’t afford to be careless. You can’t afford to buy
bran at a cent a pound, and cotton-seed at a cent and a quarter,
and then allow it to go to waste, and let cows throw out 300 ounces
of food aday. It goes right out into the manure pile and you can’t
afford to do it. You must so handle that food that you get returns
in the way of milk or butter for every fraction of it. In the handling

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 315

of the food it is not simply enough to have a system of feeding,
but there is a great deal in the way you handle the dairy cow and
treat her as she stands in the stall. How often on the farms do
you see some rough hired man go to milk a cow and he comes up
to -her and says, “Stand over here, you old thing,” and he hits her
alongside of the head to get her in shape to milk, instead of giving
her a soft stroke down the back, or perhaps he goes at her with a
real rough, new sharp curry-comb, and rubs it roughly up and down
and along her sides and calls that currying. That is not currying,
and no wonder wiih such treatment as that, that your cow does not
produce the milk that she would if she was properly handled; or
perhaps you neglect to brush her, or clean her off. You say she is
not dirty. Now I want to say to you that a bath with a brush for
a cow is-just as important as a dust bath for a chicken, and just as
important as a nice bath is for a good, hearty baby. Because a
chicken is a chicken, does not amount to saying that it can be neg-
lected, nor is it true of the cow. You are not satisfied when you
simply sit down to a good table yourselves if you have no comfortable
clothing and no comfortable heat in the room if you have the very
best of food. You will say, “I am just dying for a drink, and you
want the water,” and so you see what it is to go through it. Your
wants must be supplied; you mustehave comfort; you must have the
water; you must have the food; you must have your bath, in order
to be a real comfortable, healthy person, and it is the same with
the dairy cow.

Can you make me believe that that cow is better because she roams
the ‘field, and she comes in in the evening with a little bag that is
not thicker than my two hands, and you expect to get milk from
her? You can’t make me believe such stuff. I can take that cow
and produce a very different condition, and yet you will say, keeping
cows like Detrich does, it is all wrong. Every spot of land that he
has ever touched and the little fifteen acre farm down at Flourtown
was a hatful of money, and the man that ran it got a hatful of money
for doing it. We are speaking about this from the standpoint of
business.

That is not the half of it. We have only told you half, when we
talked to you about the feeding of the cow. Here comes the great
benefit for your farm, is getting the whole benefit of that undigested
food which the cow could not turn into milk, and then isn’t the
dairy business paying when you can take all that you have bought
in the market and after the digestible part has been turned into
milk or into cream, then that which remains gives you the very thing
that you want, and you know there is not a fertilizer that will com-
pare with that manure that is made in a dairy barn.

If the cow is properly fed, you have the very same ingredients
that your fertilizer bag claims to have. I would like to see the farm
that can get better and better through commercial fertilizers. I can
show you plenty of soil that has got better and better through the
humus that comes from the dairy barn.

BREED.

Now to speak of the breeding of the dairy cow. Some man per-
haps immediately thinks that we are about to advance some fantas-
tic idea, and that these high-priced cattle are no good, because you

316 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doce.

can’t turn them out into the fields and the storm, and they are no
good because they can’t stand the climate and all such things as that.

If you have a real good watch, can you throw that watch around
as carelessly as you would a two dollar or two dollar and a half
watch that you buy? Can you take anything of value and throw
it around in that way without care?

The very fact that the dairy cow is subject to all the changes
of temperature, and changes of diet shows how valuable the cow is.
It just shows what a treasure you have got, and that if you will just
put her in a suitable place and keep her under circumstances suited
to her health, that she will work for you; a thoroughbred can al-
ways do her work. It seems to me that she is very much like my-
self, it would take an immense amount of comfort to kill me; the
more we realize these things, the better we shall succeed in the busi-
ness. The truth is, a cow that is a cow is built for the purposes of
making milk and butter and when she has fulfilled that purpose,
I do not care whether she is in the Herd Book; I do not care whether
she has come from the Island of Jersey or whether she came from
the Netherlands, or where she came from.

Yesterday it was my pleasure—I got permission to be absent from
this convention—to go to Cooper’s sale to see a hundred head of
thoroughbred Jerseys sold under the hammer at auction. It
looked like a foolish thing, but I did it. Why, I couldn't
afford to miss that sale. I have been going to Cooper’s
sales since 1882 and I have never missed one. There is no object
lesson in this world better than that, and I have never read a book
or come in contact with an animal that has taught me half as much
about cattle or the dairy animals as I have learned at Cooper’s sales,
where I have seen the finest bred animals in the world for butter
and milk, stand there under the auction hammer, and knocked down
to the highest bidder all over these states. There was a sale yester-
day and it is a pleasure for me to tell you about it. One of the
finest animals that you ever saw was put up there; her body was just
the ideal body that is described by every man who lectures on the
dairy cow. She had all the points that a breeder would admire,
and when she was knocked down under the hammer, $2,500 was
paid for that beautiful Jersey cow. No man would go and pay that
for an animal if there was not quality there, if he did not know that
he was buying an ideal animal. Another one was knocked off at
$1,700. Just to see what breeding has done, I have followed these
sales for years and always with profit. Now what was the
reason of this? Why it was the prepotency of these animals. No
wonder they paid such prices. Somebody said they were fools and
all such talk as that. You know talk is wonderfully cheap until
you go and ask a lawyer something, and then you pay for it. Those
are the cattle that win at the fairs every time. You go to St. Louis
or any other fair and it is the thoroughbred animal that wins the
prizes. If any of you are foolish enough to talk against thorough-
breds, you belong in the class with the old lady at the market who
used the same tin cup to measure out apple butter that she did smear
kase, and after a while you couldn’t tell the other from which. You
buy all sorts of stuff and in all sorts of ways.

But I want to go back a little to speak further of what was done
at Cooper’s sale yesterday. They had there some heifers sired by

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 317

a very celebrated bull. They led four of his heifers into the ring
at one time and I would defy a man to say which one of his heifers
was the best; they were marked almost exactly alike. They went
up to $900 and the auctioneer sold one at that figure and the man
who bought it took the whole four. Nobody else had a chance at
them.

Seven other fine animals were taken into the ring, and the bid on
the first’one was $500 and the whole seven were taken by the same
man. It shows what breeding is. You heard what Prof. Van Nor-
man said on the subject last night. You don’t want animals with
as many colors as Joseph’s coat, and you don’t want all this con-
fusion in business. What made that Flourtown farm, was the Jer-
sey cattle on it.

They said, Detrich make a lot of butter, but he puts tallow in it
and he hauls hay there at night. What foolish people! When I
was a boy, five or six of us would start after a wagon and the fel-
lows would try to catch on. Just as soon as one fellow would suc-
ceed in catching on to the wagon, we would holler “Cut behind.”
Isn’t that the story of life? You holler “cut behind” as soon as one
man succeeds. I just like to strike a man who is full of growl; I
don’t think there is anything that digests victuals better for me than
to hear some fellow growl.

Perhaps you ask me, “What do you mean by a cow for a dairy?”
I mean a cow that is on a dairy farm, a cow that is good inside and
outside. There are certain external marks that help us very much
in selecting and handling a dairy animal. Go to see the best samples
of breeding. Why does Mr. Cooper go to the Island of Jersey and
bring these cattle over here? Why, it is a little bit of an island?
That thing was mentioned by Prof. Van Norman a little while ago.
The little Island of Jersey have two or three fairs a _ year,
and when a calf is born, a committee goes to look after the
ealf and to see whether it ought to go to the butcher or into the
dairy. They go around and pass judgment; they examine that calf
from the tip of his nose to the tip of his tail, turn him over, and
that is the way I always do. I look at that calf; study the indi-
vidual.

You know there is any amount of men who have sons that don’t
fill any niche or position in this world. They simply stand before
the front door and pick their teeth. There is nothing so unfortunate
as that; nothing so unfortunate for a young man as not to make
himself the captain of his own manhood. Unless he is the captain
of his own manhood, he is somethiag like one of these scrubby cows,
fit neither for the butcher nor for the dairy, and yet man is designed
to be a master of nature. That is what his intelligence is for, and
if he would fulfill his mission on earth and creditably act his part
among his fellow-men, he must rise to the opportunities that lie be-
fore him, as the first and only being that has any promise of existence
after death.

What dairyman can afford to put fat on an animal’s back at two
cents and a half or three cents a pound when she can put butter in
the bucket at twenty cents a pound. There is the dairy question
and yet farmers are always talking beef. They call for beef and for
tallow.

What we want to do about the breed is to select the breed you

318 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

want. If you want the Holstein breed, you are perfectly welcome
toit. On the other hand, I want the Jersey cow, that will give cream
for your coffee and for your strawberries, and it is that cow I want
when I want quality. You can’t make as good butter out of Hol-
stein milk as you can out of Jersey milk. Why? Because the Hol-
stein is bred for a different purpose.

A Member: Mr. Chairman, I would like to ask the Doctor a little
further as to the feeding of corn.

DR. DETRICH: I spoke of feeding bran, linseed and cotton seed
meal. I never feed corn meal; I never feed a pound of corn meal.
I fed corn nubbins on one occasion that I told you about because
they wouldn’t eat other feed. I have found out that you must feed
for two things, and I feed for the farm as well as for the milk pro-
duct.

A Member: What proportion of gluten do you feed?

DR. DETRICH: That depends just on the cow when it comes to
feeding. We start a frame with this mixed ration in it with linseed,
cotton-seed, cut hay and ensilage. We feed a cow according to her
production as near as we possibly can. Now we start this—we
start it on a large truck, and take it right around, feeding the cattle
right and left. If there is a cow here, she gets her regular propor-
tion of this, but if she will take more feed and turn it into a pro-
duct, we will give that cow an extra amount of grain. We will not
put any more bran in it. We try to put the bran in as a basis, and
then we cut it up with linseed.

If the manure is too loose, we will take the linseed and gluten
meal; if the manure js not right, we will leave out the cottonseed
and gluten meal and put in more linseed. I know that oats is just
as good, but oats is too dear. .

I think I have stated to-day or some place that a cow’s udder fol-
lows the manure. If the cow’s droppings are right, I will guarantee
that her udder is right; you must get that cow’s system right. The
fact that she does not shed her coat, some cows will not, that cow
will not milk as she should until her coat is right. Her whole cir-
culation must be complete, and she must be in splendid physical
condition; if you find your cow is not in proper condition, you can
judge what is best for her.

Whatever a cow can eat up, and put in the bucket, it pays you
to give her.

MR. MARTIN: Mr. Chairman, it is the expressed desire of nearly
all the delegates that we adjourn this meeting so that a great num-
ber of us may take the 3.30 train this afternoon, and if we do that,
it will be necessary to omit some of these addresses.

There are several numbers yet on this program, that of Dr. War-
ren on “The Enforcement of the Dairy and Food Laws,” and then
Prof. R. L. Watts’ address on “Soil Improvement Without Stable
Manures” and “Economy in Beef Production, by Prof. T. I. Mairs,
of State College.

Dr. Warren is not present, but is represented here by Mr. H. L.
Banzhoff. I have talked with Mr. Banzhoff, and he comes here pre-
pared to occupy a few minutes in explanation of the work along

Nipzat: DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 319

the line of Pure Foods. We would be pleased to have him speak
a few minutes and then we will listen to Prof. Watts, with the
understanding that we are to have the manuscripts of Mr. Banzhoff
and of Prof. Mairs for publication in our proceedings.

Mr. Banzhoff, representing Dr. Warren, addressed the Normal
Institute as follows:

THE ENFORCEMENT OF THE DAIRY AND FOOD LAWS.

By MR. H. L. BANZHOF®, Special Agent, Dairy and Food Division, Department of Agriculture.

Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: Dr. B. H. Warren, Dairy
and Food Commissioner, whom you have selected to speak to you
on the subject—“The Enforcement of the Dairy and Food Laws”
has been called to Washington, D. C., in consultation with President
Roosevelt, in regard to the present meat investigation, and has re-
quested me to speak to you on the above subject. Understand, how-
ever, not to take his place on the program, for this I am quite sure
I would be unable to do, but I am glad, however, for this opportunity
‘to meet with the representative farmers of the State of Pennsylva-
nia, and, in greeting you, to give to you as briefly as possible on ac-
count of what is being done by the State in the direction of secur-
ing pure food.

The Pure Food Laws of the State of Pennsylvania, were enacted
by the law-making body of our State, and signed by the Governor.
These laws were not enacted to benefit a few, but for the protec-
tion of the masses. Yes, Mr. Chairman, I dare say to protect you
and your family as well as every family that is represented here
to-day from being forced to eat adulterated foods, or foods which
contain preservatives, which are poisonous in nature and injurious
to health. Did you ever think for a moment, when you sit down to
partake of your meal, breakfast, dinner and supper, that you were
unconsciously partaking of doses of chemicals, many of which are
poisonous in their nature? I imagine I hear some one say, “Do you
mean to tell me that there are manufacturers in the State of Penn-
sylvania as well as in ali other states, that deliberately and know-
ingly use preservatives in the manufacture of foods which are ab-
solutely poisonous in their nature and injurious to health?’ To
prove this fact, I call your attention tv the first four thousand sam-
ples of various food products that were purchased under the direction
of Dr. B. H. Warren, our Dairy and Food Commissioner, of which
82 per cent. of the same were sold in violation of the Pure Food
Laws of the State, and proven by chemical analysis to be adulterated,
while many were poisonous in character and injurious to health.

Let me call your attention to a few of these that your family and
my family partake of daily: 1st. steak, or Hamburger steak, pre-
served with sulphites and colored with coal-tar dye. Fresh pork
sausage, preserved with sulphites and colored with coal-tar dye. Bo-
logna sausage, liver pudding, veal loaf, pressed ham, shredded cod
fish, and many others that I might mention, preserved with boric
acid and other ingredients injurious to health. Milk preserved with

320 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

formaldehyde, an important constituent of embalming fluid, which
is used by the undertakers to prepare bodies after death, to preserve
and keep them in a natural state for burial. In the city of
Allegheny, in the year 1904, Special Agent Wilcox and myself pur-
chased 49 samples of milk from the dealers, direct from their wagons
as they were delivering to customers in the city. Out of these 49
samples, 28 were preserved with formaldehyde—this embalming
fluid that I speak of, and three preserved with boric acid, and quite a
number of the samples were skimmed and watered and low in fat.
So you see that for the gain of the dollar, that the vendors in the
city of Allegheny were not only willing to take chances in poisoning
the innocent babies and invalids of that city who were forced to use
milk as their only nourishment, but went a step further and robbed
them by skimming and watering their milk.

Doubtless many of you have gone into a drug store on a hot sum-
mer day to get a refreshing drink. You step up to the soda foun-
tain and ask for strawberry, raspberry or some other fruit flavor,
thinking your drink was flavored with the natural fruit of the earth,
when the facts were, that there was not a particle of the natural
fruit in it, but simply a compound, with a coal-tar dye, preserved
with salicylic acid and artificially flavored. One of the defendants
in the courts of Allegheny county entered a plea of guilty, and said
to his Honor, that he purchased the best syrups he could for the -
money. The Court in reply stated that if he could not purchase
pure syrups to serve to his customers, he had better close down his
fountain.

I also desire to speak to you in regard to some of the prepared
fruits that are sold under the name of strawberry, raspberry, black-
berry jam, etc., which contain but a very small percentage of the
fruit; in fact, in a great many cases our chemists were unable to find ©
even a trace of the natural fruit. These, too, were a compound of
some inferior and cheaper substance than the natural fruit, colored
with a coal-tar dye, artificially flavored and preserved with salicylic
or benzoic acids.

I was informed by a traveling man, that he saw in one of our
western Cities, carloads of apple peelings and cores, and when he
asked what they were going to do with this great amount of refuse,
he was told that that was part of the strawberry, raspberry, black-
berry and many other of the jams that he ate daily. So we might
go on and speak to you of the many adulterations that we have
found, tomato catsup, maple syrup, extracts of all flavors, shredded
cocoanut, and vinegar. In this connection, I might say that I have
purchased samples of vinegar for pure cider vinegar which did not
have a trace of the apple juice in it; white wine vinegar that did
not have a trace of the fruit init. So I might go on and enumerate,
but I think I have said enough to convince you that the makers of
these food commodities are very little concerned about you or your
health or the results from eating their bad food stuffs.

It seems to me all that concerns them is the dollar, or the profits
they derive from their food stuffs, and they are willing to take all
sorts of chances regardless of the Pure Food Laws of Pennsylvania.
To prove that they are very little concerned about your health or my
health in the sale of their production, very often it has been said
when samples were taken and submitted to our Chemist for analysis

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 321

and found to be adulterated or preserved with a poisonous sub-
stance: “This has been a mistake of our shipper or our packer; these
goods were not put up for the State of Pennsylvania but for some
other state where the Pure Food Laws are not so vigorously en-
forced.” So you can see, my friends, if it was not for the strict en-
forcement of the Pure Food Laws of our State, our markets would
continue to be flooded with food products preserved with chemicals
which would be poisonous in their nature and injurious to health; the
facts are, we would be able to purchase but very little that would be
true to name, pure, or as represented.

In regards to the enforcement of the Pure Food Laws of the State,
jet me quote to you the results of the work in Allegheny county from
April 1, 1903, to May 7, 1906. Number of Pure Food cases prose-
cuted, 510; oleomargarine, 126; renovated butter, 44; a total of 680
cases prosecuted and finally adjusted. The amount of fines paid in
Allegheny county during this period was $46,074.50, oleomargarine
and renovated butter license, $77,439.16, making a grand total that
has been remitted to the Department from Allegheny county alone
of $123,513.66.

The result of the entire work of the Department is as follows:
In 1903 there were 1,800 cases, in 1904, 1,517 cases; 1905, 1,085 cases.
The amount paid in the State Treasury in 1903 was $93,458.71; 1904,
996,188.23; 1905, $82,467.60. Therefore, it is not necessary for me
to consume any more of your time to try to convince you that the
Pure Food Laws of the State of Pennsylvania are being vigorously
enforced. I told you in the beginning, that of the first four thousand
Samples purchased ander the present administration, which begun
in the year 1903, that 82 per cent. of the samples’ were found to be
adulterated, while to-day our chemists’ reports show that the adul-
teration in the food stuffs is less than 10 per cent.

I want to speak to you briefly on the Oleomargarine Law and
the enforcement thereof. Let me say to you in the first place, that
there is not an oleo dealer in Allegheny county that does not under-
stand the law. They not only make a close study of the law, but a
very careful study of their local business, as well as every customer,
and they are very suspicious of every new face. The facts are, the
only encouragement they have to continue in the business is, that
75 per cent. of the people of Allegheny and surrounding counties
are in favor of oleomargarine. One of the judges in that county
in sentencing said, “He was only sorry that the minimum fine was
not $10 instead of $100,” but he was here to do his duty, and sen-
tenced them to pay $100 in each case.

It may seem to those having no experience in running down vio-
lators of this law, that it is a very easy task. But as one who has
. had the experience, let me speak of a few of the methods that were
used in procuring samples of oleomargarine. As I have stated
before, the oleo dealers make a very close study of their local
trade, and are very suspicious of every new face, therefore, it is
necessary for the agents to adopt such methods that will throw the
oleo dealer off his guard.

Sometimes the agent will appear in the garb of a coal miner,
railroader, iron worker or a farmer; and many times the agent will
visit the store from time to time and make purchases of food stuffs,
until such time that the merchant feels he is a regular customer,

21—7—1906. -

322 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

and has satisfied himself that he is not an agent of the State, then
he will sell the agent oleo for butter. In one instance, I went into a
store and asked for some butter, some cheap butter. The dealer said,
“T have not got any of that cheap butter.” He said, ‘““My neighbor
has it for sale. I have no license to sell it.” I said, “Do you mean
to tell me that butter is licensed like liquor in this State?” “Oh!”
said he, “I see you are all right; how much do you want?” I said,
“J will thke three pounds.” He reached under the counter and
pulled out a good sized basketful of the genuine oleomargarine.
These are but several of the many experiences of special agents in
the field.

I want to say to you that Commissioner Warren and his
force are not leaving a stone unturned in their efforts to rigidly en-
force the pure food laws of the State of Pennsylvania. Where per-
sons are caught violating the law, prosecutions are inevitable. The
work of the Dairy and Food officials is sometimes discouraging, but
it is gratifying to report that the time and energy expended has
been productive of definite and unquestionably beneficial results.
For the continued friendly support and encouragement received in
the past, grateful acknowledgments are due and hereby cheerfully
tendered, and especially since the active work now in progress in
this State originated under the care and auspices of the State Board
of Agriculture, of which honored body many of you claim member-
ship and maintained constant loyalty to all that which is good and
for the best interests of the people of this Commonwealth.

I thank you most cordially for your patience and attention in list-
ening to these somewhat rambling and disconnected, but earnest
and heartfelt expressions in behalf of pure food, and consequent bet-
ter health.

The CHAIR: We will now take up the first number on our pro-
gram for this afternoon entitled “Scil Improvement Without Stable
Manures,” by Prof. R. L. Watts, of Scalp Level, Pa.

Prof. Watts gave an address on the above subject, which for lack
of time to prepare a copy, the same is not inserted.

The CHAIR: We will now take up the next number on the pro-
gram, “Economy in Beef Production,” by Prof. T, I. Mairs, State Col-
lege, Pa.

PROF. MAIRS: Mr. Chairman, I feel a little bit out of place here
this afternoon after hearing so much talk about the dairy cow; but
I want to assure you that had I given my talk as contemplated, I
should not have antagonized the dairymen in the least. It is not
the purpose of the beef advocate to say anything against the dairy
industry, but so many of us eat meat as well as milk and butter,
that it is necessary that some of us produce that meat. Most of our
meat is beef. Of course there are a great many vegetarians in the
United States but they do not seem to have any very great influence
as against the rank and file of the country. The consumption of
meat does not seem to have been especially affected by the com-
paratively small number of vegetarians, who say that the consump-
tion of meat makes us beastly and gives us all the attributes of wild
animals, which are carniverous.

The questions which I was expecting to discuss here, are some
of those which are connected with the production of beef, particu

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 323

larly in Pennsylvania. As you know, most of our beef is grown
in the West, but some of it is grown in Pennsylvania, and it was
my intention to try to show you how we can increase our beef pro-
duction in Pennsylvania and to give you some idea of some of the
work that has been done at the Pennsylvania Experiment Station
along this line.

We have been investigating some of the questions there concern-
ing beef productions, particularly some questions that are most im-
portant to us in Pennsylvania where land is more valuable than
it is in the West and where feed is more expensive, and where a
closer account and a stricter economy must be observed in the work.

Owing to lack of time Prof. Mairs was unable to read his paper,
but the same is herewith presented and is as follows:

ECONOMY IN BEEF PRODUCTION.

By PROF. T. I, MAIRS, State College, Pa.

In spite of the fact that the last few years has seen considerable
agitation in favor of vegetarianism in many quarters, the American
people continue toeat meat. It is safe to say also that the people of
Pennsylvania eat their share. No amount of fanaticism will induce
the American people to renounce their so-called flesh pots. Science
and history unite in the proof that the natural food of mankind is
of both vegetable and animal origin. Vegetarian nations have con-
tributed practically nothing to civilization. Since our people must
have meat the question naturally arises, where are they to get it?
By far the larger amount of the fresh meat eaten has been and must
continue to be beef. Can we in this State produce a larger amount
of beef to advantage or can we produce it at less cost than at pres-
ent? Is it advisable to undertake to increase our meat production?
Can we compete successfully with western growers and feeders of
beef cattle? If so, then it is to our interests to study the various
problems involved in order that we may carry the work on to the
best advantage. Shall we feed western cattle or natives? Shall the
feeder raise his steers or buy them? What type will prove most
profitable? At what age should they be fattened? What feeds
should be fed? How should they be handled during the fattening
period? If we are to produce beef, we should try to know, why,
when, and how the business may be made profitable.

The process of beef production naturally divides itself into three
operations: First, growing the animals, second, fattening, and
third, marketing. In order that beef production may be carried
on with the greatest profit, it is necessary that care and judgment
be exercised at each step. In speaking of beef production or cattle
feeding, we ordinarily think merely of the growing and fattening
processes. Although these are the operations that involve the ex-
penditures they are by no means the whole thing. While it is neces-
sary to get the best animals possible at the lowest cost, and to fatten
them with the least expenditure of food and labor, intelligent market-
ing is also essential.

The first thing to consider in selecting animals for beef produc-
tion is the type. This is of importance both to the feeder and to the

324 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

butcher. The best type for the feeder is that animal which will put
on the largest amount of flesh in the shortest length of time and with
the least expenditure of feed, at the same time having such form
and quality as will enable him to be marketed to advantage. The
best animal for the butcher is one which will produce the highest
percentage of net carcass with the largest proportion of high priced
cuts. It is not always the case that the best animal for the butcher
is the best one for the feeder. For butchers who are willing to dis-
criminate between good and poor animals because they are able to
make considerable difference in the price of different parts of the
carcass, it pays the feeder to select animals more largely from a
butcher’s standpoint. On the other hand, if the butcher does not
discriminate between the good and poor animals because he must
sell all his meat at practically the same price per pound, it is to
the advantage of the farmer to select only those animals which will
put on the largest amount of fiesh and put it on most rapidly.

The type of animal best adapted for beef production is low, blocky,
rectangular in shaps with short neck, short legs, loose mellow skin,
firm elastic flesh and quiet, gentle disposition. Such an animal will
sell for the highest price in the market when properly fattened.
Animals of the pony type are to be avoided; they are usually not
profitable feeders because they do not gain well; although they may
sell for a good price when marketed. The narrow backed, flat sided
animal with long slender neck and thick hide will not take on flesh
rapidly and even when fat, does not appear so.

A heavy, mossy coat of hair is an indication of good powers of as-
similation. Short and even hair indicates a delicate constitution,
rough and staring coat indicates poor digestion, while a coat of long
dead hair would indicate a stunted period of some time in life.

The man who ships to a large center can afford to pay more atten-
tion to the type of animal selected and can pay a higher price in
order to obtain the desired type than can one who feeds for the local
butcher. The local butcher in general is not able to make much
distinction in price between choice and ordinary animals.

Table I is intended to show why the local butcher can usually af-
ford to pay more for a common animal than the'city packer, but can-
not pay relatively so much for the prime steers. The local butcher
must obtain a higher price for his meat because he cannot sell the
by-product to so good advantage. This table has been for the most
part computed from figures furnished by Swift & Co. J

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. > 325

Comparison of Retail Price of Beef in Chicago and in Country Town.

1,200 Pound Steer, 1,000 Pound Cow.

Local. Chicago. Local, Chicago.

Cut.

Pounds.
Dollars.
Dollars.

Pounds.
Dollars
Dollars.

Price. Cents.
Price. Cents.
Price. Cents.

Weight.
Cost.
Cost.
Weight.
Cost
Cost.

A good 1,200 pound steer will net 60 per cent. while a 1,000 pound
common cow will net only 50 per cent. More than half thé meat of
the steer is in the high priced cuts, less than half of that of the cow.
This table shows that whereas the Chicago retailer and the local
butcher get practically the same for the high priced cuts of a good
steer, the local dealer gets $35.53 for the low priced ones which the
Chicago dealer must sell for $16.75, or less than half as much. As-
suming that the steer cost five and a half cents per pound and the
cow three cents the profit to the local butcher was $35.82 or about
60 per cent. on the steer and $35.76 or 119 per cent. on the cow.
The profit to the Chicago butcher would be $16.10 or about 27 per
cent. on the steer and $7.50 or 25 per cent. on the cow. The local
butcher gets two-thirds as much for the low priced cuts as for the
high priced ones. He can thus afford to pay more for the common
stock than the city butcher can. The local butcher on the other
hand cannot pay so much for the better animal because he can make
more profit off the common ones and because he cannot realize so
much on the by-products. Thus some animals can be sold to best
advantage in a small town, others in large markets.

Whether the farmer should buy his animals or raise them is
largely a question which each man must decide for himself. If
pasture is plentiful and convenient it will usually pay to raise the
animals. It frequently takes some months for the western animals
- to become acclimated and recover from the injurious effects of the
long car ride. It may thus be found more profitable to raise the
animals than to buy them from the West, even if western animals
of the same size and quality can be had a few dollars cheaper than
the natives. Another advantage in favor of the feeder raising his
own calves is that he has complete control of them from the day

326 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

they are born, and the younger the animal the greater the gain for
food consumed.

The age at which animals are fed has a great deal to do with their
powers of assimilation. The younger the animal in general the less
the cost of production. Professor H. R. Smith in his recent book
on “Profitable Stock Feeding,” gives the following figures: ““Averag-
ing six different trials when accurate records were kept of gains and
cost of food it is found that during the first twelve months each 100
pounds of increase in live weight costs $3.45; the second twelve
months in the same animal $7.42; and the third twelve months
$11.50.”

At the Illinois Experiment Station a carload each of range bred
calves, yearlings and two-year-olds were fed. At the beginning of
the experiment the calves averaged 384 pounds, the yearlings 784
pounds, and the two-year-olds 1,032 pounds. The net cost of 100
pounds of gain was $4.10 on the calves, $5.60 on the yearlings and
$6.60 on the two-year-olds.

The profits in beef production, however, consist not alone in the
increased weight of the animal but also in the enhanced value of the
original carcass. Thus if an eight hundred pound animal costs four
cents a pound and after being fattened sells for five cents a pound
there is a profit of eight dollars on the original carcass. On the
other hand, if the animal had originally weighed a thousand pounds,
this profit would have been ten dollars so there is an advantage in
favor of beginning with larger animals. This difference might easily
be offset, however, by the greater age of the larger animal.

Where animals are grown for fattening the greatest profit will
nearly always be found in fattening as young as possible. If west-
ern animals are to be fed it will usually be found more profitable
to feed the larger ones, as long yearlings or two-year olds, on
account of the greater margin afforded by the heavier original
weight.

The young animals are producing muscles and other living tissues
as well as fat. At the same time the carcass of the young animal
contains a higher percentage of water so that less food is required
for a pound of gain then than after the animal becomes older. The
muscles contain on the average about 66 per cent. water. There-
fore only one-third of the gain in muscle must be made from the food
eaten. On the other hand, the fatty tissue contains only about 10
per cent. water and must therefore be produced almost entirely from
the food. As the animals grow older, cell activity decreases, growth
is not so rapid and the water-content diminishes. Young animals,
therefore, require a greater per cent. of protein and can use it to
better advantage than older ones.

While muscle-producing foods may cost a little more per pound,
they will often be cheaper than those capable of producing fat alone.
Animals intended for beef production, should always be fattened
while growth is still active. Growth continues up to four or five
years although of course it is more rapid while younger, while in
general it may be said, the younger the animal the more nitrogenous
its ration; of course there is a possibility of making it too nitro-
genous to be profitable. Protein for maintenance and for growth is
all that is required. Any excess only goes to produce heat or fat
and for that purpose it is too expensive. It seems to matter little

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 327

whether the protein is derived from the grain or the roughage. Corn
fed ‘with a leguminous hay seems to give fully as good results as
corn and oil meal or cotton-seed meal fed with timothy hay or corn
stover. The animal that has enough protein in its food and is young
enough to make a good growth will not get patchy when fattened
like the one that is older or is fed on a less nitrogenous ration.

In producing beef animals from common cows, the bull is con-
siderably more than half the herd. The more the cows depart from
the beef type the stronger the bull should incline toward it. This
does not mean that a beef bull bred to high grade Jersey cows will
produce profitable beef steers; he will not. Such breeding will al-
ways result in a loss. But the cow that is a heavy milker with a
tendency to lay on flesh when dry, will produce a good steer when
crossed with a beef sire. Whatever else is done the dual purpose
sire should be avoided. The dual purpose cow may be all right, but
the dual purpose steer has no place in the feed lot. When beef
animals are wanted, a beef sire should be used; when dairy animals
are wanted, a dairy sire should be used; if scrubs are wanted, a dual
purpose sire will answer the purpose.

It is not safe to use any but a pure bred sire. He should bea
good individual, well bred but not necessarily fashionably bred. It
would not pay to put $500 into a bull for a herd of twenty-five grade
cows, but it probably would pay to put in $100 rather than $50.
The calves would have to be worth only $2.00 more per head to have
the difference returned the first year. A high grade bull that is a
good individual and whose breeding is known to be good may be
better than a pure bred scrub, but such an animal is not often found;
his breeding is usually unknown. Entirely too many of the bulls
in this State are just bulls, without form and void. Like the provy-
erbial mule, they are without pride of ancestry, but they certainly
have hope of posterity so far as numbers are concerned. It is no
wonder steers do not pay. There is too much competition at present
to permit of spontaneous breeding being profitable. It takes no
more feed to raise a good animal than a poor one; it may not take
as much. It does take a little more intelligence.

According to the twelfth census, the farmers of Pennsylvania spend
annually almost $5,000,000 for commercial fertilizers. This is more
than is spent in any other state except Georgia. A large amount
of this could be saved by feeding the crops out on the farm and
properly caring for the manure. Pennsylvanians are depending too
much upon the West to supply their animals. They ship in their
beef from Chicago, their pork from Buffalo, and their horses from
St. Louis. It is a well known fact that fattening animals return a
higher per cent. of the fertilizing constituents in their food than
any other class. In an experiment at the Pennsylvania Experiment
Station and published in Bulletin No. 63, 86.63 per cent. of the nitro-
gen, 82.98 per cent. of the phosphoric acid, and 93.95 per cent. of the
potash in the food and litter of fattening steers was recovered in the
manure. The actual amount recovered in any instance will depend
upon the method of feeding and of handling the manure.

Tests made at the same station and published in the same bulletin,
show that there is much less loss in manure with steers kept in pens
or box stalls, where the manure is allowed to accumulate under
them and is trampled into a compact layer, than with those kept

328 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

tied up in stanchions or stalls which must be cleaned out daily even
when the manure removed is stored under shed. One of the conclu-
sions of this test was that, “The money-value of the fertilizer con-
stituents lost by the second as compared with the first method is
equivalent to $2.50 for each steer stabled for six months.”

While this difference may seem small it is undoubtedly worth con-
sidering where fertilizers must be bought, especially since the
trampled manure seems to be in better mechanical condition.

There is yet another advantage in the pen or box stall over the
stanchion; that is in the saving of labor. The question of labor is
always an important one. In no manner can the crops be fed with
so little labor as to beef animals. One of the advantages which
beef production has over milk production is in the less amount of
labor required. A man can tend to fifty fattening steers as easily as
to ten milk cows. The steers can be handled with much less labor

if kept in pens or large stalls of from ten to twenty each than if

kept tied up. They can be kept cleaner in the pens with less labor,
They can be fed more quickly and much or little bedding may be
used as desired.

Two tests were made at the Pennsylvania Experiment Station
to compare the amount of time required to care for steers confined
by these two methods. In the first test with five steers in each lot
it appeared that it required about one-fifth more time to care for
steers tied up than for those loose in pens. In the second test with
ten steers in the pen and six tied up it appeared that 100 steers tied
required as much labor as 180 loose in pens. The gains in live-weight
and the consumption of food were practically the same for each lot.
The results of these two experiments have been published in Bul-
letins Nos. 53 and 57.

It does not pay, therefore, to fasten the steers up with stanchions
and chains. The greater expense for the equipment for the method
is also against it. The practice of tying originated when steers
wore horns and it was then necessary for the safety of both cattle
and feeder, but now when everything is dehorned, the need no
longer exists. A man buying cattle for feeders should refuse all
that have their horns on. If he raises them of course he will de-
horn them while they are young.

Warm quarters are not necessary for steers when being fattened.
Experiments at Pennsylvania State College reported in Bulletins
Nos. 64 and 74, have indicated that temperature of surroundings
has very little to do with the economy of gains. In fact it has been
proved that there is much more liability of basement stables be-
ing too warm than too cold for fattening steers. Open sheds well
ventilated with a small dry yard attached are fully as satisfactory
as barns. The cost of such sheds would of course be much legs.

The preparation of the feed always requires some labor and
expenditure. Even if the farmer raises his own corn it has usually
been thought that it is not economy to feed it unground, but recent
experiments at the Pennsylvania State College indicate that broken
ear corn is about as valuable as corn and cob meal for fattening
steers. Where the farmers lives some distance from the mill, the
time lost hauling the corn to and from there is quite considerable.
The miller will seldom grind for less than $2 per ton. The ear corn
may be broken as fed for a much less expenditure than that. A

No 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 329

man will easily break a ton of ears in less than three hours. It
has been argued as an advantage in favor of grinding that cotton-
seed meal or oil meal can be mixed readily with ear corn. While
this is true it has been found just as satisfactory to put cotton-seed
meal on top of the broken corn as to mix it with it. In this way
the feed will be fairly well mixed by the cattle when eaten. Another
advantage in favor of broken corn is that a greater amount of the
undigested corn will be recovered by hogs if they have access to
the steers. Where corn must be shipped in, it of course will be
shelled on account of the freight. It might be better ground as the
steers will not chew the shelled corn so well as the broken ears.
These are but a few of the questions connected with beef produc-
tion, and they have been touched upon but briefly. It is not recom-
mended that every one engage in the business or that it become as
general as it is further west, but it is a profitable method of market-
ing corn, of utilizing pasture and of converting straw into fertilizer.
It is on the increase on some of the highest priced lands in the
State, a fact which would indicate its profitableness. It is doubt-
ful whether summer feeding is advisable, except for young animals,
preferably natives. But that we can produce baby beef and fatten
more steers to advantage is firmly believed.

On motion, the Normal Institute adjourned.

A. L. MARTIN,
Deputy Secretary of Agriculture and Darector of Institutes.

22

( 330 )

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

THIRTIETH ANNUAL MEETING

OF THE

Pennsylvania State board of Agriculture,
OLD EXECUTIVE BUILDING, HARRISBURG, PA.,

JANUARY 22 AND 238, 1907.

( 331 )

OFFICIAL DO Sie et No. 7.

MEMBERS

OF THE

PENNSYLVANIA STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE,

FOR THE YEAR 1907.

Members Ex-Officio.

HON. EDWIN S. STUART, Governor.
HON. HENRY HOUCK, Secretary of Internal Affairs.
DR. N. C. SCHAEFFER, Superintendent of Public Instruction.

Recta ole oe, c.ciare So: a: lo'b va, alstereta’se/ viaraie President of the State College.
HON. ROBERT K. YOUNG, Auditor General.
HON. N. B. CRITCHFIELD, Secretary of Agriculture.

Appointed by the Governor.

inpmdomMes A. Beaver, Centre COUNLY, = occ ccs ciceaccies ces cjeio sic scic Term expires 1907
rae ouns., Middletown, Dauphin County, 25... .0<.52 mci cv se Term expires 1908
Col. R. H. Thomas, Mechanicsburg, Cumberland County, ...... Term expires 1909

Appointed by the State Poultry Association.

1. ID. ig (EIS ARB ao acae ce ecOnOnnOTnoHer CoC orGcd Philadelphia ckas oacceoce feces 1910

Elected by County Agricultural Societies.

Term expires.

IGANG, cscs ss <0 cee Foc souls Wate late eo ooeninc FALLEN GES WUC at ae osreleisivie sistereteciare 1909
PIC EREMNY:, <cv.sccccceece dic, Te 82 rene seco sonomcr Imperial, R. F. D. No. 1, ...1909
PAETHSECONE, ..-5<cci00 swe SS. Blyholder, =. .- 2. IN [Cat] Giger Saoravorereinisiai crore ieinic) acral sketele 1968
PEUEAIMIGIe ci clele vie'sro.s efwicieinis's A. L. McKibben, ...... IGM! SS Neel fl Baaoesacnadosse 1908
BOO PORE: "0. \< cialsisieles'soalees Wii Ge sutay vc jeere aeeae PO COLORGLY anssissle ties 1 secs anes 1909
PESTER ctaycisiavale-e isis Sietaie-s ES Gis MeEGowantt ccc, GeLser S- Mills? 0% ik Score siclecteloe 1916
LD TSik: 7 agheneermneraocodoc BS | SACIKCIS =e overste starsieteiere. 1013 10th St., Altoona, ......1907
SEO OLG Seiatcicrsicicieccie.c se BB Chub pucks, ee. RGM tH e). NOs Gy esc ole
APIA ROS PRES Tara ahaa) 5 av stax ssairel che oiiaueiol aretetale isle olaiceresehetaler eve) Siafateiel ciate soy avaiais srs: efele!slevs.uisteje) elekelere) eretereleneis
SOREL AICO See vel'o or aya tn ae royale ein verous Ievavev bipvolayece old’ ois 0 tve/a a Pa) what ale vale\evai sree ierevale™e evans oral ace mw sYaqey ore ateieiere
OPT TA ns cicie sive «cio. EE MaGooderham,. -..-. Patton, Rs Dy to... seteeveterse LO
TAM GTOM. igAssepoenceosoecdoo socecnoudodccouoddda PaROUCHOUudDOGOUaOE Gooaduonic doasccOnGe
BOEIIONY ceerciciclcis «8s a¥sceis'se FO CO UTORIOUDC On hRDOG SHO ADO DCRR Corin aetna etian Moone Hare
CARTS “38 See ARIE Jone. AC NWVood ward, 2. Howards voc ic. coco es cere cic ae 1909
PE SUT fetes oiacvelsies @aiale ne By CON AEO A. xcs :5ai0 WeSterOVes ccs aeueierctswcicintesiee-e 1909
MOEN ONE soiets nlc oho a clos Ciele o's 6 eo McClellan, acelistere BEG alo. Chern Moe Oo CnC eer 1910
UGE WA TIGLIG Res See ace ES VE ae yee year ies secre GLAM PLAN) fei cieicsie sere elorcievere 1910
CONTA 30 tae Gi Ae ae a eA ELOD Ties ee stssises 2 Millhalle Ran Dit crite clstjas s 1908
Orn OE er eee Riot PA eee OU E tesiciciera's ieee Millvallegiecicares6 brat wieicis aie SSocoote)

334

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Off. Doe.

Term expires.

GrawLOrdie we ciclo ciercsccie Ie WO SCAVVG icc <b. tee cee SACLErStOWMN, cclecwes coisa 1908
CumiberlaiGyy (cj csi ef Chas; He Mulling sec. WG, Jelelllve Shorsberess Ao saooacedc 1908
Te AU POD UT are aloe elev erayoiei so is aie syey= ais) s\n wrelele clef yeualalsiec oe cliaiteiss al chetetel stetetaveletereisteye cistern ete lsisie levels temet eae
ADGLAW ATC) a cieleicissreis sess R. M. Heyburn, bi) WWALG) arteries citostcteeintoe neta 1908
iD dasoaénodpangodogooG John! Me) Witmamn:, vee. wots MEATY Se ceetecrletss ceietiersisteiotens 1908
UTC eiate rete iei esoteric oletegeve: stehers SDs WieGSt ie. septic IWATISDUTE ) secs ccc sericcia ete 1907
Fayette, Wits: eisiaharaie inlets oie’ slater reves ales sieve a letaveleyetar State eceiele |) naa ysteteneteraVavelencietstersietese als teter-ieiete’ stoic Rotaliina
MOTOS paces cleiciele eiaieteieiaiere C. A. Randall, 3 Tionesta,,. 2 iicpedes cea p cae see 1907
Franklin, Esayatevevnteievctstalevets GAB? TICE Cy mee caleletelaetovete IMMER kore SomhoGos DUA OA IO OaaOEDCOC 1908
SSUTLE ON eiatelajeleleiotatel=fersiaiereie dp Depiseng tsi: Songnec MeConnellsbpuie reece 1910
Gene recedes scceie acters Neves Biddlesieccccc. Carmichaels) 205.4: 2 eee 1910
Huntingdon ee... se Geo. G. Hutchison > Warriors Marks ac 2 .ccterretaeier 1909
Ibe TERTO ST Bonobaoodcndac S. M. McHenry, .:..... Ibsebihsr ee Baaeecd doooaondCoUo CO - 1910
TEMerS OM ss lclsicinielsleiseteate Peter B. Cowan, S dei qu “Geesaqonocnocooss oc 1910
anihayr eee AAngdodnodoocc .Matthew Rodgers, IMEC KAC OM, sek wi tieie isis 1c aotsrereicratctoteretete 1909
THACKE WANNA, Kejccccccice Horace Seamans, ..... Wactorywille; occ scsies veer 1910
TANCASTCT: mien icevetecic sie sieve Wee ep STOSiUISs wemceces Mernglen, .f5icsc0c0 enemnsice an ele
Lawrence, ........ cles WICH LCATYmcrivlercic WENN" S5ongococdaucadcdobe a0 20 1909
TUCDANION.. | ciejscisie cleelvision'e EG Sm avieliy me ntecioncr. Cleon. eo slesia ws caveteee evereiorene ...1916
JE obeJots “Gseuondoona06 00s S henstermaker,, .. AllemtOwim,) Gniecice- > -)-> aleterensre 1909
TAUZ OTIC hs sterstemiciasierelere 9 Apu aian (sbohy(0Gio. | oncegpada TPruUckviller wactctecit crosses 1907
IDAWEOrenbh = GapgadacadGas XS cd ibe Seu Vere Gonanonace RUSHES VAIO; cin pale cielciersiois=tolotare 1909
NI CISER Th ce inicicieicicieie's $e ojoisiats eisisyore eroisisretowelelslaisiclavelsvercie, Tela erehershore(eteyuinieleraoratetere rol staneloietetstehaia tole iai
NEETCOP iteeiclclaicistelore cieieje\e W. GPBilalekva.tcectetics Wika teed e Gupapdococoos0nddobaooN 1968
Mifflin, Eoleiecreletere MUSES Naginey, eae DMETITIOW:, oo cs clon cisiaie erasrertorete etter 1916
PONTO Co ecteia ctoisielaisieicleleye AIRS LOA TSG) eh ENA “Gao doc malvominiks veceeccoe = seteniaeers 1908
Montgomery, ......... SOD OREOM ET ere clatter stale scoters North! Wales. iecsca. acer cates 1908
VIG TAE OUI ware talolelaie:slelere ejelalels cis tsiere/slelsie'=/e'sl ofselalele)(afelaiala(oll icialalalalatsleyere coin) =(eta(ai=i=letela/=-takain\elels tee tal stanaieia
Northampton... «ci s/<c1ccre Wi PHSB CCIE waictcccreare'eia ote IDShAwepay Ua a IDES Godocnos0[s 1909
Northumberland, ...... I. A. Eschbach, SNR opal, 1825 UP IDE Sapogadacis = 1908
IRBGAE Googoacnasoadasda / Aut silken, Keodeaoo WHS Opal) Soohoasacance Go bn - 1910
Philadelphia, .......... Edwin Lonsdale, ...... Girard College, Phila., ....... 1910
UG Pe wctetel vie} aiatess ec fete’ ele,/oiai a rereieisiis/e'te eis acral esei.s.sisie rete)le (ei ea) eal neveyaie\ers) afel'e/e\ mValalaleveracsiateteyoleKelerefount-Keleia(ehaenere
IPOULe Teeter isin mace Jah dehy is Zuiko en aoe LONNIE Ga ao pondopenghonoD on 1909
SS CHV AISHINES Terres tshete sieverers Woes sib DDIES TY Ab baee sac APAbevssaconyes |) ai cgondcasavoanoacrc 1910
SMVGEES bis dnc catec/eciteeeOse Ms LION CL sia coaneeicteres ree Duress celas sacs ses avacoveieseienes 1909
DOMMEUSCES oclesicte csicisicictets Jacob S: Miller, ....... LGKol=ES SogeoondcandoaMacoD se 1908
SUE Tepe cee cicielererevevers SR VV Unt O Mi arertete Dushore, R. F. D. No. 3, -1908
SUSQUCMEANTI Ay telsiasereieicie Frank A. Davies, ..... Witepairosty. ogtoadgooptoocoengor 1910
TET O Ae eisriatete ti stole uiciare) ete BP Bia gel diy wei.ele aioe No. 209 Caldwell Ave., El-
ioghiczt, Nig: Sage deadacanoooudG = 1908
[BiG iN. . Gasucooconosoonnc J. Newton Glover WA CKSDUEE a seine eresa tele snstetersiete 1908
SWETHATU EO) «fo cre closes els ou cbaush.cl oieroieie etele are eloreteie aio are o enaietere mitaiaversrevatateveroleteleMalelelstslotelalietsvelein let olatetaleteratta
AMEVSKA Sy “SasoouNsoIOcooUn Win Ue \GO Sasonopso doc SUGATETOVE, eee cele cite oeiisie eater 1908
WWiASHINEEON |e arec cle cisicie D. S. Taylor, Sa IRENOOUp I Soaeeroagesaaas ogc su0 1908
DWV NO wratemirete cicetreslc Sao aehdaaak ID, leeiinGhoe a Mp NSheh ~ GoagacouaaogpeudocacT 1916
Westmoreland, .M. N. Clark, SEO LATIG SEs ies selerertcieracioeehelstelcroerete 1910
AW ido ooh ak=e TF Ban aaNOCOOOC DEAS Knuppenburg, Bae IbENGY (CRNAs “Gooononeaocosu. 36 1910
BSC ame chiar sicloiaialoleicteversicvele Go Wee Barnes asasoaccis TROSSVAl es aijanersisicteislcincisinrernotoetel= 1908

No. 7.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 335

OFFICERS.

PRESIDENT.

Hon. Edwin S.- Stuart, Governor, .........cccccesessscocescscas Harrisburg.

VICE PRESIDENTS.

Ti, Ais TBIGHRS Seq cou ne poco dO SObo D0 COU neDD GOUCODO CD UC CO UG OCUOTOCOOOUS Millhall.
ins, THA (Qh dihWOles Boge noesuocu co Odo C IOC OOONCO dO OO Ce CO CU CODOOUOUIK Rome
ResmmpneamnIV 1 c @el eal cra enrere eretetays ayeieterarcleiclolelorsielvielsleriale elel=(eiaeieislia «/aleisislsin;s\ejeisie’eln exe Knox
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.
none Bdwin Ss. Stuart, GOVErNOL, cle cccices oc cclccecccccasissiee senses Harrisburg.
em Se ES SEI UE Eo sper cyeicic Valois clea) cis alelistelststelera/eblels\elicialiain\n oie (leieisislslnjoiste/eivie!sjsieie Milton.
ete Ge IVE CGO WAM | stein cles <oele)</aie'eloio's «© stele slclaie e.0)t/01e risin(e\e. ele) elejejcisieie «sie Geiger’s Mills.
TAME) STN ASV hiya ort icic) aicte sictalaierc + a\a\sra eiere ale, eicle/ocalejsialare(alelars[eialeleis\< siatsje's ele Cleona.
Wii, TER, GGiE Sgon dan edausocosonacaseos trios soncovlouccooolcradndomoc Pinegrove.
WK INE. (CIEWEES Genesccuan danced. hb qcloe SO Oabene DancnG HOCbrOnOOOne Cnc Claridge.
ivf, IML, Tek iniga ae een oinoood be cobdoc auLSondmnoacndpar (DS aer es cle mates Milroy.
RMSE iy OLCETIE arare ore eravctate oetater oi cvercie!ateier<'a se raicleholets\alafoverofeielarasle} el efiaiss a(elsis, Neale.
EAPITAUC OSC ELINI ATG 5 vacais s!cvelele) cletalele/e/eielelel cicluielslelelais eleleln\s\eleln\s/s/s ns e/e/e/siaila'ein © Factoryville.
a, JB), (Gistwaaieel, Ween, Boooencpoaqduucasadeepoudceuocndn door Harrisburg.
ADVISORY COMMITTEHR.
NEES eee T EC lt CLG nen (SCONCES te clictel «raisin lela ais oleic s leo cleie clelle cleielsielo's)e\afele Harrisburg.
i, IS- Cilla. eSnecaednccens colds pago pops co DOD ROO sO ONUCUOUDDOUDC ECT Claridge.
IO SE STA AVC hy A mecsieticieiere:=.clelelel sivlereteinis\eiceioieintais!a|n/e[eleicicle\siatsls\e\eleleisielere/einie;s Cleona.
MPP ANCES S CIN) AG Hinw tareioiercisteleraoicin elelerniele clexa elcielcleraleleisicie\alai cic) a\elsiele(e;s/eyaje/s.siele ole Milton.
CONSULTING SPECIALISTS.
PSC) HEUTE Ure e(elelerarcrcis ate) cvellerale sicrclele 1eiope, My AR leorel SOphes Mab Gagcuc State College.
PBOIMTOLO LIST, we cetcinjae sisiswie eiieveres Da PEOUTIS P weataw oecsielars > vier Boyertown.
Classes aaeph oeanse mete Die, Wyalbbiehray AMES NEy aS5doecuodce State College.
RUC OULS CONS acccesoocacesios ac Dr. Leonard Pearson, ........ Philadelphia.
Sininiiniicioleas po keecc oso en sanoee Dr Howard! Haieri@k yy acres West Chester.
Microscopists and Hygienists, Prof. C. B. Cochran, .......... West Chester.
De eG eo Gs wG@roths cries cele Lewisburg.
ETMEOMOLOSISES, Wis.cc'e.sicieisiejerc's miele Prot Ele PAGE Slice CC sc/- «loleleeret= Harrisburg.
Prof. Franklin Menges, ....... York.
WrMiPHOlO GIS ee. wrecker. eiela isles PLOL ew ALO UEC ese acetates Harrisburg.
IMSteorologiSts) .....<3 ssscscc0ee ID LP tnes Diep aake ib Ore sachioeca eres Harrisburg.
ae CO CHG wrist icfelstesevetsraciersrets Quakertown.
WiiSTOZIGS Wee beeooaceccconcoocodacHopunood eaieiarsie ere snatetersiolars SBOORIOO OOOO DBOOCS aiavelerars
PASAT Cr eicisteret cies siniereleis siavdece sieve 6% 7 Ofer CO Ce Ea ULeZise te ctaleletersjalere State College.
(GBVGOETGS, Goduoooapd ssbobU80eok dic Ng ISIEWAZENAS Nod mdono cD OnG00 BS Lock Haven.

Miva isl) Sieohlise GAgtoagsas ecictcees LINCETOVE,

wo
ie)
fa=>)

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

STANDING COMMITTEES.

LEGISLATION.
Hony Ay S.icahler® Chairman sis sa.cnivee cote eee rete Hughesville.
Hon. (Jason SCX) 2 sctercm ccs seals c/s sisieteideeisckien aerate North Wales.
Hon. eo. Gi McGowan 5, -ictccane sewaverene dociton eee Seen Geiger’s Mills.
Matthew “Rodgers: (2. asinsis(eem oa woiero re aroretion sro eeeialelercic maces ee Mexico.
Ds, 85 SLY BOIGERS Foro%.as eivsieawemaisene arate rma otetelsmcerere te tear eaes Neale.

CEREALS AND CEREAL CROPS.
ASP. YOUNES, CHairmant) 4s consumes name cne aoe nice arn ais Millville.

ROADS AND ROAD LAWS.
Dias Kniippen burg, Chairman.) 1... site a alee ia oiaievevaleolaataterciersy sie Lake Carey.

FRUIT AND FRUIT CULTURE.
JOD WA BOVer,) CHAITIN AN Corcwccis cia cleietote s.see ciel siete sveter eral che Freeburg.

DAIRY AND DAIRY PRODUCTS.
Beds Weld, CHaAITMans oss nic, odie sonche ctelsveletetcisiels elareteintettetetots Sugargrove.

Ee SChiwarz. «CHAPMAN wey skis ct cietaisiohe tales siaretente ote aivisiotetel ciel Analomink.

WOOL AND TEXTILE FIBRES.

ID tse dle abies (Ol otentibe eb ue Romoaca cmon sooo Ae dIC OCOD ouch onoD Raccoon.

Drs Lower, Casas carierotat coches) erie. leveneretetatare stot state tel Hop Bottom.

Dr Meee Conard ; (Chaar mista se stsrarsicteieetsloria = eietefatl ola aialesais's/<isle' Westgrove.

FORESTS AND FORESTRY.

James M. Piatt, Chairman, ..........sssesseeeeseeeceeeeees Tunkhannock.
APIARY.
J. Ww. Melson), -Chairmiainy c.micmiscsctecte soca cate elaleicteleretrteiels eles Shawville.
FLORICULTURE.
Mdwin jWonsdales (ener rac save cp ter etemeiatataletete ree elolete’« cher eis lel ie Girard College, Phila.

FEEDING STUFFS.
G. G. Hutchison, Chairman, ........... OU cae sha dnd owaiee eusievare .Warrior’s Mark. -

— =).

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 337

PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRTIETH ANNUAL
MEETING OF THE STATE BOARD OF AGRI-
CULTURE, HELD IN.OLD EXECUTIVE BUILD-
ING, HARRISBURG, PA., JANUARY 22 AND 23,
1907.

Harrisburg, Pa., Tuesday, January 22, 1907, 9 A. M.
Vice President A. J. Kahler in the Chair.

The CHAIRMAN: The hour has arrived for the opening of the
Thirtieth Annual Convention of the State Board of Agriculture.
The meeting will, therefore, please come to order, and we will pro-
ceed with the program. First in order, I believe, is roll-call. Will
the Secretary please call the roll?

A Member: In calling the roll, J think it would be well to take
note of the members whose terms expire this year,

The SECRETARY: The distinction will be made.

The roll of members was called Dy the Secretary, and at this first
roll-call and a subsequent call, the following persons answered to
their names, a quorum being present at first roll-call; the names of
those present whose terms expire in 1907 being recorded in italics:

Gen. James A. Beaver, R. I. Young, J. 8. Burns, 8. 8S. Blyholder,
W. K. Lutz (succeeding S. S. Diehl, whose term expired in 1906),
H.. G. McGowan, E. E. Chubbuck, Sohn A. Woodward, M. E. Conard,
S'. X. McClellan, ]. W. Nelson, J. A. Herr, A. P. Young, J. F. Seavy.
John M. Witman, Geo. G. Hutchison, S. 17. McHenry, Matthew
Rodgers, Horace Seamans, Samuel McCreary, //. C. Snavely, P. §.
Fenstermaker, /. H. Snyder, A. J. Kahler, /. M. Naginey, R, F.
Schwarz, J. Sexton, W. F. Beck, I. A. Eschbach, A. 7. Holman, H.
H. Hall, W. H. Stout, J. F. Boyer, E. R. Warburton, &. £. 7ower,
J. Newton Glover, August Morck, R. J. Weld, D.S. Taylor, Warren
FE. Perham, M. N. Clark, D. A. Knuppenburg ,G. F. Barnes,

Ex-officio members present were Hon. Edwin 8. Stuart, Governor,
and N. B. Critchfield, Secretary of Agriculture.

The following consulting specialists were present: Dr. J. H. Funk,
Pomologist; Dr. William Frear, Chemist; Dr. Leonard Pearson, Vet-
erinary Surgeon; Prof. H. A. Surface, Entomologist and Ornitholo-
gist; Col. Henry C. Demming, Mineralogist and Geologist, and W.
H. Stout, Geologist.

The CHAIRMAN: The next thing on the program is the reading

of the minutes of the last meeting; will the Secretary please read
them?

Minutes of the last meeting were read by the Secretary, which, on
motion, were approved.

22—7—1906.

338 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

The CHAIRMAN: Next in order is the appointment of the Com-
mittee on Credentials. I will name cn that committee, Messrs. Herr,
of Clinton; Blyholder, of Armstrong; Schwarz, of Monroe; Glover,
of Union, and McCreary, of Lawrence. They will please examine
the credentials of the members, and report to us later in the day.

The CHAIRMAN: We are now ready to receive the reports
of Specialists and Standing Committees. The first in order, is
the report of Prof. Buckhout, Botanist; is he in the room?

The SECRETARY: Prof. Buckhout is not present in person; but
I wish to say that I have his report. It is for you to say what shall
be done with it—whether it shall be received, and read, or placed
on file to be published with the proceedings of this meeting.

A Member: I move that this report be received and placed on
file.

The motion being seconded, it was agreed to.

The report is as follows:

REPORT OF THE BOTANIST.

By PrRoF. W. A. BUCKHOUT, State College, Pa.

My intercourse with the farmers of the State and with the State
Board of Agriculture has become scarcely more than that of a cor-
respondent in answer to inquiries upon matters of practice more
or less closely related to Botany. It is thus but little, if at all,
separated from Horticulture. Morecver, the subjects of inquiry
are for the most part simple and quite similar from year to year,

But, in accordance with custom, I may say that the chief inquiries
have been plants sent-in for identification. None of these have been
out of the ordinary, and none presented any marked peculiarities.
They were mostly weeds, and sent as such, with the request that
some efficient method of eradication was desired.

It is unnecessary, and would be unprofitable, to take your time
and mine in repeating the few simple points respecting weed de-
struction; the more so, since so many persons would still be uncon-
vinced as to their practicability, and unsatisfied to find that there
are no short and cheap methods which will help them out ef a difii-
culty, generally of their own making, or their own suffcrance,

Popular interest has been excited by accounts of the destruction
of the minor water-growths by copper sulphate, with the consequent
purification of the watcr; and some have raised the query whether
the same treatment will not remove the more evident and bulky
water weeds, such as eel-grass, water cress, ete. In reply it should
be said that different kinds of plants are differently affected by
copper sulphate treatment, and hence no general direction can be
given which will fit every case. Rather must each case be specially

No. T DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 339

considered by itself. In many imstances it may be noted that this
method is quite out of the question on account of the expense or
the danger involved.

There is still a good deal of popular interest in artificially grow-
ing medicinal plants; it is kept alive by the seductive advertising of
interested parties who have roots and seeds to sell. The intending
grower will avoid disappointment and loss if he will give careful
attention to the conditions found necessary in the growth of such
plants, and the essential differences between them and the ordinary
plants of cultivation, which latter have become truly domesticated,
and thus are essentially different from their wild prototypes. An
acre of corn or potatoes is one thing, and an acre of ginseng or
golden seal is a vastly different thing. There is no proper parallel
between them beyond the fact that each occupies an acre of land.
So carefully and impartially have these matters been considered
by the United States Department of Agriculture that the best ad-
vice which can be given any inquirer is to write there for bulletins
upon the subject. The series of Farmers’ Bulletins which are sent
gratuitously upon application, cover most of these subjects; and
it is surprising how few farmers seem to know of them, or have
the disposition to obtain and read them.

The transplanting of large trees is a matter of occasional interest
and inquiry. It is no doubt sometimes entirely feasible and de-
sirable to transplant large specimens of some particularly valuable
kind, or, in order to produce some specific effect quickly. But, when
one is confronted with this problem he will do well to make haste
slowly and count the cost and try to forecast the results before
he turns a shovelful of earth. There is no doubt but that it can be
done and that the conditions which should control the process are
quite well known, but the cost is often prohibitive and the results
unsatisfactory. It is best to do it in the winter time, digging a
wide trench around the base of the tree, as far away from it as the
conditions will permit. Allow the large mass thus isolated to freeze,
jack it up, and if the distance of removal is considerable, or there
are obstacles in the way of carriage while upright, throw the tree
prostrate in such a way as to bring the base squarely upon a sled
or drag of some kind. The top should be liberally thinned out, in
some cases the branches shortened in, and all parts to which chains
or ropes are attached protected by flat slats and matting. When the
ground is covered with snow or ice even a very large tree can be
transplanted with great ease and piaced in the desired position.
‘The earth should be carefully packed in about the roots ag soon as
frost is out of the ground, and the trunk stayed with guy ropes or
wires for a year or two unless it should appear to be more than
ordinarily stable. A moment’s thought will show the great advan-
tage of winter removal and the greater success which it promises.
It is no unusual thing, however, for the work to be done at other
times of the year. But the expense is far beyond the means of
most men. It requires special implements and devices to handle
the great weight and awkward bulk, while the chances of satisfac-
tory growth are not large in spite of the extravagant claims and
exaggerated stories which interested parties may make.

Various cases of plant disease came to my notice, but few of which
were of such a nature that material help could be given to the

340 ANNUAL REPORT GF THE Off. Doe.

case in hand. This is a common experience, since far more is to be
expected from prevention than from attempts at cure. When
blight, mildew, rust and the like have once gotten a foothold
on plants, it is generally too late to save those particular plants,
but the knowledge gained in the examination of the case should
point out some way of preventing or avoiding future difficulty,

A case of ergotism, similar to that recorded in your Report of
1902, Part 1, Page 160, was specially noteworthy. Ina stable having
a number of horses, several of the animals became sick for no appar-
ent reason. When a veterinarian was called in he pronounced the
disease ergotism, and suspicion at once pointed to the hay as the
cause. Samples of this hay sent to me were found to contain con-_
siderable ergotted grains in the ved-top which made up the bulk
of the mass. The grains were quite small and on that account could
be easily overlooked. When rye, or any of the rye grasses are af-
fected the grains are one-half to tw o-thirds of an inch long, thickened,
also, and curved. These features, together with the black color,
make them quite conspicuous. The relatively small size and per-
haps small quantity of the ergot in this case led to but partial
poisoning and made possible the prevention of fatal effects.

The work of the veterinarian and the work of the botanist may
thus join hand in hand for the remedying of sickness and the pre-
vention of injury to the life of our domestic animals, Such cases
of poisoning, apparently not very common in Pennsylvania, are very
frequent in some sections of the country, intensified, perhaps, by
the crude methods of feeding and caring for stock. It would, how-
ever, not be surprising any day to meet with cases of poisoning of
horses by feeding upon a poor quality of hay containing scouring
rushes ‘or horse-tails or upon the leaves or seeds of certain plants,
when they are taken just at that degree of drying which has de-
veloped the poisonous hydrocyanic acid. Such cases have been
known, but fortunately, are not very common.

In conclusion, I wish to repeat that the Botanical Department of
the State College will be glad to continue to examine and make re-
port upon the various matters concerning plants which our con-
stituents may care to send us.

The CHAIRMAN: Dr. Funk is next on the program; is he in the
room?

It appeared that Dr. Funk was not present at the time.

The CHAIRMAN: Since the Doctor is not present, we will take
the next number, Report of the Committee on Fruit and Fruit
Culture, by Mr. J. F. Boyer, Chairman; is he here?

Mr. Boyer was reported as not being present.

The CHAIRMAN: Is Dr. Tower, Chairman of the Committee on
Livestock here? If he is, we will listen to his report, that bemg the
next on the program.

Dr. Tower, being present, mead his report, as follows:

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 341

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON LIVESTOCK.

By Dr. E. EH. TOWER, Chairman.

The number of domestic animals in the United States is esti-
mated at 200,000,000, of which Pennsylvania has 3,335,319. Of this
number there are 607,506 horses, 38,552 mules, 1,086,734 cows, 774,-
496 other cattle, 895,982 sheep and 95,008 hogs, the total valuation
of which is estimated at $116,464,163. It is estimated by good au-
thority that these figures have been increased by about 10 per cent.
during the last year.

Pennsylvania has 224,248 farms, which, according to the above
figures, gives an average of about fifteen animals to each farm.
While it is true that some of our farmers are striving to breed bet
ter stock, it is also true that a large per cent. of the stock thus bred
are being sold to other states, and for which the farmer is getting
good prices. Farmers are giving too much attention to the produc-
tion of milk, and not enough to breeding, with the idea of improy-
ing their stock.

It is estimated that Pennsylvaninx imports about 15,000 dairy cows
a year, mostly from New York and Ohio. This should not be; we
can raise just as good dairy cows as either of these states; why
not do it and save $600,060?

The demand for good horses is continually increasing, and Penn-
sylvania should take some step toward breeding and raising more
good horses. Nearly all of the larger type of draft horses are
brought in from the West and sold at from $200 to $300, while the
Pennsylvania breeder stands by and says—‘“I wish we could raise
such horses here.” Facts and figures go to prove that we can do
anything that any one else can do.

The first thing to do in our State is to get the right kind of stock
to breed from. One great setback to this business has come from
the experience of several stock companies in different parts of the
State, who united by neighborhoods and bought stallions at the
enormous price of fromm three to four thousand dollars each, from
some individual or firm who gave son:e influential man a two hundred
. dollar share for selling the balance of the stock. In every case of
this kind, as far as I can learn, the stallions have been complete
failures,

In one case which came under my own observation, a stallion,
said to be an imported Clydesdale, weighing about 1,500 pounds, was
bought by a stock company consisling of about fifteen men, for
the sum of $3,500. The leading man in the company received a $500
share for selling the rest of the stock. This stallion was bred to
fifty-four mares and got four colts, cne of which was never able to
stand alone. In the late fall, the stallion died a very mysterious
death, and no investigation was made. This matter has been talked
over in our meetings, and some good ideas advanced as to the matter

*
342 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

of obtaining some good, reliable stock to breed from, but the subject
has been dropped, and we are at the same point we were five
years ago. I hope this interest may be renewed, and a committee
appointed to investigate and formulate a plan whereby we may
be able to get some new blood of the right kind, and not depend on
any other state for our good horses.

The breeding and raising of mules is another branch which could
be taken up and a handsome profit derived from it. ‘At the present
time a good mule will bring from $175 to $200, and are very scarce
at that price. A good Jack that will stand from 14 to 16 hands
high, and weigh from eleven to twelve hundred pounds can be
bought at from $300 to $500, and if bred to rangy mares the off-
spring will find a ready sale at from $50 to $100 each, at four months
old. The expense of raising mules is small in comparison to that of
horses, and the risk so far as blemishes and unsoundness is con-
cerned, is less than one-half. The field is open to this line of breed-
ing, and a fortune awaits the man who will take it up.

The sheep industry is not in a very prosperous condition, and will
not be, as long as farmers and others continue to keep from two
to four or five dogs that are allowed to go where they choose, at any
time of day or night. More stringent laws should be placed on dogs,
which would not only aid in restoring the sheep industry, but have
a strong tendency to decrease the loss of live and prosperity of
rabies.

For lack of statistics it is impossible to give an accurate estimate
of the meat-producing animals of Pennsylvania, but from the report
of Secretary Wilson, we gleam the following, which covers the
United States, and of which Pennsylvania is a part:

In the last census year, 1900, 93,502,000 animals were slaughtered
and imported.

The national consumption was 16.753,295,000 pounds. This may
be better understood if these figures are reduced to the average
of the census family, which is 4.6 persons. To such a family, in 1900,
the farmers supplied 49 pounds veal, 431 pounds beef, 30 pounds
lamb, 39 pounds mutton and 465 pounds of pork, including lard, or
in all, 1,014 pounds. Every time the clock ticks a second during ten
hours of a work day, the farmer drives nine animals to the butcher.

Meat products are continually advancing. In 1900 the average
price of meat per pound was 124c., and has increased until now it
will average 14c. per pound. An increase of one cent a pound costs
this nation $167,533,000.

The CHAIRMAN: Since Dr. Funk has come in now, we will listen
to the report of the Pomologist.

Dr. Funk’s report is as follows:

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 343

THE POMOLOGIST’S REPORT.

By Dr. J. H. FUNK, Boyertown.

It is with diffidence that I stand before this honorable body of
God’s Husbandry to-day as a representative of a suppressed, op-
pressed and bug-ridden sister industry, which was brought about
by woman’s indiscretion and man’s weakness, Prior to the fall of
the sovereignty of Adam, Horticulture occupied the position of honor
as the highest and most honorable calling of man. But since that
epoch, when beautiful Eve did, with her sweet smiles and seductive
manners, beguile poor Adam, and he was driven from his primitive
home to dig and grub for sordid wealth, and the necessaries for his
existence, it has become a nip-and-tuck existence. Agriculture re-
_ quires so much grubbing, that horticultural products were classed
among the luxuries; and even to the present time, some people
look upon fruit as an article that can be dispensed with. But in
most of the large cities and towns, as well as country districts, fruit
has become as staple as wheat or any other products from the farm.
And when choice fruit is placed upon the market, even in years of
plenty, as has been the past one, the demand is good and remunera-
tive and prices are well maintained. The crop of apples the past
season was estimated at 36,120,000 barrels, or 12,625,000 barrels more
than the crop of 1905. This means one-third more apples, or, in
other words, just one bushel of apples for every man, woman and
child in the United States—perhaps one-half the population are non-
consumers. But that would again be off-set by the great waste
throughout the producing districts, from neglect of gathering and
handling at the proper time. From this source alone it is esti-
mated there is one-fourth of the crop lost. Another source of great
loss is poor car service and means 9%f transportation, as well ag scar-
city and high price of barrels and other packages, The past season
there were hundreds of carloads of apples shipped in bulk. These
arriving at destination in poor condition, brought proportionately
low prices, but choice fruit, put up ?n new, clean, packages, brought
and are bringing prices but little lower than in other years when fruit
wag scarce.

There seems to be a certain equilibrium in nature—the more
plentiful the fruit, the lower the price; the lower the price, the
greater the consumption; the greater the consumption, the greater
the demand; the greater the demand, the higher the price. When
the maximum is reached, except in years of great scarcity, supply
and demand bring about that happy medium that satisfics both pro-
ducer and consumer.

A glut is brought about by large quantities of inferior goods being
dumped upon the market. Choice or fancy goods always command
the choice or fancy prices. Cream rises to the surface; skim-milk
is sold as a cheap by-product. Therefore raise cream, and leave

344 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

the other fellow worry about the prices; be a producer of what the
people want; produce something avove the ordinary, either out of
season or of superior quality.

Have you ever given a thought to the regularity with which things
are governed? Year after year, age after age, how spring, summer,
autumn and winter follow each other with slight variations; and
how man’s action and impulses are in the same order through all
the seasons, Even the boys and girls follow the season, as though
by printed program. At present they are engaged with their sleds
and their skates, but soon, when the last snow disappears, before
the ground is scarce dry, the girls will be merrily engaged with their
hoops and ropes, and the boys with their marbles and tops. These
pleasant occupations engage them ior a short time, but at the ap-
proach of the March winds, they are laid aside until the following
season, and in their place you will see in the school yards and farms
and village streets, groups of boys with kites of every description,
from two cross:sticks covered with newspaper and a few rags for -
a tail, to the fancy kites of varied hues, made in imitation of
birds and butterflies, from the crude to the artistic, and, do you
know, a wonderful lesson can be learned by watching this kite
flying? It reminds us of human beings. How some scarce rise above
the surface; others soar aloft, then lurch and pitch, and eventually
fall, often bringing others with them in their down-fall; others, again,
rise steadily to great altitude and maintain their exalted positions.
The next in order will be swimming, and ball playing, etc. Thus
it has been in the past, is at present, and will be to the end of time.
We do not change much; Nature is a pretty steady old machine,
and it is good for “the majority itis so. We have become so familiar
with Nature’s program; it tells us when to plow, when to sow and
harvest, when to plant the tree, when to prune. At the proper
season, ‘the sap begins to flow, the buds to swell, some to burst forth
into luxuriant green foliage, others into beautifui bloom, with petals -
of varied hues, to be later developed into the ruddy-cheeked apples,
blushing pears, the juicy peach or crimson berry. We often wonder
at the regularity of her ripening seasons; the many transformations
that are taking place around us.

Who orders these things? Not man; no; he cannot order or
change the seasons; he cannot bring rain, or prevent frosts. Yet
man is not helpless. He can so closely attach himself as to become
a partner of Nature, working in harmony with her. He can by
proper culture at the right time retain the sur plus waters she has so
lavishly spread over the earth by snews and rain during the season
when vegetation was taking its long rest, and use it to his advantage,
giving it to the growing plants during periods of drought. He can
also, by proper culture at the right time, by proper fertilizers and
pruning, grow and ripen the wood, and store up so much vitality
in wood and buds, as to render them immune to ordinary freezes.
He can by these means, and by properly thinning his fruit, produce
annual crops of fruit, so who can say, that man, if he but observes
Nature’s laws, cannot, to a certain extent, control the growth of his
crops?

The apple crop, the past season, was one rather above the average
in quality, where sprayed; but where unsprayed, much of the fruit
was badly infested with codling moth, fungus spots, and with San

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 345

José Scale. Many trees have borne their last crop, and thousands
more are in their death agonies. In a very few years, unless the
farmer awakens to his duties, the orchards that existed upon every
farm and added so much to their attractiveness, as well as to the
pleasures of farm life, will be a thing of the past, and the farmer
will become a patron of the specialist who attends to the wants of
his trees, and his condition will be more deplorable than that of the
city man. After losing our possessions, We first realize their value
When the farmer’s children beg for fruit, and he has none to give,
then will he first see his folly and short-sightedness.

THE PEAR CROP

Was below the average, except the Kieffer’s, which were very plen-
tiful. There was so little demand for these inferior pears, that thou-
sands of bushels were left to rot, and thousands more sold so
low that they scarce paid for the handling. The only
remedy lies in better culture, close thinning and pruning, and
an abundance of the proper fertilizers. I think the Kieffer is planted
rather more extensively than it should be, and the finer varieties,
like the Bartlett, the Seckel, the Anjou, etc., are too much neglected.
Prices for these finer varieties are steadily rising, owing to lack of
supply.
PEACH.

The crop was far below the average in quality and quantity in
most of the peach districts. Some orchards in the eastern and south
eastern counties of the State had very heavy crops of extra quality,
which brought very high prices, prices with me, the past season,
running from one dollar to three dollars, per half-bushel basket.
The manila or brown rot was very tad in some orchards, especially
with early varieties. In some instances, fully half the crop was
destroyed. With me the loss was very light, scarcely noticeable.
I believe the spraying with the lime and sulphur is a great factor in
preventing rot, by killing all spores while dormant, through winter
and early spring. It is alsoa specific for the peach leaf curl and other
fungus diseases. To be successful with peaches, none but hardy
types must be planted, pruned to low-spreading, open-headed trees,
that they get the full benefit of air and sunshine.

PLUMS.

. Crop very light and poor in quality. The Japan varieties are prov-
ing very unsatisfactory, owing to some natural weakness of the tree,
being very subject to the yellows, and other fungus diseases,

CHERRIES.

Crop was a full one of good quality, and prices were very good,
considering the heavy crop. The sweet varieties should be more ex-
tensively planted, budded on Mazzard stock. The demand is rapidly
increasing for choice sweet cherries.

All other fruit crops, including the berries, have been good and
profitable this year. And the general fruit raiser has just cause to
be verv well satisfied with the financial results of his labor.

The average fruit raiser should endeavor to improve the quality
of his fruit and put them in more attractive packages, when his re-
ward will be greater.

23

346 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off.t Doc.

SAN JOSE SCALE.

CONUNDRUMS FOR THE WISE.

Are we getting control of this pest?

‘Are the efforts of the Department doing as much good as could be
expected?

Has their work beer as successful as represented?

Is the present mode of instruction all that it should be, both scien-
tifically and practically?

Are not too many important points in the manufacture of the Lime
and Sulphur wash overlooked, misunderstood, or too lightly dwelt
upon?

Is there not too much guess-work, and in instances of failure
attributed to climatic conditions, w hen it should be attributed to
the conditions of the man?

Is an unpractical man capable of teaching for best practical re-
sults?

Ts not an unpractical demonstration more of injury than benefit?

Should there not be a Department of Horticulture established, and
put into immediate force, whose entire purpose should be to build
up and improve our fruit industries of Pennsylvania, which at pres-
ent stands second in the production of the apple, that this high grade
may not only be maintained, but that it may be advanced to the
front—the position it can so easily attain and hold, if it receives
the intellectual and financial help to carry forward the work?

The CHAIRMAN: What shall be done with this report?

On motion, properly seconded, it was agreed to receive it and file
it with the other papers for publication.

The CHAIRMAN: Discussion on these reports will now be in
order.

MR. McHENRY: I move you, before we do this, that there be a
committee appointed to wait on the Governor, and inform him that
the State Board of Agriculture is in session, and of the place of
meeting,

The motion was secorded, and agreed to.

The CHAIRMAN: {i will appoint as that committee, Messrs. Mc-
Henry, Blyholder and Naginey. They will please wait on the Gov-
ernor, and report to us the result of their interview.

MR. HUTCHISON: This livestock question is a very important
one, and represents a great industry in this State. We discussed
it at our meeting two years ago, and had some very good points
brought out by Governor Beaver, and a number of others. In the
Doctor’s report of to-day, he says we discussed it, but have done
nothing. Is it not a good time to have a committee appointed,
either by the State Board, or the Legislative Committee, and have
them prepare or formulate a bill along the line of improving our live
atock, and in the way of making preparations to establish an addi-

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 347

tional department to work along that line? We may resolve, and
talk along certain lines, but if we don’t take hold and do something,
the talk is all for nothing, and don’t accomplish anything. Now,
I think that following the report, it would be a good time to go into
the matter, and have our Legislative Committee sometime during
this session formulate a bill.

Talking about raising mules, reminds me of a time, a few years
ago, that a few gentlemen went to Kentucky, and bought several
carloads of mule colts. They are now about two years and a half
old, and they have no trouble in selling them at a large profit. That
is one object lesson that has come to my notice. Now, there is not
reason why this breeding could not be done at home, and the extra
thousands of dollars that we are sending out of Pennsylvania each
year should be stopped, and the money kept at home.

The agitation against the Beef Trust amounts to a great deal to
the farmers of Pennsylvania, and has got these farmers to thinking,
and to-day home-dressed beef is a great deal more in demand than
it was a few years ago and the price of cattle has advanced in the
State of Pennsylvania, and I think that the Livestock Breeders’
Association should take hold of the live stock interest at once. 1
would move you now, that we appoint a committee to formulate a
resolution to be presented to the Legislative Committee.

DR. TOWER: Mr. Chairman, that is exactly what I hoped, when
I saw my old friend, Mr. Hutchison, come in. It would be impos-
sible for me to have any other opinion. Ideas as to what the bill
should contain should be given to this committee. Would it not be
a good idea to point out to the committee what this bill should
contain, before it goes to the Legislative Committee?

MR. HUTCHISON: I am interested in it, and am willing to work
along the line in any way. Traveling all over the State, as I do,
I see how much better the horse is, raised in Pennsylvania, than the
one raised in Illinois, and I am willing to work along any line that
may be suggested, to improve this industry.

The CHAIRMAN: It might be well to appoint a committee to
formulate a resolution to present to the Legislative Committee. As
Chairman of the Legislative Committee, it seems to me that it would
be well to have the opinions of the- members of the Board who are
present. The Legislative Committee will be only’too glad to receive
any personal ideas, and now would be the time to do jt.

A Member: I want to endorse what the Chairman of the Legis-
lative Committee has just said; I don’t think we can spend time on a
subject of greater importance.

MR. McCLELLAN: I should like to say something regarding
the horses that are brought in and sold at high prices throughout
the country. People who buy from pedlers usually pay a very high
price for a very poor article, but it is their own fault for buying
this way. If they went direct to the breeder, they would get a
better horse at forty per cent. less money. The horses that are
pedled throughout the State, are those that no good horseman
would buy. I have been told by two or three breeders in Indiana

348 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

and Ohio, that they must have from thirty to forty per cent. more
for horses if they peddle them out. They must pay for the horses’
keep for three or four months, and also the expenses of the man,
and they must have a higher price.

The SECRETARY: I would like to say right here that we would
like to get the name of every one that participates in these proceed-
ings, so that when you come to read the report, you may know just
what was said, and who said it. If the Chairman is unable te give
the name, we would be very glad :f you would mention your name,
so that we may have the record.

EX-SECRETARY EDGE: The main part of the question seems
to be the appropriation. Now, we can hardly hope to secure this
this year, but if we present the bill properly, and arouse the interest
of our people, we will probably have no trouble to get it by another
year.

MR. HALL: It seems to me that we are a little tender of the
prerogatives of the Legislative Committee. Would it not be well
for the Chairman to appoint a time to hear those who have any-
thing to be brought before this committee? If we don’t want to
appoint a committee, we could go along this line.

MR. HUTCHISON: 1 have great respect for Ex-Secretary Edge’s
opinion along this line. He has done a great deal for this State.
And as he says, the great thing is the appropriation, We want in
this State an appropriation of four or five thousand dollars for the
improvement of live stock, the same as they have in Belgium. One
way of getting the people interested is the money. That will bring
about results. The suggestion of Mr. Hall is a good one, that the
Legislative Committee sit while we are here, to get the opinions of
those interested in the matter. We may be able to thrash something
out of this, and get something for good. These are times when peo-
ple are coming here, and asking for large appropriations for every
good cause, and why should not the agriculturists have their share?
So why not see the Governor, and tell him what we want?

MR. NELSON: I would like to ask for information, whether
Brother Hutchison intends to include that small, but industrious
insect, the bee, in the live stock interests of Pennsylvania? If he
does, it will bea very good thing.

I think that those opposed to the creation of an additional depart-
ment, may come in with us if the work is done, and the appropria-
tion asked for, by the State Board of Agriculture. And if the Stock
Breeders’ Association, and the Dairy Union, and similar organiza-
tions, would join with us, it would enable us to get a larger appro-
priation.

The CHAIR: I believe the proper thing to do is for us to reduce
the matter toa resolution, and let this resolution be handed in to the
Legislative Committee. And I would say in regard to the other
organizations coming, it with us, that I understand this will be the
case. We will have resolutions from our other organizations, and
can embody them in the bill. Now, the way to do things is to do

~

No. 7. DEFARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 349

them, and unless we do them our talk will not amount to anything.
Put it in the form of a resolution, and then this can be brought before
the Legislative Committee.

A Member: There is a motion before the house, which should be
disposed of before we go any further.

The CHAIR: The Chair’s impression of the motion was something
like this: That the Chair appoint a committee to formulate a resolu-
tion to be presented to the Legislative Committee. That is my
impression of the motion. If I am mistaken, will you please make
the necessary correction?

MR. HUTCHISON: I beg your pardon for speaking so often.
The one thing to do is to get this thing under way. I have great
respect for the bee; there seems to be a future for it; and if it will
help us to get the appropriation, I éin willing to include it. But the
thing is to return to our subject, and get it under way.

DR. FUNK: Mr. Chairman, if they include the bee, they will have
to include horticulture to support the bee.

The CHAIR: Are there any further remarks, or are you ready for
the question? Has that motion been seconded?

The motion having been regularly seconded, and the question put,
it was agreed that the Chair should appoint a a Committee to formu-
late a resolution to be presented to the Legislative Committee.

The CHAIRMAN: I will appoint the following gentleman to serve
on this committee: Mr. Hutchison, ir. Tower, Mr. Nelson, Dr. Funk,
and Mr. Chubbuck. They will please formulate such a resolution,
and present it to the Legislative Conimittee for action.

The CHAIRMAN: Next in order is on the report of Dr. Funk, the
Pomologist; we will willingly hear any remarks on his admirable
paper.

MR. SEXTON: I would like to ask the Doctor what he considers
the best thing that has yet been found for the San José Scale, and
further, whether some of the Scalecides that are now on the market,
and are so much easier to prepare than the lime, sulphur and salt,
would not answer the purpose just as well? The lime, sulphur and
salt, is troublesome to prepare, and I would like to know whether
there is not something that can be bought, and mixed with water,
that will answer the same purpose?

DR. FUNK: In answer to the question regarding lime, sulphur and
salt, I would say that so far as known at the present time, there is
nothing that equals it. And for this reason its purposes are dual.
It is both a positive remedy for the San José Scale, and one of the
best fungicides that we have at the present time. I believe it is a
specific for the Peach Leaf Curl, and for the Manila or Brown Rot.
Since I sprayed this winter I find that the Brown Rot has practically
. disappeared from my orchard. It also destroys the spores, but I
have come to leave out the salt, and use only the lime and sulphur.

Now, as to other preparations, I would say that the crude oils are
dangerous in the hands of most people, even in the form of kerosene,

350 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

etc., but there are several of the “cides,” like scalecide, killicide,
etc., that do admirable work to a certain extent; but they are not
good for anything but the scale; they will not destroy the fungus.
And another thing against them is their price. They sell from fifty
cents a barrel to a dollar a gallon, and do not do the work that the
lime and sulphur does. But there are preparations of soluble oils,
for which the formula is now being prepared by the Department, for
public use, which the farmer can prepare more easily than the lime
and sulphur; they can be had at a very low price, and in such form
that all the farmer need do is to get a gallon of them, and put it in
twenty gallons of water. But it must be understood that thig will
destroy only the scale, and not the fungus.

The SECRETARY: Dr. Funk speaks of a bulletin that is now in
the course of preparation in the hands of the printer, which will give
all the information that the State of Pennsylvania has on the subject.
I don’t know how soon it will be out, as the printer is somewhat
behind in his work, but I should say in the course of the next month
or six weeks.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON CREDENTIALS.

MR. HERR: The Committee on Credentials would respectfully re-
port that credentiais have been received from the following persons;
that all credentials have been examined and found correct, except
the credentials from Clarion County are not on the form prepared
for that purpose, and do not give the certificate that the Society is
entitled to representation in the State Board:

Term

Name. Address. Expires.
DTA. AKMUDDEM DUT. \uslccase cedistits neeerees Lake Carey, Wyoming 'Co.,. o.cimseeaiciacuies 1910
MND (NEVIUS): \cisewiciities so cccitoniaswestuaceekincse PhilaGgelphia .) vir. «sinsicotnsa via slatcimaion a ctlsineieciaeire 1910
(Appointed by the Rees Poultry Associa-

tion.
HIOTACE (SCAMANSS pies ck celeicile deisisiclsaueinie taser Factoryville, Lackawanna Co., .......... 1910
Henry tC; PSNAVELYs cesicuitonseninee cent merece Cléona, suebanont | CO., 0 secu vic cle ariecscannee 1910
Frank A. Davies, .... ae ...| Montrose, Susquehanna Co., ......... 1910
M. M. Naginey, Se motel] | AMLLL TOs, EAE aA COs ltoratstslnisteistoie/sleletele é 1910
Pee Da vise ects eer ..-| Grampian, Clearfield Co., ...... one 1910
W. E. Perham, INGA Sara VANTEC Os tire soc as cielcleciciclattanccte 1910
Howard G. McGowan, | Geiser’s Mills) Berks) Cou,” ssscksicecaasacs 1910
DWV 2 ACSA EMIEZ, oo cis nate oie ce nsincioia's aio clays <iaiuin Selorsoae | sSEGLOnds.) SEC LONG ats Ong weiss cicin\lotalaiasieeetitieie/oe 1909
A. T. Holman, 2 | Millerstown, Rs sD) Perry Co., hoes. 1910
8. M. McHenry, ... ai bavsbteher wd brotthatchClors Seeasgadaracneasecccce | 1910
E. E. Chubbuck veel ELOMe, ttl - MD GV OrAGLOLd, ©O,- > cscs ssc 1910
IN OMS BIGGO Soci station lela oe pemloutemiogaeee Carmichael, nGreenea (Cogs os. ccc.5 ceeaw ewes 1910
Peter B. Cowan, Brockville.) Jefferson (Co. . v.c.ccccccencnsice 1910
MM IN SCIATC oo sta cw aieceisiisan eenaeiassies peiemeee Claridge, Westmoreland Co., ............. 1910
8. X. McClellan, EGS TO LaATIOM OO. gs cclsiasisisiastetee sel ays creistsraicee 1910

The committee stili further report that they have examined the
credeutials of the following persous. representing Agricultural Or-
‘ganizations, and recommend that they be admitted to sit as Advisory
Members:

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 351

S. P. Heilman, Heilmandale, Lebanon county.

M. D. Heilman, Heilmandale, Lebanon county.

Ira J. Light, Lebanon, R. F. D. 5, Lebanon county.

J. F. Brubaker, Lebanon, R. F. D. 7, Lebanon county.
J. P. Brendle, Shaetferstown, Lebanon county.

Moses Yingst, Prescott, Lebanon county.

John H. Bennitch, Richland, Lebanon county.

H. M. Keller, Biglerville, Adams county.

J. A. HERR,

S. S. BLYHOLDER,
SAMUEL McCREARY,
R. F. SCHWARZ,

J. N. GLOVER,
Committee on Credentials.

It was moved and seconded that the report be received and adopt-
ed as read, and that the members named in the report should be
seated as recommended. Agreed to.

On motion, duly seconded and agreed to, the following gentlemen
were elected as Advisory Members: James E, Stephens, J. E. Fleisher
and William Wertz, representing The Perry County ‘Agricultural
Society, and Hon. W. C. Pomeroy and Scott McLaughlin, represent-
ing Juniata County Agricultural Society.

MR. SCHWARZ: I agree most heartily with Dr. Funk that there
is nothing like the lime, sulphur and salt for the San José Scale; but
if the statement is true that was made at an institute in Northamp-
ton county, that Dr. Miller had started to spray with scalecide and
found, after the season was over, that it had destroyed all indica-
tions of fungus, it should be looked into. It is much easier to prepare
than the lime, sulphur and salt, and if it is any good, I think the
Department should authorize it, and tell the farmers to use it, if
they can’t do any better.

The CHAIRMAN: In connection with what has been said, the
Chair has had some experience with scalecide, and that is just this:
In the first instance, it does not go near as far as they say it would.

MR. HALL: I just wish to suggest to Dr. Funk where he said it
costs from a dollar a gallon to fifty cents a barrel, that he probably
meant to reverse these figures.

MR. HERR: I don’t think it is the policy for the Board to recom-
mend any patent preparation on any subject to any member of the
Board. It is true these things are cn the market, and we have no
objection to the individual using them giving the party a testi-
monial, if he wishes, but I don’t believe the Board should commit
themselves.

DR. FUNK: From the soluble oils, for which the formula will soon
_ be published, the user will get better results than from the prepara-
tions that are now on the market. Those on the market are all
manufactured according to one formula, but if you make the soluble
oil preparations yourself, you can make them mild or drastic, just
as you want them. Now, if you have an apple tree that is in an

352 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

advanced stage, you will want it much more drastic than you will
for a peach tree that is just starting. If you make it yourself, you
can make the ratio high or light, just as you wish. You can make it
14 to 1, or 20 to 1, just as you like. So I think they will be better
than the preparations cn the market.

MR. HUTCHISON: There was a suggestion made that we create a
Department of Horticulture. I presume this will be a part of the
Board of Agriculture, and I think this should be done because the
Department of Horticulture is an important one, and I think the
Board should take some action toward creating this Department.

MR. CLARK: I don’t want to offer any results, but I want to tell
you what we did on our farm in Soutl:ern Indiana the past few years.
We tried to see first what we could do with lime, sulphur and salt,
but it is so troublesome to prepare that we finally decided to see
what could be done with kerosene. We did so, and I want to tell you
the result. The Scale, I suppose, is as nearly destroyed in our
orchards there, as in any other orchards, where they have used other
preparations. We lost a few trees by too much oil, but very few
in comparison to the whole number. But I noticed this: the loose
bark on the trees nearly all fell off, and the trees are quite smooth.
There is no place for the little insects to harbor. We are so well
satisfied that we shall continue to use it.

MR. HUTCHISON: Did you dilute it?

MR. CLARK: No, not on the larger trees, but on the smaller trees
we used about 1 to 20, and the smaller trees were the ones we lost.

The CHAIRMAN: Will the gentleman please tell us on what kind
of trees he used it?

MR. CLARK: Peach, apple and tear. We are too far south to
raise a good apple, but our apples were as fair as any on the market;
the peach crop was a failure this yexr in our neighborhood. But this
is the home of the Kieffer pear, and we shipped the largest Kieffer
pears on the Louisville market. Two other parties shipped probably
as good; none better. Now, I tell you this just to show you what can
be done. The good pears that were taken to the market commanded
‘a good price. I tell you that we shall continue its use. Unless
farmers do something, they will have to go out of the business,
and it is the hardest thing in the world to get a farmer to use lime,
sulphur and salt. There are only two things to keep in mind in the
use of kerosene: to be careful and to use a small quantity. We can
easily use it.

MR. SNAVELY: I want to put this question to Dr. Funk: whether
the use of these crude oils is not going to prove eventually destruc-
tive to the tree?

DR. FUNK: It certainly will; we know that all oils will injure the
tissue of all vegetable matter. We know that pure kerosene will
destroy the scale, and if a man will select for his work an ideal day,
and force the pressure through an exceedingly fine orifice, making an
exceedingly fine mist, it may be all right, but the danger is that he

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 353

may destroy all his fruit. There is where I consider the soluble oils
will come in. We will then know exactly what we are doing. When
mixed with fourteen or twenty gallons of water, you have a prepara-
tion that will not injure the tree as much as a pure oil will. If I were
going to use a pure oi!, I would use kerosene, instead of crude oil,
because it will not leave a varnish.

MR. WELD: I want to ask Dr. Funk whether this year has been
peculiar in the development of the Oyster Shell Scale? It has been
present in my orchard, and some of my friends’, and I think it is
thicker than I have ever seen it before, and we must, in our county,
report the death of some trees from it. I don’t think we are infected,
because we were examined early in June, and no scale reported.
Now, is it peculiar to this winter, and what had we better do with it?
Is there any danger of it increasing, and destroying the orchards
further?

DR. FUNK: The Oyster Shell Scale is one of the three scales that
infest our orchards here—the San José Scale, the Oyster Shell Scale,
and the Scurfy Scale. But where the trees are thoroughly and com-
pletely sprayed with lime, sulphur and salt, it will destroy the San
José Scale, the Oyster Shell Scale, and the Scurfy Scale, and we have
also found that it will destroy the Tent Caterpillar. It used to be
considered impossible to destroy the nest of the Green Aphis, but
we find that if we use the lime, sulphur and salt, we will destroy all
of them.

MR. WELD: There is danger, then, of that Scale increasing, and
giving us very serious trouble?

DR. FUNK: It certainly will destroy the trees.

MR. SNAVELY: Which increases the quicker, the San José Scale
or the Scurfy Scale?

DR. FUNK: Where we have four or five progenies of the San José
Seale, we have here but one; when we come down to latitude 38
degrees, we have two, but here we have only one.

MR. WELD: How many broods hag the Oyster Shell?

DR. FUNK: Only one on an average, but in long seasons, you may
have two.

MR. RODGERS: What time of the year do you put on the lime,
sulphur and salt, and what time the oils?

DR. FUNK: I would prefer using the oils just as late as I could;
just before the blossoms swell; there is more resistant power at that
time. AsI say, I am a little scary on the oil question, but some trees
are more resistant than others. Take the Ben Davis, and the York
Imperial; they are both infected. You examine the Ben Davis, and
you will find it infected down to the red, while the other will hardly
be touched. Why the San José Scale discriminates thus, I leave to
you.

23—7T—1906.

354 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

MR. RODGERS: What kind of a day woula you use—a clear, sun-
shiny day?

DR. FUNK: Most certainly; I want a quiet, sunshiny day, or it
will not dissolve the oils as quickly as necessary.

MR. SNAVELY: A few other matters I want to ask the Doctor:
Whether it is safe to spray any time after the foliage is off the trees?
Now, my experience is that it is not safe to spray peach trees with
salt. We cut it out altogether, and use only the lime and sulphur.
In my experience, it is not safe to use salt; it has killed a large num-
ber of buds.

DR. FUNK: Can’t you go further, and say terminals?

MR. SNAVELY: No; but I can say that it is not safe to use salt
on peach, or Japan plum trees in the fall.

DR. FUNK: I think if you will go back to my last year’s report,
you will find that I say the terminals on peach trees were killed by
the use of salt in the fall, and I would not think it safe to spray a
tree in the fall, but in the spring, when they have the most
resistant power. :

MR. RODGERS: Heretofore, at our meetings, you have recom-
mended lime, sulphur, and salt, and now you do away with the salt;
for what reason do you do away with the salt?

DR. FUNK: Because it is useless; I find it is even injurious on
tender leaves, owing to the chlorine in salt, and it is a large expense,
and I find that the lime and sulphur adheres equally long without it.
I can show you trees in my orchard that we sprayed last spring,
where it is still on. Experience, you know, improves us, all along
the line.

MR. GLOVER: I would like to know whether you know of any one
who is fixed up to go around and spray for farmers?

DR. FUNK: There is a party near Germantown who is doing that
kind of work, but I don’t believe it will ever be a success. Anybody
may fix up a machine to do this, but I don’t believe it will ever be a
success, because weather conditions will not warrant it. You can
spray with an October wind, but you can’t spray against it; now,
_when we were spraying our orchard last winter, the wind blew in one

direction for all the time except three days. We had all our orchard
covered on one side, and only three days to spray the other in. Now
take a case like this; he may go and spray for John Jones or Peter
Smith, and may spray on one side for fifteen days, and then have only
three days to spray the other in, and his engagements would make it
necessary for him to go to some other orchard; what would be the
result? Why, the orchard being only sprayed on one side, and the
work incomplete, the man would refuse to pay for it, because the
work was not done according to contract.

Any man can get a hand pan of eighty to one hundred pounds
pressure, and then he can go around and spray his trees. Then he

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 355

will be successful. So long as you have some one to work for you by
contract, you will never be successful. He will want to go from one
job to the other, and this will leave just so many trees more for the
following summer.

The CHAIRMAN: If there is no further discussion, we will go on
with the next number on the program, which is Unfinished Business.

It appeared that there was no Unfinished Business to be brought
before the house.

MR. HUTCHISON: We have with us Professor Hunt of the Experi-
ment Station, who was also with us last year, and we shall be
pleased to have him say a word.

PROF. HUNT: I think, with your permission, I will not take up
any of your time this morning. It is very kind of you to give me the
opportunity to address you, but as I am to speak to-morrow morning,
I will not take up your time now. I thank you for the kindness, and
trust I shall become better acquainted with you before the end of the
Convention.

MR. SNAVELY: If there is no other business before the Board, we
might as well proceed with the election of officers.

The CHAIRMAN: That does not take place until Wednesday morn-
ing, according to the By-laws; but since there is no Unfinished
Business, we shall be glad to hear from any one before we take a
Tecess,

DR. FUNK: I would like to hear from some of these people who
have sprayed with lime, sulphur aad salt, or who have had demon-
strations on their places.

MR. SEXTON: I would like to inform the Doctor of my experience
with lime, sulphur and salt. The subject is an important one, and one
well worth talking about, and while we are on it, we may be able to
learn a great deal if we continue the discussion. About two years
ago, when our trees should have been sprayed, I was too busy to
attend to it myself. There is a nurseryman not far away, who has
the paraphernalia and goes around the township spraying trees, so
I had him come and spray mine; my trees were badly infected, and
are still, although they have been twice sprayed with lime, sulphur
and salt. How do you account for that?

DR. FUNK: I hope this will bring up one of the Conundrums.

MR. SEAVY: Some of my neighbors and I found that «ve had the
San José Scale, and we had a man down from Erie County to look at
our trees; he said, “You have the San José Scale, and your trees will
die.” But he set at it, and we all went there to see the work. He
mixed the lime, sulphur and salt; it was an ideal day, and we watched
him spray. Of the plum trees, some were dead, some dying; some
he cut down. This man sprayed twice, and there is no more scale
there. This year we had a large crop, which we sold for two dollars
a bushel. I suppose we lost about twenty-five or thirty trees before
we knew what was the matter, and before we saw the State demon-
stration of lime, sulphur and salt,

356 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc:

The CHAIRMAN: I understand the Doctor to ask for any expres-
sion in regard to the demonstrations; we had them in our county.
I had one on my place. Climatic conditions were against me, but
the neighbors came to see the demonstration. It was impossible to
spray one side of the trees; as fast as we sprayed, it blew away, and
the result was that there was very litthke good accomplished. One
of my neighbors had a young orchard which was badly infested with
the Scale, and he concluded he would try it again. There was one
tree that I thought was about dead, and advised him to cut it down,
but he said “there is life in it yet,’ and took advantage of the
weather, and sprayed it again, and to-day it is as thrifty a young
orchard as there is in the State. We have cut out the salt, as has
already been said.

MR, LUTZ: I would like to talk, tut I am troubled with paralysis,
and it is hard for me to speak; the paralysis has affected my speech;
but I would like to hear more of the subject, because Bedford
County, where I come from, is badly troubled with the Scale. One
man had twenty thousand trees and they all had Scale.

The SECRETARY: This is a matter in which the Department is
very deeply interested. I hope it wil be freely and thoroughly dis-
cussed. What has the Department accomplished in this last year?
You will realize that the Department should not expect to rid the
entire State of the Scale the first year, or, in fact, that the State
should do it at all. All we expected was, that the demonstrator
should go over the Staie, and get the people interested, so as to do
the work for themselves. They should know where the Scale is
present, and what to do. It has been a sort of school, and we are
anxious to know what results have been accomplished. I was very
glad when Dr. Funk said he would like to hear. And I would like
to hear from the people who have had demonstrations in their
neighborhoods, or on their farms.

MR. HERR: Will not this same subject come up this evening,
under the head of the Entomologist’s Report?

The SECRETARY: The only reason [ hope there will be consider-
able said on this subject, is because we have the time.

DR. FUNK: We have the people here, also, and the experts.

MR. SCHWARZ: If the demonstrations made by the experts have
not been a success, it is because we could not get the people inter-
ested. I was sorry for the young man who came to our neighbor-
hood. I gave him my orchard, and we advertised it for weeks, but
we had only three people there. The most we had was eight people,
and they came there out of curiosity, and not as a matter of real
interest. It seems impossible to impress on the people of Pennsyl-
vania the terrible danger that is confronting them. If it has not
been a success, it is only because the farmers of Pennsylvania take
no interest in it.

MR. CHUBBUCK: I would like to ask Dr. Funk, whether there is
anything in the manner of operating, or whether it is that the
operation itself has no effect, in a cave where it didn’t do any good?

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 357

DR. FUNK: It makes all the difference; if we spray right, with the
proper mixture, we have a killing agent; if we do not spray right,
we do not have the killing agent, and are short our time and money.
In this regard I submit to an impartial demonstration. I would like
to see this point discussed. If this thing goes on, in a few years we
will have no farm orchards, and I think it is a most important ques-
tion. Of course, if we let it come to that, it will be a bonanza to the
few experts who, through time and attention, can continue to raise
fruit, but I fear the farmer will only realize that when it is too late.

MR. STOUT: The Zoologist sent oui a man to my place to fumigate
the trees, posssibly three hurdred, but the results are not satis-
factory—not as satisfactory as spraying. We sprayed ourselves, and
we had very satisfactory results. We had been spraying before he
fumigated, and he said the results would be all right, but they were
not.

DR. FUNK: There is another subject I would like to talk of—
fumigation. Now, we know that you can successfully fumigate a
large tree, but in regard to nursery stock, it igs only too often the
case that the trees have been fumigated before they were sent out,
and fumigated to death, so that they will not grow, and the question
resolves itself into this: shall we have fumigation, or shall we not?
Before I fumigated, if I lost ten per cent., I lost much; since I am
fumigating, I am losing forty per cent. Why, this season I had
some fine apple trees—as fine apple trees as you could find, before
fumigation; since fumigating, forty per cent. of them have died.
Out of one hundred unfumigated trees not one died. Now, is this not
a danger? If the remedy is worse than the disease, is it not a
danger? Now, the question is whether we shall not kill the whole of
what we are trying to save.

MR. SNAVELY: I think the Doctor has struck the keynote of this
whole business of fumigating. A large per cent. of the trees sent out
by nurserymen are trees that will noi grow.

MR. HERR: I want to ask the Doctor if there are not certain
varieties of apples that the Scale takes to, more than others?
Isn’t the Ben Davis the one it takes to most of all? It is not as
particular as Iam; I haven’t much use for the Ben Davis. But why
is this?

DR. FUNK: The Scale is general!y carried by some outside influ-
ence, by birds, or something of that kind. It has no wings to fly, but,
of course, where the insects are carried, they stay and do their work,
and it is a fact that they will take to the Ben Davis quicker than to
any other kind. I think the Ben Davis has a weaker constitution,
and less resisting power.

MR. SNAVELY: Dr. Funk has not, I think, touched on one im-.
portant feature, and that is the summer spraying. A great many
people make the mistake of putting sulphur on their trees to destroy
the rot, and the next thing they know, they have no foliage on their.
trees.

358 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe,

DR. FUNK: Do I understand this to be merely in reference to the
Manila or Brown Rot, or do I understand it to be also in reference
to the Scale?

MR. SNAVELY: For both.

DR. FUNK: Of course, in summer spraying it is impossible to use
lime, sulphur and salt, so we have to resort to other means. Now,
there is nothing, in my opinion, that will quite equal a high ratio
soluble oil, so far as the scale is concerned, because you can use it
frequently, and still not destroy the foliage, and you will destroy all
the lice, but you can’t destroy all the scale at once, so you must
spray every few days to destroy all that are being born. Now, as to
the matter of the time of spraying: It has the same advantageous
effect on the cherry, peach and plum, and we can begin immediately
after the bloom drops with a Bordeaux mixture, composed of two
pounds of sulphate of copper, six cf lime, and six gallons of water.
But during the peach season we can’t use this; we must have it so
well diluted that it will not affect the tree; several years ago I used
on my trees a mixture made of four cunces of sulphate of copper and
fifty gallons of water. You will say that is exceedingly weak, and
yet, inside a week the trees did not have a single leaf on them, but
they were so well developed that the fruit went ahead and ripened.
I reduced it to three ounces of sulphate of copper and fifty gallons
of water, and again I removed three-fourth of the foliage. The next
season [ used two ounces, and fifty gallons of water, and since that
time I have lost no leaves. It is very weak; you could drink it with-
out harm, and yet it has proven strong enough to kill typhoid germs,
and I see it is now recommended for that purpose.

The Committee appointed to wait on the Governor reported that
they have been unable to see him; he is occupied with some people
from New York State; but they will return again and try to see him
before lunch.

The CHAIRMAN: The Secretary’s report, under the head of New
Business, gives the next place of meeting; but before we proceed
with that I wish to announce that the Legislative Committee will
meet this afternoon right after the session, at the close of the af-
ternoon session; members who have anything to report to them will
be welcome.

MR. FENSTERMAKER: If the place of meeting is next in order,
I would present the claims of my city. The city of Allentown has
a great many advantages in many respects. We have excellent rail-
road facilities and good hotels, and you know the Lehigh County
Dutch are noted for their good cooking, and you can have your choice
of peanuts or beer, or both. Then, about the time of the Spring
Meeting, the great cattle importer, Mr. Cooper, of Coopersburg, has
his annual cattle sale. His place is easily reached by trolley from
Allentown in half an hour, and we could attend the sale in the after-
noon and get back in time for the evening session. It would be a
good object lesson for us to see the fine cattle there that sell for thou-
sands of dollars. These sales will not continue indefinitely; in fact,
they may end at any time. Mr. Cooper reports that when he has
a sale and gets good prices they raise the price on him,so that he may

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 359

not be able to get cattle from them anymore. I am in receipt of a
letter from him giving us a very cordial invitation to be present at
the next sale.

Then, there will be no trouble in securing a good place to hold our
meetings. We can have the court house. And we have the public
parks, and some large stores, that are well worth seeing, and at the
other end of town there is Allentown’s famous duck farm, where
they have between forty and fifty thousand young ducks in the var-
ious stages of growth. I trust we shall have the pleasure of seeing
you all at Allentown in the spring.

MR. SCHWARZ: I second the nomination of Allentown.
MR. SEXTON: When is this cattle sale to be held?
MR. FENSTERMAKER: Usually on Decoration Day.

MR. SEXTON: I am a Grand Army man, and as such I can’t go to
a sale on that day. Asa Grand Army man I have other business. I
march to the graves of my fallen comrades. If that is the object
that takes us to Allentown I can’t go there.

MR. FENSTERMAKER: That is not the object; it is merely dis-
cretionary; no one is compelled to go to this sale.

The CHAIRMAN: It is usually customary to hold the spring meet-
ing on Decoration Day.

MR. BARNES: I wish to offer as a place of meeting, the city of
York. We have a court house that is unsurpassed by any in the
State, and we have first-class hotels. I therefore offer York as the
place for the summer meeting.

The SECRETARY: We had the pleasure of meeting several years
ago at Somerset, in the southwestern part of the State. It gave us
a great deal of pleasure to have you there, and Iam happy to say that
it would give us pleasure to have you return there. I would, there-
fore, offer Somerset.

MR. McCREARY: Inasmuch as Mr. Riddle, of Butler, is anxious
to have us come there, and is not present at this time, I would be glad
to have the balloting held over until he can present the claims of his
home town of Butler. He will be here some time today.

MR. HERR: When is the time of the summer meeting fixed?

The SECRETARY: That is left to the Director of Institutes; he
fixes the time and we fix the place.

DEPUTY SECRETARY MARTIN: There is one question in re-
gard to these meetings with which we have had considerable diffi-
culty for a number of years. Now, in the town of Clearfield, where
we had our last meeting, it was far from our desire to hold that
meeting on Decoration Day, and in fact we had arranged two other
dates, but found that on one of those dates it conflicted with the date
of court in Clearfield, and in the other with another objection equally
unconquerable, so we were between the upper and nether millstone
of postponing our meeting until that time. We should have, at all

360 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

places where these meetings are held, the option of the court house
or the opera house. Circumstances seemed to compel us in that di-
rection, although we didn’t want to have the meeting on Memorial
Day. It is gratifying to us to have so many requests for the meet-
ing, but that offer should always be made with the understanding
that we can have either the opera house or the court house, so that
we may have no difficulty in arranging the date of the meeting.

MR. HERR: I know that we can have the court house at any time
we want it, if it is the desire of the board to meet at Lock Haven,
which is just as accessible, and where we will be entertained just as
well as at any other place, and even a little better. We have no
desire to crowd out any other place, but if it is the desire of the
Board to meet at Lock Haven we shall be glad to have them.

MR. SEXTON: I wish to ask the Deputy Secretary of Agriculture,
in fixing the day, not to fix it on the day devoted to the memory of
my fallen comrades, so that we can all attend the meeting. Now,
at the meeting at Clearfield, we lost a day of good work that we
should have had, by attending a memorial meeting away from home.
We could not hold the interest of the people; their hearts were else-
where, and I am sure, 'Mr. Secretary, that if we hold this meeting
at that time again we shall have the same trouble. People want to
attend the memorial services, and want to do so at home.

MR. FENSTERMAKER: I am heartily in accord with the senti-
ments of that gentleman, but we have memorial services at Allen-
town, too, and those who wish to attend them can do so, and still
go to Coopersburg to the sale. And I will guarantee a hall for any
date you set, if you come to Allentown.

The SECRETARY: If you come to Somerset you will find a new
court house and a good opera house, to either of which you will be
welcome.

DEPUTY SECRETARY MARTIN: Just a word of explanation.
With the exception of one place of meeting held in Pennsytvania,
we had the opera house or the court house free of charge, and it is
important that we should have it free of charge. The people of
Clearfield were very kind and very generous, and it was understood
that all we were to pay there was to see that the janitor was reward-
ed for his services in the matter of light and heat. It was the same
at Huntingdon, and all other places except one, and I wish the gen-
tlemen requesting us to meet with them would bear in mind that
we expect to have our meeting place free of charge.

MR. FENSTERMAKER: You will not be expected to pay at Al-
lentown; I will guarantee a good hall in which to hold the meet-
ings free of charge to the Board.

MR. HUTCHISON: I move that the roll be called and each mem-
ber answer to his name.

Duly seconded and agreed to.

The ballot resulted as follows: Allentown, 21 votes; Somerset, 4;
York, 4; Butler, 1; Lock Haven, 1. Allentown having received the

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 361
highest number of votes, was declared to be the next place of meet-
ing.
MR. HUTCHISON: I would like to change my vote to Allentown.
MR. RODGERS: I move that we make Allentown unanimous.

Duly seconded and agreed to and Allentown was unanimously
selected as the place of the spring meeting.

On motion, properly seconded, it was agreed to adjourn until
1:30 p. m.

1:30 P. M., Tuesday, January 22, 1907.
The meeting was called to order by the Chairman, Mr. Kahler.

The CHAIRMAN: If Prof. Boyer is in the room we will hear the
report of the Committee on Fruit and Fruit Culture.

Prof. Boyer did not appear to be present.
The CHAIRMAN: Is Dr. Pearson here?
Dr. Pearson was not present at the time.

The CHAIRMAN: Next on the program is Prof. Butz, of State
College; is he here?

Prof. Butz was not present at the time.

The CHAIRMAN: Next in order is the report of J. W. Nelson,
Chairman of the Committee on Apiary. We will now have his report.

This report is as follows:

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON APIARY.

By MR. J. W. NELSON, Chairman.

The season of 1906 has been a very good one for bee-keepers. The
winter of 1905 and 1906 was mild and the winter losses were light
for outside wintering, the early spring favorable for brood rearing
and the bad weather that followed not as severe as usual. Those
who have worked for surplus honey have had good returns, while
those who have worked for increase have been unusually successful,
in my case amounting to fourfold, all in good condition, with some
surplus honey.

There~has been an unusually large number of colonies of bees in
the woods this summer. I have transferred eight colonies from trees
to frame hives. One of them was hanging on a tree about twenty-
five feet high, and had been there about twenty-one days. I had
one case of foul brood, and tried the following plan: I shook the old
bees and queen out and then took the old and diseased brood to a new
location. I had shaken about all the bees off, and as the larvae were.
badly diseased I closed the entrance for two days to keep out robbers,.
and then opened it just enough for one bee ata time. After seven

24

362 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

seven days I destroyed all the queen celis, and after a few days more
I gave them a frame with a few unsealed larvae to keep them in
good condition. At the end of twenty-one days I destroyed the cells
on this cone and gave them some selected larvae to raise a queen
from ,and the built up nicely and were one of the best colonies I had
when the season closed. I did not fare so well with the old bees and
queen. I put them on some empty frames in an old hive for two
days, and then put them in a good frame hive. I think all would
have gone well, but I wanted to give them a chance to hurry up, and
so put in some old combs I thought were clean. When I examined
them again I had a good case of foul brood on my hands. As the
buckwheat season was close at hand, [ thought I would wait until
then, as I find it pays to kill the old queen at that season anyway,
but when the time came I could find no sign of the disease. I be-
lieve this is often the case in a flow of honey. I think the excite-
ment caused by the unusual supply of nectar has something to do
with it, but what becomes of the bacteria in the honey? Whether
the disease that has done so much damage, but if I can get samples
next summer [ will send them to Dr. White, of Washington, D. C.,
for analysis.

The season closed with fine weather in September, giving us a flow
of honey from fall flowers, late in the season, and plenty of young
bees to go into winter quarters with. During the summer I discov-
ered what is to me a new enemy of the bee, viz: the Cherry Bird or
Cedar Wax Wing. Having heard that they were fond of bees, I
doubted it, as it is often hard to get definite information on these
matters. But having occasion to cut a bee tree one foggy morning,
I found a large flock of these birds watching the tree, and as fast
as a bee would come out they would catch it. I could see the bee
plainly until it disappeared in the bird’s bill. I watched them until
I was sure as to what they were doing, when I tried to drive them
away, but I had hard work to keep them away, as they seemed to
think the bees good food. As these birds are plenty, it will pay
bee keepers to keep an eye on them.

The United States government is getting very much interested in
Agriculture, having carried out numerous experiments in different
lines. Dr. White has been carrying out experiments with the bac-
teria of brood diseases. Prof. Phillips has also been busily engaged
and Prof. Frank Benton has been traveling in foreign lands, mostly
in Russian Caucasus, in search of new races of bees.

There are several races of bees in Northeastern Europe that prom-
ise some improvement, mostly in the way of gentleness, especially
the Caucasian and Abahasian races. The former has been tried by
several bee keepers in this country with varying results. It will
perhaps be as well for the average bee keeper to confine his energies
to the good old Italian bees, and let the specialists experiment with
the new races, as they might get a repetition of the English Sparrow
nuisance. There are some twelve to eighteen specimens of stingless
bees in South America, but little is yet known about them.

As we now have a national pure food law, that is a bright pros-
pect for the intelligent honey producer. There is only one drawback,
viz, brood diseases. The State government should lose no time in
passing a strict foul brood law. I think there should be an inspector
of apiaries, with as many assistants as necessary to do the work,

No. 7. - DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 363

that both the inspector and assistants should be practical bee men
of long experience and should be appointed by and under the con-
trol of the Department of Agriculture, and be paid by the State.

Below is a list of questions sent out by the Department of Agri-
culture, at Washington, D. C., to the inspectors of apiaries of the
State of New York:

1. How should an inspector of apiaries be appointed?

Gn petition Of 2..'-.: persons.

On application of bee keepers’ associations.

On application of associations to their Deparment of Agriculture,
as the State should pay for the work just the same as in the case
of diseased cattle, and should therefore have supervision of the work..

2. Who should appoint the inspector of apiaries?

Department of Agriculture.

3. Should an inspector be chosen by competitive examination?

Yes.

4. What provision should be made for the removal of an inspector
for cause?

If incompetent, the Department of Agriculture should remove him,
but if competent he should be retained, as he will become more val-
uable as he gains in experience ir handling men.

5. When any contagious disease is found in apiary, how long a
time should be allowed the owner or manager to treat the disease?

This should be left to the discretion of the inspector, as a set rule
might do an injustice.

6. If the owner or manager refuses to treat or destroy diseased
colonies, should the inspector be employed to treat or destroy, as
occasion demands?

Most certainly.

7. Should an infected apiary, which has not been cared for, be de-
clared a nuisance?

It is not necessary to declare it a nuisance, as it is such, and the
inspector will attend to it.

8. What should be the penalty for refusing to follow directions
of an inspector to treat or destroy?

UATE 5) 393 Bee)

Imprisonment ......

One or both. Both at the discretion of the court.

9. Should an inspector be empowered to order all bees in hives
without frames put into hives with movable frames in localities
where disease is present?

If the inspector has tact and diplomacy, it would be all right, and
if not, all wrong.

10. Should there be a penalty for concealing contagious disease
from the inspector?

Yes.

11. Should there be a penalty for concealing contagious disease
from a prospective purchaser?

Yes.

12. Should there be a penalty for moving bees from diseased api-
aries to another part of the same State without the consent ef the
inspector?

Yes.

364 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

18. Should there be a penalty for moving bees without the con-
sent of the inspector from apiaries in localities where disease is
known to exist, even though no disease has as yet been found in said
apiary?

Yes.

14. Should it be unlawful to move bees into another State withoyt
the consent of the inspector of the State from which they come?

Yes.

15. Should all colonies entering a State be examined by an inspec-
tor?

Yes.

16. Should there be a penalty for failing to notify the inspector
of such shipment of colonies?

Certainly, or law falls flat.

17. Should there be a penalty for exposing contagious material,
either honey, or appliances of the apiary?

Yes.

18. Should there be a penalty for selling, bartering or giving away
contagious material, or material which has been exposed to infec-
tion, without the consent of the inspector?

Yes.

19. Should there be a penalty for refusing admission to the inspec-
tor or hindering him in the discharge of his duty?

Most emphatically.

20. Should it be declared a misdemeanor for any one, owner or
otherwise, to have knowledge of the existence of disease, without
notifying the inspector?

Yes.

21. Should the inspector be required by law to disinfect his per-
son and all implements used, which would carry contamination?

Yes.

22. Should it be illegal for any person to rear queens for sale in
an apiary where contagious disease exists or has existed within
the same season?

He should be required to have his bees inspected, and have the
consent of the inspector, twice each year.

23. Should the inspector make a public report of apiaries where
contagious disease has been found, or should the report be made to
the proper officials without publicity?

The report should be made to the proper officials.

24. Should the inspectors be at the expense of the State or county
appointing an inspector, or should it be at the expense of the indi-
vidual bee keeper?

At the expense of the State.

25. Should a special tax per colony be levied to pay the expense
of inspection?

No. Should a tax be placed on each head of cattle to pay for in-
spection?

The above questions were sent by the Department of Agriculture,
Washington, D. C., to the inspectors of apiaries of the State of New
York, which questions cover the subject completely, and the answers
to which I hope will meet with your approval.

Respectfully submitted,

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 365

The CHAIRMAN: What skall be done with this report?
MR. SEXTON: I move it be received and placed on file.
Motion duly seconded and agreed to.

The CHAIRMAN: Next in order is the report of the Committee on
Roads and Road Laws.

The SECRETARY: Is Mr. Knuppenburg in the room? Yes; I see
he is. I wish to state that we would like to have the Commissioner
of Highways or his Deputy present when this paper is read. They
are both out of the city today, but will be here tomorrow. Will you
be here tomorrow, Mr. Knuppenburg?

MR. KNUPPENBURG: Yes, sir.

The SECRETARY: Then I move that this paper be held over until
tomorrow, because there will be a great many questions that should
be referred to them.

Motion duly seconded and agreed to.

The CHAIRMAN: We will take the next paper on the program,
the Report of the Committee on Wool and Textile Fibres, by D. &.
Taylor, Chairman.

Mr. Taylor read his report, as follows:

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON WOOL AND TEXTILE
FIBRES.

By MR. D. 8. TAYLOR, Chairman.

Your Committee would report that there has been some increase in
the production of wool in the United States, as well as in the State
of Pennsylvania. But there should be more wool produced in Penn-
sylvania, because some parts of our State produce better wool than
can be produced in any part of the United States. And as we im-
port a large amount of wool into the United States of different
grades, we should produce in this country enough of wool to fill the
demands of our manufacturers in the United States, and have wool
for export, rather than import it.

The wool producticn of the United States in the year 1904 was
291,783,032 pounds; imported in 1904, 249,135,746 pounds; 540,918,778
pounds.

We take it that this amount was manufactured in the United
States, as we do not find we export any wool.

The production of wool in the United States was, in 1905, 295,488,-
438 pounds; 1904, 291,783,032 pounds; an increase of 3,705,406
pounds.

366 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

From the best statistical reports at our command we find in the
United States on January ist, 1906, 50,631,619 sheep. Average price
per head, $3.54; total value, $179,056,144.

Of this number Pennsylvania had on January 1, 1906, 1,102,982
head of sheep, value per head, $4.63; total value, $5,102,529. And on
January 1st, 1905, Pennsylvania had 895,982 head of sheep; value
per head, $3.81; total value, $3,415,394, being an increase of 206,076
sheep and of price, 82 cents per head, and of value, $1,687,135.

The wool production of Pennsylvania on January 1, 1905, was re-
ported as from 850,000 sheep at an average of six pounds per sheep,
or 5,100,000 pounds, at 30 cents per pound, $1,530,000.

Pennsylvania is reported as having on January Ist, 1906, 1,100,000
sheep at an average of six pounds of wool per sheep, or 6,600,000
pounds of wool; selling price advanced to 32 cents per pound, mak-
ing the income from the crop of wool for 1906 $2,112,000, being an
increase from 1905 of $582,000.

The increase of wool production in my county (Washington) of
1906 over 1905 was about 10 per cent., and an advance of 2 cents per
pound. This information was obtained from wool merchants. The
increase of sheep would have been more were it not for the increase
of dogs in our county. Our county in 1906 paid for loss of stock by
dogs $6,505, and in 1905, $5,656, an increase of $849.

We had exhibited at one of our Farmers’ Institutes in our county
samples of fine wool grown in the locality where shown, which
showed the length to be from the brood ewes 34 inches; sample from
the stock ram, 3 inches, and from eight-months-old lambs, 34 inches.
The standard length of staple, I understand, for fine or delaine wool,
is 3 inches at one year’s growth.

Your Committee would recommend to our Legislative Committee
to try and have better protection from damage done by dogs to the
human family and to our live stock. In our section of the State we
have suffered much from mad dogs the past season. Many persons
have been bitten and have been compelled to take treatment to pre-
vent serious results. Near my home a worthy farmer and stock
breeder was bitten by a stray dog; he thought it was not serious, but
in a few weeks he became affected and suffered unknown agonies
until.death relieved him. His entire family and those who assisted
in caring for him have been taken to a city hospital for treatment
to prevent the spread of the dreadful disease. Much stock of all
kinds in this section where this occurred, has already died, and it is
expected that there are more cases developing.

The CHAIRMAN: You have all heard this report; what shall be
done with it?

MR. CLARK: I move that we receive this report and place it on
file.
The motion was duly seconded, and agreed to.

The CHAIRMAN. Are there any remarks on these reports which
we have just heard? Probably by that time some of the Specialists
will come in.

MR. WELD: I just want to endorse what Mr. Taylor said in re-
gard to dogs. I was unfortunate enough to be a township auditor,

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 367

and from last March to November I was called upon five times to
prove sheep that were killed by dogs. There does not seem to be any
law to cover this, and it is a matter of interest to Warren as well
as to Washington county. I think the Legislative Committee could
do nothing that would benefit one branch, at least, of our live stock
industry more than to better protect the sheep industry from the
ravages of dogs. The unfortunate part of it is, in my section, that
it is a lot of irresponsible and non-ownable curs that do this dam-
age, and unless there is some law by which these curs can be shot at
sight there is not much redress. The farmer who keeps a dog cares
for him and feeds him, and houses him at night, and he knows where
he is. It is the dogs that belong to people who are too poor to own
anything else, that cause the trouble. Yhey expect them to sponge
their living off other people, and I want to endorse what this gentle-
man has just said, that it is important that there should be some
restriction. We are the only county in the State under the Blair
county law

MR. CLARK: What is the purport of that law?

MR. WELD: It is simply this: That if you have sheeep killed by a
dog you call upon the township auditor and have him come and as-
sess the damages. Now, all dogs are taxed 50 cents each, which goes
into the county fund as a special tax to defray damages done by dogs.
Now, if you have a sheep killed by a dog, you call upon the county
auditors, and they come and inquire whose dog it was and assess
the damages.

_MR. CLARK: Well, isn’t that the State law? That is the State
law.

MR. WELD: I think in some respects it is different from the State
law.

The SECRETARY: [I think the State law provides for one dollar
or two dollars, according to the sex of the animal.

Mr. CRARK: Without any option for the auditors?

The SECRETARY: If the owner is willing to pay the price of the
dog, the dog is saved; if not, he is killed.

MR. WELD: In our county that is not the law; if I catch a dog
within my enclosure, I can kill him on sight. To illustrate this:
There is adog in our town that has been caught three times doing
damage, but we can’t catch him on the premises.

MR. CHUBBUCK: I have had some little experience in this line;
Iam a raiser to some extent, having sometimes as high as a hundred
head. I am also an auditor, and I have spent many days for the dol-
lar to prove sheep that were killed by worthless dogs. Now, a large
part of the trouble in our county is with hunting dogs. They chase
the sheep. They may not kill it outright, but they chase it so that
it either dies from it, or is injured so that it has to be killed. They
get in among the sheep and scatter them in every direction. I have
had this experience within the last few days, and last year, when I
was down here attending a meeting of the Board, the dogs got into
the tract where my sheep were and worried them so that when I got

368 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

heme I had a dead sheep on my hands. Now, the fact is, that under
the State law you can’t kill a dog. If your neighbor, or his cattle
come into your enclosure you can obtain some redress if they do any
damage, but when a dog kills your sheep, you have none. You may
keep your dog law, but I tell you this: If I catch a dog among my
sheep, chasing them, I will kill him if I can get him, regardless of the
consequences. They ought not to be running at large at night. I
had a ease this fall where the hunting dogs chased my sheep until
one of them died as the result ef it. My hired man heard them in
the night, but he didn’t tell me of it, and in the morning we found
them scattered everywhere and it took us some time to get them
back again.

DR. FUNK: How comes it that dogs are not taxed?
MR. CHUBBUCK: They are taxed; don’t you live in Pennsylvania?

DR. FUNK: I don’t know anybody in Boyertown that pays tax,
and the town is full of dogs. They get out of it in this way, by say-
ing they don’t own the dogs.

IMR. CLARK: It seems to me that this comes up at every meet-
ing; somebody has something to say about it. We should arrive at
some conclusion so that we need not have it up at every meeting.
Why is it that we are unable to accomplish anything? Our represen-
tatives should surely be able to frame a law that would be satisfac-
tory to the people. But, now, there are two sides to the question.
I had often heard of these great kennel shows, and for the past five
or six years I have attended them. They were a revelation to me.
You see there not only the finest animals, but the finest and best
dressed and best bred people of the city of Pittsburg. They are all
against anything like this; they say, “I take care of my dog; I don’t
allow him to go into your field, or into your yard, and yet you demand
that I pay a royalty upon your sheep. Iam willing to pay a tax on
the dog, but when you expect me to pay a royalty on your sheep, it
is going too far. I pay a tax on the dog, and then you expect me to
insure your sheep.” ‘That is their side. Our side is that we want
to prevent these dogs from killing our sheep. We have tried killing
the dog, but I don’t believe in any such demonstration as that; that
ought to be a thing of the past. I believe in punishing the man,
and not the dog. I believe when a man has a dog and don’t keep
him on his premises, except when he is out with him, we ought to
make a law to punish the man so effectively that he will keep him
on his own premises or kill him. Now, why can’t we make a law
so strong that it will accomplish this? It will satisfy the man who
owns the dog, and the man who owns the sheep. What does our
law amount to? Let us go back a moment. In my boyhood days,
and even after I grew up, we had lots of sheep on our farms, and
made money out of them; but I grew away from sheep raising. It
was not because of dogs; it was because the timber was going, and
we had nothing to fence in our land. Again, the timber being
gone, new farming land was used, and the result was that the sheep
industry died out. The man who raises sheep today can make money
just the same as we did in my boyhood days. In my boyhood days,
if a dog killed a sheep, we killed the dog. How is it today? You
have a sheep killed by a dog and you go to the auditor and he proves

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 369

your sheep, and then you go the county commissioners, and get your
money but you do not bother to go to the owner of the dog that killed
your sheep. Now, why not frame some law that will keep that dog
on his owner’s premises? I don’t want to see the man punished who
keeps a dog on his farm for a good purpose, but on the other hand,
up comes this thing that demands a law. Now let us get up a law
that will go for these fellows and destroy this dog business that
comes up every year.

MR. HUTCHISON: Let me ask you one question: How would
you punish the man who owned a dog, but who owned no property;
how would you punish him?

MR. CLARK: Shoot him.
MR. HUTCHISON: What, the man?

MR. CLARK: Why certainly; I would shoot him, too, if I eouldn’t
do anything else, and feed him on bread and water.

The CHAIRMAN: Do you know that the dog gives that man more
protection than you or I have?

MR. CLARK: He certainly does give him that, and a whole lot of
privileges.

MR. SEXTON: We have talked this thing over year after year,
until the subject has become very tiresome, and yet nothing has been
done beyond making suggestions. Now, I want to add a little some-
thing in regard to sheep, and I tell you there is no domestic animal
for which I have more love than | have for the sheep and its progeny,
and I have seen the dogs come in and kill off my sheep to the number
of twenty-five, and I know it was done by the neighbor’s dogs, but I
could not prove it, and had to go and get my pay. Now, is that all,
to get our pay? Mr.-Clark says he is satisfied to let them go under
, the state law. Let us try to get up a law such as he speaks of, and
see what the result will be. Will the opposition come from the
farmers? No; it will come from the general breeders of fine dogs,
who go to these kennel shows that Mr. Clark speaks of. The only
way we can keep sheep is to protect them from the dogs, and if we
do not do that, these curs will drive us completely out of business.
I tell you, the last carload of fine lambs that I bought at Buffalo and
took down to Spring House, I put in a fine pen, well fenced, and yet
the dogs got in there, and killed forty lambs in one night, and maimed
alot more. I had to send for the butcher to come and take away two
wagon-loads of dead lambs. Why, I had on my farm sixty odd head
of fine sheep, and they were all killed by the neighbor’s dog, and the
dog was chased right home, but we could not catch him, and that
man swore that the dog had not been off his premises. There will
never be anythimeg done in this matter until the farmers of this Com-
monwealth take hold of the matter, and see that it is done.

MR. CLARK: What plan have you; in what way shall we pre-
ceed?

MR. SEXTON: Only to tax these dogs so heavily that they can’t
afford to have them round, and then make the fellow who takes the
responsibility or the trouble, pay the fine of the irresponsible fellow.

DR. CONARD: Now, this matter seems to be discussed entirely

from the sheep owners’ point of view. I come from a county where
24—7—1906.

370 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

there are but few sheep, and yet it seems that where there are sheep
it is detrimental to keep dogs, and where there are no sheep it is
detrimental too. It is in this way: We are working under a law that
authorizes the constable to collect one dollar, or two dollars dog tax,
and when a sheep is killed, it is proved by the auditor, and the fine
paid out of this tax. Now, since they have no sheep, they don’t
want to pay any dog tax, and the result is that we have dogs running ~
around anywhere and everywhere and of a much inferior quality
than where there are sheep, and they do a proportionate amount of
damage. About a month ago I was called over the ’phone, and con-
sulted about a dog that had gotten in among the neighbors’ cattle,
and was believed to have bitten nearly the whole bunch. He was
afterwards killed, and his head sent to the University, for analysis,
and he was found to be mad. I was afterwards called to the neigh-
borhood where that dog was killed, and found four cases of hydro-
phobia. Now, we have the increased danger of carelessness, and you
can multiply the danger of hydrophobia by two. So if we have no
sheep we have trouble, and if we have sheep we have trouble. Now,
there is a way to legislate these dogs into control. I ama friend to
the dog, and would not legislate him out of existence, but I would
legislate him into control. I think if we put a tax of from three to
five dollars on every dog, regardless of sex, unless he or she was
emasculated, there would not be so many dogs, but what there were,
would be of good breed.

MR. NELSON: There is nothing, passing this question, that has
been brought up today. We hear a great deal of the sheep side of
the question, but in our towns and villages it is customary to have
low fences, and in the town where I come from—Clearfield—there is
a great deal of talk about dogs doing damage in the yard. At State
College I saw the campus covered with dogs, and it is the same way
in our town. Now, what about the danger of hydrophobia? How
about the girls and boys who have suffered the torture of hydro-
phobia from the dogs? I think if you will turn to the report of
1903, you will find on page 212, a resolution that is fair to all parties.
Now, Brother Jaekel and I have never found anything that covers
all points as this resolution does, and we think that the influence of
this Board should be used with the Legislative Committee to get
this law passed. I want to be fair to the dog: I keep a Scotch Collie
myself, but I keep him in a nice cage, and still, every night, I find
my porch covered with dogs, and something should be done.

MR. TAYLOR: This gentleman has touched the danger line. The
danger is to the sheep, to the horse, to the cattle and to the children.
In our village one Sabbath morning, a dog strayed out and went into
the town and bit all the dogs; next he attacked the chickens, and
then a little boy who tried to take him away. He was killed, and
his head sent to Pittsburg, and they directed that all the animals
he had bitten should be killed at once, and the boy sent away for
treatment. In our little town we have sent away six persons for
treatment in the last six months, and for the sake of our loved ones,
our fathers, our mothers, our sisters and brothers and children, I
think that some action should be taken. I think that you men who
are in the Legislature, and who have been in this Board longer than
I have, should be able to draft something that will do the work.

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. $71

But the trouble in our section of the State is, that we can’t find the
owner of the dog. I have been a Justice of the Peace for a number
of years, and I have known fifteen cases where they never reported
the owner of the dog. We have talked with the people, but we have
never found the dog that did the damage.

MR. BLYHOLDER: There is another phase to this question, to
which this gentleman has just referred, and that is, to find the
owner of the dog. I know that in the section of country from which
I come the same trouble exists, to find the owner of the dog. The
assessor comes along, and sees the dog, and he says “whose dog is
that?” and the man says “I don’t know who he belongs to,” and that
is the way in every house in the village. Now, I think the assessor
should furnish a tag to every owner of a dog, and every dog found
without a tag should be killed.

The SECRETARY: Should not that be the tax collector?

- MR. BLYHOLDER: I also had a-good many sheep killed by a dog,
and the dog was never found. Now, I think the assessor should
furnish the tag, and the owner be compelled to put it on in the
presence of the assessor, and whenever a dog is found that has no
tag on, he should be killed at once, right then and there. You know,
in our district the tax collector does not come around any more;
the tax is brought to him; so I don’t see how he could do it. It
seems to me that the assessor is the one who should do it, and he
should furnish the tag, and have it put on in his presence, and
every dog that is found without a tag should be killed at once. I
had a very excellent sheep farm up to three years ago, but I had to
sell off the farm and the sheep. The dogs made it simply impossible
for me to keep them.

MR. BOND: Finding the owner by the dog; what good will that
do, if you can’t find the dog? I have a way of finding the dog and
the owner; I know the dog, and then I catch him, and find the label.
I have two on my hands now.

The CHAIRMAN: It séems to me we should not discriminate
in favor of the dog. I have a horse, and I must take care of him;
I am not supposed to let him roam around all over my neighbor’s
property. Why, a dog has more privileges than you or I have. If
I go on my neighbor’s property, I make myself liable to an action
for trespass. If a man wants to keep a dog, let him keep him in, -
and not allow him to run around, biting people and stock.

MR. CLARK: I think I can agree with both Brother Bond about
identifying the dog, and with Brother Blyholder about identifying
the tag.

MR. HUTCHISON: There is a gentleman here from York State;
they have a local law there in his county, on which I would like to -
hear from him.

MR. VAN ALSTYNE: I did not want to get into this discussion,
although I have been an interested listener to it. We have a local
law, that is just going into effect, and it requires that during this

372 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

present month of January every owner of dogs shall apply to the
town clerk, and register his dog, with the discription, and pay a
fee of two dollars, and the town clerk then issues to him a tag with
a number on it corresponding with the one entered into the book,
and every dog that is not so recorded during this present month of
January has no standing, and the owner who shall fail to register
his dog is guilty of a misdemeanor, and may be imprisoned.

MR. NELSON: I want to say to Brother Blyholder that the res-
olution I have referred to, makes it obligatory upon the constables
to report that they have killed all dogs found in their bailiwick
without tags.

MR. VAN ALSTYNE: I might add that if a man fails to register
his dog, he is liable to imprisonment, and his dog is killed. Now,
the trouble in regard to having the constable kill the dog, is that
the constable is generally a candidate for re-election, and does not
care to go around killing his neighbor’s dogs.

The CHAIRMAN: Why not let anybody do the killing, instead
of forcing the constable to do it?

The SECRETARY: I move that a committee of three be appointed
with Brother Clark as Chairman, to formulate a bill to be presented
to the Legislative Committee for presentation to the Legislature.

Motion seconded and agreed to.

The CHAIRMAN: I will appoint on that committee Messrs. Clark,
Blyholder and Critchfield.

The Committee appointed to await on the Governor reports pro-
gress. The Governor is very busy, and his whole time will be taken
up to-day, but he has signified his willingness to be with us to-
morrow morning at 10 o’clock.

The CHAIRMAN: We will hear from Mr. Van Alstyne on
“Building up a Dairy Herd.”

The following is the address:

BUILDING UP A DAIRY HERD.

By MR. EDWARD VAN ALSTYNE, Denmark, N. Y.

I want to talk to you in a very practical way, to, I presume, a
company of very practical men. I suppose the aim of this address
is that we may obtain a more profitable cow in our dairy. And in
what I have to say to-day, as well as to-morrow, I wish you to
understand that it is not to the wealthy man, the man with unlimited

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 373

means at his command to purchase the very best that money can buy,
that I am talking; he is not the man I have in view at all; he isa
very popular factor in society, but the man whose every wish is
obtainable is not the man I have in sight. It is the ordinary man,
like myself. I say this because I think it will be best for us to
clearly understand one another

I think that we to-day want a beiter dairy cow than ever before.
I say that, because I fear in many instances the farmer is keeping his
cows with but little profit. What is the profit on the dairy cow?
Is it that she simply pays for her keep, and makes a minimum of
profit? That is not going to pay off the mortgage, and clothe the
children, on the farm. The first thing we expect of a cow is that she
will pay interest on the money invested in her. If we take three
or five hundred dollars to the savings bank, we get three and one-
half per cent. interest, without the “trouble of working for it. If
we put it out at interest, we get from five to six per cent.; as you
increase the risk, you increase the interest. When we invest it ina
cow, three and one-half per cent. is not enough, nor five, nor six per
cent., because we are not sure that we can get it back when we want
it. I find that in a herd of twenty-five cows it is necessary to
replace at least five each year to keep the herd in good condition.
Some of them may go barren, and some of them may lose part of the
udder, one may die... So I figure that on the money invested in the
Dairy Cow, I should have at least ten per cent. to equal the interest
on the same amount of money invested elsewhere. So if we pay
fifty dollars for the cow we should have at least five dollars profit
on her. The next practical thought is her feed. As I said before,
she should pay for her keep before we begin to make any profit on
her. And the labor; what does it cost to milk her three hundred
days in the year, Sundays and holidays included? At least ten
dollars more on that. So I figure that I must have at least ten
dollars over and above the cost of her feed, and the interest on the
money invested in her, before I begin to make money on her.

Now, we have to have a better dairy cow, and I am very sure that
it is not of any particular breed. A man starts out thinking he is
going to make money right out of this particular breed, or that one.
Now, let me say that each particular breed have their use for special
purposes. I want to make myself clear on this point, because you
may infer from what I say later on, that I am not a believer in pure
bred cattle for the ordinary man. Yet Iamamost firm believer. I
believe firmly that all the best things we have in our dairy herd to-
day are the result of careful breeding. We will take the superb
Holstein, which for two thousand years has been bred in Freisland,
Holland, where she is given a large amount of rather bulky feed,
with a view to producing large quantities of milk, without reference
to quality, and in which purpose they have succeeded. The Holstein
will produce a quart of milk—regardless of its interest—on the
feed given her cheaper than any other cow. Then we will take the
Jerseys and Guernseys, bred on the rocky Channel Islands, milk
high in fat and other solids and yellow, more scant in quantity than
ig that of the Holstein. They have been bred not so much to pro-
duce a large quantity of milk, as to produce one high in fat with a

large globule, easily churned when made into butter. They have

374 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

succeeded in that as the Holstein breeders have succeeded in their
object. The Channel Island cattle produce a pound of butter
cheaper than any other cows on earth. Not only because she pro-
duces butter cheaper, but because she produces a better butter.
That is where many have.fallen down. At the Buffalo Exposition
it cost for food, for the Holstein cattle to make a pound of butter,
about twelve cents. The Channel Island cattle, butter for food
costs about nine cents. You can’t improve on the cream or butter of
the Channel Island cattle, because they are bred for that purpose.
I will illustrate this: Those of you who were at the Exposition will
remember that we had a smail dairy-room which was often at a
temperature of seventy degrees. On those hot days we took the
cream from any other breed than the ChannelIsland cattle, and
churned it at 60 degrees, we had grease pure and simple. We had to
take such cream and reduce it to a temperature of forty, and then
churn it for two hours, before we had butter ,and then we often had
to set the butter away for twenty-four hours before it was hard
enough to print. We could take the cream from the Channel Island
cattle, churn it at between fifty and sixty, take it out of the churn
and print it and set it up on the form no matter what the tempera-
ture. Therefore I say that the Holstein is not the cow for the man
who wants to make butter for market. The man who wants rich
milk or who wants to make butter is a very foolish man if he at-
tempts to make it from any other breed than those bred for that pur-
pose. But there is a cow between the two, the Ayrshire, from Ayr, .
in Scotland, where they have not so much feed to give her, and she
has had to hustle for her living. She gives a large supply of milk,
with about four per cent. fat. For the man who wants a good milk,
and fair quality, where the feed supply is not abundant the Ayrshire
is the cow. Again the man who wants to make beef is very foolish
if he attempts to make it from any other breed than those bred for
that purpose, such as the Shorthorns or Hereford. You see I am not
a believer in the dual purpose cow. You say you want a cow on
which you can make a little on the milk, a little on the butter, and a
little on the carcass, but you can’t do that and not lose in every re-
spect. I will take for illustration, the Holstein, the extreme dairy
breed, and the Hereford or Shorthorn, the extreme beef breed. We
will put both on the market, both equally well fed, and weighing the
same, and the Hereford will bring from one-half cent to one cent per
pound more than the other. Why? Because the Holstein is devel-
oped in the lower portion of the bedy and the other up where the
cuts are worth the least, in the back and loins. Again, the man who
attempts to use the be@f cow in the dairy, is as foolish as the man
who would hunt birds with a bull doz. Get cows of the type that
will fit your needs. “I thought,” you will say, “you said you were
going to talk to the average farmer, and now you tell us to go to an
importer and buy our stock.” Yes, if you have plenty of money
which most of us haven’t.

We have come to the point where most of us realize that we must
have a better dairy cow, and that a cow that has been bred for a
particular purpose. What shall we do? We go to a man who has
good pure bred cows for sale, and select some that we think will
answer our purpose and find that they will cost from one hundred

Nos 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 375

and fifty to two hundred and fifty do'lars each, and we can’t afford
to take them. The animals are worth it, but we simply can’t afford
to pay the price. What then? We have our heads set on pure bred
stock, and we go down the line until we find something that fits our
pocketbook, and we say “these are pure bred?” And they answer
“Oh, yes.” “They are registered?” “QO, yes.” And we buy them,
and take home the man’s culls. He wouldn’t have sold them at
that price if they had not been culls.

I repeat that these animals have been bred for the particular pur-
pose for which we want them. When we have made up our minds
we want a large supply of milk, and have plenty of feed, then
we take the Holstein; if butter, then we take the Channel Island
cattle; if better milk, and hilly pastures, then we take the Ayrshire,
and if meat, then we take the Hereford or Shorthorn. A good cow
is cheaper at sixty dollars than a poor one is at ten. I am going to
describe the requirements of a good cow a little later. With the
best grade of the particular type desired, we will get a bull of the
breed we want. Let me emphasize the importance of a good bull.
The importance of pure breed. I don’t think we emphasize that
as we should. When we consider the breeding of animals, the
strain of the sire should be very carefully noted. Why, gentlemen,
what is a pure bred animal? It is simply one that has been bred
in a certain line so long that the type has become fixed. There is
always a tendency to go back to the characteristics of the ancestors,
and the better these characteristics and the longer they have been
bred, the nearer we get to the animals that we want, and the more
certain we are of producing the tendencies of that line. The more
we breed, indiscriminately, the more likely we are to go back to the
original tendencies. To illustrate this, let us take the human family,
and go right back to the Jew. Since the days whea Abraham went
out from Ur of Chaldea and went whither he knew not, down through
the centuries, there has been the Jew, and to-day when for more than
two thousand years he hag had no country, he is as separate and
distinct as he was four thousand years ago in Palestine. You can
pick him out to-day by his facial characteristics, and by the same
characteristics which Jacob exhibited when he entered into that
cattle deal with Laban, and in Joseph, when he got up that corner
in grain. Scan their names; you will find them foremost in finance,
in music, in trade and in politics. They are masters in whatever
they undertake. Why does the Jew succeed in spite of the persecu-
tion he has endured? Because he is smarter than the other fellow.
It is just this: The marriage of Jew with Jew, the breeding of the
racial characteristics, until we know to a certainty when we see a
Jewish family, that the child is going to be the same Jew that his
parents are.

And this is the way our type of domestic animals is fixed. You
will buy a sire of the best breed. I believe it is more necessary
for me to have a good sire in my herd of grades, with his breeding
capacity proven, than it is for my neighbor, who is breeding pure
breeds entirely. He has a pure blood in his cows. You get a grade
sire, the descendant of pure breed on one side, and of anything on
the other; you breed him with a good cow, and you say he will re-
produce the traits of his pure breeding; how do you know this?

376 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

There is always a tendency to go back to the traits of the ancestors,
but how do you know he will not reproduce the bad traits, instead of
the good ones? He is just as likely to do so.

Then comes the cross-bred, the result of breeding two pure breeds
together. For instance, I will take a Holstein that gives plenty of
milk, but it is not rich, and I will breed him with a Jersey who has
plenty of richness, but not so much milk, and then I will have the
excellencies of the two? What is the result? I get the quantity
of the Jersey and the richness of the Holstein. It is the old story
of avatism, the going back to the original tendencies of the ances-
tors. Darwin in his “Origin of Species’ claimed this, and made the
statement that all breeds of pigeons could be traced back to the
old Blue Mediterranean pigeon. ‘To prove it, he crossed the Pouter
and the Fan Tail and what did he get but the blue tail feathers of
the Mediterranean pigeon. We see the same thing in our cross
breeding. When we bring together two pure breeds, we increase,
for some unknown reason, the tendency to get the bad qualities of
both lines. I can bring that right dewn to you. It is not the simon
pure negro that causes the most trouble; it is the mulatto, who
developes the worst traits of both his black and white ancestors.
We have the same thing in the Indian. Up in New York, we have
not many Indians, but we still have a few, who are a conglomeration
of the old Six Nations mixed with whites, combiaing the evil traits
of the white blood in them, with the same traits of their red blood.
They are the laziest and most shiftless beings on earth. They won’t
work if they can beg or steal. I could not heip, at the Exposition,
but compare them with the real simon-pure Indian of the plains.
You know they had an Indian village there. These were dignified,
a fine type of pure breeding, the other, the evil product of the two
races. Perhaps I am spending too much time on this, but I realize
the importance of it.

We had first the grade sire, then the cross-bred sire, but what we
want is a pure sire. So we get one, and use him with the herd,
and if his calves are what they should be, and he proves to be a
good animal, we will keep him just so long as he is serviceable.
There is more deterioration to be laid to the yearling than from most
any other cause. We want the strength and the stamina of fully
matured ancestors. I prefer to have a bull eight or nine years old;
I never know just what he is going to do until he is four years old.
I sacrificed one of the best bulls that I ever had when he was three
years old, and never knew it until bis daughters came to milk. Sol
have learned to keep my sires just as long as they are serviceable.
With grades, I would use a bull with his daughters. You will say
that is incestuous breeding. That is true, but when we bring these
two lines of blood together we get three-quarters of the line-blood
that we want. If there are no weakness in either sire or dam there
will be little to fear from such a course. And when we buy again,
buy a bull that is bred along that line. That is where many a far-
mer makes a fearful mistake; be would like a little more size, so he
takes another breed to get it; he would like a little more butter
so he goes to the Jerseys to get it, and perhaps he would like a
little more beef, so he goes to the Hereford to get it. He is like
the woodchoppers; they were Canucks, their work was cold, and

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 377

they generally wanted a little something to warm them up. On one
occasion they tried to tell the landlord at the tavern what they
wanted; they didn’t know the name, so the Canuck said: “You take
a little whiskey to make it strong, and a little water to make it
weak; a little lemon to make it sour, and a little sugar to make it
sweet.” “Oh,” said the landlord, “that isa flip.” And so it is with
our farmer. You get a little Holstein for the milk, and a little
Jersey for the cream, and a little Shorthorn for the beef, and you
have a “flip” every time, and if i want to see poor cattle, I will go
to the place where they have followed this course.

When I went into breeding, I raised all my heifer calves. But
there was something wrong; I didn’t get results; so I said ‘I will
have to be more careful,’ and [ selected them only from the best
cows, and I got nearer what I wanted, but I still drew a good many
blanks, until I began to examine the calves themselves. Now it is
a fact that a good many heifer calves fail to be as good as their
dams. Do you ever think how much we ask of the dairy cow? We
ask her in twelve months to support herself, to reproduce herself,
and give us an amount of milk often equal to the weight of her
body. Now, I have begun to examine my calves, and I find a calf
that is weak, and aenemic, I don’t iry to raise it, and this you can
tell by looking at the calf. Open its mouth, aad look at its teeth.
and if you find only four of the milk teeth, that calf is not worth
raising. Why? That mother had too much of a strain on her, and
she was not able to put strength and stamina into the calf she was
raising. I have raised some of these calves, and they have always
been a disappointment. Then I examined the naval, and the teats;
one of the tests of a good udder is to have the teats placed right.
This fall I was a judge at a fair up in my state, and a man brought
in a heifer. She was a fine Jersey, and I thought “that is a prize
winner, sure,” until I examined her udder and found two of the
teats joined together. I asked him why he raised her, and he sain
he had never looked at that; he had never seen it.

Now, when a calf passes muster, then we keep it, but do not for-
get that their value as cows will depend largely upon their treat.
ment for the first two years. They must be well cared for. After the
first few months it is better to turn them out and let them work a
little for their feed; it helps to develop them. They should have a
large stomach, for it shows great storage capacity, even if it makes
them appear pot-bellied. They must have a place where to carry
the feed. I was at Moorestown, New Jersey, last winter, to see a
herd of cattle that were large producers. I saw nothing abnormal
about the cows except that they all seemed unusually large, and
that many of the two-year old heifers were larger than those two
and a half and three years old as usually seen of that breed. I!
could not understand it until they told me that they fed those calves
on milk until they were a year old.

Now, then, we have selected our stock, and are breeding along
that line year after year. We have found what we want, and we
will go on breeding along that Jine, and in ten or twelve years we
will have a herd that is nearly equal to pure bred. They are really
pure bred, only they can’t be registered. When we are adding to
our stock we will get in one or two good pure bred females, and at

25

378 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

the end of ten or twelve years we will have a herd of fine, pure bred
stock, and when we come to sell them we can get better prices for
them.

Now, all good cows have certain points. What are they? To
show them I have had the picture made. It is a very fair picture of
a good grade cow I had. First, let us see the characteristics of the
cow of way back. Now, the cow that Adam had afier he left horti-
culture, wags not much of a cow. What was she? Well, she was
fitted for her work. She had to live out in the jungle, and fight
for her existence with the wild beasts, and it was a case of the
survival of the fittest. She had to fight her way through the heavy
brush and overhanging trees. Let us see her characteristics: A
small barrel, for she had only what food she found closed ribbed for
protection; a small udder; a short neck and heavy horns, character-
istic of the fighter. We should call that a very sorry cow, but she
was probably the best suited to the times and her environment.
Now, as to the points of the good cow: We can not fail to be im-
pressed by her girth through here (the body), by the large nostril,
and bright eye. The animal that has a prominent and snappy
bright eye is the one that is likely to have a good constitution. The
\arge wide nostril means a good pair of lungs; and a heart that is
doing its duty. Then we have the thin head, with light horn, and
prominent, pointed shoulder; the sharp, not flat back, widespread
at the haunch, to insure easy delivery of the calf; ribs well set;
high pelvic arch, long tail. What has the tail to do with it? Only
this, that the tail is the extension of the spinal column, and a leng
tail indicates strong nerve force.

We can just as well breed good udders and easy milkers ag the
contrary. I have to-day descendants of the fourth generation of
easy milking cow, and they have all more or less of her tendencies.
Then I have two or three heifers descended from a cow that was not
an easy milker, and I don’t raise any more of them. Life is too
short.

Then comes a large, crooked, milk vein. Some people are rather
inclined to ridicule that, but I have found it a good test. It shows
the flow of blood from the udder to the heart. Now, when there is
not much milk, thefe is not much blood there. What I lay most
stress on is the hole in the end of it; if the hole is large, it indicates
that it is built to carry plenty of blood. We will probably find this
larger on the left side than on the right. These are always things
that are present in a good dairy cow, and they are characteristic of
a good dairy cow. We find the same characteristics in the sire.

I want the head and the neck to be thin. I want him to have the
same arched spine, and the same contour here as in the cow, and I
want to find four good, rudimentary teats in the sire, which are well
placed. I lay great stress on their being placed, because the sire
reproduces himself, and you will find four times out of five that the
teats of the heifer are much the same as the rudimentary teats of
the sire. Then I like to see a good milk vein. Then I take the loose
skin at the flank and stretch it; if it stretches out long and flexible,
it is a good indication of the udder on his heifers. I was judging at
a fair up in Washington County, my state, and there was a farmer
there who was in the habit of carrying off the prizes each year, and
I gave him a premium for one or two of his cows, but none for his

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 379

heifers, and none for his sire. He came to me and said, “I, wish you
would tell me why you turned down my bull and my heifers;” well,
we brought out the bull; I could not find in him any of the rudimen-
tary lines. He said he never knew of the existence of anything like
that. Then we looked at the heifers; not one of them had an udder
bigger than a sheep, and he said he was disappointed in them, but
didn’t know the reason. He didn’t take offense at being turned
down, but declared his intention of trying to breed along the lines
T had pointed out to him. In this case, the sire had simply repro-
duced himself.

I want a good bull with good ancestry; the best I-can get; but
when we get to a place where we must choose between a bull with
a good registered ancestry of performances and is not himself a
good specimen, and one who is a good individual, I would rather
have the bull that has the record of performance every time than
the one with no known ancestry, but a good individual. Keep a
record of his milk strain and breed from that. Give me a bull with
an ancestry of producers, and he will produce himself in his descend-
ants.

Given these things, [ know we can develop a herd of better quality,
and better producers than we can in any other way.

The CHAIRMAN: We might devote a few minutes to the dis
cussion of Mr. Van Alstyne’s address.

MR. RODGERS: What effect would it have on the cream where
afarmer keeps one-half Holstein and one-half Jersey cows. Would
it churn together properly?

MR. VAN ALSTYNE: Yes; there would not be so much loss if
separated by mathine. Of course we know that cream passes in
the separator as rapidly as the gravity aliows, and the butter glo-
bules would not be mixed with those of the Jersey, and it would not
turn out quite so rich. ‘And there is another point: what makes a
good ration for the Holstein will not make a good ration for the
Jersey. So I would rather have them one grade. Now, a man may
have to keep a Holstein and a Jersey if he sells the milk, to make it
a little rich. I have heard people say that the butter of the Hol-
stein was of excellent flavor, while that of the Jersey was not so
ideally flavored. That is not so at all. It is due to the feed, and
to the manipulation of the cream.

MR. McCREARY: A yellow skin on the animal, would that count
in its favor? 3

MR. VAN ALSTYNE: A yellow skin on a Holstein as well as on
any other animal will be a good indication that there is some butter
fat there, but it is not always a sure indication. Now, for instance,
the Guernsey cream is more highly colored than that of the Jersey,
yet the Jersey has the richer skin, but has not, consequently, the
richer cream. A better way, I have found, is to turn back the ears,
and if they are oily, and to look again at the shoulder, and again at

380 - ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

the end of the tail, and if you tind there an oily substance, the milk
will be pretty sure to be rich in butter fat.

The CHAIRMAN: Do you consider the Ayrshire a good dairy
cow?

MR VAN ALSTYNE: Yes, I do. When a man wants a cream of
44 per cent., or a little better, present, I believe that the Ayrshire
is better for that purpose than any other, but it seems to me that
she is not as highly appreciated as she should be. I suppose the
reason for that is that she has been a good cow, and they have been
satisfied to keep her, and not attempt to put her to the front.

MR. HERR: Is it not one objection to the Ayrshire that her teats
are very slender, making her hard to milk?

MR. VAN ALSTYNE: Well, yes; the Ayrshire in Scotland is
milked by the women, and time is not valued, so that the teats are
very slender, but in the last ten years her teats have been very
much improved.

MR. SNAVELY: Is not the Ayrshire coming to the front during
the last few years?

MR. VAN ALSTYNE: I want to say this; and I dont want any
one to think I am opposed to the Holstein, because I think the Hol-
stein is the best cow in the country to-day, but I have seen a good
many indications in our country, where they make cheese to a large
extent, that would seem to show that the Holstein is taking second
place. I should be sorry to see it, but just as sure as the sun rises
to-morrow morning, in a few years you will see the ‘Ayrshire dis-
placing the Holstein in our country.

MR. CHUBBUCK: How about the Brown Swiss? She is a good
cow, and some of my friends here are perhaps aware of it; she gives
as much milk as the Holstein, and nearly as rich as the Jersey, and
has a heavy carcass. I don’t believe in going abroad, when you have
your choice of the best at home.

MR. HERR: I should like to say that if there are any other creden-
tials, I should be glad to have you hand them in now.

The SECRETARY: Prof. Van Norman wants to make an an-
nouncement.

PROF. VAN NORMAN: I merely wish to say that we have about
completed arrangements for the demonstration of our milking
machine. The cows are here, and we will have a demonstration at
eight this evening, at ten to-morrow morning, and at four to-morrow
afternoon.

MR. FENSTERMAKER: Will it not be possible to get off some
more of the reports? There will be a fearful amount of ground to
cover to-morrow.

MR. SEXTON: I move that we adjourn.

Properly seconded, and was agreed to.

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 381

Tuesday, January 22, 7:30 P. M.

The evening session opened with Vice President 8S. M. McHenry
in the Chair.

The CHAIRMAN: Is Prof. Cochran of West Chester here?

The SECRETARY: I have not seen him to-day, and don’t think
he is here.

The CHAIRMAN: Next in order is the report of Dr. Groff; is he
here?

The SECRETARY: Dr. Groff is not here, but his report is, and
can be read, or received and placed on file, as desired.

It was moved and seconded that the report be received and
placed on file, for publication with the other reports.

Agreed to.

The report is as follows:

REPORT OF HYGIENIST.

By Dr. GEO. G. GROFF, Lewisburg, Pa.

Tuberculosis, Typhoid Fever, and Cancer are the three germ
diseases which now claim the greatest number of victims in our
State. Beyond a doubt, all are communicable from person to per
son.

Tuberculosis is common to man and many of the lower animals,
though it is doubtful if it is often communicated to man from these
‘lower animals. The reason of this seems to be, that the tempera-
ture of the common domestic animals is higher than in man, so
that when the germs find their way into the human body, they fail
to live and multiply in the lower temperature of the human body.
The cow, sheep, hog and poultry are all subject to Tuberculosis,
and any animal known to be affected, should not be used for human
food, and in the case of affected cows, they should not be kept in
dairies, but should be removed and killed.

Whenever an inmate of a family is stricken with this dread dis-
ease, or whenever any signs of the disease appear, an outdoor life
should at once be entered upon. Such person should live out of
doors day and night. He should get all the fresh air, milk and eggs
possible in the twenty-four hours. The germs of the disease are
eating his body up. The air, milk and eggs are prescribed in order,
if possible, that they may build up the body, more rapidly than the
germs destroy it, and sometimes the treatment succeeds. There is
almost no use to use medicine for the disease. Care should be taken
that no one else in the family takes the disease from the sick person.
He should never spit upon the ground or upon a floor, but into a

382 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

paper napkin which should be burned. The ordinary handkerchief
is dangerous is used to receive the sputum. One sick with tubercu-
losis should not be employed in the dairy, for he may infect the milk
with his hands, or the straw of the stable with his sputum, which
when dried, may get into the milk, where the germs live and multiply.
The tubercular patient should have his own dishes, which should
be washed separately from the other dishes of the family, and arti-
cles of food which he does not eat, should be burned, or buried deeply
in the ground. After a death from tuberculosis, the room and all
that belonged to the patient should be most thoroughly disinfected.
The sick-room should be exposed to the air and sunshine so long as
possible before it is again used. .

People do not inherit tuberculosis. They may inherit constitu-
tions which are susceptible to that disease, and so we often see
several cases in the same family; not because the disease has been
inherited, but because it has been communicated by the first case
to the others.

Typhoid fever is also a germ disease, communicated most com-
monly through food and drink. These become contaminated and
infected by more or less carelessness. Thus, faecal matter is too
often allowed to enter water which may be used for domestic pur-
poses. Sewers commonly discharge into streams which lower dowt |
are used for drinking purposes. Privies are generally too near
wells, and often on higher ground, so that it is entirely possible
for drainage on the surface, or underground, to exist directly in
the well or spring. If the discharges from a typhoid fever patient
enter drinking water, it is almost certain that some of those who
use the water will contract the disease. If such water is introduced
into milk, the disease may be in that way spread, for these germ
flourish in that fluid. A person suffering from a mild form of
typhoid fever, may, in milking or in cleansing the utensils in a
dairy, infect the milk, and epidemics have originated in this manner.
Nurses, in handling the sick, have their hands infected and unless
they are very careful, they will infect food and drink. The person
who nurses one sick with typhoid fever, should not, if possible, cook
for the family. Every time she handles the patient, she should ©
most carefully wash her hands. One sleeping with a patient with
typhiod fever, may readily contract it. So, also, if there is careless-
ness in a family with the discharge from a sick person, the germs
may get into the house, dry up, spread about, and many persons
come down with the fever. With the utmost care, the disease cam
be confined to the person who first takes it. There is no need to
quarantine a house with typhoid fever, and there is no need to keep
the children home from school. It is well to tie the pump handle,
when, in the country, a funeral occurs from typhoid fever. The
water is dangerous to use. It should all be pumped out, a pound of
copper sulphate thrown into the well, left there for a day, and the
well again pumped dry.

Cancer has become one of our most prevalent diseases, as well as
one of the most fatal. There is no idea that it is inherited, but it
distinctly follows in certain families, for the same reason that tuber-
culosis does. There is no proof at all existing, that any foods, ani-
mal or vegetable, in any way cause cancer. Cancer has been ob

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 383

served in the eye and salivary glands of the cow, and in trout in pro-
pagating tanks, and in rats and mice, in the latter in the mammary
glands.

From studies recently made in the State Cancer Hospital, Buffalc,
New York, it would seem that beyond a doubt, rat and mice cages
may become infected with cancer, healthy animals placed in such
cages cantracting the cancer. This would lead to the inference that
rooms in which cancerous patients hve may become infected, and
so the disease may be spread. It would be well in all these cases
to thoroughly disinfect all articles used by such patients, and on
their death to most thoroughly cleanse and fumigate the room. A
point brought out in the studies of cancer in rats, was, that one cage
remained infected for a period of three years, no rats having been
in it in all that time.

No germ has yet been discovered for cancer, but it is generally
thought to be caused by a minute animal germ,

It is now generally recognized that the Grippe and ordinary “colds”
are “catching.” In the writer’s family it has been noted now fora
good many years, that if one member of the family has a “cold,”
one after another “catch” it. Sometimes, however, one or two
members of the household escape. At the State Sanitaria for Tuber-
culosis, it has been observed that colds become epidemic. The
same is frequently seen in schools. By exercising care with the
sputa, these diseases may be restricted, possibly to those who first
contract them.

_ The CHAIRMAN: Prof. Surface is next on the program. We shall
now have the pleasure of listening to him.

PROF. SURFACE: Mr. Chairman, by a mistake I made this even-
ing, I brought the report of the Ornithologist to-night. I have pre-
pared some specimens of insects which I wish to use in the report
on Entomology, and which I have not with me. If, therefore, there
is no objection, I will give the report of the Ornithologist at this
time instead of the report of the Entomologist.

The CHAIRMAN: If there is no objection on the part of the
members present, we will listen to the report on Ornithology to-
night, instead of the report on Entomology.

No objection being made, Prof. Surface read his report as follows:

REPORT OF THE ORNITHOLOGIST.

By PROF. H. A. SURFACE, Harrisburg, Pa.

The past year has been one of unusual interest in certain features
of bird life in Pennsylvania. In the beginning of the season for
migration the Blue Bird came north early, and after their arrival
snow came and remained on the ground until thousands of Blue
Birds were starved, and the dead or dying remains of many were

384 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doé.

found. This materially decreased the number of Blue Birds nesting
in this State during the summer. Several reports sent us from
Lancaster, Dauphin and other counties, concerning Black Birds
picking large holes in growing English Walnuts before they were
half grown. This did not appear to be for food, and the suggestion
has been made by Mr. Gabriel Hiester, President of the State Horti-
cultural Association, that it may have been to use the bitter juice
of the English Walnut as an insecticide for their parasites, as he
noticed them picking the walnuts and then preening their feathers.

Unusual complaints have been made against the English Sparrows,
especially for their damage to peas growing in gardens, which they
pulled as soon as they appeared above ground, and of which they
also ate into the pod before the young peas were ready to pick.
Much complaint has also reached us of English Sparrows eating
the buds of fruit trees, and if legislation could abate this nuisance,
we should be heartily in favor of it.

The statements have come to us that the Wild Pigeon has been
several times in the northern and mountainous parts of this State,
and we have a letter recently received upon this subject, stating
that a wild pigeon was seen nesting on a stump last summer.

We wish to speak in some detail of the stomach contents of va-
rious species of birds that have been sent to the office of the Eco-
nomic Zoologist during the past year. Among these are the fol-
lowing:

The Horned Grebe.—We have received and examined the contents
of six specimens of Horned Grebe and have found sand and vegeta-
ble matter in practically all. In three there were fragments of
Black Beetles, probably the so-called Whirligig Beetles, which live
on the surface of the waiter.

The Blue-winged Teal.—A Blue-winged Teal was found to have fed
upon aquatic snails or mollusks, seeds of Polygonum or smart-weed,
and other weed seeds.

The ‘American Black Scoter—An American Black Scoter was
found to contain a mussel-shell 5x2.5 centimeters, another small
bivalve, and fragments of other bivalves, showing that it is decidedly
a mollusk-eater.

The Coot or Mud-hen.—Several specimens of Coots were examined
and all were found to contain white sand and vegetable fibres, while
one had eaten a large number of smail snails. However, the evi-
dences are that it is to a great extent a feeder on aquatic vegetation.

The Bittern or Indian Hen.-—The stomachs of two Bitterns were
examined, one of which was empty, but the other contained one of
the night-flying moths, the remains of a cricket, and the spines and
fleshy tissue of a caterpillar, probably the destructive Woolly Bear
larva. The stomach of this Bittern was lined with the bristles of
such insect larva. This is a new and interesting point for the Bit-
tern. It also contained the seed of Spanish Needles. Thus we see
this aquatic bird, which is too often shot by gunners, is justly pro-
tected by the law.

The American Goshawk.—In the fall or early winter there was
an unusual southward flight of the American Goshawk, or Blue Hen
Hawk, which nests mostly northward and comes into this State
only in the winter. Of four Goshawks examined we found the

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 385

stomachs of two contained feathers, probably of small birds, and
one with chicken feathers. in fact, the last-named was caught by
a steel trap set upon a chicken which it killed. This is one of the
serious enemies of rabbits, ruffed grouse, quail, and domestic poul-
try, and is not protected by law in this State.

The Red-tailed Hawk.—There has been much discussion about
the protection of the Red-tailed Hawk, as it is one of the birds that
can not be killed legally at any time -n Pennsylvania. This law is
commonly violated, but we have seen ~nough to justify its preserva-
tion. For example, in one Red-tailed Hawk we found two red-
legged grasshoppers, the head of a chipmunk, and two specimens of
field mice. Another contained the upper and lower jaws of a field
mouse, showing plainly that it was beneficial in its feeding habits.

The Red-shouldered Hawk.—tThis is another bird justly protected
by law at all times. in the stomach of one was found a mass of
hairs of a mouse, and in another were found two specimens of a short-
tailed meadow mouse, or mole, and also a red-legged grasshopper.
As this is the mouse that destroys trees by gnawing their bark to
such an extent during the winter, and as the red-legged grasshop-
pers are the most destructive Pennsylvania insects of their Order,
we can understand why the Red-shouldered Hawk should be pre-
served.

Cooper’s Hawk.—In the stomach of one individual of this species
we found the remains of a chipmunk and part of a small bird. In
another was found a few small white feathers, showing that it had
eaten a small bird, in another flesh and feathers of a chicken, show-
ing that it was destroying poultry. This record does not entitle it
to protection.

The Great-horned Owl.—In one Great-horned Owl we found feath-
ers and bones of a chicken, and in fact, this bird was trapped when
trying to get poultry. In another were the feathers of a small bird,
giving evidence of the justice of the law permitting the Great-horned
Owl to be killed at any time. However, we emphasize the point that
there are at least eight species of Owls found in this State, and this
is the only one than can legally be killed or captured.

The Screech-Ow!.—In one Screech-Owl was found a spider and an
insect, and in others were found mice and English Sparrows. This
bird, and in fact, all the other owls but the Great-horned, should
always be protected.

The Long-eared Owl.—One specimen was examined, and in its
stomach was found the remains of three short-tailed meadow mice
or moles.

The Barred Owl.—In a Barred Owl was found the Star-nosed Mole
(Condylura cristata).

Ruffed Grouse.—A Ruffed Grouse had eaten a great abundance of
sumac seed, also the red berries and seeds of the karonia, bitter-
sweet, and wild smilax. Another was filled with the more common
food of catkins or flower buds of the birch tree and hazel bush.

The Downy Woodpecker.—A Downy Woodpecker was found tc
have eaten two grubs, similar to the flat-headed borer of trees.

A Night-Hawk—A Night-Hawk, No. 7619, was found to have
sustained its good reputation as an insect eater by regaling itself
on the following material: a Carabid or ground beetle, three clover-
leaf beetles, (Phytonomts Punctatus:. four Pentatomids or stink-

25—7—1906,

386 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

bugs, several kinds of ants, a grasshopper and other insects, which
could not be determined by examination, because fragmentary.

The Common Crow.—Much interest should be taken in the careful
study of the food of the crow. Since it is unprotected by law at
any time in this State, persons can kill specimens and send them
to us. We have requested many times specimens of crows and
jays, killed at different times of the year, and from different portions
of the State. We should like to have them in order to enable us to
make complete studies of their food and thus prepare and publish a
Bulletin upon this special topic.

We have found the crow feeding upon snails, beetles, clover-leaf
beetles, red-legged grasshoppers, and other grasshoppers, Pentato-
mids, or stink bugs, insect chrysalids, flesh, (probably taken as a-
scavenger around a slaughter house or where butchering was done),
and pumpkin and corn seeds.

On the whole, those that were examined were fully as beneficial as
injurious, if not more so. i

The Blue Jay.—Blue Jays were found to have fed upon the remains
of beetles, snails, chestnuts, berry seeds, leaf-eating caterpillars,
and probably corn. This shows the possibility of, good from the
feeding habits of the Blue Jay; we also admit that it indicates the
chance of injurious work at certain times of the year if they should
become very numerous in grain fields. Perhaps the worst that can
be said about the Blue Jay is concerning its destructiveness of birds’
eggs and young birds; yet it must be admitted that it eats many
insects and young snails.

The Logger-head Shrike.—This is a southern bird, remaining with
us during the summer time, and nesting in thorn bushes or bushes
with spines, where it finds it convenient to pin insects, small birds,
frogs, mice and other creatures, which it stores for future use. The
particular specimen which was sent to us, No. 8486, was found to
have eaten a spider, grasshoppers and caterpillars. This shows that
the Shrike is a bird worthy of protection, and in our opinion, should
be preserved at all times, and is justly protected by law in this State.

The Chickadee.—(Parus atricapillus.)—The Chickaee is one of our
smallest and at the same time, most valuable birds. It remains in
some portions of this State, particularly the northern part, all the
year, and is found in this (central and southern) part of the State
all winter. It feeds to a great extent on the eggs of plant lice, and
other insects, and upon small chrysalids. This specimen examined
had eaten a moth pupa about the size of the pupa of the Codling
Moth, which is destroyed by these little birds.

The Tufted Titmouse.—This is a near relative of the Chickadee,
belonging to the same family, and partaking of similar food. Speci-
men No. 8336, was found to have eaten twenty eggs of a bug belong-
ing to the bed bug family (yet one of the plant-infesting species),
and also a few seeds.

In conclusion, let us urge a closer study of the habits of birds, with
a view of detecting and protecting those which are beneficial and
destroying none until they are known to be harmful. Let us especi-
ally endeavor to preserve the Woodpeckers and Nut-hatches, also
Chickadees and Titmouse by putting up old posts or logs in which
they can nest; and other birds, such as Blue Hen, Wrens and Mar-

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 387

tins, by preparing nesting boxes or other favorite sites for them. Let
us remember that the stray cat is a greater enemy to the birds, and
thus also to the agriculturist, ihan the stray dog, and thus kill the
superfluous cat by drowning or otherwise, rather than turn them
loose in some lonely spot to kill birds or starve.

Let us realize that the greatest work to-day before the Naturalist
who is working for the husbandman, is to learn what are the enemies
of the obnoxious insects, which infest plants, and to teach how to
preserve, or propagate these and thus insure living checks to the
hordes of devastating creatures.

The CHAIRMAN: What shall be done with this report?

It was moved and duly seconded, and agreed to that this report be
received and placed on file.

MR. HERR: The Committee on Credentials has a supplementary
report to make: We have examined the Credentials of W. H. Stout.
and J. L. Patterson, and recommend that they be admitted to mem-
bership in the Society.

It was moved and seconded that the above-named gentlemen
be received as members. Agreed to.

The CHAIRMAN: Dr. Conard, whose report comes next on the
program, is not with us just at this moment, so we will take up the
discussion of the report we have just heard. By the time we are
through, Dr. Conard will no doubt be in the room. Has any one
any questions to ask Prof. Surface?

MR. FENSTERMAKER: If we put out feed for the birds that
are beneficial, will we not encourage the English Sparrow? Will
not he get the food so placed?

PROF. SURFACE: The English Sparrow is a grain-eating bird,
and not much of a flesh-eater. The Chickadee and Titmouse are
rather meat-eating birds, and it would be wise to put out a little
meat or tallow for their use. If seeds were taken out they would
attract the sparrow, but the tallow is not much of a temptation for
him.

MR. BLYHOLDER: I wouid like to ask Prof. Surface what he
would recommend to exterminate the English Sparrow?

PROF. SURFACE: If I could recommend anything to do that, I
would gladly do it; Iam of the opinion, however, that he is one of
the evils that must be endured because it can’t be cured. I have
heard, though, that the best thing that has yet been found, is tu
give them seed which has been poisoned by strychnine. The poison
should be disguised by mixing it with sugar. It is an experiment,
however, that I have not tried, but I will probably have a report to
give you next year on this matter. I would say, though, that great
care must be taken with regard to poultry, so that they do not get
the seed. I do not believe the bounty law will ever bea success. It
has been tried at various places, and a bounty of three, four, and
even five cents, paid for every bird that was killed; but by killing

388 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

one-half or three-quarters of them, it simply leaves more room for
the others to thrive. Consequent'y, it does very little good, and
only for one year, as they will increase the next.

DR. FUNK: Can’t they be baited and trapped?

PROF. SURFACE: They are a very shy bird. It has been tried
to trap them, and they succeeded once or twice, but afterwards the
birds would stay away from there for weeks or for months. I think
that one of the things we can do is to modify our architecture some-
what, so that they will not have any place to nest. Try doing away
with the overhanging cornice, so as to make their nests accessible,
when they can be reached and destroyed with the eggs before they
are hatched.

The CHAIRMAN: If there is nothing further on this subject, we
will take up the question of poultry, by Dr. Conard.

Dr. Conard then read his report as follows:

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON POULTRY.

By DR. M. E. CONARD, Chairman.

Not being a practical Poultryman, I feel a little out of place on
this Committee; but will promise you that my paper shall possess
one commendable feature—brevity.

In times past, the growing of poultry and the production of eggs
has been a branch of agriculture that has too generally been classed
as of minor importance and thought too small to demand the atten-
tion of the chief executive of the farm. But are we sure that it
did not return a better percentage of profit than some of the so-called
more important branches or departments of the farming opera-
tions?

Let us see what we receive for feed consumed by a flock of hens,
as compared with an equal value fed for milk, beef, or pork. Is it
not a fair comparison to consider that the grain ration of a good
working dairy cow will equal in value the ration of forty hens?
Then, allowing the cow to give six quarts of milk per day, sold at
three and one-half cents per quart net, she will return $81.65 per
year, while the forty hens receiving the same value of food and care
produce one and one-half dozen eggs daily—sold at twenty cents per
dozen—aggregating for the year $109.50; and, again, allowing the
same value for food and labor to produce one and one-half pounds
of beef or pork daily, sold at eight cenis per pound, we would receive
only $41.80.

Statistics tell us that Pennsylvania’s Poultry Yards yield from
15 to 20 millions of dollars’ worth of product annually, and that the
United States produced $600,000,000 worth of poultry and eggs

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 369

during the past year, and Mr. T. E. Orr tells us, in his Bulletin No.
143, that Pennsylvania consumes five times ‘as much poultry and eggs
as she produces annually. Now, is there another farm product of
such vast importance to our every meal, the traffic in which has
reached such vast proportions, and yet falls far short of meeting the
daily demand.

It is very certain that we, as farmers, are face to face with a good
market for one of the best paying products that the land produces,
and how many of us know it? Is it not time we were looking
around and doing some figuring for ourselves, and not going on in
the old ruts just because our neighbors do? There is a possibility
of our not doing enough thinking for ourselves and not working out
each for himself the possibilities of his own personal ability, loca-
tion and surroundings.

For many reasons it would not be possible for us all to be suc-
cessful in the poultry business; but it is possible for many to suc-
ceed better, supplying the market allowing from 75 to 100 per cent.
more for a given amount of food and labor than the market thev
have. One dozen of eggs is a small matter, so is one pound of soap,
one loaf of bread, one quart of milk, or one box of matches, and lots
of other things that enter into our daily needs, and how many of
these numerous necessities are produced as a side issue without the

care of a capable owner or manager?

Nevertheless, the unassuming hen has produced as much value
in the United States in the past year as the wheat crop, and more
than the cow, and more than the combined earnings of the railroads,
more than the receipts of the steel industry, and still she has not
supplied the demand.

With many mechanical devices and improved methods of to-day
that make it possible to multiply the possibilities of the small opera-
tor many times over, and a good market at his elbow, it would be
very easy to double the output of the Pennsylvania Poultry Yard,
and make the hen not a competitor of, but a leader in earning power,
of all live-stock kept on the farm.

The CHAIRMAN: What shall be done with this report, gentle-
men?

Moved and seconded that it be received, and placed on file.

Agreed to.

The CHAIRMAN: Has any one anything to say on this subject?
We might devote a few minutes to its discussion.

MR. CLARK: I had a set of Wyandottes that produced 150 eggs
a year each, whici I sold at two cents a piece, or a total of $75.00.
Now a hundred hens will cost about the same outlay of money as
one cow, and will bring in about three hundred dollars. If you get
a cow for the same amount of money, you would not have anything
like the same amount of profit from her that you would from the
hens.

A Member: How many hens did you have in the set?

MR. CLARK: Twenty-five.

350 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

A Member: You had them in a pen?

MR. CLARK: Yes, and I would keep my hens in sets of ra -five
to a pen; they are easier attended to.

The CHAIRMAN: If there is nothing further on the subject, we
will go on with our program. Is Prof. Cochran of West Chester
present?

It appeared that Prof. Cochran was still absent.

The CHAIRMAN: Since Prof. Cochran is not present, what is the
will of the Convention in regard to passing on to to-morrow’s pro-
gram?

The SECRETARY: I think we had better take up the question
of Agricultural Education; that belongs to this evening’s program.

The CHAIRMAN: I beg pardon; I didn’t notice that that is the
next thing on the program. Our next subject then, is Agricultural
Education, and the first speaker is Dr. Hays, of Washington. Is he
in the room?

It appeared that Dr. Hays was not in the room.

The SECRETARY: I am sure that Dr. Hays expected to be here,
and open this discussion, and I am entirely at a loss to know why
he is not here this evening.

The CHAIRMAN: Since the gentleman does not happen to be in
the room, we will call on the next speaker, Prof. Van Norman of
State College.

Prof. Van Norman then spoke as follows:

AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION, PART 1.

By PROF. H. E. VAN NORMAN, State College, Pa.

{ am very sorry that Dr. Hays is not present. I was waiting tu
hear him, so that I might get my cue from him.

Education is being recognized as .omething more than can be
learned in the district school, and we are coming to understand, too,
more and more, that the college man is not the only one who may
get an education; we can not all go to college, but we are realizing
that a larger part of our educational work must deal with commer-
cial men, such as you and me, and clder people who have gotten
away from school. I propose, for the little time I occupy, to speak
of some of the educational influences at work in our country, more
particularly outside of our own State. The speaker who is to follow
me may have something to say about these educational influences at
work within, but I shall speak of those outside of Pennsylvania.

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 391

Most of you know that our agricultural colleges were established
as a result of the land grant act of 1863. These colleges had not
long been engaged in their work of trying to teach the principles
of science which underlie successful farm practice, when it became
apparent that there was not only need of a class of men who knew
the science, its application to the art, and had ability to impart the
knowledge to others, but there was need of much experimental in-
vestigation in order that many problems might be better understood.
To meet this need Congress in 1887 passed the act that has given
to every state in the Union an Experiment Station. In the beginning
many of these stations were manned in part at least by men who
had had no experience in the work they were to do. Is it any wonder
that they found it difficult and that the farmer did not always ap-
prove of their work, impatient as he usually is for immediate “prac-
tical” results? Thanks to the farmers’ institutes and other agencies
the past few years has demonstrated that the Experiment Station
has a useful place and the results of their work are becoming more
and more apparent.

Not only are they showing us new truths, but they are helping
to bring it to the attention of larger numbers of people, through the
medium of cooperative or demonstration experiments conducted
on the farms of private individuals in many parts of the severai
states.

In Canada they have several thousand men scattered throughout
the country who are growing wheat, oats and crops of all kinds
under the direction of the Central Experiment Station. The con-
clusions drawn from their work are published and distributed
throughout the country.

Two results of this work are: first the good to the men who have
done it under the direction of the Experiment Station. Second, any
addition to the sum of our knowledge.

Most of us are not like the electric motor moving steadily on be-
cause of the constant pull of the unseen current, but we are rather
like the gasoline engine with its noisy explosion every three or four
revolutions of the wheel, increasing the speed which gradually
lessens till the next charge is exploded; if the explosion fails to take
place then the engine gradually comes to a stop. So with us, we
need an explosion of some kind every now and then to keep us doing
our best.

There is no reason why most of us might not be conducting some
experiments on our farms that would add to our knowledge and
increase the profits of our business, but we need the additional
incentive of the “doing it for the Experiment Station” to induce
us to keep the record of careful observations that are required to
make the work most helpful. .

In Iilinois the Station hires the land needed in different localities
and for a longer or shorter time conducts its experiments under the
immediate supervision of its own trained men.

Indiana last year had some five hundred cooperative experiments
in progress, nearly every county in the state having at least one or
more.

They are of two classes: one in which a man from the Experiment
Station goes to the outlying farm, selects a site to be planted, gives

292 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

directions for the work, and then when harvest time comes, he re-
turns to help with the harvest, and note the results. This class of
experiments are very helpful, because they are based on accurate
observations. The next class is not so reliable, because they are
carried out by men who the Station does not know, and it can not
know how accurately the work may have been done. But in both
instances they find the men on whose farms the work was done
are very much interested, also the interest of the whole community
is usually aroused. The neighboring farmers are apt to tell one
another that “Bill Jones is carrying on one of those fool experiments
from the college,” and if he is successful, they become interested,
and maybe next year three or four of them write and want to make
experiments for themselves. This is a line of work that is growing
very rapidly, and is particularly appreciated in the states where it
has been taken up. If will not go further in this line, because there
is two much ground to cover.

Illinois has led in getting its boys interested in the line of corr
improvement. Then Indiana adopted the boy corn growers’ move-
ment. The statement was made in my hearing that in one county
they had formerly produced an average of 33 bushels of corn to the
acre. ‘This year one hundred and forty boys, under eighteen years
old, were each given an acre of ground in that county. These boys
grew the corn under the general direction of a representative of the
Experiment Station of that state. They selected the seed corn
according to his directions, and plantec it according to his directions,
and what do you suppose was the average yield? Over 74 bushels of
shelled corn to the acre, or about 140 bushels, according to the way
you farmers count your corn. Yet the yield in that county before
had averaged only 33 bushels to the acre!

Illinois is a great corn state, and they are interested in corn, as
is shown by their experiments there, but our production is larger
per acre than theirs. I[llinois took up the question, and the boys
took it up, and prizes were offered. The latest development is one
that I want to lay special stress on. A representative of the Experi-
ment Station told me he went to several bankers of the state. Why
to the bankers? Because they are quick to see an opportunity to
make an investment. He succeeded in getting them to offer a
prize to the boys in the schools of the county who would make the
best showing raising corn. What is the prize; five or ten dollars,
which is forgotten almost as soon as received? No; it is a course
in the State College of eight or ten weeks. There they meet other
boys, and their interest is further aroused. Now, this action of the
bankers succeeded in getting the farmers in some of the counties
interested, and they say “we don’t need the bankers to do that for
our boys; we can do that ourselves,” and they are offering their own
prizes, and not only getting the boys interested, but are getting
better farm work as a result.

The results of their work have been published and may be secured
by those of you who wish to foilow it up.

Let me refer now to a class of work in which I am especially
interested: some of the extension work that is being done away
from the college—away from the classic halls. At the late expo-

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 393

sition at St. Louis, Minnesota twice out of three times won the high-
est prize for the best tub of butter. It had the highest average of
any state’s exhibit of butter there, and you known how hard it is to
get a high average on a large number of entries. How did they get
that average? Minnesota keeps a dozen or more skilled butter-
makers traveling among her creameries helping their operators to
overcome the fault in their buiter, and their exhibits at St. Louis
with the long string of prizes showed the wisdom of this.

Canada has largely taken from the United States our foreign mar-
ket for butter and cheese. That is for two reasons: We created 4
prejudice against our products by adulteration. Then Canada went
out to supply the market. They have over thirty traveling instruc-
tors at work helping their factories make the kind of product the
markets want. But the United States is waking up. Traveling
instructors are at work in Illinois, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Michigan,
Indiana, and to a slight extent in Ohio and New York; they are
giving these instructions right where the men are who are doing
the work.

Another thing is the special trains that have been run through the
west, and later on in New England, where they stop at the different
stations twenty minutes and have men on the train selected for the
purpose, to give lectures. The train 1s well advertised ahead, and
is on time so that the farmers who gather to see the demonstration
and hear the lecture lose no time waiting. Many come, hear and
are prompted to action who never go to the farmers institute. These
trains do a lot of good work. The Pennsylvania Railroad, which
most people think is not inclined to do anything for farmers, has
made arrangements to run a special train of this kind over every mile
of their road in the State of Indiana.

Then there is another educational feature—excursions to the
college. Ontario was, I think, the first to develop the idea of far.
mers’ excursions to the Experimental Stations. Their excursions
bring in thousands of people in the course of a year. I have seen
at the Michigan Agricultural College five thousand people on one
occasion. Iowa runs excursions, and in two days last year 24,000
people visited the college and station. ‘Thev look around the station,
and they become interested in the,experiments. You, who are here,
are not so much in need of these things, but tor every one of you
who is here, there are ten, fifty, a hundred, or even hundreds, who
do need them to arouse their interest and get them started on the
way they should go.

Another influence for good, and [ wish I had words to paint more
clearly than is possible, the benefit of a great State Fair. I wish !
could tell you of the great fair they hold each year in Chicago, and
of the thousands of finely dressed, intelligent people who go there
to see the magnificent display of fine animals on exhibition there—-
the cattle, and the horses that cost thcusands of dollars a piece.
The influence for good of an exhibition like this can not be measured.
You go to these great shows, and look at these thorough-bred ani-
mals, and you say “these are all right for the rich man, but we far.
mer’s can’t expect to have them,” and then you go out and see the
carloads of steers that have been fed on the grain grown by this
great grain-growing country of ours, and you see things that wil!

26

394 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

help you by sending you home with broader ideas. Then go in and
see the students from fifteen or twenty of our Agricultural Colleges,
with note-books in hand, judging the diiferent specimens of cattle
and horses, to develop their ability as judges. Then we come to the
State Fair, where they are demonstrating butter making, and the
Babcock test, hundreds of peopie stand there to listen and ask ques-
tions. And then we go out to look at the agricultural machinery,
and see the number of people who come to these State Fairs to see
the different makes of manure-spreaders, cement posts, silos, fences,
and all the other modern implements for farm work. We must see
these things for ourselves; we can’t write all over the country to
the different makers, and obtain any intelligent idea from their
circulars, but we come to the Siate Fair, and listen to the salesmen,
as they demonstrate the points of excellence of their particular
make; we carry home a working idea. We know what we want when
we are ready to buy. And I want to say right here that manufac-
turers are having to employ a better class of salesmen from year to
year than formerly, because the farmers demand it. The growth
of educational influences through our State Fairs has been very
marked in the past few years.

These are some of the educational! influences that are going on
outside of our schools and colleges. Take this matter of our corn
showing, for instance; there is not one of you who goes out and looks
at the different kinds of corn that are shown there, but will profit
by it even if you don’t have anybody to point out to you the fact
that very few of the ears have perfect buts or top. All of these
things arouse your interest, and show you that there are very im-
portant educational influences at work around us, many of them in
our own State. But another speaker will have more to say on that.

To sum up: Some of the educational influences at work in other
states which we might consider with a view to adopting such as may
be adapted to our conditions are:

Co-operative field experiments on many farms.

The boys’ corn growing contests with a course at the Agricultural
College as the prize for the successful contestant.

Traveling dairy instructors to help the butter makers and cheese
makers, and to start cow testing associations.

Special dairy, corn, and good farming grains.

Excursions to the Agricultural College and Experiment Station.

The International Live Stock Show.

The National Dairy Show.

The State Fair.

The CHAIRMAN: I would again ask if Dr. Hays has entered the
room since we have opened this discussion?

It appeared he had not come.

The CHAIRMAN: As Dr. Hays is net here, we will call on Mr.
Bayard, of the “National Stockman and Farmer.”

Thereupon Mr. Bayard read the following paper:

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 395

AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION, PART 2.

By E. S. BAYARD, Editor, National Stockman and Farmer, Pittsburg, Pa.

It is a hard job for a man whose hair is burdened with hay seeds
to tell you anything about this subject after such students of and
experts in agricultural education have discussed it. What I shall
say has especial bearing on the problem before us here in Pennsyl
vania, and I shall discuss only a part of that problem, for we have
many branches of agricultural education—our Agricultural Depart-
ment, our institutes, organizations, exhibits, papers, and our Experi-
ment Station and College. None of these should or would interfere
with each other were all developed to the limit of their possibilities.

It has been said that the chief need of agricultural education in

this State is men and money. That statement, while broadly true,
needs certain qualifications. A million of money and a hundred
professors more mean little to our educational advancement if the
people are not brought into contact with the educating influence.
And this I believe te be the greatest problem before those who are
studying agricultural education in Pennsylvania to-day.
_ It is a hard proposition, too, because the people can not be
reached and interested without some outlay or money; and it is
hard to get the money without having the people to back approp-
priation bills. We can not expect to do it all at once, but let us
assume, as we have a right to assume, in view of what has been
done, that the people are sufficiently interested to supply funds to
begin the campaign. On what lines shall we proceed to secure the
backing necessary for the development of agricultural education?
Or tn other words, how can we open avenues, and what avenues
can we open, between the public and agricultural education that
will lead to higher development of agriculture in this State? I
propose to consider briefly a few things, some of them tried and
tested, and others not.

APPEALS TO CONSUMERS.

In the first place, we must remember that in Pennsylvania a
large proportion of the people are consumers, and they must be
interested as consumers. They are not interested as producers and
the arguments that appeal to producers are lost on them. Thus
their influence is not secured by our present methods of seeking
support for agricultural education and it never will be secured by
such methods. They must be reached by arguments that touch
them as consumers. I fully believe that a campaign carried on
through the daily press would secure for our agricultural educa-
tional institutions the support of many consumers. Pennsylvania
has the best and highest markets in the world, and nobody knows
how high they are as well as the consumer does or how inferior
the quality of the shipped-in produce. He should be told the ad-

396 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

vantages in cheaper and better living which will result from a
higher agricultural development in Pennsylvania, and if he is once
convinced of the correctness of this idea he will support agricul-
tural appropriation bills. And he should be shown, of course, that
the State’s attention to other industrial education has not been
wanting—that agriculture is seeking no favors not granted to other
occupations now and heretofore. It seems to me that a literary
bureau to attend to the education of the consumer on this and other
subjects, notably, the selection, care and use of agricultural pro:
ducts, would be a great boon to him, and ultimately to the pro-
ducer also.

But, of course, the efforts to bring the people and agricultural
education together must be devoted principally to those who are
or will be actively engaged in some branch of agriculture. It has
been found in other states that if these people can be made to
realize the benefits of agricultural education they will provide the
means, and it may be so in Pennsylvania. I present a few sugges-
tions which I think may assist the people to see and support meas-
ures necessary in this State:

CO-OPERATIVE EXPERIMENTS.

have been found in some states, and notably in Ontario, Canada,
a powerful means of advancing agriculture and interesting the
people in agricultural education. Ontario has had over a thousand
men and boys engaged in experiments under the direction of the
Agricultural College at one time. The benefits are beyond com-
putation to the boys and a greatly increased attendance at the
college. It seems to me that Pennsylvania agriculture especially
needs such a system. No state has a greater variety of soils, con-
ditions of altitude and climate, and even of races of men, than
Pennsylvania has; and nowhere could co-operative work be more
useful to the people or the agricultural college.

EXTENSION LECTURES.

We have at the Pennsylvania Experiment Station (and State
College) probably the oldest plots in this country on which experi-
ments have been conducted continuously. The results of these
years of treatment of land with different rations of plant food are
known but not utilized. The figures may appear in bulletins, but
they are almost a sealed book to the farmers of Pennsylvania so
far as their practical value is concerned. Their lessons have not
been interpreted. And if they were interpreted they could not be
placed before the people of Pennsylvania in such a way that they
would be of the highest value without a staff of men whose duty
should be to present these and other lessons. There is need in the
educational staff of Pennsylvania for men who might be called
extension lecturers, to place before the farmers of the State the
lessons which are taught by these and other investigations. Mod-
ern photography and the ability to reproduce photographs before
audiences afford ample means of bringing these truths vividly be-
fore the people who need them. The farmers’ institute furnish
the audiences. Let the Department of Agriculture supply the

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 397

people, as it does now, and let the value of agricultural education,
and the results of agricultural investigation, be placed before them
by the College and Experiment Station. The cost of this work
should not be great. The interpretations and the results should
be secured anyhow, and the photographs and the men to elucidate
them should not be expensive. Such work is a link between the
people and the agricultural educational institutions which must
benefit both parties directly and indirectly. In the same line is
demonstration work, especially of such processes as in dairying
which can be completed in a short time and the results known. All
these lecturers and demonstrators can be legitimately used to
bring men under the influence of the educational institution either
in their every-day work or by actual attendance upon it. Such a
connection between the College of Agriculture and the public is
one of the first and greatest necessities in this State.

EXHIBITIONS.

Some years ago I looked upon the exhibition of the Ohio Experi-
ment Station at the Ohio State Fair. I had to look for it in those
days, and so did everybody else. But so many people found it
and asked so many questions of the men in charge each year that
the Experiment Station resolved to make a bigger show next
year. Interest in this exhibit has so increased that the Station has
now so much space in Horticultural Hall that other exhibitors are
beginning to accuse it of monopoly. ‘he people of Ohio are now
asking, and no doubt will receive, an appropriation for a building
on their State Fair Grounds for the special purpose of allowing
the Experiment Station to bring befcre them seme of the results
secured in their investigations. I do not advocate a State Fair in
Pennsylvania simply because we have no State Fair; but right
here is seen the great need of one. And it should be demanded
by the people of Pennsylvania for this reason as well as for many
others. This State can afford millions for adornment and not a
sou for a State Fair, which would be a profitable investment finan-
cially as well as otherwise. Let me read you a few extracts from
letters which have been received in the past few days, and then you
can see how thousands of farmers are reached in other states. We
should be reaching them in the same way:

“Michigan Experiment Station,
“Cc. D. Smith, Director. “Agricultural College, Mich.,
CSienn, 1045 Wer
“Hm. S. Bayard:

“Dear Sir: Our station exhibit has been carried forward at the state fair for
many years. During the season of 1966 we made a special effort, through a
special appropriation from the state. Outside of this special appropriation, the
Experiment Station on its own initiative, made an exhibit at Detroit at the main
state fair and at Grand Rapids at the West Michigan Fair. This exhibit con-
sisted of about half an acre of ground planted to the cereals of economic im-
portance or of supposed economic importance. For instance, any of the cereals
that were unusual, or with which the farmers were not familiar, were planted
there, like the pennisetums or the kaffir corn or some of the newer millets. So
in the legumes we had rows of soy beans, of different types of cowpeas, Blac
Murarau, and so down the whole line of legumes we tried to have representatives
at the fair. * * * * Iam here to report that the exhibit attracted a great
deal of favorable comment and attention. It will be repeated on a larger scale
next year.

a

398 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

~

“We made an exhibit of live stock not only at the State Fair, but at the West
Michigan Fair and half a dozen other fairs, which were perhaps the largest
in point of attendance of the county fairs. This was done under a special
State appropriation for the purpcse. We had pens of swine, illustrating the
influence of different rations. We had cattle, not only fat cattle, but dairy
eattle, dairy cattle with records, scrub cows, pure bred cows, and fattened
animals. Naturally we had large placards over these animals giving the records
and showing why they were exhibited. A scrub cow would have no place at a
fair except to illustrate the advantages of the pure bred animal and this we did
by means of charts, and the same way with sheep. Thousands of visitors viewed
these peus and plots. We had men stationed about both places to answer ques-
tions, and possibly no more instructive feature was possible, at least none was
presented at any fair which competed with our exhibit in value of the on-
lookers. ;

“A third feature of our exhibit was made by the station and college jointly
and consisted of pressed plants, yarn frames, model of a horse to illustrate the
line of draft, corn to illustrate the different types, a large exhibit from the
Women’s Department, showing how sewing is taught and giving some specimens
of the skill in needlework, views of the college, literature of the college, a very
large fruit exhibit from the Experiment Station, three or four hundred plates
of apples, grapes, peaches, with illustrations of spraying materials and methods
of making spraying materials, exhibition of nozzles and methods of spraying,
samples of the insect and fungous enemies of fruit plantations. This, in brief,
is about the scope of our exhibit. I am very glad with you that the people
of our State are much interested in the Experiment Station as is manifested by
the fact that we have forty-three thousand names on our mailing list and that
our list of students is gradually growing longer.

“Yours truly,
“(Signed) C. D. SMITH.”

“Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station,
“Chas. E. Thorne, Director. “Wooster, Ohio,
“Jan. 14, 1907.
“Mr. E. S. Bayard:

“Dear Sir: Replying to yours of the 10th inst., I would say that the exhibit of
this Station at the Ohio State Fair has been a matter of evolution. When I took
charge of the farm of the State University, in 1877, I began at once making
smiall exhibits at the State Fair, the first exhibits being limited to samples of
different varieties of wheat which were being grown on the University Farm.
When the Experiment Station was established in 1882, it took up this work. I
think that the college farm relinquished it at once entirely, or nearly so, to the
Experiment Station at that time; then when the entire farm was turned over to
the conirol of the Station the exhibits, of course, went with it. I believe they
have been kept up continuously, with little or no intermission, since the period
T have mentioned, and have grown from a little show, occupying 6 or 8 linear
feet of space in one of the buildings of the fair to the one of last year, which
extended around two sides of their great horticultural building occupying a
total of 160 linear feet. I could only give the crudest estimate of the number of
visitors which seek information at this exhibit, but during busy days of the
fair for many years past there has been a constant stream of visitors passing
for six or eight hours each day, many of whom stop to ask for information. In
our first exhibits one or two men at most were amply sufficient to take care
of the whole exhibit, but for the last two years almost the entire scientific staff
of the Station has been present, with their assistants, and each man has been
taxed to the limit of his physical strength to keep up the work.

“At the urgent solicitation of numerous county agricultural societies we have
sent this exhibit to as many such as could be accommodated during the fair
season. Last fall we chartered a freight car for this purpose, moving it from one
fair to another during the season. I already have on file several applications
for next season’s exhibit.

“Yours truly,
“CHARLES E. THORNE,
Director.”’

“Tniversity of Illinois,
“College of Agriculture and Agricultural Experiment Station,
“KE. Davenport, Dean and Director.
“Urbana, Ill., Jan. 16, 1907.
“Mr. E. S. Bayard:

“Dear Sir: In answer to your questions will say (1) the Illinois experiment
station exhibited at the Illinois State Fair in 1899 for the first time; (2) the
amount of space given to the station by the State Board of Agriculture is 40
feet square. We have had this space from the first time that we exhibited with-

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 399

out any change whatever. We did not, however, in our first exhibits fill all this
space but allowed some other person, usually a representative of some farm
paper, to occupy a portion of our allotted space. The past two or three years,
however, we have filled our space entirely, and have wished for more. It is
almost impossible for us to give an estimate of the number of visitors that seek
information at the exhibit of the station. Some days there will be many more
than on other days, and at some hours of the day they will be much more
numerous than at others. It -has been the privilege of the writer to have charge
of the exhibit at the State Fair for a number of years, and during that time I
have known the space to be practically crowded with people seeking informa-
tion and examining the exhibits, so much so that we have had hundreds in
two or three hours. Usualiy we find the largest numbers seeking information
will come from 10 to 12 in the morning, and from 1.30 to 4 in the afternoon.
Aside from these hours it is seldom that we have any visitors seeking informa-
tion unless it has been some one who had been there before, and failed to secure
the information he desired. -It is not always the men that go to the exhibit for
information, but many ladies as well * * * *”

“Our State Fair exhibit is becoming more popular, and is attracting greater
attention each year, inasmuch as we are attempting to show the results of our
soil and crop work in detail there. We have the experiment farm located here
at Urbana, represented in miniature, with the crops growing on the different
plots even as they would be seen here at the station. Together with this we
have a statement for a number of years back, giving the yields, crops grown,
effect of fertilizers, if any, ete. We have also in other portions of state, other
than here at Urbana, crop production fields, one at Fairfield, Wayne county,
one at DeKalb, DeKalb county, and one at Sibley, Ford county. This coming
fall will complete three years’ work on the field at Fairfield, Wayne county.
Therefore we shall include in our exhibit a miniature reproduction of the
Fairfield field with the crops growing upon the different plots even as they
would be seen there. This will crowd to some extent our space, but we feel
confident that the interest shown and the information given in this way is of
sufficient value to warrant the crowding of our exhibit quite materially.

“Trusting that this will be satisfactory to you, and will be of service to you,
Iam,

“Very truly yours
“(Signed) O. D. CENTER.”

“University of Wisconsin,
“Agricultural Experiment Station,

“Madison, Wis., January 17, 1907.
“Mr. BE. S. Bayard:

“My Dear Sir: Yours of recent date to hand, and I note what you say re-
garding the exhibit at the State Fair. The Wisconsin Agricultural Experiment
Association made this exhibit for the first time this year. We used a booth
about thirty feet in width and about twenty in depth. * * #*

“At the International Live Stock Exposition we made an exhibit from the
College of Agriculture, using about sixty feet of wall space. We also showed a
part of the Wisconsin Experiment Association Exhibit at this exhibit.

“At both places there were so many thousand people visiting our exhibit and
listened to talks concerning various phases of the exhibit that it would be very
hard for me to make any estimate of the number. Our exhibits at both places
were well received by the directors and by the people in general.

“T feel that the Wisconsin Experiment Association is doing a great good for
the farmers of Wisconsin. The organization was effected in 1901 and has now
a membership of practically (paid-up) one thousand. The membership is scat-
tered so widely over cur state that they place before many farmers in Wiscon-
sin demonstrations that can be done with pure-bred seed grains and forage
plants. 0-37) .e*)F

“Sincerely yours,
“R. A.. MOORE.”

LOCAL EXHIBITIONS.

If Pennsylvania has not a State Fair, it has many local fairs.
Why could not exhibits and lecturers or expounders be utilized at
these fairs? A few more exhibits must be provided for, and a few
more men used; but by properly arranged circuits a few exhibits
could be made to cover in a few years the entire State at com-
paratively small expense. But it takes two parties to make satis

400 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

factory arrangements of this kind. The State has no right to say
to these local fairs that its exhibits shall be given room, or that
a part of the expense shall be borne. I have therefore written to
several of the local fairs in various parts of the State to secure a
few expressions from them. Here are a few of them:

“The Great 19¢7 Pulaski Fair.
“Pulaski, Pa., January 14, 1907.
“Mr. E. S. Bayard, Sec’y, Pittsburg, Pa.:

“Dear Sir: Replying to yours of the 10th inst., will say that in my opinion the
Experiment Station Exhibit you mention would be of a very great use in the
locality, not only as an educator, but as an exhibit of interest to all the farmers
of this community, and would most certainly draw as an attraction, and to say
our Association would be willing to give space, I can assure you of that being
done in Agricultural Hall, and I feel certain that we would defray traveling ex-
penses and hotel accommodations to the manager, if not exorbitant, which I
know they would not be. I will confer with the board in a day or two, and will

yrite you more fully as to this last matter.
“Very truly yours,
“JAMES S. WOOD,
“Sec’y.”

“Union Agricultural Association,
“Burgettstown, Pa., Jan. 12, 1907.

“HS. Bayard, Sec’y, Pittsburg, Pa.:

“My Dear Sir: Replying to your communication, coming from you as Sec’y of
the ‘Penn’a Live Stock Breeders’ Association,’ in regard to an Experiment
Station exhibit at county fairs, I think such an exhibition would be an attrac-
tion to our fair worth very much more to our peopie than the probable cost. I
think our Association would be ready to meet all the requirements as to cost

and room,
“Gur board will meet in February, date not fixed yet. I will bring the matter

to the attention of the board at this meeting and will be able to write you

more definitely.
“Very respectfully yours,
“R, P. STEVENSON, Sec’y.”

COLLEGIATE EDUCATION.

No doubt it has dawned on you all before this that I have
confined my suggestions to plans which largely involve our agricu!
tural educational institutions at State College. This is for a reason,
and that reason a dual one. First, our other educational institu-
tions are largely provided for by existing laws; and second we must
build our permanent structure on the foundation of education of
the young. The farmer of the present must be reached in any way
and at any time that we can reach him. But the farmer of the
future must be sent to school for a longer or a shorter term. I am
aware that Pennsylvania’s Agricultural School has not had what
it should have had, and has not been what it should have been.
But a better day is coming. It is preparing to carry out its primary
purpose, agricultural education. It is seeking men, and has found
some, but money must come to support them. We must give it
o them out of our State Treasury if Pennsylvania is to get into
1ine with other states. In the past we have heard charges of fos-
silization, of lack of usefulness, brought against this institution.
This must not be so in the future, and will not be possible except
to the jaundiced mind. All such things, along with the attempt
te control things by any political clique, should be swept into the

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 401

scrap heap of the past. We want no antagonisms in our college
or over it.

Our only antagonists should be ignorance and prejudice—the two
foes of agricultural education in all times and places. Responsi-
ble heads are being secured, and let us hold them responsible. If
we give proper support to our agricultural educational institutions,
there will be no excuse fur any farmer not being helped by them.
If we give our institutions a start, the things which I have named,
or something as good, will come to pass, to the immediate and
permanent betterment of things agricultural in this State. Impress
the men who vote money for agricultural education with the nec-
essity for such a start, and the people wiil see that they keep it
a-going. I have faith in our people. If they do not wake up this
year, they will sometime, because they must. But your support
is needed NOW for a State Fair and for an agricultural school.
The agricultural press, that noble army of men who march under
the glorious banner whereon is inscribed the stirring words “Now
is the time to subscribe,” is backing this cause. The farmers’
organizations are backing it. And if individual farmers will back
it we shall have more progress to record in the next five years than
in all the previous years of our history.

The CHAIRMAN: Since Dr. Hays does not appear to have come,
we shall be pleased to hear from any one in the room on this sub-
ject, for a short time.

_ MR. WELD: I notice that there is with us this evening one who
is interested along the line that has been talked of, and I have no
doubt but that every one here will be glad to hear from him. I
refer to Dr. Welch of the State College.

The CHAIRMAN: We shall be very glad to hear from Dr. Welch.
Dr. Welsh then spoke as follows:

ADDRESS OF DR. WELCH.

Gentlemen: I have been very much pleased with what I have
heard bere tonight, up to this point; 1 was especially pleased to
hear the Press make itself heard in behalf of education, particu-
larly Agricultural Education, because I have been interested in it
for a good many years. For the past few months I have beeu
especially interested, because I have been placed in a position where
I am expected to look after the financial condition of the Penn-
Sylvania State College, and, following what has just been said, I
presume it would not be out of piace for me to tell you some of the
things that I have found.

A few months ago I didn’t know any more about the financial]
condition of the college, or the way the State of Pennsylvania
had been taking care of the college, than any one else here, but
when I went there and began to get at the bottom of things, I
learned some things that surprised me, and will, I presume, sup-
prise you.

In the first place, I heard before I went there that the Penn-
sylvania State Coilege has been sailing under the banner of Agri-

26—T—1906.

402 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

culture, while spending the money for many other things. I want
to say that when I came to look into the matter, I found that every
dollar that has ever been appropriated toward it in the State of Penn-
sylvania, has gone for exactly the purpose for which it was appro-
priated, and that if anybody was to blame, it was the fellows who
did the appropriating. Every dollar has gone to its place.

When I first went there, I heard the same complaints in regard
to results under previous administrations, and this is what I found:
I want to say that it was a matter of some surprise to me that
any results could be secured under some of the administrations,
because of the meager support that was given them.

You will be surprised to learn that in looking over the condition
of the college, I found that it is $15,000 behind in its coal bill. They
had either to say to the boys “you go home; we have no more money
to keep you warm,” or to borrow money to keep them warm. The
bill that was presented to the House a few weeks ago contained
this item of $15,000, and I think it is clear to the world that there
must be heat and light for the boys, and that they must be paid
for. I have been comparing the support in this State towards the
Department of Agriculture, with other states. There are men here
who can give these items better than I can, but when we compare
the appropriations in Pennsylvania with those in Iowa and Ohio,
it should make everybody in Pennsylvania who has anything to
do with appropriations ashamed. That we have not been doing
great things, is due more to the fact that while the rest of the
world has been moving on, we have been standing still in Penn-
Sylvania. We have not been supporting Agriculture. It is true
that large sums of money have been appropriated by the State to
the college for other purposes, but the reason for this is that there
has been a great pressure on the part of these boys to go into these
other departments. For instance, they have a school there called
the School of Engineering, which includes Electrical, Mechanical and
Civil Engineering. It is calculated for four hundred students, and
there are six hundred in it now, and more want to come in. The
appropriation there has been entirely too meager to take care
of what has been done, and is doing there now.

The other day, just to see how many of these boys represented
the soil of Pennsylvania, I looked for the number of boys in the
Department of Agriculture, and found them about one hundred
and fifty to one hundred and seventy-five as against nine hundred
in the other departments. Now, under the laws of the United
States Government, and the laws of Pennsylvania, the Pennsyl
vania State College was established for the purpose of encouraging
Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts, and for extending the liberal
education along other lines that are ‘now being emphasized by the
United States Government. It is right that the State of Pennsy]-
vania should give to the young men the all-round education provided
for under the law, and I am here tonight on your invitation, and I
want to plead for all the departments of the Pennsylvania State
College, all and every one of them: The Department of Agriculture,
the Department of Mathematics, the Department of Literature,
of Engineering, the School of Political Economy, all have in view
one common good, and these departments are knit together, one

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGPICULTURE. 403

depending on the other for evolution. The entire school should
have the support of this great State of Pennsylvania, that has an
annual income of over $20,000,000 to dispose of. So I say that J
feel that the time has come for every department of.that great
institution to be properly supported, and I have been asked by the
Board of Trustees to give them such data as will enable them to
submit a bill for support to the coming Legislature that will put
every department strongly on its feet. Tomorrow there will be
a meeting of that Board of Trustees, and when that bill comes up
it will contain exactly what is needed to put every department of
this college squarely on its feet, and then I think if there are any
criticisms coming, they will be due to those who do the appro.
priating, and not to those who are managing the institution. I
believe that the people of Pennsylvania want this college to be
taken care of, not simply in Agriculture, but I think they want to
take a long stride in Agriculture for having stood still so long,
although we don’t want to spend more on that than on any other
part of the college.

I don’t know, Mr. Chairman, that I can say anything more, but
I thank you for the opportunity of saying these few words.

The CHAIRMAN: Has any one anything further to say on this
subject. It is drawing pretty near time to adjourn, but we shall
be glad to hear a little more if any one has anything to say.

COL. DEMMING: Before we adjourn, the Mineralogist of the
Board respectfully asks the Chairman to submit his report tomor
row evening, instead of tomorrow morning, for the reason that he
is required to be in another county in court, not as a criminal, but
as an expert witness.

The SECRETARY: Would you be prepared to make it this even-
ing?

_COL. DEMMING: No, sir.

The CHAIRMAN: Would you be prepared to make it late to-
morrow afternoon?

COL. DEMMING: I will try to, but I am not sure.

The CHAIRMAN: We will simply have to wait until you can
come.

PROF. VAN NORMAN: Mr. Chairman, I want to make the an-
nouncement that our milking machine is here, and our man who is
to operate it, will be prepared to do so at nine o’clock tomorrow
morning, at four o’clock tomorrow afternoon, and at ten o’clock
tomorrow evening, and at the same hours the next day. The but-
ter is in the cold storage house, and will be exhibited Thursday.
We have no good place to keep it in, so have made these arrange-
ments. The milk that is sent in will be examined by the dairy
experts from Washington, and report made to you on same.

The SECRETARY: Before adjournment, I wish to announce that
we still have some cards here, showing the location of the different

ele with their rates, for the benefit of those who may require
them.

404 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

The CHAIRMAN: We have reached the end of our program and
the hour is growing late. A motion to adjourn will be in order.

On moticn, the meeting was adjourned until 9 a. m. Wednesday
morning.

Harrisburg, Pa., Wednesday Morniug, 9 o’clock,
January 23, 1907.

The meeting came to order with Vice-President P. S. Fenster-
maker in the chair.

The CHAIRMAN: The first number on the program is the report
of Dr. William Frear, State Chemist; is he here?

It appeared that Dr. Frear was not present at the time.

The CHAIRMAN: The report of the Mineralogist has been post-
poned, so we will take the next one. Is Prof. Surface ready to
make his report?

Prof. Surface was reported as not being in the room at that time.

The CHAIRMAN: We will proceed to the Report of the Commit-
tee on Fertilizer, if Mr. McGowan, the Chairman, is here.

Mr. McGowan then read his report, which is as follows:

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON FERTILIZER.

By Hon. HOWARD G. MCGOWAN, Chairman.

The term is broad in its meaning, which would commonly include
all substances that tend to increase the fertility of our land. No
subject is of greater importance to our agricnitural people than is
that of Fertilizer. The fertility of a man’s farm is the mainspring
to his business. It is his bank account. It is his reserve fund, from
which he can draw upon, to supply that which erables the farmer to
conduct his business remuneratively. Therefore, every farmer should
look more carefully after the fertility of his land.

Many homes would be happier, farms richer, and the spirit of
contentment would pervade, where very frequently we find from the
want of proper fertilization, the farm becomes poor, unyielding in
crops, much to the discouragement of the farmer, and discontent of
his family. Even the boys and girls will not so soon become rest-
less when the farm is rich and abundant in crop production.

The proper care of the farm manure, which is our main fertilizer,
is first to be considered by every farmer. This caution has been
so frequently referred to, and impressed upon the minds of our
farmers by the agricultural papers and Farmers’ Institute lectur-
ers, that it needs only a word of continued vigilance from our com-
mittee. We know of very many instances, however, where farm
manure as a fertilizer is very much disregarded. In some parts
of our country it is even dumped into ravines. In Missouri, not

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 405

in Pennsylvania, it is dumped by the roadside, while in Oregon it
is given away for the asking. Im these instances they need the
teaching of Farmers’ Institutes. We feel that the term “fertilt-
zer” largely applies to commercial fertilizers in our connection,
and to this end we will dwell for a few moments and suggest a few
things.

We would recommend the Commercial Fertilizer be not depended
upon entirely for the fertility of our land, but, be used as a valua-
ble aid to assist in crop production, after the most judicious care
has been taken of all other sources of fertility.

Commercial Fertilizers are costly, make high bills for the far-
mer, and in Pennsylvania thousands of dollars are uselessly spent
by our farmers. The use of Commercial Fertilizer in Pennsylvania
from all sources where we have had any opportunity of obtaining
information, has, during the last year, far excelled that of any for-
mer year in our history. Farmers are becoming more and mor2
expert (some are not, however), in baying fertilizers intelligently
by adhering more closely to the analysis which is printed on the
sack, as is now provided by law. Three elements control the value
of any fertilizer and they are too well known to speak of at any
length, viz: Nitrogen or Ammonia, Phosphoric Acid, and Potash.

By using a little arithmetic any one can ina short time calculate
the value of any brand of Commercial Fertilizer on the market
today. Vast sums of money are uselessly spent annually by the
farmers of our State by not taking the proper pains in making
calculations before purchasing. They simply buy a fertilizer by
its name and not by what it is worth on the market. This hap-
hazard way of buying fertilizer, (not by all) is like buying a suit
of clothes for so much cash, and not taking into account its real
value. A ten dollar suit is worth about that amount, and we know
it.

When we have asked some farmers in our experience what kind
of a fertilizer they use on their farms, in many instances they would
say about $18.00 goods or $20.00 goods, as the case may be. This
reany does not indicate anything at all. If, on the other hand, you
would ask him what kind of a fertilizer he uses and he tells you 1,
8, 4, or 2, 8, 10, or 10, 5, as the case may be, you can just put it down
that he knows just what he is doing, so far as the law is at present.

We would recommend for consideration by this Board of Agri-
culture, if it would not be advisable to press upon the present
Legislature, to pass a law in reference to placing upon the outside
of each sack of fertilizer, not only the analysis as it now is but state
from what source the different ingredients are derived. While,
as I said before, we may buy intelligently as far as we can, but
would not the farmer be fairer dealt with if he would know from
what source he was obtaining the different elements in the compo-
sition of the fertilizer?

The Department of Agriculture has been aiding the farmer,
very greatly, by having samples of fertilizers collected all over the
State and subsequently having them analyzed at the State College
by the State Chemist. This work is done (and is generally known)
for the purpose of ascertaining whether the contents of the sack,
is just what is printed on the outside of it. Sometimes farmers

406 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

ask the question: “What is the consequence if the analysis on the
bag does not conform, or come up, to the statement on the bag? Is
the manufacturer informed of it, and forced to make good to the
users of such fertilizers?” In reply, please let me say that from
direct knowledge, our present Secretary, Hon. N. B. Critchfield,
has been doing all within his power to bring parties to an account
whose goods upon the market were found deficient in value accord-
ing to printed or guaranteed analysis. In one instance, to my
knowledge, the Secretary brought suit against a certain manufac-
turer and personally saw to it that said manufacturer made proper
restitution or refunded the amount of loss that parties suffered
by the analysis being deficient. True, a fine is collected also, as a
punishment. But, as the present act makes it a fine of only $25.00,
we, the Committee on Fertilizer, think, and would suggest, that
this fine should at least be $200.00 instead of $25.00.

We also beg to suggest, as the Committee on Fertilizer, that it
would be wise and expedient in order that the law might be more
closely guarded, to establish a “Bureau of Fertilizer and Feed Con-
trol.” Under this head prompt prosecutions could be brought, and
in all cases where any shortage occurs, it would be the duty of this
Bureau to prosecute, and thus leave no manufacturer go unpunished,
whose goods did not meet the requirements of the act. This Bu-
reau would be under the supervision of the Secretary of Agricul-
ture;

The CHAIRMAN: Gentlemen, what is your pleasure in regard
to this paper?

Moved and duly seconded and agreed to that it be received and
placed on file.

The CHAIRMAN: We might devote a few minutes to the dis-
cussion of this paper if any one has anything to say.

A Member: With your permission, Mr. Chairman, I would like
to ask whether there is not on the statute books ot our State, a
law that if the fertilizer does not come up to the standard stamped
on it, the manufacturer is at fault, and is liable to prosecution?

~The SECRETARY: No; there is no statute, but my impressiou

is that there is a common law that if the consumer or purchaser
does not get the value of the goods, the manufacturer is expected
to make good the amount, but there is nothing in our fertilizer law
as it now stands. The law, as it now stands, simply states that
there shall be placed on the sack the name of the manufacturer,
the place where it is made, the percentage of Phosphoric acid,
soluble and insoluble, and Potash. The law provides that any
person who places upon the market goods that are not so marked
or goods that contain a larger percentage of these fertilizing in-
gredients, is guilty of misdemeanor and can be fined not less than
$25.00 nor more than $100.00.

A Member: I don’t think that there is a subject that can come up
at this meeting in which the farmers are more deeply interested
than in this subject of fertilizers. There is nothing that we pur-
chase on the farm for which we spend more money than we do on

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 407

fertilizers, and when I buy fertilizer I want to know from what
sources the ingredients are secured. I think there should be a law
compelling them to publish that. I have a little farm of twenty-
seven acres in Chester County, and that farm is my chemist, and
it is better than any Professor. I have a friend within a few miles,
who has a little farm, and he has the potash right on the road. You
can see it there, as you walk or drive by. He does not need any
potash, but on my farm I need it. I want all the potash I can get,
but I find that what will produce a crop on one acre will not do su
on another. And I have no doubt that many farmers spend thou-
sands of dollars in applying fertilizer without knowing just what
is the best for that soil. Now, I went through this, and at consid-
erable expense, so I know there is no subject in which the farmers
are more deeply interested than in fertilizers.

The SECRETARY: There is a bill before the House now, requir-
ing manufacturers of fertilizers to show not only the amount of
nitrogen and phosphoric acid, but where it was secured. Then if
the farmer wants something that will act quickly he can get his
nitrogen and soda, and if he wants something that will act a little
more slowly he can get his dry blood, and if something that acts
more slowly still, he can get his raw bone. The bill says that when
these things are stamped on the bag, the manufacturer shall stop
right there, and not go on and give any further information, because
it would be misleading.

MR. SCHWARZ: I am very glad to see that the farmers are tak-
ing interest in this. Twelve years ago, when I was in the Legisla-
ture, a bill was passed, largely through my efforts on this subject,
and I am glad to see that the farmers are progressing along this
line.

MR. BECK: I am glad to say that when the bill Mr. Critchfield
refers to was up before the Legislative Committee yesterday, there
was no opposition to it, and it is likely to pass.

The SECRETARY: I am glad to know that it is moving along so
nicely.

The CHAIRMAN: I see Dr. Frear is here now, and we will take
up his report—the report of the Chemist.

The report reads as follows:

EXPERIMENTS WITH LIME AND CRUSHED LIMESTONE
ON A PENNSYLVANIA CLAY LOAM SOIL.

By DR. WM. FREAR, Chemist, State College, Pa

Owing to the live interest exhibited today in the relative merits
of lime and crushed limestone (carbonate of lime) as means
of increasing the productiveness of soils—an interest shown by
numerous inquiries received by the writer and by the frequency
with which the subject is discussed in the agricultural press—it
has been thought that a summary of the results obtained in experi-

408 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

ments upon the subject at the Pennsylvania Experiment Station
might well be presented at this time.

Permit me at the outstart to present a brief statement of the
present practice in Pennsylvania and to note some of the claims
made by advocates of the two agents to be compared.

Pennsylvania is richly supplied with limestone, in strata readily
accessible in the eastern counties, less easily reached in the western
and northwestern counties and entirely lacking in the exposed
strata of the northern and the extreme western parts of the Com-
monwealth. The use of lime, as shown by a careful inquiry made
several years ago, is extensively practiced by the majority of Penn-
sylvania farmers, especially by those whose lands are clays or
heavy loams. Even in communities where, for a time, the intro-
duction of commercial fertilizers led to the abandonment of liming,
the occasional use of lime has again come into vogue as a valuabie
means of controlling the conditions of crop production. The use
of carbonate of lime, except as it has been applied in the form of
wood ashes to the orchards and gardens on the stony hillsides of
our northern counties, has on the other hand, been very limited.

The general consensus of opinion, based upon the extensive local
experience in the practice of liming, is, that lime is an excellent agent
for the maintenance of good tilth on heavy lands; that, when prop-
erly used, it greatly increases the crops produced, and leads to no ob-
servable deterioration of lands of strong character; and that it is a
specific for the treatment of our soils. There are many communities,
however, where the old saying, ‘Lime enriches the father, but im-
poverishes the son,’ is frequently heard, especially with reference to
farms on which care has not been taken to maintain the humus and
nitrogen supplies by careful husbanding of the straw and manure,
and by the skillful use of green manuring. The need for the exer-
cise of caution in liming light lands, lest they become over alkaline
or be injured in texture, is quite generally recognized.

The advocates of the use of crushed limestone and other carbon-
ates of lime, in place of lime (caustic of slacked lime), claim that the
carbonate performs practically ali of the functions of lime in the
soil and should be preferred because it is the compound in which
nature furnishes this valuable alkaline earth. Lime is said, by
them, to work too rapidly and therefore wastefully, especially in the
destruction of humus and the conversion of the insoluble stores of
nitrogen into soluble forms that, because present in excess, produce
stem and leaf out of proportion to grain, and that leach away in
drainage waters before the crops can utilize them. Lime is further
said on the basis of many laboratory observations, to retard the de-
velopment of certain valuable soil bacteria, especially those that
gradually convert the slightly available humus nitrogen into highly
available nitrates; whereas, carbonate of lime is declared to be
always helpful, rather than prejudicial to the best development of
these little friends of the tiller of the soil.

The results to be considered shed some light upon a number of
points in the controversy. The field experiments included from a
part of the general fertilizer experiments begun at State College in
1880 and still in progress—the longest continued series of fertilizer
experiments in America.

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 409

The soil is a rather heavy clay loam overlying and formed from
the Silurio-Cambrian limestone strata of Nittany Valley, a soil
probably to be classed- with the so-called “Hagerstown loam,” which
forms a part of the limestone lands of northern Lancaster county and
of Cumberland Valley. The writer has not had opportunity to an-
alyze completely the rocks underlying the soil in question, but
analyses of samples taken from corresponding strata nearby show
very small amounts of clay and iron, and even very little carbonate
of magnesia.

The soil used for the experiment plots was not analyzed at the
beginning of the experiments. It is probably represented fairly,
however, by samples taken from a neighboring field showing sim-
ilar characters. The soil sampled had never been limed nor inten-
sively treated with commercial fertilizers. Despite its limestone
origin, this soil contains only 0.26 per cent. of lime and 0.35 per
cent. of magnesia, with merely 0.39 per cent. of carbonic acid—an
amount sufficient to form carbonate with barely one-fifth of the lime,
which, with the magnesia, must therefore be present in other states
of combination. Crop experience on these lands shows little need
for potash fertilizers, for most crops and analyses show as much as
34 per cent. of potash, .039 per cent. quite available. Experience
shows, however, a pronounced advantage from the use of phosphates,
whether acidulated or non-acidulated, despite the presence of .124
per cent. of phosphoric acid (P,O,;), an amount fully equal to the av-
erage in the Eastern States. Of this fully one-tenth appears to be
available, judging by the action of mild solvents. The soil was
found to contain a fair amount, 2.2 per cent., of active humus, and
a moderate quantity of nitrogen, .116 per cent. Of the latter, con-
stituent, about one-fortieth was present in the form of ammonium
salts and over one-tenth in the form of nitrates—the samples having
being taken in late summer when the land was in corn, conditions
favoring a large accumulation of nitrates.

Laboratory experiments were made by mixing lime at the rate of
150 bushels per acre with the soil, keeping it moist for three months
and then allowing it to dry gradually. At the close of a year the
availability of the potash and phosphoric acid had been distinctly
increased, the active humus had been reduced nearly one-third, and
the proportion of nitrogen had somewhat diminished. The quan-
tity of ammonia was much reduced, and, despite the alkalinity of
the soil, the absolute quantity and the proportion of nitrate nitrogen
had as clearly increased. Of the large quantity of lime applied,
less than one-half had been converted to carbonate, a fact contra-
dicting the opinion of those who hold that caustic lime is sure to be
promptly carbonated in the soil. It should be remembered that the
soils bore no crops during the time of the laboratory experiments.

In the general fertilizer experiments conducted under the ordinary
four-course rotation of corn, oats, wheat and hay (mixed clover and
timothy),-four plots have received dressings of 4,000 pounds of
stone lime slaked after weighing and applied upon the land after
plowing for corn. Four others have received similar applications to
the wheat and the corn of 4,000 pounds of crushed limestone, har-
rowed into the plowed ground. In 1859 the whole farm wag heavily

27

410 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

limed and has until recently shown little need for the use of this ma-
terial. Great gains from liming should from this fact, not have
been expected. It is at once apparent that the frequent liming at
the rate of 50 bushels of stone lime per acre during the long period
of these experiments, is an extreme test ef the effects of the method.

The actual quantities of lime applied in the two forms during a
rotation are not far different. The cost of the lime was 5 cents per
bushel, equivalent to $2.50 per acre, while the cost of the fine crushed
limestone was $6.50 per ton on the average, equivalent to $26 per
acre during a rotation. This cost may be greatly reduced by pur-
chasing the crushed stone in large quantities, but will remain much
greater than the cost of the fine powder obtained by slaking burnt
lime.

The quantities of the several crops obtained on the two lots of
four plots each, receiving the several treatments, during twenty
years, or five complete rotations, the yield of the adjacent unfertil-
ized plots being taken as 100, were:

Combined Yields for Five Rotations.

é
g
oe
g | 38
5 =
Corn:
SATE Sy rarels x iminim stele vicla-< alalotelotatesere/elavere,ats lars) piayeieis AgAoSooesoI En dadas ae soagod78oe GoSsNaS OARS S= 84.3° 92 0
SIEM] CE OD Pe claire’ ein ofcinls aloie’ joie ssole} win! lesa) leteinveinale wie nin p]aim ain aleie steleloeiteteb teen peeiataeisieia cleisiemtats 86.7 94.0
GERI | Waseciere sista ciciarew ciein via loicie’o|sininiaicleiein tielw amin cloibielsielelel six eltiewictslale elotaetcticinirieltieiatele ee tiemiaterst 102.8
BPRGTR UATE. (CTOP site oicie)-vinien's cteieeleie nieisintsa/alacatniae eicielaisipipters’sistemieiciolstalnieleietammipiststactare ister steeteciars 108.3 119.0
Wheat:
RAT aio Ssiatctate ajes ois csu ses erate chovole oiojeve ithe evelsle alare(aloieve aravelsiate)stolele eiete’eiatalsteloteletetetetane te taleiaieiats eiereiciaie 106.8 110.4
Wn lire vCLOp] | come aisle stele veicisiciomnisisiciein «iatelata/e maiero sions alainele niete siete siete eee eeeisiem araincies 107.0 112.0
ISCAS BgHOBHObOoUNODAScoDEe OnE cucouDUsoTedadacoe cUdsochandasacaoconoospodsacocodemacocogacar 91.8 103.6

That is to say, in each case the yields with the carbonate of lime
showed superiority under the conditions of this experiment over
those following an equivalent application of caustic lime. After
each of these treatments, however, the corn yield was depressed.
The yield of threshed oats was depressed by the lime and little
affected by the carbonate; but both increased the total crop, the car-
bonate most. Both treatments were followed by an increased yield
of wheat—grain and straw—a slight advantage again appearing on
the side of the carbonate. Lime greatly depressed the following hay
crop, however, while carbonate slightly increased it.

The total application of lime in five rotations was very large,
amounting to 10 tons per acre, equivalent to 0.5 per cent. of this
soil taken to the depth of 8 inches. So that, if the lime were not
largely removed by descent to subsoil or by solution in drain waters,
nearly 1 per cent. of carbonate of lime could be formed from it in the
surface soil. This percentage is not usually considered high enough
to threaten injury to crops on heavy loams.

It is desirable, nevertheless, to compare the effects of the lime and

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 411

carbonate treatments during the first and last rotations, to observe
whether any action is manifest as a result of the accumulation of
calcium carbonate in the soil. The comparative yields for these ro-
tations, expressed in ratio with the yields of the adjacent unfertil-
ized plots for the same years, are given below:

Lime. Carbonate.
g B B 8
a= J ~~ ~
: : : é
Pa i ‘a Be
R = a =
= ne La ae
& & E E
Corn:
1D Sige pe paGA CS ROCE EC HE GOOU ACER DOPED EEG obucor buds 91.0 82.8 | 110.6 112.4
Peed ERE Ce OD) sericea stamiaitiare cisiaia aisia/e oie\e talons o\n)e/e,< =i 91.4 88.1 | 115.0 110.5
Oats:
(nniee ~bAasebontecacdmodsocun docsoodeL Ep adartendcnec 94.3 83.6 104.0 | 110.5
RAEI CLOD Ure ete ena ee eso ee ne ano ele solic oels 99.5, 109.2 115.6 | 118.8
Wheat: d
TERTITE oSedersnce oCem nc ma SC BOUn bode COC Ona CAeracas 94.4 108.9 86.2 | 119.8
INES Ce CHO Bape Fate ce icise etnies \eloiers/«.6/s\e'sielcvale\n > (nninpm)a/olnie 92.7 109.9 88.5 | 122.2
PE Reap yn oes atarenclaictaelaisis she s(a/eiminsa) clnielsiet sta eralelele niate ole sictvisie 87.8 95.9 98.6 | 118.0

Judging from these data the heavy applications of lime injured
corn and oat grain yields more after the first rotation, but the crops
of intermediate rotations show that it was not a distinctly increasing
degree. On the other hand, the use of lime depressed the wheat yield
at first, but increased it in later rotations and injured hay less. The
varbonate shows little change in effect upon corn and oats during
later rotations, but depressed the wheat and hay yields at first and
imereased them in later years.

Certain crop peculiarities are apparent in consequence of these
treatments: The leaves of corn on the carbonate plots have a healthy
green color; those of plauts on the lime plots are yellow when young,
and striped with deep red colors when mature. On both sets of
plots clover far exceeds timothy; the ratios between ear and stalk
show a slight increase of stalk in corn after either treatment, prac-
tically no change in case of wheat, but a very marked increase of oat
straw in proportion to the grain, an increase somewhat the more
pronounced with the lime treatment, but visible with the carbonate
treatment also.

The crop results justify the statement that the use of lime in the
manner adopted for these experiments and under the conditions pre-
viously mentioned cause a net decrease rather than a gain in pro-
duction; whereas, the carbonate of lime exhibited a slight increase,
but entirely insufficient to pay for the cost of the carbonate applied.

Partial analyses of the soils of these plots made 18 years after the
experiments were begun showed the presence in the soil treated with
carbonate of lime, of practically the same amount of organic carbon
as in the unfertilized soil, and somewhat less active humus; whereas,
the limed plots showed one-eighth less organic carbon and one-
tenth less active humus than the unfertilized plots. That is to say,
the lime used in excess tended clearly to depress the humus supply

412 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

in the soil. Nevertheless, the rate of decrease was very slow, and
where manure was used in moderate quantities with lime the humus
content did not diminish.

In the case of the nitrogen, likewise, the carbonate plot shows
a distinct gain over the unfertilized plots, whereas, the limed plot
exhibits a deficiency amounting to one-eighteenth of the entire quan-
tity in the unfertilized soil—a decrease readily accounted for when
the liberation of ammonia and more rapid destruction of humus in
limed soils are considered. When, however, manure was used with
lime, the soil showed a very pronounced gain in nitrogen far exceed-
ing the proportion of gain in humus in the same plots. That is to
say, in the manure, as in the soil, the influence of lime leads to a
more rapid destruction of carbonaceous than of nitrogeneous mat-
Ler:

To conclude, the use of crushed limestone in large quantities ap-
plied biennially was slightly advantageous, both as regards crop
yield and influence upon the humus and nitrogen supplies of the
soil, while the use of corresponding quantities of lime, applied every
four years, led to diminished crop yields, other than those of wheat,
and to a slight but appreciable diminution of humus and nitrogen
in the soils. It is probable that the relative gain in the soil nitro-
gen and the crop increase were collectively sufficient in this case to
pay the extra cost of the carbonate.

Considering, however, the fact that the use of lime in these ex-
periments was highly excessive, that the soil had, when the experi-
ments began, no particular need for the addition of lime, and that
the losses of soil and crop from its use were not very great, it is im-
probable that the results above stated would warrant Pennsylvania
farmers who are tilling and cropping heavy clays and loams in sub-
stituting the more expensive and less perfectly distributable crushed
limestone for the much more cheaply and perfectly subdivided,
slaked lime used in equivalent, moderate quantities.

A Member: Then you do not advocate the free use of lime?

DR. FREAR: Not always; but I think the question resolves itself
into this: whether the soil contains sufficient lime for the amount of
humus that is in it, and the texture. Now, in light soils there is not
so much danger in the use of life, but we have very few soils and it
is a common experience that we cannot use much lime to advantage.
I might refer <o the soils of Rhode Island and of France as examples
of the tendency io decrease the product by the use of the lime.

MR. STOUT: Do we apply enough fertilizer in the shape of lime
for the use of our crops, whether we use the raw rock or the acidu-
lated fertilizer?

DR. FREAR: Yes. I think I might answer that the average far-
mer of Pennsylvania is applying to the land in one form or another
practically all the calcium which the crops remove. We have to con-
sider the tilth of the soil. and the amount of lime carbonates in the
soil also in this connection and not put on the lime for the sole pur-
* pose of applying it.

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 413

MR. WING: I would like to ask a question. I would like to know
whether the crushed limestone will really destroy plants from the
soil?

DR. FREAR: I find that it will practically destroy the humus.
MR. WING: [ had an idea that it would not.

DR. FREAR: It does so more slowly, and therefore on soils of
slow growth, or on light soils, the carbonate of lime should be
used. When the limestone is air-soaked it loses a large part of its
causticity and in a slight application of six, eight or ten bushels the
danger is very much less.

A Member: We have in our country what is known as a carbonate
of lime and also what is known as magnesia of lime. Does the mag-
nesia affect the soil in the same way?

DR. FREAR: I have given some attention to this, and I believe
that if the magnesia of lime is present in very great quantities it
might do so, but from what I have gathered from the use of magnesia
of limestone throughout the State the danger is very slight, but the
magnesia is found only in limited portions of the State.

MR. WING: In my part of Ohio you will find a great deal of this
magnesia of limestone. The glacial action ground up the limestone
and if you dig down under the ground six inches you will find a great
many pebbles of magnesia limestone, some of them as large as hen’s
eggs.

At this point the discussion was broken off by the entrance of the
Hon. Edwin S. Stuart, Governor of Pennsylvania, who, upon being
presented by the Secretary, spoke as follows:

ADDRESS OF GOVERNOR STUART.

(Mr. Chairman and Members of the State Board of Agriculture: I
have been a very busy man since I came to Harrisburg, and conse-
quently have not had time to make any preparation for my talk to

the Board today; but I desire to assure you that there is no body of
* citizens in this State for whom I would be willing to do more to ad-
vance their interests than for the farmers of the State of Pennsyl-
vania. (Applause.) I understand from some statements over which
I glanced today that the farm products of Pennsylvania are greater
than almost any other State in the Union. That alone would make
any citizen proud of the State, and I assure you that you are not
more so than I am. [I cannot, perhaps, talk to you with as great
knowledge of farming as some of my predecessors, but any man who
has been Governor of Pennsylvania understands the value of the
work done by farmers, not only as farmers, but as citizens. In all
my knowledge of the people of Pennsylvania there has been no more

414 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Déa.

law-abiding people and no people quicker to add to the worth of
the State and the Union than the farmers of this State and other
states. (Applause.)

But there is one thing that I can’t help talking about, and that
is where I know that the farmers, outside of their farming interest,
have been of great help to the cities of the Commonwealth. In all of
the cities, particularly in the city where I come from, and where 1
have spent all my life, some of the best citizens have come from the
farmers of Pennsylvania. Some of its most prominent men in pro-
fession and business have been farmers’ sons who have come to the
city. Many of its representative men in business and philanthropy
have been the boys who were trained at the country fireside, and
have there been taught the duties of citizenship, and they have done
and are doing everything to make the city better as well as adding
to the growth of the State of Pennsylvania.

I don’t want to talk long today, but I want to thank you for send-
ing that committee to me and to assure you how highly I appreci-
ate you. And while the farmer, like many other citizens of the State,
may have a great deal to ask for that it is impossible for me to give
him, I will always be ready to hear and talk, and do everything in
my power to sdvance the cause of one of the greatest interests of
the State, and one which may not have been as highly appreciated
as it should have been by those making appropriations, and anything
I can reasonably do, I will do to advance the cause of the great farm-
ing interests of cur Commonwealth. (Applause.)

The CHAIRMAN: The discussion of the lime question will be con
tinued.

MR. WING: [ would like to continue my remarks about the mag-
nesia limestone in my own country. Now, there are grown in our
country, round about me, probably 10,000 tons of alfalfa each year,
and it grows so casy that it seemed to us it would grow anywhere. It
seemed to us that it grew to advantage in the soil containing the
limestone pebbles. But I have seen farmers in Pennsylvania who
put loads of manure on their land, fail to grow alfalfa, and, knowing
the character of our land at home, where we grow aifalfa so easily,
it seemed to me that the land must be deficient in limestone. I be-
gan to think it was because the limestone pebbles in our soil would
not neutralize the acid of the alfalfa and red clover that we grew
them so easily, while in other countries where they have not these
limestone pebbles, and cannot grow it, the acids must become
neutralized by the lack of limestone. That is the reason I was sorry
to hear the Doctor say the lime would do harm. One hundred tons
of crushed limestone would make eight tons to the acre in a twelve-
acre field, and I have been advising some of the farmers who failed
to grow alfalfa to try it, and Tam sorry if I have misled them.

DR. FREAR: I don’t think that Mr. Wing has been giving these
people advice that will lead to their injury or loss. The question
does not apply to acid that is needed by the land in the form of
crushed limestone, but do not apply it in the form of slaked lime. As
I have shown this morning, the carbonates of lime are not nearly
so harmful as the use of the lime itself.

MR. WING: How much does crushed limestone cost you here?

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 415

DR. FREAR: About $6.50 on the average. —

MR. WING: We have the advantage of you in Ohio. We can get
it on cars at $1. I have thought, though, that it is like throwing
away money to put six, eight or ten tons of lime on the land to pre-
pare it to grow alfalfa. Several years ago when I was in England
and France I saw the deep pits from which the lime had been taken,
and saw the trees banked up with it, and I asked Mr. Yates what
those pits were. He told me that was where they had taken out the
lime to grow ciover. Nothing in the world is better for this purpose
than lime.

DR. FREAR: The carbonates, but not the slaked lime.

.MR. WING: I never saw such clover as they grew there, and as
the clover is a good preparation for the alfalfa, I thought that if
crushed limestone would do this, it would be a safe investment at a
dollar.

The CHAIRMAN: Anything further?

MR. HARGETT: I am a stranger here, and did not hear all that
was said. May J] ask whether the question refers to ground lime.
stone or some other particular form of it?

DR. FREAR: Just the rock.

MR. HARGETT: Our experience in Maryland has been that burn-
ing the rock is the best way to apply it.

DR. FREAR: In 1859 the whole of the College Farm was thor-
oughly limed, and now, after a period of about forty years, we find
that here and there further applications will be necessary. Had this
lime been put on in the form of carbonate of lime, rather than in
the form of a caustic, the effect would have been complete in a very
short space of time.

MR. WING: May I ask for further information regarding the plots
you have at your college? I was interested in your reference to
them. You gave the figures for twenty years, did you not?

DR. FREAR: In my paper today I gave the figures for twenty
years; it is now in its twenty-seventh year.

MR. WING: I did not have the figures and therefore did not know.
In Kentucky and Tennesse the soil rests upon a very hard limestone,
and therefore the people there have presumed that they did not
need this lime; but, I suppose, the world has been leaching for six
thousand years and they are now feeling the need of it, and I have
discovered that where they have begun to use the limestone, the
growth of the crops hag been doubled in a few years.

MR. STOUT: I would like to ask the Doctor whether this lime-
stone that is being sold throughout the country as high as $20 per
ton has any advantage over the ordinary crushed rock?

416 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

DR. FREAR: I can’t answer that from my own experience, since
we have not experimented with it, but Prof. Patterson, of Maryland
State College, gaye it a trial and found it an excellent caustic lime,
but I do not believe that I would pay $20 a ton for it, and I would
advise my farmer friends of Pennsylvania that the difference be-
tween eight or nine cents per bushel and that amount would be too
great, even if it had several advantages over the ordinary caustic
lime.

The CHAIRMAN: Is there anything further? If not, what shali
be done with this paper?

On motion, duly seconded, it was agreed to receive it and place it
on file.

MR. HERR: I move that we take a recess of fifteen minutes to
greet the governor.

Duly seconded and agreed to.

After the recess, during which time all members and visitors fell
in line and shook hands with the Governor, business was resumed as
follows:

The CHAIRMAN: We will now be addressed by Prof. Hunt, of
State College.

Whereupon Prof. Hunt spoke as follows:

THE PROMOTION OF AGRICULTURE IN PENNSYLVANIA.

A COMPARISON.

By Pror. THOMAS F. Hunt, State College, Pa.

Coming from « sister State to the State of Pennsylvania to become
the Dean of your School of Agriculture and Director of your Experi-
ment Station, I might, perhaps, be expected to outline in a somewhat
comprehensive manner the policies which will actuate me in the per-
formance of the duties which will be placed upon me by the board of
trustees of the Pennsylvania State College. This, however, I shall
not this morning attempt to do for several reasons.

In the first place, the general aims and purposes of the School of
Agriculture and Experiment Station are now fairly well understood
and de not need stating to an audience of this character.

In the second place, I do not expect to change in any radical way
the policies which have been pursued under the most excellent ad-
ministration of Dr. H. P. Armsby and his associates. I do hore to
add to and extend the agencies already existing. I believe in evolu-
tion, not revolution. The way to repair a leak in the roof is nct to
tear down the house and build a new one. The better way is to add
some new shingles.

In the third piace, I wish to take the brief time that is at my dis-
posal in talking to you of ways and means rather than of ideals and
operations, of finances instead of fancy. Perhaps it is just as well
that I do not lave time to draw for you the picture which I see
painted against those beautiful hills in Centre county, where, umid

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUNE. 417

pure air and wholesome surroundings, stands an institution which
contains potentialities of which Judge McAllister and Judge Beaver
in turn have dreamed for fifty years, but the fruition of which has
been delayed, at least in part, because the great and splendid State
of Pennsylvania, whose very name is taken from the disciple or the
art of peace aud whose resources are almost boundless, has never
been shown the way, or, having been shown it, has not been able to
follow the path.

If I should paint for you the picture you might think me a dreamer
of the dreamers, and haying painted it, in after years you might 1aake
comparisons between the dream and the actualities. Furthermore,
I want you to think of me as a very practical, close to the earth sort
of an individual that has to deal with accounts and unpaid bills, ap-
propriations aud other mundane and sordid affairs.

If I were to give my address a title this morning it would be “The
Promotion of Agriculture in Pennsylvania. A Comparison.”

I invite your attention first to a table showing the agriculture of
the four most populous and wealthy states in the Union in order
of population “nd wealth: New York, Pennsylvania, Illinois and
Ohio. These states have been chosen because they are the states
that are in the same class with Pennsylvania. What Vermout, or
Florida, or Idaho are doing to promote agriculture can be of litt'e
interest to us at this time, since they are not in our class.

The agriculture of these four states is somewhat similar, as shown
by the followiug table:

s
¢
n
a A
Fy E s z
o vo a =
Ay vA e) a
Total value of farm property in million dollars, .... 1,051 1,070 1,199 2,004
Total value of farm products in million dollars,...... 207 245 257 346
Number of million acres of farm land, ..............+- 19 23 26 33
Number of million acres of improved farm land,.... 13 16 19 28
Value. of farm. productS Per ACC, ccc cscccieccvieesicncecec $10 90 $10 70 $9 90 $10 50
Value of farm products per acres of improved land,.. 16 00 15 30 13 50 . 12 40

The figures in this table are not given to prove the relative profit in
farming in the several states. They are given to show that Penn-
sylvania has ar agriculture that is worth while. They prove be-
yond peradventure that Pennsylvania is a great agricultural State.
The reason that some other states are considered greater agricul-
tural states than Pennsylvania is not because their agriculture is so
much greater, but because their other industries are so much fess.
Take the State of Nebraska. You think of it as a great agricultural
state, and it is. A state that, practically speaking, has neither
lumber, nor building stone, nor iron ore, nor coal, nor oil, nor gas, and
not even falling water enough to create electric power, must uf ne-
cessity be an agricultural state if it is going to be anything. Asa
matter of fact, Nebraska is three-fourths larger than Pennsylvania,
and the value of its farm products were, in 1899, about three-fourths
that of Pennsylvania.

Aside from the four states mentioned in this table, if we assume
the value of the farm products to be a measure of the agricultuce of

27—7—1906.

418 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

the state, then there are five other states that may fairly be consid-
ered to be in the same class with Pennsylvania, viz: lowa (365), Texas
(239), Missouri (219), Kansas (210), and Indiana (204).

While these figures do not show the profit in farming, it may be
well to point out in passing that the two great eastern agricultural
states, Pennsylvania and New York, stand out from their sister
states further west in producing a larger quantity of what may be
called expert farm products—products requiring expert knowledge
and skill, such as fruits, flowers, vegetables, dairy products and poul-
try. Further, there are greater opportunities for development along
these and similar lines. I believe the passage of the National pure
food meat inspection laws are not only going to be of vast beuefit
to the consumers, but also to the eastern farmers who desire to pro-
duce an hones<, high grade article. But I am to discuss certain
phases of that subject before the State Breeders’ Association to-
morrow and will not pursue it further now.

I wish to call your attention to what is now being done elsewhere
to promote agriculture. For this purpose I have chosen the State
of New York. New York and Pennsylvania are alike in three import-
ant particulars:

1. They have about equal ability to promote agriculture.

2. Their agriculture is much alike in quantity and kinds, in some
respects as much alike as two peas.

3. The market problems are much the same.

All of which bring about similar need of activities both on the part
of your State Department of Agriculture and your Experiment Sta.
tion.

Appropriations for promotion of Agriculture by the New York State
Legislature of 1905-6.

Funds available from October 1, 1905, to September 30, 1907.

General expenses, department of agriculture, .......... $337,570
Bureaw of farmers imstitutes, {Nei cae <= pene cee eee 40,000
Morticulttral Anspection, %.22: <table eee ee 50,000
Acricultural statistics, | ..c2a% «severe se dee co eee eee 7,800
Diseases of domestic animals and litigation and payment

POT GALES,” 2 ede sh etiam eee he oe Deere eee 69,603
Pure food, feeding stuffs and fertilizers, ................ 21,500
Sugar beet industry, including inspection, .............. 65,131
State fair commission and buildings, ................... 190,350
Premminrat Colmly TALES. oof eye iie ons tye as lp ahs cea eens 476,327
New York State Experiment Station for maintenance and

MIE We DULIGUI SS eee ee eine owe 6 oe) Sits peas attnan te hea 170,506
New York State Colleges for maintenance and new

DUildingR, 5,22. sb Se reales eG ne a\e slo tena erent 372,360
New York State Veterinary College for maintenance, .... 50,000
School of agriculture in St. Lawrence County, .......... $0,000
| J $1,931,141

Of the above, $672,860 is for education and research.

No. 7. 4 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 419

Heer aeeesone for promotion of Agriculture by the Pennsylvania
State Legislature for 1905-6.

Funds available from October 1, 1905, to September 30, 1907.
Pe arcormearG OF J-OTICUILULE,: .li..5% 06k ce eee’ sass $3,000

MSR AEMMeME OF UNORICUIEMLES 2 0. Sek ba mee pean vale 90,000
Male TOO AOT VISION, 2's) 2.5 bce Soe ea cates Pes eee 8 174,800
LSPS) ETEY DS) Cat 9 CO on a ee ce 60,000
1 BSS ig STILES Sy EAS 9 ie ear ae eee ae Pe 5,000
“SIL SPAS E/ST ORE ET SES a <A s e-o o F 5,009
Pere sees Ol MOMMIES PLC AMMA IBS) 4! .!s das unre asia conver dos oe ses 40,000
MIMEECOCK AIMEE Y OAT, bc nc ccie cole nd cise aciw-ed compe eos 6 90,000
University of Pennsylvania, buildings for veterinary med-
MONE Pere. PLAS ee tt oe Mech be Se tele wa ois vs 100,000
School of Agriculture, Pennsylvania State College, build-
PT Ra See e eas Se yore is alee SSID OY Sate S nS ies vs 0% 77,500
School of Agriculture, Pennsylvania State College, mainte-
ER 0 ee a ne Ce ee 30,009
Experiment Station, Pennsylvania State College, mainte
UTS Sy ee ely aS Ags ME ee eee nS oe eo ee ee 10,000
$685,800

Returned to State Treasury by Dairy and Food Division, 162,580

$523,220

The agriculture of a state may be promoted in three ways: First,
by research or scientific experiment to determine new truths relat.
ing to agriculture; second, by education in and for agriculture; and
third, by the enforcement of the laws and other executive and police
powers. These three functions are by no means the exclusive func-
tions of the state and are not exercised exclusively by the state, but
the state has recognized that they are state functions by the estab-
lishment of the Department of Agriculture for executive and police
functions at’ Harrisburg and by the establishment of the School of
Agriculture and the Experiment Station at State College. I have
shown you that the State Department of Agriculture has plenty of
precedent in asking the Legislature for its just needs; that it is con.
ducting its executive enterprises and police powers at very much less
cost than New York State. It would not be proper for me to say
anything further about the development of the Department of Agri-
culture, but I may without impropriety outline to you briefly what
the needs of the State School of Agriculture and the Experiment Sta.
' tion at State College are. I am able to do this largely as an outsider.
Frequently one can see a situation from the outside perhaps better
than if he were on the inside.

I next invite your attention to the annual appropriation for mainte-
nance of agricultural education and research, that is, exclusive of
buildings or betterments, in the four states of Pennsylvania, New
York, Illinois and Ohio for the present fiscal year:

420 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Agricultural Education and Research—Maintenance for Current

= Year.

a S

5 ie

5 3

& a

bw

3 2

6 >

& isa)
NTO NW WOOT: Wire e ase /oraie oloictarainicrnciaiets olaterelstaleys late verecalelelotataiereieterale’eleiale\etetaiat otate{ajnlele/slelstalamstarelelcietr is $223, 800 $188, 700
MUVITIOIS saeco as mates wie wrote. wate ereieistela alntars cloin stele aintalalale;e[oisieial\clele\e(eiaseistsbala/ain\oie en/a/o)e\e\aie\aje\oleleceie 181,000 131,000
TION ce ciaeins eietelelairis sie losntotelela/elovete atetel ovals als[oveimleraiatateteraiet=/+/o1=\eralainin(eleietelstelelarelsie(s\eie(«]o1e1tnimiael~ 150, 725 110, 485
PPEMTISY VATA, | f cisticrsicis cielcistoteisiein sieetcle)stateratelelovniei«intolerelainin)olelalaieve(elalnlelataime) elejeieioi=)sl~iatsieleter= 55,000 20, 000

The activities of an institution may be shown by other ways than
the money expended. The employes devoting themselves to agricul-
tural education and research are as follows:

Oo
G
ve
|
oa
. 3) 3
2 3
° a
n
n
Es 5
ah a =
ae : g
Se cs iS)
i (o) &
ING Ws eMCODE Gere lavetaialc eiele/aia\elalaisveieva/alolsia/a\e(els|o\ejeleln(ele(eisiel~i='sl-(a]sielsieistololsivio(elainl=in(= 94 63 157
PUTIN OIS SU ecrstorcistaisisinie re neleieis eicieielelererniete cletele oieinievelelsloletels\e[olatnlel=)=inlel=ielels/e[elezeisiew 48 63 111
COLTON ras c release erase wielets elle nie a/otaletale/a/elerelsiaysi=/ejnieleleleteisielere(ctefelelslelalslein eisl0)s\ef=is 35 48 83
WPENUSVIVAMIA, ciieisie.c eile c.21s,cislels v'0)0 6ic/e s\nsisieiniuis'e s/vlei=|x/=|s/e/0\=1s/a\s/e/aiele\sleieies}s 20 23 43

If a person has never had to prepare a budget for the maintenance
of a school of agriculture and experiment station, he can hardly real-
ize how much money it takes. Having been called upon to prepare
such a budget I give you the result of my investigations.

The budget submitted by the Dean and Director to the Executive
Committee of the Pennsylvania State College for the next two years
is as follows:

Budget of the School of Agriculture and Experiment Station, The
Pennsylvania State College.

1907-8. 1908-9.

, 1. Dean and director’s Office, .......... ce cee ee cece eee eee eee tence eee eeenenens $26,020 $26, 020
va, JAPSRON TR n GODDAO EI DOO COOK ODC TO Cn CodU CH OGUOUDorc Sunn sOGbEADOBbSOoEsoc ones: 8,100 8,600
3. Agricultural Chemistry, .22 2.00. cccecsce cesses cnscecncrceseeterscesces 4,200 4,500
4. Agricultural extension and Short COUISES, .......--.eeeee cere ee cece eee: 3,500 3,500
6B. Animal UHUSbandry:, 2 ctosccinsele cists ois ciniciece elniale clelele’nle o.vjeseieleicieivie(evivwle(sjeseinis eis 8, 400 11,900
GIB GLAT Ye ac eeicce nero ieiels aeeie elejesainielola aletale elute ioleaietelatejetel-Pevercista}o\sleleloletelelaloisletateleielale(aie 5, 800 ‘i
7. Correspondence courses and poultry husbandry, Sane ; 13, 080 13, 280
S eDairy ehusbaltdry;secideeceeceeclee se serclectelctelcieisrel= clelelelelals 10, 400 10, 400
9. Experimental agricultural chemistry, ............ Rerate Bac 13,540 14,540

S{TRe Jot) esa che doGuabodddodoauScndaconcon cop ochnadsabosDo dooncadb dodausoToobongoueC 4,500 6,

11. Landscape gardening and floriculture, .........-..seeeeeeeee cee eeeeeeeee 5,400 5,400
12. HRorbiculture, 1 yi iisccieteinls «soiree «)nisiclelal=inle nin> “1s om nlei0 ws n/01=/=\s\s\0)s)0{5)=/0/*19)5\e/s\eiele\s.0=1° 5,300 6,500
13. Zoology and entOMOlOgy, .....0..csccereccewccercecceccrcerscvccecessecccs 2,300 2,500
14, Rural Engimeerin gs, oe cee scence cc cicacicecnclee cs clacisisleas dele sssieicsis aisle sisessisaelisse sevens moles 4,700

ARS ERO eC COMOMMIGH il ra aislcloicleletelel=teletelchats(ayalavelclalaleye/s/alninfoiela(e rele oleatn(alolelniniale\eiescielniefelelatel|trieleleleininieletstoiniay= 9,000

Experiment station, .......c..ceccccceceecccesccteressrsceccrsececceeeeees 15, 000 20,000
Institute of animal nutrition, <...02 eee ce ccc cc cer svcccccesserevessecssers 13, 000 13,000
PTOCEY a ncrercieleietersie eietaraie tata eoterelele tole teieratelaieatetelatatute[aletenntaleTetsfalsleleratel ofaia)ats(elensjasfeieictacs $138,540 $166, 440

Eee ne,

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 421

The question has been raised, and therefore may occur to you, as
to the character of the expenditures in the Dean’s and Director’s of-
fice. The following table gives an analysis of the budget for this
office.

SOL EINIGSS (aration GES Rie Oe nee eer ee Ra $8,220
BE VCNSes OL GM LAIOM Farle. a. tle Mrs Coc ake Oe ie aon 3,500
SPU De DL Gc ctl CIT eet eRe ate aon oy eke Ow: «aldo a aene Snake's Pelee 3,500
PUBL C YO SLUOC* CUCL Maria se list sis-s «ose ie ose oie 6 ee abe 1,000
ee here UE Nato iein re pis die ea Riek ow Saw ae 1,000
Be reer ye REPOS: ts octets aos) wiaie's 2x So oe we eS 500
PRUE ete a eae eh Petre ce MM alec Gon is & weak Wd wl wee Hier 1,500
PTI OLMSERWICUS ribet aa oss ogee ne wale eto oies ok Seo bs 1,000
COTE TIDETE TEs Se SI cs Oe en at Sc eee are 1,000
rer MORE LINNEA |r iaverats eon Gye aicke ade due Meco ei we ele Bod 4,800
$26,020

Of this amount, $15,160 will come from Federal funds; $10,860 is
asked of the State Legislature.

The Experiment Station will receive from the Federal Government
$24,000 for the fiscal year 1907-8, and $26,000 for the fiscal year
1908-9, and its estimated annual income from fertilizers is $13,000.
Deducting these items from the budget stated above, there will b»
required for maintenance about $100,000 for the fiscal year 1907-8,
and $125,000 for the fiscal year 1908-9.

The Executive Committee has estimated that $100,000 will be re-
quired to complete and equip the new agricultural building and com-
plete the equipment of the dairy building. A new building is re-
quired for forestry, horticulture, zoology, and entomology at a cost of
$100,000. Some additional buildings are required for poultry hus-
bandry, and two residences are required, one for the Dean and Di-
rector and one for the poultryman. The Executive Committee are
therefore asking $125,000 for new buildings. If all these require-
ments of the School of Agriculture and the Experiment Station are
to be provided for by the State Legislature, the appropriation must
be as follows:

PATCH ANCE LORETO Gots a) Aessncls oh chet 5, chest sales 8-<'s eee Ase e o's $100,000
MMBC ANCE LOR JUS Ont k coke fad diss oe op Wide ee yeas 125,000
Completion and equipment for Agricultural building, .. 100.000
Buildings for Forestry, Horticulture, Zoology, Ento-
mology, Eoultry, and two residences, ©... -.....-..+.. 125,000
SR chiteet ment a Nee ce iois oe Lis eyianiay Ore, 5 opas: Sie! ale! wish sce ee oa SOS $450,000

The question now arises as to what would happen to the Penn-
sylvania State College if the State Legislature should increase the
appropriation for that institution.

422 - ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Income of the College of Agriculture and Experiment Station in
the University of Illinois during ten years:

ae ni

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n S

o o

> Ls)

S) rs

st »~

oO n

Year. =

5 5

Zui s

ui a6 2

: Pe s

E § bo bo

& ‘sa <
USOT Fe vers eis teih teen: sha wlasesa svece sco/sintaca ere ojays ae vated abe srepelerere eth SNe aialoe Malena $22, 000 8 19
POOR SP sa reiets -o: cle sash ath ave svate, dvbro arelolein tay srarapels exeeho ereralave oiecohe fo clones FcR ereieoieeacaiers 22,000 9 25
Ta rete hacta a's a/ata caso ese elaine elnie iri o Ri amnwvete Weraw ele a amb oteT eLearn apace eee Te | 43,000 16 90
LN is Pate! wip ie saieta (wrare tac oasen satel 'asanal alate ase ait o arcibigaier nee eve lal eles ohapateraieie eielaue tle 43, 000 17 159
DRI Re tess = Fesvicratetrcelauatele che ogetevey oye: eleisculateterd cacetete tetera caaltietave ts Mater tereca ejctete otabe ticks 103, 000 | 232
NI se ab st arena niotamiiain oietalabaee aictatovere iiaatermecieilca ta etietnins sleresumerichta noeretaaatl 103, 000 27 284
PSN Gaia ales cx caret ot iclins/ofutece enone ace, vine (evel olor diate atavebetsrs aces wiaietee omaieiovare e\eigiare nce the 190, 000 37 339
Ed ee lots oes a sharn tralaietulatea ls is aisiacatoalata sineintere etn erate ar mien sleet ein nimemeeee 190,000 37 406
SL PTI os to ataya Gis ra vateus oe ops iaseratous ayoye at Parevarer sta siatot\ Vel siavcnevacetesatalave, siefa\etstole(e mat oTstae 201,000 44 | 430
DUNG bret ark sie oitin)o/or sValoton cielo akstajerere tele sVe oistay elevate) cteye/nisicvaseleineiciaterciete ctevsie sistant ate | 201, 000 48 450

It is evident irom this table that the amount of money and the
number of teachers have something to do with the number of
students.

The Pennsylvania State College is not merely an Agricultural
School and an Agricultural Experiment Station. It is, in fact, a
State University, since it is a collection of schools, the most impor-
tant of which in point of development and number of students is the
Engineering School. Probably three-fourths of all the students at
tending State College are in the Engineering School, which takes
high rank among the Engineering Schools of the country. I, myself,
am interested cspecially in the School of Agriculture and the Ex-
periment Station, since I am to be charged with the responsibility
of their development. I, however, recognize the very simple math-
ematical proposition that the whole is greater than any of its parts.
- I am also a firm believer in the proposition that the place to eda.
cate a boy or girl is where there are a number of strong schools.
I do not believe in the monastery or the convent or the single course
college for the education for the world’s work.

I happen to know that there are a number of people who are
afraid that the promotion of agriculture may prevent the proper
development of other schools at State College. I am glad of the
opportunity to say before official representatives of the farmers. of
Pennsylvania that I expect to see the other schools of State College
promoted and supported by the farmers of the State just as cordially
as the School of Agriculture. The School of Agriculture may grow
without preventing the growth of a State institution. This may
be illastrated by the University of Illinois, the growth of whose
College of Agriculture I have just shown you in this table. The fol-
lowing table gives the total income and the total uumber of stu-
dents in the University of Illinois:

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 423

3 gs

E E

: 3

A n
Bape eee er ee ee a nance Rd sno avdieradeo as canes SPbesuaiacs $212, 000 1,582
pe eee as MRI Gores hadawasiascnsianiones adeck tase 212, 000 1,824
eae See RE PCE se oe aca oda nahenoh «nob dcvebaneutdors ctite saab 330, 400 2,234
LTT, (Uonne cs sanbet lac eens Bee Conca Sa ln ea PE 330, 400 2,505,
ae et ee NTE cictaccladcia steers chenarinoete canes 430, 330 3, 932
a Pea eee Res MEN See Goo ocala saccinncions oa sncdsdeaesene ine 430, 330 3, 289
eae ee teen laces eanad UNeness cancadeteuaeceuccnicns 613, 000 3,594
ae meen ee coe ccs ate dave cen ca stn vadeduenare souns 613, 000 3,729
DL 27) Depo Besccocacaee dasa hae Sebo jaye eee i gen ne 787,035 4,074
act ne name MORES AMC SI if cr acc vcnoessovee code ae con 787,035 4,374

I have tried to show in the figures which I placed before you that
this beautiful and flourishing State of Pennsylvania, while less of an
agricultural state relative to its other industries than some others,
is absolutely one of the first eight or nine agricultural states of the
Union. That in gross returns for an acre of land actually tilled, its
farmers lead some of the more important states. That your farmers
need aid through agricultural education and research and through
the executive and police powers exercised by your State Department
of Agriculture does not admit of debate. While your resources are
boundless, it is obvious that what you are doing to promote this
great basic industry falls far short of what other states have seen
fit to do. If I were speaking to a body of men who had no interest in
agriculture, I might appeal to them from the standpoint of their
civic pride, but before this society, officially recognized as the society
which is organized to promote in every way within its power the
calling of agriculture, may I not appeal to your business sagacity?
Need I point out that in spending money in the promotion of agri-
culture, the Commonwealth is merely advancing money which will
be returned to it manifold in future years?

MR. HALL: I think that the Board should express its apprecia-
tion of this paper by a rising vote of thanks.

MR. CLARK: The committee in charge of the “Dog Law” is pre-
pared to report at any time you may wish.

The CHAIRMAN: We will be ready to listen to that report.
MR. CLARK: At any time you are prepared.
The CHAIRMAN: Right now.

The Committee on “Dog Law” thereupon made the following re-
port:

REPORT OF COMMITTEE WITH REFERENCE TO DOG LEGIS-
LATION:

First, we realize the dog is here to stay, and to gain control of this
animal we would recommend the following means of accomplishing
this end. First, that all dogs be registered and to wear a collar or
tag bearing the number of said registry. °

i

424 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

Second, to accomplish the registry, we would recommend that the
first registry shail be made by the assessor when he makes his fall
assessment by registering all dogs, to take a short description of the
animal and issue tag or collar with number, after the owner has
paid the fee of $2.00 for each dog so registered, which shall be paid
to the assessor at that time or the tag refused, and after the time
cf the assessor making his ‘returns, it will be the duty of the con-
stable to destroy all dogs not registered, and be paid for this duty
$2.00 and mileage for each dog killed and buried, and when making
his reports to the Court, he shall also state that he has complied with
the instructions of the Dog Law in killing all dogs not registered.

Third, as to the disposition of this tax, we recommend that this
shall be left iu the hands of the commissioners of each county as
to what it shall be applied to.

All laws that would interfere in the carrying out legislation of this
kind shall he repealed.

M. N. CLARK,
S. S. BLYHOLDER,
N. B. CRIT?CHFIELD.

The CHAIRMAN: What shall be done with this report?
On motion, duly seconded, the same was received and adopted.

MR. NORTON: Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: If you
are ready to adjourn, we will be ready to start the milking machine
at half past eleven. We will operate it again from four to half past
four this afternoon, and from ten to half past ten this evening. Now,
we will probably be crowded for space, and if you can’t all get there
at this time, we will be glad to see you there later.

The SECRETARY: The election of officers was to take place at
this time, but it is for the Board to decide whether they want to
postpone it, or proceed with the election now.

On motion, duly seconded, it was agreed to proceed with the elec-
tion of officers at once.

The CHAIRMAN: Before proceeding with the election of offi-
cers, we should dispose of Prof. Hunt’s paper. I should like to hear
a motion in regard to it.

MR. HERR: I move that the paper be received and published
with the proceedings of the Board.

This motion was duly seconded and agreed to.

The CHAIRMAN: We will now proceed with the election of off-
cers. I shall be pleased to receive nominations. The first in order,
I believe, is nominations for vice presidents.

MR. SCHWARZ: I nominate Mr, Fenstermaker.

MR. McHENRY: I wish to place in nomination the name of one
of our oldest members, Joel A. Herr,

A Member: I nominate Mr. M. N. Clark.

MR. CLARK: I think you had better take my name off the list.
I may not be able to serve, and therefore ask to withdraw my
name. .

INOP: i: DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 425

A Member: I offer the name of Mr. E. E. Chubbuck.
MR. BARNES: I wish to nominate Geo. G. Hutchison,
MR. HERR: I nominate Mr. McClellan.

MR. FENSTERMAKER: If the Board will allow me, Mr. Schwarz
has kindly mentioned my name, but I have had the honor once, and
I will be glad to withdraw.

MR. SCHWARZ: I did that because I thought, since the meet-
ing is to be held at Allentown, we should have a vice president from
there.

MR. FENSTERMAKER: Not necessarily. I appreciate the mo-
tive, but if the Board will allow, I beg to withdraw my name.

MR. SCHWARZ: Inasmuch as we now have three names, I mors
that they be elected by acclamation.

Duly seconded and agreed to.

The Secretary was directed to cast the ballot for Messrs. Herr,
Chubbuck, and McClellan as Vice Presidents.

The CHAIRMAN: Will the first Vice President please take the
Chair. ©

MR. HERR: I don’t think he begins to serve until the next
meeting.

The CHAIRMAN: I think it is customary for him tu take the
Chair as soon as elected.

Mr. Herr thereupon took the Chair and said: “I have always
taken a deep interest in the Board and I appreciate the honor you
have conferred upon me. We are now ready for nominations for
the Executive Committee, on which there are nine members.”

The following gentlemen were nominated to serve on the Exe-
cutive Committee: Messrs. Snavely, Blyholder, I. A. Eschbach,
Stout, Clark, Naginey, McGowan, Seamans.

MR. SCHWARZ: I move that the nominations close and we elect
these gentlemen by acclamation.

Duly seconded and agreed to.

The SECRETARY: I take pleasure in casting the ballot for the
election of these gentlemen.

MR. KAHLER: I would like to make this announcement: That
the members of the Legislative Committee are requested to meet
in the little room back there at half past one o’clock. If there is
anything to come before the committee I would like to know it
before that.

MR. HALL: As a member of the Board, I am not willing that the
information we have received from Prof. Hunt this morning should
go with so meager a recognition. It seems to me that his paper

28

426 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

gives us the information we needed regarding the status of this
State, and I move you, sir, that a vote of thanks be extended to him
and that the entire amount asked for be endorsed by this Board
of Agriculture.

MR. BLYHOLDER: I think we should divide up that question.
I don’t think we can legally vote on the two things at the same
time.

The CHAIRMAN: We will take a vote on the first part, to ex-
tend a vote of thanks to Prof. Hunt.

Agreed to.

MR. YOUNG: I think the easiest way to bring this information
before the Legislature is for Prof. Hunt to go there and deliver this
lecture.

The SECRETARY: Do you make a motion that Prof. Hunt be re-
quested to go before the Legislature and deliver that lecture?

MR. YOUNG: I do.

The SECRETARY: I think the best way would be for him to go
before the Appropriation Committee of both the House and the
Senate, and then the members can come in and listen to it. I am
afraid he would have trouble in getting a hearing right in the House.

MR. HALL: I don’t want to take up all the time, but there is one
practical thing all of us can do: We can go home and see the mem-
bers who represent our county, and urge upon them to stand up for
this appropriation, and in that way we can help the thing along.

The CHAIRMAN: That is a very good idea.

MR. NAGINEY: I would suggest that we see our county repre-
sentatives before we go home. They are all here now and can
easily be reached. I think if will be better for us to see them before
the Professor delivers his lecture.

The CHAIRMAN: And if you can’t do that, you all know how
to write.
On motion, duly seconded, adjourned until 1.30 P. M.

Wednesday, January 23, 1907, 1.30 P. M.
The Convention opened this afternoon with Mr. Herr in the Chair, —

The CHAIRMAN: Is the Executive Committee ready to make a
report?

MR. STOUT: As one of the Committee, I can make a report if
desired.

The CHAIRMAN: Mr. Stout, a member of the Executive Com-
mittee, will make the report.

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 427

REPORT OF EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.

MR. STOUT: The Executive Committee have named the follow-
ing Committees; you will notice that there are a few slight changes
from the committees as they now stand. (See pages 7 and 8.)

The CHAIRMAN: The program now calls for the Report of the
Committee on Floriculture, Edwin Lonsdale, Chairman. I do not
see Mr. Lonsdale here. Have you his report, Mr. Secretary?

The SECRETARY: Mr. Lonsdale asked permission to send in
his report a little later, and have it printed with the proceedings.
What is the pleasure of the Board in regard to that?

The CHAIRMAN: What shall be done regarding Mr. Lonsdale’s
report?

On motion, duly seconded, it was agreed to receive the report
and place it on file for publication with the proceedings of the
mecting.

The CHAIRMAN: Next comes the Report of the Committee on
Forestry. Is ‘Mr. Piatt here?

It appeared that neither Mr. Piatt nor his report were there.

The CHAIRMAN: We will then go on to the next paper, the
Report of the Committee on Cereals and Cereal Crops, by S. X.
McClellan, Chairman.

Mr. ‘McClellan then read his report, as follows:

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON CEREALS AND CEREAL
CROPS.

By MR, 8S. X. MCCLELLAN, Chairman.

This is a subject that is worthy of more consideration than is gen-
erally given to it, as it is of vast importance to all classes of people,
as the production of cereal crops is by far the greatest industry
of the present day. It requires more brain, muscle and money than
any other one branch of business, because it is the motive power
of the nation. The corn crop for 1906 in itself will show the vast
amount of revenue it produces, and that is only a part of the great
industry. The total number of acres of corn in the United States for
the year 1906 was 96,737,581, and the average yield per acre was
30.3 bushels, making 2,927,416,091 bushels. The average price per
bushel 39.9 cents, making in all $1,166,626,479.

Winter Wheat came next in value. The total acreage for 1906
was 25,599,961, and the average yield per acre was 16.7 bushels,
making the total number of bushels 492,888,004. The average price
per bushel was 68.3, making a total value of $336,485,081. Of Spring
Wheat there was 17,705,868 acres; average bushels per acre 13.7,
making a total of 242,372,966; and the average price per bushel 634
cents, making a total of $153,897,679.

428 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

The Oats crop of 30,958,768 acres, with an average yield of 294
bushels per acre, making a total of 964,904,522 bushels, at an aver-
age price of 31.7 cents per bushel; total value of same being $306,-
292,978 for oats alone. °

Next comes Barley, there being 6,323,757 acres at an average yield
of 28.3 bushels per acre, making a total of 178,916,484 bushels, at an
average of 415 cents per bushel, making $74,235,979 for that crop.

The next crop in value comes Rye. Now, I do not think they
base their estimate on this crop from what it costs the consumer
when made into whiskey and sold at from 10 cents to 15 cents per
glass—and if you notice, the glasses are not as large either—but we
find the total acreage to be 2,001,904 acres, making an average of
16.7 bushels per acre, which makes 33,374,833 bushels at an average
of almost 60 cents per bushel, making $19,671,248 for rye alone.

Buckwheat, considered by a large number of farmers as not a
profitable crop, shows up an acreage of 789,208 acres—average
bushels per acre 13.6, making a total of 14,641,737 bushels, valued
at 59.6 per bushel, making $8,727,443 worth of buckwheat.

Of Flaxseed there were 2,505,927 acres, making an average of
10 1-5 bushels per acre, or a total of 25,576,146 bushels, at an average
of $1.012 per bushel, making a sum equal to $25,899,165. And the
Rice crop shows an acreage of 575,014 acres, at an average of 31.1
bushels, making 17,854,768 bushels, at an average of 90.2 cents per
bushel, making the sum of $16,121,298.

The state that shows the largest acreage of corn is Illinois,
9,616,886 acres. The state showing the lowest number of acres is
Wyoming, 2,528 acres. Ohio ranks first in number of bushels per
acre, 42.6, and good old Pennsylvania third. Florida, the lowest,
with 11 bushels per acre. Iowa produced the greatest number of
bushels, 373,275,000, and Wyoming the lowest, 68,256 bushels. Ari-
zona, the highest price per bushel, 85 cents. Oklahoma, the lowest,
which was 30 cents per bushel. Illinois ranks first in the value of
the corn crop, being a total of $124,981,051, and Wyoming the low-
est, $40,271. Kansas leads in acreage of winter wheat, with 5,131,
800 acres, and Alabama the lowest, with 1,761 acres. Idaho leads
in the number of bushels per acre, which is 25.4, and North Caro-
lina lowest, with 9.1 bushels per acre. Kansas leads in the total
number of bushels, having 78,516,540, and Mississippi the lowest,
with only 17,610 bushels. South Carolina shows the highest aver-
age price per bushel, with $1.10, and Oklahoma the lowest, 55 cents
per bushel.

In Spring Wheat growing states, North Dakota leads in acres,
with 5,992,000, and Arizona lowest, with only 15,542 acres. Colo-
rado has the greatest number of bushels per acre, 324, and Minne-
sota the lowest, being 10.9 per acre. North Dakota leads in the total
number of bushels. having 77,896,000, Arizona lowest, with 391,-
658 bushels, and she also leads with the highest average price per
bushel, being $1.03, and Nebraska the lowest, at 57 cents per
bushel. North Dakota leads in the total amount of dollars, with
$49,074,480, and Arizona lowest, with $403,408 to her credit.

Oats is produced in every State and Territory of the United
States. Iowa leads in the number of acres sown, with 4,165,000
acres, and Arizona lowest with only 914 acres. Utah leads in aver.
age of bushels to the acre, being 43.7 per acre, and Florida the low-

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 429

est, with 14 bushels, per acre. Iowa produced the greatest number
of bushels, having 140,777,000, and Arizona the lowest, with 31,442
bushels. Florida had the highest average price per bushel, being
68 cents, and South Dakota the lowest, with 25 cents per bushel.
Iowa leads in total amount of dollars, being $38,009,790 to her
credit. In the Barley growing States and Territories California
leads in number of acres, with 1,425,000 acres, and New Mexico
the lowest, with 556 acres. Utah leads with the highest number
of bushels per acre, being 44 bushels, and New Hampshire the low-
est, with 21.4 per acre. California leads in the total number of
bushels, with 38,760,000, and New Mexico the lowest, with 15,072
bushels. Arizona shows the highest average price per bushel, being
76 cents, and Nebraska the lowest, with 31 cents per bushel. Cal-
ifornia leads in dollars, having $20,930,400 to her credit, and New
Mexico the lowest, having $9,458.

All but ten of the States and Territories produce rye, Michigan
having 400,000 acres, leads, and Wyoming only 428 acres. Idaho
has the best average per acre, being 25 1-5 bushels. Georgia, the
lowest, having only 8.2 bushels per acre. Pennsylvania leads in
total number of bushels, having 6,025,011 bushels to her credit, and
Wyoming the lowest, with only 8,132 bushels. South Carolina hay-
ing the highest average price per bushel, being $1.25, and Nebraska
the lowest, with only 44 cents per bushel. In total value of crops
Pennsylvania leads, having to her credit $3,856,007, and Wyoming
the lowest, having $5,855 to her credit.

Buckwheat is grown in only twenty-four or twenty-five states.
New York leads with 321.552 acres, and Tennessee lowest, with 527
acres. Maine has the highest average bushels per acre, being 28
bushels, and Iowa the lowest, with 12 bushels. New York has the
greatest number of bushels, 6,109,488, and Tennessee the lowest,
having 8,482 bushels. Tennessee also has the highest average price
per bushel, being 83 cents, and Minnesota the lowest, at 54 cents per
bushel. New York leads in dollars, having $3,726,788 to her credit,
and Nebraska the lowest, having $8,007.

Flax is raised in thirteen to fifteen states. North Dakota leads,
with 1,465,745 acres, and California lowest, with 1,042 acres. Wis-
sonsin has the highest average yield of seed per acre, being 14
bushels, and Missouri lowest, with 7.3 per acre. North Dakota leads
with total of 14,510,876 bushels, and California lowest, with 12,504
bushels; California and Oregon having the highest average price
per bushel, $1,25, and Idaho the lowest, with 85 cents per bushel.
North Dakota leads the list with the value of $14,801,094, and Cali-
fornia the lowest, with $15,630. About nine states grow rice.
Louisiana leads the list, with 308,377 acres, and North Carolina the
lowest, with 668 acres. Texas gave the largest yield of rough rice
per acre, which is 36 bushels, and Mississippi the lowest, with 20
bushels per acre. Louisiana has the greatest number of bushels,
8,634,556, and North Carolina the lowest, with 19,305 bushels. South
Carolina, Florida and Alabama have the same average price of $1.00
per bushel, and Arkansas the lowest, at 85 cents per bushel. Louis-
jana has the largest total value, being $7,771,100, and North Car-
olina the lowest, with $18,340.

Taking the total value of these crops they are immense, making
a grand total of $2,107,906,860.

430 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

The CHAIRMAN: What shall be done with this report?
On motion, duly seconded, it was received and filed for publication.

The CHAIRMAN: Some of the reports have been omitted. The
first of these is the report of Dr. Leonard Pearson, State Veter-
narian, who is now with us, and wiil read his report.

Dr. Pearson’s report is as follows:

REPORT OF THE VETERINARIAN.

Dk. LEONARD PEARSON, Harrisburg, Pa.

The subject of tuberculosis continues to be one of chief interest
in connection with the veterinary work of the State. It is a little
embarassing, sometimes, to speak on this rather threadbare theme
to this body, that has in recent years heard so much about it. But,
so long as there is such need for information in respect to this dis-
ease, and I find evidence of it in my daily work, I am sure that you
will not resent a brief discussion of it. While the general topic
of tuberculosis is an old one, a vast number of men are making in-
vestigations in relation to its occurrence in man and animals, and
so, from time to time, new facts concerning its nature and new
developments in means to combat it are being brought to light.

I take it that the plan of operation of the State Livestock Sani-
tary Board is known to you, and it has been described in the annual
reports of the Department of Agricuiture. You are aware that in-
spections and tuberculin tests of herds are made only upon request
of owners of cattle. It has been the opinion of the Board that
there is no permanent advantage to the State in completely freeing
herds of tuberculosis, by the use of the tuberculin test, and in
undertaking a large share of the cost of such operations, if the
herds are permitted soon to become reinfected. And it is quite im-
possible, excepting at enormous expense—by the use of much more
money than is at all likely to be made available for this purpose—
to keep herds free from infection unless the public authorities have
the co-operation—the active assistance—of the owner. Hence, such
inspections are made only upon application from herd owners. But,
under a new law (No. 56, P. L., 1905), it has become possible to deal
with all cases of advanced tuberculosis of cattle that are reported.
Still, there is no organization for searching for such particularly
dangerous animals, and I regard this the point that next requires
consideration.

While we have found that the majority of farmers are alert to
the importance of excluding tuberculosis cattle from their herds,
and many report tuberculosis when examination shows that this
disease does not exist, there are others who are so careless as to
keep and use cows with advanced tuberculosis, even with tubercu-
lous udders, and permit such cows to scatter germs of disease for
meonths, until their entire herds become infected—to say nothing of
poisoning the milk supply.

Tuberculous cows are dangerous in proportion to the number of
tubercle bacilli that are escaping from their bodies. Advanced

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 431

cases of disease excrete infinitely more germs than light cases,
hence the advanced cases constitute the greatest menace to the live
stock industry and the public health. For the purpose of discover-
ing and extirpating these particularly dangerous animals, a sys-
tematic inspection of dairy herds is necessary. I have been loth to
recommend such an inspection, because I know how unpopular the
idea of inspection is. It should be remembered, however, that it
is not fair to the careful, clean dairyman to have to compete in the
market with a man who has no pride in his work, or regard for the
quality or wholesomeness of his product. And it is unfair to permit
the worst managed herds to reach such a degraded state as to cast
reflection on the whole milk supply. I feel that unbiased consider-
ation of this suggestion must lead to the conclusion that objections
to it are based chiefiy on sentimental grounds.

Remember that it is not proposed to use the tuberculin test in
connection with this inspection, unless it should be necessary to do
so to remove doubt in relation to the condition of individual animals.
To propose to test all herds with tuberculin would be absurd, and
such a suggestion could not be made by any one who knows what he
is talking about.

If such an inspection is provided for, the inspectors should, and
no doubt would, feel that they are selected to aid, and not to
oppress; to assist, and not to hamper; to co-operate, and not to op-
pose. It would—and I speak advisedly, and from long experience—
be in the rarest case that the inspector would have to make the
least show of authority. Such inspectors would be of great value
to dairymen as peripatetic advisors in relation to the control of
other diseases of importance, as abortion, calf cholera, infectious
gargets, etc., and in relation to general questions of animal, stable
and milk hygiene.

In New York State, there are a dozen or more dairy inspectors
appointed by the city of New York, and a project is being consid-
ered to increase this corps to nearly one hundred. Such inspectors,
appointed and paid by a city, have in mind, first and foremost, the
interests of the city. The farmer is not helped by such men—unless
most incidentally—and, indeed, one could scarecly expect appointees
of Tammany Hall to be able to render much help to farmers, if they
would.

If there is to be such an inspection, it should not be conducted
by the cities, but by a department of the State government that is
affiliated with the agricultural interests of the State, so that it will
be with, and not against, the best agricultural sentiment. But, of
course, the organization must be of such character that it will meet
the very proper and growing sentiment in cities for a purer and more
wholesome milk supply.

There are numerous other subjects that I might report to you,
but I esteem this to be one of such importance that I wish not to
obscure it by other topics. Moreover, I wish to be brief now, because
I am on the program for another paper at another session. I hope
this subject will receive careful consideration at the hands of this
representative body.

A Member: Has there been any attempt made to vaccinate
calves?

432 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

DR. PEARSON: The vaccination of calves in our experiment
work has been very successful. We are now practicing it very
freely on quite a number of farm herds throughout the State.

A Member: Is it a protection?

DR. PEARSON: I think it is a protection for the time, but for
just how long I do not know. A German authority has stated that
the protection is for life; I criticised it, and was severely criticised
myself for it; I said it was ridiculous to claim that it protected for
life when it had only been tried for a few years. And French tests
show that the immunity expires after a certain time, and then the
animal is liable to contract the disease. They have found by their
experiments that the animal is usually protected for about three
years. They have proven this by putting the vaccinated animals
in among a herd in which there are some advanced cases of tuber-
culosis, and noting results, and animals that have been vaccinated
for more than that length of time, and which are exposed, show
decided lesions of tuberculosis. I find, however, that animals should
be re-vaccinated after a period of two years. I look upon the whole
treatment as exceedingly interesting and instructive, and of great
importance to the farmer.

MR. VAN ALSTYNE: I would like to ask the Doctor how
expensive it would be to the farmer?

DR. PEARSON: All the herds that are now being vaccinated are
treated at the expense of the State.

MR. VAN ALSTYNE: Exactly what will be the cost to the
farmer where the State does not pay for it?

DR. PEARSON: Well, if the Live Stock Board continues to con-
duct the work it will not be more expensive in the future than it
is now; I do not know whether this will be done, but I think it ought
to be.

MR. VAN ALSTYNE: But what will it cost the farmer now?

DR. PEARSON: It does not cost anything; the State does it
for you.

MR. VAN ALSTYNE: Exactly; but if the State did not do it,
what would it cost the farmer?

DR. PEARSON: I do not know what the veterinary surgeon
would charge for doing the work, but that would be the chief cost.

The CHAIRMAN: Are there any further questions to ask the
Veterinarian? If not, what disposition shall be made of his report?

It was regularly moved and seconded that the report be received
and placed on file. Agreed to.

The CHAIRMAN: As Chairman of the Committee on Credentials,
I would say that the Lancaster Agricultural Society has elected
Hon. W. H. Brosius a member of the Board for the next three
years, and I would move that he be elected a member of the Board.

Duly seconded, and agreed to.

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 433
The CHAIRMAN: Next we will listen to the report of the Commit-
tee on Roads and Road Laws.

Mr. Kuppenburg, Chairman of this Committee, then read the fol-
lowing report:

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON ROADS AND ROAD
LAWS.

By Mr. D. A. KNUPPENBURG, Chairman.

Of the many questions which confront the people of Pennsylvania
today, that of road building is of vital importance. The construc-
tion of roads is governed by law, hence the necessity of wise road
laws. Our present system of pathmaster and nonpaid supervisor
has not been in use long enough to warrant a just judgment of its
merits. It has been demonstrated, however, that supervisors enter
upon their duties with little enthusiasm and marked show of dis-
interest.

It would seem to your Committee that the first requisite in mak-
ing and maintaining a good road, would be the location of the roads
with proper grades, given by a competent surveyor. Then a law
to insure the road being built to the grade given; it too often hap-
pens that where a road is properly graded by a surveyor, the road is
opened in the cheapest and most unsatisfactory manner, going over
steep knolis, or down steep grades, to avoid a little extra expense
in keeping the grade. Many country roads should be relaid; taken
from bleak hilltops and kept on an easy grade. This, in nearly
every case, is possible. Ié this were done, and the law directing
the moving of stone closely observed, our highways would be in
much better condition, and would well serve the public until better
roads come for our use and the use of the next generation.

The government will look more carefully to the enforcement of
the laws regarding the roads over which the rural free delivery is
established. The present requirement is: “Roads traversed by mail
carriers shall be kept in good condition and unobstructed. Bridges
must be kept over creeks and streams not fordable at any season
of the year.” The government has decided that unless roads trav-
elled by the carriers are properly maintained, the service will be
withdrawn. The Postoffice Department now calls on the carriers
for reports on the roads where the highway in question is bad.
The 25,973 rural delivery carriers now employed cover 863,363 miles
daily, and it is unreasonable to expect them to contend with neglect-
ed roads.

The inland country roads are primary factors in the commerce
of the nation. They are to the city man, the farmer, the lumberman,
what the railroad, the rivers and the high seas are to the manufac-
turer and the coal operator. The growth of the country has been
marvellous, and we are now approaching a new era. The time has
come when the country road should be made to compare with the
part it plays in the nation’s progress. As a business proposition
we would regard it as advantageous to nearly every township to get

28—T—1906.

434 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

a good macadam road at one-eighth the cost of construction. How-
ever, if the township or county is not able to meet the expenditure
without borrowing, I question the feasibility of issuing bonds for
that purpose. Even though our posterity would reap benefit from
such permanent improvements and would not object to sharing the
cast, I should much prefer using the means within reach, rather than
encumber posterity.

A change in the Act, putting the entire cost of macadam roads
on the State, leaving the townships and counties free to use their
means for the improvement of roads, not within reach of the State
appropriation, would thus benefit those who would receive slight
benefit from the macadam road. If the right policy prevails, this
will be done and as much money will be available from these sources
as can well be expended for the purpose from year to year. kx-
perience shows that there is a limit to State aid, requested, and this
will doubtless be the case as long as the counties and townships are
requested to pay part of the cost, as small as that cost is.

The sentiment in favor of improvement has been greatly strength-
ened within the past three or four years. It almost amounts to a
general demand, and while we cannot have $50,000,000 (as in the
case of New York State) for immediate use, the appropriation can
safely, and should, be increased many millions a year. State High-
way Commissioner Hunter has commenced a general survey of all
the roads in Pennsylvania, for the purpose of compiling a new map,
showing their length and location. As there are 99,041 miles of
road in the State, it will require several years to complete the
survey. According to the best authority at hand, we have 97,904
miles mtd road, and 1,101 miles of toll road, 2,267 miles of macadam
road completed, 162 miles contracted. Only one county in the State
that has not applied for State aid, that of Juniata.

Every other county in the State hag made appliaction for its
portion of the road fund, as well as its share of the $125,000 set
aside for its maintenance. Allegheny and several other counties
which asked for funds last year failed to secure their share by
neglect of the County Commissioners to apply within the time
limit.

Applications on file for State aid in building roads represent 2,267
miles, and of these Commissioner Hunter expects to build 200 miles
this year, in addition to the 200 miles already constructed or under
way. It has been decided to use part of the automobile license
receipts for road building. The fund already amounts to $24,000, and
is expected to reach $30,000 each year. The annual license fee is
$3.00.

Too much cannot be said in regard to using wide tired road
wagons for hauling heavy loads. The wide tire acts as a roller
on dirt roads, and entitles the user to one-fourth his road tax, not
exceeding $20.00.

To build a satisfactory earth road, if loose earth is dumped in the
middle of the road and consolidated by traffic, the action of narrow
tired wheels rolls it into uneven ruts and ridges, which hold water,
and ultimately results, if in the winter season, in a sticky, muddy
surface, or if it be in the dry season, in covering the surface with
several inches of dust. If, however, the surface is prepared with a
road machine and properly rolled with a heavy roller, it can usually

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 435

be made sufficiently firm and smooth to sustain the traffic without
rutting, and resist the penetrating action of the water.

Every road is made smoother, harder, and better by rolling. Such
rolling should be done in damp weather, or if that is not possible,
the surface should be sprinkled if the soil requires such aid for its
proper consolidation.

We recommend a steam road roller of sufficient size to be used
for rolling the road and crushing stone. If this is not available,
then a heavy road roller to be drawn by horses should be used. Also
that a change be made in our present appropriation law for good
roads, giving all the counties in Pennsylvania an equal right to
share the benefits of the appropriation without expense to the
county, thereby assisting those most in need of help.

A law providing for the payment of Two Dollars per day to Town-
ship Supervisors for a sufficient time to properly transact the neces-
sary road business, would prove of benefit. We fail to find in our
present road laws anything to compel a pathmaster to make a de-
tailed report to the supervisor, and therefore recommend that the
law make this duty compulsory.

The CHAIRMAN: Gentlemen, you have heard the Report of
the Committee on Roads and Road Laws. Are there any questions
that you wish to ask on that report? If not, what action will you
take on it?

On motion, duly seconded, it was agreed that this report be re-
ceived and placed on file.

The CHAIRMAN: We will now have the report of Prof. Surface
on Entomology.

This report is as follows:

REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

By PRoF. H. A. SURFACE, Economic Zoologist, Harrisburg, Pa.

Never in the history of Pennsylvania has there been so much
interest taken in insects as during the past year. The reasons for
this are as follows:

1. The destructive effects of insect pests have never before been
more apparent in wiping out of existence many orchards, and causing
very great loss to farmers, fruit growers, and also truckers and
gardeners in this State.

2. The very grave results of the accidental introduction of the
Gypsy Moth and the Brown Tail Moth in Massachusetts, and the
spreading of these pests into other states hag called the atten-
tion of the people, as never before, to the importance of insect pre-
vention, and we hope to be able to keep such pests out of this State
by proper and careful methods. This problem is so great in Massa-
chusetts that the amount of $300,000 was appropriated for fighting
these two pests alone, and $30,000 additional for the study and in-
troduction of parasites. They have now escaped into New Hamp-
shire, Vermont, Maine, Rhode Island, and Connecticut, and are very
liable to reach this State. They practically destroy every green

436 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

thing, and are so much worse than the San José Scale that there is
but little comparison to be drawn between them.

3. Within the Keystone State the San Jose Scale has destroyed
hundreds of thousands of dollars worth of trees and shrubs, as well
as tens of thousands of dollars worth of fruits, directly, during the
past year.

4. To prevent this loss, special provision was made by the Legis-
lature two years ago, and about thirty inspectors and demonstrators
have been appointed to work (part of the time during the last four-
teen months) under the Division of Zoology of the Department of
Agriculture, to ascertain the presence of this destructive pest, and
te notify persons whose trees may be infested with it, and who may
not know it; also to show them how to control it.

5. The Bulletins of the Division of Zoology have been issued as
regularly as possible, bearing almost wholly on insects or their
enemies, and have reached at least 50,000 readers each month.

6. The correspondence from the office of the Economic Zoologist
has been very great, amounting to at least 500 letters per month;
of these at least 75 per cent. are directly upon the subject of insects
and other plant pests.

7. The agricultural papers and newspapers of the State are aid-
ing in taking up the warfare against such pests, in disseminat-
ing the methods of their control.

8. The more advanced agriculturists and horticulturists are buy-
ing and using spraying machinery, and more spraying has been
done in this State during the past year than in all previous years
combined. Their results are satisfactory, generally, and this en-
courages them and others to proceed with methods which will save
their trees and other plants.

%. The manufacturers of spraying apparatus and commercial in-
secticides are taking advantage of the needs of the day in sending
considerable literature to the farmers and fruit growers over the
State, and this aids in calling attention to the importance of insec.
ticidal work.

10. The high price of fruits and the certainty of controlling such
pests as the Scale insects have combined to induce persons to plant
young orchards, and nurserymen tell us that during the past year
they have had unusual sales of fruit trees for starting orchards in
this State.

These influences have combined to eall the attention of the public
to the insect pests and the possibility of controlling them in a
satisfactory, effective and cheap manner, and producing first-class
fruits even though a few pests be present.

We believe it possible to obtain a fair view of the subject of in-
sects in Pennsylvania during the past year by ruuning through the
list of specimens received in the office of the Economic Zoologist.
Over 5,000 different collections have been made or received, and
all of these have been classified and studied. We find the San José
Scale to be, of course, the chief insect sent us, and the one of which
most inquiry has been made. In the bulletins of the State Zoolo-
gist for February, July, November, and December, of 1906, special
attention has been given to the San José Seale and its remedies,
and from the experiments there outlined, as well as from written
reports from practical fruit growers in many portions of the State,

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 437

it is shown that the best and cheapest remedy for this pest is the
boiled lime-sulphur wash, which should be boiled at least one hour.
These experiments show that the addition of salt has not been neces-
sary, and even some injurious results may come to twigs and buds
of peach trees when applied during the fall or winter, with the salt
added. Since these bulletins are for free distribution, it is not
necessary to dwell at length upon this subject. However, it should
be added that the tests of the commercial insecticides have been
made with practically the same results that have been obtained in
other states, viz: that some of these materials are effective in kill-
ing the scale when applied strong enough to have the desired effect,
but they should be stronger than claimed by manufacturers and
agents, or (for two or three of the leading brands) one part to ten,
or at most fifteen parts of water, instead of one to twenty, as claimed
by the manufacturers and agents.

To avoid the appearance of personal interest in this regard, we
advise each person to try a little of such material for himself, and
thus, by practical experience, learn the results on his own trees, but
to depend upon the cheaper standard or home-made remedies for
saving most of his trees until he is well satisfied that he can con-
trol the scale in a satisfactory and inexpensive manner by the use of
the so-called miscible oils or soluble oils or other commercial in-
secticides.

In this connection it should be said that the whale-oil soap, two
pounds in one gallon of water, applied as a spray or thorough wash
in the spring before the buds burst, will have excellent results in
killing all pests en the trees, but will not be found as cheap as the
lime-sulphur wash, and the latter is also a germicide and fungicide
as well as insecticide. The great objection to the lime-sulphur wash
is the trouble with clogging nozzles, which can be overcome by
straining through a conical wire strainer set in a funnel, as shown
by the funnel here exhibited.

Unfortunately, it appears that the San José Scale is here to stay,
and cannot be exterminated, yet it can be controlled, and encourage-
ment should be found in the experience of hundreds of persons whose
names and addresses we can give, who are satisfied with the results
of their spraying. We believe it very important that a study of the
enemies of these pests should be made, and, if possible, to develop
or propagate parasites. The attempt will be worth a great deal to
the agricultural interests of this State.

To aid in disseminating practical information concerning scale
insects, we have prepared some models showing such pests greatly
enlarged, in natural colors and forms, which are used in meetings
where these subjects are discussed. I exhibit them here:

Oyster-shell Scale—The Oyster-shell Scale stands next in regard
to numbers of specimens sent to the office of the Zoologist and in-
quiries made. This is quite different from the San José Scale ag
shown by these models, but it is too often confused with it by per-
sens who know neither. Our experiments have shown that it is
killed by early spraying, using the lime-sulphur wash before the
buds burst, just as for the San José Scale. Practical results have
been obtained in this way for this pest by our experiments, as well
as by fruit growers, such as Hon. H. E. Little, Tunkhannock, Pa.,
and Mr. Van Busick, of Erie county, who reported this to us.

433 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Scurfy Scale—The Scurfy Scale stands next in the attention
given these pests of fruit growers, and is often mistaken for the
more serious San José. However, it is easily distinguished accord-
ing to the specimens shown, and is controlled or exterminated by
many of the good remedies for the San José.

Lecanium.—The fourth common scale insect in this State is the
Lecanium, also called Soft Scale and Turtle-shell Scale. In some
parts of the State it is very destructive to peach and plum, while
another species has commonly been reported upon the magnolia
and tulip trees.

Among insects which have attracted the attention of the growers
of plants, are various kinds of Aphids or plant lice, which have a
host of enemies holding them in check, and which are to be destroyed
by comparatively mild contact insecticides, such as whale-oil soap,
one pound in six gallons of water, or soft soap, or common laundry
soap, one pound in about three gallons of water.

The Woolly Aphis belongs to the same family as the Green Aphis
and Brown Aphis. It works on the roots of plants as well as on
the branches, especially where the bark of either root or branch
has been injured. On the roots use tobacco dust abundantly worked
in around them, and upon the bark use any of the strong contact
insecticides, such as a wash of soap solution made as thick as paint.

Unusual numbers of katydid eggs have been sent to us with the
supposition that they were scale insects of some kind. The speci-
men exhibited was received yesterday, showing the eggs attached
to a wire; as a rule they are attached to small twigs of trees or
shrtb. Please note that practically all of these eggs are punctured
with holes of parasites, showing the beneficial effects of parasitic
insects in keeping in check what might become a very serious pest.

During the past years we have had an outbreak of the Seventeen-
year Locust or Cicada, especially throughout the central part of
the State, from Montour and Columbia counties, southwestward
through the mountainous country, reaching across into Bedford,
Blair and Cambria counties, and including several other counties
in that region not here named. <A small area of infestation by this
pest also occurred in the eastern part of the State, in Berks, Schuyl-
kill, Bucks and Montgomery counties, and possibly some adjacent
regions. Of course, their injury was made only by piercing branches
to lay their eggs.

The Canker Worm has appeared in great numbers during the past
two or three years, from the central to the extreme western por-
tions of this State. However, last year their parasites were suffi-
ciently numerous to control them in some of the extremely western
counties, like Beaver and Lawrence, and consequently they did not
appear there this year in such destructive numbers. A peculiar
feature of this Canker Worm outbreak is, that the pest was really
the Fall Canker Worm, but it had the habits of a quite different
species, known as the Spring Canker Worm, in ascending the trees
and laying its eggs in the spring of the year instead of in the fall.
Our experiments show that banding to prevent the female climbing
trees can be made effective if properly done and given close atten-
tion, but in the hands of many persons the bands were neglected,
and as soon as the conditions became favorable, she passed over
the bands and laid her eggs, and, unfortunately, banding was con-

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 439

demned because of imperfect methods, just as spraying is often con-
demned for exactly the same reason.

Let me here pause to state that we have made a special study
of the causes of failure in spraying, and find that in almost all
cases this is due to lack of thorough application to absolutely all
parts of the infested trees and from all sides.

It was found possible to control and kill the Canker Worm by
spraying with arsenical poisons, such as Paris Green, one pound in
a hundred gallons of water, or Arsenate of Lead, about three pounds
in a hundred gallons of water, being especially careful to apply all
these remedies as soon as the young hatched and commenced to feed.
After they become large, they are very difficult to kill.

The Bag Worm is a common pest on fruit and shade trees in
the southern portions of this State, and is especially injurious to
cedar, arbor vitae, etc., where it often is not observed. It is easily
destroyed by picking by hand and burning, or by spraying with
arsenites at the proper time. It is interesting to know that we have
had specimens of this sent to us with the supposition that it might
‘be the San José Scale.

The Mediterranean Flour Moth has proven exceedingly destructive
in mills and other places where it is stored, but has been effectively
destroyed by fumigating with Hydrocyanic Acid Gas.

Within the past few weeks there have been unusual reports of
grain weevil of various kinds attacking wheat, corn, and other stored
grain, but especially wheat. These are to be controlled by fumiga-
tion with Carbon Bi-sulphide, in a closed vessel or bin, putting the
liquid into a shallow dish, using one pound to one hundred bushels
of the grain, and covering it with wet blankets to keep the fumes
down. These are heavier than air, and penetrate to the bottom of
the bin. We are pushing experiments at this time for detailed in-
formation on this very important subject.

The Angumois Grain Moth has proven exceedingly destructive to
grain, both in the sheaf and in the bin, especially in the southeastern
quarter of this State. It is best destroyed by threshing the grain
early, and then fumigating it. Reports have come of great destruc-
tion to grain which was threshed late, while other grain in the same
field, which was threshed early, was not injured.

The Peach-tree Borer is a pest which has been the subject of our
experiments, and we have published how to destroy it without the
necessity of cutting, by the application of one quart of boiling hot
solution of concentrated lye, one ounce in a gallon of water. Pour
a quart of this around the base of each tree during the month of
August. 2

The Chestnut Weevil is the one pest in the way of successful and
profitable chestnut production in this State. This becomes very
important. The larva and an adult beetle are here shown. We have
recently experimented in cold storage for this pest, and we found
that chestnuts stored at a temperature of twenty-four degrees were
ruined by freezing, but those at thirty-two degrees were in good
condition after two months of storage, and all the larvae were
killed. It is possible that we may find means of controlling these
pests, but scientists have not yet succeeded in this. It must be the
subject of further investigation, both by the State and Federal
Government, :

440 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doce.

Finally, parasitic insects must have more attention than they
have been given. Efforts have been made to introduce the Preying
Mantis into different parts of this State in order that it can result
in good by feeding upon insect pests, as it is now doing in the vicin-
ity of Philadelphia, where it has been accidentally but successfuliy
introduced, and is rapidly multiplying. The Lady Beetles deserve
attention, and should be studied, preserved and propagated, and if
this can be made practical they should be disseminated to infested
plants over the State. The same can be said of the thousands of
species of internal parasites which are really the chief factors in
keeping insect pests in control. Unfortunately, scientists know but
little of the real life habits of parasitic insects, and the practical
agriculturist knows less. It is a subject of which we should
know more, and which should be put upon a practical basis.

In conclusion, let us all co-operate in these important lines of study
by sending specimens of insects and reports of incipient insect out-
breaks to the State Experiment Station and the State Department of
Agriculture, and receive the aid which the State can give from these
various sources. More education and advancement is needed in
this line, as well as in many others, and we hope to see it pushed
successfully for those who need help.

The CHAIRMAN: What action will be taken on this report, or
have you any questions?

On motion, duly seconded, it was agreed to receive the report and
place it on file.

The CHAIRMAN: Prof. Menges is also to report on this subject.
We are ready to listen to him.

PROF. MENGES: I have no report to make; I believe Prof. Sur-
face’s paper about covers the question, and as you are pressed for
time, I will ask to be excused.

The CHAIRMAN: While we should be glad to hear from Prof.
Menges, I suppose we will have to comply with his request, and
excuse him. We will, therefore, proceed with the next number on
the program, the Report of Committee on Dairy and Dairy Products
by R. J. Weld.

This report is as follows:

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON“DAIRYING AND DAIRY
PRODUCTS.

BY MR. R. J. WELD, Chairman.

At our last annual meeting, Prof. Thos. Shaw stated “that there
existed a direct relation between the amount of live stock kept on
the farms of the country and a profit that may be derived from those
farms.” By reason of its geographical position, its large consuming
population and its nearness to the great seaboard markets, Pennsyl-
vania is peculiarly situated with reference to one branch of live

No. 7. 2 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. | . 441

stock production, namely, dairy farming. The keeping of cows
is universal throughout the State, from the resident of the city or
town who keeps one or two cows, to the larger commercial dairies
where milk, cream or butter is produced for the market.

While prices of dairy products have ranged even higher this past
year than in 1905, much dairy stock has been sold and taken out of
the northwestern part of the State. There are two reasons for this:
(1) Coarse feeds are short in quantity owing to the mid-summer
drouth, and mill feeds are high in price. (2) Help on the farms is
scarce and hard to secure. These two conditions make it necessary
for the farmer in some sections to reduce his live stock to such pro-
portions as he can handle himself.

The average yield of butter fat per cow per year in Pennsylvania
is placed at 160 pounds. Recently I had the privilege of inspecting
a herd where the average yield for the past six years has been 260
pounds of butter fat per cow. This difference was brought abont
Ly the process of weeding out the unprofitable cows. This process
simply calls for the daily weighing of each cow’s milk and the
monthly testing of that milk by the Babcock test and close atten-
tion to feeding and management of the herd. From my own ex-
pericnee I arm satisfied that if every farmer would only daily weigh
each cow's milk and throw out the lowest producers in his herd, ke
would reap a benefit sufficient to pay him for his outlay and trouble.
With the cost of keeping cows in Pennsylvania at from $28 to $32
per year, the margin of profit on some cows is not very large, and
we, aS business farmers, must apply the common business rule of
eliminating the unprofitable elements. Just in this connection, Prof.
oth, EK. Van Norman has been making some investigations in Central
Pennsylvania as to the relations existing on some farms between the
cost of fecd given to the cows and the returns in butter fat. On
one farm the ‘farmer was getting ninety-nine cents worth of butter
fat for every dollar’s worth of feed given to the cows, while on
another farm, not two miles distant, the farmer received $1.79 worth
of butter fat for every dollar’s worth of feed given. At the college
creamery five of the college cows returned as much to their owners
as nine of the patrons’ cows. These facts only further illustrate the
necessity of dairy farmers to pursue their business with strict bus-
- incss-like methods.

In preparing this report, I sent out a list of questions to fourteen
members of the Board in different parts of the State. Twelve of
-these sent replies. Of these twelve, seven report that the keeping
of dairy cows is on the increase, while the other five are from the
northern and western parts of the State, where dairying has been
pushed hard for sometime so that the farms are already well stocked.
All repert a favorable and profitable season. More than half of
the reports state that the dairymen are inclined to take their milk
to the creamery or factory. One-half of the reports state that the
consumers of butter prefer dairy butter to the creamery product.

To me, the answers to the last two questions, namely: “Are
farmers inclined to manufacture their dairy products at home or
send the milk to the factory?” and “Does the consumer prefer home-
made butter to creamery butter?” point out some needed reforms
in dairy husbandry. The dairyman will take his milk to the factory
where an honest efficient factoryman is in charge and where all

22

442 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

patrons understand and practice the rules of good wholesome milk

production, so that the standard of the goods from the concern will .

be well up. The consumer of dairy products demands a uniform,
wholesome, attractive article which carries with it a guarantee of
production under good sanitary conditions.

In some instances the business-like private dairyman has the ad-
vantage over the creamery, whose patrons do not appreciate all the
responsibility that rests on them. One of the reasons for the aver-
age production of our State being so low is the fact that 83 per cent.
of the reports sent to me state that either scrub or dual purpose
animals are being kept. This condition may be remedied by the use
of the pure bred dairy sires. With the exception of Bradford, Centre,
Clarion and Potter counties, all the other sections which reported
to me state that the shipping of milk to the cities is on the increase.
This relieves the butter and cheese markets somewhat and stimu-
lates prices of these two articles. Milking machines are in practi-

cal operation in at least two sections, and their workings will be
watched with interest by many dairymen.

Legislation is suggested looking to the sanitary oversight of all
place s where milk is produced, handled or manufactured, ‘also look-
ing to the safeguarding of the operating and accuracy of the Bab-
cock test where it is used to apportion dividends in the purchase of
milk, and also for the starting of field instruction or traveling in-
struction under the direction of the dairy department of the State
College by men who will help the butter and cheese makers with
their difficulties and the dairymen in improving his conditions and
herds.

In closing, it is interesting to note that with the erection of cold
storage plants in our smaller cities and boroughs, some dairymen
are making a practice of placing their surplus product during the
flush season in cold storage, to be taken out later when needed.
It seems reasonable to expect the best results from this practice,
when only first-class butter, put up in good, tight, well-made pack-
ages, is used, and the same placed in cold storage immediately after
making. The charges in our section for storage are small, and, so
far as I know, the results are satisfactory.

The CHAIRMAN: What shall be done with this report?

Regularly moved and seconded that it be received and placed on
file. Agreed to.

The CHAIRMAN: Next comes the Report of the Committee on

Feeding Stuffs, by Prof. F. D. Fuller.
Prof. Fuller’s paper was as follows:

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON FEEDING STUFFS.
By PROF F. D FULLER, Chairman.

The question of the selection of commercial feeding stuffs is one
which is occupying the attention of practically every farmer i in Penn-
sylvania at this season of the year.* Very few, especially those en-
gaged in dairying, produce all the grain necessary to make a bal-
anced ration for the winter months, and in order to supplement the

——o

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 443

home raised food with materials of a highly nitrogenous character,
it is necessary to purchase standard articles like cottonseed and lin-
seed meals, brewers’ and distillers’ grains, gluten meal and feed,
wheat bran, middlings and other by-products.

Feeds of this nature will continue to occupy a place in the ration
for dairy animals as they have in the past. At the same time, the
consumer is beset on every hand with new feeding stuffs—new in
name if notin kind. As the result of the close competition between
manufacturers and the more complete utilization of by-products,
especially those from the manufacture of breakfast foods, we find
on the market a large number of cheap articles, goods which have
been adulterated or in which low-grade materials have been used in
the place of standard articles.

Right here we insert a word of caution in regard to purchasing
such materials as “oat feeds,” ‘‘corn and oat feeds,” “mixed feeds,”
certain kinds of “chop,” etc., in which we find a large proportion of
light oats and oat hulls.

The feeding value of the above mentioned articles decreases ac-
cording to the extent of the adulteration with oat hulls, although,
as a rule, the retail prices are practically the same as the price of
a mixture of corn and oats. Oat hulls contain on the average 30
per cent. of crude fibre, which in most feeding stuffs is of no more

value to dairy animals than saw dust. It is, to be sure, broken down
to some extent by the animal and yields up a certain amount of
its force in the form of heat, but a feed having a high fibre content
contains less of the valuable food materials in a more difficultly di-
gestible condition than if the feed contained a small or UU
percentage of fibre.

There are many oat feeds on the market which contain ford 25
to 30 per cent. of crude fibre and 6 per cent. of crude protein, which
are expensive at almost any price, and we desire to emphasize the
fact that as long as the farmer can raise plenty ef corn, oats and hay,
he cannot afford to purchase any feeding stuffs containing less than
14 per cent. of crude protein.

Protein is a term which includes all the nitrogenous compounds
of a feed, regardless of their nature. In everyday life we deal with
materials which resemble protein substances, namely, white of egg,
casein of milk, lean meat, gelatin, etc., and the animal uses the pro-
tein of the food to make these important substances, to restore the
waste of tissues and muscles, which occurs at all time, and also uses
it to form flesh. Protein is a very necessary ingredient for the
farmer to purchase. As protein builds up the animal, so do the

carbo-hydrates—sugars, starches and fats—furnish the fuel to keep
the animal mechanism in good working condition.

Probably the most popular of all commercial feeding stuffs are the
offal from wheat in the manufacture of flour. They ‘consist of par-
ticular portions of the wheat kernel and are represented on the mar-
ket by the bran, middlings, bran and middlings mixed and “red dog”
flour. The quality of wheat by-products found on the market at the
present time is very good. Samples secured in the open market
during 1906 show a high percentage of protein and fat, a state of
affairs which did not exist one year ago. The most common
adulterant of wheat bran at the present time is probably ground
corn cob. This finely ground material is sometimes mixed with bran

444 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

and the mixture sold as pure bran, while more often we find it sold
as “mixed feed” with some proprietary name attached. Within the
past ten days we have analyzed such a mixture, manufactured in
a Western state, and retailed in a neighboring city for $25 per ton.
The manufacturers guaranteed the mixture to contain 12.05 per cent.
of protein and 3.2 per cent. of fat, and analysis showed that the com-
pany guaranteed the material correctly. To the untutored eye, the
mixture resembles bran and middlings, and undoubtedly the manu-
‘facturers find a ready market, although selling it with low guaran-
tees for protein and fat.

The point which we wish to bring out at this time is that it is
important for the consumer to be thoroughy familiar with the aver-
age composition of the principal feeds on the market, so that when
he sees a mixture which resembles wheat bran and middlings, for
iustance, guaranteed to contain only three-quarters of the amount ot
protein that a mixture of pure bran and middlings should contain,
he will readily look upon such a feed as suspicious. I am sure no
one present can afford to buy a mixture of wheat bran and corn cob,
especially at $25 per ton. We were of the opinion that our feeding
stuffs law, which has been so effective in correcting many evils re-
garding the manufacture and sale of commercial feeding stuffs,
should be so amended that it will be a misdemeanor to sell a mix-
ture of wheat bran and corn cob as “mixed feed,” or, to put it con-
cisely, the dealer “should state what he sells and sell what he states.”
We believe that the feed situation in the Commonwealth would be
much improved and the dairymen, especially, greatly benefited if our
law required that the component parts of a mixed feed should be
plainy stamped on the outside of the package in which it is sold, or
if sold in bulk or in sacks belonging to the purchaser, a similar state-
ment should be furnished upon his request.

There seems to be much difficulty in maintaining the guarantees
for certain feeds composed of molasses and various by-products,
but the manufacturer should know the analysis of his finished prod-
uct, and knowing this, he can place a proper guarantee upon it.
Until a feed is manufactured which contains the guaranteed per-
centage of valuable food ingredients, farmers and dairymen fh par-
ticular cannot put the confidence in many of the feeds on the mar.
ket to which they should be entitled. Molasses feeds are palatable
and nutritious and good results are apparently secured in using
them.

Within the past year many new feeds, composed largely of alfalfa
meal, have found their way into our State. We believe that it is
poor economy for the farmer to pay a large price not only for the
alfalfa, but for having it ground for him when the same material
can be produced on the farm at much less expense. Since wheat
bran is somewhat more valuable than alfalfa hay, ton for ton, we
cannot recommend these feeds at the prevailing prices.

Time will not allow us to touch upon the standard goods, such as
cottonseed meal, linseed meal, distillery and brewery by-products, ex-
cept to say that these articles can usually be depended upon. They
are seldom adulterated, the guarantees are usually maintained and
they furnish the necessary protein for the least expenditure of
money.

There is a class of articles on the market concerning which much

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 445

could be said that is not especially complimentary. I refer to the so-
called “condimental” and “medicinal” stock foods, the principal in-
gredient of which is cottonseed or linseed meal, wheat offal or other
common feeding stuff, to which is added such articles as charcoal,
sulphur, ginger, Epsom and Glauber’s salts, Venetian red, gentian,
anise, fenugreek, etc., apparently for medicinal effect. I wish to
repeat what I have already published in regard to these goods that
such mixtures are worth about $30 per ton for food purposes and
the retail prices vary from $70 to $500 or over per ton. Suffice it
to say that under no circumstances can the farmer afford to buy
such foods at the prices asked. A well animal does not need them,
and if it is sick the services of a veterinarian should be secured rather
than depend upon the drugs supplied by condimental stock foods.
It remains for the farmers and breeders of Pennsylvania to say that
they will not be deceived and robbed by these condimental prepara-
tions. If domestic animals need a tonic one can be prepared for a
few cents which will answer the purpose. The only way to clear the
market of such articles is to create a sentiment against them and
your influence can be felt all over the State. As long as there is a
demand for them, just so long will the supply be maintained, for
there is enormous profit in their sale.

The State feeding stuffs law requires that practically all feeds
must be guaranteed to contain certain percentages of protein and fat
and we advise the farmer to purchase only guaranteed articles. Ex-
amine carefully whatever you buy and if there is any doubt in your
mind as to its value, do not purchase. Although we have in this brief
_ report touched some of the poor goods offered for sale, we are glad
to report that there are on the market a large variety of feeding
stuffs of good quality from which the farmer should have no diffi-
culty in selecting those best suited to his need, remembering to pur-
chase only high grade goods to supplement the crops grown on the
farm.

It gives us great pleasure to say that owing to the rigid enforce-
ment of the feeding stuffs law by the Department of Agriculture,
goods.are being more generally guaranteed, high guarantees are
being lowered to conform to actual analysis and many spurious feeds
are being driven from fhe market, thereby placing it in good condi-
tion and saving theusands of dollars to the farmers of the Com-
monwealth.

Mr. Herr having femporarily left the room, Mr. Chubbuck
took the Chair for the remaining part of the afternoon session.

The CHAIRMAN: What is your pleasure, gentlemen, in regard
to this report?

On motion, duly seconded, it was agreed to receive this report and
place it on file.

MR. SCHWARZ: I move that the discussion of the foregoing re-
ports be postponed for a while until we hear Prof. Hopkins’ paper.

Seconded and agreed to.

The CHAIRMAN: We shall now have the pleasure of listening to
Prof. Hopkins, of the Illinois State University.

Prof. Hopkins then read his report, ss fellows:

446 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

LAND RUIN COMPARED WITH SOIL IMPROVEMENT.

By PROF. CYRIL G. HOPKINS, University of Illinois, Urbana, Til.

To permanently maintain profitable systems of agriculture is the
most important material problem of the United States, not only be-
cause agriculture must be self-supporting, but because every other
important industry in America depends upon agriculture for sup-
port. Every form of agriculture rests, first of all, upon the fertil-
ity of the soil, whether it be grain farming, fruit growing, market
gardening or live stock husbandry.

In our present prosperity and abundance we almost forget the
latest famine in Russia; can scarcely realize that much of the time
more people are hungry in India than live in the United States; and
will not remember tomorrow President’s call of today for help to
relieve the widespread famine now existing in China. Meanwhile
we go on, as a people, ignorantly, carelessly or wantonly robbing
the soil of its fertility and American posterity and our children of a
rightful heritage.

Among all the nations of the earth the United States stands
first in the rapidity of soil exhaustion. The improvement of seed,
the use of tile drainage, the invention and immediate adoption of
labor saving agricultural machinery, the wonderful development
of cheap and rapid means of transportation, and the opening of the
world’s markets to the American farmer have all combined to make
possible and to encourage the rapid depletion of American soils,
until practical agricultural ruin already exists over vast aréas in
the older parts of this new country—the United States of Amer-
ica; while it is common knowledge even in new rich states of the
Central West that the lands that have been under cultivation for
half or three-quarters of a century are much less productive now
than they once were.

The almost universal practice of the civilized world to this date
has been to ruin land and then to seek out newer lands on which to
repeat the process even more quickly.

What have been the common systems of land ruin? First, begin-
ning with the virgin soil, we crop continuously with corn and small
grains till the reduced vields render the system unprofitable. Next
we introduce clover into the rotation and thus secure from the air
not sufficient nitrogen to meet the needs of the crops grown in the
rotation, but only sufficient to supplement what can still be taken
from the soil by succeeding crops.

But the fixation of nitrogen is not the only function of clover,
nor indeed its most effective function on many soils. Clover is a
gross feeder on phosphorus and potassium, and on soils deficient in
one or both of these elements clover serves as a most powerful ele-
ment to deplete the soil of mineral plant food, not only by remov-
ing what it needs for its own growth, but also by its powers, as its
residues decay, to liberate additional amounts of mineral plant food

ING: 67: DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 447

for the use of succeeding crops of grain or grass. This practice may
be continued until the clover system fails, clover itself, used as
a soil stimulant, being the first crop to fail. Clover failure may re-
sult from several different causes. If grown too frequentiy on
the land, it is quite probable that clover sickness may develop, al-
though it still remains to be proven whether clover sickness is a fact.
On some lands clover may fail because of the development of soil
acidity; but the most common cause of clover failure that I have
noted on land that has grown clover well in former years is the
lack of sufficient mineral plant food in available form.

After the failure of the clover system of grain farming, we may
make use of still more powerful soil stimulants, as land-plaster, or
heavy applications of caustic lime, not applied merely in sufficient
amount for what we might call the legitimate purpose of correcting
soil acidity, but rather for the purpose of forcing the soil to give
up larger amounts of plant food than it would otherwise furnish.

After this system fails, we next turn to the ordinary complete
commercial fertilizer system, in which we apply not sufficient plant
food to meet the needs of the crops grown, but only enough to sup-
plement that which can still be forced from the soil. Of course
the effect of this system is to make the land poorer and poorer until
the soil.furnishes so little and so much fertilizer is required for the
moderate or meager crops produced that the business becomes un-
profitable and not infrequently the land is then abandoned for agri-
cultural purposes.

Shall we call this soil exhausted? No, it is not exhausted. No

soils ever become exhausted, not absolutely devoid of plant food,
and no soils ever become so completely ruined that they cannot be
restored by some system of improvement. Just what system should
be adopted will depend largely upon the character of the soil. If
nitrogen is the only element whose total supply is so greatly depleted
as to render the jand unprofitable for cropping, and if the organic
maiter in which the nitrogen was stored has become so reduced that
the mineral matter is not made available in sufficient amounts for
profitable crops even though the total supply in the soil may be
large, then the productive capacity of the land can be restored by
storing the soil with decaying organic matter rich in nitrogen. This
is most likely to be the condition on sloping hill land whose subsoil is
rich in mineral plant food and whose surface soil is washed away at
least as rapidly as the plant food is removed by the crops.

If, however, the total supply of phosphorus has become so de-
ficient that sufficient amounts cannot be liberated to meet the needs
of maximum profitable crops, which is likely to be the case with
many upland soils of level, or ce level, topography, then that ele-
ment should be restored in liberal amounts in order to bring back
the power of the soil to grow clover as well as other crops. If both
phosphorus and nitrogen are deficient, then phosphorus and nitro-
gen should be returned. And if potassium is so lacking in the soil
that liberal supplies of decaying organic matter cannot liberate suf-
ficient potassium for large crops, a condition sometimes though
rarely found, then certainly potassium should be supplied.

You may ask: How is one to know about the total supply of nitro-
gen and of phosphorus and of potassium contained in the various
soils of the State? What soils are acid, and how acid; and what are

448 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

the peculiar difficulties with some peculiar soils? I cannot answer
these questions better than by saying that the people of Lllinois
have made it the duty of their Agricultural Experiment Station to
make a complete survey of the soils of the state, including not only
the mapping in practical detail of all the soils found, but also the
analysis of representative samples from every type of soil, supported
by actual field experiments on all important types, so that when
the work is completed every farmer may know the type or types of
soil on his farm, and the average composition of each type of soil,
and also the results obtained from different systems of soil treat-
ment. The total expense of doing this work for the whole state,
including the operation of soil experiment fields for many years on
the most important soils in every section of the state—the total ex-
pense for this work will probably be no greater than the cost to Illi-
nois of exhibiting her products at the Chicago and St. Louis exposi-
tions. :

I accepted an invitation to speak to Pennsylvania farmers with
the definite understanding on the part of your officers that I am not
qualified to discuss Pennsylvania soils; but I am to try to discuss
the materials and the methods to be used in soil improvement.

Farm manure bas always been, and without doubt always will
be, the principal material used in maintaining the fertility of the
soil; but it is an unquestionable fact that the greatest source of loss
to American agriculture today is in the enormous waste of farm
manure.

If corn were worth $1.05 a bushel, then the average annual value
of the corn crop in the United States for the past ten years, includ-
ing 1906, would be equal to the average value of the total farm ma-
nure annuaily produced in this country. This statement is based
upon the careful estimates of the United States Department of Agri-
culture, placing the average annual corn crop at nearly two and a
quarter billion bushels, and the average value of the manure an-
nuaily produced by twenty million horses and mules, sixty-one mil-
lion cattle, forty-seven million hogs, and fifty-two million sheep at
more than two and one-third billion dollars.

The evidence is sufficient to fully justify the conclusion, and prac-
tical observing farmers will agree, that at least one-third of the
manure produced is wasted on the average American farm. [If this
is true, then the total value per annum of all commercial fertilizers
used in the United States (amounting to about seventy-five million
dollars) is equal to only one-tenth of the annual waste of farm ma-
nure. This is no argument against the intelligent and profitable
use of commercial plant food by those who make and save and use
farm manure to the greatest practicable extent, but it serves only to
emphasize the tremendous loss to the country from the waste that
is permitted.

The value of farm manure can be, and has been, determined by two
entirely different methods.

First, the manure may be analyzed chemically to ascertain the
kinds and amounts of plant food it contains, and its value then com-
puted from the cost of the same amounts of these plant food ele-
ments if purchased in the world’s markets in commercial form.

Second, the manure may be applied to the land in a series of soil
experiments where a suitable crop rotation is practicable, and ite

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 449

value determined by computing from the value of the increase which -
it produces in the different crops.

The plant food in a ton of manure varies greatly vith the materials
used for feed and bedding. Thus, wheat straw contains per ton
about ten pounds of nitrogen, two pounds of phosphorus and seven-
teen pounds of potassium; while clover hay contains about forty
pounds of nitrogen, five pounds of phosphorus and thirty pounds of
potassium. At fifteen cents a pound for nitrogen, twelve cents
for phosphorus and six cents for gree the value of these ele-
ments is $2.76 a ton of wheat straw, $5.40 in timothy hay, $8.40 in
clever hay and $9.42 in a ton of alfalfa hay.

The following facts may well be kept in mind:
1. In grain crops about two-thirds of the nitrogen, three-fourths
of the phosphorus and one-fourth of the potassium required for the
crop will be contained in the grain, while about one-third of the ni-
trogen, one-fourth of the phosphorus and three-fourths of the po-

tassium required for the crop wil! be found in the straw or stalks.

2. In nitrogen and phosphorus, clover and other legume crops are
abeut as rich as grains, nearly twice as rich as timothy or red
top and more than twice as rich as straw or stalks.

5. When crops are fed to live stock about three-fourths of the ni-
trogen, three-fourths of the phosphorus and practically all of the
potassium contained in the feed will be returned in the solid and
liquid manure, the animals retaining only about one-fourth of the ni-
trogen and one-fourth of the phosphorus, as a general average.

From these facts it becomes very plain that the quality or richness
of manure must depend very largely upon the kind of feed used.

The value of a given supply of manure varies greatly with the ex-
posure it suffers under weather conditions.

If ordinary fresh farm manure contains ten pounds of nitrogen,
two pounds of phosphorus and ten pounds of potassium per ton of
manure with a dry matter basis of 25 per cent. (and 75 per cent.
water), the manure that will result from holding such fresh manure
until it becomes more or Jess rotted will vary greatly in composition,
depending upon the conditions to which it is subjected.

If the fresh manure is exposed for a few weeks to the leaching
of heavy rains, half of the nitrogen and potassium may be leached
out, while smaller losses of phosphorus and dry matter occur, so that
a full ton of the resulting manure, in which the urine (which usually
contains about half the ‘nitrogen ‘and potassium) has been replaced
by rain water, may contain only six pounds of nitrogen, two pounds
of phosphorus and six pounds of potassium. This difference of four
pounds. each of nitrogen and potassium does not represent the total
loss, because if the pile contained ten tons of fresh manure there will
be left perhaps only eight tons of the leached manure, even with the
same percentages or dry matter and water.

If, however, the pile of manure suffers less from leaching but
more from fermentation and heating for several months, the loss of
dry matter and nitrogen will be great, while the loss of phosphorus
and potassium will be less. Rotted manure produced in this wavy is
usually richer per ton than fresh manure, but the total amount of
manure has been so reduced that the loss is very great.

These simple principles should be kept in mind:

29—-7—1906.

450 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

1. In leaching fresh manure there are great losses of nitrogen and
potassium and moderate losses of phosphorus and organic matter,
the materials lost being carried away in the leach water.

2. In fermentation and heating there are great losses of nitro-
gen and organic matter in volatile products which escape into the
au, but if no leaching: occurs there is no loss of phosphorus or po-
tassium.

In an exact experiment conducted at Cornell University, 4,000
pounds of ordinary manure from the horse stable, worth $2.74 per
ton for the plant food it contained, were exposed ina pile out of doors
from April 25 to September 22 (about five months), but at the end
of that time the total weight ‘decreased from 4,000 to 1,730 pounds,
and that was worth only $2.34 instead of $2.74 per ton. In other
words, the value of this pile of manure was reduced from $5.48 to
$2.08 during the five months exposure. In another experiment ma-
nure exposed for six months lost 56 per cent. of its dry matter and 48
per cent. of its plant food value. In this case the fresh manure was
worth $2.27 a ton, while the rotted manure was worth $3.01 a ton, but
the loss in total weight and plant food was such that for each ton
originally worth $2.27 there remained only $1.30 worth after six
menihs’ exposure.

The plant food in a ton of manure varies somewhat with the kind
of live stock. Thus, young, growing animals and animals giving
milk will retain a larger proportion of the nitrogen and phosphorus
than fattening stock, work horses or other mature animals. On the
other hand, it is well understood that the difference in value com-
monly recognized and most frequently considered, as, for example,,
between sheep manure and horse manure, are due almost entirly to
the difference in water content. Asa matter of fact, manure from
work horses or from fattening steers fed on clover hay and heavy
grain rations is fully as rich as sheep manure if both are reduced
to the same percentage of dry matter. Of course, sheep manure
containing only 60 per cent. of water, is twice as rich as cattle
manure containing 80 per cent. of w ater.

Average fresh cattle or horse manure, made from clover and tim-
othy hay and some grain, with sufficient straw bedding to absorb and
retain the liquid manure, will contain per ton of manure about ten
pounds of nitrogen, two pounds of phosphorus and ten pounds of po-
tassium, on the basis of 25 per cent. of dry matter. Computed at the
present market values for the 15 cents a pound for
nitrogen, 12 cents for phosphorus and 6 cents for potassium—such
manure would be valued at $2.34 a ton.

Some will argue that the plant food in farm manure is not so
readily available and consequently should not be valued so highly
as that in commercial form, but experiments show that when a
series of years is considered the farm manure may be worth about
as much as the commercial materials on the basis of plant food con-
tent. Thus, at the Rothamsted Experiment Station, an application
of 14 tons of farm manure, ae according to the above aver-
ages, about 140 pounds of nitrogen, 28 pounds of phosphorus and 140
pounds of potassium, per acre per annum, has maintained the yield
of wheat at 35.6 bushels per acre, as an average of fifty years; while
an average yield of 36.9 has been maintained during the same years
by an application of commercial plant food furnishing 129 pounds of

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 451

nitregen, 27 pounds of phosphorus and 84 pounds of potassium per
acre per annum.

If we disregard potassium (which is not very important because
of the richness of Rothamsted soil in that element) the amounts
of plant food applied and the average yields produced during half
a century are not markedly different. The yicld of the fertilized
plot averages 1.3 bushels higher during the fifty years, but .7 bushel
lower during the last ten years than the manured plot.

It is a very common and very erroneous belief that crop rotation
possesses about the same value as the application of farm manure.

The great difference between these two processes is that crop
rotation is a stimulant and ultimately reduces the fertility of the
soil to such a degree that the crops fail, especially the crops that
have the most stimulating effect, as clover; whereas, in application
of farm manure there is a positive addition to the soil of the mate-
rials of which crops are made, so that with sufficient manure the
soil may be made richer and richer for an indefinite length of time.

The only element of plant food that can be added to the soil by
crop rotation is nitrogen, which can be secured from the air by clover
and other legume crops.

Tt should be understood, however, that on many soils the marked
effect produced by clover, by which increased yields of succeeding
crops are secured, is not due largely or primarily to the addition of
nitrogen, but rather to the power of clover to liberate mineral plant
food from the soil for the use of following crops.

This process may be continued successfully until the supply of
phosphorus (or of potassium in some cases) becomes so reduced that
even the strong feeding clover plant cannot secure enough phos-
phorus for its own growth. When this condition arrives the clover
crop begins to fail, and the only resource is to begin to return the
exhausted plant food. Phosphorus may be returned in bone meal,
in rock phosphate or in sufficient amounts of farm manure. Indeed,
the most beneficial effect of farm manure is often seen when it is
applied for the clover crop. This fact alone, which is a common ob-
servation, is sufficient to show that farm manure has a value not
possessed by clover or by crop rotations.

We should not discourage the rotation of crops, because in almost
any system rotation helps us to grow large crops, and to be suc-
cessful in farming requires that large crops shall be grown even
though correspondingly large amounts of plant food are removed
from the soil.

It is certainly good farm practice, and usually the best farm prac-
tice, to remove the largest quantities of plant food from the soil,
for the simple reason that large crops require large quantities of
plant food; but it is no less important to restore to the soil, when
needed, as large or larger quantities of plant food than are removed
—by turning under legume catch crops and residues not removed
from the field, by returning manures produced on the farm, and so
by the purchase of commercial plant food, such as phosphorus in
bone meal or rock phosphate, or potassium in concentrated potas-
sium salts. Thus the most important process in all farming opera-
tions is the circulation of plant food, without which the fertility of
most cropped soils cannot be permanently maintained.

Let us consider in further detail the effect of crop rotation on soil

452 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

fertility. Suppose we are practicing a four-year rotation, including
corn for two years, oats with clover seeding the third year, and
clover for hay and seed crops the fourth year. Let us‘assume such
crop yields as have been produced, and as can be produced, in nor-
mal seasons on the richest, best-treated land with good seed and
good farming namely, 100 bushels of corn per acre, 100 bushels of
oats, and 4 tons per acre of clover including, perhaps, 3 tons in the
hay crop and one ton in the seed crop. If we do not succeed in secur-
ing these yields we should at least try to make such yields possible
and we should approach as near to them as we can.

Let us first consider the phosphorus required for this rotation.
The two crops of corn will each require 23 pounds, 17 for the grain
and 6 for the stalks; the oat crop will require at least 15 pounds of
phosphorus, about 11 for the grain and 4 for the straw; and the
4-ton crop of clover will require 20 pounds of phosphorus. Thus
we see that 81 pounds of the element phosphorus will be required
for the rotation. If we leave the stalks on the land the require-
ment is reduced to 69 pounds of phosphorus or to about 17 pounds
a year per acre.

Suppose the soil contains in the first seven inches 1,200 pounds of
phosphorus per acre, which is about the average of the principal
type of soil in the Illinois corn belt; how many years would be re-
quired to remove this amount from the land if it could be drawn
upon at this rate? Only 70 years. On the other hand, suppose
with this crop rotation we can secure from the soil the equivalent
of only 1 per cent. of the phosphorus contained in the first seven
inches. This would be only 12 pounds of phosphorus a year, which
would necessarily reduce the crop yields to about one-half the
amounts suggested above, and with the further reduction in the total
amount of phosphorus year by year, the crop yields must be reduced
accordingly.

On the ordinary soils of Illinois ultimate failure is the only fu-
ture for this system of farming, even if we consider the phos-
phorus alone, although, as stated above, the phosphorus may be
returned in bone meal, in rock phosphate or in sufficient amounts of
farm manure.

If we consider the element nitrogen in this system of farming we
find that 200 bushels of corn require about 200 pounds of nitrogen,
aside from that required for the stalks, and the stalks must be re-
turned to the land without burning, otherwise the 96 pounds of ni-
trogen required for the two crops of stalks will also be removed from
the land. The oats crop will remove 90 pounds of nitrogen, making
290 pounds per acre for the corn and oats.

The 4 tons of clover will contain about 160 pounds of nitrogen and
the clover roots and stubble about one-half as much as the tops, or
80 pounds per acre. If all of the nitrogen contained in the entire
clover crop is taken from the air, the rotation would add only 80
pounds of nitrogen to the soil, while the corn and oats would remove
290 pounds.

How, then, is it possible to maintain the supply of nitrogen by this
rotation? It is not possible. Under such rotation, with all crops
removed except the corn stalks, the supply of nitrogen grows less
and less. Where this rotation is successful for a time it is due to
the fact that the soil nitrogen has been drawn upon year by year

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 453

while the chief effect of the clover has been to extract phosphorus
from the soil for its own growth and for the use of succeeding crops.

‘There is another point to be considered in reference to nitrogen.
On land that is capable of furnishing sufficient nitrogen for even a
50-bushel crop of corn, the clover crop will undoubtedly draw a third
of its nitrogen from the soil and not more than two-thirds from the
air. Consequently, since two-thirds of the nitrogen in the entire
plant is removed in the tops, the roots and stubble will leave no more
nitrogen in the soil than the plant takes from the soil. How, then,
can we maintain the supply of nitrogen in the soil? By plowing
under suflicient clover or by applying sufficient farm manure, or bet-
ter, by both of these means.

lf all the crops grown in rotation are fed, including the corn
stalks, containing a total of 526 pounds of nitrogen from four acres,
and if three-fourths of this, or 395 pounds, are returned in the ma-
nure, we have sufficient to replace the 386 pounds removed in the
corn and oat crops and we may assume that the 160 pounds removed
by the clover came from the air. Of course some additional nitro-
gen will be saved in the straw and stalks which are used directly for
bedding, and not for feed.

How shall the grain farmer maintain the nitrogen in his soil?
Possibly this can be done by growing an additional legume catch
crep in the corn and plowing under everything produced except
the grains and the clover seed, preferably only one corn crop being
grown in the rotation.

The problem of maintaining the nitrogen becomes easier if we
extend the rotation to include about two years of pasture, using a
mixture of red clover, alsike, timothy and red top instead of seed-
ing red clover only with the oats. in this case three grain crops,
as corn, oats and wheat, or corn two years and oats one year, could
be grown during the six- year rotation, ‘the tay being kept in meadow
or pasture one- half the time.

It is one thing to say that farm manure has a value, but quite
another thing to say what that value is or to what it is due.

The positive or intrinsic value of farm manure lies in the amounts
of valuable plant food which it contains. It also possesses an im-
portant indirect value as a soil stimulant, due to its power as it
ferments and decays, in contact with the soil, to liberate from the
soil plant food that would not otherwise become available so quickly.
There is still another distinct value in farm manure due to the fact
that it makes the soil more porous and spongy and thus increases
the power. of the soil to absorb and retain moisture and to resist
surface washing. In other words, this third value of farm manure
is due to improvement in physical condition.

The value of farm manure for its physical improvement of the
soil is commonly fully appreciated and frequently even overestimated
by popular agricultural writers, while its value for plant food which
it supplies and that which it liberates from the soil is sometimes
almost ignored.

There is no good excuse for erroneous teaching regarding these
different values, because there exists a vast amount of positive in-
formation both fromepractical experience and from exact scientific
investigations.

Thus, organic matter from peat beds hauled out and spread on the
land and incorporated with the soil produces no such effects on crop

454 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

yields ag are produced by farm manure. Why? Because the peat
does not decay readily so as to furnish plant food either by its own
decomposition or by liberating it from the soil; and yet the peat has
as great power as farm manure for physical improvement of the
soil.

Manure made from clover hay and heavy grain rations has much
greater value than manure made from wheat straw. Why? Is it
because they affect the physical condition of the soil in different
ways? No. The great difference in value is due to the difference
in plant food and in rapidity of decay.

At the famous agricultural experiment station at Rothamsted,
England, on a field to which no manure and no plant food have been
applied, the average yield of wheat has been 13.1 bushels per acre
for more than half a century. Land treated with a heavy annual
application of farm manure has produced 35.7 bushels of wheat per
acre as an average of 51 years. Another field treated with commer-
cial plant food without organic matter has produced 37.1 bushels
of wheat per acre as an average during the same time. The latter
field received a little less plant food than was furnished in the ma-
nure, thus furnishing ample proof of the value of plant food supplied
in manure and showing that the physical effect of the farm manure
was by no means so import ant.

Nevertheless the physical effect should not be overlooked. Under
certain seasonal conditions this physical effect may be very im-
portant. Thus in the very dry season of 1893 the land fertilized with
commercial plant food produced only 21.7 bushels of wheat per acre,
while the farm manure plot produced 34.2 bushels the same year.

In semi-arid regions the physical conditions of the soil and its
power to absorb and retain moisture may be the controlling factor in
crop yields, but where the average annual rainfall is 28.21 inches as
at Rothamsted) or 37.39 inches (as in Illinois) with a fairly uni-
form distribution during the growing season, the physical condition
of the soil in relation to crop yields may be compared to the shelter
and other physical surroundings provided for live stock. In other
words, under normal conditions the controlling factor is food, for
crops as well as for live stock.

While manure has some value for physical improvement and a lar-
ger value of its power to liberate plant food from the soil, it should
be clearly understood and always borne in mind that the great vaiue
of farm manure, especially in profitable systems of permanent agri-
culture, is due to the plant food it contains and that the greatest
problem in the handling of farm manure is to prevent the loss of
plant food.

The value of the average fresh farm manure is about $2.25 a ton
either when determined by chemical analysis on the basis of market
values for the plant food contained in the manure, or when deter-
mined by the value of the increased crop yields produced when the
manure is applied to the fields in ordinary crop rotations.

This means that a pile of average fresh farm manure containing
700 tons is worth $225. If exposed to leaching from heavy rains
during only two or three months in the spring the value will be re-
duced as a rule from $225 to about $150 by the loss of plant food
without much reduction in total weight. Indeed, the total weight
is frequently increased under such conditions, because the rain

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 455

water that remains in the manure may be in greater amount than
the urine that has been washed out. Fermentation and additional
leaching during the summer may easily reduce the value to $100 or
less.

There are two satisfactory methods for handling manure. One
of these is to haul and spread the fresh manure daiy, or at least two
or three times a week. For this work a manure spreader or at least
a wagon used for this work only, is very useful and almost necessary.

The other method is to allow the manure to accumulate in the
stall or covered feeding shed while it is constantly tramped by the
animals and kept moist by the liquid excrement, sufficient bedding
being used to absorb the excess and to keep the stock clean, and
then to haul and spread it on the land when conditions permit. It
should not be left, however, to dry out and heat and decompose in the
stalls or sheds long after the animals have been turned out to pas-
ture.

Every system of farming should be so planned as to be both prof-
itable and permanent, which requires that the productive capacity
_of the land be maintained. We must understand, then, what the soil
contains, what materials are required to produce crops, in which
parts of the crops these different materials are deposited, so as to
know what part of the produce may be sold and what part should
be retained on the farm; also what is done with these important
plant food materials when the crops are fed to live stock.

The older prairie and upland timber soils of the states of the
Central West are exceedingly rich in potassium, but relatively
deficient in both nitrogen and phosphorus. In the worn hill lands
nitrogen is usually more deficient than phosphorus, while in the
average long cultivated prairie soil phosphorus is more deficient than
nitrogen,

When grain crops are produced, as corn, oats and wheat, about

two-thirds of the nitrogen and three-fourths of the phosphorus, but
only one-fourth of the potassium required for the crop are stored
in the grain or seed; while about one-third of the nitrogen, one-fourth
of the phosphorus and three-fourths of the potassium are stored
in the straw or stalks. :
_ Thus a large crop of corn (180 bushels to the acre) will contain
about 100 pounds of nitrogen in the grain and 48 pounds in the
stalks; 17 pounds of phosphorus in the grain and 6 in the stalks;
19 pounds of potassium in the grain and 52 in the stalks. Quite
similar relations exist between the grain and straw of other crops.

Now, with these facts in mind it is plain to see that a system of
farming in which the grain is sold and only the stalks and straw
are kept on the farm and returned to the soil carries off in the grain
much of the nitrogen and phosphorus, in both of which these soils
are more or less deficient, and which should be returned to the land;
while the potassium, of which the soil contains an inexhaustible
supply, enough in the first seven inches for 100 bushels of corn per
acre every year for seventeen centuries, is largely returned in the
straw and stalks.

It should be remembered that legume crops, as clover, cowpeas
and soy beans, are rich in both nitrogen and phosphorus, three and
one-half tons of clover hay containing as much phosphorus and 40
pounds more nitrogen than 100 bushels of corn.

456 : ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

If the crops are fed to live stock it is well to know about one.
fourth of the nitrogen and one-fourth of the phosphorus are retained
in the flesh and bone of the animal, while three-fourths of the nitro-
gen and phosphorus and practically all of the potassium are returned
in the solid and liquid manure.

Thus we have another process of separation by which part of the
needed nitrogen and phosphorus leaves the farm with the animals,
while the potassium is again returned, even though it may not be
needed.

It should be a plain fact that manure made from animal excre-
ments with straw or stalks for bedding must be deficient in nitro-
gen and still more deficient in phosphorus, but rich in potassium, as
compared with the requirements of the crop; and this is especially
noteworthy when the manure is to be used on land already deficient
in nitrogen and phosphorus but well supplied with potassium.

In the case of nitrogen the difficulty can be overcome by making
a liberal use of clover or other legumes in the crop rotation and as
catch crops, turning under these crops and crop residues so far as
practicable. Legume crops may also be used in pastures to a con-
siderable extent, thus receiving nitrogen from the air to balance the
deficiency in the manure.

With the phosphorus the difficulty is greater, because the propor-
tion contained in the manure is less and there is no such ever-pres-
ent inexhaustible supply as in the case of nitrogen.

It must be apparent that to increase the value of farm manure we
should add phosphorus to it. Thus we can balance manure and
when added on soils rich in potassium in rotation with nitrogen-fix-
ing legume crops we can provide plant food in a balanced ration to
meet the needs of the maximum crop yields. By these means we
can check the progress of soil exhaustion and even gradually in-
crease the fertility and productive capacity of the land. Indeed, we
can thus profitably enrich such land even beyond its virgin fer-
tility.

By far the cheapest form of phosphorus is the fine-ground raw rock
phosphate. This material is but slightly available for the use of
crops if applied to soils deficient in decaying organic matter; but,
if applied in intimate connection with rotting manure, it is thus
made soluble and available for plant growth.

Certainly one of the most profitable and probably the very most
profitable methods of maintaining the necessary supply of phos-
phorus in the soil is to put back into the manure in the form of
fine-ground raw rock phosphate somewhat larger amounts of phos-
phorus than the animal has retained in his bones. It is well for a
time, at least, to put back larger amounts than the animal retain,
because the soils are already deficient in phosphorus and also because
there may be some waste of manure.

These statements are based both upon the chemical analysis of
soils and crops and manures and also upon carefully conducted field
experiments covering many years.

The Maryland Experiment Station furnishes some valuable data
from probably the earliest systematic investigations still being con-
tinued, and a large amount of information is rapidly accumulating
from our more extensive work in Illinois; but the most complete ex-
periments of long duration are reported by the Ohio Experiment
Station. Where 40 pounds cf fine-gronnd rock phosphate, costing

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 457

about 16 cents, were added to each ton of manure and 8 tons of
manure per acre were applied for a three-year rotation of corn,
wheat and clover, the value of the increase in crop yields was equal
to $2.66 for each ton of manure used, in case of yard manure (which
was worth only $1.64 per ton without the phosphate), and, in case
of the stall manure, its value was increased from $2.22 a ton to $3.42
by the addition of the 16 cents’ worth of rock phosphate, these re-
sults being the average of nine years’ experiments on three different
series of plots, based upon increased yields valued at 35 cents a
bushel for corn, 70 cents for wheat and $6 a ton for clover hay.

If we deduct the cost of the phosphate used, we still have what
might be termed a net value of $2.50 for the phosphated yard ma-
nure, and $3.24 a ton for the phosphated stall manure.

Of course it would be equally appropriate, and possibly more so,
to speak of “manured phosphate,” instead of “phosphated manure,”
because the rock phosphate actually furnishes the needed deficient
element, phosphorus, while the manure helpsto make it available.
On this basis we may say that the value of 40 pounds of rock phos-
phate is increased from 16 cents to $1.02 by mixing it with a ton of
yard manure and from 16 cents to $1.20 by mixing it with a ton of
stall manure, after deducting the value of the untreated manure in
each case.

The most important fact to keep in mind, however, is that both
the manure and rock phosphate are much more valuable when used
together than when used separately, because manure is deficient in
phosphorus and rock phosphate does not act except in connection
with rotting organic matter. Asa rule it is better to use sufficient
rock phosphate with each ton of manure so as to supply about 200
pounds of rock phosphate per acre for each year in crop rotation (a
good grade of raw rock phosphate contains at least 124 per cent.
of the actual element, phosphorus, which is equivalent to 28 per
cent. of so-called “phosphoric acid”).

There are two very satisfactory methods of mixing the rock phos-
phate with manure. One is to sprinkle the phosphate over the ma-
nure from day to day as it is being made in the stall or covered
shed. The other method is to fill the spreader part full of manure,
then sprinkle phosphate over it sufficient for the road, finish loading
with manure and drive to the field and spread. This produces an in-
timate mixture and a very uniform distribution, and repairs prac-
tically no extra work to get the phosphate on the land. Care should
be taken that the manure is not too dry when the phosphate is
sprinkled over the load, otherwise the dry rock dust may get into
the gearing or bearings of the spreader and cause them to wear
rapidly.

There are some extraordinary or abnormal soils. Thus, there are
soils exceedingly rich in nitrogen and well supplied with phosphorus
but very deficient in potassium; as, for example, certain peaty swamp
soils on which the application of potassium induces an increase in
the corn crop usually amounting to more than 30 bushels per acre
and on which Ulinois farmers are already using about $20,000 worth
of concentrated potassium salts annually, and with a net profit of
more than 200 per cent.

There are soils exceedingly rich in phosphorus and well supplied

30

- 458 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

with potassium, but deficient only in the element of nitrogen, and
which require only a liberal use of legume crops to be turned under
as green manures or returned to the soil as stable manure in order
to render them highy productive and profitable soils. Abnormal
soils of this class exist in considerable areas in the geologic neigh-
borhood of phosphate regions, as in certain sections of Tennessee
and Southern Kentucky. Some of these soils contain twenty times
as much phosphorus as the average Illinois corn belt soil.

But, when we consider the ordinary, normal upland timber and
prairie soils, covering the vast areas of the Central West, the so-
called “granary of the world,” extending at least from Ohio to Mis-
souri—soils of the glacial and loessial formation and of granite or-
igin—there are two substances always to be kept in mind and always
to be provided in abundance for any and every system of permanent
agriculture to be practed on these soils. These two essential sub-
stances are phosphorus and decaying organic matter, which will,
of course, also supply the nitrogen.

It is not of so great consequence by what methods or in what
forms these materials are supplied. .

Phosphorus may be purchased in grain, or in other concentrated
foodstuffs, to be fed with clover hay, it may be, and then applied
in the form of farm manure, or phosphorus may be applied in the
form of bone meal, which is also a farm product, or it may be ob-
tained from the great phosphate mines of our Southern states, as
we obtain coal from our extensive mineral deposits in the Northern
states.

The decaying organic matter may be supplied in farm manure, or
in sufficient quantities of legume crops, not harvested and removed
from the land, but turned under as green manures, including the
use of rotation pasturages, or still better and more easily and usually
more profitably, by a combination of these methods.

But there can be no permanent agriculture for these soils by any
system under which the phosphorus is removed and sold in grain
and bone in larger amounts than are returned to the soil, nor under
any system by which the organic matter of the soil is worn out or
destroyed more rapidly than it is replaced.

On the other hand, systems of permanent agriculture for those
soils are not only possible, but they are more profitable than any
system under which the soil grows less productive.

The CHAIRMAN: What action shall be taken on this paper?
On motion, regularly seconded, it was received and placed on file.

The CHAIRMAN: We will now take up the discussion of the
foregoing reports.

QUESTION: Professor, would you say that raw rock phosphate
is profitable the first year?

PROF. HOPKINS: I could not say that.
QUESTION: Is it 2 per cent., do you think?

PROF. HOPKINS: If they use a rather heavy application, they
can use it for rotting organic matter. I find the Illinois farmers use

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 459

it and then plant corn, and they say they have been getting good
results from it, but I think where they used it with manure they got
better results from it than where they used it without and they are
now averaging $8 to $10 per year for every $1.28 worth that they put
on. In the last five years they have averaged, I think, about $8 for
$1.28 supply.

MR. FENSTERMAKER: I would like to inquire of the gentle-
man whether the spreading of the manure in floats will help to re-
tain the ammonia?

PROF. HOPKINS: No, sir; it will not.

MR. SCHWARZ: In your report you put nitrogen at 15 cents,
phosphorus at 12 cents and potassium at 6 cents; why do you do
that?

PROF. HOPKINS: Because that is what they cost. Not phos-
phorie acid, but phosphorus. Now, a 100-bushel crop of corn re-
quires 23 pounds of phosphorus—of this rock phosphorus. If you
will put on 100 pounds of phosphorus with every load of manure,
you will get 10 pounds to the acre, that is, 2 pounds to the acre for
five years, isn’t it? And then, if the land does not wash away, you
you will have your 100-bushel crop of corn and your land will be
richer at the end of the five years than it was before.

QUESTION: You mean that it is richer at the end even if the
corn crop is taken off?

BROE. HOPKINS: Ide.

QUESTION: If you plant corn one year, and oats the next, and
wheat the next, and then grass for the next three years, what treat-
ment does the land need?

PROF. HOPKINS: That is a six-year rotation. In that case we
put on 1,200 pounds of phosphorus, and if you had manure on twice,
we divide it, and put 600 pounds to the acre each time. You will
not need to put on that if the land gets rich, but if the land becomes
deficient in phosphorus, we want to put on more than we take off,
because we want our land to get rich. When we get the land rich
then we put on just what we take off.

DEPUTY SECRETARY MARTIN: Is acid phosphorus injurious
to the land?

PROF. HOPKINS: I don’t think it is as injurious to the land as i¢
is to the pocket-book. It does tend to increase the acidity of the
soil, but we can put ground lime on it and lime tends to correct
that acidity. I think the largest objection to it is the cost. I would
like yeu to stop just a moment and consider these materials, We
take a ton of phosphoric rock, carrying with it 124 per cent. of the
actual element phosphorus; that is 250 pounds to the ton. That is
the phosphoric element, worth 12 cents per pound, not the phosphoric
acid. The phosphoric rock you can get for $8 on cars. Now, you
let a manufacturer take this, and he will put it with a ton of gul-
phuric acid and for $16 he has two tons, which he will sell for

460 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

double that price. In other words, for the 250 pounds of phosphorus
in the acid phosphorus you pay $32 instead of $8 in the raw rock,
which has the element we want. Let us go a step further; he will
take two tons at $32 and mix them with a little nitrate of potash, of
which we have enough for 1,700 years in the soil, and he uses that
and a good deal of filler to make four tons, and he gives it a name
like the “White Ox,” or the “White Elephant,” and puts it on the
market. One sample we analyzed last year we found to contain 2
per cent. ammonia, 8 per cent. phosphoric acid, 2 per cent. potassium,
1 2-3 per cent. nitrogen and 34 per cent. phosphorus element. They
sold it at $20 per ton and it does not contain one-quarter as much
phosphorus as you buy in the raw rock for $8. We will carry this
point a little further: you have four tons of acid phosphorus made
out of one ton of complete phosphorus. Now, what do you pay
for acid phosphorus?

A Member: Thirty dollars.
A Member: Twenty-five dollars.

PROF. HOPKINS: Probably an average of $20; well, you have
four tons of acid phosphorus at $20, which contains as much phos-
phorus as the same amount of raw rock would at $8.

A Member: Eight dollars and seventy-five cents here.

PROF. HOPKINS: Well, $8.75 then. Of course you have some
nitrogen and ammonia, if you want them.

QUESTION: If your land was short in potassium, and had all
the phosphorus it needed, what then?

PROF. HOPKINS: Well, as I said a little while ago, the far-
mers are using now, annually, more than $20,000 worth of acid salts.
I would probably call it potassium chlorate, but you know it as po-
tassium salts. You can get it cheaper in that form than in any
other. We can buy it at $45 delivered, or you can get cement at $15.

A Member: Forty-three dollars here.

PROF. HOPKINS: Very frequently members buy cement and
get as much potash as if they buy the potash they pay $64 for.
Why should you pay for the shifting and handling of four tons of
material on the land when you can get it in one ton?

QUESTION: Do you think we make a mistake in mixing potas-
sium chlorate and muriatic potash in 14 per cent. acid phosphate?

PROF. HOPKINS: That is a very good idea, but I think it comes
a little high when you can get the raw rock phosphate so much
cheaper.

MR. SCHWARZ: If your figures are right you should do better to
get the pure bone.

PROF. HOPKINS: Well, the bone has just the same relation to
phosphorus as acid phosphorus. If your land is deficient and you
cannot get phosphorus, you can use bone. Bone is even preferable
to acid phosphorus, but it is better still to use the rock phos-
phorus. You can buy three times as much rock phosphorus for the
money.

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 461

MR. TAYLOR: Would it be advisable to follow up the organic
matter that is in the clover and legumes?

PROF. HOPKINS: Well, yes. You can get a scant crop in clover
later in the season than you can of legumes.

MR. VAN ALSTYNE: I have been very much interested in this
report this afternoon, but I think you are just a little mistaken in
some respects. Now, I am getting this question every day, almost,
whether people shall use raw rock or whether they shall use the
acid phosphorus. The soil of the average man is deficient in humus,
and is in need of nitrates. Now, if we find the raw rock will not
give him his money back the first year what is the average man going
to do? He needs that money to live on; he must have his crops
for a living, for the support of his family. I understand you to say
that it is better to get the raw rock because it is cheaper, and in
that way many men will be misled. I hope you will pardon me for
saying this.

PROF. HOPKINS: I did say that, and if I have misled anyone
{ am very sorry, because it is not my intention. But I have asked
half the farmers in Illinois what has been their experience, and
they all tell me, “Tell them to use the raw rock; we have used both,
and our experience has been in favor of the raw rock.”

MR. WING: I have a carload of the raw rock; can I safely sprinkle
that carefully on and then put the manure on it?

PROF. HOPKINS: The rock should be a uniform mixture with
the manure when it is put into the ground. Let me illustrate: Sup-
pose you take a pitchfork with a bright steel tine and put it into the
manure and leave it there for six months. You know what would
happen to it. If there are any tines left you can easily break them
with your fingers. That is what you call the organic matter in con-
tact with the raw phosphorus.

A Member: Before we get away from that point, will it be profit-
able to put floats on, turn it under, because I have enough organic
matter in my soil to make the required mixture?

PROF. HOPKINS: Well, it might be profitable, but it would be
more profitable to put on about eight loads of manure and sprinkle
every load.

A Member: The last cement I had was $6 at the mines.

PROF. HOPKINS: Well I suppose that is true; it costs about
$4.50, I suppose, in bulk, and about $5 in bags, and it may possibly
be more.

The SECRETARY: The Professor has a written question and
while he is glancing at it I will make an announcement. There is
a lot of corn out there without any marks on it; this exhibit is in
charge of Mr. Bayard, editor of the National Stockman and Farmer,
and the members to whom the corn belongs will please see him
about it, so as te enable him to identify it.

462 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

PROF. HOPKINS: I have been handed a fetter which I will read;
the names have been taken off, so I can give you only the body of
the letter. It reads as follows:

“Dear Sir: Your favor of the 24th inst. received and noted. We quote you
High Grade Fine Ground Tennesse Phosphate Rock (not acidulated) at $12.00
per 2,000 lbs. f. o. b. cars Baltimore, net cash.

“We have seen the zrticle written for one of the Farmers’ Journals, advising
the use of Ground Phosphate Rock, and we feel sure that the writer of the
article is in error. Ground Phosphate Rock, whether it be Tennessee Rock,
Florida Rock, or South Carolina Rock, is not available unless it is dissolved,
and the farmer may just as well use so much sand or dirt.

If Phosphate Rock were available by simply grinding it fine, we certainly
would not dissolve it, as we would sooner ship the Fine Ground Rock than the
Dissolved Rock, for very many good reasons.

“For the stables and manure heap, we would recommend Genuine Nova Scotia
Land Plaster, or Dissolved Phosphate Rock. This same thing occurs every little
while, and we are free to say that we have never supplied the same man twice
with Ground Phosphate Rock; we would therefore advise those who insist upon
making the experiment to go at it lightly, until they have fully demonstrated
the value of Ground Phosphate Rock.

“Awaiting your valued favors, we remain,

“Very truly yours,”

PROF. HOPKINS: That letter demonstrates the manufacturer’s
side of the question. He has something that he is anxious to sell.
Now, at the Ohio Experiment Station they have put the raw rock
on the land in a part of the field for five years, and manure, and I
may say that they have also their the acid phosphorus and the gen-
uine land plaster, and cement, and the phosphorus paid them the best
returns. The phosphorus has paid them $6.97 for every dollar in-
vested for the past nine years, with corn at 35 cents and wheat at
67 cents. The acid has paid them $4.59 in the same way; the land
plaster has paid its cost, and more; but in the end of the one that has
paid the largest return for the amount of money invested is the fine
ground rock. I have looked over the situation at the Ohio station
and I have confidence in their work. I think there is no work more
thoroughly conducted than theirs is.

EX-SECRETARY EDGE: I want to ask you regarding the ex-
periments conducted by Mr. Thorne. Have you confidence in them?

PROF. HOPKINS: Absolutely. I think there are no safer experi-
ments in the world than those conducted by Mr. Thorne.

The SECRETARY: Mr. Edge, I am sure, does not mean any reflec-
tion on Mr. Thorne’s work; he is simply asking for information.

DR. HUNT: I also want to know about the experiments of Mr.
Thomas, and agree with Mr. Hopkins. I would like to say just a
word in this discussion. Prof. Hopkins will not misunderstand me,
Iam sure. I want to refer to the statement he made that the soii
has potassium enough, and it is not necessary to put it on. Now,
what is the condition in the eastern part of the United States? Now,
T was born in Illinois and know the land that Dr. Hopkins experi-
ments on as well as I know my own children. I know Ohio fairly
well; I have spent four years there and have made experiments
there. [ have also experimented in New York and know a little of
Pennsylvania.

Now, you may say that one-seventh of the hay raised in the
United States is raised in New York, on the Dunkirk clay loam, and

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 463

there we obtained the best results with nitrogen. When we put
on 160 pounds of nitrogen and 320 pounds of phosphorus we got the
best results—better than when we put on 160 pounds of nitrogen
and 640 pounds of acid phosphorus. When we put on the phos-
phorus alone we got no results. When we put on the nitrogen alone
we got good results, but when we put them on both together we got
better results.

Now, this is nothing against what Dr. Hopkins says, and what he
says is gospel truth. He lives in Illinois and in different climates
you get different results. I merely mention this as a matter of cau-
tion. I have come to the personal conclusion, and I think that
three years of work have demonstrated to me, that in the eastern
part of the United States the importance of nitrogen is greater than
that of phosphorus. It is only an opinion based on three or four
years’ work and does not deserve to be compared with the excellent
work at Wooster, Ohio, for the past nine years, and also with the
excellent work done at the University of Illinois.

PROF. HOPKINS: I think I will modify my statement that the
hill lands are most deficient in nitrogen, and the other lands in
phosphorus.

MR. WING: What is the original condition of the phosphorus?
Is it in a similar condition to the floats?

PROF. HOPKINS: No, sir; it is in the condition of ground rock;
originally it was all in that condition, but some of it has been taken
up by growing crops and has stored the organic matter, and a little
-of it now is in the organic matter, but the larger part of it is still in
the ground rock.

MR. RODGERS: Is there any way by which the average farmer
can tell when it is in the soil?

PROF HOPKINS: I think the average farmer can do something in
the way of experiments by way of peat or seed, but I think the
work should be done by the experiment station at the expense of
the state. Illinois is now doing it, and the cost is a mere bagatelle
compared with the importance of the work. They expect to com-
plete the work of mapping the state in this manner is about twelve
years. If the same thing were undertaken in Pennsylvania it would
not be much more of an expense than the cost of your space at the
St. Louis Exposition, and, by the way, how much did you just pay

for your new Capitol?

QUESTION: How about calculating the condition of the land by
rotation? Can we do that?

PROF. HOPKINS: That has been dispensed with, because a good
many people who wrote about that knew nothing about it. For in-
stance, they tell us we have one-tenth as much potassium there as
we need, and we find we have as much nitrogen as would be re-
quired for five rotations, and then we take another soil and we find
as much potassium there in the first seven inches of soil as 100-
bushel crops of corn will take out in 1,700 years.

QUESTION: How much of it is applicable now?

464 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

PROF. HOPKINS: There is none of it applicable now; I don’t be-
lieve there is enough potassium or nitrogen on any farm, today
applicable, to make a crop of corn. It is gradually liberated during
the season.

QUESTION: What about basic slag?

PROF. HOPKINS: As you draw slag from-steel works, it is cer-
tainly very valuable, but I would not place any more value upon it
than upon any other form of phosphorus. The bone materials I
count of as much value. The only difference is that the slag carries
with it some lime. Now, lime is cheaper than phosphorus, and
when you can get pure ground calcium carbonate so cheap, you don’t
put much value in what is carried in slag. But if you can get the
phosphorus in slag as cheap as you can in acid phosphorus I would
take the slag for the lime.

QUESTION: What is the action of slag?

PROF. HOPKINS: Well, I suppose in a high grade of slag, the
phosphoric acid would be about 7 per cent.; phosphorus about the
same, possibly from 16 to 18 per cent. of acid phosphorus. It is
about as rapidly applicable as the bone, and acid phosphorus. It is
not quite as soluble.

MR. WING: Now, I rather agree with the Professor when he
says that when the phosphorus is taken out of the soil the crops will
not grow, but when it is put back, it produces more than 100 bush-
els per acre. I am glad to note that he sets the standard at 100
bushels. What did you average, Professor?

PROF. HOPKINS: About 88 bushels on the average, 70 pounds
to the bushel.

The CHAIRMAN: Are there any further questions on this point?

The SECRETARY: Now, Mr. Chairman, I take a great deal of
credit in asking Prof. Hopkins to come all the way from Illinois.
He manifested a willingness to come, if it was possible that he
could be of any service to us here. Now, I think he manifested such
a courtesy in coming to us to talk so interestingly and instructively
that it is worthy of a vote of thanks, and I move that we tender him
a rising vote of thanks.

Duly seconded and agreed to, a rising vote of thanks was ten-
dered to Prof. Hopkins.
On motion, seconded and agreed to, adjourned until 7:30 P. M.

Wednesday Evening, January 23, 1907.

The meeting came to order with Mr. McClellan in the Chair.
The CHAIRMAN: The first number on the program is the report

of the Committee on the Identification of Fruit. Is Dr. Funk ready
to report?

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 465

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON IDENTIFICATION OF FRUIT.

DR. FUNK: I will have to ask the indulgence of the house. I
really forgot I was on the program for this evening until after the
meeting this afternoon, when it was too late to do more than look
cursorily at the display. I find here,

One plate of pears for identification.

Two plates of Northern Spy and two plates of Rhode Island Green-
ing exhibited by R. J. Weld.

One plate Bullock Pippin, two plates Jonathan and one plate
Memphis Pippin exhibited by A. I. Weidner.

One plate late winter pears exhibited by Mr. Snavely, the “Glon
Marceau.”

A display of fruit by Mr. Naginey, among them an apple for iden-
tification.

Several plates of apples without names attached.

In regard to all this fruit I want to say it shows a negligence in
spraying. It needs a fungicide, like Bordeaux mixture. There is
not much codling moth, but there is some evidence of it, and I think
the owners will do well to take every precaution and see that the
fruit is properly sprayed.

_ MR. SCHWARZ: What did you say was the name of that winter
pear?

DR. FUNK: The Glon Marceau. A little of it will go a very great
way. The best thing to do with it is to feed it to the pigs.

The CHATRMAN: What shall be done with this report?

On motion, duly seconded, it was agreed to receive it and place it
on file.

The CHAIRMAN: Next is the report of the Committee on Identi-
fication of Vegetables. Is there any report to make?

MR. HERR: We have no report to make, because there is no dis-
play of vegetables.

The CHAIRMAN: We will then proceed with the next number,
the report of the Committee on Legislation.

MR. KAHLER: I will have one of the committee read that report
in a few minutes. My sight is so bad that I will not undertake to
do it myself as chairman of the committee.

The CHAIRMAN: Until this committee is ready to report we will
take up the next number on the program, which will be the report
of the Mineralogist, Col. Demming. I see he is here now.

Col. Demming then read the Mineralogist’s report as follows:

.

50—7—1906.

166 | ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

REPORT OF MINERALOGIST.

By Cou. H C. DéMMING, Harrisburg, Pa.

The correspondence on mineralogy alone during the year 1906
exceeded one thousand letters. Inquiries came from many other
states and countries. The following is a sample from Iowa:

“Can you refer me to localities in Pennsylvania where large de-
posits of quartz sand or a good grade of building sand can be found?
It is my desire to locate such a deposit for the purpose of establish-
ing an industry for the manufacture of sand lime brick. The sand
for this purpose should be high in the percentage of silica, and
should be sharp and free from loam.” He.was informed of more
than fifty localities. He has also written that he wants 1,000,000
cubic yards of sand with which to start operations.

Another gentleman came to Harrisburg from New York City in
‘search of 18,000 tons of first-class building sand. He also was re-
ferred to numerous localities.

In the same line was an inquiry from a corporation manufacturing
window glass. Judging by the tone of the correspondence they con-
sume a trainload of glass sand every working day at their seventeen
different plants.

During the year numerous other inquiries were made for silicates
similar to the aforementioned, and all the inquiries answered satis-
factorily except in one instance, that for a large deposit of loess.
Loess is mentioned in but few standard authorities on mineralogy
or geology, and any information respecting it is very unusual. It is
a fine earthy deposit, mostly silica, following the courses of valleys
or streams, like alluvium, but without division into thin layers. One
of its constituents is invariably a calcareous material, generally in
concretions. It is most frequently found in elevated terraces along
the broad parts of large valleys, as on some parts of the Delaware
and Susquehanna rivers; but the fine particles of coal which are
carried down our largest streams, lodging with or on the loess, have
destroyed these deposits for commercial use, viz: the manufacture
of cement or similar products. Portland cement, which has now be-
come essential in the making of concrete or artificial stone, origin-
ated in England by the mixing of 70 per cent. of chalk with 30 per
cent. of the alluvial clay or mud within the lower tidal basins of the
Thames and the Medway, the mud supplying the silica and alumina
in proper condition, and the chaik the calcium carbonate or lime.
In this connection there has been serious talk of forming a cement
(rust. It is doubtful whether such a combination can long exist in
Pennsylvania, as in nearly every county of this Commonwealth can
be found all the necessary constituents of the best hydraulic and
Portiand cements. :

Inquiry is made for deposits of asbestos. The locations of the
mineral have been mentioned in former reports. There is an in-

No. ¢. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. . 467

creased consumption on account of its uses as an insulator in electric
wiring.

The demand for barite (sulphate of barytes) is increasing and be-
lief now is that there is a large body of this mineral near Bridge-
port, Bédford county. Heretofore most of it was mined in Berks,
Blair, Ciearfield, Franklin, Fulton and Huntingdon counties, though
in none of the counties as extensively as is southern Virginia. It
is worked up (sparingly) into barium salts and as an ingredient in
paints. When used too freely in the latter it becomes an adul-
terant. ‘

The extraction of bromine from the brine of abandoned gas and oil
wells is receiving attention from a number of capitalists, and the pro-
duct will be materially increased in Pennsylvania this year.

Clays of various qualities are more freely and eagerly sought for
than heretofore. Sometimes for days that will be the subject in our
mails. It seems that every county has a large supply of one kind
or another. So important has the clay industry become that a num-
ber of the states have issued separate reports on the subject. The
State of New York has published a volume of over 900 pages on clays
found within her borders. It would well repay the Commonwealth
of Pennsylvania to follow suit, as we have larger bodies and in some
instances of finer quality than any of our sister states. Men of capi-
tal go elsewhere than to Pennsylvania for clays because other com-
munities are more liberal in their publications given all the informa-
tion possible on the subject. Much foreign capital skips over Penn-
sylvania for investment elsewhere, first, because we have no State
museum of our natural resources, secondly, because our economical
ecological and mineralogical literature has been so scant, from lack
of appropriation; and thirdly, because every state surrounding ours
has a salaried State Geologist who is liberally paid to gather up all
useful data and publish them in separate annual reports, whereby
‘apital is attracted to their territory, large industries established,
and communities made rich and prosper ous. [t is rather mortifying
to receive voluminous annual geological and mineralogical reports
from other states—New York, New Jersey, Maryland, Ohio, West
Virginia, etc.—and not to be able to send any in exchange. If it
were not that our resources of coal, petroleum aud natural gas are in
such excess, com pated with most of eur neighbors, we would be fall-
ing rapidly behind in population and prosperity, because we are not
advertising our natural wealth like most of our sister Common-
wealths.

During the past year coal mining has been carried on more ex-
tensively than heretofore and our output would have been much
heavier if the transportation companies had supplied the cars. I
examined a number of large Giaiinous coal mines where the men
could work but little more than half time because of scarcity of cars
to haul the product away to market. This is true notably in Alle--
gheny, Greene and Washington counties, where I spent nearly a week
under ground. Some time was also spent investigating or locating
coal lands in West Virginia, a state of marvelous natural resources
both of coal, gas, petroleum and timber. The coal beds of Western
Pennsylvania extend through our neighbor on the southwest, and
clear on to Alabama, the total area underlaid with good, merchant-
able coal, being more than 80,000 square miles, or nearly twice as

468 ANNUAL REPORT GF THE Off. Doe.

large as ail of Pennsylvania. The Pittsburg bed within our borders
is 2,015 miles in extent, with, in many places, from three to six
other good coal beds either above or below it. Whoever says there
is to be a natural coal famine in this century or the next has either
not reckoned at all or gone wild in his calculations.

The increase in the price of copper from 12 to 25 cents per pound,
and the price rising, has stimulated the mining of copper ores wher-
ever found. The output of copper in Pennsylvania this year will
probably outstrip any previous twelve months. It may be of inter-
est to state that the Cornwall ore banks in Lebanon county have also
produced all told over $760,600 worth of metallic copper.

Corundum and emery are now mined successfully in Berks, Ches-
ter and Lehigh counties.

The fluorite deposit of northern Fulton county remains undeyvyel-
oped, while manufacturers of hydrofluoric acid at Easton and Phila-
delphia are obtaining their supplies of the crude minera! from South-
ern Illinois.

Gold bearing ores have been found in 29 counties cf the State,
but in no instance has the gold been extracted at a profit sufficient
to warrant extensive mining. The largest known gold placer de-
posit lies under the most populous part of Philadelphia. Where ex-
cavations have been made for cellars along Market street from Third
to Broad, free gold could have been extracted from nearly every
cubic foot of earth or gravel taken from a depth of 12 to 20 feet. This
has been demonstrated a number of times by the use of a miner’s
pan. Some of the material from a large cellar recently dug at the
southwestern corner of Thirteenth and Market streets would have
been found to yield at the rate of 25 cents per cubic yard, or nearly
100 per cent. richer than the best paying larger placer in California.
This gold that underlies Philadelphia has apparently been carried
there from some point on the Schuylkill or Delaware river. The
source has never been discovered.

The graphite industry of the State is making good headway, the
product coming principally from Berks, Chester and Delaware coun-
ties.

Ganister rock (another silicate) is shipped in immense quantities
from Blair, Huntingdon and Mifflin counties for furnace purposes
there being a good “market ¢ iiso in other states. From some of it
quantities of silica brick are made near the source of supply. There
are large bodies of this rock in northeastern Fulton county.

Iron ores are attracting more attention than for years. New pro-
cesses of iron manufacture permit the use of Pennsylvania ores and
these, combined with the gradual rise of crude ores from the great
northwest, have led te the revival of an old industry, which will be
more and more marked from this time forth.

The large deposit of melanterite (native copperas) near Olivet,
Armstrong county, remains undeveloped.

Manganese ores have been found near the northern boundary of
Indiana county; but little has been done there in exploitation of the
extent of the deposit. In the meantime similar ores are brought into
Pennsylvania from as remote points as Asia Minor.

Magnesian ores of fair quality have recently been found in the
southwestern corner of Bucks county.

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. - 469

There is a strong probability of a resumption of nickel and cobalt
mining in Lancaster county, where good copper ore has also been
found.

Natural gas has been struck m greater volume than heretofore:
Two welis—one near Kane—have thrown out, it is roughly estimated,
as high as 200,000,000 cubic feet of gas in 24 hours and the roar
of one of the wells could be heard eight miles away. This has given
a remarkable impetus to the natural gas output of our State. I hope
the present Legislature will make an appropriation whereby there
can be obtained the amount of aatural gas and petroleum we are
producing annually; also that there can be published a revised col-
ored geological map of the Commonwealth giving the gas and pe-
troleum territory, and, if possible, the location of every well, its
depth and output to a specified time. This would be a great aid to
intending investors in the State and would also afford a basis for
taxation of products which now escape all Commonwealth assess-
ment, where other states derive a good revenue. The fact is that we
are being depleted of this wealth, without return, save in the in-
crease of local prosperity, and a population which will go elsewhere
as soon as these treasures are gone.

From day to day there is more foreign inquiry for peat and peat
deposits, but thus far the most practical work has been done in Co-
lumbia county, where a company is digging it out as a constituent
for some article manufactured there. Peat has now been found ina
number of counties, from Pike on the east to Erie and Lawrence
counties on the west.

Phosphorus ores are mined in considerable quantities within 30
miles of Harrisburg, and one of the minerals, wavelite, traced along
the South Mountains to the western bank of the Susquehanna river.

Radium bearing mincrals have thus far been found in Adams,
Schuylkill and York counties, but nothing hus been done in a practi-
eal commercial way.

Some inquiry has been made relative to the revival of salt manu-
facturing in Pennsylvania, but litile has been done in the matter,
though the brines from the deep wells of Fayeite, Indiana and West-
moreland counties, can be made to yield the best table salt in the
land.

The quarrying of slate in great quantities is still carried on in
Lehigh and York counties, with a strong probability of the field ex-
tending to Berks, Lebanon, Dauphin, Cumberland and Franklin coun-
ties.

Ores containing tantalum and titanium are being sought for in
Pennsylvania for use in Europe, the most urgent demand coming
from Germany. Titanium crystals, as made in the electrical fur-
nace, are harder than diamonds, ard when used in circular saws will
cut stone or metals as easily as a common circular saw cuts wood.

Tungsten ores are also wanted. Tungsten greatly improves steel
products.

There has been a marked revival in zinc ore mining and several
mines in eastern counties, abandoned a few years ago, are again in
operation.

Zirconium has been found in some of the iron ores of central Penn-
sylvania, but thus far in too small percentages for special extrac-
tion.

One very commendable feature in connection with our new Btate

¢

470 ANNUAL REPORT OF THB Off. Doc.

Capitol is the establishment of a State Museum in the old executive
building. Thus far few if any minerals have been obtained, but a
fair exhibit of mineralogy of Pennsylvania will soon be assured. |
Then we will have a place where our natural products can be studied
with decided profit to all comers. In the building up of the division
of mineralogy it has been urged by your ‘Mineralogist that at least
three samples of each mineral be secured, the first as an average of
the outcropping , if there is any outcrop, then an average sample
of the mineral as mined, then an ideal specimen. Thus one will have
a guide to the finding, in undeveloped sections, of every mineral that
can be resonably looked for in any part of the State. Here is where
our colleges and universities have lacked, as students have usually
been shown extraordinary samples, which are seldom, if ever, found
in practical out-of-door ‘work.

As more earnest and intelligent atte ntion is being given to miner-
alogy every year, we believe that Pennsylvania will ere long take a
front rank and every section of the C ommonwealth be-corres spond-
ingly benefited.

The CHAIRMAN: What action shall be taken on this report?
On motion this report was received and filed.

The CHAIRMAN: We will next take up the reports of the Ge-
ologist, in order to give Col. Demming a little rest, we will listen
to Mr. Stout first.

Mr. Stout then read the following report on Geology:

GEOLOGY AS RELATED TO AGRICULTURE.

By MR. W. H. StTouT, Pinegrove, Geologist.

The tertiary period, the latest deposit, during which animals and
plants developed, and by their death and decay added their remains
to the disintegrated rock, now forms that portion of the earth’s sur-
face devoted to use in agriculture

A large part of Pennsylvania soils consists of stratified rock, de-
posited by water action, forming the shales, sandstone, clays and
limestone, largely derived from the older formations, the granite and
traps, the materi al now supposed to form the interior of the earth
in a molten condition.

Extinct and active volcanoes found on many parts of the earth
have no doubt produced the existing topography of valley and moun-
tain, together with the water from rain ever carrying into the oceans
the disintegrated particles liberated through frost and heat, form-
ing new deposits in coast regions and river “deltas, at the same time
reducing the elevation of continents.

As a result of the various rock stratas through which water
courses flow, the river bottoms and deltas are of the most productive
soils, usually containing the elements of plant requirements, in com-
bination with the particles of minerals, sand, clay and substances of
animal and vegetable origin.

NGS i DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 471

There are in this State so many varieties of soil, varying in phys:
ical and chemical constituents besides elevations, changing the cli-
matic conditions, that to bring them under review would be a task
too large for any one to undertake and present in an intelligent man-
ner ina brief article. Taking the several limestone foundations, the
sandstone quite various, the shales of various ages, and the clays
derived from these, together with those soils derived from granite
and glacial action, each ditfering from the rest, are of interest to ag-
riculture and is receiving more attention than heretofore. It is to
be regretted that there exists such a confusing nomenclature in geo-
logical literature, to which more is being added by recent writers
and investigators.

Considered solely as a medium upon which to grow crops, soils of
the same physical characteristics may or may not be productive in
proportion to the available elements they contain. However rich
in fertility a soil may be originally, constant cropping without re-
storing the elements abstracted will in time be exhausted and only
equal to a soil naturally poor and unproductive.

The theory of almost inexhaustible mineral elements in our agri-
cultural soils may be true to the chemist; it is not true in practical
farming, the latent elements not being available to plants; if they
were it would be folly to seek mineral elements from various sec-
tions of the world to replace what is removed with crops.

The CHAIRMAN: What action shall be taken on this paper?
It was moved and seconded that it be received and placed on file.

MR. KAHLER: The Legislative Committee is now ready to re-
port. Mr. Herr will read the report, if there is no objeciton.

The CHAIRMAN: We are now ready to listen to the report of
the Legislative Committee.

REPORT OF THE LEGISLATIVE COMMITTEE.

Mr. Chairman and Members of the State Board of Agriculture

Your Committee on Legislation submits for your consideration the
following report:

The recommendations embodied in the report of your committee
and adopted by this Board one year ago, asking for some needed
legislation to protect the interests of the farmers of the State and
all others interested in agriculture, have only in part been referred
to the proper Legislative committees, and some of them are now be-
ing considered by them. None have as yet been enacted into laws,
for no Legislative sessions have been held since our last meeting
that could take proper action, and you will now find that a part of
the recommendations of last vear are embodied in the report.

And we again recommend an amendment to the township road
law, wherein it provides that the State pay 15 per cent. when the
township votes to pay their road tax in cash, and ask that it may,
be made 50 per cent. instead. We also further recommend that the

472 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

words “county” and “township” be eliminated as to the application
for new roads from the State highway law, and the State Highway
Commissioner to have entire jurisdiction under the bill to proceed
without the consent of the county commissioners or township super-
visors, which, in our judgment, only complicates and hinders the
working of the bill and delays the work of the Commissioner, and
it would also relieve local taxation to some extent and place the
additional tax on the State, where it justly belongs, and in order to
relieve the excessive tax burden on real estate, we favor a two-mill
tax on all corporate and personal property in the State, to be levied
and collected annually, and expended only for public roads, and
distributed to the several counties according to the road mileage in
each county, to be used annually, one-half by the State Highway De-
partment and one-half by the townships, for the reconstruction and
maintenance of permanent public roads. We recommend the amend-
ment of the road law so as to authorize the planting of trees
along the roads constructed by the State. Also recommend an ap-
propriation of at least six millions for two years from June 1, 1907,
in addition to the sum now available, in order that the reconstruction
and building of roads may not be delayed but pushed rapidly for-
ward by the Highway Department.

We also recommend an increased appropriation to the public
school fund and that an appropriation for the State Normal Schools
be made a separate fund.

Resolved, That we recommend all of the appropriations asked for
by the trustees and authorities of the State College be granted, that
our State Agricultural College may no longer stand in the rear
rank of agricultural colleges of our sister states.

We also favor an increased appropriation for the township high
schools, which will encourage townships to establish such schools.

We recommend such legislation as will enable the Dairy and Food
Division to fully enforce the provisions of law already made and we
favor the enactment of Jaw that will protect the manufacturer and
consumers of all food products against adulteration by fraud.

This committee respectfully recommends a law creating the De-
partment of Agriculture be so amended as to create a Division of
Horticulture, at the head of which shall be a practical Horticul-
turist.

We also recommend that such laws be enacted by the present Leg-
islature that the great water powers under control of the State
should be so protected that when franchises are granted in the fu-
ture, such franchises should bring a revenue for the State, and be
limited in time.

We also recommend that the present Legislature enact a law
giving trolley companies the right to carry freight and also giving
them the right of limited eminent domain, and as we do so, deny them
the use of our public roads, as it endangers travel and greatly in-
terferes with the improvement of our public highways. -

While it is recognized that agriculture is the seat of prosperity,
of our country, we do recommend that the legislature make a larger
appropriation towards carrying on farmers’ institute work. We
would, therefore, recommend that $50,000 should be appropriated
instead of $35,000.

We favor the abolition of the “work tax” system, believing all road

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 473

taxes should be paid in cash, provided that the State pay 50 per cent.
of the amount raised.

We favor the passage of a law which will require, after some rea-
sonably distant date, the use of wide tires for all hauls over 1,800
pounds. (Signed)

A. J. KAHLER,

JASON SEXTON,

J. N. GLOVER,

S. S. BLYHOLDER,
MATTHEW RODGERS,
Committee on Legislation.

Also the following report from the Committee on Drafting a Bill
Regarding Live Stock:

In view of the fact that thousands of dollars’ worth of honey is
annually imported into the State, while, owing to the fact that brood
diseases have so reduced the number of colonies of bees that there
are not enough left to properly pollenize the flowers, while thousands
of dollars’ worth of honey remains ungathered, therefore

Resolved, that we ask the Legislature to pass such laws as will
eradicate the diseases that have done so much damage to this in-
dustry in the State. (Signed)

GEO. G. HUTCHISON,
DR. E. E. TOWER,
EK. E. CHUBBUCK.

J. W. NELSON,

J: H. FUNK, M. D.

The CHAIRMAN: Gentlemen, what is your pleasure in regard to
this report?

On motion, regularly seconded, it was agreed to adopt it as read.

The CHAIRMAN: We are now ready to listen to Col. Demming’s
report on Geology.

This report is as follows:

REPORT OF CONSULTING GEOLOGIST.

By CoL. HENRY C. DEMMING, Harrisburg, Pa.

One year ago we mentioned the great increase in value of a farm
that had been investigated geologicaliy, and the owner made wealthy
by the discovery and development of a quartzite of extraordinary
purity. The rock deposit has been worked throughout the year and
many tons sent to market at good prices. The operation is to be in-
creased until the output shall exceed 50 carloads a day.

Within 50 miles of that place another farm owner has opened a
large deposit of granitic rock, a quantity of which has been used as
the exterior material of some of the most beautiful and costly resi-
dences and churches in Berks and Lehigh counties. It is to be re-
gretted that this granitic quarry was not fully opened when the Com-

31

474 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doce.

iissiouers were looking for stone for our new State Capitol. Until
recently the United States authorities at Washington were stating
thai no granite had been found in this Commonwealth, and that con-
sequently we were obliged to purchase anything of that character
from owners of granite quarries in other states. This day will soon
be past, for we have hills and smali mountains containing as good
granite as has been found anywhere in this country.

In some of the mountain ranges of Pennsylvania there are im-
mense bodies of rock composed almost entirely of iron ore and silica.
By a little skillful manipuiation an industry couid be built up in
nearly half of our thinly settled counties in the preparation for mar-
ket of what is known as ferro-silicon. Where the iron contains 10
per cent. silicon the present market price is $50 per ten; 20 per cent.
silicon, $40 per ton, and 50 per cent. silicon, $106 per 2,000 pounds.
Many have expressed themselves as wondering why these numerous
mountains of our State were made; but as the years pass by some-
thing is found, partly hidden away, toward solving the inquiry.

Geology includes in its Jue the natural waters of the earth.
How little we value them, and how little we apply them to the uses of
man outside of the old-fashioned ways. Let me call attention to
another use of our streams, and in order to do this we will take the
facts as given in the Youth’s Companion, of Boston, as well as from
the Technical World Magazine:

“One of the most interesting farms in America is to be found in
Oneida county, New York, close by the historic battlefield of Oris-
kany. It is the farm of Mr. E. B. Miner, and is attracting attention
because of the way in which much of the work on it is being done by
Oriskany creek. One by one the old crank handles, familiar em-
blems of drudgery to every country boy, have been thrown away,
until today churn, separator and grindstone whir merrily without the
labor of a hand upon them. Little more than a year ago one of the
sons of David M. Miner, who then owned the farm, persuaded his fa-
ther to begin harnessing the little creek which plunged merrilv
down through their farm to its junction with the Mohawk.

“In October, 1905, a dam was begun, having concrete wings and
foundation and leading to a concrete wheel pit. A head of four and
a half feet was obtained with a constant flow of 4,000 gallons a min-
ute.

“A thirty-inch upright water-wheel was installed, which developed
seventeen and a half horse power, and to this was attached a twelve-
and-a-half-kilowatt generator. Fifteen hundred feet of bare alum-
inum cable led the current to the house, where twenty-five sixteen-
candle-power lamps were installed; and to the barn, where eight
more were placed.

“Two months after the dam was begun the water was sent through
the wheel and the lights turned on. Since then the power plant
has run continuously night and day, with no attention except super-
vision and oiling two or three times a week.

“Fuel in the Mohawk Valley in mid-winter is expensive both in
money and in the labor required for maintaining fires. Mr. Miner’s
son installed a 4,000-watt heater, which heats two rooms—about
2,400 cubic feet—to a temperature of seventy-five degrees when it
is zero outside. hat put the old coal stove out of business.

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 475

“in the creamery, where the milk from twenty-five cows is manu-
factured into butter, there is a separator which must be turned
7,400 revolutions a minute morning and evening till the milk of
the whole herd has gone through it. A small motor—half horse-
power—was mounted so as to be convenient, to this and connected
to it by a belt. It did the work to perfection, and the first crank-
handle was thrown away.

“To make the action more complete, a bucket of water was trip-
ped over the separator, and a float arranged to break the circuit
when the last of the milk ran out. Now, when the separator pro-
cess ends, the motor is automatically shut off, the water dumped in,
the motor started again for a moment, and the separator rinsed and
emptied, all without a hand being put to it.

“The churn, a big barrel affair, was mounted on a swivel plat-
form, and brought into line with the same motor; and then a grind-
stone, the terror of the farm, was added.

“The hand-pump which furnished water to the house tank in the
attic was discarded, and the little motor took over that task. Wood
was still burned in the kitchen. A larger motor was acquired,
coupled to a saw, and the job of sawing wood was lightened of
its labor.

“Electrical flat-irons were provided for the kitchen; electric fans,
au motor-driven freezer and an electric cooker will be added for the
summer comfort.

“Only a small part of the power of the creek is used as yet, but
plans are under way for increasing, to the accomplishment of other
farm tasks, the ready service of the little creek which for sc many
years ran idly by the farm, waiting to be harnessed.”

What I said six years ago, in an address to the citizens of Frank-
lin county, Pennsylvania, I believe will apply, to a more or less ex-
tent, to nearly all the counties of this Commonwealth:

“T have found by careful observation and examination that your
streams are capable of generating enough electrical power to not
only run every train of the Cumberland Valley and Western Mary-
land, but fifty times the machinery now employed from mountain
range to mountain range, and from the Potomac to the Susquehanna,
with enough over to illuminate not only every street of every town,
but every country road and by-lane. And then enough left to light
up every building almost as brightly as daylight, besides furnishing
motive power for every barn and house, and heat for every room of
home. Yea, more; and a surplus for other counties. And all this
not utilized because Aladdin’s lamp though hanging low, is not
rubbed until the good genii appear, and ask what will you have
us do? In other words, the good people of your county are so con-
tented and happy with their peaceful lot compared with others of
their fellows, that the nubbin fruit is good enough, though golden
pippins hang just beyond.

“The New Franklin County.

“Permit me one concluding picture of Franklin county in the ideal
future—not the next century, but this. Every farm and home beau-
tified by Nature study; every business place a model patterned from
Scotch, Irish, German and American originality; every dwelling

476 ANNUAL REPORT CF THE Off. Doc.

place a place of health, contentment and prosperity; houses not built
of frame or brown red brick, but of pure white Romanesque blocks
made from the kaolin beds along the Blue Mountains as well as those
of the South Mountain; sidewalks of white chalcedony, quarried
from the archean hills; curb stones of greenish white potsdam sand
stones of ‘Mont Alto; paved streets and country roads from cream-
colored vitrified brick manufactured near Richmond furnace, and
north and south of Shippensburg; public buildings and churches of
the pink tint and grayish white stone northwest of Mercersburg;
employment in innumerable establishments resulting from develop-
ment of sands, and clays, and earths, and rocks, and other minerals,
only a few of which have been indicated; young ladies and young
men also employed, the former in etching and engraving Bohemian
glasses, and polishing and fitting lenses, and doing other skilled
work which only the deft and gentle fingers can do; and the latter
in rolling plate glasses, etching and hand cutting flint glass, and
kindred work, all from the material from your own delectable hills
and mountains. Middle aged men managing or watching the auto-
matic machinery of mills and factories run by electrical power gen-
erated from your own streams, and the middle-aged women super-
tending the homes where electricity does the cradle rocking, the
churning, the washing, the sewing machine running, aye, the heat-
ing and cooking, as well as the lighting, and household drudgery is
known no more, for the Conedogwinet, the Little Antietam, the
Conococheague, and Back creek and Cove creek, by turning of tur-
bine wheels are all merrily helping to make home happy, and Frank-
lin county one of the most desirable spots for mankind on earth.

“Blectric Fountains and Liquid Air.

“Then for outdoor adornment, amusement and recreation the elec-
tric fountain in the yard, and in every public square of every town
and hamlet; family motors propelled by electricity, or compressed
or liquified air of best home-made brand; a series of fairy-like lakes
where are now rumbling streams; the shores flower-embroidered by
day, brilliantly illuminated with many colored lights at night, and
electric launches flitting here and there, with merriment, music
and innocent laughter; hill and mountain sides dazzlingly bright
with arc, incandescent and helium lights; valleys in early evening
shining with brightness and social cheer; passenger or freight trains
moving even more rapidly and safely than now, with no noise, no
flying cinder, no smoke, for all such motive power is either electric or
by liquid or compressed air, or denatured alcohol; rents lower, in
exceptional cases of new comers—all others owning their own homes
—hbecause taxes and all living expenses are less, and wages are
higher than ever before. And through every phase of human life in
Franklin county, because her people have taken advantage of what
Nature has given them, and with the change for the better, most of
the sorrows and sighings have forever flown away.”

The CHAIRMAN: What action shall be taken on this report?

On motion, duly seconded, it was agreed to receive the same and
, file it for publication with the rest of the proceedings.

MR. McHENRY: I would like to offer the following resolution:

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 477

“BE IT RESOLVED, That we, the members of the State Board
of Agriculture of Pennsylvania, in annual session assembled, do
hereby express our appreciation and thanks to the Hon. N. B.
Critchfield, Secretary of Agriculture, and to the Hon A. L. Martin,
Deputy Secretary, and Director of Farmers’ Institutes, for the able
and excellent program prepared for this meeting and wisdom shown
by the arranging for this joint meeting of the several organizations
here assembled; and that we hereby express our sincere thanks for
their untiring efforts in the furtherance of the agricultural interests
of this great Commonwealth.

“Hoping that we may be able to share with them the benefits
and pleasures of many more such meetings as their assistants and
co-workers, this resolution is respectfully submitted.”

MR. HERR. I move that we pass that by unanimous vote.

Seconded and agreed to, and resolution passed by unanimous vote
of the members present.

MR. HERR: Before we proceed further with the program, I
have here the resignation of Col. Demming as Consulting Mineralo-
gist. What shall be done with it?

Hearing no objection, the same will be accepted, and recorded
with the minutes of the Board.

The following address by. Mr. Van Alstyne, was read at the joint
meeting, held on Wednesday evening, and while it will be published
_ in the proceedings of the Pennsylvania Live Stock Breeders’ Asso-
ciation, it is also included in this report by permission of the Secre-
tary of the above named Association. The address is as fellows:

RATIONAL FEEDING.

By MR. EDWARD VAN ALSTYNE, Denmark. N. Y.

Mr. Chairman and Friends: If anybody wants to go out, I will
not be offended, because I think it is a shame to inflict another
speech on this audience when it is nearly ten o’clock, but the Chair-
man has insisted on my speaking, so I shall have to do so.

T want to lay down three general propositions on the subject of
feeding, and a great deal of what I say will be along the foundation
which Mr. Fuller laid down this afternoon. Some of you gentlemen
have probably found out for yourselves much of what I am going to
tell you, but it is those who have not progressed along the line of
feeding as they perhaps should have done, that I want to help, If
I can, and the others of you will have to bear with me.

Our general purpose in feeding animals is to keep them in good
condition. I want to make that emphatic, because from some things
I expect to say you may infer that I would underfeed. I want,
therefore, to say first of all, that we must keep the animal in good
condition. She must be kept so for herself, and for our good.

478 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

To illustrate, take the matter of summer feed. If we allow, as
we often do, the cow to run down in flesh during the summer, she
will never do as well_again until she builds up her system once
more.

Then, do you believe in adding grain to the pasture? Now, my
position on that point is this: [am fully satisfied in my own mind
that if we can add our forage crop to the pasture so as to keep her
up in flesh and milk, we do not need to feed the grain. But even if
in supplementing the pasture we keep up the milk flow, but lose
flesh, it is better to feed grain, even if we do not get profit on our
grain for the time being.

To illustrate—I speak of my own work, because | am more familiar
with it than anyone else’s—last year we did not feed grain during
the summer, and along about September I noticed that my cows
had lost flesh. There was no question about that; then I began to
feed grain, and, friends, before the pasture of the next year, I know
that I fed twofold more grain than I would have done if I had feda
little grain during the summer.

The + next proposition I make is this, that there is a difference be-

tween feeding cattle for profit, and feeding them for production.
“What,” you say, “when you feed for profit, don’t you feed for pro-
duction?” Why, certainly not. Take, for instance, the Pan-Ameri-
can Dairy Fests. The people who had charge of the Holsteins and
Ayrshires fed them from sixteen to eighteen pounds of grain every
day, in addition te piEMy of good silage, and then they pointed with
pride to the record of their cows, but at the end of the week, when
the cost of their feed was taken from the value of this production.
instead of standing at the head, they went down fourth or fifth, and
the second week was a repetiticn of the first. Then they saw they
had to do something, so they graduz'!ly reduced the grain rations
to ten or twelve pounds, and at the erd of the third week, they had
more profit on less milk and less feed.

T don’t know how it is in Pennsylvania, but in New York, since
the doctrine of protein has been preached, our folks find that they
get more milk for the same amount of feed. In many cases the ques-
tion with the farmer has only been, “ifow many cans of milk can T
carry away today?” They do not stop to think that they are carry-
ing away the milk and carrying home the feed. When their check
comes, the most of it has gone ‘to pay the feed dealer and little left
to pay the interest on the mortgage or buy shoes for the babes.
They are feeding for production and not for profit.

Now, as to the character of the feed for our animals. Let us then
proceed to the subject of the chart:

First, the green feeds, because they are the best with pasture,
at the head.

Next, the dry fodders, feeds that are grown on the farms. It
seems to me that one of the objects in keeping a dairy cow is to
turn some of the raw, crude, cheap material, through the medium
of the dairy cow, into the finished product, and for that purpose it
seems to me that we should use as much of our home product as
possible.

Every farmer knows that the best feed to give his cows to make
them produce milk, is pasture grass, and, if you will notice, pasture
grass is 80 per cent. water. Now, of you will put that cow into the

Noz vs DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 478

stable, she will eat between eighty and one hundred pounds of it,
and do very well on that alone, and after you have satisfied your-
self on that point, take this same grass and dry it, and where you had
a Lundred pounds, you have eighteen or twenty-five; now, you will
take this same feed and give it to her, with all the water she can
drink, what will happen? She will get thin and dry up.

Now, we want that cow to be ina ‘healthy condition in the winter,
and if we have not the pasture grass on which she thrives, we can
give her some other succulent feed. You will find here a line of
green feeds, three-fourths of them water. You will notice, also,
that the dried foods, instead of having 75 per cent. water have less
than one-fifth, and as the water is decreased, the crude fibre is in-
creased, and instead of 10 per cent. of it, we have over 40 per cent.

In the dried stalks much of the starch and sugar, which in green
corn is digestible, are tissued in woody fibre. So you will find
roots which are 90 per cent. water. Any breeder of sheep will tell
you that he will get more growth from less grain if he feeds roots.

What about the protein? It is necessary in these days to under-
stand such terms as “protein” and “carbo-hydrates” and “potas-
sium,” and other words that were mentioned this afternoon. Well,
we have learned to take them in as we have such words as “auto-car”
and several more of these terms.

The protein is the element in the feed that makes the lean meat,
and the bleod. If there is any man who does not understand this,
. me ant to make it clear, if possible. This element in the food will do

1 this; it will make the lean meat, and the blood, and you can’t
ee it without it. The man who feeds it is building up the bone and
muscle, but most of the feeds grown on our farms are deficient in it.
Prof. Hayward has told us what he knows about growing the pig,
and that he has to have a good deal of protein with his rations.

Now, we have a young heifer, and we expect her to make a suc-
ceSS aS a cow, SO we must give her the material to build up her body
and she can’t get it out of the starch and sugar in the food.

Then we have the dry corn, and there is where I think the farmer is
making a mistake. Perhaps she is within a few months of calving,
and we don’t expect her to give us much milk, se we do not feed her
protein, but put her on coarse feed, and fail to take into considera-
tion the effect it will have in the dey elopment of that calf. Take a
case of abortion at about seven months; most of them occur about
that time, and I believe that many of them are due to the fact that
she did not receive the necessary food element to preduce_ the
strength necessary to bear that calf. Unless she is properly fed, she
will have to take from her own body to develop that calf, and prob-
ably fall off in flesh. Now, I would not feed that cow during the
last few months of pregnancy the same concentrated foods as when
she is in full milk, but I weuld give her the cooling protein feeds
that would give her the strength she needed. I have heard people
talk as though there was no benefit in carbo-hydrates. Why, cer-
tainly there is; but the point is, we have most of them in our own
feeds, and with this in view how can we bring it down so as to benefit
us in a practical and economical manner.

What dc we feed in the winter, when we have no pasture grass?
Well, we have the silage, which is succulent, but deficient in this
protein. I value my reputation, but I will stake it on this proposi-

480 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

tion: I will undertake to keep my cattle in as good condition on the
silage, and get as much milk, as on the dry stalks and two pounds of
grain daily in addition. W hat does that mean? That I am to that
extent free from tribute to the grain dealer.

While we are talking of silage, let me finish up. The corn that we
feed our dairy cows can be most economically fed in the form of
silage, and I am satisfied that the corn is worth as much, pound for
pound, in silage, as it is in meai. In my country it costs about oue-
tenth to husk the corn, and we have to give the miller about one-
tenth to grind it for us. There is one-fifth of the value of our crop.
Furthermore, I believe if we add so much corn to our silage that our
gutters are full of the corn, it is a waste and an injury to the cow.

Now, if we go and eat a big dinner and on it go and eat a big piece
of mince pie, see what happens. The same thing happens to the
cow. I claim that if we feed our cow more than ‘she can digest, it
is a positive injury. I have fed the cows lots of good corn meal
that was not necessary, and both the cows and I lost by it. I believe
that not more than sixty bushels of corn per acre is as much as we
can safely put into silage, when we give the cows ail the silage they
will eat twice a day. But when we liave all the corn we need the
silage; it does not pay to add corn to it in feeding. Then what are
we going to feed with it? We must give that cow more protein, but
where are we going to get it? Perhaps we have the corn stalks,
which are high in fibre and heat-forming elements, but not rich in.
protein. We do not get it in the corn stalks, nor in the silage, nor in
the corn meal, and I want to feed ail i can of these, because they
are grown on the farm, and are cheaper. But they are deficient in
protein, so there is a limit to the amount we can feed.

Now, I keep a book, into which I enter, month by month, on one
page, the returns of my dairy, and on the opposite page the cost of
the feed, and I am much pleased with the results of my dairy until
I turn the leaf and add up the cost of the feed, and subtract that
from the returns of my dairy; then I don’t feel quite so good. Per-
haps you do the same, and I want to see whether we cannot learn to
keep that cow a little more economica lly from the stuff that grows
on the farm.

Well, then, we will ae the clover, nearly three times as high in
protein as the corn stalk, and nearly three times as high as timothy.
Now, my friend Wing is here from Ohio to preach the doctrine of
alfalfa, ‘and I am glad, because there is about eleven pounds of
proicin to the hundred ‘pounds—nearly twice the amouut as in the
clover.

Take next the cheaper grades of bran and middlings, which are
upon the market. I agree with Mr. Fuller that the standard of bran
and middlings has been raised the past few years. If you will cut
yeur hay when the plant is half in bloom, you will get as much
value out of it as from the hay that is allowed to reach full maturity,
with a pound of grain per day added. I will stake my reputation on
that. You see that I am not recommending anything that will cost
a big outlay of money on the part of the average farmer.

Now, what next? We take the Canada Pea. I consider it superior
to the clover, and next to the alfalfa, as an economical milk producer.
About two bushels of peas and one of oats make a good mixture.
But when the oat head is forming and peas are in blossom, what

No._ 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 481

next? Oats. I know of no feed that will put more stamina into
cattle than oats will. They will not produce any more milk, but
they will stay longer than wheat bran.

What next? Buckwheat middlings; very little fibre, but very
rich in protein, and very rich in fat. Where you are making butter
in large quantities, it has a tendency to make a soft butter.

Now, we have got through the list of farm products, but we must
have more protein; so what sball we do? Usually we shall have to
go out and buy. A man said to me sometime ago, “What is your
balanced ration?” I said to him, “I have not got any balanced
ration.” I am going to buy where I can get the greatest amount of
food value for my money. I have been a great sticker for wheat
feed, and I have Said frequently, because I believed it, that a large
portion of our rations should be bran or middlings. because it makes
bone. I know now that bran and middlings are not necessaary for the
cow, and how do I know it? I have eliminated it largely from my
list for the last two years, and my cows are just as healthy as they
were before. When a man asks me over $20 for bran, and I can for
that money get something that has more protein, I tell him to keep
his bran and I will keep my money. What about bone material?
If the food is deficient in it, feed a couple spoonfulls of bone meal
daily. I find that malt sprouts and brewery grains, which are made
from barley, will not hurt the cattle in the least; and these by-pro-
ducts of the brewery are cheaper and better than a like amount of
the wheat feeds at the same money.

I don’t buy the starch by-products and I need more protein, so
what am I going to buy? I don’t want to buy crude fibre, and if in
some of these mixed feeds, when a man comes to buy them, he finds
he is feeding—what did the Professor say this afternoon—20 per
cent. I think one of them ran up to 50 per cent. of it, and it is not
a notion, but, friends, some of these feeds are 60 per cent. fibre. But
I must have more protein, and I will buy where [ can get the most
digestible material for the least amount of money. I don’t know
what it will be next year, but I know what it is this year, the brew-
ers’ grains, and distillers’ grains. A carload of brewers’ grain con-
tains twice the amount of the protein and fat as bran; it may not be
quite as digestible.

Cottonseed meal at $30 is not dear when we think it has 40 per
cent. of protein and 10 per cent. of fat. Of course, we can’t feed
that in excessive quantities, but a couple of pounds a day may be
fed with profit.

I find that I can get as much milk out of a ton of 20 per cent.
gluten as I can out of a ton of cottonseed meal, but if I feed the
gluten exclusively, my cows will get thin. Then the linseed meal,
very rich in protein and very economical. Prof. Fuller told us this
afternoon that some of the stock feeds on the market sold as high
as $160 per ton and are composed chiefly of linseed meal at $32
per ton. I have never seen the man who denied it, but then, they
tell you it is mixed with several expensive drugs. Well, if you want
to feed it, I will guarantee this to be as good as the drugs they use:

31—7— 1906.

482 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. -

100 lbs. linseed meal.

5 lbs. powdered charcoal.

5 Ibs. Epsom salts.

5 Ibs. common salt.

4 lbs. saltpetre (which they call nitrate of potassium, and we
don’t recognize it).

3 Ibs. fenugreek.

You can see how very expensive these things are, and I would say
that if the animal is well, | would not give her any of them. Well,
friends, there is rational feeding. Now, how much will you feed?
Why, we will feed all the animal needs to keep her in good condi-
tion and in addition to the course of feeds she has, just as much
grain as she will pay a profit on. That depends a good deal on the
cow and a good deal on what you are getting for the milk. If you
are getting four cents for it, you can feed better than on three
cents. It is not “How much milk can I carry away,” but “How
much have I left for myself?” That is, over and above cost. |
think it can safely be put down that eight pounds of grain in addition
to the silage and good hay is as much as the average herd will pay
a profit on for a daily ration.

But, you ask me, will that ration balance? I don’t care a hill of
beans whether it balances or not. I have quit sitting up nights figur-
ing on that.

I am going to ask the old éow whether that ration was balanced
or not. “How?” you will ask. I put my hand on her skin; if that is
soft and oily as it is in summer, when she has pasture grass, she is
all right, but if it is coarse and rough, then we put in more protein.
Then, her droppings I consider a very important indication. If they
are too hard, I would feed her more linseed as a laxative, and if they
are too soft, some cottonseed meal, and I don’t care whether it bal-
ances from one to four or from one to seven; it is all right.

And again, there is a difference in the cows. I find that the Hol-
stein will take a wider ration, with less of the heating elements,
than the Jersey. Again, I find that it depends upon the way the
cow is kept. A cow that is kept very cold needs more heating feed.
You go out here on the Pennsylvania Railroad some day when it is
very cold, and you will find that the train is losing time, and the con-
ductor will tell you, if you ask him, that it can’t get up steam; the
trolley car is making its usual time in the same weather because
its power engine is under cover.

We want to calculate by weight and not by quart, and first we
must feed that cow so as to keep her in good condition; next, we
will feed her for profit and not for production. We will give her the
succulent silage, then we will follow with the alfalfa; then we will
feed her the coarse feeds we have and to give our animals what they
need of protein, we will depend on oats, peas, and home grown feeds.
and when we need to buy, we will buy where we can get the greatest
amount of protein for the least amount of money, because the cow
will be the better for it, and then we will feed her as much as she
needs to keep her in good condition, and that will be rational feed-
ing.

The CHAIRMAN: As this is a joint meeting of the State Board
of Agrieniture, Pennsylvania Dairy Union and the Live Stock Breed

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 43

ers’ Association, I will now call on Mr. Norton, President of the Live-
stock Breeders’ Association, to take the Chair, and preside over the
remaining part of the session.

Mr. Norton thereupon assumed the Chair, and proceeded to carry
out the program of the joint meeting as above referred to.

This closes the proceedings of the State Board of Agriculture
proper, the remainder of the program being carried out by the
Pennsylvania Livestock Breeders’ Association and the Pennsylvania
Dairy Union, for Proceedings of which address,

E. S. BAYARD,
National Stockman and Farmer, Pittsburg, Pa.
Secretary Livestock Breeders’ Association.
or
W. E. PERHAM, Niagara, Pa.,
Secretary Pennsylvania Dairy Union.

Secretary.

ABS RAG TOF THE PROCEEDINGS

STATE HORTICULTURAL ASSOCIATION

PENNSYLVANIA,

Held at Harrisburg, Pa. January 16-17, 1907.

OFFICIAL DOCUMENT, No. 7.

~

SAD HORTICULTURAL ASSOCIATION OF
PENNSYLVANIA.

OFFICERS FOR 1907.

PRESIDENT.
(GoNSIS 48 HEC den. Cease BOOS RODE oe MED OE Moonen ae Cone SAG rciac Rae Harrisburg.
VICE PRESIDENTS.
EXOT Vee «Ds ONL CAS Vier yen mrhatals, ciicicis onvomrerieie ius) ausvaie, ets <i onc We Carat Catawissa.
peel ee IUASSOLE S seh ne see ara erat oe epee cae oreo: ate ersiavele aie 1c octal echo tet nisietoe incre Meshoppen.
LV er Hi LOT won ence terpeterare Mere eisreriohar stone cearowinie Siac crete as oe eM sees Aspers.
RECORDING SECRETARY.
JECTS el 3 aa Dia Veg (OP, 5 Se Gdns See Cbd vo eb OG attra ane Soe e SS eSce Waynesboro.
CORRESPONDING SE'CRETARY.
\idiniay oP Beom Baar lay (oa ieee Shee Seto Go-cerce Gerke Otro SCs OR OC BED Cee eee ner Christiana.
TREASURER.
TES ghatralve Wines Mi oVolo OU U Se Rr EEE Cini cicls. a SE LG Ue Ear ie e OIS CTEIS ret ene cue King of Prussia.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE FORTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL MEETING
OF THE STATE HORTICULTURAL ASSOCIATION OF PENN-
SYLVANIA, HELD AT HARRISBURG, PA., JANUARY 16-17,
1907.

Gauged by the attendance at our sessions, the interest manifested
in our papers and discussions and the practical information elicited
therefrom, and the large and attractive exhibit of fruits on our
tables, this may just!y be considered the most successful meeting
we have held in a decade, if not in twenty years. It is an evidence
of an awaking interest in fruit growing and horticulture in Pennsyl-
vania, which promises to place our own State before many years,
where she rightfully belongs, at the head of all others as a fruit
producing State.

The following have become members of our association since
our last annual meeting.

LIFE MEMBER.

H. C. Cummings, Sunbury, Pa.

ANNUAL MEMBERS.

Banks, William, Mifflintown. Kready, W. S., Mount Joy.

Barlow, Thos. W., Fort Washington. Lee, Ross F., Bedford.

Bostwick, D. C., Ripley, N. Y. Lesher, C. M., Northumberland.
Bretz, Robert, West Fairview. Lewis, W. J.; RD. No: 1, Pittsburg:
Claar,, W. M., Queen. Martin, Hon. A. L., Harrisburg.
Denning Co., The, Salem, O. Prickett, Josiah W., Biglerville.
Fassett, F. H., Meshoppen. Richardson, EF. W., Paoli.
Fenstermaker, P. S., Allentown: Rinehart, Geo. W., R. D: No. 4, York.
Gass, W. J., Paximos. Rumble, W. E., Ringtown.

Greist, C. H., Guernsey. Ruof, Fred., Hummelstown.

Gross, Joshua W., Harrisburg. Snavely, M. H., Cleona.

Grove, W. E., York Springs.. Stephens, A. W., Lewisburg.

Gump, Dr. S. H., Bedford. Stroud, J. W., Black Walnut.
Harshman, U. W., Waynesboro. Thomas, Ernest K., Botanic Garden:
Harris, Joseph, Shamokin. University of Pa., Philadeiphia.
Hartman, L. E., Etters. Tyson, W. C., Guernsey.

Hartley, A. D., R. D. No. 3, Pottstown. Wood, J. C., Stroudsburg.

Hess, Chas. C., Phillipsburg. Youngs, L. G., North East.

Jamison, J. E., Swales.
( 487 )

488 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

After the usual preliminary work of calling to order, reading and
approval of minutes, and a short recess for payment of dues, Presi-
dent Hiester stated that the election of a committee to nominate
candidates for the several offices for 1907, was in order, and the fol-
lowing were elected members of said committee:—Dr. J. H. Funk,
A. I. Weidner, D. L. Hartman, D. M. Wertz and F. H. Fassett.

The committee was instructed to nominate candidates, and report
at the morning session.

In the absence of Chairman R. L. Watts, Mr. D. K. McMillan, read
the following:

REPORT OF THE GENERAL FRUIT COMMITTEE.

In presenting a report of the General Fruit Committee, the
Chairman wishes to thank the correspondents throughout the State
for their prompt and very necessary assistance. It is hoped that
the report will not only relate to the results and progress of the past
year but will also be an index, to some extent at least as to the
general trend of fruit culture and gardening in Pennsylvania, and
the possibilities for extended operations in every county. There may
be over-production some years in a few sections but the possibilities
of the State as a whole are almost unlimited for the production and
profitable disposition of first class fruits and vegetables.

APPLES.
The apple is without doubt the most important fruit crop in Penn-

sylvania. It is grown in every county for home consumption and.

grown in every county to a greater or less extent for commercial pur-
poses. It well deserves the study and attention of practically all our
land owners and it is destined to occupy a much more important
place in the horticulture of our State. Some sections are much
better adapted to this fruit than others and the industry is develop-
ing rapidly in some of these favored locations. There are hundreds
and hundreds of acres, however, where soil and climatic conditions
are well adapted to the apple and where no special attention is given
this fruit. The apple industry should be developed in these sections.

The 1906 crop was above the average in yield. Quite a number of
counties report very large or full crops. A good crop is reported
from many counties and correspondents in very few counties report
less than an average crop. The yields in the greatest apple produc-
ing counties as Adams, Franklin and York was not above the average
and a number of growers report very light crops. The quality of the
crop in most sections was above the average being very good in
many counties. Only six correspondents report a crop of poor
quality.

In reply to the question, “Is the crop profitable in your county?”
only two correspondents give negative answers. This almost unani-
mous affirmative answer indicates in a very positive way the great
possibilities for apple culture in Pennsylvania. Unfavorable weather
conditions, particularly late spring frosts, were the direct causes of
failure in some orchards the past year, but the trouble on too many

Lee

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 489

farms arises from negligence. We cannot expect to get paying
crops of choice fruit without intelligent and persistent work in the
way of tillage, pruning, fertilizing and spraying. The San José
Scale is a serious enemy to our orchards and this pest must be fought,
but spraying alone will not procure good fruit. Two-thirds of “the
correspondents indicate that apple trees in their pre ey counties
are dying rapidly and it is doubtful whether the San José Scale is
‘so much responsible for this loss as some other factors, particularly
the lack of proper fertilizing and the failure to cultiv ate or mulch.
The consensus of opinion regarding the five most profitable winter
varieties is as follows:—Baldwin, York fper ae Northern Spy,

Rhoad Island Greening and Ben Davis. Staymans’ Winesap, which
is receiving so much attention at the present, is reported as one of
the five best varieties by correspondents in Berks, Lancaster, Chester,
York and Franklin counties. Reports show that commercial plant-
ing is largely on the increase in Pennsylvania.

PEARS.

The 1906 pear crop was fairly encouraging. Only avery small per-
centage of the correspondents report a full crop and 25 per cent. re-
port a fair crop. The crop was light in most counties although the
quality was above the average. Commercial planting is very
evidently on the decrease in most counties. To every grower re-
porting an increase in pear planting, four report a decrease. Blight
is by far the most serious enemy to the pear and the reports show this
in the most emphatic way. The discouraging phase of this subject
is that science is giving us practically no new light relating to the
combat of the disease. It is the great barrier to pear culture and
few large plantations will be made until more is known regarding its
control. As to varieties, Bartlett and Kieffer are the leading com-
mercial varieties grown in the State. Seckel, Clapp’s Favorite and
Duchess receive favorable mention quite frequently.

PEACHES.

The peach crop was very light in most of the counties. Absolute
failure is reported from many of the colder counties of the State,
while a medium crop was harvested in the more favorable central
counties. Lehigh and some of the south-eastern counties produced
iarge and satisfactory crops, especially in Franklin, Montgomery,
Lancaster and Chester counties. Weather conditions were not
favorable in most of the counties. In a number of counties winter
freezing destroyed the fruiting buds and late Spring frosts added to
the work of destruction. The San José Scale, “yellows” and borers
are universally recognized as the most serious enemies. Peach cul-
ture is regarded as decidedly profitable in the State where prevailing
natural conditions are favorable.

PLUMS.

The 1906 plum crop in Pennsylvania was far from being a success.
Only four counties report a large crop, namely, York, Lancaster,
Montgomery and Lehigh. In every other instance either a light
crop is reported or a total failure. ntarorable weather conditions
as severe winter freezes, late Spring frosts and wet weather de-

32

490 ANNUAL REFORT OF THE Off. Doc.

creased the yield in some counties, while diseases and insects were
more generally responsible for the light crop. The consensus of
opinion is that the curculio is the most destructive insect pest to
plums and the San José Scale takes second place among the foes.
Abundance, Burbank, Lombard and German Prune are the most
popular and profitable varieties grown in the State. But there
seems to be very little interest in commercial plum growing and very ,
few trees are being planted with a view to supplying fruit for market
purposes.

QUINCES.

According to reports of our correspondents the outlook for quince
culture is no more promising than a few years ago. Our Lancaster
county correspondent thinks the outlook is encouraging in that
county, but no other grower takes an optomistic view of the question.
The most serious obstacle to quince culture is twig blight.

CHERRIES.

Cherries are quite universally grown in Pennsylvania and a large
majority of the correspondents state that the crop is grown profit-
ably in their respective counties. It is especially successful in most
of the more hilly counties where the climate is not too severe, and
the industry should be developed in these favored localities. The
sour cherries, such as the Early Richmond, may be produced and is
produced under a great variety of soil and climatic conditions but
this is not true of the varieties producing the largest and finest sweet
cherries: The finest large sweet cherry requires a peculiar fitness
of soil and climate and the area of our State where such a combina-
tion is afforded is rather limited. The industry deserves special at-
tention in these communities. A neighbor in Cambria county grows
as fine Windsor cherries as were ever grown in California, and the
quality or flavor surpasses the California fancy cherries. The follow-
ing varieties are most largely grown in our State: Early Richmond,
Black Tartarian, Gov. Wood, Montmorency Large, English Morello,
Dyehouse, Yellow Spanish and May Duke.

GRAPES.

Commercial grape culture in Pennsylvania, is confined almost
entirely to Erie county. There are isolated growers here and there
in various parts of the State who grow considerable quantities of
grapes for market, but most of our farmers and horticulturists are
interested in the production of this fruit for home consumption.
The grape is certainly one of the most delicious and refreshing of
all our fruits and every farm should contain at least a few vines.
Concord will give fair results in almost any soil, while there is an
extensive list of varieties which will do well over a large part of our
State. The following varieties are especially desirable, according to
the views of the correspondents: Concord, Niagara, Brighton, Dela-
ware, Moores Early, Worden and Brilliant. The Chairman of this
committee, who has fruited the Brilliant, is particularly impressed
with the fine quality of this grape. It is a cross between the Dela-
ware and Brighton with the size of the Brighton and the quality of
the Delaware.

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 491

SMALL FRUITS.

Over half the correspondents report that small fruit culture is on
the decrease in Pennsylvania. This is a deplorable fact and it is
hoped that new interest will be taken in small fruit culture during
1907. The following varieties of strawberries are mentioned the
most frequently as being the best: Bubach, Gandy, Wim. Belt, Sharp-
less, Brandywine, Warfield, Haverland, Glen Marr, Tennessee Proli-
fic, Sample and Senator Dunlap. Cuthbert stands very much in the
lead as the best red raspberry and Gregg occupies first place among
the black caps. Cumberland is coming to the front rapidly and is
now quite generally grown in the State. MKansas, which was so pop-
ular a few years ago is mentioned by only three correspondents.
Snyder is regarded as the most profitable blackberry, followed by
Krie, Kittatinny, Taylor and Ancient Briton.

VEGETABLES.

Trucking or market gardening is profitable in Pennsylvania,
wherever desirable markets can be found. The crops which may be
grown on the greatest variety of soils are generally recognized as
the most profitable. The following vegetables are favorably men-
tioned the most frequently: Cabbage, tomatoes, potatoes, onions and
celery. A distinctly sandy soil, which is necessary to follow a
general line of trucking, is not required to grow any of the foregoing
vegetables, and it is surprising that scores of our markets are poorly
supplied with home grown produce. Almost every correspondent
speaks of the opportunities in his county for market gardening.

SPRAYING.

At least 80 per cent. of the correspondents report that spraying
for insects and fungous diseases is on the increase. This is the most
encouraging part of the communications which the Chairman of this
committee has received. It is an assurance of better days in the
future, for those who have been spraying with care, thoroughness
and intelligence have been well rewarded for their work. In reply
to the question “What are the results of spraying?” we note these
answers: “good”, “very good”, “fine”, “satisfactory”, “excellent’’,
“holding scale in check”, ete., ete. Of course some have been disap-
pointed, but failure in most instances has been due to improper in-
secticides or fungicides or faulty methods in their application.

THE SAN JOSE SCALE.

There is no doubt about the San José Scale being spread quite
generally over the State. Some growers report that they do not
know of its presence in their counties but the investigations of Prof.
Surface and his assistants show that there are comparatively few
sections where this pest does not exist. That it is very much more
prevalent in some counties than others is well known by the immense
losses which have been sustained in these scale swept counties.

Very little is being done to control the scale where the damages
have not been especially noticeable. These localities need a warning
that the fruit growers or farmers will not forget, for certainly pre-
ventive measures should be taken before the scale gains a strong

492 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

hold. When isolated trees are found which are badly infested the
best thing to do is to destroy them as soon as discovered.

The question as to the best spraying material to use is yet un-
settled in the minds of many orchardists. It is quite generally agreed
among the entomologists of our country as well as among many
practical fruit growers, that the lime and sulphur spray is the most
effective of all applications, and it is most extensively used in Penn-
sylvania. And yet some of the commercial preparations are attract-
ing great attention and well deserve the consideration of both practi-
cal and scientific men. ‘The soluble oils, particularly “Scalecide,” has
been found very effective in the hands of a few of the leading mem-
bers of the Pennsylvania Horticultural Association. Our Secre-
tary, Mr. Engle, reports favorably concerning the value of ‘“Scale-
cide” and “Target Brand.” Mr. J. H. Ledy, of Franklin county, has
been well pleased with the effects of the soluble oils. Mr. Henry T.
Moon, of Bucks county, says ‘“‘Scalecide” is excellent and Joseph W.
Anderson, of York county reports that “Scalecide has given better
results than lime, salt and sulphur.’ In connection with these state-
ments the fact. should be emphasized that lime and sulphur or lime
and sulphur with salt added is giving excellent results in our State
and elsewhere, where pure materials are used, boiling and mixing
properly done and the application thorough.

COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS.

Commercial fertilizers are used quite extensively by the fruit
growers of our State and where used intelligently the results have
been highly satisfactory. There is a wide difference of opinion as
to the best formula for each particular fruit. One grower claims
that a fertilizer containing not less than 15 per cent. of potash
should be employed for apples on his soil, while another advocates
only 2 per cent. of potash. The question of what to use and the pro-
portion of the various elements is largely a local question with each
grower and it is practically impossible to find on the market those
brands of fertilizers which are best adapted to the various soils and
fruits of our State. This renders home mixing highly desirable, for
it gives the grower absolute control of the whole question. He can
mix the food to suit the land as well as the crop, and actually save
from five to ten dollars per ton. Home mixing has also a decided
educational value which should not be overlooked.

TILLAGE.

The reports of our correspondents on the subject of tillage are
very interesting. Little attention is giyen our general farm or-
chards in the way of cultivation, for the trees usually stand in sod
and the results are far from satisfaction in most cases. Then there
is quite a large class of commercial fruit growers who are very rigid
in their ideas, that thorough tillage should be given all orchards,
maintaining the supply of humus by the use of manure, or more
commonly by the use of cover crops, preferably legumes, as the red
clover or crimson clover. This method finds little criticism for it
not only secures good fruit, but also keeps the soil in a fertile condi-
tion. Quite a large percentage of our correspondents this year re-
port excellent results from mulching, particularly when the trees

——_-s ee a a a

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 493

are young, and when in bearing, too, if the necessary mulching
material can be procurred. Mulching.is especially desirable for
rough, hilly lands which cannot be cultivated without serious loss
by washing. It is a question whether mulching material could not
be bought, if necessary, and applied on level lands cheaper than by
continuous cultivation followed by green manuring. It is quite
generally conceded that peach orchards should receive thorough
cultivation.
SCHOOLS.

It is gratifying to report that nature study is receiving increased
attention in the public schools and that elementary agriculture is
taught to a slight extent. The school grounds are better cared for
than formerly and these are all positive indications of progress in
the rural communities. Although good work along these lines is
being done, it is purely voluntary on the part of the teacher and no
particular influence is brought to bear on school teachers to show
how necessary it is to country life. We cannot expect many of our
boys to become farmers and practical horticulturists and to find real
joy and happiness in their work unless they are taught concerning
the beauties and mysteries that surround them in their every day life
and know something of the fundamental principles of agriculture
and horticulture.

R. L. WATTS,
Chairman, General Fruit Committee.

(The discussion following this report is omitted for want of space.)

WEDNESDAY JANUARY 16—EVENING SESSION.

Having called the meeting to order, President Hiester, referred
briefly to the “Question Box” on the Secretary’s table, and remina-
ed the members that it was their privilege to use it.

ANNUAL ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT.

I think we have good cause for congratulation on the very sub-
stantial progress we have made along all horticultural lines during
the past year. Several new County Societies have been organized
by men who show considerable enthusiasm in the work and I have no
doubt good reports will come from them in the near future—of the
older County Societies, the Wyoming County Association has
arranged for the planting of a large commercial apple orchard by a
company composed of some of its members, and a few Philadelphia
capitalists who are engaged in selling fruit in that city. The members
of the Adams county society conducted a very careful line of experi-
ments for the suppression of San José Scale in their several or-
chards, and compiled an accurate report of the results. This report
was considered of such importance by Secretary Critchfield, of the
State Department of Agriculture, that he has secured a copy, which
he will print in his annual report and send broadcast to the farmers
of the State for their instruction,

494 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

Insect pests and fungus diseases were unusually troublesome
during the past year, but our people have advanced in their know-
ledge and are better able to control them than ever before. The
State Department has kept a large force of experts at work in the
different counties of the State, giving spraying demonstrations,
while the owners of proprietary mixtures have also had their agents
out among the farmers instructing them and assisting them in their
work. Nurserymen as a rule have complied with the terms of the
fumigation law. The trees sent out have been carefully fumigated,
and being clean when planted will be much more easily kept clean
than unfumigated stock. Taken altogether, I think our orchards
are in much better condition to-day than they were this time last
year.

But a careful examination of the fruit on the table before us will
bring to light the fact that we still have much to leatn. That fine
collection, which represents the best product of many of our most
careful growers—shows on many specimens the marks of San José
Scale, and sooty spot fungus. Our scientific men will do well to
study that fruit carefully. We have done the best we can with our
present knowledge. We ask your aid in discovering more positive
remedies for these troubles. One of the most promising events of
the year was the passage of the Adams Bill by Congress, this bill
practically doubles the appropriation for Experimental Stations by
the U. 8. Government. This will allow our station to diver-
sify its work, to start a series of horticultural experiments
that will be of great service to the fruit growers of
the State. We were all glad to learn that the Trustees
of State College had secured the services of Dr. Thomas
F. Hunt, of Cornell, as Director of the Experiment Station
and Dean of the School of Agriculture. He comes to his new posi-
tion fully impressed with the importance of the fruit industry in
Pennsylvania, and admirably equipped for the work. I ask for Dr.
Hunt, the hearty support and co-operation of every member of this
society.

The new German tariff law provides a maximum duty of $1.65 per
bbl. on apples, and a proportionately high rate on dried apples, for all
countries that do not comply with certain conditions before July Ist.
A bill has passed the House and is now before the Senate which does
not provide for such a treaty of commerce as would secure for us
the minimum duty of 50 cents per bbl. Unless this bill is so amended
as to comply with the requirements of the German Government be-
fore July 1, 1907, we will have to pay the maximum duty of $1.65 per
bbl. and would simply be prohibition. This may seem a small matter
to some of us who always sell our fruit in a near local market, but
we must remember that large commercial orchards of York Imperial
apples have recently been planted in certain sections of this State.
That York Imperial apples sell at a higher rate in the German mar-
kets than in any other foreign country, consequently if we loose the
German market we loose the best foreign market for Pennsylvania
apples. I would suggest that the Legislative Committee take up this
matter and prepare proper resolutions to be presented before the
close of this meeting.

To the delegates from other societies who are with us, I extend on
behalf of the society a most cordial welcome, we are glad to have

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 495

you with us, we hope you will feel perfectly at home, and taken part
in all the discussions. We want you to have a good time and to
carry away with you only pleasant recollections.

COMMERCIAL FRUIT GROWING.
PROF. G. F. WARREN, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.

Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen:—This subject is one
that I prefer to present with lantern slides. Since we do
not have a lantern here, I will call attention to a few points on this
subject and then take up a discussion of tillage of apple orchards.

Pennsylvania’s Rank in Horticulture.—C ommercial fruit growing
is a good subject for an address in Pennsylvania because this State
has always been the second or third in the Union in fruit produc-
tion. I wonder if you realize how important a place it occupies. It
is well for us to stop and take an inventory of ourselves occasion-
ally. We have no later figures on fruit crops than the last census
and there has been a great increase since then. At the time of the
last census Pennsylvania ranked among the states: second in apples,
third in all orchard fruit, fourth in grapes, sixth in nursery products
and seventh in small fruits. The total fruit products for the census
year 1899 were $10,500,000.00. It stood second in total vegetable
products with a value of $16,000,000.00.

The total horticultural products, not including flowers and seeds
and greenhouse products of this State were, therefore, $26,000,000.00.
The present product is certainly much above these figures. Penn-
sylvania is, therefore, third in horticulture being exceeded by Cali-
fornia and New York. Nearly one-fourth of all the crops of Penn-
sylvania are horticultural crops (22 per cent.).

In spite of scale, codling moth, scab and all the other enemies that
must be controlled, I feel sure that this position will be maintained
for many years. No state except New Jersey has a better situation
with reference to markets. This position together with favorable
soil and climate, certainly calls for an increase in fruit growing, so
that just now when so many men are discouraged on account of scale
and other difficulties seems to me to be the best time for enterins the
fruit business provided it is undertaken in a business like way.

Danger of Over Production.—But can we compete with the West?
And is there no danger of over production? In 1850 the average

value of fruit produced in the United States was 33 cents for every
person. People who bought the fruit paid more, but the average
value at the farm was 33 cents for every person in the United States.
In 1900 the amount was $1.11 for orchard fruit and $1.74 per capita
for all fruit, or four to five times as much is being spent by each
member of our population as was spent 50 years ago. On the aver-
age, the amount spent per capita has increased about 80 per cent.
every ten years. Can we say that this increase is now going to stop?
Can we say that the American’s desire for fruit has reached its

496 - ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

limit when he buys $1.74 worth per year? (He probably pays double
this when transportation and commissions are added to these farm
values.)

Value of Fruit as Foods.—Fruit is usually spoken of as a luxury
and is said to have little food value except as a tonic, to be taken
much like peruna and apple jack, because we like it. The public is
coming more and more to recognize fruit as a necessity. Fruit prob-
ably has a great value in keeping the system in condition to digest
other food but fruit growers have generally underestimated the
value of fruit as a direct food. It is their province to educate the
public as to its food value. A pound of grapes contains as much
total disgestible nutrients as a pound of potatoes. Apples contain
two-thirds as much as potatoes and twice as much as squash. You
can frequently buy a pound of digestible food in apples as cheaply as
in potatoes. The kind of food is somewhat different, the fruits being
lower in protein.

Development of Commercial Fruit Growing.—I believe that the
wonderful growth in the consumption of fruit in the United States
has not vet reached its limit. We have hardly begun to produce
fruit as a business. A large part of our present fruit is grown by
men who care for the corn crop first. These men are corn growers,
not fruit growers. But there is developing a class of men who make
fruit growing their business. In times past we grew fruit for the
kitchen; it was primarily for home use. Our fathers planted one or
two acres of apples, and set them on land least suited for growing
grain or around the house where they would be handy. If the
orchard produced enough for the winter’s supply and for cider they
were satisfied. They had no particular quarrel with the codling
moth. This gave more cider apples, and sometimes the farmer was
perfectly willing to have more cider and fewer baked apples. You
all remember in your boyhood days when you went to certain trees
for your eating apples—and what apples they were! Better than
any that grow today—because you were the boy with a boy’s ap-
petite. You selected only the best that were left after the worms
and disease had taken their share. We may remember the enormous
vields that some tree gave some year, but generally the trees were
not held to a strict accounting. These old orchards were made up
of many varieties. A variety for every day in the year was some-
times considered ideal. .

A very large number of these old orchards are still in our State,
in fact they are still in the majority, but they are disappearing. The
sooner they are gone the better for our fruit interests. They fur-
nish breeding places for insects and fungous pests, and when they do
give the owner a crop that he has never earned they interfere with
the sale of a better product.

The growing of fruit as a business, as many men are now coming
to grow it and as more will do now that we are getting adjusted to
the new conditions, is enfirely a different proposition. Now our fruit
farms are manufacturing plants—they must produce enough to pay
dividends; but we are not satisfied with a profit, we want the best
profit, and if there is any way of getting more profit the question is
well worth considering.

The tendency is to get this greater profit by higher care in every
detail, but we are not wholly adjusted to the new conditions and

SS ee oe ee ee

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 497

there continually arise discussions of easy ways and so-called
‘nature’s ways.” Many men believe that apple trees should not be
pruned because this is “nature’s way.” But nature prunes and
prunes severely. ‘The limbs fight it out among themselves. Gradu-
ally some limbes are killed and those that persist are injured by the
combat.

Then another man says that nature’s way is to have sod in the
orchard. Now the real natural way is to have the trees growing
close together, each one trying to crowd the other out, so that the
trees become like forest trees, with a bouquet of leaves at the top.
One noted advocate of the sod mulch method has an orchard on the
side of a hill. As the water sweeps down this hill it gives him an ex-
cess of moisture. He uses the grass to pump this excess of water
out, but many farmers, seeing this easy way advertised, take it up
wholly regardless of their soil conditions.

A man in the South found that he could cut all the roots from a
tree before setting and get good results. Being an advertiser his
method became widely | known and many men in the North adopted
it. Where he lives the spring comes on gradually, so that the tree
can become rooted and may be fairly successful, but with us we have
the “burst of spring;” suddenly a great demand is made on the roots
and the tree thus treated ge nerally fails to do as well. Practically
all Experiment Station tests have condemned the method.

So we have many men of many minds as we are changing from old
conditions to the commercial orchard ideas. The man who origi-
nates the fad or who actively champions it is usually successful, be-
cause his pride causes him to treat his trees so wel! in all other
respects. Not infrequently his success is in spite of, rather than
because of, his fad. Many of these ideas are based on attempts to
get back to nature’s way. While we need to understand nature,
yet it is largely in order to know how to improve her ways or to
avoid them. Nature grows fruit for the seeds; her purpose is to
produce apple seeds, and these with little pulp. But we want pulp
and as little core as possible. Her way is to grow a multitude of
small apples, while our desire is for a smaller number of large ones.

TILLAGE OF APPLE ORCHARDS.

In the summers of 1903 and 1904 Mr. Bues and I made an orchard
survey of Wayne and Orleans counties, New York. These are two
of the four lake counties in the noted apple region of Western New
York. Each county produces about 4,000,000 bushels of apples in a
year when there is a fair crop. Over 1,100 orchards were examined,
whose total area was nearly 9,000 acres. Each orchard was ex-
amined for diseases, insects, character of soil, drainage, varieties,
methods of pruning, ‘tilling, fertilizing, spraying, etc., and the yields
were obtained. The effort was to study everything that had to do
with success in apple production. That is, to study the results of
seventy-five years of apple growing.

When you examine only one orchard you can not tell what is the
cause of success or failure, because there are so many factors that
enter into the question. By examining a large number and tabulat-
ing the results it becomes possible to determine the relative import-

32—7— 1906.

498 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc,

auce of the many questions that are concerned with success in apple
production.

We found that tillage had more intivence on yield and income than
any other question. Spraying was generally second in importance,
but in some years it took first place.

In the township of Walworth, in Wayne county, every orchard
as large as one acre was examined. Table I shows the yields of the
tilled and sod orchards for the years 1902 and 1903.

TABLE I.

Average Yield in Bushels of Tilled and Untilled Orchards, Walworth Town-
ship, Wayne County, New York.

1902. 1903.
a a
5 un 5 un
e GC o S 2
S) 5 : 9 5 m
5 3 HS B Pf (fi. ade,
& x
vs S > sc) S A
3 o fo 3 5} bo
Q 2 3 Q re) 3
S S 3 § £ o
® 5 3 > 3 3 >
a vA < Zz A <
TDD BB SPS) GT IV OTC Fo. oiy coin osn'a copaneca te ayeus le’s elele afafewe olerelaysie 42 | 304 301 rH 293 355
Milled’ MOS. VEALS;| joaceesussnoaseeceeusemes soar ae een ork 59 | 921 265 20 80 274
SOGMIMOUStE MR MCATISW erijemarficsitecese recliner retainer rine 69 | 3806 227 22 119 261
SOG SVearsinOr * TOGO: ceciecscnclesterievt ele loafer enaeon 70 | 295 202 | 24 124 268

The entire county was examined in the same way, except that
only the larger orchards were taken in the remainder, usually those
containing about ten acres or more. The four-year averages for the
county are given in Table II. This shows that the tilled orchards
averaged about 80 per cent. larger yield than the untilled. A part
of this great difference is doubtless due to other factors. The man
who regularly tills his orchard is more likely to fertilize, prune
and spray weli. To see how much of this difference is due to tillage
and how much is due to other factors another classification was
made. This is shown in the second column, well-cared-for orchards.
All these have received some fertilization, have been fairly well
pruned, are not diseased or in bad condition from any causes. Of
these well-cared-for orchards the tilled ones gave an average of 35
per cent. above the untilled. This tabulation doubtless gives too
high a yield for the orchards in sod, for in making it all diseased ones
were thrown out. In many cases these should have been included,
for the disease frequently gets a foothold because the sod has
lowered the vitality of the trees. The real difference due to sod will
therefore lie between the 80 per cent. shown by the first column and
the 35 per cent. shown by the second column.

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 499

TABLE II.

Yields in Bushels per acre of Tilled and Sod Apple Orchards, Wayne County,
New York Four-Year Averages, 1900-1903.

: Well-Cared-for
All Orchards. Orchards
|
. . {
n iy)
oS cS {
w 4 be 5
; j x v =
S 8 S em os =
3 3 ms 3 ea Oi des
i je sisatig Gia alse | é
S =] > 2 5 =
Z Z <{ Zz Fe, <
} ie ir
BRINIG OL Bp VEATS ONsILORGg | o\s sion veictole sis. c0/etslelsie/<ic/bisieve/a.mvjeis cfe'e 38 | 329 | 266 27 | 275 271
PRUELEOIIMIOSE “VEATS; sie cisreieinie o)s\oiole'o/e)als\e aie = s\esin)e/njajs\e\ele o\sieiares iL 293 | 229 26 | 182 245
OOS EY. COUES a Ueroisie ce ciinls cicicie aleicicidiaie ts cickisie le eisie s wreteemteroye s 53 312 | 202 28 235 206
MOEN VALS OMmMlOlGsy jinicisiciteccds slcscieiel tem iteletsiotelelawaicin ios 71 675 | 148 ol 242 2u6

A similar study was made in Orleaus county. Table III, shows
the five-year average yields for this county. Those that have been
tilled ten vears gave 86 per cent. higher yields than those that were

TABLE III.

Yields in Bushels per Acre and Income per Acre of Tiiled and Sod Apple
Orchards in Orleans County, New York. Five-Year Averages, 1900-1904.

All Orchards. | Well Cared for Orchards.
m |
| | |
. 7 . =
e 2 | =
iS | - Wa ade gly ake | =
S) 3) & o 3} ,
5 | 3 z ee lds tes a isi E
€ = = (3)
| a S| cs uy 2 5
| 3 oS = = | 3S o i= oa
oO
fy 5 rn oo 5 5 80 a
2 2 3 Bo | & 2 38 Sa
Beers) ores |e ea. t2e Bor] | ae
= =I = athe |) oe =I | ea
4 Ae ye ee < | & 4 | < <
1
‘Tilkede 10 Years’ or “MiGre; «tis.c. cece. | 18 | 151 | Som, |e skee.| 16 139 337 $189
SRiled epioVGATrSuiOrcIMOre. sie csiscusecrelatere 7 | 142 274 | 138 9 79 296 148
Piled Most OF ‘hb Wears) Vi.cc.s. ss cic ce 59 | 507 225 | 113 | 42 341 23 121
SES OSEM OR, OL VBE occ sasice aw usien 108 | 954 222 107 75 645 212 118
ed 7b) years) OF MOre> Face. sccmenscon 35 329 204 108 | 23 197 | 258 | 33k
sod) i0liyears or More, ..j40.0sseedaene: 48 | 494 176 87 | 25 204 232 | 117
{ }

in sod ten years, and those tilled five years gave 34 per cent. higher
yield than those in sod five years. As in Wayne county, the tilled
orchards have undoubtedly fared better in general care. Neglected
orchards are likely to be in sod. ‘To eliminate other factors, another
computation was made as in Wayne county. In this all neglected
orchards were thrown out. This excluded about half the orchards
that were regularly in sod and excluded some from all classes.
These well-cared-for orchards have all received some fertilization
and some spraying; none are badly damaged by lack of fer-
tilization, spraying or drainage, or badly damaged by diseases or
other causes. Of these orchards those that have been tilled ten or
more years gave 45 per cent. larger yield than those that had been
in sod ten or more years, and those tilled five or more years gave 15

500 - ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

per cent. larger yield than those in sod the same period. This tabula-
tion gives too favorable a showing for the sod orchard, for some of
the diseased ones thrown out were diseased because of the sod
treatment. The real difference lies between the differences shown
by the two columns.

Does it Pay to Till?—The complete report of the work is given in .

Cornell bulletins 226 and 229. It shows the same differences for
each of the years and for each of the parts of the counties. Only
the summaries are given here. These tables are not theory—they
are facts. However we try to explain away the results, we must a¢-
cept the fact that for some reason the average sod orchard in these
counties gives only a little over half as much fruit as the tilled ones.

The difference in income shown by Table III, are even more strik-
ing than the differences in yields—a difference that wili pay for till-
ing the orchard, for the loss of pasture and still have a very wide
margin of profit. If there is a method of sod treatment that equals
tillage we must admit that the average grower has not yet found it.

These tables do not show that every sod orchard should be tilled,
but they do show that it would pay to till the average one. If a sod
orchard is giving good yields, and if the trees are making sufficient
growth to keep up their vitality it may be desirable to keep it in sod.
a few sod orchards are as good as the average of the tilled ones, but
very few indeed are among the best orchards. By the liberal use of
barnyard manure an orchard may be kept in good condition without
tillage. But this is usually too expensive a practice. The same
results may be accomplished with much less manure if the orchard
is tilled. If an orchard is in sod and is not yielding well, or if the
trees are losing their vitality, even if the yield is still good, it will
probably pay well to till. One of the greatest differences between
tilled and sod orchards is in the length of time that the trees keep
their vitality. Whatever the best method of treating an old orchard,
there is no doubt about the advisability of tilling young trees.

Methods of Sod Treatment.—Of the various methods of sod treat-
ment, pasturing with hogs or sheep gave the best results, as shown
by Table IV. One reason why the results with hogs shows up so
well is that many of the orchards so treated were really tilled
orchards—tilled by hogs. Another reason is that hogs receive much
of their food from outside of the orchards. so that there is a con-
stant addition of plant food to the soil. We hear considerable
about the so-called sod-mulch method of cutting the grass and throw-
ing it around the trees. But there are few nature orchards in which
enough grass can be grown to furnish efficient mulch, even if
the method is otherwise desirable.

.

TABLE IV.
Yields per Acre of Orchards Receiving Different Kinds of Sod Treatment.

Orleans Coun-

Wayne ty, Three-
County 1902. Average
1902-1904.
Tiled?b-- years ‘or’ ‘More, ses saeo tess eet eee ence eee ences 317 bushels, 350 bushels.
Sod, hog pasture, ......... a asians anes 271 bushels, 312 bushels.
Sod. sheep pasture, . 216 bushels, 308 bushels.
Sod, not pastured, 185 bushels, 217 bushels.

Sod, cattle pasture, 159 bushels, 153 bushels.

a oe

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 501

Theory of Tillage—What I have been giving are facts. The
figures are the yields actually secured by farmers. There can be no
question about them. When we try to explain why these figures are
as they are, we enter the field of theory. We often fail to distin-
’ guish between theory and fact. Very often we hear a man start
to give his “experience” in fruit growing but spend all his time on
theories. Evidently the average sod orchard in Western New York
does not yield as many apples nor as valuable apples as the tilled
one. This is the proved fact. Why this is the case no one can posi-
tively say.

Grass may harm the trees in one of four or more ways: 1, by ex-
hausting the plant food; 2, by exhausting the water; 3, by unfavor-
ably influencing the living organisms of the soil; 4, the grass roots
may give off some substance that is harmful to trees.

It is probable that the injurious effects are sometimes due to one,
and sometimes due toa combination of several or all of these causes.
If plant-food is the chief factor, then the soil that is rich in plant-
food may be able to produce an excellent crop of apples and also
grow grass. So the water factor may be eliminated on some soils
that naturally have too much water. Such orchards may be better |
if left in sod. Other orchards may be on land that is too stony for
tillage or on hillsides that are too steep for tillage. By pasturing
an orchard the plant-food is mostly retained and the moisture is
probably less exhausted. Barnyard manure may sometimes coun-
teract all four of the suggested ways in which grass may injure
an orchard. Whether an individual orchard should be tilled or not
depends on many questions. But there is little doubt but that most
orchards should be tilled.

The time to till an orchard is as early as the ground is fit. If
tillage is begun early and stopped early many of the undesirable
effects of tillage may be lessened. At New Brunswick, N. J., last
summer we measured the growth of twigs about every two wecks.
Half of the growth of twigs, of trees was completed by the middle
of May and four-fifths by the middle of June. The best time for
tillage seems to be to begin as early as the ground is fit and stop
early in July. Then seed to some cover crop or let the weeds grow.
The condition of the weather and of the crop will of course have to
be considered.

Some men fear that tilling too early will start the fruit buds
so that they are likely to be injured by frost. Last winter we tried
this at the New Jersey Station in the following manner. A peach
tree was so arranged that its roots were in a greenhouse that was
growing tomatoes while its tops were outdoors in January weather.
At the end of a month the top was brought into the house. It
blossomed in a short time. The warming of the soil had no harm-
ful effect on the buds.

Effect of Tillage on Quality of the Fruit—Apples from sod or-
chards are frequently more highly colored than are those from
tilled orchards, but are not necessarily so. Tillage may make it a
little more difficult to secure good color, but there were many sod
orchards that gave highly colored fruit. The trees in a tilled or-
chard must be pruned more openly and fertilized with less nitrogen
than is given to orchards in sod.

Many farmers think that apples from sod orchards have the bet-

502 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off; Doe

ter flavor. If this view is correct, the difference is certainly not very
great. I once made a test of the flavor by passing out a lot ef Bald-
win apples to a society. Each member tested two or more and re-
corded the number of the cue that he thought best. The apples
were numbered so that the members did not know which ones were
from sod orchards. When I came to sum up the results there did
not appear to be any decided vote in favor of either kind.

There is also a common opinion that apples from sod orchards
keep better. This is probably sometimes true. The larger apples
from the tilled orchards are not likely to be quite as firm, but this
larger size is a desirable feature and may offset any inferiority in
keeping. Apple buyers frequently discuss the question, sometimes
favoring one kind of treatment and sometimes the other. But more
conclusive than their discussions or than farmers’ opinions are the
actual prices paid. It wili be seen by Table [iI that the tilled or-
chards exceed the untilled by a larger per cent. in income than in
yield. ‘That is, the average price per bushel is higher from tilled
than from sod orchards.

I do not wish to convey the idea that tillage is the all important
question in orcharding. It is one of a number of essentials. One-
eighth of the trees in these counties were killed and one-fourth
damaged by lack of drainage. Too close planting has seriously
damaged large numbers of orchards. Lack of fertility has damaged
others. In 1904 in Orleans county the unsprayed orchards overaged
$92 per acre in income, the ones sprayed three times averaged $139
per acre. Proper packing and marketing are other vital points. The
ultimate death of nearly all apple trees in New York comes from
improper pruning. The decayed trunks and consequently broken
treeg are usually the result of the system of pruning and the neglect
of wounds. <All these and more are the factors that enter “into
successful fruit growing.

THE PRESIDENT.—I am sorry we cannot give you time to ques-
tion Professor Warren just now. We are going to go through
with our program, and if you have any questions to ask, we will
give you ap opportunity to take up the subject later.

Just now, I am going to do something not on the program. I
want every one to “recognize Doctor Hunt when they see him. I
want you to know him, and I am going to ask him to come to the
platform, and say a few words as to what our experiment station
is going to do for us.

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 503

HORTICULTURE AND FORESTRY IN PENNSYLVANIA

By DR. THOMAS F. HUNT, Director Pennsylvania Experiment Station and Dean of School of
Agriculture, Pennsylvania State College.

Naturally, when I was invited to come to Pennsylvania as the
Dean of your School of Agriculture and as Director of your Agri-
cultural Experiment Station, I asked myself what are the large
problems. ‘The general problem is to create wealth and improve
citizenship through the agency of these two institutions. How was
it to be done? What are the wealth-producing factors with which
I must deal?

Pennsylvania, in common with the other North Atlantic States,
is expecially adapted to the growing of trees and grass. Pennsyl-
vania and New York together produced in 1905 one-sixth of all the
hay raised in the United States. The cultivated area in Pennsyl-
vyania devoted to all crops of all kinds except grass is less than
one-fifth of the total area. About one-fourth the area in farms is
in cultivated crops, other than hay, about one-fourth in hay; the
rest must be in pasture or timber or be absolutely waste land.
Much of the lumber area is probably under present management
even prospectively unproductive, notwithstanding the fact that
both the consumption and the price of lumber are increasing at the
rate of 3 per cent. a year. Pennsylvania produces 1.5 tons of hay for
each animal of 1,000 pounds; Illinois produces three-fourths of a
ton of hay for each animal. Illinois produces 4,800 pounds of con-
centrates to feed with this three-fourths of a ton of roughage, while
Pennsylvania produces 1,600 pounds of concentrates to feed with 1.5
tons of roughage.

Trees not only create forestry, they also create horticulture. The
reason that Pennsylvania and New York are the two largest horti-
cultural states, citrus fruits excluded, is because they are tree states.
Only those who have studied the tree growth in the states, west-
ward of Pennsylvania to the Rocky Mountains, can realize the differ-
ence in the vigor of all tree growth. In Illinois, Ben Davis apples
come into bearing at five years of age. When I went to New York,
I was told that Baldwin apples came into bearing at fifteen years
of age and I asked how long the trees lasted. They said they did
not know, that they had not been raising them long enough to find
out, but that they had trees 100 years old in full bearing.

The fundamental proposition I lay down for Pennsylvania agri-
culture, (using the word ‘agriculture’ in its broadest sense), is that
the State is especially adapted to the raising of trees and grass,
and that all agricultural industries based upon trees and grass will
flourish and should be developed. Next week I expect to say some-
thing before the State Breeders’ Association about the develop-
ment of the industries which are based upon grass. To-day I confine
myself to the development of the industries based upon trees.

504 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE ; Off. Doc.

Recognizing that in Horticulture Pennsylvania had an important
industry requiring expert knowledge and skill, I looked around to see
what agencies The Pennsylvania State College had for developing
it. I found that the institution had one very worthy but underpaid
Professor of Horticulture and an assistant who had been working
there for twelve years for a thousand dollars a year. The numerous
letters of inquiries upon horticultural subjects, which are being re-
ceived constantly, have to be answered by hand. When I came to
inquire into the money required to maintain the instruction and
research, I found that it was so small it could scarcely be calculated.
There was no adequate agency for studying the fungous diseases
and insect enemies which form so large a part of the problems of
the horticulturist. Less than four thousand dollars was spent for
salaries and maintenance for instruction and investigation in horti-
culture and none at all for investigations in fungous diseases and
insect enemies.

I at once prepared a budget for the Executive Committee in which
I recommended the establishment of two departments of horticul-
ture; one to deal with fruit raising and vegetable gardening, and
the other with flouriculture and landscape gardening, and that a
Department of Forestry be created. For these three departments
the budget sets aside for salaries and maintenance $15,200.00 for
the fiscal year 1907-08 and $18,700.00 for the fiscal year 1908-09.

I expect the heads of all these departments to say that this is not
enough money. Already the head of one of them has served notice
upon me that unless more money is forthcoming for his depart-
ment than I have provided in the budget, that he will not accept
re-appointment. I think he is right, but it is so much more than
nothing that I had not dared to ask for more. The budget also
provides for the employment of a botanist who will give his whole
time to the study of fungous diseases injurious to orchard, garden
and field crop, and for a Professor of Zoology and Entomology who
shall give at least a part of his time to the investigation of economic
insects. Coupled with the recommendations concerning the budget
was a recommendation for a building for horticulture, forestry and
entomology at an estimated cost of $100,000.00. This is to be a
building about the size of the new Dairy Building and to have suffi-
cient greenhouse space for investigations in horticulture, fungous
diseases, economic insects and for instruction in horticulture. If
students are to be taught horticulture in this climate between Octo-
ber Ist and May 1st in a real, vital way, and not merely academically,
then glass houses must be provided.

T should, perhaps, pause here long enough to say that all these
recommendations have been most heartily endorsed by the Execu-
tive Committee of the Board of Trustees of The Pennsylvania State
College.

I should alsa add that the lack of attention to horticulture upon
the part of the Experiment Station has been due to the settled policy
long ago established by the Board of Trustees to apply the limited
funds of the Station to investigations in Animal Nutrition and Dairy-
ing rather than trying to spread the activities of the Station over
a wider field than the funds would warrant. Conditions are now
such in this State that money should be forthcoming to study the
horticultural problems of the State.

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 505

In looking into the conditions of the Experiment Station, I found
that its resources had been so husbanded, under the careful manage-
ment of Director Armsby, that there was the sum of $7,000.00
coming from the Federal Government and known as the Adams
Fund which must be expended before June 30, 1907. Of this sum,
$4,200.00 had been set aside for work in Animal Nutrition. The
Executive Committee has, therefore, agreed’to set aside the re-
maining $2,800.00 to be spent upon some definite horticultural in-
vestigation before June 30, 1907, with the expectation of continuing
these investigations out of the Adams Fund and other funds after
that date.

Just what these investigations will be must be decided in con-
sultation with the man who will be employed to execute these ex-
periments. In this matter, the Dean and Director desires the coun-
sel and advice of the State Horticultural Society. The Experiment
Station desires to meet the most important needs of the horticul-
tural industries first and leave the less pressing needs for later in-
vestigation. The Director; however, feels sure that the time has
arrived when the investigations made at the Experiment Station
in Centre county are not sufficient to meet the needs of the horti-
culturists in Erie aud Lancaster counties. The Experiment Station
of the future will be just as large as the State of Pennsylvania.
Probably, therefore, the most important work in the beginning is to
get acquainted with this State-wide Experiment Station by making
a sort of reconnaissance, not for war but for peace; not for bullets
and bayonets but for fruits and flowers; after which the most im-
portant problems can be studied in the most effective place and in
the most effective manner.

COLD STORAGE—WHAT IT MEANS TO THE HORTICUL.
TURIST.

By A. S. DeVOUT.

THE PRESIDENT.—We are all interested to know how to get
the most dollars out of fruit, and we have invited Mr.-A. 8. DeVout,
Manager of the Brelsford Packing & Storage Co., of this city, to
talk to us a little while on Cold Storage and what it means to the
horticulturist.

MR. DEVOUT.—Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: I feel
somewhat out of place this evening. In the first place I am not a
public speaker, and in the second place, after listening to the re-
marks of the gentleman who have preceded me, men who have had
much practical experience, and closely in touch with the various
branches of the business of a Horticulturist, I may properly say that
I feel out of place. When your Chairman, Mr. Hiester, came to our
office and asked Mr. Worden, the Secretary and Treasurer of our
Company, to fill this place on your program, he was after the right
man, for he has had charge of the storage branch of our business

33.

506 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

since we have rented storage. However, I have agreed to take his
place and tell you something about cold storage, although what I
have to say may not enlighten you as much as it should in regard
to the storage of fruits. I know as much about horticulture as the
hog that Professor Warren toid us about in connection with the
orchard. I have always looked on the hog as being good for one
thing, and that is hams, bacon and lard; but I am glad to hear that
it has other merits. Now as to Cold § Stora ge. As most of the great
inventions of the past century have had to pass through an ex-
perimental stage or period of existence, so has this been true of the
different refrigeration systems that have been invented and tried
during the past thirty years. The original method was called the
absorbtion system, but it was soon discovered that while it was
a sensible method, yet the compression system was the more prac-
tical, and this has almost entirely superseded the absorbtion sys-
tem, except where fuel and water are cheap. The compression
system with brine as a circulating medium is the one in use ~
at our plant. About four years ago we enlarged our plant,
which is really a pork-packing institution. While we had for
quite a number of years taken in some outside storage as a
matter of accommodation, yet it was not until this time that we
made it practical in this direction, and since then we have done some
outside storing. We find that apples, pears, peaches as well as
berries, vegetables, oranges, lemons and other fruits, can be kept
with a positive degree of success in our storage rooms. Of course
you might imagine that melons and such fruit which are of a juicy
character will not carry so well, also that over-ripe fruit-will not
keep for any length of time, although cold storage has saved thou
sands of dollars on account of a temporary over-stocked market, and
also on account of the weather. Right here I wish to say that this
should be of great advantage to horticulturists because I have
noticed that most of the apples stored in our place have been for
the produce and fruit dealers in Harrisburg, and very little for
the fruit raiser himself. In other words, the crops of the fruit
raiser come in at a time when they bring the least money, and the
commission and produce dealers buy these crops and put them in
storage Somewhere, and reap the benefit that is to be derived by
holding them until there is a rise in the market. Now most of our
storage, of course, has been in the line of butter and eggs, while
that has no immediate relation to the business of the horticulturist,
yet the fruit raiser is frequently a producer of butter and eggs, as
well. But I see no reason why the fruit raiser should not take
advantage of this opportunity to carry his fruit. It certainly is a
practical method to pursue.

In our place of business, it is true, we have not carried as much
fruit this last year, and the reason for this I do not know, except
that we have not gone after the business. I am not here talking
for business, we have a very limited space of cold storage to rent
in connection with our other business, and we encourage the storing
of eggs, because we put them in in the early part of the season, and
they stay there all summer, which makes them the least expensive
goods for us to carry, but we never turn down any man with fruit,
if we have any room at all. We always have a little room for the
horticulturist, so that while 1 am not here to solicit business, yet I
feel that the fruit grower should take advantage of this opportunity

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 507

to get as much money out of his goods as other men do, if not at
our plant, elsewhere. Here are men who are producing butter and
eggs and have been storing for years. Why should not the fruit
growers do the same thing. I want to say that you cannot make
rotten fruit ripe in a cold storage house, but you can keep good
solid fruit in good condition. We have some pears in our cold
storage plant now, which were put in last fall in an over-ripe con-
dition, and they are now in good condition, and Mr. Hiester has
stored more or less fruit with us for a number of years, and I think
a great deal of it in an experimental way, and I think he would be
able to tell you more in a practical way of the results obtained than
I am able to do.

The temperature carried is from 32 to 88 degrees. Solid fruit held
long, should be carried at a low temperature, and those for a
shorter period at a higher temperature, and should warm up slowly.
and have a circulation of air to dry them off. I find this is quite
important in the storage of fruits. I know that we have stored
quite frequently a large quantity of lemons, which is a very perish-
able piece of property. I have seen lemons put in cold storage.
lemons that were not over-ripe, kept possibly two months with very
good results, and then again I have seen them put in there in poor
condition, and packed in crates, with wet mucky papers around them,
and come out in very bad condition. But lemons put into storage
with nice clean wrappers around them will invariably come out all
right, and it seems to me that if lemons will do this, that perish-
able fruits, such as pears, plums and apples, ought to keep just as
well. I believe that it is positively necessary when these fruits come
out of this temperature to have them warm up slowly in order that
the moisture should dry off before they are put on the market. I
might also say that I believe it is good policy in storing fruits that
they be stored in ventilated packages, and I also believe it is an ad-
vantage to store fruits in small packages rather than in large ones.
This, I am satisfied, has brought about the best results.

Professor Surface, who possibly may be present, put in our rooms
quite a few samples of chestnuts last fall. I think they are over
there yet. I believe his object was to find out the advantages of
cold storage in relation to the chestnut worm. I have not heard
what his results were, but one of his deputies gave me some of the
samples, and he told me in regard to the keeping quality of the
chestnuts, that the results were splendid. I found that the chest-
nuts which had been put in a freezing room and carried at a tem-
perature of 22 degrees Fahrenheit, were full of frost, and in fact
tasteless, and of course Bese worthless, while the chestnuts
carried at a temperature of 3 2 degrees, and [ think in another room
of 38 degrees, were not ai in the best of condition, but IT doubt
if anyone could have told them from a fresh chestnut; their flavor
was elegant. I am very anxious to see how he made out in regard
to the worms. He might be able to freeze them, but I am afraid
that at a higher temperature he did not do much damage to the
worm.

There is one thing very essential in the cold storage of fruits, and
that is that the temperature be carried evenly. This can only be
brought about by artificial refrigeration, there is no question about
that at all. Ialso believe that there is only one method of artificial

508 : ANNUAL REPORT OF THB Off. Doc.

refrigeration that is practical and that is brine circulation as a
medium. Many of you have seen the cold storage machinery in
breweries and packing houses, what is called the expansion system.
I do not believe this is practical for the cold storage of fruits. I
think you have Mr. McKay from Philadelphia here, and he might
disagree with me on some of these points. If he speaks to you to-
morrow, take his word, because he knows more about it than I do.
In relation to brine circulation with this system, if you have any
trouble with your machinery for a short time, you can make re-
pairs without fear of varying the temperature, because you have a
large quantity of brine in the storage tank which can be circulated
and the temperature regulated by turning off or on the coils of
pipe in the room. Another advantage, too, is this: That the am-
monia, which is the general medium used in refrigeration is en-
tirely separate and away from the cold storage room; it is down in
the engine room, and there is nothing going through your coils but
cold brine which can do no harm in case of accidental breakage.

There is one thing about Harrisburg that I might say in relation
to cold storage, and that is, as to its central location. There is no
reason why Harrisburg should not make an excellent distributing
point for the horticulturists in this section, or other sections, and
fruit shipped from other states and to other states. We are not
very far from New York, and we are in close touch with Baltimore
and Philadelphia, and we have the best kind of railroad facilities.
I do not know why Harrisburg should not be an ideal place for the
storage of fruits and their distribution, nor do I know why horti-
culturists should not take advantage of these opportunities in ad-
dition to the advantages he has in cold storage.

As I said before, I am not here to talk business, we have very
little cold storage room to offer, but we would be glad to rent to
anyone what we have. To sum the matter up, Mr. Hiester wanted
me to make a few remarks with reference to the advantage of cold
storage. I simply say that those advantages are being used by
others and that the farmers and fruit growers should have the
primary use of it, and I believe that the time is coming when the
horticulturist will see more advantages in the use of cold storage
than at the present time. I thank you very much for your kind
attention.

MONEY IN PEACH CULTURE.

By J. H. HALE.

THE PRESIDENT.—In presenting this gentleman, I would say
that he does not need an introduction.

MR. HALE.—Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: Please don’t
applaud like that. If you do that, I shall have to tell you a story.
Some one has said that married men do not live longer than single
men, only it seems longer. So the program as it was made up for

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 509

this evening, and my coming in at the tail end made the evening
seem a little long to me. One of the disappointments or lack of
pleasure of interest that came to me is this, when one is expected to
say something, it takes the edge out of it somewhat, as the man
whose good wife lay dying, and she was satisfied to go, and she took
John by the hand and said, “I am sorry to go, but I am not going
to place any restrictions upon you, except one little request; at my
funeral just ride in the carriage with mother.” John immediately
replied, “Yes, Mary; yes, but it will destroy the pleasure of the day
for me.” So to appear here at this late hour has taken one of the
pleasures of the day out of me.

The subject that has been assigned to me is a pretty broad one.
Your Secretary asked me to speak on the subject of peach culture,
tillage and marketing, but I won’t go into all those features of it.
There is so much that might be said and so far reaching in its effect,
that a good deal will have to be left out for questions that may be
asked hereafter. The growth of the peach in America, commer-
cially, is a comparatively new enterprise; that is, when you take into
consideration the extensive scale in which they are now grown. The
old commercial peach growing was only in a few favored places
in the United States, and that was in Delaware and New Jersey,
and some in Michigan. At one time those places were supposed
to be about the only “peach region” in America, and the season
was a very short one. The marketing of peaches in New Jersey
was about three or four weeks, and then they were gone; so in
Michigan, they were used mostly for canning purposes, and were
bought up practically for the purpose of canning, and for the pur-
pose of a local supply, as well as in other sections of the country
where they could be grown, but on the whole they were the particu-
lar sections from which they could be shipped to other places in a
commercial way. Now, there is a “season” of six months or more
of the peach market in America. This has come apout through
various reasons. One was that which Prof. Warren touched on,
the increased appreciation of fruit as a food product. Fruit was
once a sort of luxury, as the years have gone by. By looking up
fruit growing statistics in New England, the records of the Massa-
chusetts societies, and other societies, seem to show that the early
planting by the Plymouth and Jamestown colonies in connection
with the fruit were simply for the purpose of making something to
drink out of their fruit. But now we know as a staple article of
food, fruit has been steadily increasing in use and value, and I think
the organizations which you have so largely introduced in Pennsyl-
vania, New York and New England, known as the Grange, have
had much to do with encouraging the fruit as food idea, the Goddess
“Pomona constantly reminding us that fruit is the one food that
comes from the hand of God without any preparation or cooking,
and that is something to stimulate us to a daily use of fruit.
The demand for the peach as a healthy food has been one of the
prime causes for its increased use six months of the year.

Another prime cause for its extensive use is the character of ad-
vertising and the displaying of fruits, as we all observe in our for-
eign friends, who put on the fruit stands the very best fruit obtain-
able, and they make it show better than anyone else; and now, we
have not only the fruit dealer, but the grocery man, in the large

510 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

cities, who are on to the job and employ special fruit men to make
a fine showing of their fruit. I know in New England at many gro-
ceries, they have fruit specialists at $25 or $30 a week who make a
fine display and who put out a splendid display of fruit, in order
to make it more attractive, and be better able to sell it to customers,
because its attractive beauty has first caught the eye.

We have been complaining of this gobbling up of small railroad
lines by richer ones, yet the consolidation of railroad lines in this
great country of ours has had much to do with the increased fruit
consumption, for by these consolidated through railroad lines, it has
been made possible to ship peaches into regions where they could
not have gone before. This is also owing to the development of the
refrigerator car. While it was possible in earlier days to ship
peaches from the Delaware Peninsula, they did not go further than
the fruit would bear shipping on slow trains in ventilated cars, but
now the market may be five hundred, one thousand, or two thousand
miles away, and we go there and deliver the fruit in fine order, and
this is owing to the invention of the refrigerator car and the con-
solidating of railread lines.

Then, the new style of packages has also had its influence in in-
creasing the supply and distribution of fruit, because we can now
ship it in crates and smaller baskets, in all sizes, which make fancy
looking and lighter packages, and I would say right here that the
character of our packages has also had very much to do with the
increased consumption of fruit. Then, also bringing about a newer
type of peach; peaches that are more hardy in their bud, and are
larger bearers and more resistant to the frost in the bud, are much
better, has had a great deal to do with the increased production,
and we find that they are much better to ship and keep than the
old Persian types we had been growing; | am speaking of the North
China type now. So to-day, with the exception of Northern New
Kngland, and the Northwestern states beyond the Lakes, we grow
peaches in practically every state in the Union, and I might say in
almost every county. That is a little bit strong, but I can say that
there is not specially a particular region where they cannot be
grown to a greater or less degree of success, and it is not necessary
to go off your farm or certainly not out of your township to grow
peaches of one or more varieties, if you desire to grow them. And
these are the reasons that we have “the peach season” six months
of the year, instead of three or four weeks, as heretofore.

Now, what are the essentials to successful peach growing? t
strikes me, after a life’s work in the cultivation of the peach, study-
ing the conditions of my fellow man, together with the market con.
ditions, and all other things, that would help to stimulate peach
growing, I have come to the conclusion that the best foundation
for success, lies in the man or woman who has taken up the job.
I find men and women succeeding in many localities, and their neigh-
bors falling by the wayside, although the conditions are the same
with both. I find that everywhere; so it seems to me, the first thing
is the man. Life is pretty short and pretty sweet to most of us, and
I think most of us ought to be doing something we like all the time.
I don’t mean to be on a jag all the time. I don’t believe we should
get up every morning and go out to something, that is our life work,
that is distasteful to us. I believe there is something for every man

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 511

and woman to do, what they love most to do, and I believe the man
or woman who grows peaches should first love the peaches for their
own sake. I think the man who shoes a horse, should love to shoe
him, and have him go on his journey better fitted to do the work
that is intended for him to do, and that he loves the horse better
than the man who just wants to drive the nails in. We sometimes
forget that there are some who are just as well fitted to raise pota-
toes as peaches, and if he can get more for the potatoes, he had
rather raise them, but we sometimes forget what our love is, the
man who likes to grow peaches better than he does potatoes, will
make most money with peaches.

I was visiting a friend in New York State. In the morning we
drove into the railroad station—it was the day after Thanksgiving—
and while standing there, a slick looking, well dressed fellow pur-
chased his ticket, and I noticed him put some change in his pocket,
and walk away, and leave his ticket there, and my friend took it
over to him and handed it to him, and said, “i guess you were down
spending the night with your girl, or in love, you are so forgetful.”
“No, I am not in love, I am married.” So I think some of us forget
we are in love, but just married, and so keep on working for money
rather than plums.

Almost any soil will grow a peach tree, but a light, sandy loam
will not grow a too vigorous iree. If I take my choice, I would
have a lighter soil for the peach tree than for any other tree fruit,
providing the elevation was all right. In certain stiff clay soil the
Crawford varieties will thrive, but a good loamy soil is good enough.
I don’t want to plant in valleys or in hollows, but I want to climb
up the hill and plant my trees there. Some people talk about the
eastern slope and the southern slope. I don’t think it makes very
much difference, if you have got enough elevation above the sur-
rounding country so there will be good air, frost, and water drain-
age.

The market location is a very important point. We want to be
near a market, if we want to sell at home. Of course, the market is
all over America, but if we are growing them in a small way, our
facilities for shipping are lessened, because shipping by express is
demoralizing; so if you are not blessed with a home market, you
want to engage in it large enough to be able to ship in car lots either
alone or in combinations with neighbors, and you must fit yourself
in your orchard, and keep yourself in touch with the local conditions
that surround you.

The labor question is getting to be an important one and must be
taken into consideration. The labor question in agriculture today,
or in any line, is one that must be thought of very carefully. The
variety we should plant is also another question, and the harvesting
you must cover by considering the labor problem. It is one of
the important factors of the day in ascertaining where you can
get your labor at harvesting season. You might be able to harvest
your fruit at a certain season of the year and have an abundance
of help, while two or three weeks later or earlier, you could not ob-
tain sufficient labor to harvest your crop. So that the selection of
varieties has to be made not only in relation to markets, but to the
labor question as well.

In Connecticut, where I grow them, and down in Georgia, while I

512 ANNUAL REPORT OF THB Off. Doc.

am able to get labor when I wanted it, yet two weeks earlier I
could not get labor at all, for our crops come due just after the
cotton culture season is over and is laid by, and they will come
there just at the right time and help us out on the peach harvest
before cotton picking begins, so it is in my Connecticut orchard, for
the reason that | am near the large cities and can bring from New
York and Boston a certain number of Italians, who love fruit, and
like to be among fruit. They are working in New York in hotels,
as waiters, and get from eight to ten dollars in salaries, and about
as much in “tips,” and right here I want to say that I am opposed
to “tips.” I will pay the landlord all he asks, but I won’t pay the
waiter one cent. I say we are able to get Italian waiters from the
better ciass of hotels to come to us through the peach season, be-
cause they truly love fruit and want a picnic, and they come
there and camp out, and have a good time. To them it is like going
to the mountains, or to the shore, only they get paid $9 a week for
their fun.

On the labor question, a man wants to be informed with reference
to it beforehand in the peach business, rather than afterwards, and
understand what the conditions are in the locality in which he puts
out his orchard. Those are some of the essentials.

Now, then, we have discussed the man, and the soil, and its
elevation, and in relation to the market and the railroads, and the
labor question. Another difficult question in a way, and a very
serious one, is the climatic conditions, for the reason that in the
northern section there is the killing of buds in a dormant condition
in winter time. We can head that off to some extent by climbing
the hills and planting proper varieties, and by proper cultivation.
Now, south of this section there is the danger of early swelling
of the buds, and early blooming, and the spring frosts after the
buds open. In the north there is very little danger to the killing of
the bloom and buds in blooming season. I should think that was
the first and great difficulty in the way of profitable peach growing.

Another difficulty in the way of the growing of peach trees along
the Blue Range and north, is the yellows, a thing we know very little
about, except it is sure death when it gets in our orchards, and we
have to guard against that by pulling our trees out at the first sign
of this disease. Another difficulty is the monilia or brown rot, and
another, the leaf curl with certain varieties, notably with the yellow
ones, but since we follow spraying, it is thoroughly controlled. The
borers are always with us, and may be kept out by banking the tree
during the early season, while the moth is flying, and the black
smut that infests our fruit, where the trees are too closely planted,
and where we use too much nitrogenous matter. Lastly, the San
José Scale, that scared the life out of us a few years ago, but it has
been a benefit in some ways, because when a man is fighting that,
he is fighting a great many other things, and is weeding them out.

You can’t grow peaches without culture. You can’t grow them
successfully and profitably without thorough culture. Just as
Prof. Warren said about the man who wants to cultivatte his orchard
in corn; he is a man who should go out of the peach business, and
go to raising corn. Just like a man in Massachusetts who planted
a few hundred trees and left them grow up in grass, as he said he

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 513

would make sure of a hay crop anyway. I said to him, “Your or-
chard has gone to grass sure.” Cultivate your peach orchard just
as early as possible the very first thing in the spring. Let it be
April and May and well into June. If you don’t seed to a cover crop
then let it go to weeds, but don’t let it go until June or even the
middle of July. I repeat, cultivate early and cut it up thoroughly
and often, but late in season. Let it grow up to grass and weeds,
rather than cultivate too late.

The pruning question is an important one along with the necessity
for spraying. We must have low headed trees. Some gentleman
was telling here to-day—I thought he was stretching it a little bit—
about his trees being higher than the ceiling of this hall, but he was
talking about apple trees. We waut low headed peach trees. In
planting I cut the stems down to eight or ten inches, and build up
my tree, and prune with the general object in view of having a broad
low headed tree. Just how to do that, each one must study it out
for himself. You can’t tell how to trim a peach tree any more than
you can tell about hugging a girl. Just do the proper thing at the
right time, the peach will show you how by her blushes.

A Member.—How will you cultivate them if they are low down?

MR. HALE.—Take a mule or two, and then take two spring tooth
harrows, divide them and put a wooden spreader between them and
let one of them go up close to the trees and while you and the horses
are going merrily down between the middle of the rows of trees, the
harrows will be doing their work. Clear up under the low heads.

The question is often asked, why do you get such good fruit from
two or three thousand miles away? Because they have to grow,
pick and pack them properly in order to get them to market. We
want these low headed trees, because we want to get to the tree
and spray, prune, thin and pick the fruit more easily, because in such
cases we can come up to the tree and do all the work without the
use of long ladders that add 60 to 80 per cent. to the labor cost.

I repeat that we must spray the trees. The Lord and the San
José Scale—I don’t know whether they are in partnership, but the
pest has brought about a benefit in more ways than one. When we
are annoyed with them we must spray our trees, or our trees will die.
The “Bugologists” have been telling us for the Jast twenty-five years
that we should spray, but we did not believe them, and now the
San José Scale says we.must, and therefore we have gone to work
in the spraying of our fruit trees, to get rid of this pest, and in doing
so, we also aid the tree in various ways, for the lime and sulphur
spray mixture, best for destroying scale, is also a superb fungicide,
a preventive of monilia and leaf curl, smuts and sooty fungus.

Another point about which I wish to say a word, is the necessity
of thinning the tree of surplus fruit, in order, by taking off all
the imperfect specimens, and more, if necessary, that we can raise
a big crop of more perfect fruit. The thinning of the fruit is essen-
tial, first. in order to get a larger peach, and secondly, in order to
get a better colored peach, and thirdly, to get a better flavored peach.
So a tree that would naturally bear, perhaps, a thousand peaches,
should be thinned down to four hundred, the four hundred will bring

38—T—1906,

514 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

more pounds than the thousand, and will bring you, perhaps, double,
or treble the amount in money, as it is the large, high colored,
fine flavored peaches that pay best.

In my market J have graded my fruit into three grades, and we

market it in one-half bushel or Jersey baskets. A one-half bushel
basket of number ones has about one hundred to one hundred and
ten peaches in them, and sell for say about one dollar, and a one-half
bushel basket which would have sixty or seventy extra sized peaches
in it would sell for one dollar and a half, so that is Bryan’s sixteen
to one taking it backwards, while the smaller sizes from unthinned
trees, may run 175 to 225 per basket, and be slow sale at 50 cents
per basket.
- As to the manner of pruning of those trees. I get a good strong
one year.tree, and chop it off at the top, at time of planting and
plant it out and cut it back to about eight or ten or twelve inches,
according to my wish, or convenience, and when it starts to grow it
will start out sprouts all along the tree from the base up, and those
you should rub off, except three or four or possibly five nearest the
top; let those three to five grow at will until the following season,
and before the growth begins, do your pruning first by cutting out
entirely one or perhaps two of these remaining stems that may be
out of place, then cut off from one-half to two-thirds of the growth
of those that remain, and then perhaps thin out some of the little
side branches from there. They will start to grow again and each
one of these will make a strong growth, and in the second year you
will treat it much the same way as you did the first. The third year,
_instead of doing as you did the former years, if you want peaches, do
a little summer pruning. Cut out the inside branches; don’t cut any-
thing outside, but from the centre. Cut out so you have an even dis-
tribution of the branches, and cut off the tops of the leading main
branches. The third summer will usually throw those trees into
developing a big lot of fruit buds that will bear a crop of peaches.
You will likely get a good crop the fourth year.

By my pruning methods I have perhaps the worst looking orchards
in America, but am lead to believe I have the greatest amount of
money out of them of any one in the country, and I assure you I have
a great deal of pleasure cut of them also.

Now, after having suggested some of the general methods of pro-
ducing a fine crop of fruit, I am not going into details of the culture
and general methods of orchard handling, because I have not the
time. I find that fruit well grown under-.the best methods of cul-
ture and care, needs careful picking when it is ripe, not when it is
ereen or overripe, but when it comes fuil grown and colored, and that
is the time you need to pick. You should pick over your trees from
four to six times to get the fruit in its most perfect ripe condition.
At the first picking you may not get more than a dozen specimens
from a tree. The next time not so much more, and the third picking
you will get much more, and then at your fourth picking they will
begin to drop, but it takes from twelve to eighteen days to get all
the fruit off any one tree. Then, further, you want to assort your
peaches. J believe you have a sorting machine through this State,
and they are the invention of the Devil. I don’t mean these men,
who invent and sell them are Devils but it is the spirit of the Devil

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 515

that would attempt to assort beautiful delicate peaches with a
machine of any kind, and hope to preserve their beauty.

A Member.—Do your Italians know what kind of fruit to pick?

MR. HALE.—1I wish I knew one-half as much about fruit as those
Italians from the North of Italy. In that section of Italy they have
been reared among fruit for a thousand years, and they know how to
handle a peach just as a mother knows how to handle a baby; just at
the right time and right place.

Another important factor in the handling of fruit is, that it wants
to be packed carefully, and as tight as you can get it, and honestly
packed from top to bottom, so that there is no difference in the
character of the fruit all the way through. Each and every pack-
age if it is a Georgia carrier, the lower tier of basket should be so
full that the tray will fit firmly down on the fruit, the upper tier of
baskets should be so full that the cover when nailed on, will bring
a full pressure down on the fruit. Where you use a climax basket
with a cover, have the basket so full that there is a strong pressure
on the fruit. Im New England we use a special colored red netting
entirely, simply to hold the fruit in its place, and keep those who
handle it on its way to market from stealing it. But honest packing
and honest assorting wili pay more than anything else. I think
that is the one great essential, and after you have done that, every
basket of peaches should be labeled with the name of the shipper,
and his post office address, and any other statement of fact and
taffy you want to give your customers that will aid them to know
and appreciate your fruit. After it is packed honestly you are en-
titled to toot your own horn all you want.

It pays to advertise horticultural and orchard products as well
as other lines of business. Every farmer should be an advertiser
of his products. There is no reason why he should not do so, any
more than the man in other business. I think every farm should
be named. I go through Harrisburg, or Philadelphia, or through
any of your prosperous towns of Pennsylvania, and see manufactur-
ing establishments in full blast, and see a great sign somewhere in
connection with the operations of the plant telling me who owns it,
and what they are manufacturing, and in that way we know where
to get the manufactured articles. I reiterate, it is just as profitable
business to put out a sign at the farm, and on our packages pro-
claiming to the world your business, and who you are. If you are
doing a good business, it will bring others there, and if you are not,
it will turn them away. It looks as if the farmers were ashamed of
their business in not advertising in some way their products. Put
up a little blackboard at the farm, and state on it who owns it, and
what that farm sells then chalk up from day to day or week by
week, just what you may have for sale at that particular time. If
you have a good peach crop, and are to sell in home market, you
should advertise in the local press that you are doing business, and
what you have, and do it legitimately and well. If you sell to re-
tail dealers, it is necessary to advertise, either by letter or a personal
call so they can come to your orchard and see what you have, and
also write them to come when your orchard is in full bleom, and they
will see that it is clean, and will produce clean fruit. I say get them
out, if you have to pay their railroad fare; bring them out when it is

516 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

bearing, and show them how you pack your fruit, and show them
every detail of your business, because you want to get them in sym-
pathy with you and your fruit, and then they will make their custo-
mers give you about twenty-five per cent. more for that fruit, because
they are in touch with it and know it is the best of its kind. If
you are dealing on a Jarge scale, and wish to deal with a man who
buys on a large scale, whether he is living in New York, Cleveland,
Chicago or Baltimore, say to him, “Come down here and see the
orchard, and see what I am doing; how I am doing it;” and if he
don’t come, some other man will; that is, some man who wants your
account will come; if they come there and see your goods they will
keep in touch with you, and you will get the confidence of those
men, and you will come in sympathy with each other. And there is
big profit in faith and confidence.

Some people don’t pack their fruit quite as carefully as they ought
and ship to some one whom they never saw, but their neighbors say
he is a good man, and gets a moderate return, and another replies,
that fellow cheated me, and the result is he does not get what they
are worth, but if the commission man knows you and knows your
goods are always all right you will get good dividends out of them
It is not right to build up a good orchard and lose our profits out of
them, because we have not been able to get our fruit to the right men
in the right market. The most profitable markets in Pennsylvania,
and all other states, are the local markets; of course, they may not
be a large factor for everyone, but the little orchards all over this
country wholly supply in their season all the market peaches that
heretofore were supplied by Delaware or New Jersey, but it matters
not how many come to the different places they cannot compete with
the home grown peaches delivered to the families fresh from the
orchards each morning. They will always have first call there,
and there is a saving in freight charges, and a saving of the commis-
sion. If you do a little business and come in contact with the con-
sumer, the retailer’s as well as the whoiesalers profits is cut out, and
everything is to the good. 1 know that time and time again people
have produced fine fruit, and shipped it away, and paid the railroad
charges and commission, and it might have been sold at their home
market for more money than they received by shipping them away.
Pennsylvania is an enormously rich State, and people in Pennsyl-
vania are making money, and they want home grown fruit, and the
home markets are worth more than any other. Don’t forget the
home market and the home supply.

Now, as to Pennsylvania’s opportunities: A gentleman told us
about those splendid apple orchards up in Western New York, and
we have heard about the wonderful fruit producing orchards in the
West, but I say now that no State in the Union has so much fruit
growing territory as Pennsylvania. In Western New York they
stick apple trees into that rich soil and they grow to great size, but
your hilly lands of Pennsylvania are worth ten times as much as the
western New York districts are. I want to say that those orchards
up there are going off the face of the earth when Pennsylvania gets
on to its job and plants them on the hills, just as they are doing
along the Hudson, and as we are doing in New England, and the
latter orchards will put the others out of business, if the scale has
not already got such a hold of them as will finish the job,

ING@= DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 517

I spoke about cultivating the far away markets and sometimes in
neglecting the near ones at home. Ihave suffered from doing it, and
I am drifting more to the home market as a safe and sure friend
that it pays to stick to. In the rush of harvest in Georgia we bring
in some six or eight hundred colored laborers, and put them in
camps and huts there, and have a day watchman, and a night watch-
man. They sometimes-get into trouble, and when in trouble, we
bring them up before the local farm court—sometimes I am judge,
and sometimes I am prosecuting attorney and my. Superintendent
the judge—and we settle them right there, so as to keep them out
of the city and town courts, because if they get there. they will give
the offender pretty hard treatment; or if he is a scalawag we always
turn him over to the proper authorities and they usually put
him in the chain gang, or on the roads. Evidently many of you
don’t expect to get into jail. How you expect to escape with the
many temptations in Harrisburg, I don’t know. One Saturday night
our watchman discovered some colored gamblers who came over
from Savannah, and we arrested three, and sent them into town, and
the fourth one we arrested, and we did not know whether he was a
genuine gambler, or not, but we tried him before our own farm court
—I was judge on that occasion—and one old darky began to edge
his way up to the front, and took off his cap as he saluted me, and
he said “‘Scuse me, Cap’n, you is Jedge, an’ a very just Jedge,”
(giving me a little taffy; he is the real thing when it comes to taffy);
he says “Jedge, you ain’t goin’ thar right way to get the truth out
of these mer; I’m a little older than you; ‘scuse me for interference”,
and I said “No interference at all”; he said ‘‘I have experienced you
askin’ these niggers who is in the game and who gets the money; my
experience in life is this: The nigger that wins never knows nothin’;
you have got to get the truth out of the nigger that loses.” How
like us poor white trash when we are on easy street we don’t squeal,
but just as soon as we begin to lose in the game, we tell the truth.
~ So I want to tell you out of experience of being pinched in distant
markets that your local markets are the best, if you want to get the
best net money out of your fruit.

Pennsylvania has greater opportunities than any of the Eastern
states that I know of. I never ride through your State and look
out at the rolling hills, but what I feel that I would like to get a
few hundred thousand acres of those hills into orchards. Don’t
fear the Southwest. Two years ago it cost me sixty-four thousand
dollars for railroad transportation alone to get my Georgia peaches
into the market. Now the lands I have had my eyes on, from what
I can see in traveling on the railroads, are your beautiful rolling
hills in grass. You also have a lot of chestnut ridges, and they are
the next to take up with a view to making them useful in this diree-
tion. In the last three or four years I have taken up three or four
hundred acres of land where there were chestnut sprouts grown up
and it was covered with rocks and stumps. When it came to assess-
ing the lands the men who owned them held up their right hands and
swore they were not worth more than three dollars an acre, and
when I wanted to buy them, they wanted twenty dollars an acre. I
have bought such lands prices varying from ten to thirty dollars an
acre, and cut down the trees, small brush and undergrowth and
planted them in peaches. At another location I picked on a hill

518 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

that I wanted for apple trees, and I had this growth cut off in mid-
summer, and in the fall set fire to it, burning nearly clean without
any piling, aud surveyed off the rows thirty-six feet apart each way,
and whether the place for a tree went on a stump or rock, we dug
the holes, and about sixty per cent. of those holes were dug with
dynamite to blow out the stumps and rocks so as to get the tree
right where I wanted it. When this planting was going on, an
Italian who had been with me eight or ten years, said, “Why not
plant peach trees,’ and [ said, ‘Peaches musi be tilled; peaches
want tillage better than apples and this land is too rough to till,”
and he replied, “This best peach land, no better Jand around than
this for the peach, give you a finer tree; you want to plant this land
with peach.” I said to him, “It can’t be done; it is too rough; it can’t
be tilled.” In a day or two he came back again and tried to hammer
it into me; he said, ‘‘f think more about peach; I tell you I work for
you nine years; now I like to go in business for myself; you think no
peach grow there; you make me a partner there, and I make the
peach grow like hell.” Now, Lewis’s “hell” is really like heaven; he
is one of those fellows who makes things grow, and my Secretary,
when he went out said to me, “Mr. Hale, what are you going to do
about that; whatever you are going to do, you had better be doing
it, Lewis knows what good peach land is,” and I made a contract
with Louie to quit working on a salary, and move up there on the
hill. Of course it took more dynamite, and he planted peach trees
eighteen by eighteen between the apples which were thirty-six by
thirty-six feet. Lewis’s idea was to break up the ground pretty
thoroughly and grub around those trees. Those trees were planted
in better dug holes than most holes are dug in America for that
purpose. He shook out all the grass roots, stones and trash of every
kind, and made it fine and mellow as for fine seeds, and set the trees.
We used there a moderate amount of fertilizer, and made a good
start in the Spring, and he grubbed around the tree, so that there
was a place about six feet in diameter thoroughly worked up around
those trees and he hoed them over several times and they made a
good growth that first Summer. [ had across the way another
orchard that I started the year before where the land had been
cleared, most all stumps and stones got out at an expense of over one
hundred dollars an acre, and well plowed, and as I went away I told
Lewis, here is culture on the one side, and here is your grub method
on the other. I went away in June, and came back in a couple of
months, and found Lewis had a couple of Italian friends who had
come from Italy, and he made a contract with those fellows to grub
it over, the entire ground between the trees in one section of his
orchard, and where he dug all over, they were growing there better
than in the plowed land that it had cost $100 per acre to clean, and
he said “Mr. Hale, you want to grub hoe the whole business;” I
said, “You said you were going to grub around the trees,” and he
said, “IT did not tell you how much I was going to grub.” and I con-
cluded it would cost about three thousand dollars to grub that whole
orchard, but they grew so much better, possibly it might pay to do it.
The rocks and stones are as thick almost as your heads are here in
this hall. Now the conditions would be almost as easy to plow in
that land as it would be plow between your heads which I see before
me. There were rocks weighing from two hundred to four hun-

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 519

dred pounds each and hardly room to pass between them but the
trees grew so much better after the all over grub tillage that we de-
cided that that land must be tilled, so we went in there with eight
or ten horses and twelve men, and began to get out those stumps
and rocks, and we were able to break it up at a cost of not only this
great labor, but at the expense of smashing many plows. I called
Louis attention to the fact that I paid two hundred dollars on his
broken plows, and he said, “So much the better; the man that make
plows, and don’t sell them, don’t buy any peaches.” Kvyen where we
had not yet been able to plow the trees are growing beautifully. It
is grubbed better than you or I could do it, as the Italian men will
erub land away down deep, and give it a thorough grubbing and
shaking up, and in a circle of eight feet in diameter. These trees
however don’t begin to grow as fast as we broke the plows, and the
plow man is now buying peaches. I am getting a splendid orchard,
and it will soon repay me all the money, and the peeple who eat that
fruit will pay the bills. I am just paying out the money now, and
expect a return from fruit buyers hereafter.

(Confusion in rear of the Hall).

So there is a rat going across the floor back there. I think if I
have talked so that the rats are coming after me it is time to quit.
I have told you about this rough orchard matter so as to inform you
of whatis going on in other sections of the country. I have another
large orchard yet, and in which I am going to do the same thing.
The time is passing away and I should quit, and I have not said but
very few things that I meant to say about the general subject of
peach culture, for the use of eighty millions of people, we find the
production of the past not sufficient, and they want more; they want
them delivered in greater quantity, in better style and over a larger
season. The old style and size packages won’t go any more, but the
American market is hungry for good peaches, and the American
pocket book is full of money for good peaches, and if you don’t grow
them, somebody else will.

THE PRESIDENT.—It was suggested that a committee be ap-
pointed to see the Governor and ask his pleasure about coming to our
meeting, and on motion of Prof. Surface, the Chair was authorized
to name such committee. I will appoint a committee and notify the
gentlemen to-morrow morning. If there is no further business, we
will taken a recess until to-morrow morning at 9 o’clock.

Adjourned.

_ MORNING SESSION, JANUARY 17, 1907.

THE PRESIDENT.—Owing to the fact that one of our speakers
has an engagement at 10 o’clock we are obliged to transpose our
program.

I will call upon Hon. William T. Creasy, of Catawissa, first, on the
subject of “Apple Growing.”

MR. CREASY.—Perhaps I owe the convention an apology for not
giving more attention to the subject, in writing it up. The reason
is that my time has been given up to matters pertaining to legisla-
tion and to other associations in which I am interested and take part.

520 : ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

in the Garden of Eden and down to the present time, the apple
has been an important factor in civilization. No medicine has been
equal to give health to those who eat thereof; no cosmetic can color
the cheek of the maiden or artist paint such rosy tints as are pro-
duced to those who partake of this fruit.

The apple is king of fruits. It furnishes from one summer’s end
to another the most delicious and healthful foods and being the fruit
of wisdom is used and appreciated by the nations of the highest
civilization. When in bloom its fragrance and variegated tints
present to the lover of nature a grand conception of the handiwork
of the Almighty.

From the planting of the scion to the maturing of the tree, the
culture affords the orchardist an enjoyable vocation. It initiates him
into the mysteries of nature and teaches him reverence and adora-
tion for a higher power.

Fruit growing, speaking in general, is humanizing, tending as it
does to elevate the emotions and dev elop the finer sensibilities in
mankind. But, you may ask, does this philosophizing pay us? Our
more modern ideas have dropped the esthetical side of the proposi-
tion and adopted that of the practical. In other words his aim is
the shekel rather than the beautiful and his inquiry is, does it pay?
So I suppose you want me to discuss the commercial rather than the
esthetical sides of the subject of apple growing.

The subject of location is probably one of the first things to con-
sider, together with the value of the land. The orchard should be
located close to the farm buildings so as to permit of pasturage.
The apple adapts itself to many kinds of soil but where there is a
hard pan it is useless to plant trees for as a rule they prove to be
slow growers in such soil, after a certain age and also poor bearers.
No amount of fertilizing will make up for a soil underlaid by an im-
pervious hard pan. A northern exposure is preferable but an
eastern will do. ‘A southern exposure is not desirable.

Another reason why the orchard should be near the farm build-
ings is that it will be more convenient to store the crop which is
getting to be a very important matter to consider.

As stated before the apple is not so particular as to the soil in
which it is planted but a very warm soil is not at all desirable for
winter apples, as it makes them mature too early. Early maturity
is also sometimes brought on by too heavy fertilization with manures
rich in nitrogen. Apples cannot be grown in soil that is not well
drained.

The orchard should be cultivated until it arrives at the bearing
age, which will vary some according to varieties. But I would say
that it should be cultivated for the first ten years after planting. If
this is not possible, however, good results can be obtained by muich-
ing your trees with coarse manure or other available material.

Weeds and grass must be kept down by mowing for thus dis-
posed of they make an excellent mulch. The cropping of an orchard
is a practice not to be recommended, at any time unless it is the
first few years after planting. After the orchard begins to bear
nothing will be of better service than to allow the hogs to have free
range init. They will destroy all wormy apples and if fed well will
manure the orchard. With this plan in force little attention is re-
quired except to see that the weeds and grass are kept down.

INOS. _ DEPARTMENT Of AGRICULTURE. 521

I am satisfied by actual experience that when orchards are pas-
tured it is not necessary to spray for the codling moth. The orchard-
ist will find it to his interest to keep a sharp watch on the outside
trees, however, as they are the ones to be most troubled by this
moth. By picking off the wormy apples on those trees in time,
which may be done at odd hours, a crop of apples can be grown
almost entirely free of wormy ones. As a protection from mice,
rabbits, etc., we place a piece of sheet iron or other suitable material
around the trunk of the tree to any height that may be desirable,

say ten inches or one foot.
~ Raw bone, potash and stable manure are the best fertilizers for
the apple, but they should be applied during the growing season.
Labor and fertilizing must be reduced to a minimum because both
are costly and that is why [ am a strong advocate of pasturing
orchards. I have a Baldwin orchard treated by this plan that pro-
duces as fine apples as are grown anywhere.

The orchardist is liable ‘to make two fatal mistakes in planting
trees. One is planting too many varieties and the other planting
more trees than he can look after. Because after all success de-
pends on quality more than quantity.

The fruit requires attention in every detail. If you sell direct to
the consumer he expects a uniform quality and likely the same
variety year after year. If I were to plant an orchard of 500 trees
I would put in 499 Baldwins and one Northern Spy which I would
top graft with a Baldwin.

In the selection of varieties one should be guided by the locality
and the markets in which he sells. I find that the Fallawater which
sells readily in our home markets is not at all saleable in other mar-
kets. Then again some varieties of apples produce more perfect
specimens than others. That is to say you can pick more marketable
apples of some varieties than others. This is one of the good traits
of the Baldwin as compared with many other varieties. Color is
also an important factor. The apple should not be picked until well
colored, but it dare not get too ripe. The application of potash to
orchards helps the coloring. Apples can also be colored after pick-
ing if put in slats, crates, or on small piles and exposed to the wind
and some sunshine for a few days.

The subjects of pruning, harvesting, storing and selling are im-
portant, but I wiil leave them for others to discuss. In closing, I
wish to say that the future looks brighter for the apple grower who
will give attention to his business for with the formidable army of
insects attacking the orchards, the worst of which is the San José
Scale, the careless grower will be put out of business together with
his inferior fruit.

THE PRESIDENT.—This subject has been divided up into several
heads. We had hoped to go over the whole subject and then have a
discussion. As Mr. Creasy, is obliged to leave in a few minutes op-
portunity is now given, if anyone desires it, to ask any questions at
this time. Are there any remarks?

MR. LESHER.—I would like to ask a few questions. Mr. Creasy
has stated that he had a Baldwin orchard and cultivated it for a
number of years. I would like to ask him if there is any difference

34

522 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

in the color of the Baldwin apple when cultivated and when not
cultivated. That is, do they mature earlier when cultivated or
mature earlier when not cultivated: The second question that I
would like to ask him is, what proportion of the Baldwin apples are
used for cider apples.

MR. CREASY.—In reply to the last question I would say that
the Baldwin apple gives us few cider apples. They run pretty much
the same size and we have very few that are wormy. We have only
cultivated our Baldwin orchard a few years. We alternated it with
peaches and farmed it the first year with potatoes and after that put
nothing in it, but we cultivated the orchard while the peaches were
growing and had some enormous crops for a few years, but I don’t
think I would do that again; { think I simply would plant it with
apples. If you cannot cultivate the land on account of rocks and
stumps I would phosphate it. The apples on our Baldwin orchards,
that we have not farmed for a number of years, seem to ripen very
nicely; in my estimation they ripen a little earlier than those that
are cultivated, asa rule. While the specimens are very fine on the
cultivated trees, and far above the average size, yet they drop a
great deal more.

MR. LESHER.—You commence to pick about what season of the
year?

MR. CREASY.—Whenever they begin to color. We have com-
menced the latter part of September in some years and some years
in October. October is our month but it depends altogether on the
color because it is important that they be colored.

DR. GUMP.—I don’t wish to take exceptions to anything that the
gentleman has said, but the honorable gentleman makes a mistake
when he says if he planted an orchard of 499 trees he would plant
them all Baldwin and the one Northern Spy and graft that to a
Baldwin. That is too general. Twenty-five years experience in
Southern Pennsylvania has taught me that the Baldwin apple is not
a success with us. It is too far south. That is one reason why I
think the gentleman makes a mistake when he advises the planting
of Baldwin’s entirely. That same advice was given me when I
planted my orchard 25 years ago, by a gentleman who said if I
planted an orchard of 500 trees, I should plant 499 Baldwin trees,
and I said, what other variety would you plant? He said, I would
make ita Baldwin. I did so, and, gentlemen, had F planted my 500
York Imperials instead of Baldwins, I would be worth $10,000 more
to-day. My Baldwin trees are large thrifty but they havn’t given me
500 bushels a year to put in cold storage. They have given me
apples but they fall too soon. If you pick them, as the honorable
gentleman says, before they are ripe, I fear they would not be sale-
able, if you pick them when they are ripe they don’t keep well. If
you put them in a cold storage house cooled with ice, in our section,
at a temperature of 32 to 34, they will speck for you; there appear
little black specks on them. So TI want to speak of this to show that
the suggestion made by the gentleman is too far reaching for all of
us. It is all right for Northern Pennsylvania and New York and
even there, the Baldwin apple does not compare with ours so far as
the quality and color are concerned. My Baldwin trees are a great
deal larger than others, but I have a row of York Imperials 36 feet

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 523

from the Baldwins and they bring a great deal better results. This
is practical experience.

A Member.—Do you take care of the orchard yourself?

DR. GUMP.—I look after it and help to see that it is done right.
As to the cultivation I thing he is perfectly right, and there is no
doubt that to cultivate every year makes them too tender and they
fall too soon. That is the best evidence that it is not best to culti-
vate them too often after they are 14 or 15 years old.

MR. CREASY.—After you live in a locality and determine what
are the best varieties to plant, by observing the various varieties in
that locality, your experience will teach you your market and what
variety will best succeed. On my farm I plant Baldwins because I
think it is the best variety for that locality. Ido not wish to convey
the impression that if I lived somewhere else I would plant Bald-
wins for I might not doit. With the kind of soil I have on my farm,
I am confident that I will succeed best in growing Baldwin apples,
and therefor I plant Baldwins. However, I don’t say that, that
would be the best variety to plant in some locality. Perhaps if I
were living in some other locality I might plant York Imperials.
You must find out by experience what is the best variety for your
locality and your market. Iam glad the Doctor spoke about this.

MR. ATKINSON.—I would like to help the gentleman from South-
ern Pennsylvania because I was induced to plant a great many Bald-
wins too and found they would not answer for me. I am in Mont-
gomery county, which is about the same latitude as Harrisburg,
and I found the Baldwins would not do for winter apples. I ex-
pected to grow them and keep them through the winter and found
I could not do that. So I picked my Baldwins in September and put
them on the market immediately, and I think, if the gentleman
down in Pennsylvania will pick his Baldwins the latter part of
August and put them in nice shape in barrels, and send them to the
Philadelphia market he will get a good price for them, and perhaps,
will get as much out of them as he does out of his York Imperials,
and he will get more out of them by shipping them to the Philadel-
delphia market than Mr. Creasy will get out of his while he is
walking around watching his Baldwins grow red, because I don’t
think he will get any more for them, at the time he speaks of pick-
ing them, than he would earlier in the fall.

THE PRESIDENT.—MTr. Creasy is about to leave the room and we
will take up another phase of this subject.

VARIETIES.

By PROF. GEO. C. BUTZ

I don’t know of any other subject that is more difficult
to talk on than this subject of varieties of fruits and yet, I
am appealed to almost every day by persons writing to State. College
to know what variety they ought to plant. and sometimes they will

524 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

even ask what varieties they ought to plant out in other states. I
don’t know why they think we should know such things because it
is one of the difficult things we have to deal with. As has been
stated here it is largely a question of locality, of market, of soil and
as to what the man wants to grow for, and very frequently the
question comes before us as one of those difficult questions and is
one of the least interesting problems that comes before us at an ex-
periment station. Having gone over the State of Pennsylvania, I
have been impressed with the fact that one particular variety is -
just the thing to grow and if we should know where they are best
grown it would be worth a whole lot to us. [I find in the bulletins
some information on the varieties suitable for certain counties, but
I think you will agree.with me it is not an exhaustive study, and it
is almost impossible to say what variety is best to be grown in any
particular section. However, we find in the northern part of the
State that the Baldwin and Northern Spy, perhaps the Baldwin more
than the Spy, are counted on as being the best varieties for that
section. Out in the western part of the State the Rome Beauty seems
to be one of the best varieties. Down in the southern part of the
State the York Imperial stands head and shoulder over all, and in the
eastern part of the State they are in doubt as to what is best to tie
to. So that in one county it is this variety and in another county
it is that variety. ‘Therefore, I say, it is not a very satisfactory
thing to attempt to tell another man what varieties he ought to
plant. We have also a number of varieties that are succeeding in
other places, which are trying to find their-way into Pennsylvania
and some of these ought to be planted in an experimental way in
the different sections of the State in order to determine their value.

Since hearing Dr. Funk speak of the Staman Winesap apple, and
tasting some of the excellent fruit he had here yesterday I am very
much impressed with that fruit, and think it ought to be planted in
the south-eastern and southern part of this State. I usually tell
persons who inquire with reference to the variety to plant, that it
is necessary for them to examine the soil and select the varieties
which is more or less known in the market where they handle
their fruit, and to select an apple of medium size because it is more
profitable than a large apple. Also to select an apple that is red
in color and one that resists fungus diseases. I don’t know any
variety that is better with respect to this, than the York Imperial
and I believe it will succeed in more counties than any other variety.

When I am asked in regard to the best variety as to quality I
usually say the Baldwin, but in that the Baldwin is now suffering
from that spot and they are less interested in the Baldwin because
of that increasing condition of the Baldwin variety.

It would pay us in starting new to have our trees budded or top
grafted by taking the scions from a resistant tree. So I say we
seem to know in a little way what varieties are best to be planted.
Our knowledge of that is something like the man that Joseph Jeffer-
son tells us about who seemed to know something on every subject.
and inviting some friends to his place, and after supper they sat on
his porch and talking about different subjects Joseph Jefferson said
to Mr. Jones, you are well informed, now tell us why one apple tree
across the fence there, has no fruit on it, and the other is loaded
with them, and Mr. Jones went over and dug down and took a piece
of bark off the roots and showed where it had some substance on it

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 525

and said, that is the fungo mortem and when that occurs on the
roots of a tree it cannot bear fruit but he did not take into account
that the man was here yesterday and took the apples off that tree.
I believe with Mr. Creasy who finds that the Baldwin is the best to
be grown in his locality that, that is the apple which should be grown
there and that in New York State where they find the Rome Beauty
is a fine bearer and is of fine quality, that, that is the apple that
should be planted there.

(The discussion following the presentation of the foregoing sub-
ject is omitted for want of space.)

SPRAYING AND THINNING.

By H. C. SNAVELY, Lebanon, Pa.

THE PRESIDENT.—Mr Snavely is not here. He has sent his
paper which will be read by Mr. Lefevre.

After chosing a soil adapted for the best development of tree
and fruit, relating varieties adapted to the particular locality and
bestowing the best cultural attention, in the way of feeding and
tillage; there yet remains the most important phase of successful
fruit erowing in general and apple growing in particular.

With the advent and increase of insect, pests and fungous dis-
eases it has become impossible to maintain a vigorous and healthy
tree, or to secure sound and attractive fruit, without a well con-
sidered and well directed plan of combatting insects and fungi.

The spraying outfit is indispensible with the up-to-date fruit
grower. Before the appearance of the scale insects, it was pos-
sible to have live trees, though stripped of the foilage by the cater-
pillar or canker worm, and the fruit tunneled and furrowed by the
coddling worm or gnarled and knotty by the work of the curculio or
scabbed and rusty, ready to take an untimely leave and return to
mother earth, saving the trouble and expense of thinning or pick-
ing, altogether an object lesson of ignorance, negligence and thrift-
lessness.

Since the scale insects cause the destruction of the trees, who-
ever wants to have live trees must resort to spraying, and whoever
wants healthy trees and good fruit must also spray.

Spraying spells fighting, but the work must be well directed. This
necessary part of orchard work is too disagreeable and too expensive
to go about aimlessly.

One should know when to spray, how to spray and with what to
spray for best results.

Sufficient literature is at the command of ev ery one. The ex-
periment stations all over the country have issued bulletins dealing
with every phase of combatting fungi and insects that infest fruit
trees. Our own State has furnished instruction not only through

526 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

bulletins but has sent demonstrators all over the Si .te to show
the people how to do the work. Whoever loses trees or has poor
fruit for want of combatting orchard pests at this late day deserves
no better.

While we have not wholly passed the experimental stage of spray-
ing, enough is known, and at the command of every one, to enable
the wide-awake to save his trees and to have good fruit.

Spraying has resolved itself into a business proposition. Does it
pay?

Spraying is the price we must pay for fruit. Can you buy cheaper
than raise it? That depends upon the man with the nozzle. Like
in other activities some succeed and others fail.

I sometimes think the scale insects have come to us like a blessing
in disguise. It has put lazy men and trees producing worthless
fruit out of business, clearing the way for the intelligent and thrifty.
It is the old story if the survival of the fittest.

There are those who wait for parasites to clean out the seale. To
my mind unless the spraying is set in motion, the scale will do the
clearing long before the parasites are due. The parasites will come,
but the wise man will not sit down and whine, but he will hustle
and fight and hold the field until the parasite reserves arrive.

What did we do with the potato beetle, we fought and fought for
years, we raised potatoes, finer and better year after year, our war-
fare on the bettle was a success, and what do we behold, the para-
site has come to relieve the sprayer.

But the sprayer is needed in the potato field as much as ever to
combat the blights. So in the horticultural field, if the scale should
disappear in a year the sprayer would continue to be a necessary ad-
junct.

Coming to the thinning of fruit there are several things and
conditions precedent. On tall trees the work can not be done ex-
peditiously or profitably. Trees should be trained to form low
heads. Open, low headed and wide spreading trees are the only
kind the progressive fruit grower can have. In planting keep this
in view from the start, and if you have skyscrapers reduce the
height to within a reasonable reach. By so doing one will be in a
better condition to spray thoroughly, to thin the fruit and to gather
it.

Some varieties seem to be persistent biennial bearers. This is
largely due to overbearing in the fruit year. All the vitality of the
tree is required to carry out the fruit and the trees fail to make
buds for the succeeding year. Hence the so-called “off year.” It
seems that this-condition can be changed by restricting the tree to
moderate fruiting. I know this is a mooted proposition, but unless
we have positive proof the contrary it seems worthy of trial. I -
also know that other conditions such as feeding and tillage will
enter into this question. As in the matter spraying so in the matter
of thinning fruit, it resolves itself into a business proposition. Will
it pay? This depends on different things, but the principal one de-
pends on the owner of the trees.

Choice fruit costs a good deal to produce, and for this, one must
have a market calling for something extra, or the grower will be a
loser. Choice fruit, if placed in attractive packages is always in

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 527

demand. There is always room at the top, it is the bottom that is
crowded.

Within the limits of this paper I could not refer to fomulas or to
work in detail. My purpose was to point out the necessity and im-
portance of combatting fungi and insect by means of spraying, and
the feasibility of growing moderate quantities of first class fruit
by thinning, that will command the highest price and prove remuner-
ative to the grower.

GATHERING AND MARKETING.

By D. M. WERTZ, Quincy, Pa.

The fact of the matter is I think I would rather work
than talk. You may not believe this, because possibly it still
is not true. I urged the Secretary that it was a waste of paper to
put my name on the program and ask me to talk about some-
thing that I knew so little about. So it is not my fault that I am
making a few remarks to you to-day. The subject has been gone
into so very thoroughly that i don’t think of anything very serious
or anything that would be additional to what has been already
said.

There are several things, however, with reference to the gather-
ing and marketing of fruit, one of which is that we should gather
the apples when they have reached the highest degree of color,
size and keeping quality.

Considerable has been said in regard to the Baldwin in the south-
ern section of the State from which I come. That variety was not a
success until we realized that we left them hang too long on the
free and by gathering them a little earlier we were able to save
the crop and at the same time they did not suffer from loss of
quality by so doing. The same would apply to the winter varieties.
I never marketed but several commercial crops of apples in my
life, consisting of York Imperial, Grimes’ Golden and Ben Davis.
Last year the York Imperial was very heavily set and the fruit
dropped exceedingly. When they did this I saw that not only the
efforts of that year but of all the previous years were dropping out
of my hands. and I felt very much discouraged. In the face of
this discouragement I concluded to gather them on piles in the
orchard. .-In a short time a buyer came into the orchard and told
me that I had gathered my York Imperial apples too early, that
I should have left them hang longer, and yet if I had done-so I
likely would have lost the entire crop.

With my other varieties I find the same difficulty arises. It is
very important to reduce the waste and loss to a minimum. In re-
gard to that loss and waste, especially those apples that fall for us,
more particularly in the commercial orchards, I believe apple grow-
ing like many other things is turning towards commercial lines. I
think it is decidedly so with fruit growing, that the orchards will

528 ; ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

become larger and there will be less of them and unless we are
equipped to take care of the by-products the percentage of profit
will be less, while they should be greater to the conrmercial grower
just as in the petroleum or meat packing industry. While there is
practically no profit in the main line of goods, there is in the by-
products. So the question arises with reference to our fallen fruit
and how best to handle it, whether it should be used by an evapora-
tor, cider press or manufactured into a jelly product. It seems to
me it is a subject that we should consider seriously and act upon
intelligently.

I feel from my limited experience that I ought not to advise one
way or another with reference to picking apples and putting them
on piles under trees, which I did last year because I was not able
to barrel them immediately. We picked the York Imperial in that
way and they improved very much in color in the piles, but at the
same time many of them sun scalded and there was considerable rot
and decay, and on account of additional handling which resulted
in additional expense I feel that under all the circumstances it was
a mistake. I should have barreled them at once when picking. There
may be points in favor of and against the principle but it seems
to me it is best to have a barrelling table in the orchard and as the
apples are picked in the bag or basket they should be emptied on the
table and at once sorted and barrelled for market.

Another important question is with reference to the handling
of apples. I find a great many of us do not handle them as care-
fully as we should; we handle them as if they were stones or pota-
toes, while we should be more careful. We all know we can work
with a poisonous liquid, and if we have no sores on our hands we
will not be affected but if we do have a sore, there is great danger
of blood poisoning. I look at the apple in the same way; that the
skin should not be broken so that the germs cannot enter and make
trouble later on.

Then after we have arranged about the barrelling, I feel that an-
other important question is getting them into cold storage as
quickly as possible. It seems, by the way of comparison, that we
should pick fruit very much as we handle fresh meat, and we know
of the desirability of cooling fresh meat as soon after the animal
is killed as possible, and the same way with our fruit, the sooner
it can be gotten into cold storage the better it will be.

Now with reference to marketing apples, it depends very much on
the size of the crop and the kind of market the fruit grower has,
or expects to supply. If he has a small crop it seems to me better
to supply the local demands because it will require an orchard of
considerable size until it would pay to erect a cold storage plant
for his personal use.

MR. HALE.—What about the neighbors co-operating in the erec-
tion of a cold storage plant?

MR. WERTZ.—That might be the thing to do under certain con-
ditions. The principle of co-operation is the coming principle, whe-
ther it be in railroads or any business line, and if the details could
be worked out on a co-operative plan, and a plant erected, it might
work out all right and be of great benefit. However, for farmers, on
general principles, to erect a cold storage plant of their own, I think

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 529

they should consider it very carefully, or decide what market they
are going to ship to and put them in the commercial cold storage
houses in that city.

Cold storage is getting to be a scientific question of the day; it is
a matter of not only the low temperature but even temperature
and dry temperature, that possibly, we, as individuals, back on
the orchards or on the farm might not be able to control.

I don’t know of anything more I can say on this subject this morn-
ing. I thank for your courtesy.

THE PRESIDENT.—Mr. Hale, we would be very glad to have you
open this discussion.

MR. HALE.—I think it is pretty well open already. [ don’t think
there is anything more to be said only | would like to emphasize
what I said before; that was, and it is a point Mr. Wertz did not
touch on, this picking of apples when they are ready to pick and not
all at one time. If we should grow tomatoes for the market or the
family supply, when they begin to color we all know we go and
pick the first ripe tomatoe, and we don’t let them go on there
until they are all ripe and decay in order to pick them at one time.
No, we go there day by day and gather them as they mature. We
also go day by day and pick our cantelopes and gather them as
they mature, and sometimes we do that at different times in the
same day, with both melons and cantelopes, because some are ripe
in the afternoon that are not ripe in the forenoon. But the apples,
the best of our fruits, we mostly let the first that mature go, and
gather them when the last matures. We must gather our apples
when they mature, even if it means one, two, three, four or five
pickings. We must do it and the people who buy them must pay
for the job. I know that this will strike some of you with wonder
and amazement.

We must have the tree down low so as to reduce the cost of the
thinning. These are not new ideas but business ideas, and as Mr.
Wertz said, it looks to me as though the orchard proposition of
America, that is, supplying these cighty millions of people with
fruit, will drift into the hands of fewer people because those fewer
people will see the necessity of taking up these subjects and treat-
ing them properly because it will pay, while the smaller planter
will say, if it means two or three sprayings a year and means the
thinning of the fruit and two or three pickings, I am down and out.
As a matter of fact you have to put those additional things on it
or you will go bankrupt in the way of growing your apples. If
you grow apples for your family supply do it the old way, but the
markets will say, stay at home with vour fruit. I have seen on the
Boston market over two dollars a bushel paid for apples that were
grown by our competitors three thousand miles away, and they
paid enormous rates, but they could afford te pay the freight on
the apples. They followed the pruning methods; they followed the
thinning methods, and the spraying methods, not once or twice, but
a dozen of times. I have known apples over there that have been
sprayed three or four times. Each individual apple had to be per-
fect and they wipe off every one, but that takes time, work and
expense. Who pays for it? Those men who buy them in Harris-
burg and other places. Those are the kind of apples that pay. I

34—7—1906.

530 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

saw over in your freight station yesterday apples all covered with
smut and they are not the kind that will pay but will give a fellow
the fits.

THE PRESIDENT.—We have two topics that must be held over
until this afternoon. The first business after dinner will be the re-
port of the Nominating Committee. Before we adjourn I wish to
remind the audience that any person who wishes to join is welcome.
We will be glad to have you. The Treasurer is going away this
afternoon and he will be glad to see you at this time, if you desire
to become members.

On motion, the hour of adjournment was fixed at 12:30 instead
of 12 o’clock.

Prof. Surface, of committee to wait upon Governor Stuart and
invite him to our meeting, reported having had an interview with
the Governor, but that he was exceedingly busy at this time and
was unable to come to the Hall. He stated, however, that he would
be glad to meet the members personally after adjournment or at
such time as may be mutually agreed upon. It was decided that
the matter be further considered during the afternoon session.

The following paper was read by the Secretary:

CHESTNUT CULTURE IN PENNSYLVANIA.
By C. K. SOBER, Lewisburg, Pa

The importance of the nut-growing industry in the United States
is attracting more and more attention each year and the chestnut
is gradually finding its place among the valuable nuts. In 1896 I
began the experiment with cultivated chestnuts. With me chest-
nut cultivation is no longer a theory. On the hillsides of the beau-
tiful Irish valley, near Shamokin, I have more than three hundred
acres of young Paragon chestnut trees, nearly one hundred thou-
sand of which have already been orafted. The Paragon has proven
to be the best nut for cultivation. The nuts sell readily at from $5.00
to $8.00 per bushel, although it is thought that the prices will de-
crease as the supply becomes larger. It is claimed that even at
$2.00 per bushel, the crop will pay better than wheat. An acre of
land will grow twenty-f five bushels of wheat in a year if properly
cultivated. A like area of chestnut trees will produce many times
as many bushels of equally nutritious food yearly, for an indefinite
period, and require no outlay for cultivation, planting or fertiliza-
tion. More than this, the chestnut is generally not much affected
by spring frosts, beating rains, and summer droughts, which are a
constant meance to a wheat crop. Why then do we allow Southern
Europe to exact a large tribute from us annually for the nuts we
import?

Two methods of chestnut culture are offered. The Chestnut Grove
and the Chestnut Orchard. The grove is possibly only where there

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 531

is a forest of native chestnut trees. The native trees are cut down
during the winter and the young sprouts which arise during the
next year are, when one or two years old, grafted with scions from
cultivated nuts. The grafts made a rapid growth because of the
established root system of the sprouts upon which they are grafted.
When seedling chestnuts are grafted in the nursery, and afterward
set out in rows, usually in cultivated land, the resulting growth is
ealled an orchard. Sometimes the chestnuts are planted in hills,
twenty-five or thirty feet apart. The young seedlings are allowed
to remain in the hills and when three or four years old grafted.
This, of course, produces an orchard, and the fact that the young
trees do not need to be transplanted, is a decided advantage.

In the grove there is less liability of failure in obtaining a full
stand of trees, the loss attendant upon transplanting being elimina-
ted. Often the grove may be started on a hillside which would be
worthless for any other purpose. It is not necessary that the
growth of native trees be pure. If one tree in three is a chestnut,
no more are necessary. .

Having selected the area for the grove, work may begin at once,
but preferably during the fall and winter months. All trees in the
proposed grove shouid be cut down and the brush burned, leaving
the ground as clean as possible. Frequently the lumber removed
will more than pay for the clearing. If the selected ground is al-
ready waste land, it may be ready for grafting the following spring,
or it may be necessary to clean the ground, removing the brush
and rubbish by burning. If there is a chance to select the location
ef the grove, it should be located where it may easily be protected
from forest fires. It is desirable to make fire lanes at once, before
beginning the grafting. Fire is the worst enemy of the chestnut
grove, but by keeping the ground clean, it may be controlled.

Having cleared the ground during the winter, it is necessary to
wait one year for the chestnut sprouts to grow before they are
ready for grafting. The following spring, which is the second after
clearing the ground, the grafting should begin. The sprouts which
come from the lowest portion of the stump will become independent
trees before those which arise higher up, and, therefore, should be
selected. At least two such sprouts, or more, according to circum-
stances, should be grafted on every stump, and on opposite sides
if possible. Both may remain for several years, and if one is
found to be superior to the other, the poorer one may be used to
furnish scions. The sprouts which are not grafted should be al-
lowed to remain for a few seasons to protect the young grafts from
the wind and frost. When the grafts are one year old they should
be cut back in order to get a good top. The growth during the first
year is usually fan-shaped and will net make the best shaped tree.
On the original scion only one or two buds are left, and these
grow with surprising rapidity during the first year. When only one
bud is left on a graft, it will sometimes make the enormous growth
of nine feet without 4 single branch. This growth is made possible
by the established roots of the old stump. In cutting back such a
sprout, from three to five buds should be left. This will insure
a low crown, which is as desirable in chestnuts as in peaches. In
cutting back the young grafts, another supply of scions is fur-
nished. In exposed portions of the grove, the young sprouts are

532 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE A Off. Doe.

protected from the wind by allowing the undergrowth to remain
when clearing the land for the grove. After two or three years, the
grafts are firmly established, and then everything is cleared away.
By keeping the grove clean, the harvesting is facilitated, and there
is less danger from fire, and the insect pests can be fought with
greater ease.

It is doubtful, as yet, whether the growing of chestnuts in “or-
chards” will pay. Grafted seedlings may be purchased at from
fifty cents to one dollar each, and with proper care in transplanting
most of them should live. Chestnut “groves” certainly will pay.
The cali for nuts is at present large and the demand still growing,
especially in the Middle West. Prejudice and ignorance are among
the factors which keep many from attempting the cultivation of the
nut. The American people will soon learn the value of chestnuts,
and then the demand for them will increase. We are just learning
how to prepare and use the chestnut as food.

In Europe the cultivated chestnut is an important food product,
and in Italy, France, Spain and Turkey, it serves as one of the
chief articles of food to the peasants, who long ago learned how
to prepare it. In recent years much interest has been manifested
relative to the commercial value of chestnuts, and there has been
a steady increase in the demand for large nuts. These find ready
sale, and this fact has encouraged the cultivation of various Eu-
ropean and Japanese varieties by horticulturists.

Intense interest is being aroused in Paragon chestnuts and there
is a great demand for young trees, so great has been the call for
them that I have started a nursery and young trees can scarcely,
be grown fast enough to supply the demand. In one lot I have
10,000 seedlings, two years old, another plot of ground contains
20,000 seedlings one year old. This last season, 1906, 208 bushels
of nuts were buried for planting in spring. The 208 bushels ought
to produce 250,000 trees at least.

The demand for the nuts is far greater than the supply. This
last year about 1,000 bushels were harvested and this amount would
not begin to supply the demand. One carload was shipped to Seat.
tle, at $5.00 per bushel, F. O. B., at Paxinos; and order after order
was turned down because the crop had been sold.

One order was booked in December 1906, for 500 bushels, of this
years (1907) crop, to be shipped to Seattle, Washington, and several
other letters of inquiry have been received from all parts of the
United States for chestnuts for this year’s delivery.

(The discussion of foregoing topic is omitted for want of space.)

Afternoon Session, 2 P. M.

Having called the meeting to order, the President asked for
report of committee on nominations, who submitted the following
list of officers for 1907:

President—Gabriel Hiester, Harrisburg.
Vice Presidents—Hon. W. T. Creasy, Catawissa; F. H. Fassett,
Meshoppen; R. M. Elden, Aspers.

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 533

Recording Secretary—Enos B. Engle, Waynesboro.
Corresponding Secretary—Wm. P. Brinton, Christiana.
Treasurer—Edwin W. Thomas, King of Prussia.

The aforesaid were duly elected by ballot.

THE PROBLEM OF THE SMALL ORCHARDIST.

By J. D. HERR, Millersville, Pa.

Classified in respect to the object in view fruit growers are of two
kinds. He who grows his product primarily for the general market
and is spoken of as the large grower or commercial orchardist,
and he who desires his product primarily for home use, disposing
of any surplus he may have in the local markets, and who can with
equal propriety be designated the domestic or small orchardist.

As Pennsylvania has fewer very large commercial orchards than
many other states, ranking below her in fruit growing, so she
has a large number of small orchards, the premises without fruit
trees being exceedingly rare, and in the aggregate the small or-
chardist is an important factor in ranking the State third in fruit
growing with an annual product worth $10,000,000.

As the object of the small grower is peculiar, so are his condi-
tions and methods. He is, as a rule, the diversified farmer or the
suburban resident, and his time and energy are mainly occupied
with other crops and interests. He feels he can not afford to give
his best thoughts and most careful attention to fruit trees. In-
deed his usual method is to set out an indifferent variety of trees
in a lot chosen because of its proximity to the farm buildings or
because it is too poor to grow any other crop. No attention is
given the orchard untii it has reached bearing age, when once a
year at the ripening of the fruit the crop is harvested or rather such
remnant as insects and fungi have not destroyed. Allow me to say
in defense of this system, that it enables the small orchardist to
grow a liberal supply of an indifferent grade of fruit for family
use at the minimum of expense and was good enough in its day, but
like the proverbial dog it has “had its day,” and it is but truth to
say and I say it with some regret that the time when fruit worthy
the name can be grown by such methods has passed by forever.

This condition of things is brought about by the recent invasion
of injurious insects and fungous diseases, the most important. of
which is of course the San José scale insect which is destroying
orchards by the thousands and threatening to put the small grower
out of business. Some are bravely and intelligently fighting the
pests, but many are discouraged with the outlook and have sur-
rendered unconditionally to the enemy, allowing their trees to dic
or cutting them down without expectation of replacing them, and it
will be only a matter of a few years time when, unless householders

534 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

take hope, thousands of premises will be without a single fruit tree
or ornamental bush.

Thus the small grower is face to face with a most serious prob-
lem. Failing to grow his own fruit, how will he secure a supply for
himself and family? Buy it you say. That is indeed the only alter-
native, but it is not a perfect solution. Fruit, as an article of diet,
is an absolute necessity to the maintenance of good health. It regu-
lates the body, cools the blood, tones up the system, and is a direct
preventive of fevers. When it must be bought it will be considered
as a luxury and consequently will not be supplied to the average
family with necessary liberality.

The only solution of this problem lies, I hold, in the application
by the small grower, of modern scientific methods of orchard prac-
tice whereby he can maintain his end of the business and grow -
better fruit and more fruit with fewer trees at very little, if any,
additional expense.

In the hope that a recital of the chief points of the cardinal opera-
tions of orchard practice in so far as they apply to the small grower,
will add to the numerous successes already attained, thanks to the
campaign of education conducted for the past few years by the
Economic Zoologist, Prof. Surface, | submit the following sugges-
tions:

Since Pomologists agree there are special adaptations of fruit
to soils it is but wise to follow their direction for the small grower
as well as for his big brother, the commercial orchardist. Briefly
stated the rule of adaption is heavy soil for Pome fruit, (apple,
pear, quince); jight soils for stone fruits, (peach, plum, cherry, apri-
cot). Of course some of our fruits are very cosmopolitan, as the
apple, for example, which can be more or less successfully grown
on a large variety of soils, but it still remains that none of them
are indifferent to even slight variations in land and whenever there
is any choice within the narrow limits of the small orchardist, he
should avail himself of the advantage by planting most largely of
the varieties best adapted to his soil. When there is no choice then
fruits can be made to grow on soils which are uncongenial to them
by working them upon adaptive stock. Thus the plum may thrive
upon sandy soil when it is budded upon the peach and the pear is
sometimes grown on light soils by working it upon the mountain
ash. No varieties as a rule should be planted but such as are known
to do well in the immediate neighborhood.

In choosing a site or iocation for a new orchard reference should
be had to elevation and exposure, very high hill lands or very low
bottom lands are alike unfavorable because of their exposure to the
regions of the weather in the one case, and the danger of buds and
blossoms to the killing effects of frosts in the other. The choice
location being land somewhat elevated above its surroundings and
gently sloping toward the north and west, thus insuring both soil
and atmospheric drainage as well as retardation of bloom in the
spring.

ra up to date practice cultivation and fertilization go hand in hand
in the production of any crop and are absolutely essential in grow-
ing a crop of fruit which is a crop after all the same as wheat or
corn or potatoes, and being such it makes the same demands upon

the soil.

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 535

The benefits of tillage are manifold, the most important of which
are: Improving the soil and thus presenting greater feeding surface
to the roots, by increasing the depth of the soil, by warming and
drying the soil in spring, by reducing the extremes of temperature
and moisture, and conserving the moisture by increasing the water
holding capacity of the soil and by checking evaporation.

As the tree on account of the enormous leaf surface exhales more
moisture than any other crop occupying the same space, the import-
ance of saving the moisture in the soil will be admitted.

It is also demonstrated that the depletion of the land by fruit
trees is more serious than by annual crops from the fact that plant
foods are locked up for many years in the trunks and branches of
the tree whilst a large part of the fertilizing constituents in com-
thon crops returns to the soil each year. The orchard requires, if
fruitful, plant food equal to value greater than that of wheat. No
thrifty farmer would think of trying to raise wheat even on our
best lands for 20 consecutive years, though the soil weré fitted in
the best possible manner yearly, and yet this is the common prac-
tice with small fruit growers. Careful treatment in this respect
would stir up the dr¥ bones in many an old and unproductive or-
chard and place it upon a paying basis.

A definite amount of pruning is also advisable. While there is
often a conflict of authorities, suffice it to say that trees should
be headed low to facilitate picking of fruit and spraying, interfering
and other superfluous limbs cut out, and when, for any reason, the
tree suffers from injury, it should be cut back to the extent of the
injury. By this means all varieties of fruit trees of all ages (except
old apple) can be restored as long as they are not absolutely killed.

The one remaining operation is that of spraying, but recently
developed, it has become the sina gua non of fruit growing, the
only means of salvation to our orchards and insurance for our
fruit.

For our present purpose we may speak of spraying as of two kinds,
viz: Spraying for the San José Scale during the dormant season, and
spraying for chewing insects and fungi during the growing season.
The lime sulphur wash (1 lb. lime, 1 1b. sulphur to 3 gal. water,
boiled 45 minutes); whale oil soap solution (2 Ib. to 1 gal. water),
and certain soluble oils can be depended upon to control the scale
insects.

Paris Green or London Purple are good antidotes for chewing in-
sects including the codling moth, used in the proportion of one
pound to 200 gallons water, adding a pound or two of lime.

Bordeaux Mixture is our standard fungicide, made after formula
4 to 6 lbs. copper sulphate, 6 Ibs lime and 60 gal. water. The arseni-
cal poison can be added to the bordeaux spray, thus serving two ends
with one operation.

A more or less close observance of these suggestions I submit as
pointing the way out of our present difficulties for the small or-
chardist. This is at least no time to be discouraged. I have, myself,
met with many examples of successful fruit growing in the counties
of Lancaster and Berks during the last year, and we shall not lose
our orchards if we apply the same good judgment and intelligence
to fruit growing we aim to employ in all general farm operations.

536 ANNUAL REPORT OF THB Off. Doc.

PEACH AND PLUM ROT, AND HOW TO CONTROL IT.

By L. G. YOUNGS, North East, Pa.

Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: - With your and the As-
sociation’s permission, I will take my place on the floor
instead of going on the platform. [I am a little bit cross-eyed in
my hearing, and consequently I will talk down here where I can
hear you. Also because I am a little lengthy for this world and I
don’t think I would add anything to my paper if I were to take my
place onethe platform.

Your Secretary has given me some idea of your troubles and while
I am not able to diagnose your case, perhaps your case and mine
have run on parallel lines and my suggestions may be of some little
help to you. This is all I ask for and it is all I can hope or pray
for. ;
I have come at the request of your Secretary to tell you some-.
thing of the methods we pursue to contro] peach and plum rot over
in the region of Lake Eric. Now my observation leads me to be-
lieve that most trees come from the nurseries comparatively free
from spores of Monilla or fruit rot. If this is the case it behooves
us growers to keep them in this condition, if we can.

This world of ours swarms with organisms of higher or lower
order. The modern surgeon sterilizes his instruments. By this
antiseptic method he is better able to prevent rather than cure
disease. What carbolic acid and chloride of lime are to the surgeon_
and doctor, sulphate and carbonate of copper are to the modern
fruit grower.

Now we commence operations in our orchards by first removing
the mummies from the trees. This can be done easiest after a rain
with a padded mallet or stick. We do it usually in the fall or win-
ter. We are now ready for our spring campaign of spraying, which
we commence before the buds are materially swollen by spraying
our trees with a streng bordeaux, 25 to 30 lbs. of copper sulphate
to two hundred gallons of water. We use a ground lime at this
time called Cream of Lime. This is largely used to make the solu-
tion adhere to the trees and as it dries we are enabled to see how
thoroughly we have covered the limbs and bodies of the trees. We
do not use lime at this time to render the spray harmless to vegeta-
tion, because there is nothing to injure. We are thorough with this
spraying. This is the important spraying. If we can thoroughly
sterilize the trees at this time we have laid the foundation for
a suceessful crop of fruit so far as is in our power and on this hangs
the law and all the prophets. All our orchards are sprayed at this
time: Plum, peach, cherry, apple and quince. Also our goose-
berry, currants and last but not least our grapes are sprayed about
this time and usually in the order named. This spraying renders
the peach practically immune from leaf-curl and the gooseberry
largely immune from milldew.

INO I. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 587

Shortly after the trees are done blossoming we spray them again.

This time using a modified Bordeaux with the Ferro-Cyanide,
(Yellow Prussiate of potash), test and using for European plums, 8
Ibs, vitrol to the hundred gallons with ten to twelve lbs. lime, and
six lbs. arsenate of lead. For peach and Japan plums we use two
to three lbs. vitrol, eight to ten lbs. lime and four to six Ibs. arsenate
of lead. Should rains be frequent we repeat this in a week or ten
days with three to four lbs. of arsenate of lead instead of six. After
this you will probably find it necessary to use a dilute vitriol water;
sulphate of copper one or two pounds, water one hundred gal-
lons, or you can use the Ammoniacal solution of copper carbonate.

We use the weak vitriol water on most all fruits at this time.
The danger in using lime is the coloring of the fruits. If you have
done your duty up to this time you will not have any considerable
amount of rot develop during the ripening of your fruits and this
weak vitrol water will keep your orchards healthy.

We use Spraymotor Nozzles. We have found them satisfactory,
make a fog or mist and they do not clog when used in connection
with our strainer or separator. We use six to twelve nozzles in
combination. We use the Spraymotor cut off valve. We are not
cranks on this and are not interested in the sale of them, directly
or indirectly, or are any of our friends interested in a spray nozzle,
but in our business we find it one of the best nozzles we can use.

(Exhibits spraying apparatus). In order to start properly in the
spring we want to make it as easy as we can. These are the
Spraymotor nozzles we use. We like them because they throw a
fine spray and don’t wear out very readily. I mean by that, that
the hole does not get large and thus make them useless. I want to
use a dense spray. This is the smallest cluster and we use them
up to a sixteen cluster. Then we want a cut off. The ordinary
cut off is this kind (holding it up). And we said some things that
came very near to being profanity in the use of that. We have
men depending on our expedition at that time and we could not stop
it leaking and it drenched those men and therefore is not satis-
factory so we have discarded it and come to this (holding up the
object). This is the cut off we use now. There is no drip from it.
There may be a drip from the cluster, but we have an inverted cup
on the rod under the cluster of nozzles, and whenever there is any
drip from these clusters it runs out here and drops down and don’t
drop down on our men. We find it is a good thing. We have tried
all kinds of nozzles and after a great deal of experience have
adopted these nozzles. In large lots you can get them at quite a
large reduction.

Now then we come to another matter, that is we had trouble with
these nozzles. They threw rather a fine stream and once in a while
they would clog. We then used this separator or strainer. I will
unscrew one if anyone wishes to see the construction. While going
through the orchard we were bothered so by clogging that we put on
this other strainer. This screws into your air chamber, or below your
air chamber and the liquid is forced through here and up through
here; it is usually shut off like that (illustrating), or opened by this
valve to clean itself if it gets clogged. This union here I will take
off; that is pretty well worn out, Now, here, this has been screwed

35

538 ANNUAL REPOE:T OF THE Off. Doc.

up and here is the sized mesh that we use. Here is a mesh of cop-
per wires, 30 strands to the inch. _ .

Now some years rot is little in evidence and people are apt to relax
their vigilance. In fact we have to be brought up with a “round
robbin” sometimes before we do our duty. You know that “when
the Devil is sick the Devil a monk would be; when the Devil is
well, the Devil a monk is he.” Spraying is an insurance. I have
found spraying as indispensible in raising potatoes as fruit. 4Ou8
strawberries are sprayed at least once. Melons are sprayed as well,
and asparagus beds to get rid of beetle.

We have had but one complete failure of peaches in eleven years.
We have not had a failure of plum, European, in seven or eight
years. We control the curculio by using arsenate of lead and have
dispensed with the Geneva Bug Cart. Im 1906 we raised eleven
hundred carloads of grapes and had the rot in control at North
Kast. :

MR. HALE.—I don’t know whether I want to ask any question or
not, but I have been very much interested in this paper, and more
interested in the rot. I think the greatest menace to peach culture
is the rot, and therefore, I was interested in this paper today. My
experience today in Connecticut and in Georgia is, that taking all
the different kinds of specimens, the best thing to do is to gather
them and burn every rotten peach as soon as it gets to the ground,
and burn it quick. We have men enough to go over the orchard and
burn up every rotten peach, and we were laughed at for doing it.
We pick all such specimens on the trees and destroyed them. We
have sprayed a very strong Bordeaux or copper-sulphate wash when
the trees were in a dormant condition; we have tried spraying with
a weakened solution when the trees were in foliage, and while our
friend has done it up in a portion of his orchard, and it is in foliage,
don’t go home and spray your orchard with Bordeaux mixture: If
this gentleman has succeeded in doing it, he has succeeded in doing
something that, few in America have succeeded in doing. A num-
ber of years ago I sprayed an orchard in Connecticut with four parts
of copper-sulphate, and twelve of lime, Bordeaux mixture, and it
lost all the foliage. It looked as if it would go to pieces, and I just
saved my neck by getting my teams and my neighbors, and scatter-
ing over the orchard nitrate of soda, and worked on Sunday to bring
about a new foliage. It was such a dropping of foliage that the
United States Department of Agriculture sent a man from Wash-
ington, and I gave them the orchard to make tests, and they used
half a pound up to two pounds of copper of sulphate, to ten pounds
of lime, in fifty gallons of water, and every one of them injured the
trees to some extent, and there were not one of them worthy of the
name of a peach tree. I had been since this shy of spraying peach
trees and plum trees with Bordeaux mixture. Four years ago I gave
the Department of Agriculture at Washington an opportunity to ex-
periment in our Georgia orchard. It cost me three thousand dollars
by experimenting with copper-sulphate. I am speaking from the
bottom of my heart and pocket book when I say that they suffered so
severely and they still wanted to try it. Two years ago the Depart-
ment at Washington, kept two or three men in my orchard all Sum.
mer, and I had them guarantee that they would pay the damage,

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 539

and would not take so large a patch. They did it in wet and dry
weather, and in every instance they injured the foliage to the great
damage of the tree, and I say, if this gentleman can spray his trees
in foliage with success, God bless him; go on, but I say don’t spray
any of your trees in foliage with Bordeaux mixture.

I was glad to hear that our friend gets after the curculio. I have
spent thousands of dollars on bumping him off. If you can catch him
with arsenic, I would like to see you catch him, and I would like to
see the curculio you have caught, but I would say that there has not
been anyone in the country, but yourself, to trap the critter, but
if you have got on to the job, whether by that double or twisted
nozzle that you have, it is God bless you. If you catch him, catch
him; I won’t butt into the game, but I want to say right here, gentle-
men, don’t you—don’t you spray your Japanese plums or peaches
with Bordeaux mixture.

HORTICULTURE AND AGRICULTURE—A COMPARISON.

By D. L. HARTMAN, Etters, Pa.

In comparing these two great branches of husbandry, there is no
intent to detract from the one to set in relief, the advantages of
the other. So long as the necessities and comforts of civilized exis-
tence require the products of both the garden and the field, so long
will they stand as the chief component parts of one great industry.
But while this is true in general terms, the adaptibility of one or the
inadaptability of the other to the locality, conditions and circum-
stances of the individual husbandman may make the question of
success or failure largerly a matter of intelligent choice between
them, or a well adjusted combination of the two. Moreover con-
ditions and circumstances have changed so rapidly through in-
creased population, transportation facilities and new phases of com-
petition, that throughout the greater portion of our Common-
wealth, as well as in many other parts of the country, the relative
importance of horticulture to agriculture is not gauged by the rela-
tive oportunities and advantages they respectively offer, but largely
by the proverbial conservatism of husbandmen which impels them
to cling to accustomed lines, though all former environments have
changed. Thus agriculture coming first through pioneering neces-
sity, followed later, by commercial horticulture, necessarily await-
ing the development of home markets or -transportation facilities,
agriculture gained and now holds a far wider following than their
present relative advantages justify.

This is not an intimation that there is lack of either room or
favorable conditions for the future development of agriculture.

So wide is our domain and so varied local conditions and circum-
stances within our borders that viewing the surprising results botb

540 ANNUAL RHPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

in production and profits obtained by masterly management on
limited areas both in horticulture and agriculture in various sec-
tions of the State, it becomes evident that over the vast expanse of
the Commonwealth, in her fertile plains, her sunny slopes and
sheltered valleys, there are possibilities of development along both
these lines, which compared with the present, though creditable
showing, make it appear insignificent indeed.

Thus there is no lack of opportunity, but a general failure to fully
grasp opportunity by proper adaption. Take for example, condi-
tions here as they exist around the Capital City, which has grown
within a century from little more than a village to a prosperous city
of goodly size, and vigorous growth, a growth that is adding thou-
sands to her population every year. What changes have taken
place in the production of the rural surroundings to meet the de-
mands of these changed and still changing conditions? In the long
ago, the villagers were supplied with fruits and vegetables from the
surplus products of the surrounding farmer’s orchards and gardens,
which were primarily intended for home supply. And so far as
home-grown produce is concerned, the city must largely depend on.
that uncertain supply and quality still. The local fruit growers
tributary to her markets, making a specialty of the business, may
be called off to the fingers of a hand; and while the growers of smal]
fruits and vegetables make a better showing, the supply of first-
class home-grown products in these lines is seldom equal to the
demand. So day after day throughout the year car-load after car-
load of high priced horticultural products of every description
arrives from the North, South, East and West, while on every side
tine fields of fertile soil in great variety stretch away into distance.
These are mainly devoted to hay and cereals as of yore, with possibly
an average annual value of twenty dollars per acre, while much of
this same soil might just as well be devoted to horticultural crops
worth ten times as much. It may be urged, that this is one of the
State’s most favored agricultural regions. From a geographical
survey that may be true; but it is no less adapted to horticultural
pursuits and from the import-view-point of demand and supply, and
returns for labor involved, the advantage has long been with these.
The same general tendencies everywhere prevail, and in many locali-
ties the importance of proper adaptation is even more urgent than
here. In naturally less favored sections, there are many whose hold-
ings ae small or ill adapted to the use of modern ‘agricultural
machines. These feel most keenly the competition of the mighty
harvests of the Western plains brought to their doors by transpor-
tation facilities which they have failed to use advantageously them-
selves. To them, periods of unusual prosperity may bring, tem-
porary relief, but in the main they are prone to mourn the loss of
old time prosperity, all unmindful of the array of new and greater
oportunities that have sprung up all around, because they cannot or
will not think of deviating from their beaten path. So year after
year they plod on, in a half-hearted discouraged way, and their sons
seeing no hope in their father’s calling, go off one by one to join
the crowded city’s throng.

The last census shows that during the previous decade, while the
increase of population in cities and towns of the Commonwealth
was over thirty-four per cent. the increase of her rural population

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 541

was only a little more than one per cent.; some districts showing an
actual loss. The tendency still remains the same. With such
mighty increase of population with consequent increased demands
for the necessary products of the soil, why need the husbandman
leave the freedom of his open fields, his orchards and his garden?
Can there be any logical economic reason why he should? Is not
the main reason why he does, the fact that he does not discern his
opportunities? And why fail to discern? Partly because they have
come so suddenly. In all ages the peculiar environments of his
occupation have tended to make the average husbandman adverse
to change, and never in history, in any land, have changes been
wrought with such marvelous rapidity, transforming a continent,
within the span of a few generations, from a trackless wilderness
to approximately the conditions of a civilization of a thousand years.
Though the American farmer shares this spirit of progress, for his
proper adaptation the pace has been too fast. Then too, the very
conditions under which agriculture was taken up in this new land,
tempting to extensive culture rather than care, have tended to pro-
duce slipshod methods, that have all too often been transferred to
horticultural lines in which the first conditions of success are inten-
sive culture and scrupulous care. Inevitable failure has been the
results, followed by further distrust of all inovations, and a dis-
position to leave the soil entirely rather than attempt the culture
of crops that are new.

Gradually though slowly the increasing relative advantages of
horticulture are being recognized, through increasing demands in
the vicinities of local markets.. Slower still and more scattering is
the perception of wide flung opportunities for commercial horticul-
ture in all its branches, due to the extended and ever extending
transportation facilities, and the comparative proximity to a large
number of the great markets. Some of these opportunities are
full fledged but largely ignored; while others are possibilities that
might readily be developed. That is there are lines of transporta-
tion that having a scattered patronage of horticulture are furnish-
ing prompt service for perishable goods; while others which would
gladly furnish such service were it only worth while are awaiting
the call.

In a few localities like the grape district of the north-western and
the important apple and peach district in the southern parts of the
State, and in several scattered, less important centres of various
products a few able leaders discerning the special adaptations of
locality to crop, have so thoroughly demonstrated the opportunity
as to induce a considerable following. But scattered all over the
Commonwealth are numerous localities just as well adapted to these
or other valuable horticultural products awaiting a leaders demon-
stration. Thus in practically every portion of the State there are
many engaged in agriculture with slight original local advantage or
with past advantage lost, to whom, horticulture offers and will
probably long continue to offer undreamed of opportunities.

(Mr. Hiester in the Chair).

THE PRESIDENT.—Any remarks on this paper, or any questions
desired to be asked? The subject is before you, if you have any
remarks to make.

542 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Dow,

We have with us the delegate from New Jersey State Society,
whom I would like to introduce to this audience. I would like to
hear a word from him, if he is present. I refer to Mr. Barton.

MR. BARTON.—Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen, of the
Pennsylvania Association: It is a great pleasure to be with you.
It has been a very pleasant and interesting meeting, and if there is
any one point, more than any other, it is the strength you have shown
in your discussions. Everyone seemed to be willing to talk and
willing to stand by them, more so than in our New Jersey Associa-
tion. You men are specializing on the apple; a few men on the
peach business, and that is in striking contrast to our conditions at
home. In our little State we have the greatest variety of callings
Our men do what you are doing. There, we have one big strawberry
man, and in the same neighborhood a big peach man, and possibly
a big apple man, and our meetings are up against the different in-
terests, and for that reason our meetings are not as much centralized.
We have meetings dealing with all fruits from the cranberry down;
therefore, I don’t think we maintain the same interest in our meet-
ings as you do in your meetings, and as I have said it has been a
very great pleasure to be with you, and I shall report to our society
what an interesting association you have here.

THE PRESIDENT.—We have a few delegates from our local
County Societies, and I would like to hear what they are doing. I
would like to hear from Mr. Fassett, of Wyoming county, one of
our new members.

MR. FASSETT.—Mr. President, and Fellow-members of the State
Horticultural Society: I assure you it affords me much pleasure
to meet with you. My society sent me down here, not to make a
speech, but to use the lead pencil and my brain, and bring back some
facts that would be a benefit to our society at home.

We, in Wyoming county, are more particularly interested in the
growing of apples. We seem to have conditions there that are
favorable to the growth of apples, and particularly the Northern
Spy. We think we can produce this apple to perfection, and pos-
sibly with the assorting and care that Brother Hale recommends,
we might be able to get three dollars a basket for them.

We are practically only a new society in Wyoming county, having
been organized about two years. Conditions there were such that
we saw we must do something to awaken our people to care for
their orchards, because of the San José Scale having made many
in-roads in our county, and to Prof. Surface, we must give much
credit for awakening our peopie to fight the pest, and save our
orchards, and I want to say that we can’t do too much for Prof.
Surface, and I hope he may be retained in office.

I thank you for requesting me to come here, and I feel confident
that I have received very-good facts here that I will be able to take
home, and I know our society will be benefited.

THE PRESIDENT.—1 want to say one thing, and that is, that
the Wyoming Society should meet oftener. They should meet every
month.

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 543

I want to hear from Adams county. I will call on Mr. Elden,
President of the Adams County Fruit Growers Association.

MR. ELDEN.—Mr. Chairman, and Fellow-members of the Horti-
cultural Society. This is very unexpected to me, as I expected Mr.
Tyson to speak for our society. We organized about three years
ago, and have about one hundred members. We are not what is
cailed co-operative; we have no time to sell or buy anything co-
operatively, but we are rather united for the purpose of fighting
these pests. If we know anything, or are persuaded that we know
anything, we are to first tell that to everybody that we reach, and
that is a criticism of one or two organizations whose proceedings
they seem to hold back. We are very anxious to pass it along, and
that I think is the life of the county organization. If we have
something in our practice that is to us apparently of more value
than that which is on our program, we let our program go, and take
up this other matter. Our program is a secondary matter, and we
let it go.

We come from the land of the York Imperial apple, and it will be
heard from. Our products, as yet, are not very extensive but we
are expecting great things from new plantings. We expect also
to plant some Stayman Wine-Sap, Grimes’ Golden and Jonathan.

I am glad to meet with you, and I want to say if there are any
gentlemen who contemplate organizing, you can’t get together too
early. Get together in a house and organize. Some of you gentle-
men, perhaps, could buy a house, and you would have a place to
meet. Meet once in a month, and meet on a Saturday night, and we
invite all of you to come and meet with us. We had our second
annual convention in December.

THE PRESIDENT.—Mr. Lee, can you tell us anything about
that Bedford County Society.

Mi. LEE.—Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: We have a
small society in Bedford county of about thirty-two members or-
ganized some two or three years ago. I think they met once, and
elected their officers, and that was the last meeting they had. At
that last meeting, a State Board member came and myself and one
or two others, and we tried to re-organize the association, and after
I moved back from Harrisburg, I got them together, and got the
society re-organized, and got it moving along for two or three meet-
ings, and the officers did not turn up and I thought the association
was going to die again, and last Saturday, the Corresponding Secre-
tary, not being satisfied with the association going back so soon,
called ou me and said I should call a business meeting, that he had
some resolutions to adopt to be sent to the Department at Washing-
ton, and the program was announced, and I suppose we will go on
as we have heretofore. We generally meet the last Saturday of
every month. We had several good meetings, which were of an in-
structive character, and were very well attended, and it certainly
looked bright, and I will do all I can to try to get the interest
stirred up, because there is a whole lot of fruit raised in Bedford
county; more than people have any idea of. It was estimated that
two hundred carloads were shipped out of Bedford county last year,
and we did not have a very large crop. I know they have three

544 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

packing establishments there in Bedford, and they are all full. Dr.
Gump is supposed to have six thousand bushels; 8. B. Brown has
quite a large amount of fruit. His trees are young. There has
been a good bit of heavy planting done. I believe one man is going
to plant very shortly something like one hundred and fifty acres, and
he is going to plant it in apple and peach. He intends planting some.
thing like thirty-five hundred peach trees, and expects to get a soil
survey by the United States Department of Agriculture, which I
think will stimulate more interest in fruit culture in Bedford
county than anything else, because our land is well adapted to that
purpose. I don’t suppose there is anyone there who has more than
four or five thousand trees, except what this man is putting in. I
suppose there must be twelve or fifteen persons who have from three
thousand to thirty-five hundred trees planted, so that in a few years
there is going to be quite a number of large orchards.

I am also inspector and demonstrator for that section. We have
some scale down there, and out of eight hundred orchards I ex-
amined, I found three hundred and forty that had infested trees.
I hope we can have an annual meeting at Bedford next year. We
are going to make quite an effort to accomplish it.

The only thing I am sorry for is that the Home Society is not
here so as to see what might be possible at the meeting. It did
not seem posssible to send any delegate to the Adams County Asso-
ciation, but I hope by another year we can get some delegate to at-
tend that meeting.

Thanking you for your kind invitation, I will give way to someone
else.

THE PRESIDENT.—We have one more report, and I would like
to hear it; it is the report of the delegate we sent to the New Jersey
Association. I call on D. M. Werts.

MR WERTS.—-Mr. Chairman, and Fellow-members: It was one
of my pleasures to be one of two delegates to be sent to the Trenton
meeting of the New Jersey Association. I want to say it was u
pleasure and benefit personally, and I wish it were possible to trans-
mit that benefit to each and every member of this society here. I
must say they had a very good meeting. The conditions are differ
ent from our State, and especially are the conditions different some-
what from our State, on account of the northern part being more
interested in fruit, and the southern part being more interested in
vegetables, and being interested in reaching the markets, not
through transportation alone, but in delivering them personally to
the common market in Philadelphia. Of course, it is true that the
city of Philadelphia, that belongs to our State, is a market to the
New Jersey growers of products, and doubtless much more so than
it is to Pennsylvania.

We observe that they were wide awake, and up to date, and under-
stood the manner of fruit growing, as well as trucking.

There were a number of growers there who are extensively in the
business, and who are able to talk of it not only from a theoretical
sense, but with the knowledge that comes from actual experience.
It is one thing to know it, and still another to practice it, and still
another thing to produce it with success, and I believe in many

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 545

cases we should pattern after our brothers across the river, and in
doing so, it would result in profit to us.

It was a very pleasant trip, and we were very glad to have been
honored by an election as delegate from your society. I hope in
sdme way we may be able to give you some of the benefit that we
derived ourselves.

MR. YOUNGS.—I want to say that I am a member of the Erie
Horticultural Society. {i don’t know whether you feel like making
a visit so far away, but I want to extend to this Association, and
its members, a very cordial invitation to come over to our place.
We have plenty of hotels to take care of you, and we would like to
see you. You will find our latch string is out. Of course, it is a
matter of three hundred and fifty miles over there, but you can get
a reduced rate, and we can also have a side trip and go down through
the Chautauqua grape belt region. It would be a delightful place to
meet.

THE PRESIDENT.—I am very sorry the gentleman was not in
the room when the question was up for the selection of another
place. We had only one invitation. I have been in that farming
community, and I would like to see this association meet in Erie, for
I think it would be a good thing. They have been in the business of
growing fruit for many years, and can give us a great many points
as to fruit growing. I hope Mr. Youngs will be at our next meeting,
and extend that invitation to us, for I think it would be of great
advantage to meet there. I don’t think it would do us much good
to go to Niagara Falls, because most of us went there on our wedding
trip, but to go through that great Chautauqua grape belt would be
of great benefit.

MR. YOUNGS.—If you feel inclined to come and meet with us a
year from your next meeting, you can come, whether we are here or
not. You can correspond with us, and we will respond.

RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN SCALE REMEDIES.

By PROF. H. A. SURFACE, Economic Zoologist, Harrisburg, Pa.

It strikes me that it is unnecessary to speak at length on
this subject when I am _ publishing in my bulletins each
month the latest and most reliable facts that are to be obtained
concerning it. These bulletins are sent free of charge to all who
are interested in them and extra copies are kept for distribution
among people who make special calls for them. The formulae are
there printed in detail and it would be better to use them than to
have me here repeat what they contain.

35—T—1906.

546 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

I am trying to find time to boil down and print the result of our
experiments with the various materials for the San José Scale, es-
pecially the latter results with commercial insecticides. It is my
intention to publish this in the February Bulletin, as that issue is
always on scale insects.

A year ago I read a letter from one of our inspectors in Centre
county; in this he outlined the conditions as he there found them and
showed that there existed a scattering infestation of the San José
Scale with very great indifference on the part of tree owners as to
the result of the presence of this pest. However, by our work, in-
cluding my own individual efforts and lectures in that county, many
of the farmers and fruit growers were awakened to the importance
of doing something and took action. It is now interesting to see
the results of that start made a year ago. I have before me another
letter from the same inspector concerning his second trip to the same
region but written one year later. This was not written with a
view of publication and is a sample of the bona fide correspondence
and reports sent. to me by our inspectors and demonstrators re-
grading the practical work we are trying to do in the diiferent parts
of this State. The letter is as follows:

“Rebersburg, Pa., August 29, 1906.
“Prof. H. A. Surface,
“Harrisburg, Pa.

“My dear Prof. Surface.—On my way. to Pine Grove Mills on Mon-
day I took a day to go to Rebersburg to see what results the work
of last December was bringing. I was very much pleased with the
results and found that a large number of men had taken up spraying.
I also looked for the spread of the scale and found that where men
had not taken any precaution the scale had spread very badly.
Along this line I would cite the ease of Mr. ———, orchard,
about one mile west of Rebersburg. Last December I found one
tree or so on which a few scale could be found. Yesterday I found
at least twenty-five or thirty trees infested in the neighborhood of
this one. Mr. ——— did not spray his trees but I am convinced
now he will spray as soon as he can. Mr. , remarked
after we left last December that we were only going about the
country trying to scare people into spraying so as to make sale for
pumps, ete., and that he would not be scared into it. I believe he
now see the importance of our work. Very different from this is
the case of Mr. Charles Bierly, of Rebersburg. He has an orchard
of nearly eleven hundred trees. Last fall we found scale there,
some trees being badly infested. He secured a good spray pump
with all necessary attachments for successful work and sprayed this
entire orchard. He practically rid his orchard of scale, besides
cleaning up his orchard in good style, making it have a thrifty good
appearance and quite a sprinkling of nice perfect fruit, which is
rare in this locality. Mr. Bierly is now a thorough convert to the
spraying and lime-sulphur-salt doctrine and tells me he will spray
regularly. He tells me the entire cost of spraying his eleven hun-
dred trees was only about thirty dollars.

“The only trouble I find in the prospect of spraying is that so many
of the citizens of Rebersburg, who are interested in spraying, are
purchasing “tin cup spraying outfits” instead of good substantial

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 547

outfits wherewith they might do successful work. But neverthe-
less even with their “tin cups” they are doing some good successfnl
work and many trees in Rebersburg have taken on a new lease of
life. Some trees that were almost dead are now thrifty and as a
result I could name a score of men here who are thoroughly con-
vinced of the benefits of lime and sulphur.
“Very respectfully yours,

“Charles A. Heiss.”

A Member.—What age were the trees that were sprayed at a
cost of only thirty dollars for eleven hundred trees?

PROF. SURFACE.—I do not know but they were bearing trees.
MR. HALE.—What kind of trees were they?

PROF. SURFACE.—He does not say but I think they were com-
paratively young trees. it

Now I am to speak a few minutes about scale remedies. We have
all shades or grades of degrees of efficiency from those which are ab-
solutely worthless to those which are very good under some condi-
tions. I feel it my duty to give expression to the results of my in-
vestigation of a material called “Scale-kill” made and sold at
Waynesboro, Pennsylvania. It is a powder intended to be put into
holes bored into the trees. I had it analyzed and found it to consist
of powdered sulphur, rosin and gun-powder. It cost the manufac-
turers, perhaps, four cents per pound and they sell it at one dollar
per pound. After I made a conscientious effort to learn if it would
kill San José Scale, and found that it would not, we.inspected several
trees where it had been used and found that fruit growers were like-
wise having no satisfactory results with this material. I learned
that the originator has sold his claim to a local druggist and moved
west. It is still being made and sold there and sent into different
counties of the State and different states of the Union. One
dealer in Chambersburg said that he sold forty pounds in one week.
The makers claim that the reason it has not previously been suc-
cessful is that the holes in the trees were bored in such direction
that instead of settling out and resting on the sap wood, where the
growth takes place, it settled in toward the heart of the tree and
consequently was not taken up into the circulation with the sap.
They now say that the thing to do is to bore the hole upward at an
angle and put the powder in and then cover it with a piece of tin or
something of that kind and let the material slide outwardly in the
hole far enough to let it rest on the sap wood, with the thought
that it would be taken up with the sap.

I should mention another material, namely: caustic soda dissolved
in water which was brought into prominence in this State by publi-
cation in a very reliable agricultural paper, namely: The Farm
Journal, by the publication of a prize article on the San José Scale
and its remedies. Practical men have told me that they have lost
their fruit and trees by depending upon it as it did not kill the scale.

Another preparation which was given considerable attention in
Delaware was “Limeoid” which is a kind of. kerosene emulsion made
by stirring finely powdered or selected lime into kerosene oil and
then mixing it with water. It was then to be sprayed on the trees

548 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

to cover them entirely the same as other proposed remedies. The
principal here is that each grain of lime was coated with a film of oil
and thus the lime was heavy enough to hold the kerosene down in
the water and made it appear like a kind of an emulsion but the
difficulty was that the same law of capillary attraction which made
the film of oil and encircled the grain or speck of lime prevented it
from spreading fully over the portion of the branch or twig it
touched because it would not all leave the lime particle; some en-
circling this while a portion of the oil spread to the tree but did not
give full effect.

My views today of the San José Scale and the best remedies of it
are pretty well expressed in my bulletins and yet I feel like going
to every source possible to obtain accurate imformation that will be
helpful to myself or the farmers of this State in this regard, conse-
quently I read from a bulletin by the State Board of Entomology of
Georgia and prepared by Prof. R. I. Smith, the State Etomologist of
that state.

I must say that I fully endorse the summary here given by Prof.
Smith, in practically every point. He says: “Badly infested orchards
should be sprayed twice; once in fall and again the following spring.”
T think that is very important. “Orchards which cannot be sprayed
twice should be given one thorough spring spraying. Large
orchards will have to be partly sprayed in fall or winter.”

This is because it is impossible to get entirely over such orchards
during the spring time alone. The reason also for this is that the
best possible time of the year to spray is just before the buds burst.
If the lime-sulphur wash be put on thin the leaves will soon appear
and cover and protect it and I have seen it remain on the branches
in December. I wish to pause, in my reading here, to say, that many
people ask me if I cannot spray only the trees that are infested and
let those go upon which no San José Scale is seen. JI must say that
this method should be avoided and if there be only one infested tree
in the orchard all others should be sprayed as a means of precaution
because it is possibie for the scale to spread from this tree to an-
others perhaps a quarter of a mile away. It usually spreads to the
adjacent trees gradually but quickly.

“In such cases spray the least infested portion in fall or winter,
and the worst infested portions of the orchard in spring. Or better
yet, spray the worst infested portion both fall and spring. Con-
venient, serviceable boiling arrangement must be provided for boil-
ing lime sulphur wash.”

I find one of the most convenient as well as cheapest methods of
boiling this wash is to build a sheet iron vat shaped just like the
lid of a paste board shoe box with the edges turned up at the sides
and ends. Building this up with boards at the sides and ends, nail-
ing the sheet iron to these boards and make it all tight enough to
hold water. It is the cheapest thing you can get for boiling the
wash quickly and easily and will last a long time. Such a vat or
box can be placed over two stone walls for support making thus a
kind of furnace into which rough or old wood can be pitched to keep
up the boiling. If you have an engine that will furnish live steam
and wish to boil by this method it will be perhaps the cheapest and
best way of boiling the lime-sulphur wash. Conduct the end of the
steam pipe to the bottom of the barrel, tank or vat and put into it

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 549

the lime and sulphur and water and turn on the steam and let it
boil fer the full length of time desired without even being obliged
to stir it.

It will surprise many to learn how long galvanized iron lasts for
this work, while copper is destroyed at once by boiling material in
it, we find the galvanized iron does very well during several years
if not permitted to rust out. One of the demonsirators had a gal-
vanized iron hog scalder which he used as his boiling kettle and
from the satisfactory results with that we took the hint and con-
structed several such tubs for use in our experiments because they
were lighter and more convenient than iron kettles could be which
were of such size as to hold the same quantity.

“Steam boiling outfits are most desirable when considerable quan-
tities of lime-sulphur wash must be made.”

Where a person desires to make a small quantity to use on
a few trees either with a paint brush to cover the trees thoroughly
from top to bottom, by painting or with a spray pump, he can easily
do this on his kitchen stove by opening the windows and boiling the
material in an old tin pan or even an iron dinner pot. In fact the
vessel will not be injured for domestic purposes by putting it,
temporarily to such use. I don’t want to give the impression that
the lime-sulphur wash is absolutely necessary for the stamping out
or the control of the San José Scale. Persons can use successfully
other insecticides such as kerosene emulsion, twenty-five or thirty
per cent. or whale oil soap two pounds in one gallon of water, or
some of the good commercial insecticides that are on the market
and are well recommended by reliable persons.

“Tron kettles may be used for boiling small quantities of lime-
sulphur wash. When such kettles are used set them in a brick arch.
Spray pumps capable of giving sufficient power to throw a strong
spray should always be used.”

This comes back to Mr. Heiss’ so-called “tin cup” sprayers and
their inefficiency and unsatisfactory results.

“Whenever more than a few trees are to be sprayed, it does not
pay to attempt to use small, cheap spray pumps. Thoroughness in.
spraying is necessary in order to secure satisfactory results. This
rule applies no matter what mixture or solution is employed for
spraying the trees.”

I have made a special study of the causes of failure in spraying
for San José Seale, and the chief cause in most cases is the lack of-
thoroughness of application. This must be emphasized. What-
ever material is used, should be applied thoroughly from the tips of
the highest branches entirely to the base of the tree in a double
coat, or two good, thorough applications, one following the other
as soon as the operator may wish to make it, or in case of use of any
material that leaves a stain like the lime-sulphur wash. The re-
touching spray can be given at any time after the first coat is dry
enough to let the operator see what spots were missed the first time.
In Franklin county many of the fruit growers were becoming dis-
couraged and, in fact, disgusted with the lime-sulphur wash, saying
it did not kill the scale on their trees. By personal examination I
decided that this was due to lack of sufficiently thorough application
and to giving it a final and complete test. Mr. Clayton Miller, of
Marion, sprayed his apple trees five times, one after the other, for

the sake of thoroughly covering the bark at every place. On the 6th /

a

550 ANNUAL REIORT OF THE Off. Doc.

day of last December he reported to me that the results of this work
last spring were highly successful and eminently satisfactory.

MR. HALE.—That is true. The chief feature of failure is a lack
of thorough application or failing to cover the trees entirely.

A Member.—-Does it make any difference what kind of sulphur
is used?

PROF, SURFACE.—We shall come to that in a minute as it is
mentioned further on in this bulletin. It is all right to ask those
questions but the author says here something about the sulphur
which we shall soon discuss. ‘The lime used in preparing lime-
sulphur wash should be calcium lime instead of a magnesia lime.”

You who have not read my November and December bulletins will
consider this a new point but it was there discussed and I there said
it should be calcium lime instead of magnesia. I thmk the reason
for this, is that the calcium is much stronger or more caustic while
the magnesia is a nice mild white lime which when combined with |
sulphur makes a mixture of different color but not so strong in its
killing effects on the scale. In boiling the wash, the operator can
know whether he has calcium or magnesia from the color it assumes
when cooked nearly an hour. The calcium mixture becomes the
color of tomato catsup or boiled tomatoes, and cannot be cooked to
the point of changing on to a dark olive green color. While mag-
nesia lime may become first the color of cooked tomatoes but will
later change to a dark or dirty olive green color, although it does not
always pass through the red or tomato color stage.

A Member.---Where will we get the best quality of lime in Penn-
sylvania for spraying purposes?

PROF. SURFACE.—I find that, the York lime is a good calcium
lime, while much of the Chester county lime is magnesia.

I believe the next important problem my office should take up isa
study of the limes of Pennsylvania in relation to this point and
their efficiency in making good material that will kill the scale.
Many of the limestones of this State contain both calcium and mag-
nesia and consequently we may get the red color before the olive
green, or we may get a combination or mixture of the two. This
is a question pretty well discussed in a West Virginia bulletin and
any person can get it free by writing for it to Morgantown, West
Virginia.

A gentleman from New Jersey.—We get a coffee colored mixture
when we boil lime. I have been brought up on that quality of
lime. Am I to understand that we are wrong?

PROF. SURFACE.—The coffee colored mixture would not be so
bad as it indicates a mixture of both lime and calcium in the lime-
stone with doubtless enough calcium to bring good results. “Sul-
phur may be purchased in different forms but the grades most highly
recommended are ‘flour’ or ‘flowers’ of sulphur.” The flower of
sulphur is ground sulphur from cakes which have been melted and
_allowed to cool and thus harden. It is not as finely divided as that
form called the “flowers” of sulphur which is prepared by sublima-
tion or heating the sulphur and driving the fumes against the walls
of the room where it collects by settling the same as soot or lamp

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 551

black on the inside of a lamp chimney. A difference of boiling ten
minutes will dissolve the “flour” of sulphur as perfectly as the
“flowers,” meaning that the former may require just a little longer
on the same principal as it takes slightly longer to dissolve coarse
salt than the fine, but an hour of hard boiling is sufficient time for
either kind.

“Self boiled lime-sulphur washes may sometimes be used with
success, but they are not recommended for general use on account
of the extra expense involved.”

The self-boiled wash is where caustic soda or some other material
is used to produce artificial or chemical heat, but this is very ex-
pensive and requires more care than the boiled lime-sulphur wash
and does not increase the killing efficiency of the mixture. It only
overcomes the necessity of fire and a kettle for boiling because it
can be made in a barrel if this be covered with blankets to hold the
heat.

“The addition of tar, potash, lie, copperas, bluestone, or any other
substance to the regular lime-sulphur wash, does not appear to be
necessary or desirable on account of mixing the mixture more
costly.”

This is because the boiled lime-sulphur wash is itself a fungicide
and appears to be fully as efficient alone as it can be made by the
addition of those other substitutes.

Experiments conducted by individuals often result in valuable
discoveries. Fruit growers are urged to make experiments with any
remedy for San José Scale, but to do so on a conservative basis.

The importance of this is illustrated by the result of a fruit
grower, who writes in a recent agricultural publication that he
dipped three thousand trees in lime-sulphur wash, probably hot, and
killed them. It would have been better had he experimented by
dipping perhaps ten and waiting to see the results of such treat-
ment. I do not, by any means, recommend any new scheme, pro-
ject, method, nor material on an extensive plan because of the great
loss that may come if this should fail.

MR. HALE.—I have dipped thousands of them in a cold mixture
and it did not kill them.

PROF. SURFACE.—Did you dip the roots also?
MR. HALE.—No sir.

PROF. SURFACE.—“The San José Scale may be kept in control
if all who have infested orchards will apply the remedies recom-
mended.”

Now, friends, I would not hesitate to plant an orchard either with
or without infested trees in the heart of a badly infested district,
and under such conditions should not at all feel it obligatory upon
my neighbors to treat their trees as far as the safety of my own
would be concerned.

A Member.—You can’t keep it off the tree?
PROF. SURFACE.—To a very considerable extent.

A Member.—If a neighbor has the scale on his trees it will get
on your fruit?

552 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

PROF. SURFACE.—-Not to great extent. If I spray my trees I
do not believe it is possible to wipe it out entirely, but if we can
control it so as to produce first class fruit, in spite of its existence,
we shall be as successful in commercial fruit growing as though it
were exterminated.

“It is better to spray orchards from one end to the other when
only a few trees are actually found infested, and thereby prevent
injury, rather than to delay the spraying until the orchards become
badly infested by the scale.”

Now I had hoped to give you at this time the results of our tests
of different commercial insecticides, but we.have not quite finished
the study of the field notes on these, although they will be published
in our next monthly bulletin. These results, however, are so well
expressed in the New York bulletin, which I hold in my hand, that
I shall read it to you and give you my sentiments. This is from a
summary of a series of extensive experiments with commercial in-
secticides, published in Bulletin No. 281, of the Geneva, New York
State Experiment Station. It may be obtained free by writing for
it. Prof. Parrott, summarizes his experiments and I shall read you
less than a page of his conclusions.

“This bulletin contains the details of a number of experiments
with commercial miscible oils to determine their merits for the con-
trol of the scale. This work was conducted in three orchards in
which 1,368 trees were sprayed with these preparations in various
proportions. On the basis of these tests the following conclusions
are drawn:

“Applications of proprietary miscible oils at the rate of one part
of oil to twenty or twenty-five parts of water, fail to give uniform
results on scale. Trees receiving these treatments usually showed
more or less spotting of the fruit and varying infestation of the new
growth.

“Miscible oils in the proportion of one part of oil to ten or fifteen
parts of water, while uniformly more destructive to the scale than
the weaker preparations, were usually not quite so efficient as the
boiled lime-sulphur wash. These stronger applications destroyed
large percentages of the scales, being sufficient effective to maintain
the thriftiness of the trees and to keep the fruit crop fairly clean.
On the basis of these results even the better ones of the miscible
oils tested should not be used in weaker mixtures than one part to
ten or fifteen parts of water.

“The miscible oils are commercial insecticides and therefore the
orchardist should understand that the reliability of the stock
material rests with the compounder. These sprays are simple to
prepare for use, and are convenient preparations for the treatment
of old trees and small orchards.”

That is where I endorse them specially as they are easily prepared
and applied, if a person should not desire to make the homemade
insecticide for use in only small quantities.

“The cost of the miscible oils in the proportions of one part to ten
or fifteen parts of water makes their use almost prohibitive for
commercial orchardists who desire a safe and comparatively cheap
oil spray. Compounds of commercial insecticides should endeavor
to produce a reliable miscible oil that is cheaper than present
brands.”

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 053

MR. HALE.—I would like to say a word on this subject. I was
particularly interested in the remarks made by Prof. Surface, with
reference to the situation in Pennsylvania and his suming up of his
results in connection with the use of the lime-sulphur wash. I have
had the San José Scale for many years and fought it in various
ways. We are always looking for the easy way out. At the
present time the people who are explo?ting the oils are getting good
money from the people because it is the easy way out. If I had two
or three trees to treat I would give up the tree if I had to use the
lime-sulphur wash. or I would use whalebone soap or oils, but to the
commercial orchardist I would recommend the use of the lime sul-
phur wash. I have had five hundred barrels of sulphur and boiled it
up and there is no question but that the lime-sulphur wash is the
cheapest; on top of that it is a splendid fungicide and we get a
splendid result there. It also controls the leaf curl and controls
the brown rot and all our fungus troubles. On top of that it has
a stimulating effect on the growth of the tree. You spray one row
of trees with the lime-sulphur wash and let the other row beside it
go without spraying and you will see the good effects of spraying.
Those are the reasons that would continue to hold me to the use of
it.

_ Now Brother Brown, you say it is hard to get labor because labor
is getting scarce, it is getting more independent, but in the last six
years I used about six hundred barrels and I never had a man to
leave the farm on account of the use of lime-sulphur wash. We
furnish them with proper clothing and vaseline to use on their
faces, although I would rather go to a picnic than a spraying. There
are times that oil will come in. There is a value and place for it at
times but it seems to me that its principal place is where the owner
has only a few trees. I don’t think it will kill the scale as thor-
oughly as the lime-sulphur wash. I believe the lime-sulphur wash
is the best but I do not deny but what the oils will keep it down and
there is a place for it on the small orchard and small grounds.

However, it will be a long time before you are able to find any-
thing equal to the lime-sulphur wash to destroy the San José Scale
and in the use of this wash I have been impressed with the
idea that God sent the San José Scale for the use of the lime and
sulphur on our trees on account of their being other good results
in connection with the growing of the trees in the use of the lime-
sulphur wash.

MR. PRATT.—Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen: [ usually refrain
from saying anything in a meeting of this character simply because
of being the originator and manufacturer of the soluble oils, still I
think it is due not only to myself but to other manufacturers of
soluble oils that I should say a word.

I believe it has been conclusively shown that the soluble oils,
when applied in the right and proper manner, are just as effective
as any insecticide we have in killing the San José Seale. This has
been proven in the thousands and thousands of barrels of oils that
we put out during last year. The question has been brought up in
our experiments stations as to why there have been some failures and
I have for the past few months been looking into this matter as
thoroughly as it was possible for me to do so, and I have been sur-

36

554 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

prised to find out how little we know about thorough spraying, not
only in the application of lime-sulphur and salt, but in any of the
soluble oils. That has been brought up by Prof. Maynard; he made
this remark, that a general application will not do. I have had
sprayers come to our office and argue that it would not do. Did you
ever see that window pane and the rain spots drip on the panes of
glass and how it spread about there? The oil has the same effect
when it drops on any surface because it spreads after it drops at
any particular point. In all meetings I have attended I find that the
question most discussed is the thoroughness of spraying rather than
the material you are using. I believe before another year is out
we will convince Brother Hale that the soluble oils are cheaper,
lower in price today and easier in application, than any other pre-
paration on the market that we can use as effectively against the
San José Scale.

It would not have been any inducement for me to go into the
manufacturing of soluble oils if we could not control the scale in
commercial orchards. Our ambition is far beyond the cleaning up
of the back yard orchard. If we cannot do the work for Mr. Hale,
and other commercial fruit growers, better than in the use of any-
thing else it would be of no value as a manufactured product.

One other thought I desire to express is this, we do not yet know
what the fungicidal qualities of oils are. You remember that this
lime-sulphur and salt wash was used for a good many years before
its properties were appreciated. The oils have only been out for two
years, and as a manufacturer I want to say this, that I have spent
night after night in the laboratory working over this matter and we
are ready to take up this work. We believe we are doing a good
work for the fruit grower.

The question as to the price was brought up and I want to say
this, that we have not an agent who does not make more money out
of it than we do as the manufacturer. We have 70 per cent. of
petroleum oil and 9 per cent. of vegetabée, and 8 to 10 per cent. of
chemicals, and that 10 per cent. of chemicals cost many times more
than the 70 per cent. of petroleum. Prof. Surface spoke of one
globule of lime holding a number of globules of oil around it. You
remember the petroleum is not acted on as an alkali or an acid, but
it will separate from the little globules in the oil and it is in the
breaking up of those globules that we are able to make it spread
out and cover a larger surface. We feel we have broken is up about
five times as small as it was before.

We don’t know what the fungicidal properties of oil is going to
be. We are working with and for the fruit grower to do all we can.
Say what you please about the lime-sulphur wash it is a mean thing
to handle and everybody is trying to get away from it.

MR. WOLFF.—I would like to ask these commercial people how
they are going to show that these materials can be put on as cheap
as the lime-sulphur wash. You can buy sulphur at five cents a
pound and lime at about one-half cent a pound, and in making up
the different parts it will not cost more than two cents a gallon.
Please explain how the material of which you speak is as cheap as
lime-sulphur wash.

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 555

MR. BROWN.—We will furnish scalecide at fifty cents a gallon
delivered anywhere east of the Mississippi River and north of the
Ohio and we will deliver it at sixty cents a gallon anywhere in the
United States. We guarantee that five gallons of scalecide in
ninety-five gallons of water will kill every scale you hit with it.
That will cost two and a half cents in this State and three cents
a gallon anywhere.

There is one preparation on the market that is almost identical
with scalecide with the exception that it has sulphur in it and that
is called kiloscale. One gallon will cover twice the surface in
spraying with the same quantity of the lime-sulphur wash. The
one is a thin watery substance and the other is a whitewash. It
may be applied in one-half to one-third the time. In other words,
the labor of one hundred gallons of scalecide will cover twice as
many trees that you will with the lime-sulphur wash and you wil!
find it cheaper if you figure it out; take a cent and a quarter a gal-
lon for the lime-sulphur wash, because your labor is cheaper. I
have never heard of anybody who manufactured the lime-sulphur
wash and putting it out for less than two to three cents a gallon
and scalecide is worth two and a half to three cents a gallon. _

I have had some experience in spraying—having about 7,000 trees
—and have been spraying for 15 years. We do commercial work,
running a large power spraying outfit, putting out from 35,000 to
40,000 gallons of spray material annually. I travel’a great many
states—selling spraying machinery and materials—which gives me
unusual opportunity for observation and brings me in touch with
many of the most extensive fruit growers of the country, by which
I am enabled to study their methods. I have used to a greater or
less extent, every leading remedy for San José scale upon the
American market, have been fighting this pest for twelve years—
and my experience leads me to believe that any one of these reme-
dies is effective in controlling the scale, if properly made and thor-
oughly applied. Some are more dangerous than others. This ap-
plies more particularly to petroleum oils, but we are now familiar
with their use, so that even crude petroleum can be applied without
any danger attending the application. I used the lime-sulphur near-
ly six years with good results; three years of this time I used the
self-boiled chiefly—and with perfect success, so when I hear ento-
mologists and fruit growers say that the self-boiled lime-sulphur
wash is not effective, I feel that they do not know what they are
talking about. In the use of any of these remedies, success depends
entirely upon the thoroughness with which the work is performed.
In fact it depends upon the man behind the nozzle.

In Delaware we have practically abandoned the lime-sulphur wash,
the same is true of many of the larger fruit sections of the country,
not because the L. 8. wash would not control scale, but because
of its many disagreeable features. Our people are now using scale
remedies with an oil base—and since the introduction of the “solu-
ble” or “miscible oils” and their value fully proven, we have aban-
doned the sulphur washes and have taken to the use of the miscible
oils. I do not say this because I am interested in the manufacture
and sale of these remedies, but because they promise to control
the scale more easily and more cheaply than any other remedy. I
believe I am well enough known upon this floor, not to be charged

556 ANNUAL REPORT OF THD ~ Off. Doc.

with recommending anything except what I honestly believe to
be the best interest of the fruit grower.

These miscible oils are not expensive, are thoroughly effective,
mix readily in water, and if properly applied, will kill scale at the
dilution recommended by the manufacturers, viz: One to twenty.
When all things are considered they are cheaper than the L. S. wash;
they are pleasant to handle, neither injuring pumps or workman,
very quickly prepared, never clog pumps or nozzles, and will cover
one-third to one-half more tree surface per gallon than the lime
sulphur wash. This is not all, for the same force, with a pump
using the miscible oils will cover from two to three times more trees
in a given time and do it better than with the sulphur wash. This
makes it by far the cheaper remedy. I know these may seem like
strong claims, but to prove them I here and now challenge any
entomologist or fruit grower to a field contest, either in an orchard
or public park, and I will prove that these oils, when properly
applied, are not only more effective than the L. 8. washes, but very
much cheaper. Were we able to secure all the evidence, I am fully
convinced that a very much larger percentage of those using the
oils have been effective in controlling the scale than those who have
used the L. 8. washes. In my own State the miscible oils have solved
the problem. Last week we held a three days’ session of the
Peninsula Horticultural Society at Dover, Delaware. There were
from 600 to 1,000 fruit growers in attendance at the sessions, and
in all that time the question of the control of the San José scale
was not raised, nor the subject discussed, because our people felt
that they had at last found something that would control the
scale.

We have used the soluble oils during the last three years, but
very extensively the last year with the above result. I have a letter
received today from J. W. Killen, of Felton, Delaware, known to
many of you as the largest private experimentor east of the Mis-
sissippi River; a man who has propagated more new varieties of
chestnuts than any other man in the United States. Last spring
he had a badly scale infested peach orchard. He-says his trees
were nearly dead, so that their recovery even with the best of treat-
ment, was extremely doubtful. Both sides of the orchard was treated
with Lime Sulphur wash with good results. The center was treated
with Target Brand Scale Destroyer with very good results, not only
in destroying the scale but the trees where the scale destroyer was
used made a larger growth of wood and held their foliage three
weeks later in the season than where the Lime-Sulphur wash’ was
used. This would make it appear that the application was bene-
ficial to the trees. An extensive experiment, conducted the past
season, in dipping nursery trees before planting, shows exactly the

same results as Mr. Killen found. From this it would appear that
the miscible oils possess a fungicidal value as well as being a sure
insecticide. I feel sure we are just on the threshold of great possi-
bilities with the oil washes, many claim they are still too costly.
I contend they are not when all things are accounted for—but if they
are, they are the best scale remedy and the best is not always the
cheapest so far as dollars and cents are concerned—but measured
by final results, they are cheapest. What we want and insist upon

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 557

having, is that wash that is the most readily prepared and applied,
and is least injurious to spraying machinery, teams and workman,
and most effective in destroying insects and at the same time being
most beneficial to the tree. Upon this we are a unit—and I believe
we have to-day in the soluble oils just such a remedy, and there is
abundant testimony from others showing them to be of the same
opinion. Therefore I cannot understand why our Experiment Sta-
tions and fruit growers too, will persist in recommending that nas-
tiest, mean, contemptible and most disagreeable wash when some-
thing better and pleasanter, and, really, taken as a whole, more
economical, can be used.

In many places I find that laborers refuse, absolutely, to work
in the L. 8S. S. wash. There was a time when a laborer who refused
to do as his employer directed was dismissed, but this is not the
case to-day, the laborer is independent and when he refuses to work
in the Lime Sulphur wash because of its disagreeable features, we
will be compelled to use something else.

Very extravagant claims are made for the Lime Sulphur wash.
Prof. Taft, of Michigan, says he can control apple scab with this
wash. I cannot believe Prof. Taft meant this, because this disease
will attack your fruit at a time when you would not dare treat
them with the L. 8. wash.

A few weeks ago I addressed a meeting of fruit growers at Kala-
mazoo, Michigan, and after the address a strenuous advocate of the
Lime Sulphur wash stated that he had been very successful with
this wash and would continue to use it. He said that about three
days after applying it he would go ald over his orchard and touch
up such places as had been missed, and a week later he would go
over it again. That grower told the whole story, but how could
anyone having 100 to 1,000 acres in his orchard, go over them two
or three times.

It is also passing strange to me that all those who are advocating
the use of the soluble oils should be charged with insincerity, or
that only those were advocating the use of the oils who were directly
benefited by their sale. Should this be true, then with equal cer-
tainty could all entomologists and officials be charged with having
an interest either directly or indirectly in the sale of lime and sul-
phur, and cooking apparatus. In conciusion, I am firmly of the
opinion, and make the unqualified prediction, that if this San José
scale pest will ever be generally kept under contro] in the United
States by artificial means, it will have to be with some remedy hav-
ing an oil base, and the higher the oil figure, and the freer from
deleterious oils the better. A natural enemy in the form of a
parasite that will attack and destroy the scale, is still our longing
hope.

Adjourned.

Evening Session, 7:30 P. M.

THE PRESIDENT.—The chair announces the following Legis-
lative Committee: Hon. William T. Creasy, chairman; D. M. Werts,
H. A. Surface, E. B., Engle.

Chairman General Fruit Committee, C. J. Tyson.

558 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE : Off. Doc.

VARIETIES OF FRUIT BEST ADAPTED TO COLD STORAGE.
By GEO. H. MCKAY, Philadelphia.

Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: I assure you it is a pleas-
ure for me to meet with the fruit growers of Pennsylvania. Prob-
ably I am one of the oldest men present here, although younger in
years than many of you, who commenced to raise fruit. I raised
fruit in Maine in 1869, and those trees are still bearing fruit—they
are spraying them. I don’t know what they are using, but if they
lived in Pennsylvania they would certainly have their choice of the
different things to spray with.

As you all know, the management and control of fruit has changed
wonderfully in the past few years, and one of the important ques-
tions that presents itself to large growers of fruits is the question
of supplying the people with fruit in the most satisfactory manner,
the people in the cities particularly, and how to store away better
fruits for these people. One of the prominent necessities was found
to be the establishment of cold storage plants, and in that business
I have had about twenty years’ experience in keeping different food
products for the people of Philadelphia and other places.

The keeping of apples inecold storage is only one of the many
things that can be kept in refrigeration, and if you could visit one
of those large plants established for that purpose, even larger than
the Terminal Cold Storage plant at Philadelphia, you would find
almost everything raised, not only in the United States but in the
world, is kept in cold storage, from the simple fact that if a large
supper is given by a millionaire, or any one else that can afford it,
they often want a variety of things at a season of the year when
they are not growing, and that which comes the highest they want
the most, hence immense quantities are being stored for the people
in the cities.

The market that I have the pleasure of being connected with
covers a block, a space of 350,000 feet being given over to cold
storage. We have stored there at the present time some thirty
thousand barrels of apples which were raised in Pennsylvania, Dela-
ware and New York. We do not store inany of the Western apples;
as a general thing they come in crates and do not keep very well
with us, although I suppose they have their market for them and do
store them in the West.

I wrote something on this subject but it seems to me that Mr.
Hale, Mr. Brown and some others copied my speech and as they have
gone over this ground so thoroughly it is almost impossible for me
to add much to what has already been said. However, I desire to
say that in order for a fruit grower or a farmer who raises fruit,
to make any meney out of the products of his farm or orchard it is
necessary to have a good market. You gentlemen know that we
all have had experience with the commission man, and we have
said that we got little return from him. To a great extent this

e
No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 559

has been the fault of the fruit grower because it has been the cus-
tom to pack the fruit in barrels; a man comes along and we let
him have the fruit at just about what he chooses to give for it,
or give the fruit to be sold in the fall when apples are plentiful
and bring a low price. I do not say that the commission man
does wrong but I say the farmer does wrong in not hunting a mar-
ket. There are about eight hundred farmers who ship their fruit
to our market, and after it is placed in storage they watch the
market, and when it reaches that stage that they think they can
sell for a profit they come to Philadelphia, usually distribute a few
barrels to our commission men and those commission men that can
get the best price get their fruit, and in that case they sell directly
to the commission men. Usually a commission man is satisfied to
buy from a good fruit grower if the fruit grower puts his fruit in
cold storage because he knows that that man will be more care-
ful in packing his fruit, and if he can make ten per cent. on his
investment that satisfies him. That is one thing we are trying to
do in Philadelphia. We are trying to bring the fruit grower as
near the consumer as it is possible to do and the nearer the farmer
gets to the consumer the more money there is in the business.

In considering the best apples to be refrigerated one must not
only consider the variety and quality of the apple, but the temper-
ature, humidity and care of the fruit after it is placed in cold
storage. While we refrigerate fruit from nearly every state in
the Union, we believe that each location and climate is adapted to
a certain variety of fruit. For instance, an apple which thrives well
in New York may not do well in Pennsylvania, or one which is
raised in Delaware may not do well in this State; therefore it is
best for each individual to ascertain what variety of fruit is best
adapted to his locality. On that account it is impossible for me or
any other man to tell you because there are a great many apples
of different varieties raised in the United States, and, as I say, nearly
every state has an apple that is best adapted to that locality, and
while we store apples from nearly every state I do not think it
would be safe for me to say to you what apple is best for storage
any more than it would be safe for me to say to you, you should use
oil, or lime and sulphur, for the spraying of your trees, from the fact
that you might use both with profit.

In giving an opinion, and it is only my opinion, after years of
close study and observation, the following apples at the present time
are some of the best to be considered as they are good keepers,
prolific bearers and bring a good price in our market: The Baldwin,
the Stayman, Rome Beauty, Nickajack and Winesap. The Bald-
win is considered one of the standard American apples and a long
keeper. The Stayman is comparatively a new apple, is large, fine
flavored, good cooking and table apple, prolific grower, good color.
and is one of the highest priced apples in our market. The Rome
Beauty is a well shaped apple, even in size, good color, fine eating
and cooking apple and good keeper. The Nickajack is a dark
red apple, a long keeper, and sells well. The Jonathan apple which
is a well colored apple, not very large but of fine flavor, -sold from
four to six dollars a barrel up until Christmas. As there are not
many orchards of these apples the supply is soon exhausted.

There is another apple worthy of mention, and which is too little

e
560 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

grown, and that is the Nero; that is what we call the Four Hundred
apple from the simple fact that the wealthiest people in Philadel-
phia seem to take this apple for the table. It is not very sour, but a
good eating apple, and looks well, sells well, and the supply does
not equal the demand.

When refrigeration was first started we knew very little about
it, especially the temperature required for the different fruits, and
I must say, after twenty odd years of experience in the refrigeratign
of nearly all kinds of fruits, it seems to me that we know very little
about the nature of the apple so far as refrigeration goes at the
present day; the same as you, gentlemen, every day learning some
thing new and improving the different methods of culture, market
ing and selling of your fruit, so there is always something new to
learn about refrigeration; but all these things are advancing very
rapidly, and I have no doubt, in a few years from now, if you should
take a photograph of the fruit you see here to-day (which surpass¢s
in all respects the fruit of a few years ago), you will marvel at your
poor results for I believe the time is coming when you will have
more perfect fruit. The land in this section is well adapted for
the raising of the highest grade of apples and other fruits and there
is no reason why you should not have as fine fruit as anywhere
else:

I want to say something about the Western fruit. It has been
said it did not pay to plant orchards here from the fact that they
are planting so many in the West. I have traveled through the
West considerably and I don’t think the western people have suffi-
cient apples for their own consumption. For the last two years
they have been buying apples in Pennsylvania, New York and Vir-
ginia, and have shipped them to Chicago, Cleveland and other West-
ern cities for cold storage; therefore that demonstrates that there
is no danger of having too many fruit trees planted in this State.

A gentleman came to my office a few weeks ago who to my knowl-
edge has a hundred trees, bearing fruit about four years. I said
to him: “What did you make out of your trees last year?” He said
he had eighteen hundred dollars profit from those hundred trees
and he was offered more this year for those apples. He was not a
man you would call a scientific man but a practical fruit grower.

I believe if the young men of this vicinity and other sections of
this State would take these farms and put out apple trees, and put
out a good lot of them, properly cultivate and care for them, there is
nothing they could get into or do that would bring them better
returns than a good orchard. There are very few men who go into
the cities that make a success of it; about one in five hundred makes
a fortune. In planting these orchards they could make a good
living in the country and store up a good sum for old age.

When refrigeration was in its infancy the temperature for apples
was not thoroughly understcod, and ranged about 26 to 40 degrees,
but at the present time they are kept at between 30 to 32 degrees.
It is absolutely necessary to have an even temperature and not
allow it to vary more than two degrees after the fruit has once
become cool. It is also very essential to have the room well ventila-
ted occasionally; otherwise by the close atmosphere in the rooms
the flavor of the apple is liable to be lost.

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 561

We keep the Keiffer pear sometimes at 380 degrees. You will un
derstand that in a room that is very close, and no circulation of air,
the freezing temperature of the air is about two degrees higher than
it is out of doors. At first we kept apples at 38 to 40 degrees, as I
have said, and butter was kept at the same temperature. | mean
to say when artifical refrigeration came into existence. I do not
mean a room kept cool by ice and salt. At the present time butter
is kept from zero to five degrees below and eggs are kept at from
30 to 32 degrees. If you go in a restaurant in any large city and
order ham and eggs you usually get refrigerator eggs, and they
are much better than those eggs you buy in the stores. I hada
Bartlett pear here with me; that pear was kept at from 30 to 32
degrees. We wanted to see how cold we could keep that pear with-
out it being frosted. If you put frost into a Keiffer pear or Bartlett
pear, or any pear, you will ruin it. You can freeze an apple and
if you hold it at that temperature a certain time, take it out of the
refrigerator and place it at about 40 degrees, keep it there about
24 hours, that apple is not injured, apparently. It will not keep
as long as it would if it had not been frosted but it will not injure
it for a few days.

I suppose I should not speak on any subject than apples, but as
you gentlemen have had some liberty on other things I will say a
word on the Keiffer pear. The Keiffer pear, some 15 or 14 years
ago, when I came to Philadelphia, was condemned by nearly every
’ one that raised them, and the refrigerator men were equally opposed
to them, and thousands of trees went out of existence on account
of everybody giving the fruit a bad name. We had a few men store
their pears with the understanding that if they could not get out
with their freight we would not charge them anything for storage.
At first we had them at 38 degrees, and when they came out they
came out with a black heart. We discovered that they were too
ripe when put in storage, were not put in storage early enough, and
after a while we run the temperature down to about 30 degrees
and found they would keep very well. We also discovered that
they would shake the fruit from the trees and in falling from the
trees would be slightly bruised, which would cause decay, therefore
hurting the Keiffer pear very materially as far as marketing them
was concerned. At the present time, however, I suppose we store
from thirty-five to forty thousand packages of the Keiffer pear dur-
ing the year, from half a barrel to a barrel, nearly hand picked, and
as Mr. Hale said about picking other fruit, they make three pick-
ings. They pick the large fruit first, before they are over-ripe, send
them away to cold storage, and gradually get the whole crop stored
away.

Last year was a good year for any man who had apples to store
away, or almost any fruit, and this year is equally as good as far as
the pear goes. A large lot of apples have been on the market
and prices have been very low for poor fruit, but a number one fruit
will bring nearly as much in our market now as it did last year at
this time. The Keiffer pear was brought into the market and
shipped to the West. They sold from 15 to 20 cents a basket.
One gentleman hauled his pears to the depot in the fall and got
20 cents a basket for them, and the party he sold them to received
day before yesterday, $1.10 a basket for them, F. O. B., Philadelphia,

36—7—1906.

562 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

after being in cold storage three months. Some of our apples were
sold this fall for $2.00 a barrel, and last week some of those apples
put into cold storage, from the same orchard, sold for $5.00 a barrel.
This is one among the many experiences that come up every day,
and I have often wondered why you gentlemen who raise good
fruit, and you raise it to make a few dollars, do not take more in-
terest in putting it away and holding it so you can realize several
hundred per cent. more for it by keeping it a few months longer.

I extend an invitation to you, if any of you come to Philadelphia,
to come to the Reading Terminal Cold Storage Plant and I will
gladly show you the method by which we successfully keep fruit,
and dispose of it, and I will be glad to give you any other informa-
tion on the subject and do anything I can to help you make money.

I thank you for your kind attention.

CO-OPERATIVE MARKETING OF FRUITS AND EXPORT
TRADE POSSIBILITIES.

By A’ W. FULTON, Managing Hditor, American Agriculturist, New York City.

Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: It has been well
said that the business end of fruit growing is in the mar-
ket, and I would be very foolish if I thought I could give any advice
to these practical fruit growers who have met here to-day, but I
have taken a great deal of pains to ascertain the various questions
which arise concerning the marketing of fruit. I will try to confine
myself closely to the figures, and try to avoid going outside of the
subject. With that end in view, I have written my thoughts down
in a paper.

I need not tell vou that fresh fruit is handled in two ways, in-
dividually and on the co-operative system. These two general plans
comprehend most of the distribution, no matter in what part of the
country the fruit is grown, nor how it eventually reaches the con-
sumer. Within the limits of this brief paper I shall touch but lightly
upon the individual sale of the grower’s crop of apples or berries,
as in this conditions vary as far as the east is from the west. In-
stead, I prepose to rapidly bring before you what is actually being
done by a number of successful associations marketing fruit on
the co-operative plan. Then finally a few words on the export possi-
bilities in certain of our splendid fruits.

Your association represents the highly important fruit interests
of the great State of Pennsylvania, and I want to say right here
that the possibilities of commercial orcharding in these hills and
valleys has been by no means measured. For many years I have
given close and personal attention to the wholesale fruit markets
in the eastern cities, and have from time to time been confronted
with a statement made by some commission merchant or wholesale
dealer, that Pennsylvania does not cut so much of a figure in the
big apple markets as one might expect; far less, for example, thau

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 563

western New York or Michigan or possibly Missouri. When asking
why, the reply is given me that Pennsylvania grows enormous quan-
tities of apples, but not in the systematic manner in vogue in the
territory adjacent to Niagara Falls, or some of the southern counties
of Michigan, or in the Southwest. There, an operator may go into
an orchard before harvest, and buy an entire block of 10, 20 or 40
acres of Baldwin apples, or Greenings, or Spys; or if in the south-
west, the much berated leather-skinned Ben Davis. But if this
same operator with apple storage facilities comes into Pennsylvania,
it is difficult for him to find an orchard of a given variety of stand-
ard sort, running clean, even in size, arid free from blemish. Were
he to buy an orchard he would be obliged to take apples of a dozen
or twenty varieties and this means lack of the uniformity which the
large operator seeks. But I am constrained to believe that with
the impression being made upon our Pennsylvania fruit growers
in recent years by just such organizations as this, together with the
excellent work by the experiment station and other educational
enterprises, permanent good is being done toward placing Pennsyl-
vania, with its large aggregate output of apples, mentioning that
fruit for the moment, nearer the front rank in commercial orchard-
ing.

Last year I had occasion to make very thorough research in all
parts of the country into the subject of co-operative marketing of
fruits. Among the interesting things I learned was that this valua-
ble avenue of distribution is only in the beginning of its usefulness.
Here and there highly successful fruit marketing associations are
conducted. In other places the work is in a formative stage, while
very largely this phase of the business is still something entirely
of the future. Through my investigations at that time, and through
the most recent confirmation of conditions, I am inclined: to be-
lieve that co-operative marketing is more observed (and perhaps
more successful) in small fruits, particularly strawberries and
grapes than in tree fruits. I am not now alluding to the great
co-operative associations on the Pacific Coast, which are in a way
a class by themselves. In the western apple producing sections east
of the Rocky Mountains, the movement for co-operative marketing
is in somewhat the same condition as here in the east; some fairly
successful organizations, but as a rule, apples handled independ-
ently.

In apple orcharding there are many things in favor of inducing
buyers to personally visit the orchard at time of harvest or just
before in order to secure the best prices, this fruit being of less
perishable nature than berries, for example. In fact, both West
and East, there is a very strong drift among successful orchardists,
to sell their apples on the tree, or barreled, as the case may be, at
home rather than through consignee or a commission merchant, to
say nothing of any attempt to handle the apples on the co-operative
plan. A highly successful apple grower in Illinois once gave me
this testimonial expressed in a single paragraph: “I have tried to
find out how to get the best market results; I have consigned apples
to various commission houses and this method cost me thousands
of dollars owing to unsatisfactory returns. I have sold apples to
be paid for on arrival, and this is as bad, as the commission house
is liable to turn down the car of fruit on arrival, provided the mar-

do4 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

ket is a little off, and wire that the car has arrived out of condition
and subject to my order. The rejected car is then turned over to
some other house which, of course, has a good excuse for slaughter-
ing this rejected fruit, and then I may be called upon to pay freight
and other incidental expenses. I consider the most satisfactory
way for the producer is to sell his apples at home, either in bulk
in orchard or by the barrel, packed and settled for on the spot.”

It does not necessarily follow that this successful orchardist’s ex-
perience is the best for all to observe; conditions may vary as to
location. But right here comes in the absolute necessity of fruit
erowers keeping posted on crop prospects, as the season moves on
from month to month; and on market conditions in order that they
may sell the fruit independently at the right time, and get for it
all the market will stand. Growers who are not in favor of con-
signing apples claim that the man who does consign is practically
obliged to “hold the bag” all the time. He takes all the risk and
worry and also stands the cost of growing, picking and shipping,
with the result that if anybody gets hurt in the deal it is in this
instance the producer. In a word I have been unable to find any
positive evidence of abundant success in the co-operative sale of
apples, although in the Southwest there are developments along
this line. Pears and quinces may be properly placed in this same
class, while peaches and cherries should be regarded in much the
same light as quickly perishable fruits along with berries.

Bearing upon this whole subject of marketing fruits, it is worth
while to note that in some of the New England states commercial
apple growers are becoming greatly interested in the Canadian
Fruit Market Act. This is, no doubt, familiar to some of you. In
brief, it is a stringent law regulating what shall and what shall
not go into a barrel bearing a certain brand. In a sense, it is the
legislature coming into the deal, and forcing the orchardist to be
honest in packing, grading and marketing his apples. The theory
is that it will eventually prove for the greatest good of the greatest
number, producers included; that action which tends to place on
the consuming markets fruit in better condition will tend to greatly
increase its. use and must benefit both consumer and producer.

The Canadian law provides substantially for two grades of apples,
No. 1 and No. 2. Amendments which went into effect last July
placed Canadian No. 1 grade somewhat higher than formerly, and
really means that every apple in a No. 1 package must be practically
perfect. A 10 per cent. allowance is presumed to cover only such
defects as could not readily be detected by a fairly careful packer.
The standard market grade in Canada under this law is in reality
the No. 2. Such package will contain apples 80 per cent. of which
are free from any defects that will cause material waste. The No.
3 is not defined by the law, but is provided for the purpose of meet-
ing the needs of any marketable apples that may not qualify for
the higher grades. Each box or number intended for sale must
be plainly labelled in conformity to the law before fruit is taken
from the premises where packed. There must be the full name and
address of the individual or corporation, name of the variety, and
a distinction of the grade, and no one must sell fruit or offer it
for sale unless the package is thus properly marked. Violators of

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 565

the law are subject to sharp fines and imprisonment and inspectors
have close oversight in the enforcement of the law.

Commercial orchardists in Western New York, competing with
Ontario growers in the export markets, are watching with the
keenest interest the working out of this Canadian Fruit Marks
Act. At last winter’s meeting of the Massachusetts Fruit Growers
Association a strong appeal was made by a representative of the
Maine Pomological Society, asking that apple interests in the two
states seek to promote state legislation closely akin to the Canadian
law, but it is worth passing note that at the Maine meeting the
past fall the thought was there expressed that it is a little early
to force such legislation, even though it may be ultimately a wise
move.

As to the standard apple package, I have been told both at home,
and when personally visiting the London and Liverpool markets,
that dealers, except in a restricted way, do not want anything but
the barrel in handling this fruit. Foreign buyers of American and
Canadian apples as well as those in the domestic trade are all a
unit in expressing the hope that growers will each season improve
in the matter of picking and packing. Asarule, they want a barrel
of regulation size, the flour barrel or its equivalent. This, of course,
holds rather less than the three bushel barrel advocated in a few
sections. One of the best posted men identified with the Inter-
national Apple Shippers Association made this statement to me,
that apples packed in a good flour barre] will bring as much money
in any market in the world as if in an absolutely new barrel. But
in these days of advancing prices, it is sometimes a toss-up in the
matter of cost between a good second-hand barrel and one just made
from new stock.

Some of the most notable successes are in the co-operative market-
ing of small fruits and vegetables; and the organization, local in
character and capable of adaptation in some form by Pennsylvania
growers, forms an object lesson worth our attention. For example,
a successful association of this character has long done business,
with Cobden, Ill., its center of operations in fruits and truck. This
is a regularly incorporated shipping association; the manager makes
it his business to make contracts with the transportation companies,
and to secure the number and kind of cars required by shippers
and at the time required. In cold weather, for shipping sweet pota-
toes, the cars required in the daily supply are placed on side tracks
ready to receive the barrels. In summer, when iced cars are needed
for shipping such perishable stuff as strawberries, the manager pro-
cures the cars, and has them properly supplied with ice ready for
immediate use. He collects information daily about the markets
and prices, receives fruit at the cars, receipting to the owner for
the same, sees to it that the fruit is placed properly in the car,
makes a manifest for each owner, and bills the car to the proper
person at its destination. In this way the best rates and services
are secured. The cars are shipped from one person in the producing
section to one person in the distributing market, and takes away
entirely from the railroad the important work of loading and un-
loading. During the fruit season, 15 to 20 cars are shipped daily
from Cobden, representing, of course, many thousands of packages

566 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

and securing to the individual grower a degree of uniformity in
handling, which in the long run, proves profitable to him.

One of the largest co-operative enterprises of this character in
the United States is the Ozark Fruit Growers’ Association, with head
office at Fayetteville, Ark. The management has placed the stock
at $1 shares in the hands of as many growers as possible, this creat-
ing a nucleus for working capital. In this territory, comprising
chiefly the two Arkansas counties of Washington and Benton, fruit
interests are very important, not only apples but peaches, straw-
berries, etc. Through the efforts of the association some reduction
was secured in refrigeration charges, and more prompt railway ser-
vice was also secured. Shipments have been heavy in several seasons,
and the association has proved a profitable thing for the growers.
At the height of the shipping season representatives were sent to the
larger markets to keep oversight and report on cars of fruit shipped.
The outlay for so large an organization is necessarily heavy, this
including traveling expenses, office force, telegraphing, postage, ete.
All these expenses are met by a three per cent. rebate from con-
signments, and no assessments on members are needed. This associa-
tion, operating in such an exclusively fruit section, can scarcely
be compared with what may be done in a smaller way in our more
scattered fruit sections, yet it is inspiring to know that the organ-
ization named has been the means of saving its members, the actual
growers, substantial sums which formerly have gone into the hands
of the middlemen.

A successful co-operative association, now just two years old,
is the Wathena Fruit Growers’ Association of Kansas, starting with
12 members, now having a hundred. During the past season this
association marketed $12,000 worth of strawberries, $35,000 worth
of raspberries and blackberries, 56 cars of apples, and a sprinkling
of peaches, at a reasonable profit to the producers. Grapes, peaches
and apples were sold in carlots, with shipments east and west, and
the small fruits mostly shipped by express, to various states. The
officers of this live association are all fruit growers, operating their
own farms. The business manager writes me under recent date:
“Our association has been very beneficial not only to the members,
but also to fruit growers of this vicinity, as we have succeeded
in maintaining a much better average of prices than in former years.
We also buy our crates, material, baskets and barrels in lots of
eight to ten carloads, and pay cash for same, averaginy splendid
savings to the growers. We permit all responsible houses to com-
pete for the business, and by so doing save a good deal of money on
our supplies.”

One of the really successful organizations for the co-operative
sale of small fruits is the Neosho Fruit Growers and Shippers’ As.
sociation operating from Neosho, Mo., which is quite a center, par-
ticularly for strawberries. This truly local association, something
which might be readily duplicated in many localities here in our
eastern fruit sections, has carried on its business long enough to
have passed the experimental stage, and is favorably known in other
states outside the confines of Missouri. The farmers making up the
association grow some cane fruits, and have also shipped some
plums, cherries, peaches and apples, but confines its business mostly
to strawberries.

NOK: DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 567

In a word, this association is essentially for growing and ship-
ping strawberries on an extensive scale. There are 140 members
in the association, and they grow a total of 800 acres of strawber-
ries. Last season they shipped 70 carloads, the year before 105.
Frost reduced the last crop materially as here indicated. Ship-
ments are made from Neosho to Kansas City, St. Joseph, Topeka,
as far west as Denver, as far north as St. Paul, and as far east as
Detroit. The association consigns to reliable and responsible com-
mission merchants in these various cities. The fruit is never sold
on track. In a recent letter from President J. B. Graves of this
association he informs me that with the kind of berries his associa-
tion grows, and with the excellent care taken in packing, he finds
better results with commission merchants than with track buyers.

Now very briefly as to the by-laws of this association. The mem-
bership fee is $1, annual dues $1, and when growers in the associa-
tion ship berries as a firm or company, each individual member of
the firm must become a member of the association. The usual offi-
cers are elected annually in August, president, vice-president, record-
ing secretary, treasurer, also chaplain, and a business committee
consisting of five members. _ The secretary keeps all records, col-
lects all moneys due the association for dues, fees, fines and forfeft-
ures, turns this over to the treasurer monthly, taking the latter’s
receipt therefor, thus constituting a bookkeeping account for the
work of the auditor. The secretary is under bonds of $400, and the
bond is kept by the president. The secretary receives $25 per year
for his services. The treasurer is under bonds of $1,000, and he also
receives $25 annually for his services. He handles the money of the
association, paying out on proper warrants which are to be signed
by the president and secretary.

So much for the ordinary bookkeeping of the association. Now
for the most important part of this management, which rests in
the business committee, which it will be recalled consists of five
selected members of the association. After election these organize,
naming one of their number chairman. This committee is prac-
tically responsible for the success or failure of the years business
as an association. Hach member receives $2 for each meeting which
he attends. This business committee elects one of its number as
secretary and treasurer of the business committee, and this man is
really business manager and corresponding secretary. Naturally,
the best man in the association is none too good for this. He is to
keep a full record of all transactions of the committee, and attend
to all the correspondence of the association. He receives all cash
returns and rebates from commission merchants, and from other
sources, and makes disposition of same as directed by the rules
of the association.

The manager and his assistant are in full control of the loading
sheds. The business committee pays all the expenses of the associa-
tion such as just indicated out of the rebates in commission charges,
etc., and 25 per cent. of *he remainder they also pay to the treas-
urer of the association to hold. They also pay over to each grower
his proportionate part of the returns after the cost of handling is
deducted. The business committee each season selects the commis-
sion merchants who are to handle the berries of the association. A
most important proviso is that every member of the association

568 ANNUAL REPOKT OF THE Off. Doe.

obligates himself to turn over all the berries to the business comt.-
mittee to be shipped by them except those he may need for home
requirements. In no case can a member sell berries for shipment
unless he first obtains consent of the business committee. Infrac-
tion of this stern rule is dismissal from the association. Stress is
laid upon the great importance that the growers deliver all fruit
to the management, so that commission houses arranged with may
not be disappointed by reason of failing to get accepted consign-
ments. Each grower must be ready to deliver at the shipping sheds
all berries he has to ship, each day, not later than 10 o’clock P. M.
There are two grades of strawberries designated—A and B. The
A must be strictly choice, firm, sound stock of good size. The B
grade must also be firm and sound, but may be somewhat smaller.
Fruit too soft for this grade will be rejected. After inspection at
shipping sheds berries that grade A have the grades stamped on
both ends of package with the association’s trade mark.

It will be recalled that all the berries going to Kansas City, for
example, are shipped to a selected commission concern handling
the business. Each grower having fruit in that shipment shall
receive an average price per crate of each grade eaeh day. When
it is necessary to hold berries over from one day to the next in the
city market, the average of the two days is the rule. In receiving
the fruit at the loading shed the grower is given a receipt showing
how many crates he had on that particular load, how many A and
how many B. The fruit is perhaps sent to several markets the
same day, according to market conditions, as understood by the
manager. As just noted the grower receives for each grade the
average of the sales for that day. It is known how many grades
were shipped each day, and thus is known almost immediately what
the fruit netted the growers. Settlement is made on the basis of
the average.

All growers delegate themselves to be governed by the decision
of the association in regard to prices to be paid for picking berries,
and they agree that they will not pay more than the fixed rate. If
they do they are thrown out of the association. The business com-
mittee makes arrangements with the railroads for cars and for
securing the lowest possible rates, for the refrigerators, with the
express company for service and rates, and for other necessary
service. They make arrangements with commission merchants be-
fore the shipping season opens and know definitely who will handle
the product. In investigating the city commission merchant, they |
find out not only that he is honest, but also that he is capable and
active. Then they stick to him as long as he does the right thing
by the association. The business committee buys the box and
package material for distribution to the growers at cost, getting
it early at reduced rates in carloads. They supply stamping outfits,
tally sheets, rules for pickers and packers, etc., and appoint inspec-
tors for cultural work in the field, and for packing and grading.
Full advantage is taken of any possible competition between trans-
portation companies. Very little is sent by express as charges are
too high. Instead refrigerator freight service is used.

A point about this successful co-operative association is that they
stick together, that they have strict rules, that they enforce them.
that they buy together at lowest cost, that they sell well-grown,
well gelected and well packed fruit at highest prices, and at lowest

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 569

cost in the way of transporéation charges and commissions. It is
the application of business principles in growing and marketing
strawberries with exactly the same features brought to bear that
may be discerned in the manufacture and sale of shoes. Last season
one grower in that association sold $1,000 worth of berries from
three acres. Another picked 210 crates per acre from his planta-
tion of three acres, which sold at an average of $1.73 per crate.

Coming nearer home, let us note briefly what is being done in
the middle south. The Peninsula produce exchange of Maryland,
with headquarters at Pocomoke City, was org eanized three seasons
ago for the purpose of buying and selling and ‘handling produce, It
is, in fact, a producers’ agency for marketing potatoes, peaches, ber-
ries and melens. It has the usual complement of officers, general
manager, etc. Much emphasis is placed on having the goods well
packed and true to classification as to grade and quality. Each
shipper is a ee ° 5 per cent. for all goods sold outright at shipping
station, and 8 per cent. when shipped on consignment to the com-
mission merchant representing the exchange. The latter guarantees
the payment of all goods consigned or sold. The treasurer makes
draft for some through the main office. The work of the exchange
is satisfactory to its members as a whole. Shipments of sweet po-
tatoes have greatly increased in recent years. The grading is being
improved and the exchange insists on sending out packages of stand-
ard size and a grading that meets the approbation of buyers and
consumers. A large part of the goods are eventually handled by
commission merchants in the big “cities, yet it may be noted that
the exchange seems to favor selling F. O. B. shipping points at many
of these stations.

In actual working a member of this peninsula produce exchange
packs his melons, for example, according to the instructions, and on
arrival at the shipping point delivers them to the exchange in-
spector, if business at that particular loading station justifies the
employment of an inspector and also an agent. Otherwise, the
melons are delivered to the representative of the exchange who acts
in both capacities. The goods are then properly branded and loaded
in cars, if shipments are sufficiently large, and sold at once, at an
agreed price, F. O. B., loading point, or consigned as the agent
thinks best. For this service the exchange proper receives 5 per
cent. which goes to defray the running expenses of the association,
the surplus being eventually paid back to the stockholders at the
end of each season. The growers and shippers constitute the stock-
holders. The general office has telephone connections with the sey-
eral shipping points and is in touch with its representatives at any
time of the day. If a shipper requests that his goods be sent to
New York or Boston on consignment, this course is followed. In
most instances, however, the grower prefers to turn the goods over
to the exchange to be handled to the best possible advantage.

Another success of this character is the Eastern Shore of Virginia
Produce Exchange, operating in the counties of Northampton and
Accomac on the Chesapeake Peninsula.

This has been in successful operation for six years or more,
and at its last annual meeting held in December, it was stated that
during the season of 1906 the exchange handled 1,083,000 packages
of truck, mostly white and sweet potatoes. The volume of business

37

570 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

passing through the office amounted to $1,411,000. A successful
year was reported and a handsome dividend declared on the share
capital. This co-operative company operates at forty shipping
points, ships all under registered trade mark and the business is
handled in a thoroughly up-to-date manner. A general manager is
the responsible agent for the buying and shipping. He advises
local agents to whom they are to consign their produce. He sends
them every morning or oftener, if necessary, to the various market

quotations. He must also see that the goods are properly inspected,
and keep a careful record of the number of packages shipped daily.
City commission merchants who are in arrears for 20 days in the
settlement of accounts receive no further shipments until the settle-
ment is made in a satisfactory manner. The general manager visits
the local shipping points once a month or oftener. In the local ex-
change the appointed officers are responsible for the storage in
packing houses, and make daily reports to the general manager.
Where the produce is consigned by the exchange, the local agent
mails to the consignee an invoice of number of barrels or packages,
together with the names of persons who have furnished it, and the

number of packages each person has in the consignment. The con-
’ signee makes separate cash returns to each person, first deducting
5 per cent. This is sent to the treasurer of the exchange, with a
full statement as to the source from which it comes. This accumu-
lating fund is, of course, handled eventually as the stockholders de-
sire, either in the way of improving the equipment after expenses
are paid or in dividends, etc. ‘The local exchauges have proper rep-
resentation on the board of directors of the exchange. Great care
is taken in packing and shipping, with special trade marks which
stand for something, on selected lots. This farmers’ organization
handles in a season 3,000 to 4,000 cars of sweet and white potatoes.
In 1905 and 1906 it cost less than 5 cents a package in association
expenses to handle the crop.

Growers of cauliflower in an important trucking section on Long
Island formed an organization several years ago for marketing their
crops, and have succeeded reasonably well. Last season was ex-
cessively wet during July and August, and the crop was badly dam-
aged, cutting down the business temporarily. Yet during the ship-
ping season, nearly 66,000 packages were handled, and to the general
satisfaction of shippers and receivers. In a good season as high as
130,000 barrels of cauliflower are handled by this association, mostly
on the New York market. Tbe managers closely watch conditions,
and the moment the New York and Philadelphia market is over sup-
plied, the surplus is promptly shipped to other cities. Cauliflower
shipped to points outside those named were bought outright from
the farmers by the association, and distributed as far west as Chi-
cago. The association now has 400 members, and pays its manager
$1,000 a year salary. Great savings are effected in the purchase of
supplies and the utilization of refrigerator cars, ete.

Reverting for the moment to the possibility of enlarging the
market outlet for apples, I want to call your attention to what is
really an encouraging phase of commercial orcharding. I refer to
the business of evaporating apples. As all of you know, this has
in recent years grown to a large industry, centered perhaps in a few
counties in Western New York, but also of considerable prominence

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 571

in Michigan and the Southwest. Within the past few days I have
taken pains to further investigate the situation, with a view of
throwing some light on the probabilities of profitably increasing the
output of evaporated apples. Inquiry made among some of the
most prominent deaters in the New York City Market bring out the
highly encouraging opinion that the business is not overdone, and
that within reasonable limitations it may be increased consider-
ably, and still leave a margin of profit to all engaged in it.

This is apparently to come through the further building up of
the export trade. Evaporated apples are very popular in the do-
mestic markets, and the consumption is large, yet certain facts bear
directly on this business in the way of limiting the quantity which
producers can reasonably expect to market at home. Reference is
made, for example, to the development of cold storage throughout
the country, so that ripe barreled fruit is much better distributed
and taken care of than formerly. Furthermore, the domestic de-
mand is perhaps not increasing so rapidly as might be wished, for
the reason that fine California dried fruits, prunes, peaches, apricots,
etc., are very largely used as a substitute.

But the wider outlet is to come from the foreign demand. We
export in some years as much as 50,000,000 pounds of dried apples,
mostly evaporated. The opinion of those closely identified with the
trade almost without exception points to the possibility of further
extending the business in foreign countries, particularly northern
Europe where evaporated apples are very popular. It depends very
largely upon the price of the finished product. If foreigners can
buy evaporated apples at 5 1-2 to 6 1-2 cents per pound in a wholesale
way, they are prepared to take large quantities, but when the figures
go to 7 cents and above, the movement is more restricted. Ocean
freights are low and favorable, and our fruit is very popular abroad.
The business is thoroughly established as to curing, grading, pack-
ing and shipping, and with the friendly attitude of both exporters
and foreign buyers there is every assurance that the outlet will be
permanently large, and is capable of further material expansion.

Now for the practical application to the Pennsylvania fruit
grower. It would be ill advised for the orchardist without adequate
knowledge or equipment to go into, this business of evaporating ap-
ples; but it is well werth careful consideration as a means of dis-
posing of at least a part of the surplus crop, particularly in full
years. An evaporating plant is not expensive, comparatively speak-
ing; there are possibilities of co-operative work in thus handling
the fruit, or small stock companies might be formed to establish
and operate a plant, with, of course, the prerequisite that this is
well managed from its inception. There would also seem to be room
for the individual grower under proper environment, as has been
proved in many instances in Western New York. When apples are
scarce, many of the larger evaporators cannot get raw material ai
prices to justify operating them, and this leaves the business to some
extent in the hands of individual farmers and fruit growers, who
thus utilize from their own supplies considerable quantities of low
grade fruit. Evaporated stock outsells the sun dried a cent or two
a pound, in average seasons, and in some years more. One argument
which has been advanced why general good would come from a far
wider extension of small evaporators is the way in which this might

572 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

hold speculators in check. As it is now, there is much manipulation,
engineered by some of the larger concerns identified with evapora-
ting plants and the few firms engaged in the export trade. The
opinion has been expressed that if the number of small evaporators
is materially increased, this very fact will tend to take control of the
business from a few hands, and put it into many, thus helping the
industry in a large way.

An evaporator with a capacity of 100 bushels of apples a day costs
somewhat less than $1,000, and should turn off 500 to 600 pounds
evaporated apples from 100 bushels of green stock, together with
200 pounds of skins and cores.

The federal pure food law which has just gone into effect is
puzzling dealers somewhat, owing to the fact that evaporated apples
are treated with sulphur fumes in order to bleach them, and there
is much interest over the question of ruling which may be made;
yet no doubt the matter will be amicably adjusted. The business
in evaporated apples, in a word, is not overdone, nor does it seem
probable it will be in the immediate years to come, and wisely
handled ought to be the means of disposing of an increasing pro-
portion of our annual apple supply.

No business will run itself, a co-operative fruit selling organiza-
tion any more than a woolen mill or a trunk line railroad. Many
co-operative enterprises, at one time prosperous and full of con-
tinued promise, have fallen by the wayside through bad manage-
ment. This may include lack of a strong man at the head of the
business in distributing and selling products, and lack of a thorough
understanding of market conditions in the big trade centers, and
sometimes a lack of firmness in maintaining a high standard of ex-
cellence in quality of fruit and in packing. Long credits proved,
amang other things, the death of one very successful co-operative
fruit shipping association located in New Jersey. Summing up the
situation, the problem before every fruit grower, as each season
rolls around, is to sell his produce in the most advantageous man-
ner, either single handed or co-operative.

Some of the thoughts outlined in this paper may be summarized,
with deductions therefrom, embodied in a couple of concluding para-
graphs.

If a number of growers in one town would work together in some
such way, as the thoughts in this paper suggest, they might combine
in shipping, and thus give co-operative marketing a practical test
right here in Pennsylvania. Study thoroughly the co-operative move-
ment as it has been developed, and reasonably perfected in other
sections. See what can be done, or what application can be made of
these various successes to conditions in your own locality.

A great essential right here is a thorough knowledge on the part
of producers of market conditions; not only at your own town and
shipping station, but in the big distributing centers at home and
abroad, something of the export trade, something of domestic re-
quirements in various cities, something of the temper of dealers
who buy in the autumn for later markets, etc. One thing necessary
is to know the market to which you ship, when, and how to ship.
One large commercial center will take with avidity certain apples
or certain peaches which would meet slow sale in another big dis-

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 573

tributing center. * Certain varieties of apples are quick sellers in
Philadelphia, but would meet indiiferent reception in New York.

Special emphasis should be placed on the grading, packing and
handling of your fruit. Appearance often sells it. Mark a No. 1
apple No. 1, with your name, and make it stand for something. If
you must barrel inferior fruit, have the courage to pack No. 2s as
2s, and so brand them. Remember in this connection that it costs
just as much for the empty barrel; it costs just as much to pack and
ship seconds as first. You will not make a fortune the first year,
nor probably in the second. But persistence in some such course
will eventually count for much, to your permanent profit, whether
you sell independently, or co-operatively; whether you cater to the
local wants of your home county seat, or a distant mining or manu-
facturing center, or whether you plan to place your fruit in the large
city markets.

THE PRESIDENT.—I am very sorry we have had so small an
audience to hear this valuable paper. The marketing of fruits is
one of the weak points.

MR. YOUNGS.—Over on the shoresvof Lake Erie we have a co-
operative fruit growers association; that is, a co-operative crop
growers association. It is a large undertaking, but the great belt
of crop growers belong to that association. Of course, there are
some houses there who maintain agents all through the season.
There are from seven to ten thousand carloads of crops shipped in
our town.

MR. HALE.—I have been very much interested in this paper, and
believe in the co-operative associations among the growers of any-
thing in the soil, for I have worked with them for the last thirty
years. The gentleman in this most excellent paper covers a few of
the western associations, and shows that they have been most suc-
cessful. There is one instance that I know of where they gave the
secretary twenty-five dollars a year. Farmers are never willing to
pay like other commercial people, who are willing to pay for ser-
vices—for. their help. Every co-operative association we have
had in this country, has tried to run it so cheap that it has run
itself into the ground ina very short time, I am told. I don’t
want to reflect any upon anyone, or to name anyone tonight, but I
have been in contact with some o¢ the commission men, the first
class men, who tell me that they get very little from the associa-
tion because you have to graft some of its officers. That informa-
tion I have had in the last two years from some of the best com-
mission men, that you cannot get the fruit from them because you
have to graft the officers. I hope the reporter will not put that
down because it will hit some one. So much for that in a general
way. But it don’t work out somehow with the man owning only a
bit of land; he does not want to co-operate with anyone.

The suggestion brought out by the paper in relation to the Cana-
dian fruit market, and our friends in Maine waiting and going to con-
sider it in another year, when legislation is obtained, comes to my
mind. Mr. President, and brother fruit growers, ought we not to
be ashamed that we don’t know how to do it without having legis-

574 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

lation; to show us how to pack our products and crate them? What
would the manufacturers in New England think of that? Meet to-
gether and talk about the gov ernment under which they live to
specify how they should crate and pack their products. It is a
reflection on our business methods, and good horse sense, should tell
us we must pack them honestly and pack them right, if we are going
to make them pay. I hope every good man will put his foot down
on the man who talks about legislation to tell us how we are going
to crate our products. Brother Brown, said those apples must be
“Axx.” Make your number ones perfect, and if you have anything
below that, call them seconds and thirds. Perhaps I am talking
' heresy here, and perhaps it is not the place to talk it. I will tell
you a little story along that line. Down south the colored people
want to attend churches; the churches are plain and simple, but a
colored woman coming to one of our northern churches, and noticing
the stained glass after she entered the church, expr essed her gratifi-
cation by saying, “Lawd to Gawd; Lawd to Gawd, I’m glad Tm in
this church,” and one of the of the ushers ; went to her and. said, “You
must be quiet.” Pretty soon the organ broke out in peals of
splendid music, and she said, “Glory to Gawd, I’se glad I’m here;
I’se glad I got religion,” and ‘the usher came again, and said, “You
must get out of this; this church is no place to cet religion. 2 I want
to get the religion of honest packages and stamp on ‘them our own
name and reputation, by putting on our labels and crates our own
names, and impress the market in-that way.

Now another subject which was of great interest to me was the
remarks made by the gentleman from the Reading Terminal. I
have heard for a ‘good many years that Brother McKay, was one of
the best cold storage men in America, and that he tried to make a
success of it. He tried to fool us in the statement, when he got on
the platform, when be said he was not a speechmaker, and for awhile
I was going to go along with him, but by and by he went along in
that smooth way and I found I was mistaken, and I want to say
right here that is the slickest way to get at it, and he got there. Of
course, he was not near as slick a talker as Brother Brown. Why
did Brother McKay get there? He is really an old philosopher.
In talking he had the sound philosophy of it; the sound philosophy
of the handling of the products of the market. He said that as soon
as you took your fruit in there, he knocked a head in the barrel be-
cause he wanted to know what you are putting in there, and because
it will bring better prices if it is honestly packed with care. He said,
if you don’t know anything about your goods, send them in there,
and I will store them, and if they don’t sell out and make a profit, I
will not charge you anything. The man who has no faith in his soil,
and his plants, or in his business, cannot succeed, and the man who
wants to have the government tell him how to do business had better
get out of business.

I think now that it is pretty near good night. I have talked more
than I ought to, but I am glad to be with you. I was told a few
years ago that when I would come to Pennsylvania to attend the as-
sociation meetings, I would find a few old sod pots who patted them-
selves on the back, but I found a good many good men in it, and that
my informant was very much mistaken, and I am glad to find so
many young men in it. I know these young men will have greater

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 575

opportunities on the farm than there is any other industry. Stick
to your farm, and you will have the best kind of fun it it. The
next time you come here bring your best girl and bring the other
fellows’s girl along, and we will have a rousing old meeting; a much
better meeting than this time.

MR. YOUNGS.—Our association pays the man at the head of
the co-operative association twelve hundred dollars, and his assis-
tant, five hundred dollars, for six months, and pays stenographers.
We don’t expect something for nothing, because we know we won’t
get it.

MR. BROWN.—The failure of one Fruit Exchange in Delaware, |
was because they would not submit to an inspection of their fruit;
that was the cause of the Delaware Fruit Exchangestarting. I was
the second Secretary there when the first one went into operation.
The success of the Potato Exchange in Virginia is the outgrowth,
but what he says is very true in interfering with their success, be-
cause you have no more power over you products than that chair has,
and it is for that reason they have made a greater success of the
Potato Exchange of Virginia than any exchange in America.

Mr. Jamison, of Committee en Nomenclature and Exhibits, sub-
mitted the following report.

Mr. Presidcnt and Members of The State Horticultural Associa-
taon of Pennsylvania: Your committee begs leave to report as fol-
lows after as careful an inspection as could be made during the
intervals between sessions, there being some 250 plates on exhibition.

Best selection of Pennsylvania apples. The Fruit Growers As-
sociation of Adams county, about 100 plates.

Diploma for best display of Pears, thirteen plates, Gabriel Hiester,
Harrisburg.

We also award diploma to Hon. W. T. Creasy, Catawissa, for fine
display of apples, ten varieties.

A diploma is also awarded to L. M. Simon, Linglestown, Pa., for
fine display of ten varieties of apples.

We further agree to award to J. Hibberd Bartram, West Chester,
a diploma for one plate of exceedingly fine Seckel pears.

We would state further that the seeding pear grown and ex-
hibited by John Kready, Mount Joy, Pa., is of fine quality and
worthy of further cultivation. Also a jar of canned pears of same
variety, represented by Mr. Kready to be a fine winter pear.

We wish to make favorable mention of the exhibit of one of the
finest displays of apples. Among them are, York Imperial, Nicka-
jack, Nero and Staymen Winesap, grown by R. M. Richardson,
Wyoming, Delaware. Winesap apples and Bartlett pears by John
Repp, of Glassboro, N. J., one plate of Keiffer pears by J. H. Harri
son, Berlin, Md., all exhibited by Geo. H. McKay, Philadelphia.

Also several plates exhibited by Wm. Stewart.

Mr. A. O. Braugher, Kingston, Pa., fifteen plates.

Adam Berk, Kempton, Pa., seven plates.

Mr. Jeremiah Bean, of Winfield, Pa., two plates.

J. R. Snavely, Harrisburg, seven plates.

Dr. Funk, Boyertown, Pa., exhibits seven plates.

Dr. I. H. Mayer, Willow street, Pa., three plates namely, Strine-
town Pippin, Champion and Winesap.

576 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

Also an exhibit of seven plates by E. H. Bancroft & Son, Wyom-
ing, Del., among them being Stark, Tulpehocken, William’s Red,
Strawberry, Missouri Pippin, Hightield, Fall Pippin, York Imperial
Stayman Winesap, Beach, Nero and Paragon.

Mr. J. W. Sauder, five plates.

Mr. Wm. H. Rumble, Ringtown, Pa., exhibits five plates fine
apples worthy of merit.

Also one plate English Walnut grown by John G. Rush, West
Willow, Pa.

We would further say that the entire collection is one of the finest
if not the finest ever exhibited.

All of which is respectfully submitted.

J. KE. JAMISON,
J. HIBBERD BARTRAM,
A. I. WEIDNER,
JOHN G. ENGLE,
Committee.

‘Resolutions commending the work of Prof. Surface, Economic
Zoologist, and recommending his re-appointment, were offered by
Mr. Woods, of Stroudsburg.

MR. YOUNGS.—Over there in our corner of the State we know
something of the work that Prof. Surface has done, and we know
that he has done it well, and while it is not completely done, I don’t
think it is well to swap horses while crossing the stream. For that
reason, I think the horticultural interests would be best subserved
by having him retained in the department which he now represents.

MR. JAMISON.—TI have been in this association for a good many
years, and we have had at the head of this department a man who
has been in close touch with all that benefits the farmer or horticul-
turist. I think we never had a man that deserves as much as Prof.
Surface. In all his travels he was always talking to his constituents
of Pennsylvania, and I say he has done more good work in that line
than an other man we have ever had, and therefore I recommend
that we send up from this association a unanimous vote.

The resolution was unanimously adopted by a rising vote.

THE PRESIDENT.
adjourn will be in order.

MR. BARTON.—When they were speaking of cold storage it
reminded me of an experience I had a few years ago. I had some
thirty or forty bushels of pears in a storage plant of my own. I
had them in boxes, and put them in very close, and put one box on
top of the other for fear that mice would get in, and I watched them
and kept examining them. I had the temperature down to about
37 degrees, and one market day I thought the pears were in market-
able condition, and taking down the first box, found they were in a
very nice condition, and every other box, I threw out to the hogs.
The difficulty was that they were put in, in too warm a condition;
they were not cooled off, and the boxes fit very closely and tight, and
I lost the whole crop of them.

If there is no other business, a motion to

MR. WOOD.—I suppose the winding up of this meeting will be a
kind of experience meeting. I have not been a member very long,

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 577

but I have come quite a distance to attend this meeting, and coming
here, and hearing such men as Brother Hale, Brother Brown and
Brother Surface made me feel something like the colored woman
that Brother Hale told us about, and I hope my shouting will not re-
sult in being shuffled out of this room as they did the colored woman.
I feel that I have got more horticultural information than I had be-
fore.

MR. BROWN.—I want to express my gratitude in being here.
I have noticed the growth of horticultural interests in Pennsyl-
vania, not only in numbers, but in the character and strength of
the men that compose it, and it is something very pleasing. You are
banded together now in this fraternity, and are going to go forward
and do those things that are necessary to be done from year to year
that is going to advance this industry. I am very glad to be here
tonight to meet all the old faces and many new ones. I hope we
will all have the pleasure to meet in Lancaster one year hence.

MR. YOUNGS.—Allow me the pleasure of extending an invita-
tion to you members of this society, individually, if they are ever
over in the section of the State of Pennsylvania that I inhabit, to
come and see us. We can show you some things over there that we
are inclined to be proud of. Brother Engle is an annual visitor over
there, and I think he will agree with me. My address is North East,
and if you cannot run across me down town—I am often there—
you can reach me by post, or by trolley, and I will be:glad to meet
you at the trolley line. We can show you some very fine grapes,
peaches and plums, and while our work is not so satisfactory to
everyone, yet it has been to us, because it brings us dollars. I think
we all have horticulture in our hearts, but we are all looking after
that Almighty dollar.

MR. JAMISON.—I am not a Methodist, but since the thing is
going on, lam getting warmed up, and I wish to say that I attended
the first horticultural meeting, which I was persuaded to do through
the Secretary’s father. I got my early horticultural education from
him. I began to think about 1872, or along there, that we could
grow peaches in Juniata county. I had a friend close to me, and we
would often talk about it, and I am not so sure but that we talked
about it on the Sabbath day. I planted a few trees, and we bought
a few trees from Mr. Engle, and he said, “Come down to our meet-
ing;” and when you come, I don’t want you to go away from this
meeting until you tell us how you are getting along up there. I
told them how we took the hills of Juniata county and cleared them
of briars and brush and made the peach bloom as the Lily of the
Valley, and when we were through, there were one hundred thou-
sand trees growing in the Juniata Valley, and the bankers in our
county seat will tell you that for years one hundred thousand dol-
lars were thrown annually into the banks. What brought it about?
It was the work of this horticultural society. When I look around
me here now, I see very few familiar faces who were members then.
Here is brother Bartram; there is Brother Engle, and Brother
Heister; there are not many others, and it will be a very short time
until the rest will have to answer the last roll call.

37—7T—1906.

578 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

MR. HEISS.—Mr. President, this is the first time I have had the
pleasure to meet with you and look into your faces, but I can go
back into the hills of Clearfield county and Centre county, and talk
with the farmers with a new inspiration and as a helper in the work,
and I trust I may long remember the new faces I have met here,
and whether I ever meet you again, I want you to know that this
meeting has done me as much good as any meeting I have ever at-
tended.

MR. McKAY.—I am a Methodist too, and I believe in giving good
advice. I don’t believe in sitting here with no smile on your face,
and take it all in, and not give anything back. I think the fruit
growers are going to pull through allright. It reminds me of the
story of a young man who had a mother-in-law who was very sick,
and he went out and met the doctor, and he asked how his mother-
in-law was, and he replied that she was pretty bad; I don’t think we—
can pull her through, and he said, “Bring an axe, and I will help her
through.” I feel I am going to be a fruit grower, and that I have
obtained a great deal of information by coming here, and hearing
the old gentlemen talk on the subject of fruit growing, and it is
also pleasant to look at the fruit that is here on exhibition, and I
know it will be of great benefit to me in applying it to my busi-
ness. There is nothing done in this world without discussion, and
as Mr. Hale knows up in New Hampshire they will argue for days
and days, and this discussion is what brings out the different points,
and a great many of these fruit growers will get together, and talk
about cold storage, and they will come to some understanding. As
a Methodist, I say, God bless all of you.

MR. YOUNGS.—I came over here four years ago; we had some
trouble over there; and said something about spraying. As a
whole you might just as well have tried to talk about anything else,
and I told you we cultivated a pretty hard soil at that time; at any
rate, it looked so to me. I am one of those who like to come to a
meeting of this character, and get something out of it, and I have
not come this way for four years. You can get up a lot of enthu-
siasm here, and gather the farmers together, and although it is 366
miles to my place, I feel like coming again.

THE PRESIDENT.—I guess we have heard from all the converts
and we are now ready for a motion to adjourn.

THE PRESIDENT.—As no one seems to be able to summon up
nerve sufficient to move to adjourn, I declare this meeting adjourned
until this day next year, when we shall meet in Lancaster, Pa.

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 579

LIST OF OFFICERS OF THE PENNSYLVANIA
STOCK BREEDERS’ ASSOCIATION FOR YEAR
1907 AND PAPERS READ AND ADDRESSES DE-
LIVERED AT THE ANNUAL MEETING OF
SAID ASSOCIATION, HELD AT HARRISBURG,
Pa.;, JANUARY 24 AND 25; °1907.

OFFICERS FOR 1907.

PRESIDENT.
W. C. NORTON, Waymart.

IST. V. PRESIDENT.
DR. LEONARD PEARSON, Philadelphia.

2D. V. PRESIDENT.
M. P. SHOEMAKER, Greensburg.

SHICRETARY.
E. S. BAYARD, Hast End, Pittsburg,

TREASURER.
J. F. LANTZ, Wyebrook.

PORK PRODUCTION IN THE EAST.

By HARRY HAYWARD.

That pork production is an important agricultural industry is
shown by the fact that, while in the year 1900 the average private
family ate a little over half a ton of meat, nearly half of which was
pork. In other words, the total amount of pork consumed in the
United States is nearly equal to the total consumption of beef, veal
and mutton.

These facts are explained by another fact and that is pigs for
various reasons are more profitable animals to raise than beef,
steers, or sheep, and, on this account always have, and probably al-
ways will occupy a prominent place in American Agriculture. Of
the reasons which tend to make pork production profitable, a few of
the most important may be of interest. In the first place, pigs are

580 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

more prolific than any other class of farm animals; they mature
more quickly, and can therefore be turned off sooner than any other
live stock save poultry. Again, a pig produces its meat upon con-
siderably less feed than any other meat-producing animal, much of
which, moreover, could not be used advantageously in any other
way. A pound of pork can be produced on half the amount of feed
that is required to produce a pound of beef, and two-thirds as much
as it requires to make a pound of mutton. Still another point in
favor of the pig is, that the percentage of dressed weight is higher
than in either beef or mutton. The average fat hog will dress off
about 80 per cent. of his live weight.

There is probably no branch of Animal Husbandry which can be
taken up with such a small outlay of capital as raising pigs. They
can be kept in comparatively large numbers, in small enclosures or
they will do very well on pasture which furnishes a part of their
feed, and they are subject to but few diseases. As our population
increases, the demand for pork on account of its palatability and
nourishing qualities probably will also increase, and it is to discuss
some of the questions that will arise in meeting this demand that
this paper has been prepared.

According to the last census, Pennsylvania has a little over a mil-
lion head of pigs, while states like Illinois, Louisiana, Indiana and
Missouri have from three and one-half to ten millions. If these
states that are so far from the markets find it profitable to produce
pork, why can not the Pennsylvania farmer make it more profitable,
since he can grow about every kind of crop that the farmer farther
west can produce, and has one of the best markets in the United
States at his very door?

With the prices of dressed pork hovering around the nine cent
mark, I am strong in my belief that the farmers of this State can
well afford carefully to consider the feasibility of making pig rais-
ing on a moderately large scale, one of their principal sources of rey-
enue. I have had enough experience in handling a herd of from one
hundred to two hundred and fifty head to believe that this is one
of the ways easiest in which the eastern farmer can solve the labor
problem; a very serious matter just now on most farms.

If a farmer is inclined to make pork production a large factor in
his farm economy, he should make his plans carefully, and be sure
of his ground in order to forestall subsequent losses and disap-
pointments.

In view of the knowledge we now have, few would think of trying
to grow pigs even on a moderate scale without the use of the pas-
turing system unless located near a city where garbage is available.
This system calls for a very small area of tillable ground per head,
which in course of time should become richer and more productive by
the use of legumes and the droppings of the animals. Considerable
thought should be spent in planning the layout of the yards and lots
that the maximum amount of work may be done with the minimum
amount of effort. The buildings should consist of a storehouse
or granary in which could be stored at least a carload of feed such
as bran, and a root cellar. Besides this, there should be half a dozen
or more small farrowing pens that could be warmed in case of sows
farrowing in very cold weather. These buildings could be arranged

‘

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 581

in relation to the feed and pasture lots so that they could be easily
reached with a car running on an overhead track. While such a
plan will slightly increase the initial cost of a pig raising plant, it
does away with the necessity of carrying the feed by hand, which is
out of the question where as many as fifty hogs are kept; and not
only does away with the expense of a horse and wagon, but the feed
ways are not cut up in wet weather thus eliminating a disagreeable
feature of most piggeries. With a little thought in arranging the
overhead track most of the lifting, and much of the unpleasant slop-
piness so prevalent aroun\] hog houses can be avoided. With an ar-
rangement of this kind one good man will be able to feed and care
for from three to four hundred pigs. In regard to pig houses, ex-
perience has demonstrated that the Lovejoy house, eight feet square,
made of rough hemlock boards well battened, is very satisfactory in
most climates. These houses will accommodate about eight two
hundred and fifty pound hogs, will answer as farrowing pens in mod-
erate weather, are cheap, and in case of an outbreak of disease can
be thoroughly disinfected or even burned without much expense.
Too much care cannot be given to the fences on a pig farm. Asa
breachy pig is as bad as any other farm animal that acquires the
habit of breaking out. The best fence is of boards, but on account
of the high price of lumber, such a fence cannot be considered, if
one wishes to practice economy. The most practical pig fence per-
haps is one of fairly heavy woven wire from 26 to 30 inches high,
with a strand or two of barbed wire stretched above it.

If a fence of this kind is put up carefully so that it will be tight,
the posts braced firmly, and the bottom of the fence stapled to stakeg
or small posts firmly set in the ground between the posts it will be
pig proof and should last a long time.

From an economic point of view one will find upon studying the
results of breed tests at a number of Experiment Stations that cer-
tain breeds do not produce pork uniformly so cheaply as do other
breeds. On the other hand I do not think this difference great
enough to offset ones own personal likes and dislikes in the matter
of breeds. I think it true that as yet few, if any, of our markets
distinguished enough in price between the so-called lard and bacon
type of pigs to justify a preference for either type from a market
standpoint. On account of the reasonable price for which pure-bred
sow pigs can be bought, and as a pure-bred male is essential to suc-
cess in any case, it seems reasonable to advise the use of pure-bred
pigs rather than grades in general pork production. It costs no
more to grow the pure-bred animal, and with but little care one may
easily dispose of a pure-bred pig at two months of age for as much
as he can get for a fat grade pig at eight or ten months of age.
The more popular the breed selected the more easy will it be to
make satisfactory sales of breeding stock. Go slowly on new or un-
familiar breeds. Few breeders are able to popularize new breeds so
as to make many or good sales.

In feeding brood sows there are three points that should be con-
stantly borne in mind: First, to supply the nutrients necessarry
for the proper nourishment of the sow, and the litter she is carrying,
second, to make the ration bulky enough to keep the system open
and in good condition, and third, to make it as cheap ag possible.

582 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE ' Off. Doe.

During the growing season such a ration can be supplied at a min-
imum expense by feeding about two per cent. of the sow’s weight of
three parts corn and one part bran or middlings, tankage, soy beans
or cow peas, the remainder of the ration being supplied by allowing
the sow to run on clover, alfalfa or some other leguminous pastures.
In winter cut clover or alfalfa hay mixed with the grain, together
with a sugar beet or two of mangels will make a good substitute for
the pasture. The sows as well as the boar should have abundant
exercise, and in placing the houses in the lot where the pigs are con-
fined care should be taken to plan to have the feeding place as
far from the sleeping quarters as conditions will allow, so as to en-
force exercise in cold weather.

In order to have the pigs ready for an early market in the fall
they should be farrowed in March, the earlier in the month the bet-
ter. If the sow’s next litter comes the first of September, they will
be in good shape to market the following April when prices are near-
ly always good. In this way the brood sows produce two litters a
year, and by a little extra care they are ready to sell when the mar-
ket is usually at its best.

It requires considerable skill’to start young pigs without skim-
milk, and keep them going until marketed. The faster they grow
within reasonable limits the greater will be the profits. One of the
important factors in this connection is the sow herself. Unless she
is both a good feeder and a good milker, no matter how skillful her
care may be satisfactory results can not be obtained. On the other
hand given an ideal brood sow unless the feeder is a pig man, he will
not be able to feed the sow with the cheaper foods in such a way as
to make the sow give her maximum amount of milk and make it
agree in all cases with the sucking pigs. Henry has demonstrated
that it requires no more food to produce one hundred pounds gain in
the pigs when fed to the sow and pigs before weaning than when fed
to pigs alone after weaning. This fact would seem to indicate that
the more milk the sow can be induced to yield the more rapid will
be the economical growth of her pies. If skimmed milk is available
at this time, the difficulties attending the feeding of the brood sow
while nursing her pigs is materially lessened. The milk should be
fed with grain enough to make a fairly thick slop. Light grains such
as white middlings, red dog flour, ground oats with a little corn
meal being preferred. Henry also found that it required 230 pounds
of mixed grain and 530 pounds of skimmilk to make 100 pounds of
gain in young pigs under these conditions at a cost of about $3.35.
If, however, skimmilk is not to be had, a mixture of two parts finely
ground oats with.one part of wheat bran and one part white mid-
dlings with five to ten per cent. of tankage allowed to soak between
feeds is a satisfactory ration; to assist in keeping the system open
a few roots or access to pasture is desirable.

At the age of about three weeks the little pigs should be encour-
aged to eat by scattering some shelled corn on a clean floor, or by al.
lowing them access to another pen, or a shallow trough of milk into
which hag been stirred a few middlings. From now on until they
are weaned, their food should be increased and strengthened, care
being taken that they have plenty of exercise that they do not be-
come too fat.

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 583

At the age of eight weeks the pigs should be ready to wean. This
is a crisis in the young pig’s life, and the skillful manager will see
to it that the pigs are not checked in their development at this time.
This can be done providing they are kept warm and dry, that their
food is suitable, palatable and properly prepared, and that they are
not over-fed at any time. if they are never given quite all they will
eat their appetites will keep keen and thus they may be made to eat
the maximum amount of food to the best advantage.

From the time the pigs are weaned until they are shipped, the
question is to produce the greatest gain at the least expense. This
involves not only keeping in close touch with the feed market, se-
lecting the cheapest one and buying when the price is low, but it
also involves a knowledge of how to blend the growth producing and
fattening foods in such a way as to get a pig large enough to weigh
from 225 to 250 when about eight or nine months old.

It is probable that in no way can pork be made more cheaply than
with grain on pasture, provided the grain and the pasture is of the
right kind. Experiments at a number of different stations have
shown that it requires from one-fifth to one-third less grain to pro-
duce one hundred pounds of pork with pasture than without it.
While this is no doubt true, care should be taken not to try to over
do the matter of pastures, especially with young pigs. Young pigs
need more protein than older ones, because they are growing rather
than fattening. In consequence, the young pig should receive for
sometime after being weaned a ration equivalent to two parts of
corn meal and one of middlings, with a little tankage perhaps aside
from access to good clover, alfalfa, oats and peas, or cow pea pas-
ture from which he will get considerable protein. On this sort of
pasture, as the pigs grow larger, the proportion of corn may be in-
creased until they have attained the weight of about one hundred
pounds, when corn alone may be economically fed, unless perchance
corn may be high and protein feed proportionately low in price.
Under usual conditions, however, the nitrogenous feed are so high
that, although their use undoubtedly would make more rapid gains,
they are obtained at such an increased cost as to render their use
unadvisable. Pigs should be so fed that they will gain from one-
half to one pound a day from the time they are three weeks old until
they are marketed. It is impossible to make anything like this
gain on pasture alone; but on the other hand the Montana Station
has found that it is possible to feed more grain than is necessary to
make the maximum gains. It seems, too, that in order to get the
best results from the pasture it is essential that the pigs be allowed
to graze rather than to have the green feed cut and brought to them.
Whole grain fed on pasture should be ground or soaked with the
possible exception of corn, which may be fed on the cob or shelled.
It will pay, however, to soak old corn before it is fed, as soaking is
equivalent to grinding and is much cheaper.

It was further found at the Utah Station that pigs in pasture con-
sisting of about half alfalfa and a full grain ration gained 1.3 pounds
per day, and that 417 pounds of grain were required for 100 pounds of
gain. In pasture and three-fourths grain ration the daily gain was
1,2 pounds and 277 pounds of grain required for 100 pounds of gain.
On a half grain ration the daily gain was .87 pounds and 352 pounds

584 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

of grain required for 100 pounds of gain. Another rather peculiar
conclusion drawn from the Utah Experiments was that exercise
alone increased the gain 22 per cent. and the amount eaten but 1.5
per cent., but decreased the amount required for one pound of gain
Za per. cent.

It requires considerable skill and forethought to arrange to have
desirable pasture during the greater part of the growing season.
Assuming that the land devoted to big pasture is fairly fertile, the
following plan will perhaps yield satisfactory results under average
Pennsylvania conditions where alfalfa is not as yet a certain crop:

The earliest pasture that can be had is rye, and although its food
value may not be great, it will serve to tone up the system and in-
duce better appetite and faster growth. Hairy vetch, red clover,
oats and peas, rape, gem sorghum, soy beans and cow peas may fol-
low each other. Climate, soil and other conditions will probably
serve to exclude some of the crops. It is quite certain, however, that
from this list a rotation may be had that will give anywhere in
Pennsylvania a succession of suitable pasture for hogs. The great
advantage in supplying such a course of pasture is that many of
them supply in a very cheap manner, protein which is added for rapid
and economical gains.

Growing pork in the winter months is a little more expensive than
it is in the summer season. However, we have never had pigs do
better than during the winter in open feed lots with Lovejoy houses
for shelter. In winter as in summer the ration for growing pigs
should contain considerable protein, although not so much is needed
in cold weather perhaps as in summer. It has been found that for
the most economical gains in pigs the nutritive ratio should be
about 1:6.5. Then nutritive ratio of corn is about 1:10. A part of
the winter ration can well be composed of alfalfa, or a second growth
clover hay cut fine and mixed with meal, or in the case of brood sows
be fed from racks.

In some experiments in Nebraska a ration consisting of 80 per
cent. corn meal and 20 per cent. chaffed alfalfa produced as much
gain as aration of 80 per cent. corn meal and 20 per cent. middlings.
Sugar beets or mangels fed raw in mild weather and cooked in freez-
ing weather can also be used advantageously in winter feeding.
Not so much on account of their nurtritive value, as to their value to
keep the system in such a condition as to increase assimilation.

In regard to the difficulties in growing pork in the East or any-
where else they may all be summed up in the one word—sanitation.

The sanitation of the piggery should be guarded as carefully as
the sanitation of a hospital. Damp and illy ventilated sleeping
quarters are fatal to pigs and unless the owner will see to it that
his hogs always have a dry and well ventilated place to sleep, he
had much better keep out of the business. Overcrowding is an evil
in pig growing that must be guarded against.

It is my firm belief that at least half, if not more, of the outbreaks
of disease are due to overcrowding young shotes. The younger and
weaker ones become so unresistant that finally they succumb to the
germs of the cholera or swine plague, which I understand are always
present even in very healthy pigs. It is simply impossible to crowd
young pigs and this point cannot be too strongly emphasized.

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 585

AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.

By HON. M. W. HAYS, Assistant Secretary of Agriculture, Washington, D. O.

Ladies and Gentlemen: I am glad to be with you tonight, and
Iam proud to be with you. [ am proud of your great State. I
have been living near it recently, and have become better acquainted
with it. In my boyhood days I heard much about it from my Penn-
sylvania German relatives, but it is only recently that I have become
personally acquainted with it, and have learned from my own obser-
vation how great it really is.

I have just Jearned from your Secretary this evening that I was
down on the program for two speeches. I did not know I was ex-
pected here last evening. I received the program with a red pencil
mark over Wednesday, the 23rd, and supposed I was to be here for
this evening only. I don’t know whether the mistake was made at
my office, or whether it is to be credited to your Secretary. (Secre-
tary Critchfield says it must have been made at the Washington
office, as they use blue pencils there). Well, if that is the case, I am
sorry for it, and will have to try and cover the two speeches in my
address of this evening.

As each hour has its duties and each tilting of the world’s axis
has its seasonable work, so each decade brings up for solution its
own problems. Our country has taken up one after another such
political questions as self-government, freedom of speech, the freeing
of a race of slaves and the curbing of dominating capital. In edu-
cation the first forward movement was to secure private schools,
then came the movement for free primary schools. The establish-
ment of academies and colleges followed to be in turn succeeded by
a movement to establish free city high schools and normal schools;
‘also State colleges and universities partly or quite free of tuition
charges. Each of these types of schools have been devised to form
a wheel in the educational machinery which we, as a people, are
gradually perfecting.

The educational philosophy of the older, church-governed schools
which long ruled our educational policy has been powerfully modified
by research in tlie sciences and by development in the industries,
arts and professions. The curriculum once confined to classical
learning has broadened out so as to cover the practical as well as the
theoretical and the aesthetic. Some of our very best philosophy of
education is now found in the minds of those teachers who are suc-
cessfully reducing to pedagogic form and weaving into our educa-
tional scheme the essentials of education in the industries and
home making. When the older philosophy met the problems of tech-
nical education it said: “Educate the man first and the specialist
afterwards.” Its plan was to give the man a general college course
and give him his technical work in a graduate course. That plan
limited technical education to college men. It was the aristocracy
of education for the few in the professions. If that philosophy had

38

586 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

been persisted in it would have been the most un-American of foi-
bles. The persistency with which this mistaken policy was pur-
sued was due almost wholly to the fact that school teachers cling
most tenaciously to the educational philosophy of the schools where
they were taught. Among the most intolerant things done in Amer-
ican life stands out the persistency with with our educators go into
a new community and disregard the local interests important and
dear to the parent and pupils, placing the school emphasis too near-
ly all on the remote, as on the possibilities of becoming President,
or on the language of a people who knew far less than we, failing
to give the youth information about the things with which he or she
must deal. But far worse, this course tends actually to rob the
pupil of his or her inspiration for the practical affairs of the home,
the farm, the shop, or other work in which at least 90 per cent.
must engage,

The broader plans coming into our schools have been largely thrust
upon the school men by men of affairs, as in our cities and by leg-
islators. The success of combining industrial, technical, and scien-
tific studies with the general studies, thus brought about, often
under suggestions from school men, shows that the philosophy of
many of the older educators was wrong. The Congress of the
United States by passing the land-grant act of 1862 establishing
State colleges of agriculture and the mechanic arts, did more than
all other agencies to broaden the philosophy adhered to by the older
school. At first the mechanics arts were brought to a-pedagogic
basis; then agriculture slowly but surely was brought to teachable
form; and last, home economics were successfully brought into the
domain of the school. I believe there are now no administrators
of these colleges who are so conservative as not to be thoroughly
in sympathy with collegiate education in engineering; most of them
have risen to a belief that agriculture has been reduced to teach-
able form; but some still have little faith in the possibility of teach-
ing domestic subjects. Legislative bodies, ever more ready than
teachers to turn our schools into practical lines have their minds
open to larger plans for public education. These men who see the
broader economic and social movements of our country and our
States have come to believe profoundly in scientific, technical, and
industrial education and research in relation to our productive in-
dustries in relation to home-making and in relation to our social
and civic life. As the management of a great railway system is
willing to make expensive surveys preparatory to the proper econ-
struction at not too great cost of proposed improvements in order
that larger net profits may accrue to the road, so our legislators are
ready to have the people’s money collected and expended in making
the people more efficient in creating and enjoying wealth.

The new school movement springing out of the Congressional land-
grant act of 1862 offers some facts of interest to legislators and to
all who are interested in our youth. These colleges (figures of white
pupils only available. Colored schools relating to the industrial
are mainly of secondary grade), with 12,334 students in engineering
courses, 7,272 in agriculture, and 854 in home economics, most of
whom are competing for collegiate degrees cannot offer their train-
ing in political studies to more that a very small number of the 26,-

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 587

000,000 school children of the country. AIl will agree that inquir-
ies should be made concerning the best way to supplement these
colleges, so as to carry this education down through all the schools,
so as to carry instruction and inspiration into all three practical
lines of effort to all our youth. As an outgrowth of the engineer-
ing departments of these State colleges, instruction in the mechanic
arts has been very successfully introduced into the numerous city
high schools of the country. Evidence of the utility of the mechan-
ic arts’ city high school is arising from the effect they are having
on the mechanical industries. Manufacturing firms, for example,
are seeking in these schools the young men and young women who
show an aptitude for expert work, a genius for invention and new
construction, an instinct for managing men, or abilities for pro-
moting and conserving financial affairs. As a result of agricultural
work of State colleges more than thirty of the needed two or three
hundred agricultural high schools have been organized by the dif-
ferent states, two having established one such school in each Con-
gressional district. Home economics education, first organized in
agricultural colleges is rapidly spreading into all city high schools,
agricultural high schools as well as privately endowed schools of
secondary and higher grade and even into primary schools. In
towns and cities too small to establish separate mechanic arts’
schools, more or less mechanical and home economics’ instruction is
introduced often as elective subjects in the regular high school
courses of instruction.

The little rural school, so long the most backward in catching
step with modern progress, is beginning to take new form. Educa-
tion in agriculture and home economics once it is fairly started to-
ward all farm boys and girls promises to be too strong for the con-
servatism of even the isolated rural school. These schools have
amply demonstrated that in their present form they can not prop-
erly handle these new lines of work. It has been shown that they
need to be born over into new life which will fit them for their part
—a most important part in the evolution of modern agriculture and
modern home-making. The one-room school must become the four-
room consolidated school, so that a man trained to teach agricul-
ture and a woman trained to teach home economics may here find
that fair wages, and that long tenure of office which will warrant
them in thoroughly preparing for their important tasks. The fac-
ulty of four or five teachers can conduct a ten-year course extending
through the eight primary school years and two years of the high
school for the 150 children from as many farms in an area of 25
Square miles. The cottage of the principal; the plantations of tim-
ber, fruit, vegetable and ornamental plants; the plots for field crops,
fertilizer demonstrations and farm management lessons; the labora-
tory and practice room; and the vital connection the teachers can
have by co-operating with parents in the work on the farms and
in the homes will weave strongly into the pupils’ nature the ele-
ments of a true education in country life. With the schools thus
organized there is provided in the country a far broader child-life
than has yet been conceived for city youth. How can the nation
better expend some of its wealth than by thus making provision
for well-nigh ideal conditions of fatherhood and motherhood in our

588 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doce.

country homes? Two hundred of the needed 40,000 consolidated ru-
ral schools have been established, and practical studies in agricul-
ture and home economics are slowly but surely finding their places
in them.

Education in the city industries in agriculture and in home eco-
nomics having become successful elements in our public education, it
is not too early to inquire how they may best be brought freely to all
American youth. No one can doubt that the introduction of these
subjects generally into the secondary and primary schools will
materially increase the cost of our public schools, nor that this
added-cost will several times over return in the greater earnings and
in the better homes of the coming generation. Those who have
most closely investigated the subject believe that the general adop-
tion of industrial education is in the same category as were the adop-
tion of the steam engine, the self-binder and the sewing machine.
The vast expenditures of these mechanical inventions would have
seemed more appalling fifty years ago than would now the added
cost of industrial education. Our scheme of education for city life
is rapidly taking form for the non-agricultural classes in our tri-
partite system of primary, secondary and higher schools. The great
bulk of this work provided for by public taxation is organized under
an articulated system of eight years of primary, four years of secon-
dary or high school, four years of collegiate work with one or more
added years for graduate courses. The privately endowed schools
of primary and secondary grade are no longer rapidly increasing
their numbers nor their income, though their value is and will con-
tinue to be second to that of the rising public school system. Per-
sons with private funds to give to good causes are more and more
recognizing that public funds are to carry the main burden of pri-
mary and secondary schools. Even the colleges and universities
of non-public character are meeting most powerful rivalry from
State colleges and State universities.

The city youth early gains a position on the educational ladder,
and with the hope and enthusiasm of youth he looks and climb up-
ward. The system ever leads him on as if all could find occupation
at the top. But necessity to labor for sustenance and other causes
compels or induces 98.6 out of a hundred (from statistics of attend-
ance in private and public Schools and colleges throughout the United
States in the 1904 Report of the United States Commissioner of Edu-
cation) to stop short of the college ladder, and 9.4 out of a hundred
to stop before leaving the primary ladder and labor in the fields,
shops and homes. Higher education is very important; secondary
education even more important; but the great work of the schools
must be done in the primary schools. The main function of our see-
ondary and higher schools is clearly to prepare teachers for the pri-
mary schools.

The city-life system of education will prepare those who are to
continue on their educational course none the less well if the lower
schools devoted a fair amount of their time to education relating
to the sustaining industries. And there will be a far better self-se-
lection of those who are to continue in school that they may prepare
for the pulpit, for the bar, for the teacher’s chair, or for the engi-
neer’s or technician’s post. The wider experience of the pupil who

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 589

tests his own powers and interests with the natural, industrial, and
home-making objects and subjecis will enable him earlier to find
himself; so that fewer mistakes in choice of a life vocation may be
made.

When our city secondary schools freely offer to all pupils train-
ing in the mechanical industries and in home economics, teachers
will be trained who know the educational value of these subjects
from the standpoints of scholarship, menial power, industrial skill
and broad, practical citizenship, and who can successfully introduce
these subjects in an elementary way in the higher grades of all our
city and town primary schools. Clearly there is need in the curri-
culum and plan of our city high schools for instruction in practical
subjects that those who are to be teachers of our lower schools
may have knowledge, interest and inspiration regarding these broad
fields of industrial and household work with which most of the peo-
ple throughout their lives must daily deal, and that very many lead-
ers with higher standards of skill and efficiency may be provided for
all our industrial and home-making work. Laborers trained in their
work, however simple; artisans skilled in their expert labor; tech-
nicians schooled and specialized in their duties; foremen, managers,
and heads of manufacturing, transportation, and commercial enter-
prises more alert to see the inter-relation of industrial processes—the
web and woof of our great non-agricultural industries—will make
splendid use of a far more highly developed practical school training
than our country now provides them.

Country-life education has not had the advantage of centralized
population and wealth. It has not developed the needed leaders.
Its problems have been more difficult; its organization has been more
slow. While the State colleges of agriculture and mechanic arts
were designed by Congress to keep agriculture, and our splendid
country life at the front, some of these institutions failed for a quar-
ter of a century and more to make a success of their agricultural in-
struction. Many causes operated to retard the successful develop-
ment of collegiate courses in agriculture. General education requir-
ing only class rooms, chairs, blackboards and books and scientific
education requiring in addition only laboratories became first in-
stalled in many of the institutions and long held the chief place in
the minds of college presidents and boards of trustees. Entering
vigorously upon agricultural education necessitated the additional
expenditures for practice laboratories and practical work on the
farm, and for expensive herds of live stock and for other costly equip-
ment. The collegiate faculty, most of whom were educated in the
older schools, could not resist the temptation to enter a race for
large numbers of students with general colleges thus hoping to gain
favor with legislatures, and most of the funds were used for demands
which could easiest be made popular. Following the ideals of the
older educators, the technical and practical studies in agriculture
were at first put toward the top of the collegiate courses. The as-
sumption now proved erroneous that the farmer should be afforded
as long a course of college study as persons preparing for ‘technical
professions. At first there were not so many positions open to the
trained agriculturist as to the graduate of the general and scientific
courses, which became popular as preparatory college course for

590 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

those desiring to take their graduate work in law, medicine and
other professions. Lack of a substantial body of agricultural know-
ledge, and business principles in pedagogic form were also at first
a very great hindrance to the development of education in agricul-
ture.

The engineering courses of these colleges on the other hand had
less to handicap them. In the various lines of engineering a definite
body of knowledge and practice work was early brought together
in splendid form for teaching. The rapid growth of industrial,
transportation, and merchandising enterprises afforded large num-
bers of salaried positions to which general and scientific collegiate
courses led. Students seeing the halting and unsatisfactory char-
acter of instruction in agriculture, naturally flocked to the courses
of study which seemed to give them individually the best opening.
Presidents and boards of trustees traveling the lines of least resis-
tance responded to the development of general and mechanics arts’
courses and failed to secure from the legislatures the large necessary
equipment for agricultural education.

During the last one or two decades one State college after another
has succeeded in bringing forward its agricultural instruction, and
today success has been reached in large proportion of these institu-
tions giving assurance that this class of collegiate education has a
grand future.

Success had hardly been attained in collegiate courses in agri-
cultural education when secondary schools for agricultural educa-
tion began successfully to develop. In 1888 the University of Min-
nesota began an experiment at developing an agricultural high
school course. This experiment is of none the less value, and of all
the greater interest because it was an outgrowth of the failure of
agricultural courses of collegiate grade to gain a foothold in a State
university. Just as Congress by its land-act grant forced colleges
of agriculture upon the states, this agricultural high-school move-
ment was injected into the school system upon the initiative of
farmers and business men. At present between thirty and forty ag
ricultural high schools have been established in the United States.

In one line of country-life education school men and non-school
men have together taken up the practical in school work. Farmers
and educators together have entered upon the development of rural
schools, as to have them cover agriculture and home economics as
well as the three R’s. Thus the school people are especially champ-
ioning the consolidation of rural schools, and the farmers are lay-
ing stress upon the introduction of agriculture into all rural schools.
Both classes are rapidly coming to favor with both propositions.
The farmers are coming to see that agriculture and home economics
are to have very strong positions in the primary country-school cur-
riculum along with the three R’s.

The need of a unified system of agricultural education with rural
schools, agricultural high-school and colleges of agriculture, articu-
lated throughout as are the three classes of primary, secondary
and collegiate schools devoted to the education of the city or non-
agricultural classes is gaining wide recognition. Courses of study
for agriculture and for home economics covering the sixteen years
of primary, secondary and collegiate work have been designed, dem-

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 591

onstrating that a unified system of education can be built up for
country people, and for ithe professional or technical classes needed
in building up the rural industries. Yo develop country-life educa-
tion ag instruction for our city people is developed, two important
changes are necessary. First, there is needed in every rural Con-
gressional district an agricultural high school with capacity to ac-
commodate several hundred students, and second, rural schools
should be consolidated. In these two points unanimity of opinion
is being slowly but surely reached by those who have paid most at-
tention to this subject; and the next large public expenditure for
education made by the American people should be for the con-
solidation of our rural schools, the development of agricultural high
schools, and the development of industrial work in country-life and
in our city-life schools.

It is easy to believe that if a way appeared whereby the necessary
funds could be provided, all would agree to these important develop-
mental changes. Our farmers say that they cannot afford the ex-
pense of discarding the little rural schools and erecting fine central.
school houses and assume the additional annual expense of hauling
their children to and from the consolidated school. Our states even
in these prosperous times feel conservative in appropriating the
money te .equip each of several agricultural high school and the
money necessary for the current expense fund of each such school.
Our cities and towns during the period when their development ex-
penditures for streets, sewers, waterworks, and general school
buildings are large do not feel that they can add to their budgets
large items to equip and maintain instruction in mechanic arts and
home economics. The States and cities argue that even if free in-
industrial education would pay the community, its cost is more than
their present financial ability will warrant.

Investigations to discover how best to finance movements to im-
prove the conditions of our farmers, our city workers, and our home-
makers have led to the discovery of a fact worthy of the most ge-
rious consideration. In its early days the country being small and
jeopardized by external foes, the General Government received the
right to levy indirect taxes as on imports on the other hand raise
their revenues by more direct taxation as on personal property on
the incomes of corporations and of individuals and on inheritances.

It so happens that since the General Government and the State
were allowed these sources of income, vast economic changes have
taken place placing the Federal Government greatly at an advan:
tage as compared with all the States combined in securing taxes.
With the enormous development of manufactured products and the
increased power of the people to purchase them, and with the greatly
cheapened transportation resulting from the circulation of vastly
greater quantities of commodities, the revenues obtained by the Fed-
eral Government have enormously increased. The States on the
other hand find it impracticable to secure such large amounts of pub-
lic revenue from the more direct forms of taxation. This is clearly
illustrated by the fact that the Federal Government thus secures
in taxes revenues amounting annually to $800,000,000. This is $10
per capita, or nearly $50 per family. The States on the other hand
annually bring into their State treasuries only $2 to $2.50 per capita,

592 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

or about $200,000,000. It should be observed that revenues de-
riyed by cities, counties, townships and other political bodies make
the State and local taxes presumably somewhat larger than the
Federal revenue. The fact that the State legislator is often chosen
under pledge to keep down State expenses, while the Federal legis-
lator is expected to secure all he can get for his State from’ Federal
appropriations has not alittle to do with the relatively larger
growth of the Federal budget.

It may be of interest to note that this centralization of revenue in
the hands of the Genral Government is a great force in centralizing
governmental power, and if the people had less education or lived in
a time less democratic this vast sum secured from indirect taxation
might be a fatal danger. On the other hand modern conditions re-
quire immense strength and resources at the command of political
administrations which every four years must depend for their power
upon the vote of the entire people. Not only the outside forces
with which our Government might come in conflict, but the vast cen-
ters of financial and political influence within the country are gain-
ing such mammoth proportions that the people as a whole agree that
a strong government is required that it be more powerful than any
rival external or internal.

The productive industries of the country yearly provide the $800,-
000,000 which goes into the Federal treasury. If the workers were
better prepared for their tasks they could easier provide still larger
public funds. Since states, cities and counties and small school dis-
tricts are handicapped by direct and less popular methods of taxa-
tion in securing school funds with which to pay for the expensive
work of providing education in the industries it would seem legiti-
mate to use a small part of the national budget for that purpose.
Congress has thoroughly established precedent along this line by
passing the agricultural college land-grant act of 1862, followed in
1890 with a direct appropriation of $25,000 to each state for educa-
tion relating to the industries of the state colleges—thus by gift
forced on the people.

It has been proposed that Congress offer to each rural Congress-
ional district $10,000 annually toward the support of an agricultural
high school. In 1887 Congress gave to each state $15,000 for agricul-
tural experiment work, and in 1906 this ameunt was made $30,000
for each state. It hag recently been proposed that $2,500 be offered
by the Federal Government toward the support of a branch experi-
ment station at each Congressional district agricultural high school.

It seems only proper to carry the suggestion one step further and
suggest that Government aid should be extended also to industrial
education in mechanic arts and home economics in the city and town
high school. Under this plan a Congressional law’has been suggest-
ed under which, say, 10 cents per capita, or a total of $8,000,000 an-
nually might be apportioned to agricultural high schools and to city
high schools. The payment of this fund from the Federal treasury
could be conditioned on the State supplying the necessary lands,
buildings, and equipment, and on the appropriation by the respective
states of sums equal to their allotment from ‘the General Govern-
ment. The law could be made to stipulate that the Federal fund be
used only for actual work in classes devoted to the industries and
domestic work.

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 593

That some comprehensive scheme of financing industrial educa-
tion is necessary can hardly be doubted by those acquainted with
those communities most backward from an industrial standpoint as
in the South and West, and in thinly settled districts as in mountain-
ous regions.

Even Pennsylvania would receive an impulse of vast importance
from a measure of this kind. Such action on the part of the Fed-
eral Governmennt would be of untold benefit to the country people
of this state. Her manufactures also would gain a new impetus
from thus inaugurating throughout her high school system mechanic
arts’ education. Education in home economics thus made possible
to every girl in the state would still further exalt home-making and
motherhood in the Keystone State.

Taking round numbers from the Twelfth Census, Pennsylvania
stands among the states second in manufactures only to New York.
In agriculture she stands eighth. She had 928,000 workers in
mechanical industries and 341,000 in agriculture, practically three to
one. In trade and transportation she had 454,090 workers; in pro-
fessional service 103,000, and in domestic and personal service, 556,-
000. Of her 6,302,000 people there were of school age 2,031,000, or
practically one in every three, half of which number 1,084,000 were
in school.

The figures are not available to show the school expenditure for
the five classes respectively. It is conservative to estimate that the
103,000 professional workers have had schoo! facilities from public
funds and from private endowments equal 'to those provided to sev-
eral times as many workers in the industries. Educators are right-
fully urging that more money be supplied to equip the colleges and
universities which devote their energies mainly to educating people
for the professions. Indirectly by training teachers for the lower
schools these higher institutions of learning have a very large in-
fluence in educating the workers. Colleges and universities have
had their great day of promotion, and they have reached a point
where their very substantial ee and liberal support are as-
sured. The professional class is about 5 per cent. of the whole num-
ber of workers. In education they appear as a privileged class.
They should not be given less, but more; but the great movement
now needed is to give of the world’s rapidly accumulating store of
technical know ledge to the workers and to add to this knowledge
skill. There is now no line of work for which a technique is not
being rapidly developed. In agriculture, in the mechancial indus-
tries, and in home economics the body of accumulating scientific
artisan, and art knowledge is being reduced to pedagogical form.
Studies in this great Terie ate of practical affairs (mechanic arts,
agriculture and domestic economy) are forcing in beside the three
R’s’ and the resulting sextette will so broaden out the knowledge,
the industrial skill, and the productive and home-making efficiency
of the whole people that every class will have a richer world to
live in.

Pennsylvania has about one-fourth of her industrial workers en-
gaged in agricultural pursuits with three-fourths in manufacturing
and mechanical pursuits and in transportation. If Pennsylvania

38—7—1906.

594 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE . Off. Dow.

were provided with a fund from the Federal treasury equal to 10
cents per capita of the entire population, and one-fourth of it were
put into technical education in agricultural high schools and three-
fourths into technical education in city schools, and the state were
required to expend an equal amount along these lines, the evolution
of agricultural and mechanical trades and industries would be
rapid, and the results to Peunsylvania’s income and civilization
would be both extensive and profoundly beneficial.

Mechanie arts’ education thus extensively supported would result
in much stronger leadership in the engineering professions and in
the business management of Pennsylvania’s industrial and trans-
portation enterprises. Every boy in the state with strong instincts
along any of these lines would then have the opportunity of the
largest development of which his nature is capable. Ten agricul-
tural high schools in the state, each provided with $15,000 from an
outside source, and $15,000 from the state would send to the agri-
cultural college course at State College, splendidly prepared, all
the men the state needs to train in collegiate courses for profes-
sional work in its agriculture with a surplus for National service
along this line.

These schools should graduate from high school courses a thou-
sand of the farm youth every year or 35,000 every generation. We
will doubt that such a body of people trained in rural business and
country home-making would not push Pennsylvania agriculture to
altitudes not yet dreamed of? Would such an army of people
trained in country-life education stop short of a splendidly organized
system of a thousand consolidated rural schools and as many well-
developed single-room schools in isolated mountain districts? From
this body of young people what a splendid corps of teachers could
be provided to install country life education in these rural schools.

Under this plan a city of 100,000 population would receive $10,000
to which it would add at least an equal amount to be used in studies
in the mechanic arts and in the household industries. Thus the
city schools of Pennsylvania would not only grade up the efficiency
of the industrial workers and home-makers, but would send to the
mechanic arts’ collegiate courses in State College, or at the Univer-
sity of Pennsylvania and other colleges offering engineering courses
young men better self-selected and better trained to go forward
in their preparation for the engineering professions. Even the
other collegiate courses of these institutions would be benefitted
by having a better selection of youth to enter the collegiate, scien-
tific, literary, theological and related courses of study. Besides our
modern conditions require that the scientist, the writer and the
theologian know the practical sides of the lives of the people for
whom they experiment, write and preach.

With large public funds thus provided for the practical in educa-
tion, the less expensive but hardly less important line of education
in home economics would receive the impetus it so richly deserves.
No one who has had an intimate acquaintance with the develop-
ments of this line of education during the past twenty years will
doubt the assertion that 10 per cent. of the large sums of money
suggested for industrial education if applied to instruction in home
economics in all the public secondary schools as thus suggested
for city and country would easily bring back to the people more than
the entire cost.

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 595

While Congress inaugurated industrial education; while Minne-
‘sota has the credit of designing a successful course of agricultural
high-school work; while a number of our cities as Philadelphia,
Brooklyn, St. Paul, St. Louis, and Chicago have proven mechanic
arts’ high schools to be practicable; and while Ohio, Indiana, and
other states have made practicable that most difficult of changes the
consolidation of the rural schools; and while Alabama has the credit
of being first to locate an agricultural high school in each Congres-
sional district the great Southern state of Georgia has the proud
distinction of first proceeding to finance a system of agricultural
high schools throughout the state. Last July the legislature of
Georgia passed an act authorizing Governor Terrell to locate an
agricultural high school! in each of the eleven Congressional districts
of the state, and turned over the funds reserved as tag taxes on fer-
tilizers and oils for their use as an annual support fund. The act
required ‘the. people of the respective districts to furnish farms,
buildings and equipments. Governor Terrell secured experts to aid
in the selection of farms suitable for school and branch experiment
station work. He employed an architect to prepare a bird’s-eye view
of campus and buildings, and he called upon educators who aided
in devising a course of study devoted especially to agriculture and
home economics, and particularly with the rural schools below, and
with the farm, and at the same time leading toward the collegiate
agricultural course in the University of Georgia.

The people of Georgia were thus so fully aroused to the import-
ance of these schools that the bids of different cities and counties
for them reached figures which put our rich Northern states in the
shade. All but one of the eleven schools have been located, and
what will be the bid for the last one is pretty well known. The
total thus given almost wholly by individual subscribers for the
200 or 300-acre farms for buildings and equipments amounts to over
$800,000—more than $70,000 with which to equip each school.

Is it any wonder that this magnificent response by the people of
Georgia to his appeal to thus use modern technical education to
bring still higher her rising industries and home-making led Govy-
ernor Terrell to suggest to his Congressmen to secure a Federal
grant for more money with which to supply to these schools and
for a branch experiment station at each school a more nearly ade-
quate annual expense fund?

America has no state more able than Pennsylvania to take a
strong pace in the development of industrial education. Building
up a system of education in the city industries, in agriculture and
in home-making will cost additional funds. But the expenditures
to make more efficient the producers of wealth and the home makers
who devote themselves largely to the development of people will
pay back their-cost several times over. Our statesmen and our
educators have before them no more important problem than that
of financing a plan of industrial education which is educationally
correct. More experiments are needed that we may know how to
develop industrial education. Of especial importance are experi-
ments to determine how best to organize education in agricultural
and home economics in consolidated schools. Pennsylvania’s law
passed several years ago providing for the consolidation of rural

ES6 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

schools should furnish excellent conditions for such experiments.
The rural school being far the most important of all schools devoted
to country life should be studied by actual experiments. No other
one object in agriculture is so much in need of investigation. Pos-
sibly legislative bodies and men in practical affairs must make the
first move, as in the creation of agricultural colleges and as in
financing agricultural high schools.

Mr. Chairman, I think I have talked too long. I am glad to be
here and see the faces of men like your Secretary, Mr. Critchfield,
whom I have just met, and of Dr. Armsby in whose class I used to
be when I went to college (not ‘that I mean to imply that he is old),
and of Dr. Hunt, the man among all other men best fitted to the
position to which he was called. I should like to say more about
these people, but I have already talked 'too long, and I thank you
for your attention.

PENNSYLVANIA STOCKMEN AND MEAT INSPECTION LAW.

By DR. 'THOMAS F. HUNT, State College, Pa.

Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: Hight years ago I stood
one Sunday on the Great Salt Air Bathing Pavilion at Salt Lake
City, and looked over that broad stretch of country, and I thought
of Dickens’ remark that he did not know anything deader than a
door nail except a coffin nail, He could not have stood where I
did, and looked over that vast stretch of country without a sign of
living vegetation, and standing there, looking over that broad stretch
of dead country, you can judge my surprise when I found later that
that broad area of dead land of which I am speaking was once laid
out in fertile farms that were the pride of the early settlers of Salt
Lake City. But the vegetation failed through lack of irrigation
in that land of the alkali, wherein no living thing can flourish with-
out it, and the farmer moved off. Now, that is a particularly strik-
ing illustration, and I use it to show you the foes that have sur-
rounded the alkali sections of the United States.

Then, I took the train for San Francisco, and if you read the
glowing account of the railroad circulars, you will expect to find
yourself at once in the beautiful valley of the Sierra Nevada; they
give you a fine description of it, but they fail to say anything about
the two nights and days you must spend in travelling through the
alkali desert where the alkali dust almost chokes you, and there is
no sign of any living thing.

Well, the next morning I got up, and I asked “What State is this?”
and they said “It is Utah; I said “Why, I thought I was in Cali-
fornia by this time,” and they said “No, this is Utah yet.” Then I
asked them “Is not this the trail of the Forty-niner?” They told
me it was, and looking over that vast expanse of desert, where there
is no living thing, I said “But how could he get through here alive?”
He had horses, for there were no trains, and he could not travel

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 597

on foot all that distance, and supplies must be taken along; and
probably he had his family with it. How could he ever get across
this desert? There is nothing to support animal life, and no living
plant or tree. Well, the rest of the passengers were tenderfoots
like myself, and no one could answer that question. The conductor
could not enlighten me, but finally a man who said he was an
engineer, and had engineered all through that country said, “I
can explain that to you.” He said “When the Forty-niner went over
there the grass was knee deep. These were the sheep pastures of
Nevada, right along here, where we are now running.” (Mr. Wing
was there and can tell you whether or not I am right; this is the
engineer’s history, and I don’t know whether I am right). He said
in the first place came the cattle man, and got possession of the
land when the grass was knee high, selecting the places where
there was grass (there was water there) was all the title required
so far as he was concerned, and the next cattleman who came along
took the.same thing. Now, he had the cattle, but he did not
figure on the sheepman. Then he came along and I have been ttold
by men out there that the sheep can go thirty days without water,
and I do know that the sheep can get ahead of the cattle on the

water proposition. And no cattle will follow sheep in large numbers.
Then, he said, it rains sometimes out here, and you people who have
not lived here know nothing about this abode mud; it is worse than
anything you ever saw. ‘The sheep you know, not only eats the
grass like cattle, but he will burrow down and pull out the roots,
and they pulled out the roots of the grass and trod down this abode
mud so hard that where there was grass knee high in the days of
the Forty-niner, there is now neither grass, nettle, nor jack rabbits.
So I began to notice more particularly. I had supposed that this
country, this one-third of the United States west of Denver was to
be the feeding place of the whole United States, that we were to go
there and get our young cattle and bring them east. That was what
I supposed eight years ago, but when I looked at it, it looked differ-
ent. I can bring it home to you. Let me give you a few illustra-
tions to call it to your attention.

What is contained in the State of Nevada? I went up to Carson
Lake and took the stage down to Carson City. Along the stage line
I saw a “V” shaped box, and in that box was running water. I
kept looking at it and wondering what it was. Finally I summoned
up courage enough ‘to ask the only other passenger on board, who
was a woman, what it was. “W hy, ” she said, “this is a flume.” I
Said e-VWhat is a flume?” <“°W hy,” she said, “that flume brought
down wood from the mountains to the box factory at Carson City,”
“Oh.” 1 said, “there is a box factory at Carson City?” “No,” she

said, “there is none there now.” I said “Why not?” J suppose
she thought by that time I was a fool, but she said “We have no
wood.” I was afraid to ask any more questions, so I kept on looking
and at Reno, Nevada, I asked a man why it was that there was no
lumber in that part of the state, and he told me that Mackay, the
lumber king, had over two hundred and fifty men at work up there
day after day for more than four years cutting that wood. I went up
to Reno by train. The train stopped; I have never learned why it
stopped, because I didn’t see any house, So I said “What ig this

598 ANNUAL REPORT OF THD Off. Doc.

place?” They said it used to be a mining town of two thousand ~
inhabitants, but it is all gone now. There is no wood, no tree, no
vegetation there, and so they have gone. Now you can see why -
it is that Nevada, several times the size of the State of Pennsylvania
has a population about the size of this city of Harrisburg, and it
was less in population in 1900 than it was in 1890. I am not saying
this to disparage any one, but I only want to bring home to you this
proposition. As a matter of fact, that trip made an Easterner
of me, and set my feet in the opposite direction, when I came to
look at the surrounding country. I had gone West with the inten-
tion of staying there, but I came back East, after I had gone over
that country determined to stay East.

A little over a century ago men began to go over the Allegheny
mountains into the new country beyond. Then, from 1800 to 1850,
they spread into Ohio and Kentucky, and perhaps Illinois, and they
. flourished at your expense. Why? For two reasons; one was that
it was a new country, fresh and undeveloped, and your young blood
went out to develop it. Then came the Civil War, and after that
was over the stream of population crossed the Mississippi. Hereto-
fore the people of the United States had dug out their homes from
the forest; then they came out with plows, and turned a furrow or
two and made a home; then came the self-binder, and then other im-
proved farm machinery, making it easy to make a home, and from
1870 to 1900 the population of the United States doubled, and in
these thirty years the agricultural industry developed.

What does that mean? Why, it means that in thirty years these
people of the United States were compelled to produce ag much
as they had done in 250 years before. For one hundred years these
people out there have been competing with you because they have
had cheap lands with fresh soil, and because they had your fresh
young blood to develop it, and they raised cattle out there at prac-
tically no cost whatever. Take the illustration I have frequently
used of the Jew peddler who went to Deadwood thirty years ago,
and distributed a few cattle on the public land there. A few years
later he had 20,000 and then 300,000 of cattle worth $3,000,000,
every dollar of which he made by distributing cattle on Government
lands. It was easy for these peopie to ship cattle into this new
country take them off the train and distribute them on that land,
and then ship them back at $2 a head, you, of course, to stand
the loss. I spoke to a Westerner about raising cattle in the East,
and he laughed at me, and said “You go back and teach those
Eastern farmers to make Jersey cream.”

Now, here, gentlemen, it this proposition: This Eastern country
is adapted to the raising of trees and grass; the Western country
is adapted to the raising of corn cheaper and cereals. Then we have
the great Central West, between Pittsburg and Denver. And when
proper economic conditions are developed regarding the raising of
grass and trees, and the cutting down of the trees is stopped, the
tree and grass men in the North Atlantic states must flourish.
Pennsylvania and New York will make great horticultural states,
because they have the trees, and the time is coming very rapidly,
I believe, when this will be the cattle producing country, and the
West be better adapted to doing some other thing—not that it is
not a good country; I would not say anything against that part of

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 599

the country—but it is better adapted to doing other things, and we
need not send our young blood out there to develop it. It has got
to be developed at its own expense. You have been doing that for
a hundred years. You could not help it. No one could. For the
last hundred years they have raised stock so cheaply that you could
not compete with them. Some of you have not had stock enough
to keep up the fertility of your land, but just as soon as you have
more stock on your land you will raise more corn and more wheat,
and you can afford to keep more stock because you are going to be
paid better than you have been. Some of the people here have
thought that the only thing that is going to continue in livestock
is raising milk and butter and shipping it to city markets; that the
meat business is out of it. Now, the fact is that these Eastern
states are better adapted for raising meat stock than ‘they are for
dairy stock. They are better adapted to raising grass than cereals.
In Nebraska there are 32,000 hand separators; out there where you
have been thinking of them only as raising steers they are milking
cows, and sending their milk in some instances five hundred miles to
be made into butter. Three creameries in the state make ninety per
cent. of the butter made in that state. You have competition in
dairying, and there is coming about a re-adjustment of the livestock
conditions of this country.

Now, there is one other thing I want to call your attention to;
some one has referred to what “Leddy” thinks, and this brings home
to me the fact that they have been quite busy in Washington lately.
They have passed two very important laws. In my mind they are
more important than most people realize. They have passed the
National Pure Food Law, and they have passed the Meat Inspection
Law. It is going to make a difference, I think. I went into one of the
big packing houses in Chicago, and when the head man of the house
showed me about, he took me to the department where they make
bone handles for knives. The girl in charge showed me how they
were made, and “These we make into bone handles,” she said, “ond”
showing me some other, “those made in this way are the imitation
stag horn, and those,” showing me a third lot, “are real stag
horn.” The girl was perfectly honest in her endeavor to make
things plain to me. Now, the other day I bought this knife of a
perfectly honest young man as genuine stag horn. Now, it does not
make any difference to me whether I carry a knife with a handle of
of genuine stag horn or not, but it does make a difference when I
eat a piece of meat whether it has poison in it or not. It makes
a difference to me when I eat sausage whether I eat so many pounds
of sausage, or so many pounds of sausage mixed with so: many
pounds of potatoes, and so many pounds of water. I was told in this
Same packing house that there was no kind of sausage in the
world that they could not supply, and I have a letter in which they
enumerated sixteen kinds which they make, and many other kinds
which they do not care to mention, for fear of hurting the trade.
Here is the point: This is the Pennsylvania farmer’s opportunity to
put on the market a good article. ;
Now, gentlemen, you cannot buy Evaporated Cream any. longer;
it will be just plain Evaporated Milk. You cannot buy colored peas;
if you put colored matter.on the market some one will find it out,

600 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

and you will be out of business. But, you say, if we put a good
article on the market some one will put it out of the market. That
has been the case for the last fifty years, but I believe that from
now on is going to be the opportunity to raise the finer articles—a
greater opportunity than ever before. I believe there is going to
be a discriminating public, who will be willing to pay a good price
for it if they are sure of getting the genuine article. I believe that
instead of a few large packing houses—I have nothing to say against
them, for they are all right in their places—but I believe that instead
of a few large packing houses, there will be scattered throughout
Pennsylvania small abattoirs, perhaps co-partnership abat-
toirs, the same as_ co-partnership creameries, . and they
will say “You can get genuine sausage there, and can get
it fresh every day and inspected” just the same as the creameries.
There will be some disadvantages, but there will also be some
advantages, and the bones and fertilizers instead of being shipped
from Chicago will be right here, and I believe from now on is the
day of the Pennsylvania “farmer , you will produce more and more of
the meat products; there will be less and less competition from the
West, and instead of being confined to a local market there is going
to be a demand for your produc ts, and you are going to lead in pro-
ducing a good article. I am not interested in cattle: you know I
am looked upon as an Agronomist; I am interested in raising crops,
but there is an old Flemish proverb that says “No grass, no cattle;
no cattle, no manure; no manure, no crops.” and this I think you
will find holds true, and since they are all interwoven, I hope the
Pennsylvania farmer will take hold of his opportunity, and turn his
attention to the raising of cattle for the market that is sure to come
for him—is coming now.

PRESIDENT NORTON: This paper is now open for discussion.

MR. WING: Mr. Chairman, it does not seem to me that we should
allow that splendid address to go without a little discussion, espe-
cially as it is the most vital one that has been touched upon at this
meeting. The question is, Are you up against it? The time has
come for the farmer in Pennsylvania and Ohio to wake up to their
opportunities. For some years farming had rather fallen into dis-
repute in our Eastern states; there was too little in it. In Ohio I
have seen corn sell at 16 cents per bushel—a case of 16 to 1. But
there is a better day at hand. ‘These conditions in the West of
which Prof. Hunt speaks—the disappearance of the grass out there
—are all true, and more true than he has told you.

I spent a month in Colorado recently, and looked over conditions
there. They saw something must be done there, and how to do them
well. They work harder than lower, and I saw the farm fences
going down, you do here, but they have the faith to overcome the
necessary obstacles, and will find a way. They have sent the price
of land up in the San Luis Valley to $175 to $200 an acre; it is worth
that now at Fort Collins. They have faith, these people. I said
to them, “But look at the distance from the market.” They said,
“Phat is easily overcome with transportation facilities.” And they
said, “We can raise four or five tons of alfafa to the acre and get
three crops.” I said, “I can do that in Ohio. What do you get for
it?” They said $5; I said, “I get $12 in Ohio.” I said, “I can raise

ING@a ius DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 601

75 bushels of wheat to the acre and some men get a hundred.” They
said, “We can’t do that but we can grow corn, and get an average
of 80 bushels to the acre.” And they take this to market long ways
in teams, but they have faith in their future, and courage to work
hard for less money than we people get here. Now, do you see
why they succeed there?

Several years ago it was my privilege to go across the water. I
guess I was always a pessimist. I remember when I was a boy—I
was born in Ohio—and I can remember when a farmer got 11 cents
for his hogs, which he had fed on his farm, and sold his steers at
$90 to $120 a head, and once when I was a little boy, I was sent
with some of them to a neighboring farmer, and when I got them
there, the old man gave mea dollar. I tell you I was proud. When
wheat got down to $1.25 the farmer’s said, “Times are getting poor
now.” They kept on growing poorer and poorer, and the farmer
began to average only forty bushels to the acre and then twenty-four.
Then I bought a field next to ours that I had been wanting for a
long time; it had got down to where I could handle it. I have that
field now. But the average yield grew smaller, prices grew and the
paint wearing off the houses, and the mortgage on the farm grew
greater rather than smaller, and J remember riding along in the
train and seeing the old houses growing shabbier, and the old farmers
getting white-headed, and I said to myself “Agriculture is doomed
here; the richer west is getting richer, and the poor farmers here
are getting poorer, and there is nothing left for them at all.” Soon,
however, times began to pick up in Ohio, and they began
to pick up here, and today times are much better than
they were then. But still it seemed to me that the soil
was impoverished, and then I began to think of it, and it struck me
that this was new soil; it could not be worn out; it had been in
use less than five hundred years—much less in most places—while
in Durope the farmers have been farming the same soil for centuries,
and are still farming it, and just about then I had the opportunity
to go over to the old world, and I started in England, and then went
down to the Isle of Jersey, and then over into France, and the one
thing I wanted to see was how they could have lived on the land
so long, and could still continue to live on it, and it was the most
marvellous thing I ever saw. In France I saw the finest farms [
have ever seen; the next were in Scotland, and I don’t know whether
Scotland was not better, even on the whole than France. But in
France, where I stopped, there was an old Frenchman, who offered
to take me some miles out of Paris to see a fine farm which he
knew, having come from that neighborhood. So one beautiful morn-
ing we started out by train. Now, the old Frenchman could not talk
any English, and I knew about three words of French, but we talked
all the way. When we saw anything that did not please us, we
frowned, and shook our heads, and when something particularly
attractive came under our notice we smiled, and shrugged our
shoulders, and we understood each other. When we got there, we
went directly out into the fields, and I can assure you I have never
seen a finer sight than that field presented that morning. There
was the wheat as high as the backs of his oxen; one man went
alongside three yoke of oxen, one man driving, and an American

binder doing the work. A little beyond this was another field,
39

=<

602 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

and I don’t think I have ever seen quite so many clovers mixed
together—the Crimson Clover, and the Red Clover, and the Alsike
Clover, and then the Alfalfa—some fields were alfalfa entirely.
Here were men mowing with old-fashioned scythes with a short
straight blade, very unlike those used in America in former days.
I asked the man to let me try it, but found I could do nothing with
it, although I have mowed many an hour with the long curved scythe
that was used in this country. Then behind the mowers came the
women, and they raked the grass together in little bunches and
set them up in little shocks. Wonderful grass it was; I have never
seen anything like it in my life, and the green fields and the fragrant
clover; it covered maybe twenty or thirty acres and it was of marvel-
ous growth.

The farm hands lived in little stone houses which they owned;
many of them had lived on this farm all their life and their fathers
before them. They did not own the land; that belonged to the
farmer, but they owned their houses and did the work by the
job. This was an unusually large farm, about thirty thousand acres;
it had an immense barn, and I saw where the cows were pastured,
and I saw where the 2,000 sheep were kept.

Up you drove through a big, wide gateway to the castle, erected
centuries ago, passing the big stable where they had those wonder-
ful cows that made the milk and cream for the Paris markets to
the north end of it, which was the residence part, the residence of
the man who owned the castle and the farm. He was worth prob-
ably $15,000,000. He asked me into the house and there I found a
lady that spoke English, and I spent the afternoon in going through
that magnificent old castle with its fine art galleries, and elegant
libraries, its collections of armor a thousand years old, in the grand
old halls with the windows down to the floor; but there was one
peculiarity about those windows; every window on every side of
the castle looked out on the same thing and what do you think that
was? They could see the cows go out to pasture in the morning
in those marvelous fields, and they could see the sheep at play in
the fields beyond, but from every window they could also see a
great pile of manure—the greatest pile I have ever seen; two piles,
each one as big as this room, sprinkled over with some composition
to deodorize it. Nota very aesthetic object, but one worth a million ~
dollars to that old Frenchman, and [I am sure that every time he
looked at it he said, “How proud I am of this pile of manure; it
feeds my family; it feeds my laborers, and my cattle by feeding the
land; it is one of my greatest treasures.”

I finally got away from these people and went out into the fields
again, and pressed my foot into the soil, and it ground out rich
and brittle; and I said to myself, “Here is land that was old a
thousand years ago, and is-still more fertile than anything you have
ever seen. while out in Ohio you think that new soil is worn out.”
And I said to myself, “Joe Wing, learn a lesson from that old
Frenchman’s manure pile, and go home and put it into practice on
your land, and some day your land will be so much more fertile
that there will be no comparison between the two.”

PRESIDENT NORTON: Any further discussion?

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 603

DR. PEARSON. It has been a great privilege to listen to these
addresses of Prof. Hunt and Mr. Wing. I have for years maintained
that the farmers of Pennsylvania have been oppressed by an un-
justifiable spirit of depression. It is not justifiable. I used ‘to think,
like Prof. Hunt, that the West was the great cattle breeding district,
and that it would for a long time to come be ouy source of supply, °
but I was impressed during a recent trip to Montana, which is one
of the great cattle raising states, as to what the condition really
is of the cattle breeding industry. In Minnesota which has three
times the acreage of Pennsylvania they can not breed cattle and
horses enough for their use. They are buying horses in Chicago
and taking them West. We are not introducing our horses, but
they are getting them.

The good land has all been taken up in the West; there is no
more good land; there is no more pasture; and the great cattle
industry of the West has passed to the farmers of the East. In
talking with some stockmen in Montana, I spoke of the small de-
velopment of the livestock industry in that state they said “Wait
until you get to the Big Hole country; you will see there the finest
and the best cattle you ever saw.” So I waited until I got to the
Big Hole Valley, and what did I find there? About 20,000 good
steers, and 40,000 were distributed from the stockyards at Lancaster
last year to feed on the pasture of Lancaster county, and we don’t
boast of it and most people don’t know of it.

In the matter of beef I think there is something we have over-
looked. I think Mr. Wing will agree with me that if the Pennsyl-
vania and Ohio farmers would raise Shorthorns they would find
them a profitable investment. It costs the Western ranchman from
$10 to $12 to produce a calf, and if our Eastern farmers were to grow
Shorthorns they can usually market them in a year. If they are
extra good they are retained over another year, but where the herds
are retained there is very little attention paid to the calf, and the
bull is sold to the morgue. And if our dairymen would grow Short-
horns, or Herefords, and keep the beef bulls they would raise a beef
quality better than that of the West. These calves are sold at $2.50.
In other words, the Eastern farmer can buy for $2.50 what it costs
the Western ranchman $8 or $10, or $12 to produce. Of course,
there is the calf to raise, but in some districts the skimmilk comes
back, and on this the calf can be raised, and I believe that we can
compete successfully with the beef interest of the West if we will
but keep this in view.

Then we have another interest in this State which is not always
considered, and that is we are constantly purchasing and bringing
to our farms the surplus fertility of the West. As Prof. Hopkins
explained, most of the crops that are being harvested in the West
contain a large proportion of nitrogen and phosphorus, and we are
buying them and getting the benefit of it, and when we raise beef
we do so very often without any regard to the manure as a return.

Prof. Hunt spoke in a very interesting manner of the future of
Pennsylvania as affected by the new meat inspection law. I want
to call your attention to a defect in this law making an appropria-
tion of $3,000,000 per year for the inspection of meat for export
or interstate use, The appropriation gives Pennsylvania a propor-

604 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

tion of over $250,000. Now, I was told by a stock breeder recently
that the inspection of the large packing houses is becoming more
and more stringent. He told me that Armour’s men had orders
to condemn any steer was not absolutely perfect. What difference
does that make? Just this: before the meat inspection law they
could ship this meat anywhere, but now they dare not use it for
interstate or expért purposes. So they ship the steers that will
not do for export trade to a firm that is doing business entirely
within the state in which it is located, and cannot, therefore, be put
under Federal control, because it does not an export or interstate
business. There are a great many packing houses in Pennsylvania;
under Federal inspection the buyer for a firm doing export or inter-
state busines would not take any consignment that does not fully
pass requirements, but the man who does business within the state
alone can do it, and does do it. So this law is not all that it is
intended to be and the appropriation of $250,000 does not touch
the small fellow, and he will continue to do business in his own
way unless this law of the United States government is supple-
mented by state meat inspection laws. The people of the United
States want inspected meats, or they do not want them. If they
do not want them there is no reason why the Federal govern-
ment should spend $3,000,000 a year for inspecting their meat. If
they do want them it is necessary to take action in the several
states, and then use the appropriations for.enforcing these laws.

“THE GOLDEN HOOF.”

By MR. JOSEPH WING, Mechanicsburg, O.

Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: I am glad to have an
opportunity to talk to you about the sheep. It is a good subject, and
we will see what we can make out of it in the time before us. Some
times I write my speeches and read them, but it was very discourag-
ing to see people grow tired before I got through, so I have given it
uP, and when I see that they become tired of the subject, I stop
talking.

I am going to outline for you the kind of husbandry that will pay
the small farmer in Pennsylvania. The kind of sheep ranching that
is done in the West will not do here. There the man who has only
10,000 ewes does not count for much in the business.

Now, the man with 10,000 ewes cannot lamb until the grass grows.
That will not be before May or June, and there will be more lambs
born in June than in May. Of course, he has a little anxious time
while the lambs are coming, but there will be a man with every
thousand sheep, and besides seeing that they do not suffer from the
temperature at night, and that they are protected from wet weather
they do not want to be disturbed very much during this time.
After the lambs are born it is a little easier time then, but the

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 605

men have the extra herd on their hands until the earliest lambs are
old enough to go to market. They have to see that they do not
get into the alfalfa fields, or the corn fields, and these little fellows
slip through very easily. Once they get in it is very easy to see
where a sheep has stood. The Eastern market for the Western
farmer begins in August or September, but the heaviest market
comes in October, November and December. We used to buy tiny
little bits of fellows and take them home and feed them on alfalfa
and raise them, but it is getting harder and harder to get them.
I remember not so many years ago buying very nice ones at $2.75
per hundred pounds, live weight; this year I paid $6.35, and I had
1,400 of them. It tock some faith, and I almost thought “I can’t
do it.”

Now, the men of Pennsylvania have more sense than to try to
compete with the Western ranchmen. They can’t do it very well.
You have your grain here on your land, and you run the danger
of stomach worms. You may get in in time if you have alfalfa,
but the corn growers can’t do it. So the thing for the Eastern
farmer to do is to raise his lambs earlier, and get into the market
before the western lambs are ready to be marketed. Then he will
have no competition from the West, and can get a good market and
good prices.

Now, I think it will pay the Pennsylvania farmer to have one
hundred ewes. That is a nice little lot to take care of. He need
not learn to know them all by name, but he can know them all by
sight.

I am not talking to you about the winter lamb business now; I
am going to talk to you how the ordinary farmer can manage to
make money on sheep in Pennsylvania.

He should begin in February or March, and first I want to talk to
you a little about taking care of the ewes in pregnancy. That is
the thing most people know little about. I love to talk about it,
because I have had so much experience with it. I had the benefit
of that when I was a young man and had a young wife, and a nice lot
of sheep, and I was as happy as I could be. I kept my sheep very care-
fully housed and protected from the weather, and led them out
to water, and took all the care of them that I knew how. I had
read a great deal about the value of protein in the feed and bone
meal, and of wheat bran and clover hay, and oats sometimes, and
I never saw anything prettier than that bunch of sheep. But when
the lambs came then the clouds came over my sun. Feeding so much
protein had developed too much bone, and the lambs could hardly
be born at all. I remember one weighing seventeen pounds, but
the mother died and the lamb died. I took it into the house and
nursed it and fed it, but it died. The lamb died because I did
not know how to feed. Well, an old man who had raised sheep for
many years said to me, “You take too good care of your sheep, let
them hustle, and give them oat straw. You have wasted your feed
by giving them too much.” So I gave them oat straw and a little
corn fodder, and they looked fine and well rounded out, but there
was something not quite right. You can learn to tell that in your
sheep just as a man learns to know when his wife is mad. At first
he needs a diagram to show him, but after while he learns it

606 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Dée.

instinctively. Well, the lambs came, and they looked all right;
there was nothing wrong to be seen but they did not live. That ewe
did not have that lamb at the physiological moment; there are forces
at work in her beyond the care of man, and I learned then that
this wonderful thing, that if the ewe did not have milk in her udder,
she did not love her lamb either. I have had an old ewe look at me,
and then at the lamb, and say as plainly as she could talk, “Joe,
here is that lamb; I have no use for it; you had better take care of
it.’ And I have tried it many times, and have nursed those lambs
and fed them, and done my best to raise them, but rarely with
success. And I learned this then, that if a ewe does not have milk
in her udder she does not have any love in her heart, either, and
these ewes did not have milk in their udders because they did not
have these lambs at the physiological moment.

Then I thought if I was careful to get a good sire, my lambs would
be all right; so I exercised great care to get good sires. Then, one
day I had a lamb born, and the moment it was born it looked around
very lively, and found its dinner, and enjoyed it, and I said “That
lamb hag strength, and it is going to live,” but it died. Its father
lived, and its mother lived, and all its kindred. It would take a
special story to tell how too much strength is not good—how it is
almost as bad as too little.

Now, we have learned how the lambs should be born, and we
will go back to our ewe. We keep that ewe carefully housed and
protected from the wet weather, and we feed her up with alfalfa
and wheat, and yet not one of those lambs will live. Why? She
gets no exercise; she stands too much, and not one of those lambs
will live. Keep her out of doors, and give her exercise and feed her
well, but not too well, and see if those lambs will not live. Our
sheep must not be exposed to the weather, but they must not be
kept too warm. You can’t raise sheep in this way. I have a neigh-
bor who has a barn worth $3,000, and he has never raised a single
sheep in it. He keeps it closed too tight, and his sheep get no air.
You need the air.

Now, a man who has sheep should have a lot of little panels made,
about 84 feet long, and fitted with two little doors to keep the lambs
together. You can fold these panels up and put them away when
you don’t want them.

When the first sheep are born, I tell you it is a busy time for
the shepherd. The ewe may have twins—she probably will—and all
the better. Take her into the barn, and put her into this little panel
pen, so that she will have room to move about with her lambs,
and then you can take care of her. It is very nice to turn her over,
and start milking her, so that the lambs can get their first milk,
but we have not time to talk about that. You put her into this
pen, with her lambs, so that they will not be able to get out and
run around among others. Never allow them to get out among the
sheep that have not yet born their lambs.

Never give the ewe any change in her feed, and no increase. It
may cause a great many troubles, and give her indigestion to give
her anything different, but gradually decrease it while seeing that:
she still has enough to eat. It is a common mistake to give her
some protein, and some wheat bran, and some alfalfa, thinking:
that will make milk.

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 607

Now, if you think the lambs cannot suck all the milk out so as
to get a fresh supply next time, it is wise to milk her for few days
until the lambs get bigger.

Now, another thing: I am pretty near getting to the winter lamb
business, but I want to start you right for the spring, and then we
will start on that in the same way. Make a place where the lambs
can go in and the ewes can’t follow, and make it so that they can
get in easier than out. The lamb is the creature of opportunity.
Most men are like them, and some of you men here will probably go
to the legislature some day, and some will probably go to the prison;
it all depends upon your opportunity. So, if the lamb has the
opportunity to go into this place he will do so. Place in that pen
a little trough, and in that trough some grain—wheat bran will
do, or a little corn meal, very coarse ground, or about ten per cent.
oil meal or buckwheat. It doesn’t take long for these little fellows to
get started eating the grain, and I tell you they enjoy it. Then comes
the grass in the field, and here is something I want to impress upon
you; keep them off the grass when it is growing. When you turn
them out of the pen, turn them into a little yard, and keep it bright
and clean, and when you give them grass, feed it to them on the
ground. Why? ‘There is nothing in the grass beyond a litile color-
ing matter, but until he gets «emething to do, he does not need
very much of it. When I was ranching in the West, our only
anxious time was in the spring when the time came for the lambs to
be turned out. We had 100,000 acres of land, most of it in clover.
Now, as soon as a sheep got into it, you could tell where he stood.

Now, when you turn them out you may have some trouble about
intestinal parasites. That time comes along about the middle of
June. Then the ewes go out to grass with the lambs, and [I tell
you it is a pretty sight to see those lambs run up and down the
fields, and play, and then run up to the ewe, and off again, as if
asking her to watch them at play.

Make a place on the ground and spread a little corn meal there
for them, and one of the best things you can give them is coarse
salt that you buy, and then, of course, there is the mother’s milk—
the best of all for them.

The winter lamb business is conducted in the same way. Begin
early, and when the lambs weigh eighty pounds they may be sold.
I would not keep them any longer, because then the Western market
comes in and the prices go down. I would try to have them ready
for market in June and July. How are you going to do that? It
is easy if you have the alfalfa to raise them on. Then with the
returns from the lambs, and the old sheep left to fertilize the land,
our returns will come in, and the dollars will flow into our bank like

cherries. pose eg

608 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

THE RELATION OF VETERINARY EDUCATION TO ANIMAL
HUSBANDRY.

By DR. LEONARD PEARSON, State Veterinarian, Harrisburg.

The fertility of the soil, and an advancing profitable agriculture,
cannot be maintained without animals. Animal husbandry is es-
sential to agricultural progress.

The animal husbandry of Pennsylvania is one of the leading
industries of the state, and is the chief reliance of a large propor-
tion of the farmers that work the quarter of a million farms within
our borders. The farmer depends upon animals to till his fields,
to take his products to market and his family to church, to supply
his most nutricious food and a large proportion of his income.

What value would there be in a $55,000,000 hay crop, (these figures
relate to the crops of Pennsylvania for 1905) as under present con-
ditions, if it were not for animals to eat it? What would be done
with straw from 1,600,000 acres of wheat, and with a $15,000,000 oat
crop were it not for animals? About 1,500,000 acres is devoted each
year to the production of corn, worth about $30,000,000, most of
which is fed to animals on the farms where it is grown.

The rough, bulky, unmarketable products of the farm are con-
centrated by animals and converted into such commodities as pork,
beef, mutton, wool, poultry, eggs, milk and horses for which there
is aready market. Just as the weaver uses the loom to tranform his
raw materials into carpets, cloth and lace, so the farmer uses
animals to manufacture grass and other crude products of his fields
into refined and higher priced articles.

The profits of farming depend to a very large extent upon the
efficiency of the farmer’s machines, both mechanical and animals.
If the animals do good work, that is, if they return a good yield
in the form of growth, eggs, milk, wool or labor for the food they
consume, they are profitable; if they do not return a fair yield
of these products, they are unprofitable. The efficiency, and that
means the profit of the animal machine, depends upon its adaption
to its condition of life, and upon its adaptation to its conditions of
life and upon its health. The adaptation of domestic animals to
special uses results from the work of the special breeder. Breeders
have achieved some marvelous triumphs in the way of increasing
efficiency and in producing and fixing form, type and breeds.

We are profoundly impressed when viewing a well executed
statue by the imagination and skill of the artist. The sculptor
forms in his mind a picture of the image that he wishes to express;
then the image is modeled in clay and afterwards chiseled from stone
or cast in bronze. The result is a likeness of a living form; it may
be a charger, with ears and eyes alert, with dilated nostrils, tense
muscles, the whole poise denoting readiness to respond to the touch
of the motionless rider. Such a life-like picture in bronze is a

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 609

great work of art, a triumph of human skill and ingenuity. But
kow much greater is the achievement of a breeder of an improved
animal type! The sculptor must be faithful to nature and
copy a figure that already exists. The breeder forms in his mind
the picture of an ideal animal, as yet unrealized; his plastic material
is living tissue; his materials, if combined with genius, and sur-
passing patience, produce an animal of a new form and having new
attributes. He has created something, not merely a picture, that
is good to look upon, but a living, breathing, moving animal, that
is betier for a certain purpose than any animal that was ever pro-
duced before, and that, most important of all, has the power to re-
produce its kind. Improvements in animal types, and much of the
improvement in the efficiency of animals have been wrought by these
rare, skillful breeders.

The breeder does not work rapidly; the element of time is needful
in all of his operations. His material can be changed and modeled
but slowly. It was largely on this account that the work of the
breeders was relatively so fruitless until a little more than one
hundred years ago. The breeder was denied the use of the indis-
pensible element of time. After making a certain amount of pro-
gress, his material was damaged, or it was snatched from him by
infectious disease. Nearly all of the great improvements in the
breeds of animals have developed since the establishment of veterin-
ary schools, and since animal plagues have been brought under
some kind of control.

There was less difficulty on account of its isolated location in pro-
tecting the cattle of Great Britain from animal plagues than was
experienced in Continental Europe. This is one of the important
reasons why distinct, improved breeds of animals were established
in Britain before they were established in other parts of the civil-
ized world. Of course, the freedom of England from invasion by
armed foes was an advantage to the breeder that also came from
this isolated location; but in all times animal plagues have destroyed
more animals and have damaged breeders, more than wars and
famines, because they have spread faster, and wider, and oftener,
and because no opposition could be made to their progress and
ravages. - The losses that come from the prevalence of such diseases
are well illustrated by the effects of contagious pleuro-pneumonia,
foot-and-mouth disease, and cattle plague, when through neglect of
veterinary advice they did reach England and prevailed during the
second third of the last century. It is estimated by Fleming and
others that the actual value of the cattle destroyed by these diseases
exceeds $600,000,000. (Fleming’s estimate made in 1871 of $450,-
(000,000 was for only a part of the period of the prevalence of lung
plague and foot-and-mouth disease.) And Fleming adds, “But
these examples and estimates after all give but a slender idea of
ihe devastation, misery, embarassment and loss that have been due
to our ignorance, apathy and neglect of the teachings of veterinary
and sanitary science, which must nevertheless claim the merit of
having conclusively demonstrated that the most formidable diseases
can be readily repressed or altogether abolished.”

It has been possible to develop the Jersey and Guernsey breeds
because the cattle of these islands have been protected from infec:

39—7—1906,

610 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

tions from abroad through regulations prohibiting the importation
of live animals. Of course, this prohibition has at the same time,
been of service in helping to keep the breeds pure, but the chief
advantage of these regulations has come from preventing the en-
trance of animal plagues. The older breeds of the continent, as the
Simethal, Dutch, Brown Swiss and Normandy cattle, Merino sheep,
Ardenner and Pinzgauer horses have developed in more or less
sequestered localities where they have been to a large extent ex-
empt from prevalent plagues.

Improvements in breeding come, then, from continuous effort;
and continuity of effort is an absolutely essential factor in breeding
advancement. In this country we have lacked more than anything
else, continuity of effort. How frequently has it happened that a
man has gathered together at enormous cost the best purchasable
representatives of a breed. The stud, herd, or flock is thus estab-
lished if continued in competent hands for a number of years could
not fail to be of enormous advantage to that particular breed. Un-
fortunately, however, such enterprises are often—lI think I might say
usually—short-lived.

In looking for the causes that are responsible for the melting away
of these promising beginnings, I have found that disease is the
chiefest. Let me illustrate: About twenty years ago, a consider-
able number of large poultry farms were established in the eastern
part of Pennsylvania, in New Jersey, and other parts of the Eastern
states. Many of these establishments were carried on successfully
for a few years, and the outlook for continued success appeared to
be very promising. None of these establishments is now in exist-
ence. I do not know of a large commercial poultry plant that is as
much as ten years old. In nearly-every instance, the reason given
for the discontinuance of the business is that it became unprofit-
able on account of the prevalence of parasites and disease; the fowls
died. When one considers the magnitude of the poultry industry,
that the poultry yards of the United States produce more than the
wheat fields, the extent of the loss from disease of poultry will be
appreciated.

Innumerable ventures in swine breeding and in swine feeding
have been ruined by disease. The keeping of hogs has been dis-
continued temporarily in many districts by reason of disease, very
much to the detriment of the farmers in those regions, for there is
nothing that can take the place in farm economy that is held by the
hog. It is quite out of the question to attempt to fatten hogs
purchased at a considerable distance and shipped on the railway.
To ship hogs in stock cars and through stockyards is almost certainly
to expose them to cholera, and can not be done, in a business way,
except in case of hogs that are at once to be slaughtered. This fact
is a severe check on the swine industry, although it is not always
recognized as such. It was an Iowa farmer who said: “It is a good
thing that cholera takes away ten million to forty million dollars’
worth of hogs every year; if it did not, the price of hogs would be
much lower than it is.” It would be as reasonable to desire to keep
up rents in a city by burning down a few hundred houses every
year.

The parasitic diseases of sheep constitute such an intolerable

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 611

drain on the sheep industry in some localities that sheep keeping
has been discontinued, even in the face of rising market for mutton
and wool.

I have known several promising horse breeding ventures, started
with good judgment in the selection of foundation stock, and at
great cost to be ruined by the prevalence of abortion, navel-ill,
osteoporosis and contagious pneumonia of foals.

An enormous number of herds of purebred cattle have been
destroyed or scattered by infectious diseases, particularly by tuber-
culosis, abortion, calf cholera and contagious garget. Iam familiar
with the history in detail of a large number of herds in the Eastern
states that were carefully organized, and that were of great promise
until they were extinguished, or until the enthusiasm of their
owners was extinguished by reason of the excessive prevalence of
some infectious disease.

It is not alone the rich owner of high bred animals who is injured
and discouraged by these maladies. Nothing can be more dis-
heartening, or in a business way, more injurious to a farmer who
has a large share of his means invested in animals than to witness
the insiduous effects of disease, and the gradual depletion of his
capital. Such men usually depend for their livelihood upon their
flocks and herds. If these are impaired, they are unable to meet
rental or interest charges, and innumerable farmers have in this
way been carried into bankruptcy.

The average farmer is not, and is not likely to become, a breeder
of pure-bred animals. Better breeding to the average stock-keeper,
means the elimination of the unfit and the purchase and use of
occasional improved individuals, especially males, from the breeders
of pedigree animals. The better the quality of such animals, the
more moderate the price, and the less the danger attendant upon
the introduction of such animals into the herd, the more the aver-
age stockkeeper will be encouraged to use them, and the more he
will grade up his stock. If pure-bred animals of good stock are
difficult to acquire, on account of their scarcity and high price, and if
their purchase involves material risk of introducing a new disease
the use of such animals is bound to be restricted, and the betterment
of the average quality of livestock of the country will be impeded.

One must admit that pure-bred animals of good quality are neither
as extensively produced nor as widely disseminated in this country
as is desirable. This is due partly to the lack of appreciation of
advantages from better blood, partly to prejudice, partly to fear
of disease and partly to the fact that there is such a limited number
of successful breeders of -pure-bred animals, and so many instances
of men who have tried to breed pure-bred animals and failed, that
there is a lack of sufficient number of inspiring examples. As I
have shown a large proportion of these causes of failure trace back
to disaster and discouragement from disease.

_A hundred and fifty years ago it became evident to Bourgelat
that there was need of careful study and teaching concerning the
diseases of animals. The French veterinary schools were estab-
lished upon his initiative, and this example was soon followed by
all the progressive countries of Europe. It was recognized that
before there can be an improved agriculture there must be an en-

612 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

couragement of animal husbandry, and that the first step toward
the encouragment of animal husbandry must be the protection of
animals from avoidable disease. Thus it is that in the old world
the veterinary colleges antedate the agricultural colleges, and it
is for the same reason that the word “veterinary” has priority, for
example, in the name of the Royal Veterinary and Agricultural
College of Denmark.

The prevalent and most destructive diseases of animals when these
veterinary schools were instituted were the very rapidly spreading,
quickly developing, and in many instances highly fatal maladies,
such as rinderpest, foot-and-mouth disease, contagious pleuro-pneu-
monia, anthrax, glanders and sheep pox. Some of these diseases
from the suddenness of their onset, and their high mortality may
properly be designated as explosive. Within a short time one of
them may spread over a district and involve a large part of the
animal population. All of these diseases have been brought under
control by the application of knowledge developed by veterinarians,
and taught in veterinary schools. Although occasional outbreaks
of some of them still occur in civilized countries, none of these dis-
eases prevails extensively at this time, except in remote, partly
civilized regions or in restricted areas in civilized countries, and
then usually for only a relativ ely short period.

The gain from this advance is immeasurable, as is shown by
the fearful destruction wrought within limited areas by pleuro-
pneumonia and foot-and-mouth disease during their occurrence in
this country. Pause for a moment and try to estimate the con-
dition that would exist here if these diseases had been permitted to
escape beyond veterinary control. In the first place, our export
trade in live cattle would immediately have been extinguished.
Second, it would be absolutely impossible to keep cattle on the open
ranges, as is shown by tthe destruction of the cattle industry of
Australia by contagious pleuro-pneumonia, a fact which forced
Australia into sheep production. Third, the purchaser of cattle
from a distance would be exposed to dangers similar to those that
now encompass the men who purchase hogs that have been shipped
through public stockyards. Every one who purchased a steer for
feeding, or a milch cow to add to his dairy herd would take the
risk, which in many cases would be realized of infecting his herd
with a destructive disease. In other words the whole character of
the cattle business of the country would be changed. The loss to
the nation would be as great as from a war with a great power,
and to cattle owners it would be unbearable. Fortunately, these
disease were not permitted to escape from control, and by the appli-
cation of intelligent veterinary measures they have been completely
extirpated. The veterinary profession does not receive from animal
husbandry the credit for this achievement that it deserved.

As two other illustations of advantage to animal husbandry from
the application of discoveries in veterinary medicine, I will refer to
Texas fever and “milk fever.”

Texas fever is a disease caused by a minute animal parasite that
inhabits the red blood corpuscles of cattle. This parasite is carried
from animal to animal by the Texas cattle tick. In the early history
of the country this disease was each year distributed widely in the

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 613

Northern states by the introduction of Southern cattle. The nature
and cause of this disease were discovered in 1889. Measures were
at once taken to prevent the infection of Northern cattle, and with
such success that Texas fever formerly so prevalent is now almost
unknown in the Northern states. Moreover, measures have been
devised for the protection of Northern cattle taken South with
such success that great numbers of breeding animals have been
taken to Texas and othern Southern states with the result that
the Texas long-horn has been practically bred out of existence and
Texas bred steers are now of such good quality that many of them
have taken high prizes at the great stock shows in Chicago. Meas-
ures are now being taken—measures that have been developed
by veterinarians—to exterminate the cattle tick in invested portions
of the country. This work has been carried out successfully in
some large districts, and, although the fight will be a long one,
there is no reason to doubt that it will ultimately result in the
eradication of this bovine scourge. Yhe benefits that result from
the measures already taken amount to untold millions, and it is
estimated by Meyer that when this source of disease is finally ex-
tinguished the country will be better off to the extent of $100,000,000
each year. Then the South will become a great breeding ground for
supplying feeders to the corn-growing states.
The other disease that I shall refer to is the so-called “milk-fever,”
parturient paresis or “dropping-after-calving.” This disease has
long been one of the principal destroyers of dairy cows of the first
class. It igs a disease that is most likely to take cows that are
heavy milkers and while they are in the prime of life. It has had
two especially untoward results: First, it has destroyed many, in-
deed, a large proportion of the most highly developed and most
valuable dairy cows, and thus has prevented further increase in the
produce of these exceptionally useful cows. Second, milk fever has
seemed to establish a barrier to the evolution of the milch cow, as it
has destroyed so large a proportion of the cows that reach or
pass a given standard yield. In some good dairy herds the average
mortality from milk fever was for many years higher than from
all other diseases. By means of a simple treatment discovered by
Schmidt, a Danish veterinarian, it is now possible to cure from 90
to 95 per cent. of all animals suffering from this disease. The gain
to the dairy industry from this discovery is almost beyond belief.
It amounts to at least a million dollars a year in each of the leading
dairy states of this country, and the saving and profit is sufficient
to pay the interest on the entire bonded indebtedness of the Penn-
sylvania railroad. Surely this discovery constitutes an enormous
addition to our national wealth. The saving to the country is
equivalent to a discovery of a new source of wealth, equal to an
income producing investment of more than $150,000,000. This dis-
covery has already saved to cattle breeders more money than has
ever been paid on building, equipping, and maintaining all the
veterinary schools of the world since the establishment of the first
one in France in 1762. For this valuable discovery Schmidt hag
received several resolutions of thanks, and his Danish colleagues
have presented him with a loving cup! While the full credit for
this discovery must go to Schmidt, it should not be overlooked that

614 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

it was based upon knowledge of milk fever that had been gradually
accumulated by veterinarians through a long term of years. So,
strictly speaking, the discovery belongs to the veterinary profession,
as indeed, must practically all the discoveries in the veterinary
sciences.

In giving these illustrations-of the value of Geiecies> research
and veterinary teaching, I have tried by concrete example to demon-
state the intimate, although not always recognized reliance of animal
husbandry on veterinary protection. I have tried to show that
animals would not be as well bred and as efficient as they are
were it not for the measure of veterizary protection that has been
afforded; and I have endeavored, also to make it clear that animal
husbandry would advance faster through improving the quality of
animals by the encouragement of better breeding if a fuller measure
of veterinary protection were provided. I have made a careful
study of this question and I am sure that I am not overstating the
case in the least degree when I say that the greatest need of animal
husbandry in the United States at this time is Better Facilities For
Veterinary Research and Education.

Other countries have recognized these needs and have taken effec-
tive measures to meet them. The old veterinary school at Hanover
has recently been re-equipped at a cost exceeding 3,000,000 marks.
The public has demanded this, and the government has willingly
complied with this demand for no other reason than that the value
of the work of the school is such as to merit the expenditure. For
a similar reason Belgium has re-equipped the old veterinary school
at Brussels at a cost of 6,000,000 francs. Hungary has provided a
magnificent set of buildings for the veterinary college at Budapest,
where all branches of veterinary work are provided for. The gov-
crnment veterinary schools of Germany, France, Austria, Hungary,
Russia, Spain, Denmark, Belgium, Holland and Sweden are sup-
ported on a liberal scale, first, because these countries recognize
their need of veterinary development, and, second, because the
value of these schools is such as to fully justify the expenditures
that are made upon them, and the provision of increased resources,
as needed for their growing work. Either of the two veterinary
schools of Switzerland is better equipped, and proportionately more
adequately supported than the best veterinary schools in the United
States.

The honor of making the first proposal for promoting veterinary
science and instruction in America belongs to the Philadelphia
Society for Promoting Agriculture. A prize of a gold medal was
offered in 1806 for the best essay and plan for promoting such know-
ledge, both scientifieally and practically. The announcement states
that aid to schools and establishments for this, among other agricui-
ture purposes ought to be given by the national and state legislators,
and adds;

“Investigations into anatomy, diseases and remedies for the pre-
servation and improvement of animals on which our substance and
comforts so materially depend must assuredly be considered worthy
the most patient inquiry, intelligent observation and professional
talents of the most celebrated among those who have devoted them-
selves to medical pursuits. As patriots it should stimulate their

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 615

public spirit; as professional men nothing can more entitle them to
the rewards due to their labors. Who is there among the most
respectable of our own citizens, or in the highest grades of society
in the Old World, who has not deemed it meritorious to promote
the interest of agriculture? And is there any branch of that
occupation so important as that now recommended to the notice and
inquiry of medical men? If it has held an inferior rank in the
classification of science and knowledge it is entirely owing to the un-
merited neglect with which it has been unaccountably treated. It
should be rescued from obscurity and placed among the most com-
mendable and necessary branches of medical education.”

During the following year, 1807, just a century ago, an address
was delivered at the University of Pennsylvania by Dr. Benjamin
Rush upon the duties and advantages of studying the diseases of
domestic animals and the proper remedies to relieve them. Dr.
Rush formulated under nine headings and for the first time in
America, a series of powerful arguments in favor of developing
studies of the diseases of animals.

It was not, however, until 1884 that the Veterinary Department
of the University of Pennsylvania was established. For twenty-
three years this school has taken a leading place among the veteri-
nary institutions of the United States. It has educated 374 veteri-
narians who have taken the full course and have received its degree.
It has now enrolled 111 students. In this body there is a considerable
number of earnest young men from the farms of Pennsylvania, who
are working hard to obtain their training in this fundamental know-
ledge underlying animal husbandry, and who plan to return to rural
districts and apply the knowledge thus gained for the relief and ad-
vantage of agriculture.

The maintenance of the Veterinary School has thus far been pro-
vided by the generosity of a few philanthropic persons who have rec-
ognized the importance of its work, and by the loyalty and devotion
of its teachers. The extent of the services that have been given gra-
tuitously by members of the teaching staff of this school for a per-
iod of nearly a quarter of a century is most unusual. If they have
succeeded with the assistance of their public spirited and generous
friends in placing veterinary education in Pennsylvania on a sound
and enduring basis, I am sure that they will be satisfied. And it
begins to look as though they are succeeding, for the legislature at
its last session appropriated $100,000 towards furnishing part of the
equipment that the school urgently requires. But this provides for
only a portion of its work, and some of its most important branches
must still be taught in wholly inadequate, unsanitary premises. It
is still unable to do for the State, work that the State urgently
needs.

There is coming to be more general appreciation on the part of
breeders of veterinary work of what it has done for them, and of the
importance of the objects veterinarians are striving to attain.

There are several reasons for the slow development of this ap-
preciation in this country. Perhaps the veterinarian has not been
sufficiently insistent on the achievements of his profession and the
value of his services: undoubtedly the schools have not been ade-
quately equipped, and they have not been able fully to meet the

616 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

very moderate requirements that have been placed on them, so that
the graduates of these schools have been handicapped in their efforts
to aid animal husbandry. Furthermore, public support that might
fairly be expected for this important branch of education has in some
states—not in Pennsylvania—been diverted from veterinary schools,
where it properly belongs, and where it should go, to weak and in-
effective veterinary appendages to agricultural colleges or experi-
mental stations.

It is the aim and purpose of the Veterinary Department of the
University of Pennsylvania to make available and to distribute the
information that is needed to afford animal husbandry the veteri-
nary protection it requires for its development and expansion. It
can do this by training and sending out educated, capable veterina-
rians prepared to cope with the ever-increasing problems in animal
physiology and pathology that perplex and discourage the breeder.
But the school needs help, and, while I do not doubt that it may con-
fidently rely on your sympathy, I hope that it may also receive your
active assistance.

HOW TO GROW ALFALFA.

By JOSEPH E. WING, Mechanicsburg, Ohio.

I need a little courage to stand here and talk to you about alfalfa,
coming from another state, with a different soil, and sometimes
when I have gone away from home to show how to do it I have failed.
Now, here is Prof. Van Norman; I went up to the University of Wis-
consin for two weeks urging him to get married, and here I find him
in the same condition. (Mr Bayard: That is his misfortune; not his
fault.) If I failed so badly on so small a man, how can I hope to
move so large a body of men as these farmers? But when I looked
at this good looking body of men—not necessarily handsome, but
intelligent looking—t said to myself, “There is no doubt but what
they can grow it.”

Henry Miller, a butcher’s boy, went to California and landed at
San Francisco with fifty cents in his pocket (he has that fifty cents
yet). He did not, as most men did who went to California at that
time, go into mining, but he went into a butcher shop and saved his
money until he had enough to buy a basket and stock it with meat.
This he arranged neatly and cleanly, and then peddled his meat from
door to door, and saved his money. When he had established a nice
trade he opened a little shop, where he kept his meats just as tempt-
ingly arranged. Here, too, he saved his money, and then opened
another shop, and then another, and another, until he had a dozen
shops scattered over the city, and became the leading butcher. Still
he saved his money, and then he bought a farm eut in the San Joa-
quin Valley, a few miles out from San Francisco, and there he sowed
the first alfalfa that was ever grown in California in a large way,
and that was not very large either. I think it was about forty acres,

INOS GC DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 617

and it cost him about forty dollars an acre, too. It cost him a lot
because he did not understand about innoculation. He had seen the
alfalfa in South America, while sailing to San Francisco. Then he
got more seed and tried again and failed and then he sent to South
America for seed, and tried it again and by that time the soil was in-
oculated, and he succeeded. Then he got more land, then more cattle,
then more land, until he has become a rich man; but I can’t stop to
tell you of the 100,000 head of cattle that Henry Miller has, all be-
cause he planted alfalfa.

I went west in 1876, not intending to farm it, but intending per-
haps to be president, or maybe governor at least, or something of
that kind, but the first thing I knew I found myself working on a cat-
tle ranch in Utah. We had no alfalfa there then, and not for a few
years afterwards, unless it happened to grow there. I think I
brought it to that ranch first. But before I went there, I was in
Salt Lake City, and walking up street one day I saw a load of
green hay, and I stopped and looked at it, and wondered what it was,
it was so nice and green. I went over and looked at it, and it smell-
ed just as nice as it looked. So I tasted it, and I said to myself. “It
is good.” Taste it, gentlemen, and see for yourselves, and if it is
not good I will give you some more. My rule is to taste the feed
I give my animals, and if it does not taste good for me, it will
not taste good for them. I said, “That hay is all right and if I don’t
get work for awhile, I can always go out and buy a load of this hay
and live on that till I get something to do.”

Well, after awhile we got some alfalfa, and tried it on the ranch,
and the cattle chewed it like a hired man chewing tobacco, and they
maintained their flesh on it all winter, and thrived on it in summer,
and before long we were feeding all our animals on it. And all the
time I was dreaming of my father’s little old farm of 196 acres down
in Ohio. It was not very much of a farm, and it was not very profit-
able, but I loved it; it was my home; and nights and some days I
would lie dreaming of it, and the old folks—a place so different from
that big ranch. And after awhile I began to wonder whether alfalfa
would not grow there, and I sent my father about a pound of seed,
and he sowed it. After a while I went back home on a little visit,
and as soon as I had seen my father and mother, and my sweetheart,
I wanted to see that alfalfa. I asked father where it was, and he
told me it was out behind the barn, but he told me it was no good;
it might do in the West, but it would not do he®e. So I went out and
looked at it, and it was only about six inches high. Father said,
“You see I am right; it may do in the West, but it will not grow
here.” But I began to hang round; that is a way I have—to hang
round until I either succeed or know why I don’t. I am not sure
that is a bad trait, either. Well, pretty soon I saw the chickens
come round there and pick at it, and I said to myself, “Ah, now I see
why it don’t grow any higher.” Then I began to think that what
it needed was irrigation, so I carried some water from the well, and
watered that little patch, and then I took an old barrel which had
one end in, and knocked the other end in, too, and set it over that
alfalfa to see what it would do if given a chance, and went off to see
my sweetheart, and forgot all about it for a while. When I thought
of it again, and went to look at it, it had grown up through the top
of that barrel. I called father and showed it to him; he scratched

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618 ANNUAL REPORT OF THB Off. Doc.

his head, and said, “Do you suppose I want to grow a crop that I
have to put a barrel over?” But I said to myself, “If that one plant
will grow, why won’t a million?”

Well, it was not many years before I was called upon to go home
and take charge of the place. I didn’t like to go, for I had been
given some authority out on the ranch, and it makes a young fellow
feel pretty important to be made foreman. I had to get up first in
the morning and get the bricks with which to get the other fellows
out of bed, as you do when you are foreman; the only difference is
that you have to work a little harder, and get a little more. But
my father was old and could not do the work any more, and so I
had to go home. “Well,” I said, “I will go home, and see whether
I can’t make a success of the old farm,” I could see alfalfa, but noth-
ing else, and when I came home from the West I brought with me
seven sacks of alfalfa seed. But father said we could not afford to
experiment, and we must sell that seed. Finally we compromised on
a quarter of an acre and I had seven sacks of seed! And I had an
awful time selling that seed. I could not give it away; the neigh-
bors would not have it. I could not sell it; the seedsmen would not
buy it. I advertised it, but it did not want to move. Finally I did
manage to get rid of it by selling it in small quantities; now, some
of the same seedsmen sell $30,000 worth of the seed in a season.

Well, that old potato patch was rich; the cattle had pastured
there; the soil had been enriched by a corn crop, and I sowed my al-
-falfa ‘and it grew. The next spring I sowed three acres; I picked
out what I thought was the best land I had for the purpose; it
sloped down tow ard the creek; a part of it was gravelly soil, and a
part of it hard clay. Well, down by the creek the alfalfa did’ not do
so well; on the gravelly soil it grew. And I scratched my head and
said. “This old farm will grow alfalfa; I must manure the hard land
and drain that wet land, and then it will grow alfalfa.” Father had
died in the meantime, and my brothers and I were running the farm,
and we began to lay tile underdrains, until finally on that farm we
had laid more than 14 miles of tile underdrains, and all the time we
were feeding the stock in order to make manure to enrich the soil.
During those years I was not trying to make money. I did not give
it any thought. My brother Willis gave it some little more thought
than I did, and perhaps it is just as well, as we might not have fared
so well if he had not. I only thought to grow alfalfa, and I said, “I
will have forty acres of it, some day.” I have a hundred now.

I found we needed more manure, and [ said, “I will buy lambs, and
feed 200 of them, and sell the lambs in the spring, aud make some
some money on them, and keep the ewes to enrich the soil.” My
brother said, “You must be crazy; do you want to run the farm into
the ground?” But I got the lambs. First we had 200 lambs, then
300, then we fed 350, and we always had feed enough for them, and
the farm grew fertile; it is the most beautiful thing in the world to
raise lambs, and I said to myself, “Some day I will have on this old
farm 1,000 lambs.” I did not tell my mother, or my wife, or any
one else, but I dreamed of my thousand lambs. Well we got seven
hundred—a thousand—fifteen hundred, and now we have sixteen
hundred sheep on that farm, and are shipping alfalfa to the Phila-
delphia market. How do we do it?

No. 7. : DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 619

Well, our soil was limestone, and I hauled manure on it until I
got it pretty rich, and then I sowed alfalfa. I had not much faith
that it would grow, but it did grow. That was in 18— well, never
mind the date. Well, I gathered alfalfa three times a year, and
sometimes four times, for five years, and by that time it had died out
some and we planted corn. Now, before we had the alfalfa about
30 bushels of corn was a fairly good crop; even after we had drained
it, 50 bushels was a good crop, and if we got 65 bushels of shelled
corn to the acre, it was a remarkable yield. After we had the alf-
alfa we made 80 bushels of shelled corn—twice the quantity—and
—I can assure you of fields where we made 100 bushels of shelled
corn to the acre. The more alfalfa we grow, the better crop of corn
we grew, and the more corn we got, the better crop of alfalfa. That
was because the soil had become innoculated, and the bacteria are
living there now. Last year we grew on our farm 300 tons of alfalfa,
and we expect to grow 400 tons this year. Yhat old farm has now
320 acres, and on that farm we harvested last year more than 7,000
bushels of corn of 75 pounds to the bushel, and 300 tons of alfalfa
hay, and we save some of the land for pasture for our sheep, and
for the cattle, and some good Percheron horses we have.

These alfalfa roots get down into the bottom of the soil, where it
has been planted for a year or two years. The plant is a heavy feed-
er on nitrogen in the air, and at the same time you grow alfalfa, you
enrich the soil. Now, what Prof. Hopkins said this afternoon is
true. Alfalfa needs phosphorus, and last year we put on our farm
from 200 pounds to 400 pounds to the acre, and actually doubled our
crop, and we got $14 worth of crop for every dollar’s worth of phos-
phorus we put on the soil.

This is what alfalfa has done for one farm. Don’t you think I be-
lieve init? When I started in in 1889, one old darkey and my father
were sufficient to do all the work. Now on that farm my brothers
work the year round, and I work when I am home—and my brothers
are good workers—and we have three married men working every
day in the year, and we have a number of single men there, too, and
T am glad to give them employment, because the more good people
you get into your neighborhood the better your neighborhood. If
walk out through the corn fields, and { see where a man has thrown
back a clod of ground away from the corn, or where he has straight-
ened the stalks, and I know what that man is. These things show
faithfulness in a man, and these are the sort of men to have around
vou—people who take an interest in their work, and their surround-
ings. These men live there, and their little boys go to the village
school with my boys, and their dinner pails are packed with the same
food my boys have—they are filled with alfalfa.

Why, it is just as easy to grow alfalfa as it is to keep your sweet-
heart or your wife in love with you. If you know, I don’t need to ex-
plain it to you. If you don’t, I will say that I have never found it
requires any superior talent. She does not expect you to climb
the roof of the house, or to do any great thing, but she does expect
of you the little things that show your affection for her, and your
thoughtfulness for her. ;

Now, if you will get into your minds a few things that alfalfa de-
mands, I think { can help you get your farm started in growing al-

/

620 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

falfa successfully. What are these few things absolutely necessary?

First, the land must be absolutely dry. Dig holes in it, and in-
spect them, and see if they fill up in wet weather. If they do drain
it with tiles. Just lay your tiles as close together as you can, and
then let them go. Then take your manure spreader and give that
field a thorough coat of manure and turn it over thoroughly.

Let me tell you another thing: It is a surprising thing, I know,
but it holds out. If, in plowing, you notice the blackbirds follow
that furrow, alfalfa will grow there. The blackbirds follow the
earth-worms, and where the ground is too poor to produce earth-
worms it is too poor and too hard for alfalfa.

Your land drained, you must make it rich. Now alfalfa is the
greatest soil enricher that I know of, but it will not enrich poor soil.
That is, according to scripture, which takes from him that hath not,
and gives to him that hath.

Down in Kentucky I planted more than a thousand little plots
in fhe course of my work there. Some time ago I passed through
that State, and as I sat in the train and looked out of the window,
as the train wound around the curves of the mountains, perched up
on the mountain side I saw a little cabin, and a young woman in a
sunbonnet in the field near it. And I said to myself, ‘There is lone-
liness and privation.” There is an old bone-grilled tobacco field or
two, with some sassafras brush—just enough to keep life in that
young man who has started up housekeeping with that young woman
in the sunbonnet, and that old mule—and then the train went round
the curve, and right there on the top of the ledge lay a little field of
alfalfa, and then my heart was glad, for I saw better days ahead for
that young couple. Yhat alfalfa will enrich that old mountain soil,
and he will have crops to take to town, and they will have comfort.

Now, I don’t know anything that will enrich a soil quicker than
alfalfa will, but you must give it rich land to start on. What do
I mean by rich land? I would make it as rich, almost, as I would
for a corn crop. Take off the corn crop, if you want, and then start
right in on alfalfa. Another thing is, it must be grown on sweet
land. More of the failures to grow alfalfa in Pennsylvania have
been due to lack of lime in the land than to anything else. Abouta
year ago I was looking at some land down near Philadelphia. The
land was rich, it was dry, but the alfalfa would not grow. It was
lacking in lime; the soil was acid. You can put the lime there and
make it sweet. The Experiment Station has not found it so, but
they may be wrong, for I believe in the lime.

Now, these things are all you need. The land must be dry; the
land must be rich, and the land must be sweet. The rest of it is just
faith.

Then, how are you going to sow it? Let me tell you how we
sow it. We sow it always in the spring, and we try to cultivate the
crop of the previous year. In our corn crop we run a one-horse cul-
tivator through it to rid it of the weeds, and it is important to get
rid of the weeds early, before they spread and take a firm hold.
When we have turned the soil, we work the lime in, and we get the
seed up by the middle of April, and we sow it always with a nurse
crop of beardless spring barley. The seed is a little hard to get, but
it is the best barley to sow, and it is wise to sow your alfalfa with

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 621

a nurse crop of barley. It grows quickly and does not leave any
stubble. Well, we sow a bushel to the acre, and a peck of alfalfa—
15 pounds of alfalfa to a bushel of barley. When we harvest the
barley we will cut the alfalfa down as far ag it will go, and then
we let it grow again. Now as long as the alfalfa will grow the first
summer we let it grow. There will come a time when it will look
thrifty, and then get down on your knees right there on that alfalfa
ground, and see if there are any new buds just starting out, and
don’t cut it until you see the new buds starting. It does not take
long for a man to get down on his knees; it is a good thing for him,
now and then. Then, when you see the buds starting, you cut it. It
will soon grow up again. We never cut it down close to the ground;
we always leave about one-half of it, and we do not allow a wagon
to pass over it, nor a horse.

Now, I have told you everything I know about alfalfa, except one
thing, and that is, it willnot grow without bacteria. Cream
will not sour without bacteria. When I was _ out on
the ranch, we used a great deal of clabber, and it made the
men feel like fighting cocks most of the time. I have no doubt that
it was those fighting microbes that did it. But to grow alfalfa the
ground must be innoculated. If your ground is innoculated, you
will get a crop the first year; if it is not innoculated you will not get
your crop until the second year.

And while you are waiting for your ground to become innoculated
the weeds come, so send to Washington and got some of the bacteria.
Some of these bacteria will be all right, and some of them will have
been living on their wife’s relatives. Then I would take some of
the soil of the old alfalfa field, and some new soil, and I would sow
these bacteria, and harrow the ground in the evening, after sunset,
and all the rest is just faith.

Don’t start in on a large scale. Try it with one acre, and when
you have found which is the best land, you can try it with two acres,
and then you can gradually increase your alfalfa crop. It is the
best thing in the world for chickens, and for cows, for sheep and
for colts. It is the best thing I have yet found to grow on the farm.

A PROFITABLE METHOD OF MARKETING MILK.

By J. H. REICHERT.

There are many farmers and dairymen keeping cows at little or
no profit because the price they receive for their milk is entirely too
low when compared with the present trust prices for grain and labor
difficulties. The key to the situation then is, of course, a better mar-
ket, or better prices for our milk. In most cases, before this market
and price can be secured we must arrange for more modern methods
on the farm for the production of clean wholesome milk from
healthy cows. Some of the things necessary are: Your barn must
have some method of ventilation; no matter how old the barn, the

622 ANNUAL R#®PORT OF THE Off. Doc.

man who reads (and no farmer or dairyman should be without four
or five of the best agricultural and dairy papers), can devise some
plan to do this at small cost. The barn should be whitewashed
every 60 days at least, the barn and cows must be kept reasonably
clean, the cows should be tested annually for tuberculosis, not only
as an aid to a better price of milk, but as a matter of self-protection.
The udders of the cows should be wiped with a damp cloth before ~
each milking. The milk should be removed from the barn, and
cooled as soon as a cow is milked, if possible, and kept very cold—
say 45 degrees—until shipping time. I know that there are many
farmers anxious to follow better methods but are restrained from
doing so because of the expense connected, and a feeling that they
cannot procure a sufficient increase in the price of milk for the trou-
ble and expense involved. In answer to the matter of expense, I
would say, that with a proper system of doing this extra work, the
expense of caring for cattle and barn in a reasonable, sanitary man-
ner, need be but a trifle larger than the cost of doing so in the ordi
nary slip-shod way.

At Willow Glen Farm, we seem to have a fairly good system of
ventilation for a 100-year-old barn. We keep the cows clean and
whitewash the barns once a month in summer and every 60 days in
winter, with a spraying outfit; this is done by the regular farm help
in legs than one-half day. At milking time we have a bucket and cloth
back of each row of cows, so that the udders can be wiped before
milking. Iam sure this adds no cost, but makes the milking more
pleasant because the udders are clean. I have never seen the milker
who did not become disgusted with a dirty udder. I know of no class
of people who are slower to respond to progressive methods than my
own, the Pennsylvania Dutch, yet these people follow the weighing
of the milk, and the wiping of the udders religiously, because they
see the value of it. It is plain to be seen that with me it adds but
little, if anything, to the cost of. production, but adds considerably
to the value and wholesomeness of our milk and gives us a ready
market at one cent a quart above the regular price. Let us see
how this would figure out in a 5000-pound cow. Five thousand
pounds of milk would give us approximately 2,390 quarts.

Peat VACUO ELO ol tar 0 Ea: 9 Ope Pee ES aS ne ner, A eee cs bs ayer $ 95.60
PSM (QUARTUS Bl MOC. sj sonora in rs) sie olen ona Taree ah lee an res 119.50
or an increase of $23.90 per cow for clean milk. In a 20-cow dairy,
the difference would amount to $478 annually.

I appreciate the fact that so long as the farmer leaves himself en-
tirely in the hands of the middlemen, he must take the price offered,
regardless of quality. There is, however, in every community, a
ready and growing demand for better milk for which at least two
cents above the average price can be secured, and milk produced in
the manner described is worth all, and more, than the additional
two cents a quart that is asked, and people will welcome an oppor-
tunity to get such a product if the farmer can bring the superiority
of his product to their attention. After having made arrangements
to follow reasonable sanitary precautions at Willow Glen Farm in
the production of our milk, I went to two nearby cities and saw the
retailers and explained the kind of mitk I had to sell, and soon dis-
covered that the retailer was anxious enough to handle such milk

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 623

if he could procure it just as cheaply as the “don’t care how” pro-
duced kind, but absolutely unwilling to sacrifice any of his profit, so
long as the public was satisfied, or at least stood for the imposition.
I then looked around for a man willing to go into the milk business
on a reasonable profit basis. Arrangements were made to place the
merits of our milk before he people, a nice descriptive circular, with
a mailing card and a request to have our man deliver a sample bottle
was put into each circular, and these circulars covered the follow-
ing points:

ist. This milk is produced from a tested herd, absolutely free
from tuberculosis.

2nd. A certificate from the local veterinarian who tested the
herd, also a statement from him in regard to the sanitary condition
of the barn, etc.

3d. An explanation showing the importance of clean milk from
healthy cows to babies and invalids.

4th. Instructions to consumers how to take care of milk after
it was delivered to them and explaining the danger of allowing milk
to become contaminated.

A letter enclosing the circular was also sent to each one of the
physicians in town.

Although we did not have a single customer before we started,
when we were ready to deliver we had orders for 150 quarts daily,
and at the end of 30 days we had sale for all we had at that time, 200
quarts daily. We have received for our milk five cents per quart de-
livered at the station. This milk was retailed at eight cents a quart
—two cents higher than the average price for milk.

In a town where ordinary milk sells for eight cents, ten cents can
easily be procured for milk of this quality. In other words, in or-
der to market milk at a profit, the farmer must arrange for the pro-
duction of milk cleaner and better than the average; and second,
carry on an advertising campaign to educate people to appreciate
good milk and to believe in his particular product. A proper ad-
vertising campaign like the above, can be carried out anywhere for
a sum not exceeding fifty dollars.

We, as farmers and dairymen, need to learn the value of adver-
tising in order to create independent markets for our products. If
a man has something good to sell, he himself must reach the public
and create a demand. In this way only can we secure decent treat-
ment and fair consideration from middlemen. The man who builds
up a reputation for his own goods can generally dictate his own
terms.

An increase of a cent, or a cent and half per quart, is quite an
item, and is sufficient to make many dairies that are not now profit-
able, earn at least a satisfactory dividend for the dairyman or
farmer. I believe that work of this kind would stimulate the dairy
business in many communities. If we are ever to get better prices
for our preducts, we must teach the public that there is more than
one kind of milk. Once people know how to discriminate, there will
always be a demand for the better milk and at better prices.

Do not let the fact that you are not close to a town or city dis-
courage you from making an earnest effort to secure for yourself
better profits as a producer of dairy products. This will enable you

624 ANNUAL REPORT OF THHE Off. Doc.

to surround yourself and family with more of the things that go to
make farm life pleasant and helpful to all connected with it. The
plan outlined by me, and followed by myself, will enable you to ship
milk at a profit if you live four miles from the railroad, and one and
three-quarters hours by rail to the town where your milk is
to be sold. I mention these distances because I have proved that
within these limits, at least, this plan can be carried out in a very
satisfactory manner to all concerned, producer, retailer, and con-
sumer. Prepare to produce a good article, and then tell its merits
over and over again until the public will believe in its superiority
as much as you do yourself.

Now, I shall be glad to answer any questions, and I will say to
all of the farmers, I think that if there is one class of people who
has the good of life, it is the farmers, and I think a man who under-
stands dairying, is fitted to stand shoulder to shoulder with any
class of professional men in the country today. If you have a good
article, why not talk about it, and tell its merits, until the people
believe in it too? If you do this you will rise to a higher and better
level.

CORN GROWING.

By PROF. G. I. CHRISTIE, Indiana Experiment Station, Lafayette, Ind.

Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: So many times have I
heard speakers in the last few days say they were glad to be here,
and congratulate the people of Pennsylvania on being such a good-
looking lot of people, that I have come to the conclusion that we
are about the only people, and I am glad to be here.

When people rise to the very pinnacle of fame, as some of us
think we have done, they usually make their own terms, and when I
am asked to make an address, I usually tell them that I have two
rules without which I will not speak; the first is, I must have from
two to three hours’ time in which to tell what I want to say, and
the second is, that I will not talk after nine o’clock in the evening.
I must break both of these rules tonight, as I want to let you go
home, and it is already considerably after nine o’clock.

It seems ridiculous for me to come here and tell some of you peo-
ple who have grown corn many more years than I have lived, how
to grow corn, and I want to say that I do not come here as knowing
all about it or to tell you all about it. I simply wish to impress on
you tonight the importance of doing some of the things you already
know. Our agricultural improvement is coming to the people as
nothing new—just as telling you that you need pure food and other
things are not new things, but telling them to you impresses their
importance upon you.

Prof. Holden has 228,000 farms in Iowa, and he has increased the
yield 75,000,000 bushels. We, in Indiana, are simply trying to wake
our people up. When I first went to the farmers there, some of the

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 625

old gray-bearded men said to me, “That’s all right for you fellows
in Iowa, but we don’t want it here. You can run your corn experi-
ments, and do these things there, but our people are too conserva-
tive; our people are not as sensational as they are in the west. Joe
Wing, here, who does things with alfalfa, he came here and tried to
get us to do them, too, but our people went ahead in the old way and
forgot all about it.”

Indiana had averaged from 35 to 38 bushels per acre, which was
not large. La Porte county on the north, and one of the hardest we
have for growing corn, had this year 60,000 acres of land in corn.
They had got in some parts an average yield of 88 bushels per acre,
and on the hard clay scil they had an, average of 32 bushels per
acre, and thought they raised their full share. We went up to La
Porte county and increased their yield to 50 or 60 bushels per acre,
and then they said they were making money, and they saw their
land increasing in value, and they were satisfied.

But we wanted to raise the yield in that county, so we decided to
get the boys interested. There are several banks in that county and
we went to the bankers and induced them to offer prizes to the
boys to arouse their interest, and the boys undertook the work, and
their yield astonished some of those people. Why, one boy had
an average of 114 bushels per acre. Then more boys came, and they
raised each one acre of corn on the sand hills, and the clay
banks, and the marsh lands of La Porte county, and at the meeting
on December 14th, 8,416 boys reported. One boy, in low marsh land
that was sold two years before at $5 per acre, raised 119 bushels of
corn of 70 pounds to the bushel. A boy of 18 demonstrated to the
people of La Porte county something that they had never attempted
before. The president of the school district gave a sworn statement
that the average of those boys was over 84 bushels per acre. Well, we
needed more moneyto continue our experiments, and I went up there
one morning, and a man interested in the Legislature took me around
in his automobile,.and within a few hours we had secured all we
needed. It is just a little matter of getting what you want. That
is all there is about it.

They became interested up there; and then the question came up.
“Can we afford to raise beef cattle on 100 acres of land?” and I
heard farmers say that they could not raise cattle on 100 acres of
land; they needed it all for corn. And once, when I presented this
report of La Porte county, one old farmer said, “Could I take care
of 40 acres of land the same way that boy took care of his one acre?”
I said, “No. sir; cut it in half, and take care of twenty acres, and in-
stead of 35 bushels an acre, you will have 75. Turn the rest into
grass, and in a few years that old farm will be worth more than you
ever saw before.”

The question is how to get more corn off the same land, and the
thing is how to do it. That is what you want answered, and that
is what we wart to answer. The first thing is, to get the variety of
corn that is best suited to the soil and locality. Many of us, through
ignorance, have allowed our land to run down to the point where it
will not produce corn any more, and others have through hard work
brought up the standard of corn, but they still lack in production.

40—7T—1906.

626 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Now, these men are here, the same as they are in Indiana, and other
States, and these are the men we want to help. We want to find
out what will most benefit them. Now, how are we going to find this
out?

Now then, a few years ago the men at the Experiment Station got
together and decided that they would try to get the corn that av-
eraged the largest yield,.and then teach the farmers of the State
that this was the corn for them to plant. So the Experiment Sta-
tion men—TI was one of them—sent to the north and to the south,
and to the east and to the west of the State, and procured samples
of the different varieties of corn grown there, and we planted them
in nice little plots, and awaited results. The southern part pro-
duced 60 bushels per acre, the north 30, the east 40, another 50, and
so on. Then we published these results and sent them over the
state, and told them “now you know.” Well, they tried it; and the
corn grew; in fact, I think it would be growing yet if the frost had
not stopped it. But it did not ripen and develop, and they had to
harvest it when the time came, but it was a miserable lot of corn.
You may have read that one year the corn crop of Indiana was a
failure, and the corn not up to the standard. Yhat was the year.
Well, they harvested that corn, and then the troubles began in ear-
nest. The elevator men refused to take that corn; no one would
have the stock. Finally they compromised on a lower price, and
the corn was shipped away, and one after another of these farmers
came to us and said, “We have lost $1,800 or $8,000,” as the case
might be, “on the corn we shipped out last year, and the only reason
for it was that the corn was not fit to be shipped,” and they blamed
the Experiment Station—as they had a right to do. One old fellow
said that the reason was that those fellows up at Purdue had taken
the corn away from home, and tried to get results on different soils,
consequently the results they offered were not accurate and had no
value, and he was right.

So the last two years we have had a man at work in each section,
growing corn. I want to speak of this, because it is of value to the
people of Pennsylvania. The best way to obtain results, and deter-
mine what is needful for that particular soil is by experiment sta-
tion right in your own county. For instance, for the farmers of
Lancaster county, a station right there doing the work on that
particular soil, and awaiting results. Well, this is the way we did it
in Indiana.

We have in every county a poor farm, which has never produced
anything for anybody, and nobody expected it to do so; in fact,
people usually forgot all about it until they came to pay their taxes,
and then they grumbled a little at it. So we went to the authorities
and got permission to use these poor farms for our work, and then
we went to the farmers and asked them to co-operate with us, and
in Randolph and Clinton counties, where we carried on this work,
we had about a hundred of them interested. In Randolph county, on
the 10th day of May, over 20 farmers gathered together, and each
one had a sample of the corn he was going to plant that year. Then
they each took a plot and planted it under the instructions of our
Experimental Station, and they got results that surprised them. They
ran from 47 up to 90 bushels per acre, and I sat down and figured

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 627

it out for them; by planting No. 1, which averaged 90.3 per acre, the
farmer would, on 40 acres have just $1,900 more than he ever had
before. That particular variety would produce the largest yield on
that particular soil.

You can do the same thing in Pennsylvania. Take the man in your
neighborhood who gets the largest average, and instead of sending
out to Indiana or somewhere else for some of this red-letter corn
that is being grown there, and which will probably not produce one-
half. as much on your soil, owing to the difference in soil and cli-
mate, go to the farmer in your neighborhood who is getting the best
results, and get some seed from him and plant that, and see whether
you will not obtain the same resuits in dollars and cents. .

I want to say right here now that I think Pennsylvania is ready
for improvement in corn, and [I would like to get your younger men
interested. The farmers of Pennsylvania have not figured out ex-
actly the best variety in corn farming. Now, in Ohio, and Indiana,
and Iowa, we have Corn Growers’ Associations, and they have fig-
ured out for the farmer that this is the best variety for him to plant.
They have figured out that an ear of corn about 10 inches long, and
74 inches in circumference is the best sized ear. It will have less
cob, and more rows of corn well filled out. Our men, three or four
years ago, began to point out to the farmérs the difference in the
size of the ear of corn. We have found out that an ear of this
size will fill up the wagon to better advantage. It will have more
rows and will be better filled out all around than the longer ear.
We had quite a time convincing these farmers, but we kept at it until
we did convince them. I believe that in Pennsylvania you can grow
any kind of corn you want. I believe that you are getting away
from things when you begin to mark the difference in corn. Now

take these two specimens, one about 11 inches long, and the other
probably about one-half larger. Now, when these were weighed up,
the smaller cob was practically within three-fourths of the weight
of the larger. The little one weighed 16.14 pounds of corn to the
hundred, and the other one went 20, so you can see that on the larger
cob we are getting less corn per cob.

Now, take this cob, 10 inches long, and 74 inches in circumference,
with a straight row from butt to tip, with a straight row evenly filled
out to the end, and uniform in size and shape. I would rather have
an ear of corn filled out well, than to have it run down well to the
end. Here is another ear, which started out very good, but these
grains ran along, wedge-shaped to the edge. Now, when you get up
to within an inch and a half of the top, you get a very poorly filled
out corn and while it has a few more grains to the end, it has lost
250 on the butt.

Now, I see the one main reason for these different sizes of cobs is
that you have in your state no standard. That is, you have never
had explained to you, and have no organization which has adopted
a standard for an ear of corn. In our state the north is now running
about 9 inches, and the south about 10 or 11 inches, and that is giv-
ing the best results.

I am unable to discuss the subject fully in the short time I have,
but I will say that I think that we have come to the place where we
think we have the best of the corn situation in Indiana. We have

628 ANNUAL REPORT OF THB Off. Do«

2,500 plots on farms. We have gone into the country and set the
standard at 100 bushels per acre, and as a result we have raised it;
in one case the average wag 55.1, where it had formerly been 25; in
another 46, and so on, all over the state we have succeeded in getting
a better standard. We have given them a better variety of corn, but
the question is how to raise the standard. Now, we have states-
men in our state, and I don’t know but what you have them in your
state; they are usually round: Last winter we needed 300 bushels
of corn to apply on our farms, and we went to the man and said, “We
need this corn,” and these statesmen sent us down the best corn.
Then we took the different varieties of corn and laid them out in
rows, and marked them one, two, three, and so on. Then we made
boxes about three feet long and 2 feet wide, and put up little bars
inside about 3 inches square, of galvanized wire, and filled these
boxes with sand. You ean do the same thing, and these boxes can
be filled with sand or ground. Then we took from No. 1 five grains,
and planted them in one of these little squares, putting in a marker,
“No. 1;” in the next square No. 2, in the same way; and so on. Then
we put a cover on the box of a piece of carpet, and kept the box at liv-
ing room temperature, and at-the end of five days you can tell
whether the seeds are going to show up good or not. If at the end
of five days it has germinated you will probably get good results
from the corn; if not, you had better throw it out. If you don’t you
will have trouble.

Here is an ear of sand-hill corn, which igs near the desired stand-
ard for an ear of corn. Here is another corn produced with more
sunshine, and more moisture, but which gives you just about one-
third as much as the other. Here is another sand-hill corn, raised
in moisture, which produced these nubbins. There is something
wrong in the breeding of this corn, and if we could get back to the
original stalk we would find the same thing. Here is another, and if,
as we are told, corn reproduces itself, this will not produce an ear
of corn. Instead we have nothing but barren stalks and tassels.
Now, right here in germinating, we can pick out the poor ears and
cast them aside. If you do this it will give you in return dollars
and cents.

Now, as I said, there are many other things here that it would
be well to talk about, but the hour is growing late, and a few ques-
tions may be in order. If any of you people have any questions, I
will try to answer them this evening, but you will find if you ask
them, that I don’t know all about it.

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 629

PAPERS READ AT THE EIGHTH ANNUAL MEET-
ING OF THE PENNSYLVANIA DAIRY UNION,
HELD AT HARRISBURG, PA., JANUARY 24 AND
25,, £907.

OFFICERS FOR 1907.

PRESIDENT.
PROF. H. E. VAN NORMAN, State College.

VICE PRESIDENT.
G. M. CARPENTER, Wilkes-Barre.

SECRETARY.
W. E. PERHAM, Niagara.

TREASURER.
M. E. REEDER, Muncy.

BOARD OF DIRECTORS.

J. H. REICHERT, Scranton.

M. P. SHOEMAKER, Greensburg.
HENRY PALMER, Avondale.

E. E. JONES, Harford.

L. O. MAY, Granville.

ADDRESS OF PRESIDENT.

By Prof. H. E. VAN NORMAN, State College, Pa.

The president’s address is often looked upon as a necessary evil,
and it may be so. I want, in my remarks this afternoon, to call the
attention of the dairy interests—and when I say “dairy interests”
I mean that use of the term which includes butter making, milk
shipping, cheese making, breeders of dairy cattle, in fact all the
dairy interests of the state—to the possibility that stands before us.

The Dairy Union has seen the milk shipping business of this state
very largely increased; at the same time, there is an increased de-
mand for more of the best butter, and to the dairymen who are mak-
ing the butter, I want to say that if they would increase their prod-
uct and get a good price for it, there are three things to be taken
into consideration: First, that you make a good article; second,
that you make it good from day to day, uniformity being one of the

630 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe

greatest factors in success; and, thirdly, that you have good facili-
ties to get the same to market. I have been impressed with the de-
mand there is for a good article. The consumer asks, “Where can
we get good butter?” and “Where can we get good cream?” the
ice cream people are going further and further from the large cities
to get their cream, and in the smaller towns there is an increasing
demand for good ice cream and for good cream. There is more and
more ice cream being used, and what used to be a luxury has be-
come a necessity, and every housewife is appreciating, as she should,
the value of good ice cream as a dessert.

The demand for cream for ice cream raises the question whether
that is the best way to dispose of our milk. It is, if we use the skim
milk wisely. If you do, it usually makes the highest priced market
we have for the cream. I would ask you, therefore, to consider
that in the sale of cream for ice cream there is a marked growth and
a growth that will continue for some time.

Our city consumers are losing faith in the integrity of their milk
men in a great many cases, and they want somebody to certify
whether they are getting a good clean milk, and there is, consequent-
ly, an increased demand for certified milk. But we will hear more
about that later in the evening, so I will simply call your attention
to it, that at the present time the public wants more milk that is
pure, and clean, and free from the bacteria of filth and disease. I
tell you, that the city people, with their babies to be fed on the bot-
tle, find it a very serious problem to secure good milk. An import-
ant question to the father and mother is to get a milk that can be fed
to growing children with safety, and it is worth our while to let
them know that we have such an article to offer them, and to get
their orders. I think there should be a difference in price between
a good article, and an inferior article. In many cases the milkman
with a good article is getting as much as it is worth. I think our
consumers should refuse to pay so much for the poor milk, and more
for the good. This will make the milkmen discriminate. This ques-
tion of raising the quality, and getting the consumer interested in it,
is one of the problems of the milkmen. The only way to do that is to
produce a good article, and then insist upon having a good price for
it:

Now, a word to our breeders of dairy cattle. I am glad we are
here with the Breeder’s Association. I wish my colleagues in the
dairy work would heed the teachings of the Beef Breeders’ Associa-
tion regarding pure bred stock. I want to impress upon these men
that one of the most important means of raising the standard of our
dairy cattle is by getting pure bred sires into the common dairy
herds. Many years ago our breeders of beef cattle had an over sup-
ply of registered beef bred bulls. Some enterprising man took a
lot of them to the range and from them has developed a class of
steers that is today ahead of those in many of our older states and
ereated a market for thousands of registered beef bred bulls. Why?
Because they have pure bred sires for several generations and their
offspring show the influence. If you go into our large packing
houses today you will see many animals that show the marks of the
pure blood of the beef breeds. If our common dairy herds can be
improved by putting in pure bred sires, then the owners of register-
an dairy cattle should be among the first to encourage the pure bred
SIres,

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 631

We want the largest amount of milk for a given amount of feed.
The average now produced in this state is 150 to 160 pounds of but-
ter fat per cow per year. The average in our college herd for the
last six years, running from 22 to 32 cows per year, is 270 pounds
per cow. We do not have pure bred cows, but for 10 or 12 years the
college has used the best pure bred sire they could get. Sometimes
they have been hindered by lack of money; sometimes because they
could not get what they wanted, but they have always used the
best sires they could get, and the result is apparent in the yield of
fat. I suppose these results could be duplicated on every farm in
Pennsylvania, but sometimes we farmers don’t know what is good
for us until some one comes along and sticks it under our noses.
Then we see the advantage of breeding pure bred cattle and of get-
ting the record of what the cows are doing, and of bringing these
things to the notice of the farmers. If there is any man who wants
help of this kind most, it is the man with scrub cows. When we can
get in touch with him, we will be doing just what the man did who
went out on the Texas range with his surplus of registered bulls did
to improve the beef cattle from the plains. Often you don’t know
what to do with a bull calf, so you kill him or give him away. If he
has a mother that has a good butter fat record, that is the last thing
you ought todo. It will pay to raise him, and get more of the pure
bred sires into the common herds of the State.

I want to urge upon you the necessity of keeping a record of the
butter fat of each cow. You have to keep that cow 365 days in the
year. What does she give you for it? I can show you records of
men who are not getting a dollar’s worth of milk for a dollar’s
worth of feed, and I have seen cases where they only received 99, or
70, or 80, or 90 cents’ worth for a dollar’s worth of feed. They have
the same kind of feed, and they have the same kind of stock; what
they need is a record of what each cow is doing, so as to eliminate
those from the herd that are not paying. There is not a man of you
but would require of a man five dollars in change for a five dollar
bill, yet there are many of you here who are keeping cows that are
giving $30 worth of fat in a year in return for $29 to $32 worth of
feed, when you might be getting $50 or $60 worth. Keep your
records, and then add a little more care in the handling and feeding
of that cow, and see what the results will be.

To go back to the Dairy Union a little bit. I have two or three
suggestions to submit: I hope the Nominating Committee, in se-
lecting the officers, will bear in-mind to select men who will help
push along the work, so that it will develop into larger usefulness.
The only object of this association is to help the dairy interests of the
State. It is by developing the industry as a whole that we help
ourselves. You know we are all a little selfish, and what helps the
union helps us. One man may not be able to do much, but if each
man is willing to do his little part we will have strength and energy
enough to carry the great work along. I would like to see in another
year, two days given up to the discussion of strictly dairy subjects,
such as butter tests, pure bred herds, scrub cows, cheese making,
butter making, starters, butter scoring, etc., all of which we can
use to advantage.

I would like to see a large exhibit. It was with fear and tremb-

632 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

ling that your officers this year decided to have an exhibition of
dairy machinery and of dairy products. The machinery manufac-
turers responded, and have sent us an exhibit. Now you want to do
your part by showing your interest in them; when you want to buy
machinery, buy from them, from the people who have sent their ex-
hibits here.

We are disappointed that there are not more dairy products. We
did not get our advertisements out early enough I fear. Next year
we will do better. Many who have a market for a medium grade ar-
ticle will not be able to hold it if some one offers their customer a
better article at the same price. When the market is flooded it is
the man with the best goods that gets the top price.

The milk exhibit will be spoken of by a man who is making the
examinations. If would that we might see an exhibit from every
creamery.

In our meetings there has been much stress laid on the thought
that you cannot make good butter from poor cream. If you have
patrons that are delivering good milk and cream send samples of it
to compete at this show.

I want to express my appreciation of the efforts of the Vermont
Farm Machine Co. in getting out exhibits from their customers.
They offered special prizes to the makers of butter who use their
machines, and I believe that the exhibit of butter here is largely due
to their efforts. Let us see what we can develop next year in this
line.

IT would like to call the attention of the farmers to the desirability
of forming associations in your neighborhood, for the testing of your
cows and securing the records of the cows in your district. Three
different creameries have stated that they are willing to pay $100
each to have a man come there at stated periods, say about three
times a month, and test the samples of milk. J am not prepared to
say today just what I can do, but if eight or ten creameries get to-
gether in this way, the expense on each one would be very slight and
I would get the man and guarantee his work.

Now, just a word regarding the butter. I fear that some of you
who are exhibitors here may be disappointed in the scores. I select-
ed the judge, and he has judged it on the basis of the market require-
ments. If some of you have a low score, and are getting a top-of-the-
market price for it, don’t be discouraged, but go ahead and see if you
cannot secure a high score and yet please your customers also.

I submit the following recommendations for your consideration:

1. That the Dairy Union should work for the passage of laws
that will secure the registration of creameries, cheese factories and
similar establishments, tegether with sanitary oversight of such
places and the farms where products intended for sale are pro-
duced.

2. The establishment of a great State Fair commensurate with

the agricultural interests of this State, the value of the agricultural
products being greater each year than the combined value of coal,
iron and oil produced annually

3. <A law defining certified milk and providing for the proper use
of the term.

4. The securing of such appropriations to the Pennsylvania State

NOS Te DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 633

College as will enable the Dairy Husbandry Department to have sey-
eral traveling instructors to assist the cheesemakers, butter-makers
and milk producers in improving the quality of their products and
stopping many of the leaks that now exist, also to gather such infor-
mation as will enable the department to be of greater use to the
dairy interests of the state.

5. That Professor Harry Hayward, who did so much to help for-
ward the work of this Association, be made an honorary member.

6. That Article 3 of our Constitution which now reads, “Any
person interested in dairying, whose name is approved by the mem-
bership committee may become an active member by subscribing to
the Constitution and By-Laws, and by payment of the annual fee
of one dollar,” be amended so as to read as follows

“Any person, firm or agricultural organization interested in dairy-
ing, may become an active member of the Union for the calendar
year upon payment of one dollar, or may become a life member on
payment of ten dollars, or after having paid ten annual membership
fees.

“Any agricultural organization holding an active or life member-
ship in the Dairy Union may list its members as associate members
of the Pennsylvania Dairy Union for the calendar year on payment
of 25 cents for each member, and shall receive as many copies of the
annual report and other publications as it has associate members.
Associate members shall have all the privileges of membership ex-
cept voting and holding office.

“Any person rendering this Union noteworthy service may be
elected an honorary member by unanimous vote at any regular meet-
ing. Honorary members may not vote or hold office, and shall
be exempt from dues.”

Now, here is the point that agricultural societies may list their
members as associate members of the Dairy Union. Many societies
of this state which are interested in dairying, are not represented
here, because it is too far for their people to come, or for their
Grange, or Farmers’ Club, or whatever organization they may have,
but by the payment of the small fee of 25 cents they become mem-
bers, and receive the publications, and their interest is aroused, and
the work spreads. I have also provided that any organization may
become a life member upon payment of ten dollars.

REMARKS ON THE PRODUCTION OF MARKET MILK AND RE-
PORT OF MILK AND CREAM CONTEST.

By IVAN C. WELD, Dairy Division, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.

-

I am very glad to have this opportunity to meet with the dairy-
men of Pennsylvania, and to discuss with you a subject that is
closely related to your prosperity as dairymen, and to the general
welfare of the community as a whole. We are a milk consuming

41

634 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

people, and it is a significant fact that the human race for many
years has been becoming more and more dependent on cows’ milk
for food. That our dependence on the cow for this food will in-
crease as times goes on, we cannot doubt. As dairymen, as pro-
ducers of market milk, you are expected, for a just compensation
and a fair profit to feed the people. You must then, for your own
benefit as producers, keep in close and sympathetic touch with the
consuming public. You must ever be ready to anticipate the wants
of the consumers, and to supply those wants, if you would secure
and hold their confidence and win for yourselves a profit in your
business.

It is for your best interests that the consuming public have ab-
solute confidence in you and in your ability to produce and to deliv- ©
er into their hands a food product that is pure and clean. Itisa
long time since it was discovered that cows’ milk was good for food.
It was one thing for primitive wants, but it is quite another problem
under present conditions to produce and transport long distances
milk that shall satisfy the appetite of the millions of human beings .
who have never milked a cow and perchance have never seen one.

It was evidently intended by the Creator of all things that milk
should be furnished to, the young without ever coming in contact
with the atmosphere, and foreign substance or things whatsoever.
Under such conditions, all agree that milk has no periect substitute.
When, however, man makes his hands take the place of the calf’s
mouth and the milk, instead of going directly to the calf, passes
through the air into a bucket, he has interfered with the natural
process, and the condition of the product when it reaches the con-
sumer will depend almost entirely on the conditions under which
that milk was secured and cared for. The producer is largely res-
ponsible for those conditions, and he should accept his regsponsibil-
ity like a man.

In the great interest and haste in matters pertaining to the breed-
ing and feeding of dairy cattle for the last dollar obtainable, the
sanitary side of the dairy business—the matters that pertain to the
health of the cow and the health of the consuming public—have, in
many localities been neglected. Neglect, however, could not always
remain covered for the natural result of uncleanliness in any kind
of work must sooner or later make itself known. Thus it is that neg-
ligence or ignorance on the part of some one is occasionally uncov-
ered in various parts of the country by the discovery of disease in
herds of dairy cattle, or among people who have obtained their
food supply from a common source.

Many dairymen now know and many others have yet to learn
something of the nature and influence of even a little dust in the
air of the stable, or a little loose dirt or hair on the cows’ udder
and flanks at time of milking. Many dairymen now know and many
others have yet to realize that a milk pail, strainer or can that has
not been well cleaned may become a source of trouble.

Many dairymen now know and many have yet to learn that even
a very small piece of dirt, a hair ora fly falling into the milk carries
with it many thousand small plants which find in the milk conditions
well suited to their growth and increase. Dairymen, as a rule, are
careful to strain out these visible things when by some accident they
get in the milk. If these little plants or bacteria were enly large

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 635

enough so that the dairymen could see them, he would doubtless re-
move them also. Unfortunately he cannot see them or remove them.
Hence it becomes the part of every honorable milk producer to ob-
serve and practice such methods as will keep bacteria out of the
milk, so far as it is possible to do so.

Second only in importance to cleanliness in all its details is the mat-
ter of the prompt and efficient cooling of milk. The cooling cannot
take place too quickly after the milk leaves the cow, neither can the
temperature be made too low, provided, of course, that the milk is
not frozen.

The dairymen who are today furnishing the best milk to our city
markets are the dairymen who are the most exacting regarding the
conditions of cleanliness and low temperature, and I may also add
they are the dairymen who are making the most money.

Unfortunately there are various standards of cleanliness among
producers, as well as among consumers of market milk. Conditions
which may be acceptable to one person may be offensive to another,
hence the desirability, of producers occasionally exhibiting their
products at dairymen’s meetings, and having those products care-
fully examined and scored according to definite and well establish-
ed standards of excellence. If there can be friendly rivalry among

the dairymen for the highest score and honors, so much the better
as that helps to stimulate and to encourage the consideration of con-
ditions which make possible the production of a cleaner and higher
priced product. You have done well to start such a movement in
this Dairymen’s Association. Here is much yet that remains to be
learned in connection with the production and distribution of milk
and this association, by encouraging exhibits of milk and
the discussion of influences and conditions affecting its production
and distribution, can do much to promote the interests of all milk
producers in this state. You will also render a public service—a
service that should entitle you as an Association to public recogni-
tion and support.

Although the number of entries in the first exhibit is not large, a
beginning has been made that should eventually lead to substantial
results.

In discussing the method of scoring these samples let us first con-
sider the matter of flavor. Forty points out of 100 are given to this,
because flavor or taste is a very important thing in milk; no matter
what other desirable qualities it may possess, if it does not taste
good no one cares to use milk for food.

Composition, that is the percentage of fats and solids not fat, are
given 25 points. It is important that the quality of the milk be good
and up to established standards.

Under the head of keeping qualities is considered the number of
bacteria per cubic centimeter, and the degree of acidity or sourness
that has developed. It is important that the number of bacteria be
within such limits as will ensure the healthfulness of the food. An
excessive number may also affect the keeping qualities, while the
amount of acid developed indicates to what extent, if any, the milk
has already soured. The number of bacteria may also be considered
as an indication of the degree of cleanliness and care which is prac-
ticed by the milk producer.

The appearance of any article offered for sale has an effect on the

636 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

consumer and also influences the selling price. It is, therefore, im-
portant that milk be put up in clean bottles, that the bottles be kept
free from metal parts, that the caps fit tightly and present a neat
appearance. There is also another thing considered in judging milk
and that is the matter of sediment. Now, sediment is something
that should never be found in milk. Unfortunately it is oftentimes
present, and when found its appearance in the bottom of the bottle
cannot fail to be disgusting and repulsive to the consumer.

All the above conditions are considered in detail, and the score of
the milk is affected according to the conditions found.

The conditions found by me in the milk exhibited at the meeting
have been plainly marked on the score card, which can be found
with each exhibit. The summary of these conditions, including a
few samples purchased on the streets of Harrisburg. are as follows:

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 637

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638 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

ADDRESS.

By DR. WM. HART DEXTER.

We are all very sorry, [ am sure, that Mr. Webster is not able to
be here today. it becomes my privilege to stand in his place. I
wish to make your acquaintance on the right basis and to have you
understand in the first place, what the work of the Dairy Division at
Washington is. From the very excellent work that is being done
with limited means at your own State College, and realizing after
the address of yesterday by Mr. Hunt, how much more is needed, I
am sure that you are in a position to appreciate the readiness of
“Uncle Sam” to assist the varied interests of the different states
without interfering with your state rights to do in your own State
what your institutions ought to do.

The Dairy Division of the Department of Agriculture at Washing-
ton aims to be, and is to a large extent, a clearing house for ideas.
It was not primarily an institution for research; it is not intended
to do other people’s work for them, but it was organized to learn
the most successful dairying methods from the different parts of
this country and other countries, and to learn also the dairy needs
of our own country especially, and to tell the better ways of doing
the things that need to be done, so that all the people who need to
do these better things could learn how.

During the last year the Dairy Division has doubled its working
force and improved its organization, so that now we have the dif-
ferent classes of investigations provided for, as you will see by this
leaflet (showing leaflet) outlining our work, and telling you of publi-
cations of interest to dairymen, many of which you can have without
charge if you ask for them.

You will learn of some of our market milk investigations this ev-
ening, in connection with the report on the milk and cream that has
been sent here. We are making a study of the dairies that supply
Washington with milk. There are about 900 of them. About 200 of
them have been examined already with the use of a score card, which
indicates a standard of excellence. This standard is such as can be
adopted by any city, and we shall be glad to help any city that wants
to try it. Cleveland is already trying it with encouraging results.
The plan is such that the producers and dealers can find their records
with the Board of Health, and can see there where they fall short and
how to increase their rating without materially increasing their
expenses. Their attention is called to facts which they may have
overlooked, or points wherein their foremen have not carried out
their instructions.

We would be glad to assist you in the work of inspection which
your President has suggested, and if desired would send you a man
. ae with your inspector, as has been suggested, to make the first

ests.

ith ti i

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRiCULTURE. 639

We have a butter expert at work here examining the butter, scor-
ing it according to the market value and explaining its defects. He
has shown at the creamery session how to determine the amount of
water in butter, using the new rapid method and device invented by
our Mr. C. E. Gray, which promises to do for butter what the Bab-
cock test does for milk. This is a device patented by the Depart-
ment of Agriculture for the benefit of the public. It can be had of
the manufacturer at a slight charge for a royalty to the inventor.

Our cheese experts are at work in Connecticut and Wisconsin with
the purpose of ascertaining the best methods .of making cheese of
the European and American varieties. Swiss cheese is now produc-
ced in Wisconsin in almost the same form as in Switzerland.

We are also pushing Southern dairy investigations under special
appropriations by Congress, so as to ascertain the difficulties pe-
culiar to that section and overcome them. Our field agents visit
the dairy farmers, manufacturers and dealers, co-operating with
them in the introduction of improvements.

We have a building expert at work so that we are able to recom-
mend suitable plans to those who are about to erect dairy buildings,
and we furnish sketches of such plans so that we may learn in re-
turn what are the actual benefits of such improvements and then
pass them on to others.

We have our dairy laboratories at W ashington, where we are now
ready to make such investigations as are necessary to supplement
the lines of work carried on at various outside stations.

In co-operation with the State College of Missouri, we are con-
ducting investigations of the composition of normal milk as affected
by the age, feed, breeding and lactation of the cow, and the nature
of her care and surroundings. We want to find out what milk really
is, and how it varies naturally.

We are inspecting the manufacture and sale of renovated buiter
throughout the country, as required by Congress.

The Division now has 46 employes, 31 of whom are scientists, and
seven engaged in inspection work. Write ug fully and ask us any
questions that yeu would like to have us answer, and we will do all
ihat we can from Washington te help you.

May I say a few words of encouragement to the dairymen as to the
general advantages which it seems to me are not appreciated as
highly as they should be, advantages which belong to the occupation
of the farmer, especially of the dairy farmer? I find that young
men in a great many places have an entirely false and unworthy no-
tion of what farming really is, what it really affords, for example, in
the way of independence, of opportunities for profit, and for social
pleasure and comfort. You, with your broader views, I presume, are
already doing missionary work trying to raise the lamentably poor
conditions of some of the farms around you, as you see them. Our
boys should learn from us the advantages of the dairyman’s inde-
‘pendence of living as compared with the constant limitation of the
freedom of men in other employments. We could show our girls
and boys and our neighbors how really less capital is required to
start profitably in the business of dairy farming, than in almost any
other occupation. I wish we might appreciate also the advantages
of the dairyman’s home, in the faci that all the members of the fam-

640 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

ily can be occupied in some profitable way, without unnecessary
hardship on the dairy farm. I wish we might appreciate the fact
and tell our neighbors how delightful is the work of the dairy farmer,
how life in the open air and the interest being with living things
vives health and vitality to body and mind, and makes hopes glad.
Perhaps you are not in the habit of thinking enough about these
things, and we forget to speak often about them to our boys and
girls. I wish we might bring it home to them that our occupation
really develops the most desirable habits of industry and economy
and good morals. I wish we might impress, upon them
that surroundings most helpful to manhood are found on
dairy farms. I wish we could make, them see how es-
pecially calculated is dairy farming to show that labor is honor-
able, and that it is worthy of all their best efforts. And standiag
here in the State Capitol, I am impressed with the idea of special
opportunity which coines with dairy farming, of honorable partici-
pation in political life of the better sort. No occupation offers
greater possibilities of political leadership than dairy farming.

Your President hag stated the importance of knowing the needs
of the dairy. We should make these needs better known through
the newspapers. Perhaps some of you noted, as I did, the small im-
portance that seems to be attached by the city press to this meeting.
The only indication that I could find in the Harrisburg papers this
morning that this convention is being held, was a small item in one
of the papers, barely mentioning it, and saying that the program was
being followed; yet the Governor was here and presided for an hour!
Now, the daily paper has a large share in the instruction of your
boys, and I mention this because of the importance of bringing our
work properly before the representatives of the press.

I will only urge a few suggestions as to the special advantages for
dairying in Pennsylvania, and then [I will stop, because I know you
are anxious to hear the others who are to speak at this session.

To the dairy farmer there is no more important question than
that of the water supply. In this state with its mountain springs
and many streams, water is abundant.

I was quite impressed at the creamery session this morning with
the fact that your butter makers seem already to have found suf-
ficient markets for their product. Another advantage is the ease
with which the markets near home can be reached.

You have the advantage over men in other forms of agriculture,
in that you are turning the rough products which others sell into the
finer and more finished products less bulky and more valuable,
so that you are able in selling butter and cream from your farm, to
do so at a less cost for transportation, and thus, of course, to in-
crease your total profits.

There is another advantage partly discussed yesterday by Prof.
Hopkins, in the increased value of the land which comes from dairy
farming. I could give you reports from other states, from Germany:
and from Denmark that go to show this. Where they raise one crop
exclusively, such as tobacco or cotton, the farm loses fertility. Some
of the great farms of the west, once producing year after year enor-
mous crops of wheat, have been brought by that system down to a
yield of only eight or nine bushels per acre. But now, with dairy

INI@S le DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 641

farming they are going up_again to yields of 30 or 40 bushels, and
to largely increased cash values for the land.

I would like to show you the value of the co-operative cow testing
associations as developed in Denmark. The average increase in
milk production after five years’ trial was nearly 1,000 pounds per
cow per year. The average increase in butter was 43 pounds per
cow per year. I would like to discuss this with you at some length,
but I will merely suggest that you join in the plan for co-operative
testing ag outlined by your President. We will help you from
Washington all we can. I will not go into this argument with you,
as I understand that Mr. Van Alstyne has already given an excellent
talk on this subject; I will simply add an illustration: A little herd
of 12 dairy cows up in New Hampshire produced in the course of
a year a net profit of $195.86—a small amount—but the profit from
the best cow was canted 30 cents ‘ef the combined profit of the first
six cows in the herd. Four of these cows barely paid expenses.
The owner of this herd might sell his six poor cows and lose no more
profit than if he only sold his best one. So, unless you keep a
record of each cow’s : produc tion, you do not know where your profit
comes from or just what you are doing when you buy or sell cows.

We, who know, are under obligations to do better things our-
selves, and to raise the average of the farms around us. It is so
pitifully low. In an average neighborhood into which one of our
men went, he found that the average production of butter of the
dairy herds supplying milk te the creamery was about 140 pounds
per cow per year. After he went there and worked with them, the
herd on which he was employed averaged 280 pounds of butter per
year per cow, just twice the previous average of the neighboring
herds. You will very likely find similar cases around your own
home. Appreciate your oppportunities to raise the standard in your
community.

It is encouraging to know that a more scientific and reasonable
understanding of the advantages of dairying is coming to both men
and women. About a year ago I had the pleasure of talking with
a woman who is most enthusiastically interested in supplying cer-
tified milk to the people of Chicago, having a farm a few miles up
the lake, where she maintains sanitary conditions, and sets a fine
example to many of the men engaged in supplying milk to the city.
I also learn that Philadelphia is receiving a high quality of certified
milk, a sample of which will be shown here tomorrow, produced by
a successful woman dairy farmer, personally interested in the oc-
cupation which she adorns.

Let us go home from this Convention holding our heads high as
successful dairy farmers, and while we congratulate ourselves on
the adv antages we have, let us urge our boys to go to the Agricul-
tural Colleges and learn how to do things scientifically, and when
they return with thorough preparation, let us join with them in
practical application of the best methods to the advancement of
our common interests.

41—7—1906.

642 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

SOME THINGS IN DAIRY FARMING.

(An address prepared for the Dairymen’s Convention at Harris-
burg, Pa., January 24, 1907, by Hon. W. D. Hoard, Fort Atkinson,
Wis.)

What does it mean to be a dairy farmer of today? This is a
very important question to everyone down the long line of men who
make up this great dairy industry. There is no man in that line
who is as important to the industry, as the farmer back on the farm.
On him must rest nearly every important consideration; the quantity
of the product, the quality of it, for here he governs completely;
the stability of it for if he finds it unprofitable the whole line
wayers and is thrown into confusion. It is his honor, conscience,
intelligence and watchful care that determines the quality of all
the products of the cow. On quality depends consumption, and on
comsumption depends price and profit. All this depends on the man
behind the cow. Then, besides, the character of the cow herself
depends on his intelligence, discernment and enterprise.

The dairy farmer is the man at the switch sending the train along
the right track or stalling it on a siding.

We have only to think this business of dairying out to its roots
and branches to see that all the forces of education, law and public
opinion should be enlisted to make the dairy farmer understand his
own importance to the whole, and fully and thoroughly understand
what it means to be a dairy farmer of today.

In thousands of instances the love of money, larger profit, better
reward, is not enough to make thinkers of unthinking men, who
keep cows and unprofitably fill the place of a profitable dairy farmer.
And so there must be constant agitation of the subject, constant
stirring of thought, constant holding of conventions and institutes;
constant reading and study, that if possible, these men who keep
cows and do net realize what dairying means, may be reached and
lifted up until they can see the question in its true light.

Think of the great width of this question. Think of the vast
army of men it supports from the farm to the creamery and cheese
factory; to the thousands of dealers and commission merchants; to
the manufacturers of machinery and dairy supplies; to the great
transportation interests on both sea and land that look to it for
sustenance. Then think of the millions of consumers who wait upon
the cow and all these intermediaries for their daily food. The cow
makes it right, pure and good. If there is anything wrong with it,
it comes from the ignorance, indifference and wilful neglect of the
men who stand between the cow and the consumer. Chief among
these is the farmer. He must be held to the largest responsibility
for he has the most to do with the milk at the time of its greatest
liability to bad impressions. At every stage beyond him modern
science has done more to perfect the way than it has at the farm,
and this for the reason that farmers, as a class, have not believed
in science. They have not taken an educated mental interest in their

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 643

business. The domain of science is in the mind and farmers have
had but little mind for it. Hence, they do not see how it bears
upon their work. The greatest problem in agriculture today is to
get the farmer to see where science touches him and his life work
and so take advantage of what she has to give. ~

Right here lies the larger meaning of dairy farming. I have
spoken thus in a general sense so we may take a larger view for a
moment of the great field dairying occupies and the necessity that
exists that the dairy farmer should comprehend well his own re-
lation to it. I have selected a few special lines to talk upon that
bear most sharply upon the farmer. First of these is the breeding
of the right kind of a cow for his work. Do you know that when
we come to study into this question, it is absolutely appalling to
see what enormous losses the farmers of the country sustain because
they will persist in breeding and keeping cows unfit for dairy work.

Hoard’s Dairyman has spent $3,000 in taking cow censuses in
ten states, from lowa and Minnesota all the way to New England.
In several of these states such as Wisconsin, Ohio and New York,
several censuses have been taken. In the main they were of 100
herds each. As accurate study as possible was made of each cow,
in each herd, and a statement made of what she earned at the
creamery and what she cost in feed.

From this mass of testimony the best that has ever been at-
tempted, we find that fully one-third of the cows are kept at actual
loss.

Think what a drain upon the farmer and the country this is.
Is it not time that the men who keep the cows tried to obtain a
better understanding of what it means to be a dairy farmer?

e
THE UPWARD STEP.

We are all affected by our environment. How universally true
is the old saying “A man is known by the company he keeps.”
There is no getting away from the influence of association. Every
farmer is subject to it. The books and papers he reads are his
associates, just as much as the men he meets. One of the greatest
dairymen Wisconsin ever produced was Hiram Smith, of Sheboygan
county, who died in 1890 and for whom one of the important build-
ings on 'the University Campus, the Hiram Smith Hall, was named.
One of his favorite sayings was “A registered sire is a great edu-
cator. It is an upward step.” He had seen farmers about him in
all stages of development and with no development and he declared
that there was no hope of a man’s upward progress as a farmer
just as long as he kept a grade or scrub sire. Here again do we
see the effect of the law of association. We have noted it ourself
in hundreds of instances. All about us in Jefferson county, Wis-
consin, now noted for its production of dairy cattle, are farmers who
have made handsome progress in knowledge and wealth. Their pro-
gress dates from the very hour that they commenced keeping a
pure-bred sire. A large proportion of them are Germans, who have
been obliged to learn to read English in a slow and difficult manner.
They saw the improvement that came in their neighbor’s cattle from
such a sire. That set them to thinking. Buyers came and paid
more for the heifers and cows from such sires. The buyers were a

644 : ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

different order of men. They talked on an upward grade. Here
was another association. One good sire at registered prices, suc-
ceeded another. That was more association. Yheir minds began
to expand; they could see more in this business of dairy farming.
Their farms are selling for $100 to $150 an acre. They sell annually
a half million dollars’ worth of cattle. Their sons are going ahead,
making more intelligent dairy farmers than did the fathers. They
are attending the short course at the College of Agriculture. Several
of them have branched out into breeding registered cattle. In 20
years there will be hundreds of such breeders in Jefferson county.
Who can measure the influence and effect upon a farmer when he
commences to associate with pure-pred cattle.

Yes, Hiram Smith was right “A registered sire is a great edu-
cator.” “A man is known by the company he keeps.” Scrub cattle
will hold a man down to scrub ideas on general farming. There can
be no “upward step.” The influence is retroactive on both the
farmer and his cattle. Better ideas lie at the bottom of all better-
ment.

There are a hundred copies of dairy and agricultural papers read
by our Jefferson county farmers today where there was one 20
years ago. The barns, the fences, the fields of alfalfa, clover and
corn, all show an upward trend in thought as well as in the methods
they practice. How powerful has been the reflex effect of this law
of association. Let us be careful of the company we keep. “Birds
of a feather flock together.’ When a man buys a registered sire
he gives notice to the world that he is on an up grade himself in
his ideas of cattle. It will not be long before he will think towards
Improvement in other things.

s
KEEP THE CALVES DRY AND CLEAN.

Every human mother, that is fit to be a mother, knows that if her
baby is allowed to remain wet and uncleanly, it will soon grow
sickly. The bovine baby is strictly amenable to the same law.
Every calf raiser must have seen the ill effects of allowing calves
to lie in their own voidings and urine. A farmer was once showing
us his stock. His horses were bedded down with an abundance of
straw. His calves were lying in filth and moisture that made us
indignant to behold. ‘What are you raising those calves for?”
we asked. “To make cows of them,” he replied. “Oh, no, you are
not. You are raising them to be weak sickly failures,’ was our
answer. He compressed to us that he had lost a good many calves,
but he never had thought that the way he kept them was the
cause.

Turn a calf or a pig out in the woods and it will find for itself
a bed of dry leaves in a clean place, and they will keep healthy, if
they have food enough.

In my own calf stable every winter are from 25 to 30 calves.
Around the outside, next to the wall, isa feeding alley. Then comes
a row of stanchions, the only place on the premises where I use a
stanchion. Then comes the open ample room with a dirt floor.
This is covered every day, and if necessary, twice a day, either with
bright dry straw or shavings. This floor is sprinkled night and
morning with a good disinfectant. The calves are fed in these

INOS 1G. 1S DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 645

stanchions, with skim milk, fresh from the separator, in clean tin
pails twice a day. Then they are given a feed of oats or barley
meal, followed by alfalfa hay. All this consumes an hour, say.
Then they are let out of the stanchions to run at will on the floor.
Twice a day they are let out in the big barn yard to have a run
and play. Fresh water is kept standing before them, on the floor of
the stable, all the time.

Now ‘this care takes a little time and thought. But you can
never have skill and good judgment, nor the rewards of skill and
judgment, unless you invest time and thought. All this care has
a great effect on the future cow. I have raised but one heifer,
pure bred or grade to cowhood in 15 years, that would not produce
300 pounds of butter and over a year. It is this careful develop-
ing care and feed, I believe, aided by good breeding, that has given
me these results.

Don’t you think I have made a good deal more money with my
cows by this method, than I would if I had pursued the common
neglectful way? Farmers have not yet begun to half think, on the
fine possibilities there are in the production of valuable cows. The
demand for dairy products, all over the Union, is far ahead of the
supply. And the cleaner, sweeter, more perfect we make that
product the more does the demand increase.

Think of the demand there is, today, for good cows. A few weeks
ago Mr. F. B. Fargo, of Lake Mills, Wis., placed a five-line ad. in
Hoard’s Dairyman, offering to furnish Holstein grade cows by the
carload. In two weeks’ time he had received hundreds of letters,
as far distant as Texas, Mexico, California, Oregon and the states
on the Atlantic coast, the writers of which were all anxious for
one or more carloads. He was amazed at the demand. It is so in
other dairy breeds. Don’t you think it will pay to turn your atten-
tion to the question of producing superior cows for your own use
and the market?

The present methods of handling cows, in the great milk pro-
ducing centers, amounts to the destruction almost of all calf raising.
Cows are bought, fed high for a year or so, and sold to the butcher.
This makes all the better, the chance for the intelligent, far sighted,
dairy farmer to make a handsome profit in growing cows to supply
that market.

A GOOD SIRE.

There is a great host of dairy farmers who cannot yet see the cash
advantage of buying a pure-bred bull and paying the going price for
him. The price blinds their eyes, and so they go around looking for
a cheap bull, not one that can bring them something good in return.
They will say, “Oh, I’m not breeding registered stock. I cannot af-
ford to pay the regular price for a bull.” That is short sighted econ-
omy as sure as they live. They are keeping down the quality of their
own cows in the future and the value of the young heifers they may
want to sell. An Illinois man who annually buys over a hundred
thousand dollars’ worth of cows and heifers in Jefferson county, Wis.,
said to me recently, ‘I buy a cow on her looks, but I never buy a
heifer until I take a look at her sire. If he ig a good one, I am more
confident of the value of the heifer.”

646 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Now, here is a practical example drawn from my own experience:
In February, 1902, the Guernsey bull, StarlighUs Excelsior 7992, was
born. He was bred by the late N. Pp. Fairbanks, of Lake Geneva,
Wis. I bought him when little more than a calf, paying a price up
in the hundr eds for him. I was attracted to him by the rich charac-
ter of his pedigree, the excellent record of the cows back of him and
his strong prepotent appearance. He will be five years old Febru-
ary next, and is in his prime. From that bull I have sold $810
worth of grade Guernsey heifer calves, $1,500 worth registered
heifer calve es, $2,000 worth of registered bull calves, making a total
of cash sales of calves, from him, of $4.310. I have on hand six of
his heifers in milk two years old that I can sell any day for $1,500,
and 18 of his calves with nine more to come that are worth at a low
estimate $2,500. This makes the total value of his stock up to date,
$8,310. Cut it in two, giving one-half of the value to the cows and
then the bull stands credited with $4,155. Could I afford to pay a
good price for him?

When I was a boy I read in an old almanac this verse:

“A fiddler had a cow and he had nothing for

to feed her, :
So he took his fiddle and played the tune

‘Consider, cow! consider.’ ”

Allow me for a few minutes to sing the changes on the word “consi-
der.” Please consider that the grade, heifer calves of this bull
such as any farmer can raise if he will but have rich blood in the bull
to start with, brought me $810, double what he cost me. It is hard to
make dairy farmers see that they want good well-bred stock them-
selves; next, that there are thousands of other farmers that want it
more than they do and are willing to pay for it. Consider, that
there is no one form of our live stock to-day that is so scarce as good
cows; that in the natural evolution of public conviction, cows wil
be scarcer owing to weeding out of unfit cows and consequent reduc-
tion of the size of the herds; that the consumption of milk as a food
is increasing to an enormous extent and as a consequence is stiffen-
ing the prices of butter and cheese. In most of the butter and cheese
producing districts there is a noticeable lessening of production ow-
ing to the drainage of cows away to other sections for city milk
production.

Consider, that in all these city milk producing districts there are
but very few calves raised, while the cows are kept rarely more than
three years.

Consider, that only one-half of all the calves are heifers and of
these but a small percentage reach cowhood, that consequently the
increase of cows in so great a dairy state as Wisconsin has been
only 53 per cent. yearly from 1850 to 1900. Consider, that every
child born is a consumer of milk but not always of meat.

Consider, the enormous increase in the population of this country,
vastly ahead of the increase in the cow population. Consider, all
these things as having a bearing on the future of the dairy industry
and then tell me if you do not think there is a good prospect ahead
for the farmer who will go into the business*of producing and rearing
first class dairy cows, bred from sires of undoubted dairy parentage.

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 647

I have a neighbor, a bright keen German dairy farmer. He buys
every four or five years, the best registered Guernsey bull calf he can
find to replace his old bull in a year or so.. He pays handsome prices
for his bulls and he will not buy a cheap animal. Mind you his herd
is nearly all grade cows. He is a fine calf raiser and sells annually
from 8 to 10 prime young heifers and yearlings for from $25 to $40
each, and he has quick sale for all he can produce. He will tell you
every time that the great factor of success with him is the high qual-
ity of the bull he keeps. Don’t you think his advanced ideas pay him
better than as though he had no such ideas? He lives on a rented
farm of 171 acres and he gives cash receipts of the farm in butter,
cream, hogs, poultry, young cattle, etc., to the amount of $4,000 an-
nually and he has half of it. Don’t you think it pays him to practice
advanced ideas of farming?

THE MATTER OF BREED.

It is a common thing to hear men say: “Pay no attention to the
matter of breed in cows. What you want is a cow that will do busi-
ness at the pail.” That sort of talk is very superficial. The question
of breed is a very important one. The farmers of Minnesota fol-
lowed Prof. Shaw for years and as he told them, selected beef bred
bulls to breed “dual purpose” cows for dairy work. They found at
last, to their sorrow, that they were getting the losing end of the
bargain. Their cows were failures as dairy animals. Hoard’s
Dairyman warned them against the practice, and anybody who had
an understanding of the effects of breed on feed, could have told them
the same. For years the farmers of Iowa have been advised the same
thing. All the forces of agricultural education were put in requisi-
tion to hold them to the “dual purpose” idea. But the cows result-
ing from such breeding are not, as a rule, economic dairy animals.

The Iowa farmers, those of them who are looking into the thing,
are finding that with such cows, they are losing more at the pail than
they are making in beef. And so they are getting around. Hoard’s
Dairyman has for years preached this doctrine: If you want milk you
must breed for it, and breed for it specifically.

Mistakes in breeding are a long time in making themselves felt.
Hence the importance to every farmer that he should have correct
ideas as to the principles of breeding. No wonder that he is con-
fused when well-known teachers and breeders juggle with these
principles. It is as though one said, “Twice two is either three or
five just as yon want it.” Yes, there is a great deal in breed. We
once heard a story of a “dual purpose” man who went to hire out as
a teacher of a country district school. The clerk asked him a few
questions among which was this: “Is the earth round or flat?”
“Well,” said the man, “I teaches ’em both ways, just what they
want.2

A great many farmers have wanted “dual purpose” cows if they
could get them. They called for that kind of teaching and they got
it. But it was wrong, and they are finding it out in the last analysis
of real practical results, at the pail. The farmers who stayed by the
dairy bred cow are winning by it. Yes! there is a good deal in breed.

I spoke of the effect of breed on feed. There is a great mystery
here, that no man has solved. Here stands a bale of hay. On one
side is a cow; on the other is a sheep, on the other a horse. In one

648 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

case the result is milk, in the other wool, in the other speed or draft,
and the same mystery appears in the same family of animals.
Twelve quarts of oats ted 4o J.1.C. resulted in a mile in 2:10. That
was the speed product of 12 quaris of oats, provided they were fed
to J.1.C. Two cows stand side by side in my barn. They are of the
same breed, and both are fed the same ration. One cow takes that
food and turns out two pounds of butter fat a day, the other one
pound. What is that secret through which comes such a wide dis-
parity of results? So far as we can see, it is individuality.

Now, men have seized upon these individual traits in animals.
They are functional in character. By steadfast, patient work,
mating agreeing individualities or functions together, after a long
time they have established these traits as breed characteristics and
we have the speed or draft function in horses, the milk and butter
trait, or the meat producing trait in cattle, the fine wool or mutton
function in sheep, and so on. A great variety of ruling traits have
been established. But it is very slow work. Nature yields but re-
luctantly to any and all modifications of structure and specific pur-
pose. /

The modern dairy cow, as has been weil said, is an artificial pro-
duct. She is greatly needed in the sharp, close economy of our farm-
ing work because of the greatiy increasing demand for her product.
This modern dairy cow is not a rustler. She must be given the care,
surroundings or environment, and feed suitable to her artifical na-
ture, if you expect the results she is capable of giving.

Then comes this everlasting proposition of farm economics, reduc-
ing the cost of production. When I turn to those two cows, one
giving me twice the product for the same cost of food that the other
does, I naturally inquire how this comes. Now when I find that
the first cow comes down from a better line of producing ancestors
than the other, it is apt to impress me with the idea that there is
something in breeding, not everything, but something.

Now, ail there is to this question of breeding for specific qualities
or traits, is the attempt to establish as a breed characteristic, that
which originally existed as an individual characteristic. So after
a long time, we have the Holstein cow with her peculiar traits,
bred into her for a thousand years; the Ayrshire with hers, the
Jersey and the Guernsey with theirs. If you study her you will
find that Nature does her best work in straight lines, and in obe-
dience to single purposes. If you attempt to make her construct a
combined speed and draft horse, or a combined milk and beef cow,
she tells you at once that the structural type of form of each is
different owing to the demand of differing functions, the same as
the difference in form of the sewing machine and the mowing
machine.

She tells you also that established prepotencies of hereditary,
one opposing the other, cannot be mated and combined to the estab-
lishment of a third prepotency partaking of the nature of beth.

She tells you further, that such a forced combination results in
a conflict of prepotencies and no wise breeder will set Nature to
fighting herself. Our “dual purpose” friends have made one serious
mistake. They have based their theory too much on the sporadic
or occasional appearance of some most excellent cow here and there

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 649

in their ranks. They have gone on building the beefiest bulls they
could produce, paying no attention to the laws of dairy form and
function, and expecting profitable milk results from such a contra-
dictory combination. e

I have asked for years this question: “Where are the Shorthorn
bulls, for instance, that show in their form and outline, a milk
heredity, or that can be depended on to breed with any profitable
certainty for milk production? This ignoring almost altogether the
male line of descent, all the time breeding from the beefiest of
beef heredity, and then talking about ‘a milking strain’ is un-
scientific, impracticable, and as the old Yankee said ‘insensible,’ ”

-

49

APPENDIX.

( 651 )

OFFICIAL DOCUMENT, INGE We

APPENDIX.

rst OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE PENNSYL-
VANIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

ANNUAL REPORTS.

*Report of the
*Report of the
*Report of the
*Report of the
*Report of the
*Report of the
*Report of the
*Report of the
*Report of the
*Report of the

State Board of Agriculture, 336 pages, 1877.
State Board of Agriculture, 625 pages, 1878.
State Board of Agriculture, 560 pages, 1879.
State Board of Agriculture, 957 pages, 1880.
State Board of Agriculture, 646 pages, 1881
State Board of Agriculure, 645 pages, 1882.
State Board of Ag riculture, 645 pages, 1883.
State Board of Agriculture, 648 pages, 1884.
State Board of Agriculture, 645 pages, 1885.
State Board of Agriculture, 646 pages, 1886.
*Report of the State Board of Agriculture, 650 pages, 1887.
*Report of the State Board of Agriculture, 648 pages, 1888.
*Report of the State Board of Agriculture, 650 pages, 1889.
*Report of the State Board of Agriculture, 594 pages, 1890.
*Report of the State Board of Agriculture, 600 pages, 1891.

*Report of the
*Report of the
*Report of the

State Board of Agriculture, 640 pages, 1892,
State Board of Aericulture, 713 pages, 1893.
State Board of Agriculture, 646 pages, 1894.

*Report of the Department of Agriculture, 878 pages, 1895.
*Report of the Department of Agriculture, Part 1, 820 pages, 1896.
*Report of the Department of Agriculture, Part 2, 444 pages, 1896.
*Report of the Department of Agriculture, Part i, 897 pages, 1897.
*Report of the Department of Agriculture, Part 2, 509 pages, 1897.
*Report of the Department of Avriculture, S94 pages, 1898.
*Report of the Department of Agriculture, Part 1, 1082 pages, 1899.
*Report of the Department of Agriculture, Part 2, 368 pages, 1899.
*Report of the Department of Agriculture, Pare i, 1010 pages, 1900.
*Report of the Depariment of Agriculture, Part 2, 348 pages, 1900.
*Report of the Department of Agriculture, Part 1,1040 pages, 1901.
*Report of the Department of Agriculture, Part 2, 464 pages, 1901.

*Note.—Edition exhausted.

( 653 )

654

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doce.

*Report of the Department of Agriculture, Part 1, 1030 pages,1902.

*Report of the Department of Agriculture, Part 2, 324 pages, 1902.
Report of the Department of Agriculture, 958 pages, 1903.
Report of the Department of Agriculture, 790 pages, 1904.
Report of the Department of Agriculture, 846 pages, 1905.
Report of the Department of Agriculture, 690 pages, 1905. = -

No.

BULLETINS.

1.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 24 pages,
2.* List of Lecturers of Farmers’ Institutes, 36 pages, 1895.
3.* The Pure Food Question in Pennsylvania, 38 pages, 1895.
4,* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 22 pages.

5.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 38 pages,

6.* Taxidermy; how to collect Skins, etc., 128 pages, 1896.
7.* List of Creameries in Pennsylvania, 68 pages, 1896.
8.* Report of State Horticultural Association, 108 pages,
9.* Report of Dairymen’s Association, 96 pages, 1896.
10.* Prepared Food for Invalids and Infants, 12 pages, 1896.
11.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 22 pages

12.* Road Laws for Pennsylvania, 42 pages, 1896.

13.* Report of Butter Colors, 8 pages, 1896.

14.* Farmers’ Institutes in Pennsylvania, 92 pages, 1896.
15.* Good Roads for Pennsylvania, 42 pages, 1896.

16.* Dairy Feeding as Practiced in Pennsylvania, 126 pages,

17.* Diseases and Enemies of Poultry, 128 pages, 1896.
18.* Digest of the General and Special Road Laws for Penn-

Pe Te 130 pages, 1896.

pages,

No.
1897.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.

"1897.

19. * Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 40 pages,

20.* Preliminary Report of Secretary, 126 pages, 1896.
21.* The Township High School, 24 pages, 1897

22.* Cider Vinegar of Pennsylvania, 28 pages, 1897.

23.* Tabulated Anaylses of Commercial Fertilizers, 31

24.* Pure Food and Dairy Laws of Pennsylvania, 19 pages,

25.* Farmers’ Institutes in Pennsylvania, 8 pages, 1897.
26.* Farmers’ Institutes in Pennsylvania, 74 pages, 1897.
27.* The Cultivation of American Ginseng, 23 pages, 1897.
28.* The Fungous Foes of the Farmer, 19 pages, 1897.
29.* Investigations in the Bark of Trees, 17 pages, 1897.

*Note.—Edition exhausted.

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 655

No. 30.* Sex in Plants, 17 pages, 1897.

No. 31.* The Economic Side of the Mole, 42 pages, 1898.

No. 32.* Pure Food and Dairy Laws, 30 pages, 1898.

No. 33.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 42 pages,

No. 34.* Preliminary Report of the Secretary, 150 pages, 1898.
No. 35.* Veterinary Medicines, 23 pages, 1898.

No. 36.* Constitutions and By-Laws, 72 pages, 1898.

No. 37.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 40 pages,

No. 38.* Farmers’ Institutes in Pennsylvania, 8 pages, 1898.
No. 39.* Farmers’ Institutes in Pennsylvania, 88 pages, 1898.
No. 40.* Questions and Answers, 206 pages, 1898.

No. 41.* Preliminary Reports of the Department, 189 pages, 1899.
No. 42.* List of Creameries in Pennsylvania, 88 Dae 1899.

No. 43.* The San José and other Scale Insects, 2 22 pages, 1899.
Ne. 44.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 62 pages,

1899. °

No. 45.* Some Harmful Household Insects, 18 pages, 1899.
No.* 46. Some Insects Injurious to Wheat, 24 pages, 1899.

No. 47.* Some Insects Attacking Fruit, etc., 19 pages, 1899.

No. 48.* Common Cabbage Insects, 14 pages, 1899.

No. 49.* Methods of Protecting Crops, etc., 20 pages, 1899.
No. 50.* Pure Food and Dairy Laws of Pennsylvania, 33 pages,

No. 51.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 69 pages,

No. 52* Proceedings Spring Meeting of Round-up Meeting,
Farmers’ Institute Managers, ete., 296 pages, 1899.
No. 53.* Farmers’ Institutes in Pennsylvania, 1899-1900, 94 pages

No. 54.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 163
pages, 1899.

No. 55.* The Composition and Use of Feltilizers, 126 pages, 1899.

No. 56. Nursery Fumigation and the Construction and Manage-
ment of the Fumigating House, 24 pages, 1899.

No. 57. The Application of Acetylene Illumination to Country
Homes, 85 pages, 1899.

No. 58. The Chemical study of the Apple and Its Products, 44
pages, 1899. _

No. 59. Fungous Foes of Vegetable Fruits, 39 pages, 1899.

No. 60.* List of Creameries in Pennsylvania, 33 pages, 1899.

No. 61.* The Use of Lime in Pennsylvania Soils, 170 pages, 1900.

No. 62. A Summer’s Work Abroad in School Grounds, Home
Grounds, Play © irounds, Parks and Forests, 34 pages, 1900.

No. 63. A Course in Nature Study for Use in the Public Schools,
119 pages, 1900.

No. 64. Nature Study Reference Library for Use in the Public
Schools, 22 pages, 1900.

No. 65. Farmers’ Library List, 29 pages, 1900.

No. 66.* Pennsylvania Road Statistics, 98 pages, 1900.

No. 67. Methods of Steer Feeding, 14 pages, 1900.

*Note.—Edition exhausted.

§56 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

No. 68.* Farmers’ Institutes in Pennsylvania, 90 pages, 1900.

No. 69.* Road Making Materials of Pennsylvania, 104 pages,
1900.

No. 70.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 97 pages,
1900.

No. 71. Consolidation of Country Schools and the Tranporta-
tion of Scholars by Use of Vans, 89 pages, 1900.

No. 72.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 170
pages, 1900.

No. 73. Synopsis of the Tax Laws of Pennsylvania, 132 pages,
1901.

No. 74.* The Repression of Tuberculosis of Cattle by Sanitation,
24 yee

No. * Tuberculosis of Cattle, and the Pennsylvania Plan for
its aren 262 pages, 1901.

No. 76. <A Co-operative Investigation into the Agricultural Seed
Supply of a 50 pages, 1901.

No. %7.* Bee Culture, 101 pages, 1901.

No. * List of County and Local Agricultural Societies, 10
pages, 1901.

No. 79. Rabies, 28 pages, 1901.

No. 80.* Decisions of the Department of Agriculture on the Pure
Food Act of 1895, 20 pages, 1901.

No. 81.* Concentrated Commercial Feeding Stuffs in Pennsyl-
vania, 186 pages, 1901.

No. 82.* Containing the Law Creating a Department of Agricul-
ture in “Pennsylvania, and Giving the Various Acts of Assembly
Committed to the Department for Enforcement; Together with De-
cisions and Standards Adopted with Reference to the Pure Food
Act of 1895, 90 pages, 1901.

No. 83.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 132
pages, 1901.

No. 84. Methods of Steer Feeding; the Second Year of Co-opera-
tive Experiment by the Pennsylvania State Department of Agri-
culture and the Pennsylvania State College Agricultural Experi-
ment Station, 16 pages, 1901.

No. 85.* Farmers’ Institutes of Pennsylvania, 102 pages, 1901.

No. 86.* Containing a Complete List of Licenses granted by the
Dairy and Food Commissioner, from January 1, 1901, to July 1, 1901,
etc., 422 pages, 1901.

No. 87.* Giving Average Composition of Feeding Stuffs, 42
pages, ae

No. * List of Creameries in Pennsylvania, 33 pages, 1901.

No. oe Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 195
pages, 1901.

No. 90. Treatment of San José Scale in Orchard and Nursery,
o>. pages, 1902. -

No. 91. Canning of Fruits and Vv egetables, 57 pages, 1902.

No. 92.* List of Licenses Granted by the Dairy and Food Com-
missioner, 193 pages, 1902.

No. 93. The Fundamentals of Spraying, 35 pages, 1902.

*Note.—Edition exhausted.

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 657

No. 94. Phosphates—Phosphatic or Phosphoric Acid Fertilizers,
87, pages, 1902.

No. 95.* County and Local Agricultural Societies, 1902, 12
pages, 1902.

No. 96. Insects Injurious to Cucurbitaceous Plants, 31 pages,
1902.

No. 97. The Management of Greenhouses, 41 pages, 1902.

No. 98. Bacteria of the Soil in their Relation to Agriculture,
88 pages, 1902.

No. 99. Some Common Insect Pests of the Farmer, 32 pages,
1902.

No. 100.* Containing Statement of Work of Dairy and Food Di-
vision from January 1, 1902, to June 30, 1902, 225 pages, 1902.

Ne: 1Od.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 137
pages, 1902.

No. 102. The Natural Improvement of Soils, 50 pages, 1902.

No. 103.* List of Farmers’ Institutes of Pennsylvania, 67 pages,
1902.

No. 104. Modern Dairy Science and Practice, 127 pages, 1902.

No. 105.* Potato Culture, 9 pages, 1902.

No. 106. The Varieties of Fruit that can be Profitably Grown in
Pennsylvania, 50 pages, 1902.

No. 107. Analyses of Concentrated Commercial Feed Stuffs, 62
pages, 1903.

No. 108. The Hessian Fly in Pennsylvania, —— 1903 (Never
printed.)

No. 109.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers 208
pages, 1903. :

No. 110.* Containing Statement of Work of Dairy and Food Di-
vision from July 1, to December 31, 1902, 248 pages, 1903.

No. 111. Smail Fruits, their Origin, Gulture and Marketing, 66
pages, 1903.

No. 112.* List of County and Local Agricultural Societies, 10
pages, 1903.

No. 113. Methods of Milking, 96 pages, 1903.

No. 114.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 116
pages, 1903.

No. 115. Proceedings of Annual Meeting of Farmers’ Institute
Managers and Lecturers, 210 pages, 1903.

No. 116* Farmers Institutes in Pennsylvania, Season 1903-1904,
64 pages, 1903.

No. 117. Potash Fertilizers—Sources and Methods of Applica-
tion, 46 pages, 1903.

No. 118.* Containing the Laws Creating the Office of Dairy and
Food Commissioner in Pennsylvania, and also a Digest of the Acts
of Assembly Committed to his Administration, 62 pages, 1903.

No. 119.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial. Fertilizers, 115
pages, 1903.

No. 120. The Apple-tree Tent-caterpillar, 46 pages, 1903.

No. 121. Address of Hon. Joseph W. Hunter, State Highway
Commissioner, Delivered at Annual Meeting of State Board of Agri-
culture, January 28, 1904, 16 pages, 1903.

*Note.—Edition exhausted.

42—_7—1906.

658 ANNUAL REPORT OF THB Off. Doc.

No. 122.* Analyses of Concentrated Commercial Feeding Stuffs,
52 pages, 1904.

No. 123. Chestnut Culture, 50 pages, 1904.

No. 124.* County and Local Agricultural Fairs, 10 pages, 1904.

No. 125. The Source and Nature of Bacteria in Milk, 41 pages,
1904.

No. 126.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, January
1, to August 1, 140 pages, 1904.

No. 127.* Farmers’ Institutes in Pennsylvania, 71 pages, 1904.

No. 128. Grape Culture, 62 pages, 1904.

No. 129. Alfalfa Culture in Humid Land, 64 pages, 1904.

No. 130. The Cow-pea in the North, 41 pages, 1904.

No. 181. Proceedings, State Board of Agriculture and Farmers’
Normal Institute, 260 pages, 1904.

No. 132.* Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, August 1, to Dec-
ember 31, 70 pages, 1904.

No. 133. The Improvement of Corn in Pennsylvania, 76 pages,
1904.

No. 134. Proceedings of the Twenty-eighth Annual Meeting of
the State Board of Agriculture, 152 pages, 1905.

No. 135. Analyses of Concentrated Feeding Stuffs, 41 pages,
1905.

No. 186.* List of County and Local Agricultural Societies, 8 pages,
1905.

No. 137. Proceedings, Spring Meeting State Board of Agricul-
ture and Farmers’ Annual Normal Institute, 216 pages, 1905.

No. 138.* Analyses Concentrated Commercial Fertilizers, January
1, to August 1, 106 pages, 1905.

No. 139.* Farmers’ Institutes in Pennsylvania, 1905-1906, 93
pages, 1905.

No. 140. Sheep Husbandry, 69 pages, 1905.

No. 141. Laws Relating to the Dairy and Food Division, 47 pages,
1905.

No. 142.* Analyses Concentrated Commercial Fertilizers, August
1, to December 31, 61 pages, 1905.

No. 143. Pouitry in Pennsylvania, 36 pages, 1906.

No. 144. Proceedings of 29th Annual Meeting State Board of
Agriculture, 191 pages, 1906.

No. 145. Commercial Feeding Stuffs in Pennsylvania, 51 pages,
1906.

No. 146. List of County and Local Agricultural Societies, 10
pages, 1906.

No. 147. Market Gardening, 53 pages, 1906.

No. 148. Report of the Bee-Keepers Association of Penna., 57
pages, 1906.

No. 149. Analyses Commercial Fertilizers January 1-August 1,
06. 80 pages, 1906.

No. 150. Farmers’ Institutes in Penna., for year 1906-1907, 72
pages, 1906.

No. 151. Proceedings Spring Meeting of State Board of Agricul:
ture and Farmers’ Annual Normal Institute, 190 pages, 1906.

No. 152. Fruit for Pennsylvania, 330 pages, 1906.

No. 158. Analyses Commercial Fertilizers August 1-December
31, 1906, 60 pages, 1906.

*Note.—Edition exhausted.

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 659

FERTILIZER VALUATIONS—1906.

The object of an official valuation of commercial fertilizers is to
enable the consumer to judge approximately whether he has been
asked to pay for a given brand more than the fertilizing ingredients
it contains and market conditions prevailing at the time would war-
rant. It is clear, therefore, that na attempt is made in this valua-
tion to indicate whether the fertilizer valued possesses a greater or
less crop-producing capacity than another fertilizer; but only
whether it is higher priced than another of the same general com-
position.

For this purpose it must be so computed as to include all the
elements entering into the cost of a fertilizer as it is delivered to
the consumer. These elements may be conveniently grouped as
follows:

1; The wholesale cost of the ingredients.

2. The jobbers’ gross profit on the sale of the ingredients; this
includes office expenses, advertising, losses, etc.; for the purpose of
the present computation it may be assumed that the sum of this
gross profit and the wholesale cost of the ingredients is equivalent
to the retail price of the single ingredients near the wholesale mar-
kets in ton lots of original packages for cash.

3. The expense and profit of mixing: This item applies only to
complete fertilizers, rock and potash, and ammoniated rock; not
to dissolved or ground bone, or to dissolved rock.

4, The expense and profit of bagging.

5. Agents’ commission: This item includes not only the commis-
sion proper, but every advance in price due to the sale of the goods
through an agent in small quantities on time, rather than directly
to the consumer in ton lots for cash.

6. Freight from the wholesale market to the point of delivery.

The valuations for 1905 were based:

1. Upon the wholesale prices from September 1, 1904, to March 1,
1905, of the raw materials used in fertilizer manufacture, the quota-
tions of the New York market being adopted for all materials ex-
cept acidulated phosphate rock and sround bone.

2. Upon an allowance of 20 per cent. of the wholesale prices, above
mentioned, to cover jobbers’ profit.

By adding the 20 per cent. allowed for jobbers’ gross profit to the
wholesale price of the several raw materials, the retail price in
original packages at the jobbers’ warehouse is obtained.

Since the amount of the several valuable fertilizing constituents
in the various raw materials is known, it is a simple matter to de-
termine the corresponding retail value per pound of the valuable
fertilizing constituents yielded by each raw material. A schedule of
these pound values affords a convenient basis of computation of the

value per ton of various fertilizers, whose composition is ascer-
tained by analysis.

600 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

The valeus assigned, for the present, to the other elements in the
cost of the fertilizer at the point of a delivery are:

3. For mixing, $1.00 per ton.

4. For bagging, $1.00 per ton, in all cases except those in which
the article was sold in original packages; the cost of the package
being, in such cases, included in the wholesale price.

5. For agents’ commissions, 20 per cent. of the cost of the goods
f. o. b. at the jobbers’ or mixers’ warehouse.

6. For freight, $2.00 per ton; the cost of the freight in lots of
twelve tons or over, from the seaboard to Harrisburg, averaging
$1.88 per ton.

The following valuation of dissolved South Carolina rock illus-
trates the method:

Phosphoric acid. Per cent. Weight per ton.
Solt ple te) sae eet nats ese ape er te i 11.50 230 Tbs. at 3c. $6 90
REVELCO, crc o Ramee Pie anes 2.50 50 tbs. at 2$c. 1 25
TOU WME ae. Bere seats cen. Saeed 1.00 20 Ibs. at Ide. 30
Retail-cash value of ingredients: >. (nf: 2 aie oe ee eee $8 45
BAD OIMS iis 8 alos ae Sieled Rawr oa Cow Wid Slates ate or ee Loe eae aaee 1 00
Cash value of goods ready for shipment, .........<-- 64.7 g9 45
Arents’ COMMISSION,) 20 per C@Mmitz, s\is sas om eet a cians ier eee 1 89
12) 13h 0) ee ae Nr R RCE A SUNN Som ame terss «Gc ingeees oo Slo < 2 00
Commercial value: per ton, 1.0038 jes ats Santee ee ane .. $13 34

It is not to be expected, of course, that the valuations thus com-
puted will precisely represent the fair price to be charged for a
brand in each locality and in every transaction. Market conditions,
competition, distance from factory; all introduce minor variations.
Nevertheless, to make the approximation reasonably close the
average valuation of a given class of goods ought to agree closely
with its ascertained average selling price. Whenever such an
agreement is no longer obtained by the use of a schedule, it is evi-
dent that the schedule of retail values of the constituents, or the
added allowances for mixing, etc., requires revision.

It is needful to note here another factor greatly affecting the prac-
tical accuracy of these approximations. Their computation would
offer little difficulty and their usefuliess be far greater, if, by the
ordinary methods of analysis, the exact nature of the ingredients
ased to supply the several fertilizer constituents, were capable of
certain determination. This is, however, possible, to-day, to only a
limited extent. The valuations are, therefore based on the assump-
tion that the fertilizers are uniformly compounded from high qual-
ity ingredients, such as are commonly employed in the manufacture
of fertilizers of the several classes. Consumers should carefully
avoid the error of accepting such valuations as infallible; they,are
not designed to be used for close comparisons of single brands, but
only to indicate whether the price asked for a fertilizer is abnormal,
assuming good quality for the ingredients used. From this it is
clear that, except as high freights may require, the selling price of
a brand should .not exceed the valuation; but that a fertilizer
may be made of inferior materials and yet have a high valuation.

IN(Oaanie DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 661

The valuations used during 1904 were modified for use during 1905
in accordance with the changes in wholesale prices of fertilizing
ingredients and to make the valuations more closely follow the sell-
ing price.

The following comparative statement shows the valuations and
selling prices of the several classes of fertilizers during 1901 to
1905:

Fertilizers.

Number of samples.

Valuation.

Selling price,

Difference of valuation
from selling price.

Spring, 1901.
COTielEWE es Ui aah chon Ao dod COMOCOD REO CORE 0 An COCA SnD EST COennC eer 291 24.76 23.92 0.
Rock-and-potash, 1
Dissoived bone,
Guoumdmbome mir. ete ere rane Ge aces saechu vouibens 44 28.71 27.59
Dissolved rock,

Fall, 1901. |
PORES TRUER HES ere teseeis eleva sietaioselercteiatols tm siaisteieisictets | 179 23515. | 22.28 1.47
Rock-and-potash, Ae oe
Dissolved bone,

METI TUTL CL ONIG pieic oe ote id heaiaee oon ea, csalat nl ava. Wate/e-chaxcta «.bsciwisiv eee einielOasione te mee 33 27.69 | 25.94 155
Dissolved rock, | 49 13.82 | 18.18 0.64
Gorip SCORE Nees eRe eee a ats ono eee te ee ooo he 289 25.33 | 24.10 | 1.23
Rock-and-potash, 66 15.05 16.45 —1.40
Dissolved bone, ae 2 17.35 16.450 -85
Se OO UMING SOT Cree aye cistaisininser nies verewiera Sra saninte wis ela ora tatniniaratelarerwsave avereiwiate efeieie te 29 | 26.80 28.52 —1.72
Dissolved rock, 59 3.49 13.73 | —.24

Fall, 1902.
COPMTNENEY Sogagass babosudepaucndade bopabddos 46 scbéu docu nodOdsuSeDaden 229} 23.31 21.83 | 1.48

Rock-and-potash, 62 14.46 15.98 —1.52
Dissolved bone, | 6 | 27.08 | | 25.30 1.78
(SHS Tc Gly [GV lie SR er ar or etl a | Bh | tsb) a aShng iG
Dissolved rock, 56 | 13.70 13.47 .28
Spring, 1903.
Complete, c2:.-2.0.° “5 3F5 24.29 24.57 —.28
Rock-and-potash, . 56 82 | 14.73 17.20 | —2.47
Dissolved bone, 3] 30.87 31.17 —.30
REL TNT TN CLM EOL Osa ah wc os -\cscrexsictaielaverstatelnye) sclayetol flows ieteaueie EEF ae checioncerk inane at | m2) 28.67 —1.42
Dissolved rock, 56 | 3.34 15.13 —1.79
Fall, 1903. |
Qo TIS, “askogstioopaccan denon sod cots pod no Ac Canon BLO SaMRaGE Toso. 264. | 22.77 21.98 -79
EGC o POLISH weiss citer ccroetetelsvers eroterae ceteris cowie cide veisie manecloreleeae «| 74 14.86 15.96 | —1.10
DISSOISOUNOOIIG., Meeicjsrectatals ceresnirie ereraciomteratlein svte-cie Slayers ois wats sia ersyare eae | | 24.57 23.67 90
GROUN GEM MOTENE cariectn cepa tclaticmr tele cre miaire Csicee rok wi icincieecisie onesies 49 | 27.07 27.52 —.45
IDISSOLY CM STOCKS | cuersc eieicisctec nie ole sees srayae oieia.c's bls crelsiaistonsia olsen. 60 3.12 14.64 —1.52
Spring, i904.
SGTUDIT ERO a oratayara.etsiejateroteisters/siciare ats toitistels erate inva,cisiainicie nisi aor pes eles is oveiayeiaiatere 349 25.07 24.28 «79
ROCK AMO =H OCASIIP vcr crecteecinctemnenictelem seitielncmaet Gres aa cinn swreacieelais 75 15.45 16.47 —1.02
IDFISE OS KGGYol “loxes aves WE AC Ate Seon a i AoSrnOcoRCOnen Sanction ae rcC EE OnE Cre rr 2 28.42 S15 —3.08
Quoi aig! Jefe, Lab adh Ato cP Ge EEC CIT AO RE ET ROCr ACLs ee ames 22 A ew i 28.20 —.43
IDES ONG Del inelise SoppoacneocnceUshaSesnmoccrortnocsae dophesdacoeenG 41 | 14.06 14.59 —.52
}
Fall, 1904. | | |
Gomiplete; ciencecenes 256 | 22.53 | 21.82 | oral
Rock-and-potash, . 68 | 14.92 | 15.89 —.97
Dissolved bone. 6 27.77 24.94 2.83
(Greay patel: 910) 0s saa E Oba OCOBDEOe COCO UAIECROOCOOHE SEaOerOnneaa armors } 3s 27.97 | 27.02 95
Dissolved rock, 45 14.09 13.89 20
Spring, 1905.
(Chop etetes ods snabodoo SHO rn AOS ObECOO ano EnEAe ME REELED OOOOROOSICE DE TaG 374 25.60 | 24.63 | .97
RCAC Smee TH TMI EES Ops atae ce oee leieli icicle .elae vide eo Rt en watite ciebemuetaon a aati dare 82 15.49 | TEES —.62
EVES OU CU I OILS at ateietererepa ial ceiesalcte/a. a ale: 1a: 5 es0,0'a1 siete sie) wiala al vichecoiere by atoleyibere 3 | 22.70 23.83 —1.13
CTE NTA ee ieee tat era rm «, Som sini vare wiasesehe a dws dsate oha tteie Mla eia gave 27 26.7: 29.08 | —2.36
WPISSOUVC Umer OGL mae cro sere re niecerpals loons aia o aie oa Frese Areialg wuss, avevelenita crete 47 13.86 3.64 | .22
Fall, 1905.
WONUDLGT OM wasray. tyne ataparcte tetera cotta otic fe obi dic- Sialic. we ainselave serie tobe e es 285 22.35 21.39 96
Rock and potash eerie cee ates sic weciaie ee Naineisee so aeaies se ae 74 5.04 15.97 —.97
IDI SSOURCO me OTE ae crte ete een eee iat tersioicio aie ois olsen id sreveinu ciceintcerae 6 25.85 24.78 ieibe
COUN GAB DEC Cm os cno a nee Re etree aicfoye aieiersioic cinwioicjeosarnss-vioasieienene 35 28.70 27.70 1.00
DISSOMVC a MOGI acto c a ctomitet eI onan aie aicivicia le: ioiare's ln eseieve o's ciacuislecete 49 13.51 12.21 1.30

662 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

The general tendencies of the wholesale market may be judged
from the following comparative statement, obtained from the
weekly reports of the Oil, Paint and Drug Reporter, of New York
City, showing the average wholesale prices of fertilizer raw ma-
terials from September 1, 1904 to March 1, 1905, and from Septem-
ber 1, 1905, to March 1, 1906.

Wholesale Prices of Fertilizer Ingredients, New York, Oil, Paint
and Drug Reporter.

- tes his
go | gal See
2s Oe =
6,5 5,8 aS

; 2A 3A ae

fi 7)

uo) °o ° Eo

S oF ore 258

Substance. rt 4 Es as &

f as BS: pee

z go] Sa | gee

cote es NES

S ssf | es | 886

i ran Pan 3) S)

< < < A

Supp eeate OL ANTI OND Fe ihelale,c ainsaiele'statelsratetsietslarsievetelaisinsa)ster= GCwiti, cencdscuce soc 3.1367 3.1253 99.6
Wala hese vorw ysfoler tn” asosongecboanaoue oboecarianbodancc ane WY) Cyr sie teretm ete ioseae 2.3116 2.2278 96.4
Dried blood, H. G. | Unit (20 Tbs.)59 =. 2.5933 2.6938 102.3
Concentrated tankage, nit. (20) Boss) P.c. 2.3376 2.2161 94.8
Rough bone, ... 5 MOnNs. des deenvarctasene 16.25 15.96 | 98.2
Bone meal, ... BRON ster pe a nie earaaiee 22.875 22.57 98.7
Fish guano, dry, Reale Unit (20. lbs:), <...'||. 2.543 *2.5536 100.4
HISHVSIUIANOS ACIC a cscisines sie hale ceitapieeine ciech wieeiee ames 1 Unit (20 Ibs:),-... 2.20 72.331 106.0
Refuse bone black, oil, | MIRON Osc a aaeenarereiets 13.65 14.00 102.6
IRVERUISEWHOME! DIAC MSIL EIT: Wesiaicltcics!tictesinisieccicvals cinteeta sales} OTL... « sje atererstaletarate’aseian| Marae hie naLas WS:00) Su deriaiee
Phesphate rock: “Charleston, Gace ces vena ve senna moa Sold aie ralatte aati 6.00 5.125 85.4
Phosphate rock, Tennessee | To 3.75 3.87 103.2
INGTON ULE re nlsloreietctorevelece ate rey cis ares nyelelajefarcietutare/aveisiaeteinte 6d8C - 6375. 6375 100.0
TD OMUVED OAM Ue MSEC an veyetelneialnininve ete feveltiajeis oleeietalssetereiaianc tae 1 1.134 1.18 104.0
SUD AEE Od oO COUSIN VEE late cis/ele/o(eievaicla'eiele(s/eieis!slolsieiniaiatelatsle\eteore | Cwt., 2.1288 2.20 103.3
Cairne anal aeeia cist rinteiteaieiaieeininiemeisine electra eiains Mate 9.21 8.50 92.3
MAIRIAHE VOR, MOUBISD ists vcleieis/e arnlelcverstereels(eRiare Od eS 1.9006 1.965 103.4
Sulphuric acid, 66 Deg. B., Ttg, eras 1.346 1.20 89.2

*Bone phosphate of lime 10 cents per unit.
+Bone phosphate of lime 35 cents per unit.

In ammoniates such as dried blood and fish guano, the unit is of
ammonia, of which 82.35 per cent. is nitrogen; in acid phosphates,
the unit is of phosphoric acid (phosphorus pentoxid).

With the exception of dried blood and fish guano which have ad-
vanced in price, the nitrogenous materials show a decrease from last
year’s prices.

The most marked changes occur in case of concentrated tankage
and nitrate of soda.

The following data are from the monthly reports of Thos. J.
White & Co., fertilizer brokers, Baltimore, Md., giving wholesale
quotations upon ammoniates

No. 7. S DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 663

Wholesale Prices of Ammoniates: Reports of Thos. J. White & Co.,
Baltimore, Md.

| 2 3
Pee g
1S a}
fi | &s
AS 45
or ote
n OWN
4 5
n n
oa og
Ee rea
Ay Ay
Salone tem ot emda Ona) mlm CWite a) tisel-felel=isie ouislelciosislor sleinls einislsiels eisle(sisis/clnisirieleinialsisieivicieie\elsiai|\ Gal O08 3.125
EN iced GE MeO me On Fe aiaats eiciale ciel lu vic ele in)ocelelele e/sin'sialalolai=.c)s)a/e)s\~/aie/e/=\0\e/els|vie\a's/ainjn\e\e w'eleiele\s /e'=\vielels/a)s, 2.2896 2.203
Ground blood, f. o. b. Chicago, per unit of ammonia, ......4-..50..-.eeeeeeeeeeee 2.6042 2.4893
Concentrated tankage, f. 0. b. Chicago, per unit of ammonia, .........-........ 2.3416 2.2125
Crushed tankage ec. a. f. Baltimore, per unit ammonia:
9 per cent. ammonia, 20 per cent. bone phosphate, ..........s.sseseeeeenees 2.575 *2 6125
Unground tankage f. o. b. Chicago, per unit of ammonia:
9 per cent. ammonia, 20 per cent. bone phosphate, ...........-.-ssseeeeeeee ¥*2.17 *2.10
Ground tankage f. o. b. Chicago, per unit of ammonia:
it! per cent. ammonia, 15 per cent: bone phosphate, .....:........0..00...5-. 2.275 « 72.312
10 per cent. ammonia, 20 per cent. bone phosphate, ............ sees eee eee e eee 2.35 42.25
8 per cent. ammonia, 30 per cent. bone phosphate, ....0...0. se csce nce cewcine [escsenceee $2.15
Hoot meal £0. b. Chicago, per unit OF AMMONIA, 2.2... cece cece ccc nsmcencns 2.4225 §2.45

*September quotations lacking.

7Bone phosphate of lime 10 cents.
tSeptember and October quotations only.
§September, February and March quotations.

New York wholesale quotations for acid phosphate, per unit of
available phosphoric acid, remained the same as last year.

Quotations from the Journal of Commerce issue a value of $.318
per lb. of available phosphoric acid which is also unchanged from
1905.

Early this year acid phosphate was quoted to inquirers in Rhode
Island, Connecticut, Massachusetts and New Jersey at about the
same retail price as last year.

Potash Salts:—-The reports of the U. S. Bureau of Statistics show

the following entries for consumption during the fiscal year 1904
and 1905.

1904. 1905.
Ripa rad crea CRO LITA CLS) a. stayeraysin otaiata etersisictelefetnistefeteisiaie clei eleialelelelsieyelaietafereie(sisisiere/sicvele a sve|sie 161,503, 735 202, 366, 601
GES ee IIST te CLCHS | fararctelopererereretmte te eleisinjclelsis eferer esate ejslaicieicic\si-releiele sisisteyeisieieicis's 158, 984 240, 789

This trade is so managed that. by March nearly all wholesale de-
liveries of the vear are contracted for. The prices for potashes for
1905 as announced by the German Potash Syndicate show no changes
from last years quotations. The schedule of prices on the basis of
large lots sold through brokers and delivered at Boston, New York
or Philadelphia, is as follows:

664 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

|

=

Salt. is S

Sy | ot

ail =

a

2 3

3 Pan

= <
PuTiate 80) per Certs.) Perel O0 MD Sas sale seictereieieis scott oialelers eles cja/ajoicierstaleiaistaisiacte/sttletctvheleretetsttoe 1.885 1.915
Sulphate, 48 per cent. potash, per 100 Ibs., ..............0.. eat 2AT 2.20
Double manure salt, 48-50 per cent., per 100 Ibs., ah Po bey 2.20
Kainit= 12° per cent... actual potash, “Mer | COU. se kicie ce sic siclaleieiecejerere “Ae wintbisias le eeleiehe ele 8.25: 8.50
Manure saltse/20) per cent. pOtashy per eGOM, , (e).sis cers i etetere sieialetacisielvuere otielelsleioleirieiteiatt aie 14.68 15.08

Composition of Raw Materials.—In order to form a correct idea
of the cost per pound of the fertilizer constituents of these ma-
terials, it is needful to determine their composition or, in other
words, the quantities of valuable constituents each contain. The
following table shows the composition of the raw materials used
in the manufacture of fertilizers. No analyses of these materials,
with the exception of ground bone and dissolved roek, have been
made in Pennsylvania. The figures in the following table include
the averages of the results of analyses made in Connecticut, New
Jersey and Massachusetts during the past year, except in the case of
ground bone and dissolved rock phosphates, where Pennsylvania re-
sults alone are included.

Composition of Non-Acidulated Fertilizer Ingredients. (Per cent.)

s |: og

E 3

°

n | cd

| FS

ol a

ce]

AS g r=

os % a a

Sa | {o) n 4

rss} 8 s &

oa ot le) ie)

a vA fy H
SyoUboiakehwsy one eebackeskopateety I dodeacinc oocoonnooacoudadadtoc toconcenabedse 1 PALA Acorn eseae
INUPra Tes OF, SOG ivis.c:eisteratternoolaiemere oreveters oiotars isle eer foie sortie are SIERO: 28 THis | AGe Seopcc
iD Fehhs10 lM) 0) Lovo BMRA Sara S aos antnG ao Cnn Oost aA ODO bon rea conodhcte over 12 LO OTL P| a scseerers ae
GOUT DONC Re x miersiclerctersiaterstetstinrereiereio cern eisierarsis real ete ei ovetaie ebelctceteretcne tolate 62 SolDe | Patna sets
Hf BETiall ee = Wen aH O HNN REOA ORD Ode ABOSSSU DAAC o Io neanoD Gato rba nelidoa saanisa 14 (by lhScoomaben
Grounds MASI Wet sacireemierectestecin siseleinceeh eerie eit eo cleenee cee 14 BEZO) | lisennsere
Cottony seed’ meahyee atest cristae nie viocere cin ae cre ence nie eae 157 7.03 1.90
Castor i DOMLACE: Me cnmecarmee eas. cates cate soe taneeee co ton Bee 4 4.70 1.00
Sulphate sof ypotashh wibts (Ge semanas ceriese hace aceemneee ree Gi limemenertae 49.66
Wruniate (OF OASIS o ddcnhacise iste nase croton tctalyutis bn Raat neh Coane NG | Wale etieterstete 51.29
Le hla idee Ona caonpatcpcdondodoe sone acter acute anonen Comer aoabaso bows ibe | Weaeanoase 12.49
Double sulphate of potash and magnesia, ................00- (fel Seee can 26.68

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 665

Composition of Acidulated Fertilizer Ingredients. (Per cent.)

| 3 ao Se sey ee
ro} 3} 6 i} )
rs a G a po]
= a Q Q Q
n n n
a ont ° ° °
(o) ao a =
on is Qa a a
3 fay
cs) S 2
Vp - - 2 .
2S = ad ke! ie)
= 5 8 aS >O 35
= 5 oe oa as
| a | a n ice] =|
PMIESOLVEGs DOME DIACK «5.02 nicieleiia’s ve sisinieleiciveinsiaisiestivicwle.s'c 3 16.74 11.95 3.06 1.73
PRPS ES MINI EI rice ic ois, crarn od siete ie ainicioinle mintete eect a piste clove olate | 9 14.60 4.27 5.92 4.42
Dissolved, rock’ Phosphate; geese. ccescescssecmejeweedees | 96 15.86 9.75 4.75 1.36

*Also contains 1.90 per cent. nitrogen.

Cost per pound of Fertilizer Constituents.—With the composition
of these raw materials and their price per ton, hundred weight, or
other unit of measure as a basis, the wholesale cost per pound of
the valuable constituents can be readily calculated. In many cases
the ammoniates are quoted “per unit of ammonia,” the term unit
being equivalent to per cent.; in goods sold by the ton of 2,000Ibs.,
the unit is equal to 20Ibs., and 20Ibs. of: ammonia contain 16.47ibs.
of nitrogen.

In the case of refuse bone-black, unacidulated, the mean, 28.25
per cent. of phosphoric acid, is assumed to represent the average
material on the market.

Phosphate rock is sold by the ton of 2,240Ibs., and on the basis
of the bone phosphate of lime it contains, with drawbacks for in-
jurious constituents. Bone-phosphate of lime contains 455.8 per
cent. of phosphoric acid; therefore, each per cent. of bone phosphate
in a long ton is equivalent ot 22.4 Ibs. and contains 10.26 Ibs. of
phosphoric acid.

In the wholesale trade, dried blood, azotine, concentrated tankage
and hoof meals are usually sold on the basis of ammonia, disregard-
ing the phosphoric acid present.

Insoluble phosphoric acid in dissolved rock is likewise omitted
from consideration, contracts being based solely upon the “avail-
able” phosphoric acid; nor in rock phosphates is any claim made for
the small quantities of nitrogen and potash they contain, nor in dis-
solved bone for the potash present.

Under these conditions, the wholesale cost per pound in New
York of the valuable constituents of such materials as furnish but
a single fertilizing element, these materials being assumed to be in
the state of preparation and in the packing in which the manufac-
turer purchased them, are given in the following table; also a
figure representing a fair retail price at the factory, the materials
having undergone no change in treatment or packing and the allow-
ance for expenses and profit in retailing being 20 per cent.

43

666 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Wholesale Cost Per Pound of Fertilizer Constituents. (New York.)
I. Ingredients Supplying One Constituent.

age:
Vv
2 ) 8
gs = i
Material. ie & a=
& 2 28
3 3 5,
) wn go
= 2 2a
7 2 S
e re xs
6) oat = B
Sulphate] Of AMMONIA, wastes bin sherstersareleiaoretsimininiaisitos as Inplisafaerl, SaoAqooaoasoncshon DoT 15.30 18.68
INftrateviot (SOG a cc cmisitin cet sicyoeeiciesstrastae seinieelcemei INIELOLENS saceiiderst eam ecte cee 14.33 17.20
Dried) DLOOd.) WISH SATS, oie oleke chelolelnialaie’e\stn1s/blataiainictaraielera INTETOBEN) ccc cachionqets ceueses 16.11 19.33
Concentrated pram KAe Se ictc erties aia sic eiciele stekiotelerialiamieics INItrosenoe aastecnsccee tema 13.43 16.12
Refuse bone black:
10} | Beha kednrigo con cuarlore™Gc Gaecuore asinoconaansgped: aon Phosphorie acid, total, .... 2.48 2.99
SUEESOS ) ShGnce concpo sae oa napocnocpooadachecds. rane 6 Phosphoric acid, total, .... 3.19 3.83
Phosphate rock:* s
TRETINERSCE® W178 IPT CEC. y, \cise sacle clcimele claisisinm plese nies Phosphoric acid, total, .... .515 -618
South Carolina, 60 per cent., .-| Phosphoric acid, total, .... .670 -804
PACA PHOSDNAKE: | spastieele es sisainale .| Phosphorie acid available,. 3.19 3.83
Double manure salts, ........... Bene POTASH a scccnenaateenaeeeeete 4,43 5.32
SiUPHATE Of POCAS peta cecins we oeeinein a clotels o ccclarie dialeleteclciats IPOPASH YT dal tertwee eeiicm ceemtetats 4.52 5.42
MUIEIATE FOL POLAR s oie are cjstoa nots aici ininisicio'e sre alee aintoratsiota aie Potash et vaste s sissiiciniemieecteaeinte 3.75 4.50
RGA IAT Eerie aaleistn aie sie elniaicie sina/ ste sieieieialas oi sieistete aieleietelelaistele Potash; |i ceacseerseecaccs setae 2.97 3.56

*The prices of phosphate rock are ff o. b. at the respective points of shipment, not New
York, and are taken from the reports of the Engineering and Mining Journal. The prices for
potash are taken from the schedule of the syndicate. The prices for concentrated tankage are

taken from the reports of Thos. J. White & Co., and those of the remainder from the Oil, Paint
and Drug Reporter.

The quotations for bone are given without specific reference to
quality, so that it is impossible from these data to fairly apportion
their several wholesale values to the nitrogen and phosphoric
acid contained in this material. As compared with tankage, the
general tendency is to assign a higher commercial rating to the
phosphoric acid in bone and to the nitrogen a rating not very dif-
ferent from that given in tankage. The quotations of Thos. J.
White & Co. show an average wholesale rate in Baltimore during
September, 1904, to March, 1905, for crushed tankage to have been
2.6125 per unit of ammonia and $0.10 per unit of bone phosphate of
lime. This is equivalent to $3.17 per unit of nitrogen and $.218 per
unit of phosphoric acid. The average composition of the ground
bone and bone meal samples analyzed last fall in Pennsylvania was:
Phosphoric acid, 22.59 per cent.; nitrogen, 2.96 per cent. The pre-
pared bone contains less fat and moisture and often less nitrogen
than the ordinary “rough bone,” but these differences tend, in a man-
ner, to neutralize each other.

Assuming for the rough bone quoted in the New York market the
same composition as the bone meal sold in Pennsylvania and for the

value of the nitrogen $3.17 per unit, the values per pound of the sev-
eral constituents would be:

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 667

Wholesale Cost per Pound of Fertilizer Constituents, New York.

If. Bone.
2
=
cs} a
5 : ©
3 3% 2
> =e Aa
fe = 8
i 2 | 3
be
5 & 2
z ae pee
iS)
o E 5
FE CIS TIALG 7 cicisinies siniermnteieleisis etelelsloiels/ereletaial si ciate esl sielatecclelerl PENTENOR Eris chic cee sictcwasne steals 15.85 19.02
UPhosphorie acids. ccceuescee 1.46 1.75
SrOUNGe DONC. Meewccs cctieicion civics isiaisuciciswiecicteleisiscie cacleles (eNittrorente.-ceeccccececcciests 22.41 26.88
: (Phosphoric acid, ........... 2.06 | 2.47

Valuation in Neighboring States.

It is desirable, from all points of view, that the schedules of val-
uation throughout a district in which similar market conditions pre-
vail, should differ as little as possible. It has been our practice in
the past, to conform our schedule to that adopted after very careful
cooperative study of market conditions for each year, by the New
England States and New Jersey, except where the peculiar condi-
tions of our markets have made the valuations diverge too largely
from the actual selling prices, as in the case of ground bone and
dissolved rock phosphates. ‘The schedules for these States for 1905
and 1906 are as follows:

Trade Values Adopted by the New England States and New Jersey.

Cents Bas
per pound. aS
cu
boll =)
ee
* “Ss
| Su
| 3}
is $ =o
CR)
ES 5 >
Nitrogen:
WAPATO ea BALERS win wo wrerlete eteininlsiv nie alas nloleid aielelase ia wieTeinlel«\vioie,cjeinicinle = clave visie 17% 1714 100
RRR TALE AEE ye atu = a cinta’ 10 pinivlolele/=in'ainlelalnvelelalo'viole/e\claluleiaie-nle\vid'v'e(a(ale eis e/siejc\s civiels «vies cles 17.0 16% 97.1
TnetiryeanoNtne Pround: LSM yee wees ccs cence aisemecise vsrisisesn ein cieeen,c 1814 1814 100
In meat, pblogd and mixed! Fertilizers 2.2. asicisteccsccciscicinslsjcesdecccacse 18% 18% 100
In’ fine ground bone and tanKage, 2... <ceceemsnesececevesrcsctcccvesee 18.0 18.0 100
PH CORI ses eONE VANE CATING E. coo olen cusine pint encievisnie cuiniais clvisclaiior ua'ee)s 13.0 13.0 100
Phosphoric acid:
Mire ayes TU Gee Sco deas aches onsoeos cop naCCOenUapocesE bat ce oncod son doS 5 odes 4%, 4% 100
GEA Pee SOIUD eters cic civics e craivie arc'eio(eisizitic sips oi civis late « ofnieinls Slalelemisias miele oimeiiewr ness 4.0 *4.0 100
In cotton seed meal, castor pomace, fine ground fish and wood
BES “ec doq0te Scongoodea tego code HODOD ODOC DE aEcnebon soo0s denon cmnet Gonbn casas 4.0 4.0 100
TINIE HONE GAM LAM KAL Le qacoieclelclsie vias <ioinicieaiinnicis(s siclele cele aiele ereiioveinieleicton 4.0 4.0 100
GOAT ROR EONeNADOE LANE AL ES: &. ceiccic ocie/s sive clcicle.c sus.cinm o’n/eiu/eelenisieleialerealston 3.0 3.0 100
Pie mMixederertilizers, INSOMUDL ON < cicieicictcizc ies ojate’a\sio-e.sisla\aivicisio/s mei eieicieleisieisie sia a 2.0 2.0 100
Potash:
LRELONMIN SI reOsITOMININUTIALG,, vicjcccicisisiacielc eleicls'cteicia vinio.v vislaicsisiaeelelelanisincie le 5.0 5.0 100
CASS TIARTIELE © etal oletote stelatsioicia cinta misa'cie.sle vies cidiavoioisieiapiava(eis slocisiaiociaemrniciemcicieie i eeiain 4X 4% 100

*Except in New Jersey, where owing to the legal requirements of methods which indicate a
less quantity of citrate soluble than is obtained by use of the officia] method a valuation of 4%
cents per pound has been adopted, os

668 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

For reasons often stated in previous reports, conditions in Penn-
sylvania require a separate valuation of dissolved rock and ground
bone from that obtained in neighboring states. On comparing the
valuations of these two classes of goods with these selling prices
during the past fall, and also in consideration of the steadiness of
their wholesale quotations, the 1905 rate of valuations will be con-
tinued for 1906.

Schedule of Values for Fertilizer Ingredients, 1906.

Cents
per pound.
Nitrogen:
Ibs phrobe Noa eh CEVLE DS Goesenodoesenca0 nda ood GOOcnOaoHo SASS OR AaDo bbe Tso oobeqeoLdonoddemosor 17%
ifr She RAVES Bere cidoouccsupaccaseaaridodsBoacorontettaccsagendns ese wha aebonfa erarela forade miahete iets eneteree 16%
In meat, dried blood and mixed fertilizers, 22... 5... 256 icc cece wre c ence vce cWieneses 18%
In (cotton seedeimesdleand Weastor POMACEs ce scmcceacrs seine meer rieelcstelsslolleiteeteie terse eel) 164%
ifel giheQormpepyoyshatel Jofevoley helo yeeheliezk={>, ne anbonoqHdbo cu [beonobor oooUADt Dodoo onuOoKBONSnuDOGC 14
Tin coarse DOWMC UG eta Ti a clotais cloreieteteletnsa <)<ls atalalay-Volotu/olafeyalelefatatonctedatataiehet= afelstateretaietaietercie feats 12
Phosphoric acid:
Solublev ini Gwater dn bone fertila Zens amen e cteicre otectalaral tata cterarelcteleiel etsiateveroteielsiermeiate serene 4%
Soluble sinew eters 1M) LOCK LerDIld ZENS ite iete a ctaty tele =tatetelcle ate ionayapatetelelsiatelelatsfeletalat el teteter=\-i> etelalaye 3
Soluble in’ ammonium citrate; “in bone fertilizers, “erect. w/-coc oe ete «a neem wma 4
Soluble. in ammonium ‘citrate, in rock’ fertilizers, eehic series «ese eceitiemsic ewes 216
Insoluble in ammonium citrate, in bone fertilizers, ...............scceescscsseeee 2
Insoluble in ammonium citrate, in rock fertilizers, .... 0.200.200 Mccccnwesoucte 1%
In fine bone, tankage and fish, 3
In coarse bone and tanKage, .........cccessccescccenscsccss : eer 216
In cotton seed meal, castor pomace and wood ashes, ...........+eeeeeee- Tee 4
Potash:
In high grade sulphate or in forms free from muriate, ................0sseeeees 5
BAS PINUTIDER, + oy cota widow c o:c'ale.cieleicis ware sieve blaleve le aieis a bie ipieiaiereisto oni eine notte a mn een ae mele retiee 4%

Potash in excess of that equivalent to the chlorin present, will be
valued as sulphate, and the remainder as muriate.

Nitrogen in mixed fertilizers will be valued as derived from the
best sources of organic nitrogen, unless clear evidence to the con-
trary is obtained.

Phosphoric acid in mixed fertilizers is valued at bone phosphoric
acid prices, unless clearly found to be derived from rock phosphate.

Bone is sifted into two grades of fineness: Fine, less than 1-50 inch
in diameter; coarse, over 1.50 inch in diameter.

The result obtained by the use of this schedule does not cover the
items of mixing, bagging, freight and agents’ commission. To cover
these, allowances are made as follows:

For freight, an allowauce of $2.00 per ton on all fertilizers.

For bagging, an allowance of $1.00 per ton on all fertilizers, ex-
cept when sold in original packages.

For mixing, an allowance of $1.00 per ton on complete fertilizers
and rock-and-potash goods,

For agents’ commission, an allowance of 20 per cent. is added to
the cash value of the goods ready for shipment.

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 669

FERTILIZER ANALYSES JANUARY 1, TO AUGUST 1, 1906.

Since January 1, 1906, there have been received from authorized
sampling agents twelve hundred and fifty-three fertilizer samples, of
which six hundred and five were subject to analysis, the remainder
being rejected either because they represented brands analyzed last
season, or because they were regarded as not certainly representa-
tive of the brand whose name they bore. When two or more samples
representing the same brand were received equal portions from the
several samples were united and the composite sample was subject-
ed to analysis.

The samples analyzed group themselves as follows, 285 complete
fertilizers, furnishing phosphoric acid, potash and nitrogen; 6 dis-
solved bones furnishing phosphoric acid and nitrogen; 74 rock-and
potash fertilizers, furnishing phosphoric acid and potash; 49 acidu-
lated rock phosphates, furnishing phosphoric acid only; 35 ground
bones, furnishing phosphoric acid and nitrogen, and one miscellane-
ous sample, which group includes substances not properly classified
under the foregoing heads.

The determinations to which a complete fertilizer is subjected are
as follows: (1) Moisture, useful for the comparison of analyses, for
indication of dry condition and fitness for drilling, and also of the
couditions under which the fertilizer was kept in the warehouse. (2)
Phosphoric acid—total, that portion soluble in water, and of the
residue, that portion not soluble in warm ammonia citrate solution
(a solution supposed to represent the action of plant roots upon
the fertilizer), which is assumed to have little immediate food value.
By difference, it is easy to compute the so-called “reverted” acid,
which is the portion insoluble in water but soluble in the citrate.
The sum of the soluble and reverted is commonly called the “avail-
able” phosphoric acid. (8) Potash soluble in water—most of that
present in green sand marl and crushed minerals, and even some of
that present in vegetable materials such as cotton-seed meal, not
being included because insoluble in water even after long boiling.
(4) Nitrogen—This element is determined by a method which simply
accounts for all present, without distinguishing between the quanti-
ties present in the several forms of ammonium salts, nitrates or or-
ganic matter. (5) Chlorin; this determination is made to afford a
basis for estimating the proportion of the potash that is present as
chlorid of muriate, the cheaper source. The computation is made
on the assumption that the chlorin present, unless in excess has
been introduced in the form of muriate of potash; but doubtless
there are occasional exceptions to this rule. One part of chlorin
combines with 1.326 parts of potash to form the pure muriate; know-
ing the chlorin, it is, therefore, easy to compute the potash equiva-
lent thereto. (7) In the case of ground bone, the state of sub-divi-
sion is determined by sifting through accurately made sieves; the
cost of preparation and especially the promptness of action of bone
in the soil depends very largely on the fineness of its particles the
finer being much more quickly useful to the plant.

s

670 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

The law having required the manufacturer to guarantee the
amount of certain valuable ingredients present in any brand he may
put upon the market, chemical analysis is employed to verify the
guaranties stamped upon the fertilizer sacks. It has, therefore,
been deemed desirable in this report to enter the guaranty filed by
the manufacture in the office of the Secretary of Agriculture, in
such connection with the analytical results that the two may be
compared. An unfortunate practice has-grown up among manu-
facturers of so wording the guaranty that it seems to declare the
presence in the goods of an amount of a valuable constituent ranging
from a certain minimum to a much higher maximum; thus, “Potash,
2 to 4 per cent.” is a guaranty not infrequently given. In reality,
the sole guaranty is for 2 per cent. The guaranteed amounts given
for each brand in the following tables, are copied from the guaran-
ties filed by the maker of the goods with the Secretary of Agricul-
ture, the lowest figure given for any constituent being considered
to be the amount guaranteed. For compactness and because no
essentially important fact is suppressed thereby, the guaranties for
soluble and reverted phosphoric acid have not been given sepa-
rately, but are combined into a single guaranty for available phos-
phoric acid; in cases where the maker’s guaranty does not specific-
ally mention available phosphoric acid, the sum of the lowest figures
given by him for soluble and reverted phosphoric acid is used. The
law of 1879 allowed the maker to express his guaranty for nitro-
gen either in terms of that element or in terms of the ammonia
equivalent thereto; since ammonia is composed of three parts of
hydrogen and fourteen parts of nitrogen, it is a very simple matter
to calculate the amount of one, when the amount of the other is
given; the amount of nitrogen multiplied by 1.214 will give the
corresponding amount of ammonia, and the amount of ammonia
multiplied by 0.824 will give the corresponding amount of nitrogen.
In these tables, the expression is in terms of nitrogen.

The law of 1901 abolishes this alternative and requires that the
guaranty shall be given in terms of nitrogen. Many manufacturers
after complying with the terms of the law, insert additional items
in their guaranties, often with the result of misleading or confus-
ing the buyer; the latter will do well to give heed to those items only
that are given as the law requires and that are presented in these
tables.

A summary of the analyses made this season may be presented as
follows:

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 671

Summary of Analyses Made This Season.

a
o
N aq
S z 5 2
» oa) o
3 a F z 5
2 fe z 3
2 @ » 2 z
a fe)
Fh Seeual -eF ols) e spaee
1S) fo A 2) o
Number of analyses, ............. Sadrealectinees vexlecceie 412 99 4
RIGISEHTe DECOM Car) Maan siticcielas cies o> a)lersre sisiaisievaiaynia/cteraierele 9.66 10.68 | 58
Phosphorie acid:
Pt ei Ve OIE oti wisia eevinpsie® sioeis wins ares arose etwcole (ale wi aeisrel 9.85 11.31 14.91
Solubleyiper cantar, ce cnassncsanas meleseencas meh elas > 4.46 5.86 4.16
FROVERCGO SET (CEE. oils a cirs ol6 ,« picmfoteisis = biacmievinrsie'eiaiaseleis 3.50 4.25 4.07
EnSOluples Were CeMbsy fete e feretsie alevsietel stele a ietetotereraieteleyale\s 1.89 1.20 6.68 |
POTASH DOT MGEUGs mteerecle steers eteisteraiatsrslaie nielela(oinlalereiatsisials elatciay= 4.24 bee ie koaaoacene
INTERGE Sr Per OIG aocseieioiejaiovernteie eleva sieteiaieys ere /aiclelaloieloiere TT ET Mer ceaecee | 1.77
Mechanical analysis of bone:
EYRE siatarcre aia reieraforeseie lo nioie eters tol ay atctereraioter itereintalainrsmeiacerecatsl=
COBALTSE. co chncscaceccewen lente
Commercial valuation,
Average selling price,
Commercial value of samples whose selling price is
ascertalmeds Mii candids coe's Soccisiccmacentnciion oasis sere wbteine.e 24.76 15.19 22.65 |

The cases of departure of goods from their guaranteed composi-
tion observed this season, including only those cases in which it
amounted to two-tenths per cent. or more, were as follows:

Summary of Instances of Deficiency From Guaranty.

n

he

o

fs) a

3 a ey r

o r) A 9 ®

“ A, a) io r=

g e 3 3 s

2 5 2 5 =

Q ° fe)

E 3 A = 5

io) fo} _ = o

iS) en] A Q o

| |

Deficient in four constituents, 22.06.05. ccwcccceccccee KY || aoeadosoc [esajctoie o:sveteiat | Mavotaretelorataerl | Petareensternere
Deficient in three constituents, ...........ccscessee 15 Pal Ree Ieanne | eacudaco |toddosbdac
Deficient in two constituents ce dens sescwesscicics ones 51 6 2 4 a
Deficient in one ‘constituenty ie. cece cscs emsie cece closes cc 118 BAU | eteretscectes 9 15

Total samples in whic& deficiency occurred,.. 187 42 | 2 13 | 16

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

672

‘pepi00e1 o18 soljUBIBNs YOIUM JOJ poezA[Bue so[dui"es OM} ATUO§
‘poWtodedl o1B SoljUvIBNS YOIUM JOJ pozA[euB So[dures OM} A[UOT
“pezA[eue ofdures suo A[uUO}L

‘pezA[eue sojdures OM} A[UOy

a 2 :
5 | Aiea Marat cra ‘
‘ : ; T's8 Zee 58 9° ¥8 Zoe B6z \ | 6°08 snoouet[ao
8°Eh aac 8°28 vty 9°68 Le 4 vo | € Z 6% BRK ee pL ae
rie 0°0F 8°98 eal beeen 8°88 0°82 raps 2'8t ve 8°II L'98 2°92 PST eg _‘auoq punoip
eee 0°0L £6 TI 0°02 0°02 2°83 6°8 2°ST 2'8 geo | #°6T ¥¢ S51 Sige see cee | ‘y901 paatosstq
oe 0°88 6°08 8°98 Log papas 6°28 G*&h 8°08 Z°9% Lig | £8 2°63 Z'HE (ago all Qupomiee ysejod pue you
a 9°99 odors | 0°03 t 9°89 8°88 0-08 0'00Ts | 0°0F $ | 0°0Se =| 070% «=| 8°FT ogee geo co fauoq peafosstq
oF G18 g°o8 36) g°68 6° LE g"28 198 0°0F 9°78 gTe | 807 ‘iva? Lee v'Se sJazI[NIes eyalduiog
i
eae 7 | |
mn | 1 A 1 ty 1 tT! Ry wa hy wm hy wn by mn
Beplve ete eset ee ce Ee Mipon? alse Aaa ceo WER cee eeste a aie pe
S = 3 = 5 : 5 = 5 : 5 : I : 5
R = : rr 5B © 2 s a
3 ie = B = 2 8 Es - Z ° a 3 e
7 peas ; ‘ ee ee ee

‘OOGL-GE8T ‘AousIIyod Jo vse] UIdI0g
ISMOT[OJ SV 91 ‘pazkTVUL SSBID TORI JO SpOOS Jo JoquINU [B}0} Ot} JO asridediod Ul possoud
-XO SOTJULALNS ILIY} YIM poreduo0d sv SpooOs of} Ul SUOSBOS Hoo}AIY} jsed oy} SuLINnp po}ou AoUePOGeop Jo Sosvo oT

No. 7. DEPARTMENT Of AGRICULTURE. 673

FERTILIZER ANALYSES AUGUST 1, TO DECEMBER 831, 1906.

Since August 1, 1906 there have been received from authorized
sampling agents eleven hundred and ten fertilizer samples, of which
four hundred and twenty-two were subject to analysis, the re-
mainder being rejected either because they represented brands
analyzed last season, or because they were regarded as not certainly
representative of the brand whose name they bore. When two or
more samples representing the same brand were received equal por-
tions from the several samples were united and the composite sam-
ple was subject to analysis.

The samples analyzed group themselves as follows, 266 complete
fertilizers, furnishing phosphoric acid, potash and nitrogen; 7 dis-
solved bones furnishing phosphoric acid and nitrogen; 71 rock-and-
potash fertilizers, furnishing phosphoric acid and potash; 43 acidu-
lated rock phosphates, funishing phosphoric acid only; 34 ground
bones, furnishing phosphoric acid and nitrogen, and one miscellane-
ous sample, which group includes substances not properly classified
under the foregoing heads.

The determinations to which a complete fertilizer is subjected are
as follows: (1) Moisture, useful for the comparison of analyses, for
indication of dry condition and fitness for drilling, and also of the
conditions under which the fertilizer was kept in the warehouse. (2)
Phosphoric acid—total, that portion soluble in water, andof the
residue, that portion not soluble in warm ammonia citrate solution
(a solution supposed to represent the action of plant roots upon
the fertilizer), which is assumed to have little immediate food value.
By difference, it is easy to compute the so-called “reverted” acid,
which is the portion insoluble in water but soluble in the citrate.
The sum of the soluble and reverted is commonly called the “avail-
able” phosphoric acid. (3) Potash soluble in water—most: of that
present in green sand marl and crushed minerals, and even some of
that present in vegetable materials such as cotton-seed meal, not
being included because insoluble in water even after long boiling.
(4) Nitrogen—This element is determined by a method which simply
accounts for all present, without distinguishing between the quanti-
ties present in the several forms of ammonium salts, nitrates or or-
ganic matter. (5) Chlorin; this determination is made to afford a
basis for estimating the proportion of the potash that is present as
chlorid or muriate, the cheaper source. The computation is made
on the assumption that the chlorin present, unless in excess, has
been introduced in the form of muriate of potash; but doubtless
there 4re occasional exceptions to this rule. One part of chlorin
combines with 1.326 parts of potash to form the pure muriate; know-
ing the chlorin, it is, therefore, easy to compute the potash equiva-
lent thereto. (7) In the case of ground bone, the state of ‘sub-divi-
sion is determined by sifting through accurately made sieves; the
cost of preparation and especially the promptness of action of bone

43—7T—1906.

674 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

in the soil depends very largely on the fineness of its particles the
finer being much more quickly useful to the plant.

The law having required the manufacturer to guarantee the
amount of certain valuable ingredients present in any brand he may
put upon the market, chemical analysis is employed to verify the
guaranties stamped upon the fertilizer sacks. It has, therefore,
been deemed desirable in this report to enter the guaranty filed by
the manufacturer in the office of the Secretary of Agriculture, in
such connection with the analytical results that the two may be
compared. An unfortunate practice has grown up among manu-
facturers of so wording the guaranty that it seems to declare the
presence in the goods of an amount of a valuable constituent rang-
ing from a certain minimum to a much higher maximum; thus, “Pot-
ash, 2 to 4 per cent.” is a guaranty not infrequently given. In real-
ity, the sole guaranty is for 2 per cent. The guaranteed amounts
given for each brand in the following tables, are copied from the
guaranties filed by the maker of the goods with the Secretary of
Agriculture, the lowest figure given for any constituent being con-
sidered to be the amount guaranteed. For compactness and because
no essentially important fact is suppressed thereby, the guaranties
for soluble and reverted phosphoric acid have not been given sepa-
rately, but are combined in a single guaranty for available phos-
phoric acid; in cases where the maker’s guaranty does not specific-
ally mention available phosphoric acid, the sum of the lowest figures
given by him for soluble and reverted phosphoric acid is used. The
law of 1879 allowed the maker to express his guaranty for nitro-
gen either in terms of that element or in terms of the ammonia
equivalent thereto; since ammonia is composed of three parts of
hydrogen and fourteen parts of nitrogen, it is a very simple matter
to calculate the amount of one, when the amount of the other is
given; the amount of nitrogen multiplied by 1.214 will give the
corresponding amount of ammonia, and the amount of ammonia
multiplied by 0.824 will give the corresponding amount of nitrogen.
In these tables, the expression is in terms of nitrogen.

The law of 1901 abolishes this alternative and requires that the
guaranty shall be given in terms of nitrogen. Many manufacturers
after complying with the terms of the law, insert additional items
in their guaranties, often with the result of misleading or confusing
the buyer; the latter will do well to give heed to those items only
that are given as the law requires and that are presented in these
tables.

A summary of the analyses made this season may be presented as
follows:

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 675
Summary of Analyses Made This Season.
a
bs .
8 a
— s ° °
= 8 e 3 Fi
2 e 2 2 e
5 = Us} Es} F
»~ ao ao
2 : 2 12 =
a ad ° ° 5
£ S) 4 a r)
= fe} = ZS &
Oo em) A A 5
Wamber Oe, RUBTVSES in 5. ciesisaiclciniclsinietainin iste isisioir c\s‘elaieiaicia’s 266 71 7 43 u
BROS re.) (DETs CONE, wc cecmrede cree te coececiew nae wcloes neces 10.10 10.66 7.92 9.86 4.78
Phosphoric acid:
ROCA) eT CONE: sae stats daiomteieie stones ole otalvialeis's,« <ieisjaisista ss 10.48 11.61 15.26 15.23 00
Solables gperccenty wecesm cco wesiavas cielo nasiieniaiteleles 4.24 5.29 5.11 SiG2u|easaccnes A
RVEVErted, WEN COLIC. a Cecics vic cede ces cee esionbemeiaecee 4.09 4.88 5.10 ASS | 57 cicimase tee:
Tnsoluple; per certs qasdcate ees del wceaceeteaeeenclels 2.15 1.44 5.05 TIGSh eens aa
Potash Per sCOnts ste cmankis saislci crise sincleteysitis sieteiainte eae 3.37 DS) fave siaccte’wielsre! sara ’ehe etaraterelll stare Yaigtacendes -
INTEFOREN, “Wer "ClNE.. Pana cicscsucssvencucuast mooue vente LL F2N Wacpiuctecws LOZ Ne ictealecieictere 3.26
Mechanical analyses of bone:

CERT Ge fot sat ois, cteteistetatnrs Ualoteleis aie cnrnse eis aintaterore te etetePaietaicteteieateialnceke 70
(Ofer hee Spo OC pomceoasnonn rae 30
Commercial valuation, 28.73
Average selling price, 27.80

Commercial value of samples whose selling price
is: ascertained) ¥ iii cea csctaccoserocuenicieoe utaaresieceenics 22.99 15.06 25.33 12.99 29.12

The cases of departure of goods from their guaranteed composi-
tion observed this season, including only those cases in which it
amounted to two-tenths per cent. or more, were as follows:

Summary of Instances of Deficiency From Guaranty.

Complete fertilizers.

Rock and potash.

Dissolved bone.

Dissolved rock.

Ground bone,

Deficient in four constituents, ......ccccccccccccccss 3
Deficient in three constituents,
Deficient in two constituents, ...
Deficient in one constiuent, 6
Total number of samples in which deficiencies oc-

CULE Waterton 2 > wlsis’s an'eciniwe winds caeiicietomiontomenticmtecs wieice caeee ae

676 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

The cases of deficiency noted during the past ten seasons in goods
as compared with their guaranties expressed in percentage of the
total number of goods of each class analyzed, are as follows:

Percentage of Deficiency 1902-1906.

ai 3

ao

Sie dae ane

es Ss =

g aS §

> = (2)

oS Q,

a ic mn
Complete fertilizers,.. 40.0 36.7 Bi
Dissolved bone, ...... *100.0 60.0 33.3
Rock and potash, ..... 30.3 43.5 32.9
Dissolved rock, ....... 15,2 8.9 23.2
Ground bone, .......... 17.2 25.0 33.3

All classes except mis-

cellaneous, ........... 34.2 33.2 35.1

*Only two samples analyzed.

Only two samples analyzed for which no guarantees are reported.

Fall, 1903.

, 1904,

Spring

Fall, 1904.

tOnly two samples analyzed for which guarantees are recorded,

Fall, 1905.

1906.

Spring,

s Suess
~ SOR oR

‘ SRoBEs Fall, 1906.
eo NAS

i)
oo

INOS: DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

677

A comparison of the average composition of all samples of com-
plete fertilizers for which guaranties are recorded with the aver-
age of the corresponding guaranties, for several seasons past includ-

ing those of this season follows:

Average Composition and Guaranty Compared.

Se ee

Spring, 19€2.
Phosphorie acid:
RYO CELL 0 sala otc cleiv vlaieic tole mieisieieis//e,cleiic(e/ais\e aialelatelainialel oete(eYalojs/efeiaisialalateinlal= eistale]o(e)e\=)sieinia)ein/n\e\o\e\xiv\eiaisic
Available,
iIPotashy eccen
INUELOBE™|N, — oiereio10 cio. a wisioicicie wie cee nes onicee islet vlaisivis os s\viniv.eis wicirivinis «init divie viele vine vielsin's olsisisia\s sinle

Phosphoric acid:
IREAN I cereiwin ciate wavsicloleinls(otel nis ieeccrvietelatelevelaro\a:aleteiemalol tala n cletatstaleleteteatsterojeicrattcetatelotareielsietea tietetelisy
PACA APLE) i ciere ereicreiatolele clesoiavelarate eve siotetolatalafeielstatatepetatoteinibtetert talalstelAateielaletelejeyaistalelaleleiststotaieletelotoistot«
LOE ASI E i fete onl tol\ctoteiajatols)ote\cloJelsle!eielele elele\cte/® che’ ol eln\ateteln =f=(alnias/e\a(els/af=}tolsteletais[oter=)=(ola lia! sta]-tate[-¥e\=1=1o7a)ssla/n=
ASREROE CTS Wl ote Seicinnicioe cite cicielempnictelolotere mle otele a rial tole/ ator ctetaleysbaleloteveta ts ata)etstetetetel ate teyatalelote tate varelaaietar-lateestet=

Spring, 1903.
Phosphoric acid: U
TRO EAN i crotle ciate eveteteiavessiaeteleteToptaietete’steveleieretererniciarareiintsindiatn claialettete oversee tecstettersisterelainictctcreh ere cotati |
DAG ATP ATI Cs arerereiste ceieieeteleie ol ieietetersin lets iaieisielelsialeleloleiatstvin/sleteleleisjetawelolorela atalclevere alntei=lalaielelaiain stelalaietste
TROUEKI Em BA ganoOdonnaDaee uenoodDoo ad naoDn SoD O00 ap onde oper hooduosoacodbhocub dscoDaTo0eebpandds
SINTER CES CUM ey a eter teresa ele eisai eetol ele ateter ove Tale rotanetehed otele toi fotolatetel alain leletelols etal stalatewetetstateteteletaietetetetat=|afet-taisters

Phosphoric acid:
MBE A 8 Fas yan icra tate ters epee niain emcee saa niobate eicialettatetatiare ae ele inteloratetelasrevatas\e'sloictalovsiatefaca eres vla/cPefainle
MS PIIBV AE. acosabtecconoonc opmagouncobbaco sn. Conn cogguat dasa deDedocvopUodOOmECeMSOODaD |
PSO EAST he cca iateetae arate oie sheralo aie leltctate oe eeia nieinelooin oleic inialeteicieieetsinie eicieve ial metalorstetsieialsieierajeleies siemieiarcie

NUR UE OSes fatereleteta chore = totelelslarereralennioyers/erey eteteraisreieieteicteralovala chelate totevereforefetatstersiavsYelepelelatemtetetetlacsisistsratevate Gite

Phosphorie acid:

Avsigl es ébaneodedsodedacoo cons noabuacon coducndcunoUpuobsdobaLe GabonooBodapubdascucsnon
Available,
TeGiziny Gocsonoo
EERO E CR on teres elaaloyetaaiteisterele alate eleieteicie aieetererniiera lalaie’a «\elare ctor eVotale)e ata atalatoren« eile orsieieyetstevalalaisiclauatereiaate

Phosphoric acid:

Nitrogen, :

Phosphoric acid:
EUG EAN eo rapaare elais «\n\ololaiaierasalacatttar stata atetetlerel v1 oicte ate eicistebet ciaictat eel ei slahepayaiecai tess: <lc/elale/s stsiein'e ew -)ccnelaaiais }
702 VEN 9) [5 aopeeaboe Gdod OCOD NBO Se ad udosude cogot ec wodobUcS Smee beaten eaOaneraneuEood |

LOTS eee tee viniace staratn cai iaiorcen ote eieicte fave ese toeaneTn oa cater ataVa rare Chere koler chase arene ceprovet dies Uraven nt atere' pr asnt nel Groserantole

INET Ce OMIM cisiers cieteieloreitecleieie olcisiscislasiclere Mecieietcicieeriataisicieieiore eeisetcioaie eteicieioteinlele sieieican einicteinioteeistete

Phosphorie acid:
POLES irae cre petaterersterate aisle lal ovaraelale 'arei~fa?a.otuic ereloteroretaieintaisialei a (aleiatecieracaia\cretstaratatayelcistoie ota si rere es
SAS EUET EAB) Nie areca rcscmsios alolecoreterarevsts eval ates ca1<\ cetera inieTe sl clave ate-alchatcle tpalets joveiste! i= ate so/s (ale naval auniereistatel sfatetermels
Teer kon 5 -odnanoUobo Apo O DUO HOO DADA Ge GogAc On GOOTRe AC OtElo sj oomaeddad abe GnaG Oona ass aanueerice
INU LENO POC TU Seba otececctarertacrclctatelelsvolclereistelaictatene e: eicscterctatanepatavs tat olern cyataretototete eke claret soravcle laze (aust arenate's chetate steel ce

Phosphoric acid:
PROCLIP IRN eo cial atm rate visietaseisis’ c/o a\are/elcse sip oie ct ese /cio a eteieterieGoue eraniete abersteiata Cearetenl cree slalovaieteiee ces ave
Ay UAT aa eta rates oye eae alclerctstalaval~!ayajererain’ejaiate/acacsiatevalele-e aletans tele overs tia’ etolere aac eiere wists tema caltaretotare stare
PLOEASH We clete cere eieteleoivioieieleieicle alewielolvinic le’ eielaicieisve eins o(e cic mas olnva e cele crn aveleraie Poor inisicle cteun eccie seed eine
IN EEL OP ET Westen cree treme terete (ein ola taolotal vie teiare oleso.c ainje cicjete raised o,elssnreaiante sleicse eis saycicts oielclelsnistereteiersisiare a?

Fall, 1906.
Phosphoric acid:
MOC ie vactelcte eters cian telateeetheisteiete afuieicie a icia)0/s\6.0/0,6 fe ela atu'al NaN Rie lela ater rebeteiate 7s! eiale ce alpiala/djied Settet aise te
Avatla tle ry wane see eran crite eoeiai= eras \a: iis @cyo.e.n.a\0.a'aie)o,asarecolece lst Sicuaiarstoreyele aye stare’ Salelalesfopen
OLR ST in Wi temterers cscvotere tee eet mente ae eteacaie ov isieiralo:e'c\e'a:m:a:e'e ein crnls avavejeieta'areiagstelsie iaaielete nvarn etetelaymetlale
INIEPOR CTI cierjecisiarsion'a esteem ier iesdisls sieisis'sis/o/o0' wrv ss vue na siaeasiesifeiaialevaiere 'sioimincal em aiateteneieionls

composition.

Per cent.

Average

Per

Average guaranty.
cent.

Hip
mht
Sees

be 09 ©
BSSB

Hos 300
tota
ores

Hn909 <0
ww
Laas

678

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

It is of interest to note how closely the system of valuations,
based upon the wholesale prices of raw materials in the principal
markets during the most important buying season and upon certain
average allowances for expenses and profits on the part of the mixer
and jobber, coincides with the retail prices later ascertained. A
comparison for several seasons past is given below:

Comparison of Selling Price and Valuation, 1902-1906.

Complete fertilizers:

Dissolved bone:

1902,
1903,
1904,
1905,
1906,

1903,
1904,
1905,
1906,

Dissolved rock:

1902,
1903,
1904,
1905,

Spring,
Fall,

Spring, ‘:

Fall,

Spring, Ny
RE WIN Ge

Spring,

eee ee eee eee eee eee eee eee eee eset eee tHares taser eeauseeseses

ee er

PM eee me eee eee meee emer sree erent eee sese ese eannsttssene

eee meee eee eee teeter eee eee eee ees EOE H eae esesseseeseesssseeenes

Coc ec eee rece e eee r teen ae ee ener eee ere ser eeseereeesereseeeresensce

Selling price.

Valuation.

of valuation

over sleling price.

Excess

A
rae
“l1o1r

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA.

SPATE LIVESTOCK SANITARY “BOARD:

OFFICERS FOR 1907.

PRESIDENT,

Hon. Edwin S. Stuart, Governor.

VICE PRESIDENT,

James Foust, Dairy and Food Commissioner.

TREASURER,
Hon. N. B. Critchfield, Secretary of Agriculture.

SECRIETARY,

Dr. Leonard Pearson, State Veterinarian.

PENNSYLVANIA HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

FOUNDED 1827.

OFFICERS FOR THE YEAR 1907.

PRESIDENT,
James W. Paul, Jr.

VICE PRESIDENTS,

James M. Rhodes, Edward Le Boutillier,
Henry F. Mitchell, Dr. George Goebel.
TREASURER,
S. W. Keith.
SECRETARY,

David Rust, Horticultural Hall, Broad Street, below Locust, Philadelphia.

679

680 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.
PROFESSOR OF BOTANY.

Stewardson Brown.

PROFESSOR OF HORTICULTURAL CHEMISTRY.

Dr. Persifor Frazer.

PROFESSOR OF ENTOMOLOGY.

Dr. Henry Skinner.

PROFESSOR OF BIOLOGY.
Dr. Ida A. Keller.

EXECUTIVE COUNCIL.

Robt. C. Lippincott, Robert Craig,
Rudolph Ellis, Dr. J. Cheston Morris,
John W. Pepper, 3 John McCleary,
Edw. A. Schmidt, fe D. Robt. Huey,

Wm. Fowler.

MEMBER OF THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE

Edwin Lonsdale.

HOUSE COMMITTEE.

C. Hartman Kuhn,
William F. Dreer, James M. Rhodes.

LIBRARIAN.
David Rust.

THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE COLLEGE.

SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURE.

1906-1907.

FACULTY.
GENERAL JAMES A. BEAVER, LL. D., President Pro Tempore.
JUDSON PERRY WELSH, Ph. D., Vice President and Registrar.
THOMAS FORSYTH HUNT, D.S., D. Agr.,

Dean-elect of the School of Agriculture and Director-elect of the Agricultural
Experiment Station.

WILLIAM A. BUCKHOUT, M. &., D. Se., Acting Dean.
Professor of Botany and Horticulture.
WILLIAM FREAR, Ph. D.,

Professor of Agricultural Chesistry.

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 681

HENRY PRENTISS ARMSBY, Ph. D., Li. D.,
Lecture on Stock Feeding.
GEORGE C. WATSON, B. Agr., M. S.,
Professor of Agriculture and Superintendent of Correspondence ‘Courses.
GEORGE C. BUTZ, M. S.,
Professor of Horticulture.
HUBERT EVERETT VAN NORMAN, B. S.,
Professor of Dairy Husbandry.
THOMAS I. MAIRS, M. S&.,
Assistant Professor of Animal Industry.
ELIZABETH B. MEEK, M. &.,
Instructor in Bacteriology.

JOHN We WHIETE B: S:,

Milk Testing. (Creamery Course.)
CHARLES F. SHAW, B. S., in Agr.,
Instructor in Agronomy.

JOSEPH E. DUNIPACH, M. &.,
Assistant in Agricultural Chemistry.
FRANK P. KNOLL,

Assistant in Butter Making.
ELPHREM F. FORTIN,

Assistant in Creamery Practice.

OTHER INSTRUCTORS.
I. THORNTON OSMOND, M. S., M. A.,
Professor in Physics.
LOUIS E. REBER, M. &.,

Professor of Mechanics and Mechanical Engineering.
GEORGE GILBERT POND, M. A., Ph. D.,
Professor of Chemistry and Director of the Chemical Laboratories.
*WRED HE. FOSS, B.S., M. A.,

Professor of Civil Engineering.

JOSEPH M. WILLARD, B. A.,

Professor of Mathematics.

FRED LEWIS PATTEH, M. A.,
Professor of English Language and Literature.
*HARVEY A. SURFACE, M. S.,

Professor of Zoology.

*Leave of absence,

682 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

M. EDWARD WADSWORTH, M. A., Ph. D.,
Professor of Mining and Geology.
ELTON D. WALKER, B. §.,
Professor of Hydraulics and Sanitary Engineering.
CARL D. FEHR, M. A.,
Professor of German.
IRVING L. FOSTER, M. A.,
Professor of Romance Languages.
WILLIAM H. HAY, Captain, 10th Cavalry, U.S. A., ©
Professor of Military Science and Tactics.
ANNA E. REDIFER,
Assistant Professor of Industrial Art and Design.
ARTHUR J. WOOD, M. E.,
Assistant Professor of Experimental Engineering.
WILBUR ROSS McCONNELL, M. S.,

Instructor in Zoology.

THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE COLLEGE.

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

1906-1907.

ADVISORY COMMITTEE OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES.

The Hon. John Al Woodward. Chairman. 2 iiss ctccietcie cts = ninleinlaletiaraietn o[ais/-1eiete Howard
Fis Vie Wie, GENS G, caciete wie cree to's ale ores creaciolc wiv iais nim sielayoiaratetalatolaliciate otaiat loreteletsttetate Bloomsbury
\,"AU Nb: a 0 lee Qated S fll feel (> Dee Ho ab eeme eB OnCn eae reste Odnab JOC conc ba srroarEe Chambersburg
IVE PES (Coma so IME. De Sei le are) 2: ara iss eie oreis mimto nye Wlodes ere rehatoN efinyndittolistaliain) myeiaial eet aotate Westgrove
Gabriel WeSter . o<.e = stereo oletdie eieiet«'o) sie! wio's)aloininlt nlnleliefetolefatelsioleialsiels!<aiein sts uslolalelaistai= Harrisburg

The Executive of the College.

OFFICERS AND ASSISTANTS.
The Executive of the College.

§Henry Prentiss Armsby, Ph. D., Eds. Di, .. cece ccc ccencs senna ccsenrscnns Director
Thomas Forsyth Hunt, D. S., D. Agr.,.Director-elect of the Experiment Station.
TWilkiamiektrear, PI D7 - ceeccirac = «<cieiersleols teleie eet terete Vice-Director and Chemist
HGeonee GC) Butz, Me ISi ecivateslctss cote ote otetelovetetavelebetatetaletaietel o(e) ©/eeiejoinieje!» slatu/etn Horticulturist

7George C. Watson, M. S., .ccecccccccccieccccccvecccccseccscvcccees nos AGriculturist

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 683

ire ka CINTA sed mY ee BT rcs man VMle ny yrs eravavatere jetataterateleieistists’ alos ieieiol s) si=)mic) c otic cate elcle) ate Animal Industry
Wailltaimay (CSeP ALEGES OM. soajericat sis) accteie le ee lere'steieie's 0's sis sicv ete Superintendent of the Farm
MISSy Eliaiw Cart Na Pir A Gyr abyss wey oteaiete ever <izicietere! alm riel elsteroleisieysrae ae Secretary and Librarian
SRP ANTETTS CME LOS at lesa octal te ci/ta stele ol c's ious cere cisvere ars First Assistant in Animal Nutrition
gNiBilisoy ay [Sis 10 Rel Do nye) 0 ANY ESSE os SB OO an COROOAOCHCRA GG OC DEOL First Assistant Chemist
Aa Wediboemons Jeb hay PaAmo conc od como DODO COE etoT Oe Seon Sone Assistant in Horticulture
MelLvinen: Pinereey Ba Sig tices cwiatalec asresios a0 aiaie acid que aaatavece. ae Assistant Chemist
IWiAnEr CUS Wi. we Tetreu lee ar Sagi crerels syevetereleisielslereere clase sshete Assistant in Animal Nutrition
EY WV tC TiStCHSEm WES iE Sc saeccrsies cletelcierels creas aiecrin/elcis'ars-s Assistant in Animal Nutrition
Perey W. Blint, B. 85 sls sessions, | Assistant Chemists
DOWD: AVE AWW LCi slam Cone micreicuarelnieteveretefele:cistaratele c/s (chatovatstete ieverei cic) sic icieiera ave Assistant Chemist
Bred: S: (Buti ey,, 2B Sino saeicinte sietens tae vole clot ue stete'et s/aleteve iors Assistant in Animal Nutrition
eA Olobal Wwe MEN a eb Gabe orion anacudon cHggedoduoGD00SNOr Assistant in Animal Nutrition
ATCOULANV SLOOMEL a Asm bya micreitets aia(olecitalelclsielalcietera aintelays cite datalotate vere Assistant Chemist
(Enna (Oe Cate me aaa coma dosed Son aouk as GbaonasnaocneecpcosHEnschobeod Assistant Chemist
John He Barron.) By SsrA visi ilere lc eieeattletetelets Assistant in Experimental Agronomy
Ws EE. SMiGINtine, WB Sore Se. srctore ere o:felere cioreteelticter es atorerntete Assistant in Animal Nutrition
Fe SS OMEIIIG ys reese eatever ase teteras states Se eine inves’ elercaiatetta, orotate ate tataverepa/eisieeratctmiete Dairy Extension
Miss. IVES TSA bel nin GSier. rere corcv. (ool veriere stele ensiecciie el Ae oleVeleiiesersieve here: cialatete S

Miss: Alicasht, Somes yy. tra aes Shor eR ee gee melee ce mae eee ae sae t Stenographers
ER arry AD Se YG INISE OMG pe. cteratece: siete cievale s1sais SYaie. cele eheleieie anes atercisvelbysce Laboratory Assistant

*To January 1, 1907.
**To February 15, 1907. \

yAlso on the Collegiate Staff of Instructors.
tTo May 10, 1906.
§Director until July 1, 1907.

Telegraph, postoffice, railroad and express station, State College, Centre
county, Pa. Telephone connection.

The bulletins of the Stattion will be mailed regularly, free 6f charge, to all
residents of the State who request it, so far as the supply will permit. Address
Director of Experiment Station, State College, Centre county, Pa.

Visitors will be welcomed at all times and given every opportunity to inspect
the Stattion and all its Departments.

OFFICERS OF THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE
GRANGE, 1906-1907.

Master, W. F. Hill, Chambersburg, Franklin county.

Overseer, Hon. A. C. Barrett, New Milford, Susquehanna county.
Lecturer, A. M. Cornell, Columbia X Roads, Bradford county.
Seward, Theo. Kline, Lake Ariel, Wayne county.

Assistant Steward, Harry H. Pratt, Goshenville, Chester county.
Chaplain, Rev. J. W. Johnson, Laceyville, Wyoming county.
Treasurer, S. E. Nivin, Landenberg, Chester county.

Secretary, J. T. Ailman, Thompsontown, Juniata county.
Gatekeeper, Wallace Chase, Fall Brook, Tioga county.

Ceres, Mrs. Velma West, Corry, Erie county.

Pomona, Mrs. Mary Fisher, Lincoln, Chester county.

Flora, Mrs. T. S. Dale, State College, Centre county.

L. A. S., Mrs. Frances B. Arters, Mill Village, Erie county.

684 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.

I. Frank Chandler, Toughkenamon, Chester county.
G. W. Oster, Osterburg, Bedford county.
Chas. H. Dildine, Rohrsburg, Columbia county.

FINANCE COMMITTEE.

D. B. McWilliams, Burnham, Mifflin county.
S. B. Brown, Sulphur Springs, Bedford county.
John T. Patton, Warrior’s Mark, Huntingdon county.

LEGISLATIVE COMMITTEE.

W. F. Hill, Chambersburg, Franklin county.
Hon. W. T. Creasy, Catawissa, Columbia county
E. B. Dorsett, Wellsboro, Tioga county.

OFFICIAL DOCUMENT,

No. 7.

INDEX “BY AUTHORS.

B.

BANTZHOFF, H. L., Enforcement of the Dairy and Food Laws, ...........

BAYARD ® GE. S59 eSericul tural COUCH ELON oe ere ofan nte nietssolel=ieic)o/o/nin}a oteie' aj aieieie\misisiernin)eisic le
BUCKHOUT PRO, Wi (An, (REDOritGE BOtatsty caries vis z a ntale cise aljeMinielsivisis, v/leniclelels|e elaivietatars
TBAUMIZA | TeIRYONS (Gh (Oh. WehaGietas. (ie SEAN, Gonmvagen poouneocanagcucconooonsoSnucOoDEOS

(QISUSTISUM UST SIetOTN Ge ie seyaran Fn ON ee Sanco cnnoensd ot odo LAaOdbE rac agpoDaasnnodcSdenOTeGac
CON ARDS Se My sires Re PORE OL MOM LER Yn rata tate ciateleiele tare icielelelelelelniaieleteloralele| sie (aloln leis oletsietalotn siaieketelainteceiate

CRITCHFIELD, HON. N. B. (Secretary of Agriculture):

IaH Ueo I, mo gonneancododoecn doses onddcasronaccdacédnnsodoaoJunoonbadormdodgneucnesanedcsDang6soa
DDR RS KoseVeN I er vegeioretsy | Gu gopoudmorcusondusticobcc -conceEcosouseccnoc ananopcocenoécandddonpornoETods
MMeaE TGSDCCURON, os ce aierste co ninieicteieita iol clareloratntein cel at otmlmtotolec are arn nia upateniatiots| os afatatre de alone, tm el psetelale-ala/ofeiaratatate rare ete
Mapnitude tObwOUr ARTI CUE eRe apeticieaicletelvcislercisiaieiciafelavaistesole lel sielatsyaret Dia ielelaleletoiel=:erersisvaiaiclaiatavereierstslejaistevaais
Work sidone:s bye ithe Departmen tesgre eters sre cls cieisletatetstole(esaldiaterassteietaieicteleiet cielo ayaters otemeisteves
Response to address of welcome, Normal Institute, ..............0ssssseeeee

D.

DEMMINGS COI, SEL. Cl sReport iol Mineralori Sts (a.\a\esretcialelaieiolaiale stelerolaie alelolelateteraiete

Report spt Geoloeise ees. ares ci ainecie ne ayacieinele ata; starslaiei ere cisialeraiaieiete rete ote atersistnrarar sy aveimvareianetensr ees
DETRICH, DR. J. D., Feed, breed and care of the dairy, ..............-...--
DE VORT, A. S., Cold storage, what it means to the horticulturist, ................-..06.
DAXTOR, DR. WM. H., Work of Dairy Division at. Washington, oe siccccescacuusiieecintizcie

DUNV HL: -PROE J. iW. (.,, Good seed. and! hows tos obtain ib, * <\<.cleewercieie crete

¥F.

FREAR, DR. WM., Experiments with lime and crushed limestone on a Pennsylvania
Clay Loma [SOUL 9 aia orraiatc tate. tole'« olete'sicivyaizloyaelaietate\aleleialeio’s| ote wale =) siataletstela a tacarblaicic/ale'sie uvversie ater a

UMUBPIDIDIR, ISIS OI Did ID A intcyayoyue (anh a= slobheyeectn buat) © SoonocpaAge Gonoaauoboe do UNdAS

ING Reed. VEL. Commercial (OnGM arin e i ieee cc ciel olersiocivieiejcieclm)sicleteiei-isiziwia\siprerael=is tere
Report sobs PomoOlorist auc tiaresiiere erseisiereteisian stelaletsyevotoiere e(oleteleleicisiaserevatacctaysietateteictevatoneians

DSGMDIDS Ajo telayy Mi Wopelen Shel jesieiel (dba hd=s. emo ac cOOKHUDO OD BEOO OOOH IDO DROACBnOUT Goons
HARSHBERGER, PROF. J. W., The accumulation of soil nitrogen, ........
HARTMAN, D. L., Horticulture and agriculture, a comparison, ..............
EVANS ELON. Mi Wins | APTI CU UIr el COU CALIOM yes eieraiote nine 611 «(0,0 +12(> » \njolore aielaje m n\ererecsrete
HAYWARD, HARRY, Pork production in) the Hast, 2.2... ccscccsssecccccmpatics
HERR, J. D:, The problem: of the small orchardist, 22-2. .s.e0. .ccccsessecceseses
HOARD: HON. W. Ds. Some things Oncaairy LAMA (calee in cctctelssicleicicleieisjeielelr ete

HOPKINS, PROF. CYRIL G., Land ruin compared with soil improvement,
HUNT, PROF. THOMAS F., The promotion of agriculture in Pennsylvania,

Horticulture. and’ forestry in) Pennsylvania, (ccc cae <ccre emcee micesicie eels slesivicieies
Pennsylvania stockmen and meat inspection ]aWw, ......-..ceeeecsscececeeeees

K.

KNUPPENBURG, D. A., Report on roads and road laws, .............000...

meee

McCLELLAND, S. X., Report on cereals and: cereal Crops, .......ceccccccccceccecsccscccrcs
MeGOW AN, HONE GaeeDOrt OT LErtiliZers, << sisie\ecie.ccisicisioln alcivicicivielsisivie sles siele
McKAY, GEO. H., Varieties of fruit best adapted to cold storage, ..........

( 685 )

407

194
343

381

508
215
539
585
579
533
642
446
416
503

596

433

427
404
558

a
686 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.
Page.
MAIRS, PROF. THOMAS I., Economy in beef production, ........ aiatatalute: e/els cla's\e gh Niacbinizie tiers a 323
MASSEY, PROF. W. F., The improvement of soil and the maintenance of fertility, ... 231
MARTIN, HON. A. L. (Deputy Secretary of Agriculture):
18724 9°9) 459 110) sya aC PO HREO OO DOONEOoG Dod donc a cenue denon com scubecbaneanpecdr Sferefetcisiaiat ofalateieieiaterstnistersiniaietsisints 506 14
FASE VOL) INSELEWMTES, TCL ae iarcio ol wiafoo ateteto teva nial iclolsintnfelaie =icle’=[=(s[r\alsre/e) =! «\=/o/a\eValalnlelv]ejole!siela[aimiotn elvis i=! afecaiatalser-tatara 37
LASE GL sCOUMEY. AAAS CIs ie ola toretate otatuyetoteletaletateiatatoye =ltol> iotelasiai<lato etait ial ofeteta oYetelatete ts alate totes tfofeteteiatatetetate ae 25
LISt OL State VeCeurers) ye iciciss «\clsisieitoieisioinlelsieinia 26
List of lecturers with their subjects, 27
Biographical sketches of lecturers, 58
(Cintj ipods) oynin, Me onaaaASconodosuatoce Inaeicinoorerate Bint feisietore eisteie. elniatalo\sleiatainie mia aleiaie migieie onion aisictote tte ie siete 65
List of agricultural societies, ....... 73
N.
NELSON, J. W., Report on Apiary, ........... mhages aici ate a ee ie noe, Tesh ensee see coee aa a 361
oO.
OWENS, PROF. WM. G., What chemistry is doing for the farmer, ......... Be SAAS i 223
Jed .
PEARSON, DR. LEONARD (State Veterinarian):
EE CPIORE MOL Gert eeiole civ orelsiaia\s am vlalaveln)» ola a wisiclolclaimtololate’s1s oreiatela\sfetern tatelata c\ate/etwinta)steyatatsretetatefatateinia siete aietetetataie rete 100
Work of State Livestock Sanitary Board, 6.22. cccccscvccccecscueccsens 3 “4 100
SVVIOTI Of) TAD OTAEOLV.c- -<sisiccie <ia1e cte/aisterscmalelalareteteia\oho! 6) svalanie\atelarasavale)alet eyararetete we atonal ae tare tele eler set ete etcetera 102
Work of experiment farm, 104
GGIAMNGETS: “se aisteiscleictame .c10ia.3 vis'ejs\e[a'aiainja‘nje s{e/e(s wie wiolons's c(e'eivinie/e (=i =io'ele einlofels)aleln'e)e)=is\elels xix (-\pta nisin nvatnleieiat=isteiers telat 105
CADIUHTOURS: | facnlasls\ele,vivielalaaletaials'aie\a/<\eoia\e/e'oln\o/o:elo,atejelslu | weiafo hla eloterm aiaiovayeie alarelerrin ete mieten ote eiateiee teller ofate eetaiai ciate nie 108
isiEvele WER “GastopoagnepnodononoaG CUGEr GODOOnGae 108
Hemorragic septicameia, 109
IEA SMET EVO T A cata a atarclalale earctsiante slelonrale 110
PERE O SH we apeweteiet sicvarele eleteiB inte areieie’dfeluraleYeleters islatelarets clote\aleis oi olainiatalssaiatelalerateyateletaintete x Sia lslelatate ie cisidiieye oie’ a atgheineleatete 110
INGAM SS: OL MHOTSES), wi ciela’eicicieteislatelnic siete lelelotaleioiotaieistarols o;~toiatelaisictals steiarelelemretals ars ievotatetsin’stels cine ialetsrare ate aiaistats ate tate 116
TID EFCWIOSISMOL | CUELLCS © ois alalesioltielaloleleseIelniois = =tsiniclereste 117
Vaccination of cattle against tuberculosis, 321
Dairy wherd! inspections wesnteeeseeceskeese ce "dao danis OStedatag Cas OR ae Oe aoe EE ee 120
ANIMA VHUSDANAT Ys | alate n\n'stois\nie,sialaivin'ale(e ole'slele’oln]a]oie ainioiale a\a\cYo.ns)alel ale <\sipiotalsols/elainyelsiala 129
Mieat INSPECcELOM sy, oe me slertele)cletain nin\alo c wtafelatele\cleteiele/ale tain’ e(n)sininje erateipia/eieraia sialelsleiei melatetalsiatara 180
The value to the Nation of veterinary schools, 152
Report, to) State: Board sot A eric wl tyre eiernte rates iets ia aiesistaloloiaialatetatelelelnretalo/atsieintetatatnipts/evatetevere/etesata 430
The relation of veterinary education to animal husbandry, ............seseeeeeeeeees so5 608
R.

REICHERT, J. H., A profitable method of marketing milk, ........ Balas meets areola alere Wanoncd 621
RICE, PROF. JAMES E., Some poultry problems, ................. cteicialetarste’aivtste/s able nee ses 253 .
Ss.

SMITH, JUDGE ALLISON O., Address of welcome, Farmers’ Normal Institute, ... 174
SNAVEIGY,, El (Cu ESpret yl cece ebm ie orapniarercielaieie(alo\aintalejn silelara > (es cloisjalntarmiattimtaitahsicae 525
SOBER, Cl (Rey Chestrrts crm err ye reteesstareiera cielo oe) ael0)s\slnieclolelatclai=ia/ai-Yeleiainioinie\e\ fais’ stelelinieietens = 4 530
STOUT, W. H., Geology as it relates G agriculture, 470

SURFACE, PROF. H. A. (Economic Zoologist):
Jean (lee ASA Goda CAL Occ odecmor CO DONC OUOnECCOCrCdOSaod sate sane nacre Sn00aK Apbacdena nAccceeo esos an 138
INV SEIS A BION Mesicrare aietele esintele a’ ino is oleic jezn'n\nie icin Sieraiaiaieiersiarelielereaisieiei sis aieasietteteiaatet ene teleret te tare faicicieiasisactae 139
leo teena ace! Saehoeecacscmnaoneoe och relata aries ere stntdwie ia (eleleletaroisiete stoene raat ation sce Dipeisierelalo © eisjaiare in we eetate 142
Inspection of nurseries and orchards, 143
IAT Ee COMPECEIOUS N voinisic,ate alslaaiaisieleiainre o(dlela\ajavsie/eis, cicieiarecrialeteieintaietoietsteis (eters lcrein cislelale clatareteiateisia/ evel cscteretasiar ie 5 151
WV SMIOVISERALIOMS A ie cle als) cin'elarc)e\s\njetetate nporeie lac atelotstataiote icin isictejeieisieielslslotela cists heisintaei ste. oielaielclaietaatciaieteite min stale aia 152
GEST AMGMMODEY 7 — clajsialetsisse's oleivia ts oyolets so clsivistel cietaralevaleta terete tale lottloiatolerscerelelercietelste 261
Report of Ornithologist, 383
Report of Entomologist, 435
Development) in “scale: TEMEAIES,, %.cacjcac sinc sciacleeeaeleewasemer 545

T: -

TAY LOR, ©: S:,-Report: on wool) ‘and (cotton fibressarecpictteceteeeli = «isis cn = «1001s 10,ceielais > Sistas 365

TOWER, DR. E. E., Anatomy, CO ee care and treatment of farm erin sisideras 182
Report on live stock, ......... dapdad siatolele/ahnseinlaletatsiee tetera ateteteietmtety alotateiaies'e/o;ore\eiele/s\<ts\ateltiate Fppodboconrd 341

eT

wee

«died

No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

vs
WANA tree VW At Sulldin= wp a Gairy Herd, 2.66. sececcecceocsseecieccewsemeccese
Sema aa ETS ten wie el nicl cots a'sie <[s!cic cic's viele lala cis sie 6 01s s sinin.e seis 010 sie 's.s'eaielaie/eie'ele oye v emit nlais eivinig vereilers
VAN NORMAN, PROF. H. E., On what do dairy profits depend, ................sceeeeeee
ae aan Le as TEAS 8 ad ERT le eee al phat lol solv lac = o.civie (ee «in/a{ais »/v'e)= o\e10.0 vinnie 9s e/ale 6 aie lsinje «os « ereje ls vinjeipinm ce mettle
NSAI eee CSO CLEMATIS PASI OTIEEMIGETICS 5.00 cc 00s occ 0 csicccecceccosie ncaa ce seine tseceeens dus esieiesace
Ww.
SV ip Aiieales ee LLL VEAL A NECITIOTIAL GAY, .0 ccc since cc ccuec cle wcccs cee suclincnlevircucsisinciscc= =
WARREN, DR. B. H. (Dairy and Food Commissioner):
Report of, ....-...- rete ocean <1 nje(e/niaie s\e_a;s\nialarsystureraye cleric a¥areleje-valatajniampinyetaicte mtalcteimetereciers
Need of legislation, ................
Nes EL See NAME SE SIRTET CATES Fo sro e occ alc), «!a\niu/nieleinje @ «| 0,<\n.eis. «ju wivje'n'n's alois'sin'e\e ece(e acne siwjeiaels clele/s| om eerereioeies
Decreased sale of oleomargarine,
Wien enon ane Commercial fruit STOWINE, ~...200 ciceoccocsenneceee dee cwee ce ceive
WIG oe Se mR enOLmOmOAlITy san, GAlry DYOGUCIS, ...566 00 e.aisec seine scien vice seine winenee

WELD, IVAN C., Remarks on the production of market milk and report of milk and
aE ARR FE Re eta loca led ipe = wee e'3 ho x.wie'ain. o.oo 3 Qe a0 ocnia/o u's wane cide aivie sc'eian\clpisiv ciate sala winiele eis inia=iais

Winkel Ze Mee Gathemnucsand marketine apples, «.o.0..cecccrescsicee ce nc vicie aa nviaeisisecnenicle
WAV LING A LORS IPISIS UNG E.G TES toe a ae eee eee OA Cae PEC eCornEr Brocco reicor oc dasesoccs
EES VUE CREEP CAREUL PERN ect May otatetate oto iatelay erie a/a'e i= oo.) cic « ole ijo aie s vivialo\v e/ajnjoisio/s a ois #10 sie'e elajejelo cielo ereiaieielatete eisiateteene

ic
SNA Rr er re Gea PC ACH ATI SYSTEM CT OED Ie cjeis'c tsla\s\sicla «ime «.n15 0/0 isla 'e ninia's ola =in/slelaleisinieisieiwias s\cie'o'e vie(ele eeinivin'e

495
440

633
527
604
616

536

Ay

( 688 )

OFFICIAL DOCUMENT, INOnnite
ioe x BY SUBJECTS.
A, Page.
Page. | Dairy farming, some things in, .......... . 642
Agriculture, educational agencies of, ..... 6! Dairy farming, what it means, .......... 642
Agriculture, magnitude of, .............s.0. § | Dairy farming, keeping of calves, ........ 644
Agricultural societies, list of, ............. 73 | Dairy farming, breed and sire, ............ 645
Agricultural plants, classes of, ............ 217 | Department of Agriculture, Report of Sec-
Agricultural education, importance of, 390 TOCATY:; | Sab cise. oeleleutowiessls slo oomniociaicteieleweisetaieistblerete 3
Agricultural education, need of, .......... 395 | Department of Agriculture, work of, ..... 3
Agricultural education, methods of im- Department of Agriculture, Report of
FTN Sh nA os See naa RES ES oe 396] Deputy Secretary, ........2.0+0.sescceseress 14
Agricultural education, address of Dr. Department of Agriculture, Report of
SU WFCLSSI on ei laiarsinte’sfeiclalele sm idetieieiers allen isicise a svdlere vc 401 Dairy and Food Commissioner, ........-. 78
Aericulture im SGhoOols, <m.c.<.c-e- 0 ceccesce 586 | Department of Agriculture, Report of
Agriculture in Pennsylvania, .............. 416 State Veterinarian, .......ssss.seeee eee eees 100
Mibalfarmehowe tO ETOW,) vi crectsddeleees le 616; Department of Agriculture, Report of
Alfalfasdim the Wiest, ...cestiuesecseotmeccas 617 | Economic Zoologist, ...............---...+5 138
Animal husbandry, .......0..cce.eeseseeeeees 129 | Department of Agriculture, list of publi-
tiers) Ci etc, .: S ceereeeny rcs bacck 10S} Cations Of, ....-. reese sees eee tees eee eee ee ees 653
PAAVEST OES TN GL Meo temente preletetercieiovats’ siete tavate ots ie, cietecearsse(ove wae aya 651
SANTEE SET OWU LINE Osis a wis Nelsons S.cclesisisics ata’ esscen 519 E.
Appless varietles! Of «so ics cewcseemcceeh sss 523
; K Bie ge ~ | Economic Zoologist, Report of, ............ 138
ee ee re aE TAREE ec ae Economic Zoology, work of Division, ..... 138
B.
1
Beef production, economy in, .............. 323
Beef production, selection of animals, 323 | Farm animals, anatomy, and care of, 182
Beef production, comparison in prices, 325 | Farmers’ institutes, Report of Director, 14
Beck ProduUeLion), PTOMES INS 5 .ccec celiccles ace 326 | Farmers’ institutes, list of managers and
Bees and honey, ...............seesseceeeeees AGL [= JeCturers). "sircjasis specials te ortetslstelereescotel seleteiaetel es 25
Bees, swhalt. iS) HOMEY: & <ciccnn tie ois sjaleicicveletssess 262} Farmers’ institutes, list of subjects of
Bees, honey-producing plants, ............. DGB it TECEUTETS sc ieje)sio1 cin cisratvieis teeta o1aaeTe eee 27
BEES CLASSES OLE as teicisnmescicccemase «ct gee oie 223 | Farmers’ institutes, biographical sketches
IRAs, EMIeleeMbeles et, CosoooordoroDabOesnepreaes 223) lWs 1Of Tecttirerss' an acrdeicie seen ier caiman 58
SOE Se SUTILCLUNEG as OL mits cisleleoioieinielets cleleie © sia.eve stoloiaie 264 | Farmers’ normal institute, program of, 23
Bees, methods of working with, ......... 265 | Farmers’ normal institute, proceedings of, 173
PIGCS FRMNLVES! shOY A are yeroers teeter cicibsie cia as 266] Farmers’ normal institute, members pres-
Bees, the removal of COMDy jccnccnc.cec. . 0s 267 Gialite | qadaccodenbConunoesnactanoboreolcduoadacsc 181
SCC TAGES) (OPS cited a ionvd SRI RIES he ciainie nto 269) Weeding) mationallens «seein cricciseseciereer ease 477
IBSCSAWANLLETINE MOL. -s-se aee eh weekend 269\"Weeding, character Of =. ..2-ecescmeceneeee 478
Bees, report of Committee on Apiary, S391 |Mertilizer valuatlons;, aes. eiie cis es cjeicleeeieisente 659
Beevkcenpinge Lor WOMEN, <vscscwvescce cca. sone 269} Fruit growing, commercial, ................ 495
TELE TO) fll ep yer ee 1¢9| Fruit growing, development of, ........... 496
Fruit tree dealers, licensed in Pennsylva-
C. wt sedededsocedaose: ouncoodis SOCHOO maleidisinerasiee) | LSS
Chemistry, what it is doing for the
BAIS TRA are Ys nya: 3 a: sajaccieie’nisle mets oeaetiomaein ate 223 | S
ae. helps the farm, ...... fe Geology as it relates to agriculture, ...... 470
Goin storks. in Bee aan the esti Ue. | Glanders, Prevalence: Of; Seidel s sce 104
o Hemorrhagic septicameia, .............e.e06 109
WHINE: 6506) QUCCODIDE SEE E BES BE OCD EeS Orc a aeeraee 505
Peierls variety of fruit adapted to aoe Poe Cholera eas soete esis epeeislaiaisietteteteietelsiararelesiats 115
‘Slava Shae f 2 oe: Horticulture and forestry in Pennsylva-
2 FEO ES ORD coe Soca no onoa Hor 625°), mila \Wehnh bos cba vee piamesete eae ae eee . 503
Crop FE CATTON TE LAM scde tcf oin\ ei os e115: 0, sts eters = 0:6 \relSisvarsielse €5 Horticulture, what cold storage means to, 505
D. Horticulture and agricultural compari-
| SONS) selscicis ac ceinceviele lone coiele e slepeloletenanaeperetelatetate 539
Dairy and Food Division, report of, ...... 78 ; Horses, lime and sulphur wash for, ...... 116
Dairy Division at Washington, ............ 638
Dairy and feed laws, enforcement of, 319 Te
Dairying, on what dairy products depend, 298
Dairying, production power in, ............ £299 | Institutes, farmers’, Report of Director,.. 14
Dairying, the milk machine, ............... 302 | Institutes, farmers’, list of managers and
Dairying, feed, breed and care of dairy, 307 | lecturers, ....... apis eistamisiecictelaletecieceieiais.e.enee 25

44-—7—1906

( 689 )

690

Page.

Institutes, farmers’, subjects of lecturers,
Institutes, biographical sketches of lec-
turers,

Land ruin compared with soil in fertility,
Lime on Pennsylvania soils,
List of Department officials,
List of Department publications,

M.

Meat inspection law and Pennsylvania

stockmen,
Memorial day exercises, normal institute,
Memorial day, an address on,
Milk, artificial coloring of,
Milk, profitable methods of marketing,
Milk, production of market,
Milk, report of contest on,
Milk, table of cream samples,
Milk fever,

Nurseries, inspection

ETT CLT TUS teen ave ei cce ia srotainveretriancie's wiavera cin ciate wisioferaieie
Oleomargarine, decrease sales of,
Orchardist, problem of small,
Orchards, commercial,
Orchards, location of,
Orchards, soil for,
Orchards, planting of,

Orchards, cultivation of,
Orchards, enemies of,
Orchards; profit of,

Peach and plum rot, how to control it, ..
Peach culture: moneyyink) 112i saelased cee
Peach culture, essentials of,
Peach culture, handling of,
Peach culture,
VAD cya co ag als ease anew ees mole came tees eee as
Pennsylvania Stock Breeders’ Association,
meeting of and officers,
Pennsylvania Horticultural
GETS OLS tec ainverwicics (cmos nite ieiclels «ein ea sitet ae
Pennsylvania State Grange, officers of,
Pennsylvania Dairy Union, papers read at
annualrmeetine: \. onc aces cece scene ce
Pennsylvania Dairy Union, officers of,
Pennsylvania Dairy Union, address of
IPTESIGeENES sccm aa > sesaeemniisins Oe aaemisie oovieees
Pork productionyinsthe Hast) s..es.... 62-6
Pork husbandry, profits of,
Poultry husbandry,
Poultry, houses for,
Poultry, breeding of,

opportunities of Pennsyl-

Society,

Rabies,
Report
Report
Report
Report
Report
Report
Report

of Secretary, Geacsecusc HSDOOCOORCIOnO
of Deputy Secretary, ...50.3...-0008
of Dairy and Food Commissioner,
of State Veterinarian,
of Economic Zoologist,
of Botanist, :
on live stock,
EeportrOfmePomologistsu «assess sen cece eae
Report of Committee on Credentials,

Report on apiary,

ey

27

143

SS ee SS Sacyx_]
——— eee ee

eter eee eee eeee

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Page.
Report on wool and cotton fibres, ......... 365
Report of Hygienist, .........ce.ceceeeeecees - 7 Sah
Report of Ornithologist, ...... Rata aicieratnistafsters esse
Report* on poultry, .scccceccnccceees Sisetelsieipie 358
Report on fertilizers, ........---.-seees kiceie OE
Report on dairy legislation, .............. 423
Report on cereals, .......cceeecceeeccceccrces 427
Report of Veterinarian to Poard of Ag-
FICWLUUITE, win. acne cae ce ne nee eserogbagotean: 430
Report On TORS; .co.selsiecte Melaet se yeciot wesw elas
Report of Entomologist, .......... wdexitae omen aanl
Report on dairy products, ............++. 449
Report on feeding stuffs, ..............---- . 442
Report on identification of fruits, ...... 465
Report of Mineralogist, .....-...--ss-.-e8 466
Report on legislation, ............-.s.- rode ee Al
Resolutions, report of Committee on, .... 292
Ss.
Scale remedies, development in, .........- 545
Seale remedies, spraying material, ..,.... 562
Schools of agriculture, ........ccceccsseees . 680
Seed and how to obtain that which is
ZOOM se feierese oialere metaferereaciaia wlele/eiavern aceicriavels sas Scteie eee oO
Seed, analyses of clover, 207
Seed, adulterated, ........ 210
Seed, imported, i... 0... Lest Srtecaratelerets auisece one peLe
Seed legislation, .........cseccsccsesccess ec ee
Sheep husbandry, importance of, ........ - 604
Sheep husbandry, the raising of lambs,.. 605
Soil nitrogen, accumulations of, .......... 215
Soil, improvement of, ........ssesseeoee 231
Soil, deficiencies in, ............. Balsietelcietere a elaueeyeates
Soil, application of plant life to, ..... node re
Soil, rotation of crops to, ....... pi asclenememreed
Soil, humus-making material for, ....... 238
Soil, practical methods for improving, .. 239
Soil and crushed limestone, .....+..-s+eees 407
State Board of Agriculture, proceedings of
spring meeting, .........+ Stace tetoiwle's sie siet=(alataceta 155
State Board of Agriculture, minutes.of,.. 157
State Board of Agriculture, annual meet-
ANP OL, © ercteieice ale lelarcinia\alelele[elnietminiate =tesptare snocic Seems
Stute Board of Agriculture, officers and
MMLETMIDETE SOL ossicles ata eiateteyalel= Saale ontste Van iasd
State Board of Agriculture, proceedings
of annual meeting, .........--eseeeees ewteetar TO
State Horticultural Association, proceed-
ings and officers Of, ........-seeeeeeees i 485
State Horticultural Association, report of
General Fruit Committee, .......... beeerig cbt)
State Horticultural Association, address
Of ‘President, © .<..scvscueene stiles ci lela(sleerete 493
State Livestock Sanitary Board, work of, 103
State Livestock Sanitary Board, the ex-
perimental farm, ............ EB Setuidisicsis Scie rejote,, aM!
TS
Texas fever, .......+.. moaenhic wen clenicsiosk cows 110
Tuberculosis of cattle, ............eeeeee eens 117
Tuberculosis of cattle, vaccination
GEAINSE, wen ceiacess sreisieieleie(esiata Sadeandserive scare
ave
Veterinarian, Report of, ..... donueaG scenacn) eae nu
Veterinary schools, value to the Nation,.. 182
Veterinary education, relation to animal
history, .:.-- Soe Mean des to ede beeee saiee aieene TOUS
Veterinary education, value of, ........... @14
‘ Z.
Zoologist, Report of, ........ a i aeisiels se Saeed Raee.
work of Division, 138

Zoology,

3 5185 00258 5659

Y

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ee
iB ;

AMS
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