i SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE PENNSYLVANIA Department of Agriculture HARRISBURG: * 0, E. AUGHINBAUGH, PRINTER TO THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA 1911 OFFICIAL DOCUMENT, No. PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE OFFICIAL LIST, 1910 N. B. CRITCHFIELD, Secretary, Stoyestown, Somerset County. A. L. MARTIN, Dep’y Sec’y and Director of Farmers’ Institutes, Knon Valley, Lawrence County. M. D. LICHLITER, Chief Clerk, Bellevue, Allegheny County. BH. C. FIRST, Clerk, Farmers’ Institute Division, Harrisburg. BERTHA H. SIEBER, Stenographer. Harrisburg. GEORGE F. BARNES, Messenger, Rossville, York County. JAMES FOUST, Dairy and Food Commissioner, Altoona, Blair County. MAY VY. RHONE, Clerk, Dairy and Food Commissioner, Center Hall, Center County. WILLIAM R. SWARTZ, Messenger, Dairy and Food Commissioner, Duncannon, Perry County. H. A. SURFACE, Economic Zoologist, Mechanicsburg, Cumberland County. JOHN D. H@RR, Assistant Economic Zoologist, Lancaster, Lancaster County. Vy. A. E. DAECKE, Clerk, Economie Zoologist, Philadelphia. KATHRYN P. FIRST, Stenographer, Economic Zoologist, Harrisburg. (1) 1—7—1910 i) DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Off. Doc. ALFRED B. CUAMPLAIN, Messenger, Economic Zoologist, Harrisburg, Dauphin County. S. H. GILLILAND, State Veterinarian, Marietta, Lancaster County. T. EB. MUNCE, Deputy State Veterinarian, Washington, Washington County. RUSSEL T. WHITSON, Clerk, State Veterinarian, Lancaster, Lancaster County. MARY E. CHADWICK, Stenographer, State Veterinarian, Harrisburg. . OFFICIAL DOCUMENT, No. 7 LIBRARY NEW Y@RK BOTANICAL GARDEN SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, Harrisburg, Pa., January 1, 1911. To Hon. Edwin S. Stuart, Governor of Pennsylvania: Sir: I have the honor to submit herewith the report of the opera- tions of the Department of Agriculture for the year 1910, together with an estimate of the products of the farms of the State for the year, a partial preliminary report of agricultural statistics obtained from the Thirteenth Census of the State, some results achieved in the way of agricultural progress through the agency of this Depart- ment and some suggestions for future work and development. CLIMATIC AND CONSEQUENT CROP CONDITIONS FOR THE YEAR The rainfall for January averaged 4.97 inches, or about 1.50 of an inch above normal, which caused considerable flooding of the rivers of the State. For February the rainfall amounted to 3.20 inches, about 0.58 of an inch below normal. The month of March was remarkable for the total absence of weather conditions such as are characteristic of this season of the year. The rainfall averaged a little over half an inch for the State and was 3.16 below normal; the temperature averaged 8 degrees above normal. With these weather conditions, farming operations began early. oats was sown, spring plowing for corn began and all growing crops were started fully two and more weeks before the usual time, and the buds of fruit trees were abnormally advanced. The month of April was abnormal in both excessive temperature and precipitation and was noted for the absence of those esIeES of cold weather usually experienced at this season. The average rainfall for the month was 5.7 inches, about 2 ghee above normal. 8.50 inches of rain fell in Hamburg, Berks county, which is 4.85 inches above normal. This excessive precipitation re- tarded agricultural operations during this month and in some in- stances destroyed fruit buds. The average precipitation for the month of May was 3.30 inches, which is considerable below normal; but the cool and cloudy weather with frequent showers and frosts during the first half of the month conserved the soil moisture sufficiently for all crops to make nor- mal growth. (3) 4 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doce. The average rainfall for the State during the month of June was 4.9 inches, which is approximately an inch above normal. Nearly all this precipitation occurred previous to the 19th. Previous to the 18th of the month decidely cool weather prevailed with frosts in exposed places doing considerable damage and retarding agricultural opera- tions. This cool weather was especially prevalent in the vicinity of Philadelphia where the average temperature for the first twelve days of the month was lower than for any corresponding period for forty years. The drought for July 1910 was so prevalent throughout the State, that with one single exception, that of State College, there was a deficiency of rainfall, varying from .0388 of an inch in Berks county to 3.75 inches at Selinsgrove, Snyder county. There were no general rains during the month of June, after the 19th, and local showers were usually quite limited in extent and du- ration. ‘This deficiency of rainfall and the intense heat that pie- vailed, caused serious damage to garden crops, corm and pasture, and a shortage in the water supply for household purposes and farm animals. The wide-spread deficiency in rainfali continued during the entire month of Afigust, and had it not been for the cooler weather prevailing during the month, conditions would have been still more serious. Deficiency of rainfall, with two exceptions, viz: at Philadel- phia and West Chester, varied from 0.03 of an inch to 2.57 inches for the State. Deficiencies in rainfall occurred during September, October, No- vember and Deecmber, aggregating for the year in parts of Mont- gomery county 11.72 inches, in York county 8.54 inches, in Adams, 5.77 imches, in Franklin 5 inches, in Bedford 8.70 inches, in Somer- set 8.56 inches, in Fayette 7.42 inches, in Greene 5.14 inches, in Washington 10.25 inches, in Indiana 5.99 inches, in Clinton 5.88 inches, in Cameron 5.33 inches, in Carbon 5.18 inches and in Pike 7.99 inches. Only four counties of the State report an excess of rain- fall, Lawrence 2.20 inches, Luzerne 1.09 inches, Centre 0.20 and Bucks 0.18 inch. There was a deficiency of approximately four inches of rainfall over the entire State for the year, and as one inch of rain- fall amounts to a little over 112 tons of water per acre, each acre of the State received about 448 tons of water less than usual with which to produce the agricultural crops of the year. It is evident that the eastern farmer, if present methods are to be pursued, needs to study eastern dry farming. STAPLE FARM CROPS FOR 1910 The estimate of the staple farm crops given here include, Corn, Wheat, Oats, Rye, Buckwheat, Barley, Hay, Potatoes and Tobacco, and amounts to $172,362,500. CORN The corn crop, with more than ordinary dry weather in many of the corn growing sections of the State during the months of July and August shows, that farmers are beginning to learn some of the lessons available for supplying, through cultivation; what the regu- lar summer showers in former years supplied. No 7. DEPARTMENT OL AGRICULTURE. 5 The average yield per acre for 1910 is 41 bushels, with an acreage of 1,586,000, making a total yield of 65,026,000 bushels, worth De- cember 1, $38,565,000. This is an increase of 16,226,000 bushels, or nine bushels per acre, over that of 1909; and is the highest yield ob- tained in the Staie since accurate statistics have been kept. As stated in my report of 1909, movements have been started in many sections of the State by Farmers’ Organizations, Corn Growers’ Associations, Boys’ Corn Clubs, Grangers’ Fair Associations, Agri- cultural Societies, ete., for improving and increasing the yield of corn. These organizations have maintained their interest and are still actively at work. The State Livestock Breeders’ Association again held its annual corn show in connection with the meeting of the State Board of Agriculture, at Harrisburg, January 24-27. Ten prizes were awarded for the best exhibits of ten ears of Flint, Yel- low Dent, White Dent, White Cap Dent, Ninety Day types and mixed varieties of corn, and for Southeastern Pennsyivania varieties ; a grand champion prize for the best ten ears in the show, and a sweep- stake prize for the best ear of corn on exhibition were given. With climatic conditions, little, if any more favorable than the previous year, it is evident that these competitive exhibits, together with the work of this Department through its Division of Farmers’ Institutes, the Experimenial Station and the organizations above referred to, have aroused an interest in the development of corn growing which has been a great factor in making this increase of 16,225,000 bushels, worth to the Pennsylvania farmers more than $8,000,000, far more than has been appropriated for Agricultural Institutions in the en- tire history of the State. WHEAT The acreage of wheat in this State is three times as large as that of New York; larger than that of Ohio; nearly as large as that of Illinois; twice as large as that of Kentucky and Tennessee and larger than that of the great wheat-raising siate of Washington. The value of the wheat of this State is three times that of New York, is $2,000,000 greater than that of Ohio; three times greater than that of Kentucky and Tenessee, and within $5,000,000 as valu- able as that of the State of Washington. The average yield per acre for 1910 was 17.8 bushels with an acre- age of 1,556,000, making a yield of 27,697,006 bushels, worth Decem- ber 1, $25,481,000, or $5,148,000 less than the crop of 1909, which was 1,432,000 bushels less in yield. i know of no satisfactory explana- tion for this, when the yield in the United States was 1,600,000 less than in 1909. OATS The weather during the middle and latter part of March was favor- able for sowing oats, and a large number of farmers sowed at this time, which, to some extent, accounts for the increase in vield. The yield increased from a little over 25 bushels per acre in 1909 to 35.2 bushels in 1910, which, with the same acreage as 1909, made a total of 35,150,000 bushels as against 25,948,000-bushels in 1909, worth over $2,000,000 more than the crop of 1909; whereas, the price of oats in 1909 was 50 cents a bushel while in 1910 it was worth but 41 cents. é ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. This Department, through the agency of the Farmers’ Institutes, lias been trying to stimulate the raising of oats, particularly in the northern counties of the State, for the reason that, with climatic con- ditions especially well adapted to the growing of oats, it would take the place of corn as a grain ration for animals. RYE Pennsylvania raises a larger acreage of rye, a larger average yield per acre with a greater value per acre than any state in the Union. As suggested in my report for 1909, there are many soils especially adapted to growing rye, and when farmers are behind with their work and the season for sowing other cereals has passed, rye can be sowed with assurance of receiving a crop, and for these and other reasons a larger acreage should be grown. 380,000 acres were sowed with rye in 1910, yielding at the rate of 17 bushels per acre, or a total of 6,460,000 bushels, worth December 1, $4,716,000. The yield per acre in 1909 was 15.3 bushels and the money value of the crop was $4,406,000, or $310,000 less than in 1910. BUCKWHEAT Pennsylvania, with one exception (New York), raises a larger acreage of buckwheat than any other state in the Union. The short season required for growing this crop and the large yields that can be raised in poor soils, and its value as feed for all animals as well as for man, should induce raising it, when and wherever possible. 290,000 acres were sowed with buckwheat in 1910, yielding, 5,655,000 bushels, or at the rate of 19.5 bushels per acre, worth December 1, $3,506,000. BARLEY Of the 7,257,000 acres sown with barley in the United States, Penn- sylvania had only 9,000 acres, yielding 238,000 bushels, at the rate of 26.5 bushels to the acre, worth December 1, $150,000, or at the rate of 63 cents per bushel. Barley is not so much a cool weather crop as is oats. It can be grown in a shorter season, will endure hot weather better, and therefore is a better crop than oats for the Southeastern section of the State where it seems to me it should, to a large extent, take the place of oats. HAY There was an increase in the yield of hay for 1910 over 1909 of 691,000 tons, making the tonnage approximately what it had been for the previous nine years. There was an increase of 94,000 acres in the acreage, which is as it should be because it is needed. 3,212,000 acres were sowed with grass in 1910, capable of yielding under present conditions a crop of at least 4,818,000 tons, at the rate of one and a half tons per acre, worth $72,270,000, making it the most valuable farm crop of the State. POTATOES In 1909 there were only six states in the Union that had a lower yield per acre of potatoes than Pennsylvania, and among these were North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia. This is not as it should No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 7 be, because Pennsylvania has a large number of consumers of farm products, especially potatoes, in proportion to the number of per- sons engaged in farm-crop production, than any state in the Union; and she should supply a large quantity of these important vegetables for the consumer, especially when under the shadow of Altoona, Johnstown and Pittsburg as much as 350 bushels per acre have been raised. 320,000 acres were planted with potatoes in the State in 1910, yielding 28,160,000 bushels, an average of 88 bushels per acre, worth $14,648,000. TOBACCO There are but five states in the Union that raise a larger acreage of tobacco than Pennsylvania. In yield and value per acre, Pennsyl- vania is first among the five, with an average yield of 1,500 pounds per acre. There was an increase of over 500 pounds in yield per acre in 1910 over 1909, with an average increase of one-half a cent a pound in price. 33,680 acres were planted with tobacco in 1910 yielding 49,500,000 pounds, worth December 1, $4,603,500. The foregoing estimates of the values of farm products do not in- clude dairy cows, valued January 1, 1910, at $44,460,000; nor other cattle valued at $17,606,000; nor the horses and mules valued at $81,- 708,000; nor swine valued at $8,844,000; nor the sheep and wool valued at $5,338,000; neither does it include the fruit crops or veget- ables which, at a low estimate, would be worth an additional $50,- 000,000. CENSUS STATISTICS FIRST PRELIMINARY STATEMENT OF FARM DATA BY THE CENSUS BUREAU FOR PENNSYLVANIA, 1910 The statement shows in detail that the number of farms reported in 1910 was 218,394, as compared with 224,248 in 1900, a decrease of 5,854, or 2.6 per cent. The total value of farm land and buildings was given in 1910 as $1,035,300,000 as against $898,273,000 in 1900, an increase of $137,- 027,000, or 15.2 per cent. The total value of all farm land alone was reported in 1910 as $627,185,000 as compared with $575,393,000 in 1900, a gain of $51, 792,000, or 9 per cent. The total value of farm buildings alone was given in 1910 as $408,- 115,000 as against $322,880,000 in 1900, an increase of $85,235,000, or 26 per cent. In 1910 the value of the farm land alone constituted 61 per cent. of the total value of land and buildings, as compared with 64 per cent. in 1900. The reported value of farm implements and machinery was $70,- 547,000 in 1910 as against $50,917,000 in 1900, a gain of $19,630,000, or 38.5 per cent, S ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. The total acreage reported in 1910 was 18,556,000 acres, as com- pared with 19,571,000 in 1900, a decrease of 815,000 acres, or 4.2 per cent. The improved acieage was returned in 1910 as amounting to 12,- 660,000 acres, as against 13,209,000 in 1900, a decrease of 549,000 acres, or 4.1 per cent. The improved acreage formed 68 per cent. of the total acreage in both 1910 and 1900. The average acres per farm reported in 1910 was 85, as against 86 in 1900, a decrease of 1 acre, or 1.16 per cent. AVERAGE VALUE PER ACRE The average value per acre of farm land and buildings in 1910 is stated as $55.79, as against $46.37 in 1900, a rise of $9.42, or 20. per cent. The average value per acre of farm land alone in 1910 was reported as $33.80, while in 1900 it was $29.70, the amount of gain being $4.10, or 15.8 per cent. The total number of farms operated in 1910 by owners, part owners, and owners and tenants, comprising the ‘all owners” class, was 163,- 587, as compared with 162,279 in 1900, an increase of 1,308. The total number of farms conducted in 1919 by cash tenants, share tenants and cash and share tenants, comprising the “all tenants” class, was 50,951, as against 58,266 in 1900, a decrease of 7315. The total number of farms operated by managers in 1910 was 3,856, as compared with 3,763 in 1900, an increase of 153. he total number of farms operated by the “all owners” class con- stituted 75 per cent. of the whole number of farms in 1910, and 72 per cent. in 1909; those operated by the “all tenants” ciass, 23 per cent. in 1910, and 26 per cent. in.1900; and those conducted by Inanagers, 2 per cent. in both 1910 and 1900. Of the total number, 163,587, of farms operated in 1910 by the “all owners” class, there were 112,995, or 69 per cent., owned free of incumbrances, and 50,592, or 51 per cent. mortgaged. The Census Bureau has no Foote respecting the number of mortgaged farms leased to tenants, nor figures for 1900 available for comparison with the 1910 data as to the incumbrances. DISTRIBUTION ACCORDING TO ACREAGH GROUPS The statement relative to. farms distributed according to certain acreage groups shows that those of 19 acres-and under numbered 37,993 in 1910 and 35,038 in 1900, a gain of 2,955; of,20 to 49 acres, 39,615 in 1910 and 41,575 in 1900, a decrease of 1,960; of 50 to 99 acres, 65,626 in 1910 and 69,670 in 1900, a decrease of 4,044; of 100 to 174 acres, 55,471 in 1910 and 57,800 in 1900, a decrease of 2,329; of 175 to 499 acres, 18,898 i 1910 and 19,259 in 1900, a falling off of 341; of 500 to 999 acres, 627 in 1910 and 688 in 1900, a decrease of 61: and 1,000 acres and over, 164 in 1910 and 238 in 1900, a decrease of 74. These statistics show that the tendency is toward smaller farms and, as a consequence, more intensive farming. No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 9 The expenditure for labor in 1910 reached the sum of $25,079,000, as compared with $16,648,000 in 1900, an increase of $8,431,000, or 50.6 per cent. The expenditure for fertilizers amounted in 1910 to $6,756,000, while in 1900 it was $4,686,000, an increase of $2,070,000, or 44 per cent. PENNSYLVANIA AN IMPORTING STATE Notwithstanding the enormous values of our farm crops and the slight increase in production per acre for the year 1910, Pennsylvania does not produce enough to feed her citizens, and instead of being an exporting State she imports millions of dollars worth of farm pro- ducts, and an importing State of farm products like an importing nation should and must have, for her own best interests, an intensive agriculture. In my report for 1909, under the head of Feeding Requirements, an estimate was made of the feed required for farm animals and a show- ing of about how much is imported into the State over the amount raised. Under the head of Dairying and Raising Crops for the Dairy, a statement was made of the crops that should and could be raised to furnish food for dairy cows. Under the head of Crop Ra- tions, rotation was suggested of crops for the various sections of the State to furnish the roughage and grain for the dairy cows in use, in connection with the silo. An effort was also made to show how the fertility of the soil is destroyed and removed and how it may be pre- vented. Reference is made to this matter again, for the reason that the maintenance of the fertility of the soil is fundamental, because it stands for a permanent agriculture, and any nation that has a permanent agriculture will have a permanent existence. A Beatitude something like the following can be applied to such a nation: “Blessed is the nation that has a permanent agriculture, for she shall endure.” A permanent agriculture means constructive farming or the pro- duction and the keeping on the farm of so much fertility as is used by the crops raised. The fact that fertility is purchased and brought to the farm instead of being produced there, is proven by the increase of the fertilizer bill of the farmers of the State of $2,070,000 since 1900, or an increase of 44 per cent. CENTRALIZATION OF CONSUMERS OF FARM PRODUCTS The possibility of getting the food supplies from every climate of the country through the agency of our transportation companies, has led to the centralization of our factories where labor is plentiful and cheap and at or near where the raw materials used by the manu- facturer are located or to where they can easily be transported. Pennsylvania, on account of her enormous supplies of coal, oil, gas, limestone, iron ore, and until recent years, wood, and her early prestige as an agricultural state and her splendid location for ship- ment to domestic and foreign markets, has become a manufacturing center and therefore a center of enormous consumption of agricul- tural products. These natural advantages have given to Pennsyl- vania markets that are unsurpassed, and the ambition of Pennsyl- vania farmers should be to supply these markets, as nearly as pos- sible, with everything they need, and thereby reduce importation to a minimum, 10 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. A SYSTEM OF MERCHANDISING A system of merchandising is often a necessary adjunct to trans- portation, but it should be only an adjunct and not cost more than the production, manufacture and transportation of the commodities it handles without adding to their value. Secretary Wilson, of the National Department of Agriculture, in his report for 1910, says: “It is established by the investigations of this Department, made last June, that the milk consumers of seventy- eight cities paid for milk, an increase of 100.8 per cent. above the price received by the Dairyman. The lowest increase among the Geo- graphic Divisions was 75.5 per cent. in the South Atlantic States and the highest was 111.9 per cent. in the Western States.” For butter, the consumer pays the dealer about 15 per cent. above creamery prices which is not more than it should be, but when we compare creamery prices with the prices paid the farmer at his local mar-, kets, the consumer pays from 50 to 60 per cent. above the farmers’ prices. Taking other commodities, it is found that the middleman receives 260 per cent. above farmers’ prices for onions sold by the peck, 400.4 per cent. for oranges bought by the dozen, 200 per cent. for water- melons sold singly, 90.5 per cent. for apples bought by the barrel, 80.6 per cent. for apples bought by the box, 75 per cent. for chickens sold by the head, 80.5 per cent. for potatoes by the bushel, 88.8 per cent. for poultry by the pound, 95.3 per cent. for strawberries by the box, 82.5 per cent. for sweet potatoes by the bushel, 66.7 per cent. for celery by the bunch, and 59.8 per cent. for turkeys by the pound. The import price of coffee for the fiscal year 1910 was eight cents a pound, including freights. The price of this coffee to the consumer was from 150 to 337.5 per cent. above its cost to the im- porters and middlemen. COLD STORAGE The impossibility to produce in the immediate vicinity of our enormous industrial plants, perishable food stuffs in sufficient quantity, and deliver them in fresh and edible condition to the con- sumer, has made it necessary to establish refrigerator car lines and cold storage plants, for the transporting of such commodities from all sections of the country and for keeping them in proper condition for food. These agencies for transporting and keeping agricultural products of all sections of the country in edible condition at all seasons, brings Florida and California fruits and vegetables to the door of the Pennsylvania mechanic, laborer and miner in December, January and February and has proved a great blessing. But while it has been a blessing it has opened the way for avaricious dealers in the necessaries of life, for their own enrichment, to buy these perish- able products, when there is a surplus, either by an excess being shipped from a distance or when the local producer inadvertently overstocks the market, and hoard them until-such time as the prices are satisfactory and then bring them into competition with the fresh products of the farmer. Refrigerator Car Lines and Cold Storage Companies should make it possible for the producer, when his own market is overstocked, to ship his products where there is a demand for them or to store them until his own, or a distant market No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. ial will consume them, without the necessity of paying exorbitant charges, and if these advantages to the public cannot be secured in any other way the whole matter should be regulated by legislation. One of the agricultural industries of the State that has suffered a slow but sure process of weakening by the agencies referred to, is that of fattening cattle. The farmers, in many of the corn raising sections of the State, fatten steers with their corn to keep the fer- tility on the farm; one of the most desirable industries for the con- sumers of meat and for the farmer who works for a permanent agri- culture, that can be practiced. These farmers go into the open mar- kets in the fall of the year and buy what they call “feeders” and frequently are obliged to sell these steers the following spring, after laving put them into the very best marketable condition, for the same price per cwt. they paid for them in the fall, or for the meagre advance of ten, twenty, thirty, forty or fifty cents per hundred pounds. To prove this statement, one need only consult the market journals, where it will be seen that feeders and stockers purchased in the fall sell for the same price in the spring as fat cattle. Taik to a farmer who has been following this business, about improving his farm or doing intensive farming, and he will be tempted to say things that should not go into a public report. THE FARMER'S ATTITUDE From these facts already given, it is plain that the farmer is not getting exorbitant prices for his products; that by the agencies that should be his servants he is sometimes made to be the competitor of the whole nation and even to compete with himself, and that while his products cost the ultimate consumer too much, this extra cost is added after delivery to the transportation companies and before reaching the ultimate consumer. The farmer is not ignorant of these conditions. He says. “Why should I raise ten thousand heads of cabbage if by keeping down pro- duction I can get as much money for five thousand heads, or why should I keep a dairy of twenty cows if by keeping down production I can make as much out of a dairy of ten cows?” If the producer could sell directly to the consumer, he would have the means of knowing how many cabbages and how many pounds of butter or how much of other products his patrons would consume, and all this effervescence of “‘over-production” and “not enough pro- duction” and “the high cost of living” would be to a great extent dis- pensed with. People who complain of the high cost of living and who are dis- posed to lay the blame for the same upon the farmer, should give their attention to the possibility of eliminating the undue number of middlemen and their profits and, by arranging systems of co-opera- tive buying, meet the farmer or producer upon some common ground or a basis of action that will prove profitable to both parties. In many instances, if general and local brokers, wholesalers and jobbers, together with the retail dealers, are all counted, it will be seen that many commodities must pay from three to five middlemen’s profits before they get from the producer to the consumer. The farmers of the country are ready to join hands with the consumers in an ar- rangement for cutting out these unjust and unnecessary profits, as 12 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. soon as the latter are ready to take the steps so much needed ‘to afford relief. By what has been said about transportation and cold storage and middlemen, I do not mean to shield the unworthy farmer who pro- duces milk and makes butter, to apreciate the flavor of which the consumer must have vears of training, nor the man who sells sick animals to the butcher or kills them himself and sells the carcass to the consumer, nor the farmer who, when opportunity offers, will charge profits even to four hundred per cent., like the unscrupulous middleman. These all come under the same condemnation and are a discredit to the agricultural industry and injurious to our indus- trial system because they take from the ultimate consumer an un- righteous profit for an inferior article. INTENSIVE FARMING In the report of this Department for 1909 it was showed that in all probability $90,000,000 worth of feeding stuffs were imported into Pennsylvania, annually, the greater part of which could be raised in the State which would mean an income annually for each one of the 218,394 farmers of $412.00. The deficiences in farm products in this State consist largely of dairy products, meats, vegetables and feeding stuffs for dairy cows and meat-producing animals. if statistics can be relied on, it is evident that progress has been made rather slowly in intensive farming, with the exception of a steady increase in the production per acre of several of the staple crops, and even this has been slow and has not kept pace with the increase in population. The improved acreage of farm land in 1910 amounted to 12,666,000 acres, in 1900 to 15,209,000 acres, in 1890 to 15,210,000 acres and in 1880, to 13,423,000 acres, or the improved acreage in 1910 is 763,000 acres less than it was in 1880, thirty years ago. The population of the State in 1900 numbered 6,502,115; in 1890, 5,258,- 113: in 1880, 4,282,891, an increase of two million nineteen thousand two hundred and twenty-four or 52 per cent. between 1880 and 1900, whereas the improved acreage of agricultural land has decreased more than 6 per cent. All data for 1910 are not available. There is one gratification in this: That increased production per acre, the object for which this Department has been working, is beginning tJ show results. To illustrate what could be done along other lines: I do not be- lieve that there are many two acres in the dairy section of the State that would produce feeding stuff sufficient, if farmed intensively, to feed one dairy cow for a year. If we would take only one-third of the 12,660,000 acres of improved land for dairying we would have 4,220,000 acres which would keep 2,110,000 dairy cows, nearly twice the number we now have. This would leave 8,440,000 acres for raising other farm crops which, if farmed as intensively as the 4,- 220,000 acres for dairying would have to be, would produce equally good returns. But intensive farming is not confined to raising farm crops only, but applies to all farm operations and therefore includes the raising of the right kind of dairy cows and other animals. if the 2,110,000 cows that could be fed on one-third of the acreage of improved farming land in the State in 1910 would produce at the No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 13 rate of seven thousand pounds of milk annually we would have 14,- 770,000,000 pounds of milk every year or approximately 1,846,250,000 gallons. From this it is evident (and I have not stated impossible quantities, that this State with intensive farming and with the right kind of cows can produce sufficient milk and butter for all her citi- zens and at the same time be working for a permanent agriculture by constantly increasing the fertility of the soil. WASTHRN DRY FARMING With four inches less rainfall in Pennsylvania in 1910 than nor- mal and with some counties up to eight and a half and even as much as eleven and a. quarter inches less, as has been the case in receat years in many localities, the question of eastern dry farming de- mands attention. With this deficiency, if the rainfall would have been more equally distributed throughout the growing season, there would have been a sufficient precipitation for the growing of all farm crops in 1910. To illustrate: During the month of April, with the exception of the Ohio basin, there was an excess of rainfall throughout the State oi approximately from one to five inches. If this excess of water could have been stored in some way as Nature does for the use of her crops, the deficiency in soil moisture that occurred from the latter part of June to well nigh the end of the year would not have been so in- jurious. Nature’s methods for preventing the water from getting away by surface drainage (and approximately one-half of the water falling in rain on the cultivated and uncultivated soil gets away in this way) are first, the lowest species of plants growing on the rocks and stony soils, the lichens, mosses and algae. These have a wonder- ful capacity to take up or absorb moisture even from dew or the smallest summer showers, by opening and exposing their algaeic surfaces and again when the shower is over cr when the morning sui appears’ closing and holding the absorbed moisture for their own and the growth of other plant life as well as for the decomposition of rocks. As plant life evolves from these lowly beginnings, sufficient foliage is produced to shade the soil which helps to conserve mois- ture, and when this plant life dies it falls on the soil and forms a thicker surface mulch by means of which nature takes up and re- _ tains a sufficient amount of water to sustain her plants during the dry times caused by the unequal distribution of rain, and also pre- vents the washing away of the soil she has made, thus doing dry and wet farming all the time. When the farmer cleared the land he re- moved nature’s agencies for conserving soil moisture and therefore he must adopt methods for retaining this moisture that can be made practical. The first thing a farmer does, after having removed the trees and vegetable growth, he plows the ground turning down the surface muleh already referred to. This breaking up of the soil will prepare it so that the rain will sink down into it and will not be carried away by surface drainage. As an implement for conserving mois- ture in all but sandy soils, the plow stands pre-eminent, because it can be made to break up the soil and make it fine to a greater depth than any other implement used in agriculture, and the deeper and finer a recently plowed soil is the more water it will hold. Frequeat 14 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Of. Doe. plowing and thorough fining of clay soils is absolutely essential in intensive agriculture, all of which, for best results, must be done be- fore sowing or planting any crop. After the soil is thoroughly fined and capillary action has been completely established between the plowed soil and the subsoil, and a crop, so planted or sown, such as corn, potatoes, some of the clovers or even wheat in the spring, that cultivation can be kept up; or fields prepared in this way and simply allowed to lay bare to be planted later, another method of conserving moisture, can be utilized by the farmer, that of making a surface mulch by means of harrowing, by which the capillary action that brings the moisture from the soil and subsoil is retarded on account of the enlargement of the spaces between the soil particles. This surface mulch should not be more than two or three inches deep and should be made with a harrow that will leave the soil comparatively level. Soil moisture can also be conserved as Nature does by a covering of organic matter such as straw, or by the right use of stable manure. It has already been shown how soil moisture can be retained by cultivation in the case of crops that can be cultivated, but frequently it is necessary to conserve moisture on crops that cannot be eculti- vated, such as grass and here, if for no other reason, stable manure should be applied to conserve soil moisture. The best use of stable manure has been a subject of the greatest interest to the farmer, but he seldom considers it from the point of conserving moisture. It is necessary, however, only to refer to Nature’s methods of conserving moisture by the use of a surface mulch of organic matter, to show the application. The absorbents such as straw, corn-fodder, hay or any other materials used for this purpose should be out into not more than inch lengths because they will better absorb the excreta of the animal, they can be more equally distributed on the soil, they will form a more perfect surface mulch to prevent the escape of soil moisture, they will decay more rapidly, will not be taken up by the hay-rake and the fertility contained in the excreta and the absorbents will be made available more rapidly. All these and more capacities can best be attained by applying the stable manure on a grass sod where it decomposes slowly and produces large quantities of roots and vegetable growth to be used as feed for animals, to make more manure or to be plowed down and the organic matter mixed with the soil. This logically brings up the subject of addition of organic matter to the soil, which is one, of Nature’s methods of soil building, while the other is rock disintegration. By the application of large quantities of stable manure and by plowing down green crops and heavy sods I have seen soils increased in depth and made capable of holding such large quantities of water obtained from the snows of the winter and the rains of the spring that they did not need the summer shower to produce crops. These methods with the exception of plowing, in the case of sandy soil, are applicable to all soils and can be made the means of ‘conserving sufficient moisture, even in a season as dry as 1910, to produce better crops than if the season had been too wet. The selection and management of crop rotations for conserving moisture can best be done by the farmer acquainted with the soil. Lime, gypsum and common salt assist in conserving soil moisture. Lime on a fine clay soil by granulating it and on a sandy soil by com- ? No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 15 bining its particles several inches beneath the surface. Reference has been made to the advantage of having corn stalks, straw and other litter used for bedding livestock cut into short lengths. Added to their increased ‘absorbing capacity by being treated thus, is the fact that they will, when thus treated, require much less room for storage, and it is to be hoped that manufacturers of thrashing ma- chines will in the near future equip their machines with an attach- ment for cutting the straw at the same time the thrashing is being done. IRRIGATION Irrigation has been discussed by some farmers in the State and projects for building large reservoirs in the deep valleys of the Dela- ware, Susquehanna and Ohio basins of the northern and central counties, for storing water to be used for irrigating agricultural Jands lower down these valleys during dry seasons, have been under consideration. This looks well, but irrigation, as it is now practiced in the humid and semi-arid and arid regions, is an entirely different proposition and up to this time the humid irrigation project has not been working out in an extensive and practical way. To supply the enormous quantities of water needed to grow crops would require immense reservoirs and an outlay of money entirely beyond the means of the farmers and gardeners who would use it and, therefore, the State would have to build these reservoirs which might be fea- sible, but until the methods I have suggested for conserving mois- ture have been found insufficient the irrigation project should be allowed to slumber. Another thing to be considered is the fact that in the semi-arid and arid regions, where irrigation is extensively practiced, farmers do not have to take into consideration, when they are irrigating, the possibility of within four or five hours thereafter, having a rainfall of several inches which might mean serious injury to, or the entire destruction of the crop irrigated. WORK DONE BY THE DEPARTMENT BUREAU OF FARMERS’ INSTITUTES Farmers’ Institutes were held in every county of the State during the year. The State was divided into five districts so that through- out the Institute season, beginning November 25, and ending March 9, there were five Institutes in progress nearly every day, making in all four hundred and thirty days of regular institutes held in the State. There were also seventeen special Institutes. Movable Schools of Agriculture were likewise held in eleven counties, continuing in session from four to six days, and speakers were furnished by the Bureau for a number of Harvest Home gatherings at which farm topics were discussed. The number present at these meetings aggre- gated nearly 200,000, which will give some idea of the nee and importance of the work. 2 16 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Of. Dee. BUREAU OF ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY The work of this Bureau was pursued during the year with the promptness and activity its character demands. Many accessions were made to the number of specimens sent to the Bureau by cor- respondents, with requests for information regarding the same. One hundred and eighty-eight nurseries, covering over thiee thousand acres of ground, were inspected, and certificates of freedom from in- jurious pests or diseases were issued to owners entitled to the same, as required by law. Twenty-six agents of the Bureau were engaged during almost the entire year in the inspection of private orchards and the demon- stration of methods to be employed for the destruction of insect pests and fungus and other diseases destructive to the fruit growing in- dustry. More than a million trees were inspected and more than two thousand of the public demonstrations referred to were given dur- ing the year. Many inspections were made also of imported plants and seeds for the purpose of detecting the larvae and nests of injurious in- sects, and in this work it was necessary at times to employ speciai help. FURTILIZER CONTROL During the year 1910, 1,482 brands of Commercial Fertilizer and fertilizing substances were registered with the Department, upon which $26,170.00 was paid and turned over to the State Treasury, as required by law. Fourteen sampling agents were employed for a period of eight weeks, four weeks being devoted to spring and four to fall sampling. Two thousand eight hundred and eighty-seven samples were se- cured and one thousand one hundred and forty-four analyses were made. In very many instances, samples of the same goods secured in different sections of the State were composited so as to reduce to a minimum the number of analyses to be made, without detracting from the efficiency of the work. Fifteen cases were terminated during the year, for violations of the Fertilizer laws of the State, resulting in the payment of Four Hundred Dollars in fines which were paid into the Treasury of the Commonwealth. BUREAU OF CHEMISTRY The amount of work done by the Bureau of Chemistry during the year 1910 exceeded that of the previous year. _ The collection of samples of Feeding Stuffs, Paris Green and Linseed Oil, in compli- ance with the laws regulating the sale of these commodities, was carried on as in former years. During the year, 1,500 samples of Feeding Stuffs were received and analyzed, and reports were made in each case to the Secretary of Agriculture, to the dealers from whom they were obtained ani to the manufacturers or importers. The quality of Feeding Stuffs examined was found to be considerable better than those secured last year. The number of deficiencies was less and the adulterants found were not of such a fraudulent nature. No Feeding Stuffs were found which contained peanut shucks or rice hulls. The principal forms of No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 17 violations were false guaranteeing, the use of excessive amounts of oat hulls, cottonseed hulis and weed seeds and improper branding or labelling. Three hundred and seventy-eight registrations for the sale of Feeding Stufts were received from manufacturers, represent- ing approximately 1,200 brands. During the middle of December, requests and registrations blanks were sent to manufacturers and importers of Feeding Stuffs, requesting registrations for 1911. Eariy in the year, a Feeding Stuffs Bulletin was prepared, giving the re- sults of analyses in 1909, together with other necessary information, and copies of these bulletins were sent out to 6,500 manufacturers of, and dealers in, Feeding Stuffs. A large number of copies of laws were also sent these parties. A few check samples of Feeding Stulfs were from time to time sent to several chemists for comparative work. The results obtained agreed remarkably close with those found in our Bureau of Chemis- try. The number of special samples of Feeding Stuffs received was 215, together with the fee of one dollar per sample. In answer to in- quiries for information concerning the character of Feeding Stuffs, about 50 other special samples were examined. Twenty-five samples of milk, butter, etc., were examined for the Dairy and Food Bureau. The number of prosecutions ordered was 71. Sixty-eight were Feed- ing Stuff cases, two Linseed Oil, and one Paris Green. Eight of the Feeding Stuff cases were based on samples taken during the latter part of 1909. The fines and costs received in settlement of all cases amounted to Two Thousand, Eight Hundred and Nine Dollars and Forty Cents ($2,809.40). This money together with fees received for special samples was covered into the State Treasury, as required by law. The number of samples of Paris Green received and analyzed was 417. A Paris Green Bulletin was prepared early in the year, showing the analytical results and giving other information, copies of which were sent to over 500 parties. With one exception, all samples were found to contain the required amount of arsenious oxide in combi liation with copper and water-soluble arsenious oxide. Many sam- ples were found not properly labeled, but statements were received from manufacturers, advising that their goods would be properly labeled in the future. The number of samples of Linseed Oil received and analyzed was 144. The analysis of all these has not been completed. Partial analyses already made indicate a few more adulterated samples. The principal adulterant was found to be mineral oil, ranging in amounts from 5 per cent. to 20 per cent. A bulletin will be prepared as soon as possible, giving results of the Linseed Oil work. The office work of the Bureau has been very considerable during the year. An extra stenographer was employed for ten weeks. The amount and character of the work required of the Bureau make larger appropriations necessary for future work. An extra steno- grapher should be provided as soon as possible. Improvements have been made, including a new nitrogen appara- tus. A new and valuable refractometer for use in Linseed Oil work, and filing cabinets and cases have been obtained for office use. A number of valuable reference books have also been purchased. 2—T—1910 18 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. DAIRY AND FOOD BUREAU The operations of the Dairy and Food Bureau during the year were carried forward with persistence and activity. Every branch of the work received the attention that its importance required and to those who are interested, as all should be, in the enforcement of the Pure Food Laws of the State, the detailed report of the Commis- sioner found in another part of this volume will prove interesting reading. To be in a position to discover violations of the law and prompt in bringing the offenders to justice have been the constant aims of this Bureau, and the work done as outlined in the report referred to will meet the approval of all who deprecate the doping of foods or the sale of food commodities that will not stand the requisite tests for purity. It is needless that I should say anything more in relation to the respective Bureaus or Divisions of the Department than to merely call attention to the reports of the officers‘-and agents in charge of the same, all of which appear in this general Report in their regn- lar order. PITTSBURG LAND SHOW The extensive advertising given during the month of August to the Land Show to be held at Pittsburg, October 27 to 29, attracted my attention, and while the Department was not in possession of the necessary appropriation or other adequate means for making such an exhibit of our agricultural products as would do justice to the State, I felt that Pennsylvania could not afford to have this great exhibit of the products of the land of other states made within her borders, without taking part in it and making such an exhibit as would show to home seekers that they need not go outside of our State to find lands, purchasable at reasonable prices, upon which by the employment of up-to-date methods, as good results may be se- cured as are attainable in any other section of the country. Accordingly, on the 7th of September, a circular was sent to mem- bers of the State Board of Agriculture, County Managers of Far- mers’ Institutes, Granges, Agricultural Clubs and individual far- mers, asking for their assistance in getting together such an exhibit. The farmers of the State seemed to take delight in the opportunity afforded them to show their loyalty to their calling, as well as to their State and the Department, and the exhibit both in extent and quality was far beyond anything I had dared to expect or hope for. It was a source of great gratification to the many thousands of citi- zens of our own State that attended the show and a very great sur- prise to the people present from other states, who were accustomed to regard Pennsylvania as a mining and manufacturing state and were entirely unprepared for the demonstration they witnessed of her greatness as an agricultural state. STATE COLLEGE Closely affiliated with the Department of Agriculture, is the work of the School of Agriculture and Experiment Station of the Pennsyl- vania State College, and I feel that this report would be incomplete No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 19 without some reference to these helpful institutions. The only way that farmers of Pennsylvania can compete with the farmers of the other states and of other countries is by progress. Research is the foundation of all progress in agriculture. The many evidences of increased activity and usefulness of the Experiment Station, is, there- fore, a source of gratification to all persons identified with the de- velopment of agriculture in Pennsylvania. The Station has continued its co-operation with the Bureau of Far- mers’ Institutes and has also supplemented this work with Farmers’ Weeks at the College and at other points in the State, and through educational farm trains. These agencies have been found valuable in bringing the results of the Station’s investigations to the people. The Station has also offered to give a special series of lectures and have a round-table conference for the Institute lecturers at some convenient date, prior to the beginning of the season’s campaign. This will serve to bring the Institute men in touch with the latest discoveries and afford them opportunity of obtaining the most ac- curate information possible upon questions that happen to be at- tracting special attention at the time. The attempt of the College to help the people through their Cor- respondence Courses in Agriculture and by the introduction of Agri- culture into the Public Schools is worthy of special commendation. During the past year, 3,592 persons received instruction by mail, almost as many as in the preceding three years. An inquiry develops the fact that of about 900 High Schools in the State, 155 teach some agriculture. While this is a beginning, much remains to be done, especially in getting teachers to catch the spirit of the movement. It is known that the College is endeavoring to prove the training value of agriculture as a High School subject, and it is to be sin- cerely hoped that rapid progress will be made. The increase in the number of resident students in agriculture at the Pennsylvania State College has been extremely rapid, as is shown by the following table of attendance during the past five years:— | | | 1906-7 1907-8 1908-9 | 190910 1910-11 MOU Years: \COUISCS>. 220.25 = 32 ee ee 45 90 206 300 | 400 sEwoL-years’: COUTSES “<2 222. 2 == 5 ee 14 24 41 86 | 112 SAVINTED, COUTECS; (oo! oss oeo eae ences teehee eeae | 52 | 88 90 93 117 | Classification of Students in the four years’ course in Agriculture. BAWIOUS pit oe) oa on ee el ee 8 Se eceee ee 3 4 16 21 35 DUMOTS se ae hice soe - eee ee eae 5 14 25 55 78 SonpnGmores, - == ono s sense se esas eee 14 20 | 56 104 119 MTeSHMeM foc owe ses san we eo aw aa oan a aeeeee eee 23 | 61 109 131 | 168 20 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Of. Doc. When, however, we reflect that possibly every year 7,000 young men in Pennsylvania engage in farming for the first time, it is obvious that when the importance of agricultural education is better under- stood, facilities for training in agriculture must be greatly extended Within our Commonwealth. Respectfully submitted, Secretary of Agriculture. No. ~] DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 21 SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIVISION OF FARMERS’ INSTITUTES FOR THE SEASON OF 1909-1910 Harrisburg, Pa., January 1, 1911. To the Hon. N. 5. Critchfield, Secretary of Agriculture: Sir: I have the honor to present herewith the Sixteenth Annual Report of the Division of Farmers’ Institutes. INSTITUTES HELD AND ATTENDANCE There were held in the season ending June 1, 1910, in the different counties 430 days of institute, divided into 1,061 sessions, a total attendance at which was 128,320. In addition to the regular insti- tutes there were held 17 special institutes embracing 50. sessions with an attendance of 16,679. Movable Institute Schools were heid in 11 counties continuing from four to six days in each county having an attendance of 16,697. In addition to regular and special insti- tutes and movable schools, the Department supplied speakers at Farmers’ Harvest Home Gatherings and Picnics, the attendance et which was 31,520, giving a grand total of attendance of 193,216. As has been the practice for years past, our Annual Normal In- stitute was held in the city of Butler. At this meeting more than ordinary interest was manifested on the part of the instructors and the people in the problems that to-day confront agriculture. Not only was this interest deepened in the adoption of approved methods in the various lines of farm operations, but in some of the broader fields of thought, that of Domestic Economy, Home Sanitatien, Adornments and Surroundings, all of which occupied a prominent place on the program, emphasizing the importance of Women’s work and sphere in the Farmers’ Institute. MOVABLE SCHOOLS The Movable Schools are developing within the farmers of Penn- sylvania a more thorough knowledge of the fundamental and essen- tial principles and practices to be followed in order to succeed in the important branch of Animal Industry as carried on by the dairy farmers of the State in selecting profitable dairy cows, their feed, care and management. In the Division of Horticulture, especially in apple and peach growing, our institutes and schools have been the forerunner in giving inspiration and encouragement to men en- gaged in this one of the most important indusiries of the State. We teach by oral demonstration, actual practice and class work, the better and more approved methods of tree selection, planting, cul- tivation, pruning, spraying, as well as the best manner of packing 22 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. and marketing both apples and peaches. Very largely as the result of this work through so many years Pennsylvania is forging to the front as a great fruit growing state. POULTRY INDUSTRY I should further state, that our Institutes early took cognizance of the importance of the Poultry Industry and we have engaged a large number of practical and skilled instructors, thus developing the best practices in housing, feeding and handling poultry in order to procure profitable results in egg production as well as for market purposes. So well have these lessons been accepted and acted upon by the people that Pennsylvania today stands in the front rank in the value of its poultry and eggs. It can be fairly stated that our fowls number 12,000,000, the value of- which is $6,600,000. Whilst we have not at hand the value of egg production for 1910, reports show the number of eggs in Pennsylvania for this year was 75,400, 000 dozen, the value of “which was $15,600,000. These figures we be. lieve to be below the real value of poultry and eggs rather than above, and show that within the last decade our poultry and eggs has more than doubled its value making a grand total of about $27,000,000. AGRICULTURAL FAIRS The Agricultural Fairs of 1910 were a marked improvement over any year of which I have knowledge. Games of chance and gambling was practically eliminated. Awards for strictly agricultural pro- ducts were more general and liberal than heretofore. The atten- dance was 1,449,000. The Associations have a membership of 12,055 and receive from the State a fund under the Act of 1907 amounting to $27,944.50. There was paid for premiums $125,568.65, showing an increase over the previous year of $30,050.74. For the year 1909 the crop conditions after that we have considered the extreme drouth that prevailed over all portions of the State exceeded all expectations. Fairly good crops of corn, potatoes and other cereals were produced by many farmers and especially by those who observed and carried out the approved methods of cultivation in order to develop a condition of moisture that under less practi- cal methods would have brought failure, and whilst we have not yet completed our Crop Report for the year 1910, I feel free to state that our cereals embracing potatoes and hay will be increased from $166,- 173,000 to at least $170,000,000, also the value of our animals, in- cluding Poultry is expected to be increased to $180,000,000. We are safe in saying that Pennsylvania amongst all her sister states has but little reason to complain as to the outcome of her crops and every encouragement to perservere in the adoption of ap- proved methods in agriculture, bringing to bear the highest order of intelligence that study and research can develop in the advancement of the varied lines of farm pursuits in which we are engaged. PENNSYLVANIA FARMERS’ INSTITUTES, 1909-1910 The following is a complete list by counties, of dates and places where institutes, movable schools and special institutes were held throughout the State for the institute year ending June 1, 1910: "=" ‘s9ABEg “-*) *S3001j8SuU1V ‘Auay say 0) Oy osr't |oor [os |& |8 | ‘svt ‘9% ‘orr|@ | @ | ‘Beeg coed [on oom moon: SMorAae | | SoG OF | tarer 3 00L (CORT. is smaemeae |e | “OF@ ‘SLT “ost |g | 2 |: AGS) 08) Ste im hl ‘diysumoy, wozVysig | | “Gg 98 | | sae ara 088 Oh LT BS coats SOS ORT Gis oe ee ea SIGE (2 OCs ee neat econ amie un ACU pinaenAY pales erat anne emt e ccc ce eS | ‘gg ‘GPC | | gor t. |e (0p 7). Salen (ae SBR OREN) ea) || eaten lar spaces "a mee Oe UNI Ae Ae | | “cr ‘ce | | Spates + | Gee. 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AO NOSVAS—SALOALILSNI SYUANUVA VINVA'IASNNGd 4 4 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 4 No. - sH 09 OF che ul Beers pte all S008 MOG CLR. see cale een | | | ‘op ‘ap ‘ag Bakes alt Saal Gata GN ee OC aes OF MCIRCL 7 | ti ng Grd 89M) ls wl She LOG) + Ove SCOn (8S fa | | *c6 ‘cg Cie lanes iis ‘oor ‘a9 ‘Ost | ¢ z “08 ‘oc SS SS SS S|) SS ee a Neel teh Cay i) ane all z | . ‘oe ‘og ih a eee a Grate rays =) SES I OS Tales es oe Pe ces TOUGI LOdmu| nc I CSEer napa s ‘ose ‘00% «= ‘00T | § I 08t | te Hs: ‘ocr ‘OOT ‘OST | 9 ra ‘OCT ‘OOT Osis \Gasacloe ‘oor ‘ose ‘oe |F | 2 | “ezs “ORT OP Talinsaie | ¥ race = Ae O0S rc OeTs laaaean ace fi | “F883 “Ged ‘Bes “G9 (< “30d Pens PS eae 6 ee Bee ‘o[[fAuns mannan en enn enna anne -2--= gag Gace eee ee ease Lr ee OLOUSTTO AN lite erie ies ig ea de ae em TOTAL AN Eee esate aaa CNMI). wenglolghy Mae STEEL ae SE PROVE Ledge; none Tay PTT Le ea ae PAO LOT To Gee ar Ale ee Te a OSGI SUI HLOS it (ee ede oe ee OTA Aan Hl | ‘IH Aaauaog [PRE Se Se Soni Sr on eae oe *lapneT Gb Lab ee Leo ne cae OLTO Vs ‘yooIQ sulidg 4s9\ ‘9m 07S9UI'T ‘puv[alOurysa Ad Gere et RE Tai es ta 8 ore a ene acme LUGE IAAT *(Te1oedg) “TOZSUIGSe MA cab pe ener Wis «pret ypaet Wiest) “Walle AA 80BId AVUNOO penutzae,)—O1GL-606L AO NOSVAS—SALOLILSNI SUANUVA VINVATASNNGd l= o x 4 4 DI 916° 861 0eg ‘TS 269‘9T 619° 9L 068 “Sa *[e1OJ, ‘SOIUIq Soule ‘slooyag aqvaon ‘sognqigsuy = [epeds *soqnqy4suy IBlnsey ye vouRpue}}\ 4 & Saoeiala P 7 v4 00d “dad ‘ct-Fe “UVP ‘op “UP £ 19:9) supe ‘TROL, “UOJOy, “ATIOGMON “SIA 98D PIAA io. ee ots aie: aan op oe eC ‘([eloads) “(TBlaadg) s=<=>>-=- @(eToadG) ‘IIAOG *AIIOQSIMOT “SATIVA WAADS “Ulopaalg MoN “TMO9S}JIB MAIS ‘a[[[AAo0v T ‘yoouueyyUNy, *a[Bp9}098 ‘mo1sUIsSUay MON “elipuexepy MoN 38 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. MEETING OF THE FARMERS’ ANNUAL NORMAL INSTITUTE, BUTLER, PA. PROGRAM. First Session Convenes Tuesday Afternoon, May 24, 1910. MR. N. F. BARTLEY, Euclid, Pa., Chairman. Call to order 1.30. Address of Welcome, by Judge James M. Galbraith, Butler, Pa. Responses, by Messrs. L. W. Lighty, East Berlin, Pa. R. P. Kester, Grampian, Pa. 1. “THE FARMER A MANUFACTURER.” Prof. Franklin Menges, York, Pa. Note: After each topic is presented, 15 minutes will be occupied in general discussion. Tuesday Evening, May 24, 1910. MR. SYLVESTER SHAFFER, New Castle, Pa., Chairman. Call to order 7.30. 1. “THE STARTING OF AN ORCHARD.” Prof. W. J. Green, Wooster, Ohio. 2. “SPRAYING, THE SHEET-ANCHOR OF SUCCESS.” Dr. J. H. Funk, Boyertown, Pa. 3. “FERTILIZATION AND CULTURAL METHODS FOR APPLE OR- CHARDS.” Prof. J. P. Stewart, State College, Pa. (Illustrated by lantern slides.) Wednesday Morning, May 25, 1910 MR. W. C. BLACK, Mercer, Pa., Chairman. Call to order 9.00. ; 1. “PROFITABLE BREEDING AND FEEDING OF BEEF CATTLE.” Mr. O. E. Bradfute, Xenia, Ohio. 2. “BEEF CATTLE; THEIR RELATION TO AGRICULTURE IN PENN- SYLVANTA.” Prof. W. A. Cochel, State College, Pa. 3. “CONTROL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF ANIMALS.” Dr. S. H. Gilliland, State Veterinarian, Harrisburg, Pa. No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 39 Wednesday Afternoon, May 25, 1910. MR. W. A. CRAWFORD, Cooperstown, Pa., Chairman. Call to order 1.30. 1. “PRACTICAL METHODS OF POTATO GROWING.” Mr. E. A. Rogers, Brunswick, Maine. POULTRY INDUSTRY: 2. “SOME MODERN POULTRY PROBLEMS.” Mr. J. T. Campbell, Hartstown, Pa. 3. “SOME REASONS FOR POOR HATCHES.” Mr. W. Theo. Wittman, Allentown, Pa. Wednesday Evening, May 25, 1910. MR. S. S. BLYHOLDER, Neale, Pa., Chairman. Call to order 7.30. 1. “THE FARMER AND HIS RECREATION.” Rev. Enos H. Hess, Lancaster, Pa. 2. “EDUCATIONAL UTILITY.” Dr. Edwin BE. Sparks, President State College, State College, Pa. 3. “AGRICULTURE IN SOUTH AMERICA.” Prof. E. M. Baxter, Mifflinburg, Pa. (Illustrated with lantern slides.) Thursday Morning, May 26, 1910. MR. H. M. GOODERHAM, Patton, Pa., Chairman. Call to order 9.00. 1. “ECONOMICAL MILK PRODUCTION.” Prof. Edwin Van Alstyne, Kinderhook, N. Y. 2. “THE PROTEIN REQUIREMENTS OF THE DAIRY COW.” Prof. Wells W. Cooke, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. 3. “COW TESTING ASSOCIATIONS.” Mr. Helmer Rabild, U. S. Dept. of Agri- culture, Washington, D. C. 40 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. Thursday Afternoon, May 26, 1910. MR. HOWARD COX, Bellwood, Pa., Chairman. . Call to order 1.30. GENERAL FARMERS’ INSTITUTE SESSION: 1. “THE REQUISITES OF A GOOD INSTITUTE WORKER.” Prof. Edwin Van Alstyne, Kinderhook, ING Ye 2. “WHAT CONSTITUTES A GOOD COUNTY CHAIRMAN OF INSTITUTES.” Hon. Howard G. McGowan, Geiger’s Mills, Pa. Note: This session will be devoted to the general work of Farmers’ Insti- tutes throughout the State. The discussion is open to County Chairmen, In- stitute Lecturers and others. Not longer than five minutes can be allotted to one speaker, other than the opening addresses. ‘ Thursday Evening, May 26, 1910. MRS. MARTHA E. MARTIN, Harrisburg, Pa., President. Call to order 7.30. WOMAN’S SESSION: 1. “MOTHERS AS CHUMS.” Miss Arabella Carter, No. 1305 Arch St., Philadelphia, Pa. 2. “DOMESTIC SCIENCE AND HIGH COST OF LIVING.” Miss Sara C. Lovejoy, State College, Pa. 3. “WOMEN’S SHARE IN AGRICULTURE.” Miss Martha Van Rensselaer, Ithaca, Ne Ye Friday Morning, May 27, 1910. MR. M. P. SHOEMAKER, Greensburg, Pa., Chairman. Call to order 9.00. 1. “DIFFICULTIES ENCOUNTERED IN ENFORCING THE PURE FOOD LAWS.” Mr. James Foust, Dairy and Food Com- missioner, Harrisburg, Pa. 2. “SOME THINGS OUTSIDE THE FARMYARD GATE.” Mr. Fred W. Card, Sylvania, Pa. 3. “HOW TO RAISE CROPS WITHOUT WEEDS.” Dr. J. D. Detrich, No. 488 Adams Ave- nue, Seranton, Pa. Closing Remarks and Adjournment. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 41 LIST OF COUNTY INSTITUTE MANAGERS FOR SEASON OF 1909-10 County. PALAIS sie elche ie etorsteeuaey sieracehe’s sire Allegheny, | PAIISUEONG. reicicieteve ovecusise (oer Beaver, Bedford, Berks, EST UIT eet tiiare nesta eel sgatorewinaveieene Bradford, SUI GS aye darcts ois ayeiel's Gr aneuaranctebeiersveie Butler, : Cambria, eoreees see eee sees eee e ° ere ee ee eee eee ee ee eee CC ee a) Ce Ce er ey Ce Carbon, Ce ee | WETNUEIS Garni. Sear eon elasaals Camercn, Chester, Clarion, Clearfield, Clinton, Columbia, Si(el{uiia heyial |e) ‘elrayie) (alataveun is fe yiele ee | Or Orcety Cecace OO etic CHC Oncnn) Clic Ce) ee ee | ee Cumberland, Crawford, ee} Dauphin, Delaware, Elk, Erie, CD et) ee Fayette, ee IMOTESGs 2 toreie co cis make cin ate Gleseuane é Franklin, Fulton, Greene, ) . | ° @ 0 0 6 6 6 0 © 6 6c eee eee ce oe Huntingdon, | Indiana, ee Jefferson, e\:8\ ce, wie) at @: \dce!eyele ele (6! @ \0 te . Name and Address of Chairmen. A. I. Weidner, Arendtsville. A. J. Purdy, Imperial, R. F. D. S. S. Blyholder, Kelly Station. A. L. McKibben, New Sheffield. David W. Lee, Bedford. Howard G. McGowan, Geiger’s Mills. Howard Cox, Bellwood, F. D. Kerrick, Towanda, R. F. D. No. 9. Watson T. Davis, Ivyland. N. F. Bartley, Euclid. H. M. Gooderham, Patton, R. F. D. No. 1. eer e ere ese ese eee e es eee eee eee esos eee eee eeeoseoe L. E. Stover, Aaronsburg; Leonard Rhone, Cen- ter Hall; E. W. Sweeney, Boalsburg, Local Chairmen. W. H. Howard, Emporium. Dr. M. E. Conard, Westgrove. S. X. McClellan, Knox. Peter Gearhart, Clearfield. Joel A. Herr, Millhall, R. F. D. A. P. Young, Millville. T. J. Ferguson, Mechanicsburg. J. F. Seavy, Saegerstown. S. F. Barber, Harrisburg. E. J. Durnall, Swarthmore. J. B. Werner, St. Mary’s. Archie Billings, Edinboro. T. H. Smith, Dunbar, R. F. D. No. 32. C. A. Randail, Tionesta. J. P. Young, Marion. J. L. Patterson, McConnellsburg. J. W. Stewart, Jefferson. G. G. Hutchison, Warrior’s Mark. S. C. George, West Lebanon. Peter B. Cowan, Brookville. 42 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. County. Name and Address of Chairmen. umiata.. sasye ee wen sree iets Matthew Rodgers, Mexico. Backa wanna, ic osecntcce nee Horace Seamans, Factoryville. Lancaster) is oc4ctcin care enero J. Aldus Herr, Lancaster, R. F. D. TA WLONCOs fie eicihis. eed ate, Me ole Sylvester Shaffer, New Castle, R. F. D. No. 3. TODANON, « wae aheco cae « Feb. 9-10. MITES ALG e558 alec ie oe ene, oP MOMICO UT i ede torte woe ie Bebo il. Shy GLE Mieke rare WOM, nse eee Keb. 12: MISS ADALINE C. BAKER, Kennett Square, Chester County, Pa. DAME VUE Coe A sated snerstomae Lackawannay? i242. 227. Jan. 3-4. Dompkansvitle.. vie se! Lackawanna, .........Jan. 5-6. Alle MOM Lal. x) tees 2 sfers GLaekaw cman oo. bn eae: See. ) M. 8S. BOND, Danville, Montour County, Pa. Bendersville, ss <.. sj see AUATANS 0 os ws auanes cue svedetaveh 2 Jan. 10-11. EMUNterstowly 002. s-/. > CANS ree eed tte cee oat Jan. 12-13. | CW Oe) Ks ae aes, reer ACAI SF esc cei eeatenes Jan. 14-15. OSS 0) 1 a a wee Bedtord,: iS. sa. = rane Noy. 29-30. | Fico (8) tC) 1 eee ea ae Bediord, <.cete ae cee Dec. 1-2. MeConnelisburge,<; 22s.) BU UUEOMy (os chs a soe oes earn Dec. 3-4. pShirleysSDUres 4, hone « 667s Pg DOM, Fe c'seae, on oreo 2 Dec. 6-7. | Ty ier Britis et 0) «eee Anema Houmtine@d ony o. 55 ae. «ars Nec. 8-9. MeAleyys: Fort, ::.-... Huntingdon cies S22 %is.- Dec. 10-11. E. E. CALLAHAN, Wellsboro, Tioga County, Pa. APVCHOPIG, aed ojos Fe0k0'e EeGEG TE ae satan 0) ra tee Sr eKaRe Feb. 16-17. Winfield Grange Hall, «Butlers. ratio. 02 3 ote Feb. 18-19. | SLi a a ee Se MENAne Oso 2c. S a ciacen ee Feb. 21-22. PSOE WIGAN. 20s) aio araee face MV GRAN BO, Shi iet cic ace oe Feb. 23-24. J.T. CAMPBELL, Hartstown, Crawford County, Pa. Will attend all meetings in the Third Section. 46 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Ott. Doe. FRED. W. CARD, Sylvania, Bradford County, Pa. Will attend all meetings in the Second Section from November 29 to December 11; First Section from December 13 to 22; Fourth Section from January 3-22. MISS ARABELLA CARTER, No. 1305 Arch street, Philadelphia, Pa. Town. County. Dates. Quarryville, 2 ie. Fs 6 ons LANCASTEH: Dojeststersvccerernous Feb. 7-8. LAM Peter, eens ceietels Lanlcastery 5.0 a. «setae Feb. 9-10. Mechaniesville, «i... 3:5. Lancaster 2. came Feb. 11-12. May town, sisi Sitani tees LiAMCASTOR,, 6:27.55 exeletalerous Feb. 14-15. Ui 0) Wo ae iene ere she AMCASUET, + eau teaseboa eters Feb. 16-17. Wadarville ry scr. <5 antes: (GHESEEY,. “Ta. se alecte eee Feb. 18-19. M. N. CLARK, Claridge, Westmoreland County, Pa. FASE LON Ee. Savarese ascot s © ATINSTROMGS ii. 222 tiene eloeern Jan. 17-18. Oaklands "Wace casas ways ATIMSTLONS 5 cox shatere re tals Jan. 19-20. Mia ryevilles oo) tci6 00) ebte ape ASTTRISTROMME: see sxaereys tern iacee: Jan. 21-22. IPLOSPECl, cos. os nisl e.. askin BUGler pis cats cocparshoveretecel ste Feb. 14-15. Helienople, Cakes sss IBUGER Ss sence tories tke Feb. 16-17. Winfield Grange Hall> 2; Butler,*% caste ae ecu oe Feb. 18-19. THOS. W. CONWAY, Oakdale, Allegheny County, Pa. Osterbure ie. ar. cer wicce Bedtord) “0 visas ,..-- Nov. 29-30. Imlerton ji se Uae oe Bedtord) «6.2 sere Dec. 1-2. McConnellsburg, ...... PUlCOMS jing eee eras Dec. 3-4. RS Littleton 19° Nov. 29-30. CCMHEIO |. Soha arches. 2) LOUAULORG SS. Bice. oe icee = Dee: 1-2; SMEMITCLE; » 3. cactus 2's es = SF AGHOrOG eae cers ea Dec. 3-4. SOM iary cts echt orale ies oun ee DTAQiOrdsr: wean. ow wee Dec. 6-7. West Franklin, ..... 0. Bradior gs: oat osc Dec. 8-9. edt chlalls. so state os ae IG y COMMUN Osa. iy ea Dec. 10-11. Montoursvilles o. 2.0.4 Diy COMMON Sync ene sete Dec. 13-14. ihevel Cormers, (.:0% 2.52 Ly Coming: <. Sierbae cree Dec. 15-16. New-Sheiiield, 1.0...’ BGAVER,. :Gicetekre ee brine Dec. 17-18. HANEVIO Walk terrcectgis eis oe IBGHVED.. ictacctemme cones Dec. 20-21. Granve Hall) Brighton, (Beaver, Go... pale vet Dee. 22-23. COW TISNID SF eat a2. are A. J. KAHLER, Hughesville, Lycoming County, Pa. PAMGVIUG: oc. sc clin = bol tes SUGRNs S-b re bi ca orcnet aleve ee Jan. 31-Feb. 1. ATH OTEGS 0 i.,0.5/ 00s a Bick ges 5.06 vi hein hee Feb. 2-3. GUE SVIRLG. © crecauie oh came ERICK Bop scp ieiarn tare ist acage aie Feb. 4-5. R. P. KESTER, Grampian, Clearfield County, Pa. Will attend all meetings in the Third Section. 4—7—1910 50 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. J. H. LEDY, Marion, Franklin County, Pa. Town. County. Dates. Hockwood, 3:52. wate s oe SOMCTHOL. T:f iste cet ete as Jan. 3. SLOVERLOWD «situ ce e's POMIETSEL, (os icide se eee Jan. 4. etree nS Visors pat ab teers ane Cambria, 42, [tsk gel ee Oe Chest Sprimes, te ss > Campriag:.; cine sa -< Jan. 7-8. Garvolltowar ees = fev Canrbriaie 2 vives batt Jan. 10-11. Mechanicsburg, ........ In dianass: tercteoie ci oe Jan. 12-13. Greenyilley ee ee ss Indiana yee anes ne Jan. 14-15. C. W. LARSON, State College, Centre County, Pa. LE WISWUEES < Sito ce os UNION, Yoana oes See Dee. 3-4. BlGOMSBULE,, = (cep cs 2 Columbia, Wee aecaee ec Jan. 10-11. PORES ces ek weenie | Gt Rai eee ah sb ics (Ae Jan. 31-Feb. 1. Saegerstown, ...°...... Crawford; 2 .cae nee Feb. 23. County, Pa. POMIPESECL, cic eeu bes SOMErSOE a0. fore anos Dec. 1-2. HO WASDOTE eee ne) nes Soe UMIOR ti ee tanta ees te Dec. 6-7. MAT OUSDUTHs porcine eer (CONETO Teen tnel noe steers Feb. 15. Center Halls Fx. oct civaee Centre so... anos Feb. 17. BOal SUN, esos ieee orotic Gentine: <2 Sie oa5i eee Feb. 19. L. W. LIGHTY, East Berlin, Adams County, Pa. Will attend all meetings in the Fifth Section. PROF. T. I. MAIRS, State College, Centre County, Pa. Kutztown} -£ nets eae eee BOP: oes eee 8 steer tee Feb. 28. TSITUS DOUG, 0 ett meanness aoe IBOEKS FSi pers ee eee Mare: SETA LU 27 a On Re Montgomery, ..- sc... Mar. 2-3. TTT 0 ae ee Berks 0. acevo ae eee Mar. 4-5. Pavia Adie ot s/s wee we Schuylkill, Son ee oe Wie eee CLARENCE C. McCURDY, Hartstown, Crawford County, Pa. THGMESTA Wee Aes ox chic.s POnest st 2a ioe eee Feb. 21-22. Grange Hall,’ Limestoue;Warren,c.c-. 3... seem Feb. 23-24. Spring Creek... soa+ sce Warren; \. vc iitre 2 nares Feb. 25-26. p24 isi eh eee Aaa ee Sais en: Weartene (ith ieee Feb. 28. GID OLOse cf ee eee PIG) ceric. ocr ee eae ees Mar. 1-2. Inarbor (Creeks ekces se | ig Fae ae nr eae mace ers 2 = Mar. 3-4. M. S. McDOWELL, State College, Centre County, Pa. Will attend all meetings in the Third Section from January 351 to March 2. PROF. FRANKLIN MENGES, York, York County, Pa. Will attend all meetings in the Fourth Section. No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. By CHAS. F. NOLL, State College, Centre County, Pa. Town. Oounty. Dates. PROMOS ce Cece eae. 5 eas TROTESDs See ics ain set Feb. 21-22. Grange Hall, Limestone,Warren, .............. Feb. 23-24. SprMe Orel 5... 6 3 as W aren B rac tacts: Bee's Feb. 25-26. C. E. MYERS, State College, Centre County, Pa. TMU, Stites, ocaswi es Camberland,~. a. 2552-4 Noy. 29-30. Middlesem = 25.5 Prd Ak Camberland, 2: .05.5 Dec. 1-2. Shepherdstown, ....... Cumberland , =. jec,erms-.s Dee. 3-4. AONCSEOW 5 sci tana. 36 Ss eh D 5 2a. sche aves Dee. 6-7. Schaefferstown, ....... Debates a5 fas as Dec. 8-9. Campbelltown, ........ Hebanonye ae .-c 5 ete cee ere Dec. 10. WREOUALC I: tig, aon aos te University, the University of [llinois, Hopkins (Stanford) California Seaside Laboratory and Cornell University. He taught in the Ohio State University, the University of the Pacific, Cornell, the Ithaca schools, teachers’ institutes and the Pennsylvania State College. He held a fellowship in Cornell and was also ap- pointed Dykman Research Fellow in Columbia University. He was field natural- ist for the Illinois State Biological Station and University Extension lecured in New York. He has also been lecturer in Zoology at the West Coast Chautauqua Assembly and scientific assistant on the United States Fish Commission. He has taught in every known grade of school work, and is noted for his enthusiasm and ability as a teacher, speaker and writer. He is ornithologist of the Pennsyl- vania State Board of Agriculture, and is making investigations of insects for the Pennsylvania State Department of Agriculture and of fishes for the Pennsyl- vania State Fish Commission. Among his writing are articles on nature study, zoology, mollusks, insects, fishes, birds, mammals, pedagogy, anatomy, ete. He is nature study editor of the “Popular Educator,” ornithological editor of “American Gardening,” member of the American Society of Naturalists, American Association for the Advancement of Science, the American Ornithologists, Union, the Pennsylvania State Audobon Society, ete. He makes a specialty of the biologic and economic features of his subjects. He was appointed Hconomic Zo- ologist by Governor Pennypacker in 1903, and re-appointed by Governor Stuart in 1907. PROF. H. EH. VAN NORMAN is a native of Ontario, Canada, and is now 36 years of age. He grew up on farms in Nebraska, Illinois and Michigan, and early became acquainted with pure bred livestock through his father’s association with a large importer and exhibitor of Holstein sattle and English draft horses, and by attendance at the old Chicago Fat Stock Show. Was appointed Farm Superin- tendent at Purdue University Agricultural Experiment Station, Lafayette, Ind.; after four years in this work he was appointed Professor of Dairy Husbandry, Pennsylvania State College of Agriculture, which position he now holds. MRS. MARY A. WALLACE is a daughter of the late Chester W. Ballou, Esgq., one of the most successful and progressive of the pioneer farmers of Lawrence county, Pa. She was educated in the public schools and Beaver Seminary, Beaver, Pa., and previous to her marriage taught school in her home district. % G62 R. ANNUAL REPORT OF. THE: Off. Doe. Later, to her household duties, she added newspaper work, and became widely known in literature and journalistic circles through her pen name “‘Aunt Patience,” Mrs. Wallace was a charter member of the Pittsburg Women’s Press Club and was its treasurer for a number of years. She is also prominent in patriotic so- cieties, and is an honorary member of the One Hundredth Pennsylvania Volunteer (Roundhead) Association. She is in demand as a speaker for Memorial Day. L. WATTS was born at Kerrmoor, Pa., June 5, 1869; raised on the farm of his father, Martin Watts, which farm was largely devoted to fruit culture. Entered Pennsylvania State College in 1887 and graduated from the agricultural course in June, 1890. He was elected assistant instructor in Botany and Horti- culture of the University of ‘Tennessee and horticulturist of the Agricultural Experiment Station of this institution in September, 1890. Later he was made Instructor of Horticulture, following by assistant professor of Horticulture and secretary of the Hxperiment Station. Besides the regular duties as secretary, he has charge of the Farmers’ Institutes of the State, held under the auspices of the university and station; he prepared programs, conducted correspondence and participated in the meetings. While at the station_he conducts various ex- periments with fruits and vegetables in the greenhouse and out of doors, the results of which have been published in bulletin form. He wrote Farmers’ Bulle- tin No. 89’on “Onions,” for the United States Department of Agriculture. For several years he was editor of the fruit and vegetable department of the “‘South- ern Florist and Gardener;” he is now engaged at the State Colege. D. H. WATTS was born near Kerrmoor, Pa., May 25, 1861 ; was raised on the WwW farm of his father, Martin Watts, and educated in the public schools, which schooling was supplemented by a few months attendance at the Indiana State Noraml School. He has always been interester in farmers’ organizations and served two years as president of the Clearfield Couny Agricultural Society. He located upon his farm in 1866 and erected thereon modern buildings and estab- lished a dairy plant, where fine butter for a special trade is produced. The growing of fruits is also a specialty. On his farm, known as “Orchard View Farm,” there are 3,000 apple, peach, pear and plum trees, all his own selection and planting. . THES. WITTMAN, Allentown, Pa., was born and raised on a Lehigh county farm. From boyhood he has been, more particularly, interested in poultry and fruit growing and has made a notable success in both. He is however best known as an expert poultryman, beginning in a small way both as a practical and a fancy poultry breeder, making money at both, nd holds to-day an enviable reputation as an all-round expert chicken man. Being in his element not only as a breeder and judge of the highest grade of poultry, but also well known as an enthusiastic writer and lecturer on his specialty. Being above all intensely practical and never prosy and thus holding a reader or hearer’s attention from beginning to end. WILLIAM HENRY WOLFF, B. S., Agr., was born in St. Georges, Burmuda Tsland, December 25, 1890. Entered the regular four year course in agriculture at the Pennsylvania State College, September, 1902, and completed the course with degree of B. S. Agr., June, 1906. During the last two years of college work specialized in horticulture. Appointed special field assistant to the Economie Zoologist of Pennsylvania during the summer of 1905, Special Orchard Inspector and Demonstrator for Division of Zoology, Department of Agriculture, Harris- burg, August, 1906 to March, 1907. At present is director of farm at Elkton, Md. . No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 63 Ss. PAUL WOODMAN was born on a farm near Rushland, Bucks county, Pa., where he has always lived. He was educated at a common public school, took a three years’ course at the George School, near Newtown, Pa. Upon leaving the George School in 1898 he went to work cn his father’s farm for wages, where he worked until he took entire charge of the farm in 1905. At that time he was taking a correspondence course in agriculture at State College, Pa. He is en- -gaged in general farming, fruit growing and market gardening. MRS. SARAH BARTRUFF FRITZ ZEIGLER was born near Manheim, Lan- caster county. Later moved with her parents to Perry county. Was educated in the public schools, New Bloomfield Academy and Juniata Valley Normal School. Previous to her marriage she taught school six winters. From 1890 to 1902 she manufactured and sold large quantities of jelly to the New York, Philadelphia and Boston markets. Was an active member of Prospect Grange and always held an office in the organization. She has always been deeply interested in agricultural pursuits and since her husband’s death has conducted her farm of one hundred and forty (140) acres in an able manner, bringing it up to a high standard of production and adding improvements, believing that pleasant suc- roundings tend to a better and happier home life. LIST OF SPECIAL INSTITUTE INSTRUCTORS Prof. Alva Agee, State College, Pa. Dr. H. P. Armsby, State College, Pa. J. S. Burns, Imperial, Pa., R. F. D. No. 1. Wm. C. Black, Mercer, Pa. Dr. C. W. Brodhead, Montrose, Pa. Dr. M. E. Conard, Westgrove, Pa. Hon. Wm. T. Creasy, Catawissa, Pa. Dr. J. D. Detrich, No. 438 Adams Ave., Scranton, Pa. 9 G. A. Dick, Kane, Pa. . C. Foster, Winfield, Pa. De. Carl W. Gay, 36th and Woodland Avenues, Shiladalptia: Pa. H. B. Hilton, Port Allegany, Pa. Dr. Thomas F. Hunt, State College, Pa. Horace H. Hall, Bllisburg, Pa.< Re oD: Dr. Louis A. Klein, Deputy State Veterinarian, Bigteiabures: Pa. Amos B. Lehman, Fayetteville, Pa. Prot2T. f. Mairs, State College, Pa. M. S. McDowell, State College, Pa. Dr. T. E. Munce, Harrisburg, Pa. M. H. McCallum, Wernersville, Pa. Prof. J. P. Pillsbury, State College, Pa. Prof. Wm. G. Owens, Lewisburg, Pa. - Rev. B. Monroe Posten, Sheakleyville, Pa. T. J. Philips, Atglen, Pa. Dr. W. H. Ridge, Trevose, Pa. Prof. J. P. Stewart, State College, Pa. Prof. H. E. VonNorman, State College, Pa, Prof. R. L. Watts, State College, Pa. G4 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. G. B. Waychotf, Jefferson, Pa. W. F. Hill, Huntingdon, Pa. A. Nevin Detrich, Chambersburg, Pa. Mrs. Jean Kane Foulke, West Chester, Pa, DEPARTMENT LECTURERS In so far as time and circumstances will permit, the officers of the Department of Agriculture are desirous of engaging in Institute work. In order to prevent disappointment in the arrangement of pro- grams, it is recommended that Institute Managers first consult the individual whose services they may wish to secure, before placing his name on the program. Department lecturers come to these Institutes free of charge, ex- cept that they are to be taken from and to the railroad station at the expense of local manager. The topics which they will discuss can be procured by addressing the following officers of the Depart- ment of Agriculture: HON. N. B. CRITCHFIELD, Secretary of Agriculture. HON. A. L. MARTIN, Deputy Secretary and Director of Institutes. JAMES FOUST, Dairy and Food Commissioner. PROF. H. A. SURFACE, Economic Zoologist. DR. S. H. GILLILAND, State Veterinarian. AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES There has possibly been no year in the history of County Agricultur- al Societies so marked by the improvement in methods of manage- ment. There was greater encouragement given agricultural exhibits by way of increased premiums, employment of expert judges and the engagement of lecturers supplied by this Division of the Department to address the people along the various lines of. Farm Operations. The attendance for 1909 was 1,449,000. Total membership 1910 was 12,055; amount received from State appropriation $28,584.24 ; amount paid in premiums 1910 was $121,222.00. 65 ~ 4e 4 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURI INO: %; *£1I00 ‘osppiesioyy “AA “AA 197797779 * 7777s SATIOD “puousod “f “£ (7-77-77 ae eae ‘TO[WBpIOSSy YIV_ SUA puv Weg AIM0D ,~-"-7----~ fe “OL phintgy Suckdhadypih asl Web lope ter eee *274BIH ‘YyyuIg AlIBy_ “JOlg |~-~"~ “>> “MO;{BPOssY [BAING[MoYAOFT puv [BANZINIATsy ZyeTH |==77777~ ‘arydn e “UMOJIPPHA “MOIO SHIOM “WH | ‘UMOJOIPPIA, “MAT "S UJ[OQ |--- 7-7 >= >-~ See Soe S75 ara COWMBOOESY) Al Ein AMO DDIIi ||.” urqdne SON , ¢ | , zs camo | "a ‘a “OY ‘sinqsoueygoe ‘eIqoD *S “£ | Sinqsojuvyoew ‘oyIVd “O “fj TTT MOUS 91998D PUB BIO UMO}SISOH | ~~~” puUBfequIny | OISIIBO ‘BOLOOW “H “MA |~ 7 ‘OISTeO “i9[soq HUM “L£ aioe Re cer ‘AgunoO purLloquing JO UOTZeIDOSSy [VAINI[NOLIEy 7777 Puvtequiny ‘exBT ynveuuo0D ‘siedg ‘\ “SvyO |~-~~~ ‘eXBVT ynveuuoH ‘quiooloH “QO “H | ‘UOIVBlOOSSy [BINJ[MIIsy oyvVT JnRauu0H PIOJMBID | cre art gees “MONRIVOSSY [BOI ‘Sanqsmooig ‘38S0X ‘N “WV | ‘WU ‘sanqsumoofg ‘szsp[rarysjoq Arua | -uvyqoey puB [BINy[NIYAIOF ‘Teangqynousy AjguNOH wirquinfop |77""~" ‘BIquintoD | ‘mONBIO ‘UqsneT “§ °§ [77777 “UONIBIO ‘uOsdmIOyT “AA “a [TTT Tne SconeIoossy eT AJUNOD UWOLlRID pe SWOHRIO *I9jsegO JSOM ‘Ploy osoynd pet |~~ ‘1ysoyO YSoAA ‘UOJSUTPIVG “FY WYOP | -----~ 777m 7TH ‘TONBpOssy [BIN{[NOIsy AQUNOD Jo}seO A = , 7098040, ‘pIO}XO ‘WONMIH “WT ‘SOUL |77777~ ‘ApsdeayuQ upoouryT ‘edog AqmoF{ |-~----7 777 TT om TOLQRIOOSSW [BANGINIASW PLOIXO OG, [~~~ 404sayD ‘aquosatfog “F1BMOAgG UNVT oC | ~ “77> “agmoyeog, ‘oufMa[O “] WYOL [~--~-m77--oo=-= OO SUIVIGIGXA [BanqINIISy AQUNOH B1}UAD |7""~77 "~~ “edgueD | "mOyySyeT ‘Sulpm@ yoqry “fF |~7~ 777777777 > SUOgysTyeT “TOHOW “ °O | AQopog Teysnpuy AyuNOH UoqIBO |~ ~~~“ woOquesy ‘unmodmy ‘ppng ‘qd yueIg |~~ 7-7-7 77 ‘uEnpIodury ‘opcanta: *X “Wh |-->-> TOPQBDOSSY [TBINQNoISy AQUNOH WodIUTRO |~-—~~~~ “WO.LIUTvY) *¢ “ON ‘a | ‘UMORLOIIVO ‘JoyonV “A ‘fC ‘Iq | ‘Hd “A ‘00AVG ‘urvysuyuuNO “HW “MA [7 tT ‘WOI}BpOOSsY [BIMJ[NOIsy AJUNOH BNIquIrgy Weatioes “BIIQULB) | STOTAT Chee SPALL cp aca nolan en ‘TEIN “IOUPBYOS “W OcLOdH) | s- = 9s ssse-s === ‘TOMBOSSY IBy PUB YIV_d SUA Ane iaaaeeto. | ong “OISBHLOd CLOSMlaaeg sum Ut |r ss SILASZO[IOg )Acoue a eG NG MUG Sooo) i ccnn) en ns enn ee *Aqot00g [eanqnolisy AjyunoD syone fie SyOneL | “GUISNTBAAN LOA INN ox) )|\0 0) Gnu tae ‘SUISNIVAM “UBYSNVA "YY | mOIROsSsy Ae SUISMTBAAA |7~ ~~ 77 ‘ploypelg | “ROUT 2 AOtoUlOne ste sl) media rien Aen iene ne CCA O MGT wes SBI Tig LON SE SY. i ic wea ee ee *AjoloOg [wing[noIsy AOL, Hep ast 2 ‘piojpvig “RpUBMOT, ‘HIVd uasiog -g |7 “BpuBsMOT, ‘IqBO2W “LAA 777777" pga area ee ‘Ajopo0g [Rangnoisy AJUNOH psOTprig 2277777 SploypRIg ‘O[JAsUBOUNd ‘ZUIeAA “S “H | Gare Serer a qwdetre AW Shea ee a Seals ‘AqunopH Atv[_ JO UOTQBlOsSsy IIB IsURLy) , Tele “surpeog ‘WOU, Pls “Hy |777777 “STI 8.40sfeD “UBMOHIW soulBL | ~~ ~~~ ~-~ “OO Ssydoq JO ‘“OSSY [BING [NO}.LO pues [BIng[NOIsy j----------- ‘SHOT | “UMO9ZINY SOD OUST sins ahve) a Tunes eee mans ‘UMOjZINyY ‘UvUIOH “d ‘O DOIBIOOSSY AIBA UMOJZINY [W777 _ Sy.og ‘projpog ‘vussog Avy “Lf | == CPLOTPSn el AUI See Site LG) || ane ape rs So en nena *£90]008 [eing{noisy AZUNOD PLOFpIT een =a ploypod ‘UMOJSHOOH ‘plvuoqgo ely | JUMOISTOOEL CS UUSTE) Oth |S) 2 ses sc ceed urs amen a Bande SOC CIHGIOOSR Vat G iH LS O0 8210.2 Ela ina eee ake WatoVNYamecieahdoplajo) WO) YO) iPnElnpnans Dine ‘U0JAU ‘LOYSeTTVHO “UAL | ~~~ 7-7 CS UOTQRPOOSsy [RolURBYyooY YW [BINNS y WOJAVC |----- suo} SULLY *syjodoviog “uosusADIg “HR ‘SBUQ ~ “--" “erreduy ‘AouUIyT ‘WV [ink pie? aes ae ‘moneDossy [BIng~noisy AJuNOO Ausysoa[y |------- *‘Aueyselly | "g “ON ‘a | “O[[fASJPUSIW ‘“IsUPIOM ‘1 “WV | ‘A “MH ‘simqshqjep ‘syreqoy AMyyty |To -- ‘GOIWBpOSsy [BINI[NIIsy AjyUNOH suTBpPV |-------~-- ‘SUBD V | ‘qVpeio_, ‘uoshy, °O UlApa [777777777777 ” ‘siedsy ‘UOPIN “We 3Q0u |~-- ‘€jun0O sulepy JO UORMossy STOMOTH JIM 9, |---- 77777 SULBDY | ‘ITO ‘amour WRMOOSIE lee cae eee ‘Tre aljuep ‘au0yYy paivuoeyT |~~~~----- ‘Kipuvqsny JO suoijeg ‘ueg puv guemdurvouy sdbnenaraaanore ented “So Me Roe caPucunnanteey SSBULOUG) eA EL atl ls. see mie anne eam cee ‘MOlIyeVLossy IUdld SAE Ne Cheat pelos UB oP) “a[epRIoLT ‘uosdy, “OD «0989q0 | ie eee hae *SINQSIIvVyT ‘1oysorA TOMIqBey |~~---- ‘vruRAfAsuueg JO UOl}RMOSSy [BINI[NIZIOFT 09kYS | A18jaI009 JO sselppy pur sluleN | quepiseig JO sseaippy puB 9XUIRN | AyINOG FO 9uIVN 9} B10dI10) Ayon0p | | | ‘070 ‘OTET 1oF SMOLIQIYXGL [TRA SurploH 1oJ soyvq pue . 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No. 7. ‘LT "990-6 “3deg "8e-06 “3dog “L-§ °100 ‘6-9 “ydeg ‘9-€ “VO "Ivy ON "68-92 “3dag "08-12 “3d8g “Uvy ON "86-0 “4dog “9T-SL “adag “OT-ST “9deg “BG-1S “4dag “LF °290 *IT-8 “AON “adag “4dag “gdag “4dag "qdag "s¢ “4dag *ST-IL “900 "88-06 “3dag “arBy ON ‘96-8 “SNY “CT-2I “4dag ~""-- *uropselT MON See oe ‘IaAOUB AL Sage cay aa *‘Y¥IOX ‘pooMsunox ‘o[vpsou0 “UM04S99051INg ‘SINQsIMoT “OIOQSTIOM “pleysuv yy *PIegISOM “aso1qU0py ‘piloyie A ‘O[[[ASHIO 7 *erqdyjep Ud “Wer “410 ae eS ‘qI0dMaN “cmayaqq0g “qqyo1ezeN ‘S.nqspnoig Tae ase *o10qeu04g SPE es ee ‘IoD. 10 ‘oI Asoy.sn yy ‘UMO QUEL Y ‘Pseng 00 Zae*TsIs| SG Loo LzI$ FR FSC'Sek | SSO'SL TO Loe | 00 Tage COT WORO09s Ge QU) CGC aps oes |e oaten eee Nae eat 00 000'6 | S% euo‘c 00 000‘T Cle 00 000° | &9 8s~'F 00 000'L | OOL | 00 008'T =| OL SE9°T 60 008 1. esas ere. 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AJUNOD UsIIE AY REgecs Ss “UOI}BIDOSSY [VINNY uot ‘AyoIDOg [eang[nousy AJUNOD uo Se cate ‘asuvin vuowog AjJUNOD keSOL, Beene <5 ‘uovMossy HIV oyjyAug ‘Ajao0g [VNy[NoUsy Ag[eA snbsuremoyp * AYO -O§ [BIN}INIIsy AJuNOD vuoBYyendsng oe ae or ‘AjoINOG [RANYNAISY pPOyAL_T ‘AQODOG [VAIn{[NISy AJVUNOH uURATTINS ~--> *Aqoo0g [eaing[noyI10FT vlmeAlAsuueg “--> “Aqg9~0g [BIny[NoIsy AjuNOH AIIOg ---- “TOMRIDOSSY Ivy 09v4g vImvATASUUAg mn 3) 9) -OS [BInj[NoIsy AJUNOD uUojduUIVYyIION ~~ fAgoP0g [VINQMoUSyY AJUNOH soOIUOTY Tyere ‘AVIMOG [eany[noIsy AJUNOD sJVd10qy Too eee see sses5> *KQ01009 [eiqUe JeoTEpy Pea Fas as ‘qniO Siomiey Ao[eA AounTY “~~ “Ag9~0g [BINNIASy AJUNOHD YSIyoT “MOIQBIDOSSY [BRINN -IOFR] pue [vinj[noisy AyunoD uourgeyT “"-"" “TOMRMOSSY IGT AT[VA TouRrgeT Seiad See ee cane *‘UOIBDossy Tey ryseing “HO X *ouAR AA ‘TaLIe A *“COJSUILSB AY MA. ty te “wor ‘guueyenbsng ‘vuuByenbsng ee “TBATTINS “>> ‘Brqdpepe [gd ‘AIO ‘moydurvyqIoON ‘uojdurvyION Bas ~~ “9010 yy ae *I9IIII GNC) 19 ‘SullmooA'T = ce ne “ysiyaT Ss -Saae) SOUR QOM: ao eee ‘uourqgeT ‘aoU0IMB'T 70 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. CONCLUSION This report would be incomplete without acknowledging the val- uable service rendered the Institute Work by the press of the State both secular and agricultural in publishing dates and places where institutes are held, giving list of speakers, and in fact most of the county papers have published many of the addresses in full, thereby presenting to the farmers who were unable to attend meetings the teachings of the institute. Our County Chairmen of Institutes are growing in efficiency year by year, so that we have today an able Board of Institute Workers in practically every county of the State. The demand for institutes and movable schools of agriculture are in- creasing year by year, and in like proportion the adoption of methods advocated by our instructors are becoming more general. In order to enforce and encourage better methods in farm pursuits, we should be supplied with a corps of permanent workers whose business it would be to counsel and advise with the farmers of the State rela- tive to soil conditions as adapted to various lines of farming, dairy management, horticulture, poultry and market gardening. Very respectfully, A. L. MARTIN, Director of Institutes. No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. pil REPORT OF THE DAIRY AND FOOD COMMISSIONER Harrisburg, Pa., December 31, 1910. Ilon. N. B. Critchfield, Secretary of Agriculture. Dear Sir: I have the honor to submit herewith a preliminary report of the Dairy and Food Division of the Department of Agriculture for the year ending December 31, 1910. It covers the operations for the year and contains some details that may be useful for public informa- tion. PRELIMINARY REMARKS The work of every governmental department which has been some time established includes, of necessity, a large amount of work con- tinuously performed upon the same class of subjects and by methods little changed because of their proven efficiency. During the year past, this Bureau has continued the examination of food products for sale in the State, for the purpose of determining their conformity to the requirements of the general and special food laws enacted by the Legislature. While the kinds of material exam- ined and the various kinds of abuse in the trade which we have sought to discover are the same as those which have occupied the at- tention of the Bureau in the years immediately preceding, so that in many of its aspects the work exhibits a strong similarity to that covered in the preceding reports of the Bureau, careful consideration of the facts developed during 1910 will discover many articles newly examined and certain important abuses of recent detection. These will be made the sibject of special comment in later paragraphs. It is a matter «! gratification that the public interest in and support of the work of ie Bureau have not only been maintained, but have steadily increas’ 1. When first enacted, the food laws were received by many inte!'.gent citizens with some doubt as to their wisdom and necessity. Too doubt regarding their wisdom grew largely out of the fact that the »cime responsibility for sales of adulterated and mis- branded fow .s was placed upon the retailer and it was very generally questioned whether it was either wise or fair to fix the responsibility at this point in the chain of transactions extending from the factory to the hands of the purchaser. The public has, however, come gen- erally to understand that the difficulty of securing adequate proof against the jobbers and manufacturers made it necessary to require 72 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe of the retailer the acceptance of the large responsibility imposed by the law, and that he correspondingly take measures to protect bim- self by increased care in the purchase of the supplies which he selects for distribution to his customers. The public education upon the methods of food manufacture, the nature of the raw material em- ployed therein and the serious character of the frauds which have, in earlier vears been perpetrated upon the buying public, has dis pelled the doubt as to the necessity of such legislation and has made clear the principle that the man who makes a business of manufac turing on a large scale the foods used to maintain the vigor and health of the people, occupies a position of trust in many respects differing from that held by the housewife who prepares the foods for home consumption. These changes in the public attitude have appeared, not only among those who are interested solely as consumers, but also among those who are charged with the judicial proceedings under the Acts goy- erning the sale of foods, whether as courts, members of the bar, or jurymen; and, most gratifying of all, the leaders in food production and distribution have come to recognize not only their responsibility, but their full measure of accountability to the public for the manner in which they carry out their part in the important work ef feeding the nation. This change in attitude and growth in the sense of re- sponsibility is apparent in the proceedings of nearly all the organiza- tions of food manufacturers and dealers. The extent of public information upon food subjects at the present day, as compared with that of a decade ago, is almost a matter for surprise. To the discovery and spread of this information many ugen- cies have contributed. Most conspicuous of all these agencies has been the public press, to whose live and aggressive support of all mea- sures looking to the more perfect control of food production and dis- tribution a large degree of adiniration is due. The success of the Bureau’s work, must in the end, be judged, not by the number of samples purchased and analyzed, the number of viola- tions of law discovered, or the number of cases prosecuted toasuccess- ful issue, important as all these steps are as means to the main end. The true measure of the success of this branch of the State’s govern- mental activities is to be found in the improvement of food commodi- ties sold on the markets, both with respect to their purity and to the truthfulness of labels under which they are sold. As we review the conditions during the year past, we are satisfied that, while there is still great room for improvement in some directions and on the part of some producers and dealers, the condition of the food trade as a whole is one of steady improvement. The work of every such administrative agency is, if successfully conducted, of an educational character. Many abuses against which the public protests, have had their origin in manufacturing practices No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURHE. 73 long since established. The demand that such practices be discarded and replaced by unobjectionable processes seems entirely natural and reasonable to the consumer. The producer, on the other hand, nat- urally sees the facts from another view point; perceives in many cases no satisfactory alternative method for the operation whose previous methods are under condemnation, or realizes that the rejection of older procedure and the adoption of some substitute may involve a very large modification of his factory and a correspondingly great ex- pense to himself. He is at first impelled by self interest to doubt the need for the change urged, to excuse the process by the inadequacy or unproven efficiency of other methods, to plead that he is compelled to present methods by competition, particularly from competitors in localities where the legal requirements are less exacting, and to de mand, as the least consideration to which he is entitled, ample time for the discovery and trying out of new methods for the production and packing of the food products condemned. There are facts on both sides of such cases deserving of serious consideration. The Dairy and Food Commissioner is, however, charged by law and obliged by his oath of office to execute and not to make the law. He has faithfully endeavored to warn all parties concerned of the require- ments of the law, so that their manufacturing and distributing work might be carried on with the fullest realization of the law’s require- ments, but he has consistently refused to grant immunities or exten- sions of time for compliance with the law, where the law has not specifically conferred discretion in such matters upon him. There is another matter of administrative policy which it may be helpful to mention. The terms of both the general and special food Acts are in many respects broad rather than specific. Wherever the method of the Legislature has been by definition of an offence, such as the adulteration or misbranding of commodities and there has been no definition of the commodity, questions necessarily arise involving the interpretation of the Act as applied to particular commodities, or, in the case of injurious substances, as to what substances should be classed as such, or,even with reference to substances specifically pro- hibited by name, or as to the meaning of the name and the character of the products included within its scope. It has been the judgment of the Commissioner, after very careful thought, that the prime con- sideration that should govern his decisions relative to such questions is the spirit and intent of the law. In other words, that it is not the function of the executive officer to give to such Acts their narrowest construction, but that instead, he should take such action as to bring to judicial determination all questions of importance raised by any reasonable construction of the Acts committed to him for execution. For otherwise, instead of serving as the defender of the consumer, he becomes an obstruction to the reaching of a judicial determination 74 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. upon such questions. In the statements just made, it is not intended to imply that the Dairy and Food Commissioner does not have a duty to perform toward that part of the public which is engaged in the pro- duction and distribution of foods as well as to that part which is interested solely in the buying of such commodities, but merely to ex- press his obligation to bring to judicial determination all questions, relating to food statutes, that are of sufficient importance to require such determination where the evidence obtained by the Bureau’s agencies makes possible a satisfactory presentation of the question from the consumer’s point of view. It has been the endeavor, how- ever, where questions of this kind have arisen for determination, to bring mooted questions to a decision in such manner as to be fair both to the producer and distributor, on the one hand, and to the con- sumer, on the other. THE MONTHLY BULLETIN The Monthly Bulletin of the Bureau has served during the past year, as during the preceding years, as the means of giving to the public current information concerning the work of the Bureau, and the policy originally adopted by which it was made a medium not only of statements concerning the statistical work of the Bureau, but also of general information on the subject of food production and food con- trol, has been continued. The demand for these Bulletins and the general interest with which the public has received them have continued in such degree as to prove their value for the purpose stated. SUMMARY OF WORK FOR THE YEAR 1910 In the Appendix to this report are presented summaries showing the list of articles purchased by the agents and analyzed by the chem- ists of the Bureau during the year, and also a table giving a list of those classes of articles found adulterated and misbranded and made the basis of prosecutions that have been terminated during the year. The recapitulation of samples analyzed shows a total of nearly 5,600 samples and a sum total of cases terminated of 667. The number of samples analyzed is somewhat less than that reported for the year 1909, but the difference is found chiefly in the number of milk samples taken during the past year. Reasons for this difference will be given in the later paragraph in which the results of the present year’s work are considered in detail. The number of instances of misbranding and adulteration found during the past year is about 130 less than in 1909, judging by the lists of cases terminated during these respective years. A eomparison of the number of cases terminated for violation of the laws with the number of samples analyzed, as compared with the corresponding figures for 1909, seems to indicate an increase of adul- No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. v5) teration. A careful analysis of the statements relative to the several classes of materials indicates that this statistical method of judg: ment is not entirely warranted. It is believed, on the contrary, that, as has been indicated in the introductory remarks, the conditions of the market show, on the whole, a steady improvement. In the following portion of this report the several classes of food products examined will be considered separately in detail. DAIRY PRODUCTS There have been analyzed during the year 1,777 samples of milk as compared with 2,866 examined in the year 1909. This year the chemists’ findings resulted in prosecutions of which 70 were terminated, while in 1909 the number of similar cases termin- ated was 126. The greater number of prosecutions this year have been for the skimming of milk sold for whole milk. About half as many prosecutions were instituted for the addition of water and, out of the entire number of samples examined, but 5 cases were discovered in which preservative was added, 4 of them having been found to con- tain formaldehyde and one a boric acid preservative. The condition of the milk sold in Pennsylvania, considered as a whole, shows a very marked improvement with respect to its adulteration, over the condi- tions existing until very recently. The milk Act of 1909 sets no chemical or sieacal standards for milk. In this respect the law of Pennsylvania differs distinctly from the laws of most states and municipalities controlling the sale of this dairy product. The milk law, as it stands, makes legal the sale of milk without respect to its fat richness or its sanitary condition. The fact is recognized that some unadulterated milk is derived from special strains of dairy cattle that produce large volumes of thin milk and also that individual cows, even of those breeds that commonly yield milk high in solids and fats, occasionally yield, during short periods, milk of a quality far below the normal for the individual and the breed. This law as it stands certainly protects the producer from the remotest possibility of being charged with adulteration by skimming or watering. It may be questioned whether, without serious menace to the producer’s true interests, a somewhat higher standard than the poorest product from the poorest cow might not be required for the welfare of the consumer. In view of the lack of specific chemical or physical standards, con- formity to which is readily determined by the methods of analysis long in vogue, it has become necessary in the examination of samples under the present law to have recourse to quit different analytical methods. Fortunately the optical qualities of milk serum, that is, of the liquid portion of milk after the fat and curd have been removed, are practically uniform for the undiluted milk of all the breeds of 76 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. cattle, so that by means of a measurement of the optical activity of inilk serum by use of the dipping refractometer, it is possible to de- tect the addition of very small percentages of water. Skimming is detected not only by an abnormally low proportion of fat to the entire milk, but also, and far more definitely, by the proportion which the fat bears to the total solid materials of the milk, the proportion of the fat in the solids of unskimmed milk rarely falling below twenty- seven per cent. of the solids. By the application of such methods, a large number of cases of skimming and watering have been detected in the present year and have usually been terminated by pleas of guilty on the part of the dealers prosecuted and their payment of the fines and costs imposed. It is apparent on the most casual consideration of this subject that a thorough and continuous control of the milk produced in. the thousands of dairies and sold in the hundreds of communities in this State, is impracticable without the employment of a large force of agents and chemists. It has been the endeavor of the Bureau so to conduct its work that the most effective operation possible with its present force and resources should be secured. The general con- dition during 1910 as to skimming, watering and the use of pre- servatives and artificial colors, has been highly satisfactory. In the great majority of communities whose milk supply has been sampled for analysis, few cases of violation of the law, or none, have been discovered. In a few communities, however, very serious conditions appeared, the number of violations of the law being large in pro- portion to the total number of samples examined. No effect will be spared to protect the milk consumers in such communities. In relation to milk control, the laws of the Commonwealth have committed to the larger municipalities adequate powers whereby they can organize and maintain agencies for their own protection against milk trade abuses. The Bureau has endeavored to co-operate with these agencies whenever called upon. CREAM During 1910, 499 samples of cream were analyzed, of which 27 were found illegal, all but one of them because of a deficiency in butter fat. In 1909, 1,078 samples of cream were analyzed. A number of adverse findings given in the Summary of that year are included in the pres- ent list of samples condemned under the milk acts, so that the condi- tions of the two years under consideration cannot be precisely deter- mined by comparing the figures in the respective Summaries. The facts at command warrant, however, the statement that for this ¢om- modity also there has been a distinct improvement in the grade of ma- terial offered for sale under the name of “cream.” No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. V7 The Pennsylvania minimum fat requirement for creat is fifteen per cent. The federal standard for this article fixes the minimum at eighteen per cent. and it is this limit controls the interstate sales of cream. In a number of the states of the Union, the laws classify creams into various grades according to richness. The State of Utah, for example, make three grades, in the first of which the fat minimum is thirty per cent., the second twenty-four per cent. and the third eigh- teen per cent. In view of these facts, the milk dealers in this state should regard the present Pennsylvania standard as_ sufficiently lenient and should faithfully meet its requirements. CONDZNSED MILK During 1910 there were examined 16 samples of products sold as condensed milk, evaporated milk and evaporated cream. ‘These ex- aminations resulted in the finding of but one case in which it ap- peared that condensed skimmed milk had been sold under the name of the corresponding whole milk product. ICE CREAM There were examined in 1910, 288 samples of preparations of this class, including a few articles sold under the names “frozen custard”, “milk balls’, etc. These examinations led to 62 prosecutions for vio- lations of the Act. Three-fourths of the condemnations were due to failure of the ice creams to come up to the fat standards fixed by law. In other cases, the grounds of prosecution were chiefly the addition of artificial coloration, but in a few instances, the addition of sul- phurous acid and other ingredients deleterious to health. In 1909, there were examined 227 samples of this class with the discovery of 39 violations of the law, a less proportion than was found during the present year. A careful consideration of all the facts indicates, how- ever, that this increase is only apparent and that the principal vol- ume of the ice cream made in the State by reputable producers con- forms well to the present legal requirements. -2.22255-l.2320 tesa ee ee ee Pie Filler (Lemon), BaP RieAeies Wernemen ete Gn She ee Wapi0ea, ~-.---sc0---2) --:--=5-2- 2-2. 12.222 o5o2 25 sate pene eee seen eee eet ate ae eee eee Preserves, RASDDerry’s,, 22520222252 antes S25 eee ee os ee ee ee Preserves, ‘Strawberry:,, 222-2322 * oo 54 saa sora ee ee ee a ee en ee Preserves; Tomato;, 25.5222 255-452-526 sences cane ne ae ne eer aes sae See a eee Ba esis Ren teal ed bo ea ata tc (ne Ber ie te estes et aesenr ce No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 89 SUMMARY—Continued. Number Article. Analyzed. FLAVORINGS, ESSENCES AND EXTRACTS: SGU aly OTE Cree TN OM eee se ete Oe et tea Nea Pea ct Dats So Essence, Lemon, 6 = Sa ee ee i ee 2 ein ee ee ee Extract, Almond, SEEN ee eee Oi eee SS able Ae = Extract, Banana, : JOSIE ENOL TSS TCS 00 (0) a Me pe RMR TO eT aa TAS A we ek ITE SL pe || EXE RACUS ODATIS Cy eee eee oe eo re anne ae See ety er) oe ey ene a ee eee JON BEC Te es a= 2. A ee a fe eit An Oa tee Ee pe nc Siew eee eee os S| EERE ACH ECARD DELIV. ore ee eee ee ae ee ee oe ee eee eee ta INET ACU MM SULA W DELL VA ieee s eae ee ee oe eee een oe een whe Symes ee a YORU rE LOT SCA VE: 0 0 E:T gp se TS LER eee a eee a ee Boe ee eee || & FRUIT SYRUPS: COAST AG = a eS LE A ee AO or Pe EP Se TAR Ni oe en ees SRA OP ye ee Sie ee eee ee ee ee ee ee ee ICE CREAMS: Keen @reamie Caramels peta ees cee a see a ene ee a pe Oe MGCROTG ATI CHORE hee ees ys ce aa ne ae ee er ae een TcekOrenms, Chocolate “se es cee St a EE EE ee a ee| fces@reamiu Maples 2-=- 52 ee oo aS Wee Re ae ee eee TcemOream ae MaATshnlallow.. 2s-sese= sos couse enone ee eae ee ene KeetOreamin MOsiav.ore, C1VeN) sp eee enone nee eee ere eee se WCAC TE aIT OTA Cop eam on er ne re meee en ee Se oe Ee, eR TCeu@ reams Peaches sees os see ee a eo eee eee isin eee LUGS COARSE TET Bel Ba WAVE Gy 0) (aa a ee A iN Pie A ee Sg ee oh es 2 ty oe Sea eek OreaAlne SELAW DELL Ve eee eee ee ae Ste cane oh eon meant ans ie Oe en Gl Teew@re aman Ott Gi he Ut Glas a se ee re re ae eer ef ee see Se CO ROTE TV are VEEUTNA ND ig oy eee ee te eo ae ree ee ce ee et Ice Cream, Walnut, --_---- Oe re oe eae Ate ee LEE os See ee oe See eae | MrozenvOustard 2a. 6 nance en ee ae ee oan en ye ee ey ee aa eee seen ILGYae(Gyaly WG ae esa ee a ie ees Se eee eee Brena Se aaa a ee eee eae Milk Balis; a=22- 2-5 222" ey arene yee Ses Ge = ee SE ee A Se ni el Strawberry Klondike Frost, — I is Ste ea ane CNS ete oe to Say pe ee oP ea tea 2 ' ' At ' 1 Ligaen ' ' ; ‘ 1 ' 1 me po Owe Te po aero Hono og Sa EE De 28k oe ee EAL GLE wake ny eae Deb ee caer eee i any aus a 20 MEATS AND FISH-GANNED AND FRESH: = = = =—Osi<“‘“ iC] SD Bacon) Fresh). -os<- 222.22 seal cesses secs sesso essa Beef, Chipped, Dried, _---- ssc IBGGES ISHCEU,, 235.25 — = sce a eae ee ee ee aloe aan eee ee eee eee ame Beef, Sliced and Smoked, Se ee OR a RE eet eS ee Sei (SITES ke Ee reas seen one Ee SS SE Name Sas Soe oe seeee Cane | Bologna, Pa og ee a oe ee ee a ee ence n mean eee ene Bologna bee h,, oases =- nese ee ee a ee aoe eee cen eae ae eee eee BOOT A ae Ay ee = ee ee ee ee eae ae ee ee MhickenssBoOnelesssps- =- 5. aaa eon oe ee eae Soe ee on ne eee (QltGkons MOS Able +See ee eee ences Se ee tet ened SE RES SSS eA eS ece eee Chops. (NO Mame Siven)), 2. .2- aoe oe eee eee eee ewan aoe seen see eel TS na eo a lee a Codfish, ------------------------------------------------------ Be nees eee eee) CGGHSn DTCC ese a eee S85 Bee ee ee ep Crys SnicaGGGl, 2. 2te 22 ese es ae SS Oe Seas ee Deviled Crabs, wa - = 222 - = = 2- = = 22 = + + 2 == - 2 nnn 2s enn n= == -2 == = -- === ---=5---- =: | UNG) INGHGS. sos sce 2h oS ooo aso c eee ESS cet S sah SasoonSseoseseeeS| Reese waren ING) ROR, Sass sets. 2 ee Scere se ee eee ses SSE SS SSSR deseses see eS Ssece || BEy PUEDE T ETOCS aoe ee ee re ee 1 TEU ose a er a ee i rn en a la lettin, Wiihteyih 2233-2 as ci eee ee SoS SS cea Heese ecescscsios| IGT IR IGGL epeGa a = oo eae on cee re ne Oe eee ROR See SSeS ane eee sees eo Ham, Pressed, ee ee ee ee ee oe eee Ste eee eee IH BIMbuUrcer SOLea Ks ALCS iin on sane sate ee neem n een a enolase eee eee erring BONCICHS panes. Oa ae Oe ee ee ee ea nee a eee ee oe HOEY IN ge ar fests os ee ee oan eee oe | HIV GRWIES Use 8 2 ee ee en 2 Ibiver: BloOg+ Sausage.) (22 soe aa ee nee eee ne ee ee ee ee Ua} af | avs Ce bib ety SR RES eee Se ee a oo see eee see eae eee SSS Mobster Wigke; 2 2S8. ee eee a a ate Soe ee eee pete aeons se sua ICT CT( | so | Suara SE eae eS aml) oe uane SPOTS i Saeed cemeaemes Oysters wicanned, \ 225-22 see 8k ee ee eee ee ae ene Oe | OPVSLGTS ELLOS Ho) tee eee eee ene eee ee ee en ee eee a CODD Se DOO Oe et et et = —_ WORE Ne Dee 90 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. SUMMARY—Continued. Number Article. Analyzed. MEATS AND FISH—CANNED AND FRESH—Continued. Pork: (and: Beans, 2.2 = cose. ook oe ee ee eee =| Potted: Meats (ham: flavor)') s.c.¢ enon aene cone ane eee eae ae eee Salmon, canned, 2 : Salmon, fresh. .o25 cssed seek sae cee ena ae eee eae eee ee eee» eens SS@rdines 5. 22s ose a ee et seat ee kee ee Sausage, fresh, ---- -— Sausage, iresh pork, ~2-2-=5--2--4-:: Sausage. (Polish = es ee Sausage: smoked; (2235242 sass See ce a cece eee Sausage, dialf-smoked 5) 22s 222 S222 see see sna ok See anes wena 2 ae eee SAaUsAPe, VIONNA) osc snes oe ee noes sae ie ee a ae ee a ee Sausage, (Wiener 224 & ve-5. 3. a2 oa eae hea = cota eee eee eee eee SDT DS se eee eee Soup bone;; 22 -~=--—2 5-5 3-22. eee sa Se ee NONEUUG,, Boseetacsens-saccce = _ HED Serwee SSeromaen NON-ALCOHOLIC DRINKS: iBittermead Beverage, =s-s2222a52s62252 sane esas ee see cen eee eee ene ee ee Bir HB CEL aan oe er ee ee ee eee nee eee eee ee ae ee aa OGTR UTC a ee ee ee ee le a le ee ae @herry:\Smashi S2222222222 2222255 S855 ste sases ease nocae eek eak eee ae ees Su COCA OOla fas es ana en ee a ee (Bp bebeq ey SNC ee ae SEE eee S55 55 GT ADOT IUICE a so eee ae ee 2a ea ee a ee ea ee Grapemist;, 222-222 2.2 3233 ee es ee ee eee Jersey ‘OreMe;. 22 222.2 soe soos eee set Aes esas cacao ee ee eee WeMOngder, He. 222 52 Seo ee as ee ee ee aoe ae ae ee JER ee yal (SPOT a se Se eS ee Sees esos sone Liquid: -Foree; . 222 ~- 2222-32222 cadens sScsece cscs nce ee sna ea ee we See Lead So NOW We OO we RH Re Orangeade; 200 see eee Pepsicola, Phosphate, -OHELrly;, <2 -ss2se25 cases ~~ amas eS anse Jeane seco se eee eee eee eee Phosphate Orange, 222255 -2en0 = sae oa ee ee ao ee oea eee eee eee eee eel Tein. Jsjiveli, Shs ee coos sees Se anaes Se a oases os Seassaesise IPOD; Blackberry), cess2c2 sone oe aS oo es oe es ee a ee ee le@jyo, (ORETN 2.56 ee ees Stes eee eer Se ae ee ce teccssscossce SOD yD Br ies ea ee lefojos dUmanoiol Se ee ee ee a ed ee ce eon essere Pop: (Mo NAME Riven); asss ss sss sss ec Las sass ees ace eee eee ee Pop, Tet} eh ELE a Se ee ee er eee ne SHE MEST ete Senresiomscc a seo: SECOND a ER USD CEI Y gee IPOD, (‘StrawDerlryi; Sis 2 ase oo a en ene eo eae a a ee Pop, Vanilla 222223 seen se SS as se sree ee a ee eee IPOD). WIRTCG aren ee oe eee eee ee oe TPN (Olay Cy ee ee ee eae Beene ar Seamer = SSeS ese aceecSs Root) sBeet se Sot as os se pe a ee ee ee ee Strawberry; .artificlal;: (22e-552 2 ee ee ee Sarsaparilla 2225 so ne a ae ee ee er ee Soda, (Ohernya e222 e a a ee ae eg ae en ee ae eee eel Soda; (Chocolates 0 2222s as aa ae ae aa ae ee ee Soda, Creamy sas a ee ew aa ee rele eer ee ee Soda, Lemons: 22.25 S222 22 ee Soda (io name given), ------------------ 74 Soda, Onrance sa ee as a re a a eel 4 Soda, ‘Pineapple, 224 2225s se eas a ee ee ee lee 2 OCG, EVASD DOTY a a a 2 Soda, ‘StrawDernyin Sore sae oe en on ee ee ee a eee = i _ ° 5 i) i=] 09 o { t 1 ' ' 1 ‘ t ' ' ' ' 1 1 ! ' 1 ' ' ‘ ' 1 ' ‘ ! 1 ! ' ' ' \! 1 ' ' ' ' H ' 1 ' H 1 ' ' ' ' H ' ! ' ' ' ' ' ! H _ eee Ve te ean ne = ow stoves Ayn ET Ce ee ea ee eee te re Sane Seatioaen bees erencs Soda, Vanilla and TOmk as ora a a ae re ee eee te Soup OuiCken yess ea 3 Soup, Condensed Bouillon, 1 Soup, “Lomato,, 225. 222253-22isesssae neon aeew se aenee seen 2 1 7 Soup;’ Vegetable, 1.22: 22ers ee eee eee INO: ots. 6 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. SUMMARY—Continued. 91 Article. VINEGAR: Witte Rates Cider, a sone ae ee Se a er eae ea eae se eee ete esas GUT EST ARN 526 ieee Seo SRN SR Ree ee See ae ee Oa eee eS ae eee eee eee MISCELLANEOUS PRODUCTS: PAN ITIOTICS 8 ees eee eee oe, gee ee ee PEE oe Sean es we EW eee Sree SE Se el SOUS fea Ty SB Hot a oe Tes Se eae ni ie eae ee ee ee STURT ROSE OO 10K are eee ee eee ae Ee igre SES bs el CeTER yy RODICS wes sete ere ee Sa es See ee a oe Se Be ee Orda ONeEry sees ss =e ea 2 eee eS ad ee ee Be ee eee WOT alsa NOs ees SEVEN) me aos Se eee ee ee a ee (O/ FGI Aa fis aang ee eee Oe eee an el ee es Sr ane see pen eo soe eo See ee OHO COTATCEe ye ee ee eee on ea eee oe ee AOE ee es eee nee anes SOC O Be pie ee a ee ae Sn ee Oe a ee escent eee WOCORINEL ES SUT CGOCU, wie ew ar BG 5 ee Ae SA eee eee CWoloretoriStrawbperly: Lee @reami. 2 ose ee ee ee ee Monesetor cer Crean, ae se a ae ee eee ee ee ene nee ANNACK ETM GAL pre ee eae EON SAE ye ae Neen ee ees 2 eae (Crean pe OW OCR. ate a a ee eed Eee Re re ee ee ee ee KOrOa THe NUIES 4! hoe Bee Be ns Se ee a oe ee 2S Se oe Soe ee ee | Cour mD ODS eet ar eet ee ne) Sa ate A ae IO A ee UE EMU ne ES a ee eS ee ne See se aes MOE ASLOS Gh te ee ee ae et ae ee Se ee ee ee eee A See WrOsted na Oran ees © Has2 2 PS Se Re aa ee ee ee ETO ZOHERD) ALA LICS sees Soe ee Sree ee LN TS ae ee eae Glucose, > ha -- 3-2 as- 22 oe . (GVnne LAU ese eS eee se aeiee se S ESE | 13 6) 1 es ae ee ee a a ee ee a eee } RCpE@ Treaty Millers tense ee aa ee ee A ee ae ahs A ee nee Soan| deliy Sugar. Dessert. 210.5222 ooo = =) seasons Sos e Sa eecca ee sue sens Senne seen escesee| [UCT ONES RS Be oe eet EDR Hee oan Sp aeeaeee | Maken Oregin io. a2 ok 2-8 ies 2 oe ee Sake Sree Sok b Soe ee cncsenean| DRS G DS pS Ss eo ee ee a ees ean ees oe Ro eee ee eee eel Maatie Preservative: mete a baer ee ean 22 MES NO ee ee VEEKCO me NUIGS) pre ee Se ne ane ees eee Meee eet see eae ae Mustards (Geran) * 22-2 ee SS ee tae tn ten orem ee ee ee ee MITISERTOGHDLCD abeG) r= ena so nn se an aoe a ee ee ea sa a ane tenes eee an aaee nee ‘low: ini butter fat, \----=2-5.--—-2 2 a eet SI F skimmed: ‘as ‘and. for whole milk)) == 3) eee Minced Ham; containing: ‘added. starch;)..-0. 22... 2 eee Oleomargarine,, as.‘and: for“butter; 222.) 22) = et eee Oleomargarine; colored) (= 2-2 52 35.2 2222322 <0 2a eo a eee | Oleomargarine, colored, sold’ as:.and, for butter, -=+2...-2 22-22 eee | Oleomargarine, colored and not stamped (second offense), --- eee | Oleomargarine, colored (second offense); ——--~--2 <2 <2 oa eee Oliye) Oi; containing cottonseed oll; 2-222 ee eee | Onions; “Pickled. containing ‘alum), 2. -..22 ===) 25-2 eee | Renovated Butter, selling without a license, --_....-.....-_--..------.---__---. | Tomato Catsup, containing an excessive amount of benzoate of sodas 22525 | Poneue, tainted, 2-22-25 222 -22S 2 aes See see eee eee Oleomargarine, colored, and selling without a license, Sac ese ee eee Oleomargarine, colored, sold as and for butter and without a license, --=-.| Oleomarzarine; colored; .and) not. stamped, /.-..-. eee Oleomargarine, ‘selling’ without a license, --=-.-- = ee ee Oleomargarine, selling without a license and peddling, -_--_--.--___----___-._ Oleomargarine, selling at wholesale without license, -_..------.-------.------- Oleomargarine, selling at wholesale without license aud colored, ~--------___ Oleomargarine, in resemblance of yellow butter, _....-------------------_---- Oleomargarine, not properly placarded or stamped, -----------.----------_- Orargé Soda, artificially colored and misbranded, ------------.---------_----- Peuches, preserved with sulphurous acid (under Act of 1907), -------------- = Peantits,. coated witha shellaclike varnish, =o SS eee Pie Filler, containing non-permitted coal tar dye, ----.-----...-------------- Pickles, ‘adulterated; -2- 2-52-22) A ese ee eee Pickles, containing alum): 22.22 25--2...- 2s.c6-522 2 a eee Pickles, containing an excessive amount of benzoate of soda, Pickles, Mixed. containing? alum. -2 22-2522 55225 ee eee Pickles, Sweet Mixed, adulterated and preserved, --_-- ee | Pork and Beef Sausage, Fresh, preserved with sulphurous acids) ‘Potatoes, ‘decomposed, (22.2 2222-52 22-22 S 2 a2s: ee eee Raspberry Sparkler, -:misbranded 2.2) 2 -- eeeeeee Sausage, adulterated, ee eee bea ae dea eRe ope see EES ea eee eee eee Sausage, containing added starch and water, -----.....-.--------------------- Soda) Water: adulterated; , 22-<--0=2 225252 nce) ee oe eee nee Soda) Water; artificially (colored 2 een eee ee eed Soda. colored with a, coal) tar dyes (22252) 222s ene ne ae ee eee Soda. sweetened’ with saccharin, =~ - 2525-2) So eed Soda, sweetened with saccharin and colored with a coal tar dye, ---------- Strawberry Extract, misbranded, -_-_-------- =s Strawberry Extract, unwholesome and deleterious to “health, wae Strawberry Klondike Frost, containing coal tar color, seocecadceecsessssstiese Strawberry Pop, containing saccharin, =<. <4... 2 i ee ee eee Strawberry Soda, artificially colored and containing saccharin, --_----__----. Tomato Oatsup, adulterated, |. -= 2... ssn 25 eases 2a ee Vinegar. Cider, adulterated, 2.212... 2-02 Sesto ee “Whip EZ,’ containing saponin, —--<2 22222-22222. 2 ees eee . Off. Ie BiverssxdesebSevsseceshegevasshss np Sees 8 SEREBREE Doc. al Susessesaae 2 S £l SSSRRSSSSSTSSSSSSSSSSSSSSRSSSSSSSSSESSESSSSLSBSSSSSSRSSSSSSEsE | Sse DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. NUMBER OF CASES TERMINATED DURING THE YEAR 1910 AND THE ACT UNDER WHICH SAME WERE PROSECUTED Oleomargarine act, 1901, .... Renovated butter act, ....... PACE, TOOT 53.5; 301s, Syt-esuere = Pie CIR COO 7. Poss si ctana reps ete eawatae tomate gly er ettene: ae NJAC ol oka UA 5 Da a er uncer: 90D. 86%: fos Se. are AMAA NON So sos cs mas a 28 Gmedar set 1901) thsi ct bo Non-aleoholic drink act, 1909, ieevorenin: act. 1909. 22% sie vee Meat act (frésh), 1905, . 20... Prot syrup act, 1905, >. 00... .. Pemmaaete O09 2 ter crs. 5 ne oi dys 2 mete) Ce ee aiie} ei. ey as) 1¢) 0). comet ei (etter 0) ¢. (6) 8) \enlslte isl ies) ©, 8); sin) (9) (0) ef oce) @: 6 sl.0/8) 18) © 90) \@: 6B. \0)/e\ 0 .6;) a6) 0) 2: 0 wlio! te! ia, 66 @: a) 0! 6 (ehe .6) 6) \e)#) a) sie) je) os elie) ie: .6) 6 ©) o/ w ite). 0) 0) 0) Nowiby -2s-2--------=-2=- Geéetiyspune se) eeeree aac eee 2 1580 Cornelius Bender, BR. D: No. 2; 2.2--2--===---2-=- IASI GIS eto Aas ee a a 3] 1577 ALLEGHENY COUNTY BNO SLs NUESeLY OO nes 22 oonee cane sececaeeesa eee Spring dale ee cesn eee a ee O 1621 ATIOUsEL Gs ESPe;, ks Ds NO. 25 sssees--senesen ees CP erryvillese <2 == ee ee 1720 BEAVER COUNTY piamessW... Mackall, 22 sG.0 522 s22 2250 nen oot aoe BCR VEIN) aoe ase ae ces Sen eee eee 15 1623 Bg On MACK All | 925225 ha Sesce ss scne ese ke cha ccene se IBCAVGI, 2 jac sees tet ee ae LO 1712 Dee OVD yn ne ae can ne = eins Joan nen nees snare wan oo| I NOUStLV ign ae Sena ee cote eee 10 1544 Aree GOOGOWIN, (a. 5=4o2 valet 2 eos tances ones Imidustry,,Amees =o a eae eee ne 6 1542 Armd VHECCO a2 doneanesae cha seasoweecenneesetenes= RIAGIIG Rise ne ny es See 2 1540 WEEAs MreeO S892 ocr coca oa teen kaacae oe eteens PVA CING see sae eee eee eee eee 2 1539 Joseph and) Oharles’ Engle; BR: Ds No. 25"2:--o--5| Beaver, ssee- oe ee ne ke 7 1541 meondrd Arnold; iw NOs lt oa telo-oeos)eseeee Beavers Malign ss so eA TRB ie 608 noch) tnele: i. 3D INO a1, 8s ---neaca as canoes sss | BCAVED wee eee ee ea 1543 *Grow berry or small fruit plants only. 104 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. LIST OF NURSERIES IN PENNSYLVANIA—Continued BEDFORD OOUNTY o E Name Place a 2 so | o S z ee) a1 8 ass AUStin sWreht. ssococs--)-cecesosse ea omcceeesacees Alum Bank, Piette: | 1 1624 BERKS COUNTY Wenrich: IDLOS.,u ne neee eee eens ono eee ee eee Robesonia’.. «22-4: -25-255-2 ee 4 | 1685 Bertrand’ (Hi. Mars, Sosace sae eke seo an eeeeee | NAM eMmUS RM MG 2 secon Sao secebeoeSe 5 1628 BLAIR COUNTY . Geo. 8. Burket,, .2-s2ci steko ee Glaysburg > 22--2 See ee % | 1578 Die AE Giles ars. os eee Bie Oe ie Pa |i Altoona isso 22 Se a ee es 1717 BRADFORD COUNTY Samuel H. Madden, U. S. Weather Bureau, Golumbus,, Ohio. so Nursery. dtieeeese see eee Granville Summit 2222-2--=—= ee % | 1620 BUTLER COUNTY Pierce: BIOs; > jase ees ee er eee Butler 2222-232 SSS 1538 i} it BUCKS COUNTY J, L. Lovett, Henry “Palinera) £oss2sc2sc2 ho eee oe eee ELOLACOy ANNE Vey cece ee nee ee ee ee D-wandreth= Seed’ Coy, si2-- ee ae The SW ta MOONY COnsy ese se s ee eeee Samuel (© 77 Moons) 222222. ae eee eee DJ) Lounge ken), © os 22a ioe ye ee ee eae oe Jacob! FE eKkrouts Rasa NO nal eee ee oe aes eee tee Penna. R. R. Co., Forestry Department, E. Sterling, Forester, Philadelphia, Pa., Nur- BOLY: mNC al pews ote hoe ee ened CENTRE COUNTY State College, Department of Horticulture, _... Bimilie; -22 22228. - 1686 (vane hornes | sae oie s ee coe 4 1664 Newtown,® ---2=-3223.225202--- ee 1667 Bristol, ~.2222 S52". ose 2 hse eee 2 1665 Morrisville; 2<=2-2 52-225 eee 400 1680 Morrisville;, 22222222255. 22- Seno oe 1633 Richlandtown), -2-22=-2=s--- = = 1659 Perkasie, 26. St eee) eee 2 1643 MOnnisvitle rca. St il See eee 20 1697 State College, ---lic-62-22:a el, eee OS DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 105 LIST OF NURSERIES IN PENNSYLVANIA—Continued OHESTER OOUNTY 5 2 2 Name Place a SE 3s Oo S Beales | < i.e) pernies es DONORNUC, veo - 2-2 sa ee eee oes eee eee a P ennett Square, o-2 225--22se-52 20 3| 1675 Wiper ev OVIEw H.2 fie se osc en th ccc ct een cee sede | Berwyn, -----------------. --------- 8 1626 MneaMOrris NUTHery:CO., =-2.22-25--5-2-s5.s2ccee ss fmVeSt ;ODeSteI anos = aaa 200 1610 The @onard & cones: OO) 5: -22s22-2—22622-- 5255 —-: imWiestiGrove;: -5-2.54esesoes 2 oe ae 20 1618 ihrem Dineeen &. CONTR HOO. .ia- 5 oes 2 | West (Groves 23222-2222. - 0252-34 15 1579 he pRakestraw. EVlG"OO.,, <= c252 see oe ance ean ace | Kennett Square, --2----------2--==| 200 1681 SIREA a PO DCRER St ao fa2o. ool Sas ea anne swcleaS aces le Malvern jaencsonee=--oseae tee eae, OC 1630 Hoopes Bro. & Thomas Co., -.| West Chester, -- 600 1615 Uf ABS GLE al ba eee ee eae ..| Spring City, ewe! 1695 RD eR CAINE ay eeenn = oe a ee le Kennett (Squares, 22222 5-5-2-=) 22.23 4 | 1683 Meuisiph. Wastmurn ss: s--) eee | Kennett iNGWaTe =o) -5 22.) -- ale Bs 1674 eee Cowadel- 9 \(i213' “Market. St... Philadel:: || Westtown. ---2.2----4-— eel 8 1688 DEERE a) a ge oe aa eS a ee ee ewe OTSOU 6 SOM, Sess oeesee ee. oee aeons WeAvondalles: 'Sas.22s22 sees Secs ea 1 1716 | CLEARFIELD COUNTY Viv eetclo. AAT LE Pees Se ee a a= a @learileld wos ce se oe eS 4 | 1575 COLUMBIA COUNTY iPoilipy Parris \oRs BS ODy, $2222 esa ccee ae Might Screetwe-— 3-22 - = e % | 1609 DROUIN yao non nae seo ae ea ee cee e= os It LLC. me eee ee ee 4 | 1672 CRAWFORD COUNTY TE SSeS eee = = =! — = ast —— (Rae cae PD VAGKClby Rep ee hee Se ee ee ee | e@ochranton,. 5-6 os > sae) sts | 1% | 1595 MeN SHeODATO.@: 22. ele tee ae OochrantGnie a. eee ee ee | 2 | 1598 Anderson Bailey, R. D. No. 66,* ) OOP ME OS Boo eee eee) 18) 1594 ey ODES His Ie: NON GG, ss = eee ee eel OOCRTANUONT: eee = memes ae ere eee ae 1596 pebemneced ky. Dy NOs 6628 s2- 2 - sae eee eee Cochrantonr i= -=--se2 serene eee fe Enea | 1597 Ramnnelis-Oooper, oD. No. 58," 2-2-5 Gochrantonis 2.2250 ee 6. Hewisel:: Swogger, RD. No. 28, .2.-2-2--222--2) je COATIGON prgetnrn seems e eee | 1 | 1565 Sipete se NAIR oe acct ee Oe ee OTe yee ers en ee a WE GO pet liaeenVVOOG sh) (222.52. — o. 2 Be cadets 2 yet ces Ee] GEne@Vas ha sae se eee ee |, DGD, Peter schnanmer, in.) Di) iNO. 250) So sa0-2 see eeee (eevee a Civd eum ce ee SE ae Be oORE: 1564 iA eS HeLICO!.. hb.) iy NO vals 0 a ee | Linesville, sezcttec doheecsaceeseac) al 1563 CUMBERLAND COUNTY ——— —— — —— ee = == | Eee OO CKHIN ES ushDSMNOM eyieaaseee eats esos Mechanicsburg. -22-s2--2-—- sence 3 | 1528 | } } *Grow berry or small fruit plants only. 106 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. LIST OF NURSERIES IN PENNSYLVANIA—Continued DAUPHIN COUNTY ~] S g Name Place. a = os oO K=| nm e 8 St MS. UBrinser, =o) 2c 2h = So 3 Se Se eee Middletown, --=-=2--<=-c--.2.-= nee 1678 URE ee ry IN EET SCG Vg a ee (eElarrisbute gas. sea 5 1642 GaP: Scholl; Ro -D. No.4, 2-2-2. s22-2-5s2--2.| Halifax, 22-222 ee ee ANgreWw OObie. ae D>) NOs Usk sce eee ese eee ee | Middletown, 2_2-22=-e0242-—--o2—eee 5 1676 ONGBs Wiandis. os 22 oso eee St ee eee |. Penbrook; 22222 =2-=224- == eee 3 | 1622 J. M. Christman, ---.---------------------------.) Port Hunter, ----------_--------_-| 4 1700 DELAWARE COUNTY | f P22: ‘Suppleeand \Son,, =<-22222-2s2sess3------22 Oollingedale,; =2.22.. 5 -- =.= 32 "=-=-=— ee 1694 Ja d'. (Styer,: .2ssa2-as so sa ese eee | \Concordville, - 2-22522-5--5-2=- ee 2 1651 Ws Glee lefoyd we oe eee ae ee eee Wayne;. s2222-25200 2222s ee 1650 Gs He SPettiford,) 222253322 2s eos ee aoe | hhansdowne,. =. 22: ee 1652 We = Gata Gliessee) spose cme eee eee | Haverford, | 12 | 1715 abhn (Ge GAanTOner, tose ne ea | Villa Nova, 5 1649 eH eb attleste asso = peau ---=-=---| Newlown squares --- 10 1692 Otto bochman&, CO.) 2222222 e-=2 a ee | Wallingford, 1 1701 ERIE COUNTY Penna, Nursery .C0:, <222-222-=22s2-5--2255-=5- one Girard,, 9.222 33 eee 50 1562 IMDS. is (GS GR GS 85. S os see ere nee eee Up Gc, 0 CO Se 1559 Ibs (Oe JEL jae ste cc er se tr esaeesaneoaee Avonia, --.-- 22+ =22-222-==2-=-==—" |e Hi Os (Pe tiss 222 sane a ae eee 2 | 1558 AS hS> Youngs, 5 1547 Orton Bros.,* 14 | 1550 DOG. Bostwick & Son), ==2--—2---- 1 ed 1554 TG). -MOUNGS,; -soc= 2 Seno oe re NOLEN IS bon toa eT 1551 AVE Deka i DE Ito Paes Sie aoe aeiaasr cee North ast; 2) = _)22 eee 2 1553 Ae dis) MOUNER, 8 sae ae ee North Basti ss 2es- eee 4) 1552 Wied. (Smith. shies. INO smos 2 oe en ee North’ Hast) (=25-20-5-2 =e eee 1548 4 JeiG. ‘Bagley 3* (sos 2a a eee aoe | NOLS RSM ASE) eee cee a 1549 WwW. S. Waldo’ Nursery Co., -----=--=------------|| North Girard; <= 222-270 <== 2222s tee KAdGeIMBLOSs]) loses eNO- 85.0 eee ean ae eaeenenas Girard) “222-2. ae ee 1567 Perry, Goodvich,® 2222-2222 2-- a eee aoe ene] DNOTURS Mast, nee ee 23 | 1556 MR wD aber. 22st a ee Sa as eee ee = =| NOTE HS fa eee a ee 1555 ©), HH. Mottier” & ‘Sons (Co.,,* -=:------- === -----} NOTtn Ash.) se ee 1616 Stark Bros. Nurseries & Orchards Co., ---------- North'Girardy 2s. i ee | 60 1614 We eA ss BATON e: =e oe eee eee ean CRC AN r= aera 2 | 1719 Be J. Allisy aR. Di. NOs (8 2-22 eee eee nl IC eee ee So eee, FRANKLIN COUNTY | Penna. Department of Forestry, Prof. E. A. | | Ziegler, (Forester), Mont Alto Nursery, -____- (AM Altos) =o Soe ee ee | 1693 Henry Bicholg.) <-2i8s2 5.225 Jos iS Saves OTO! ee manent tee | 3] 2705 Penna, Department of Forestry, Robt. G. | Conklin, (Forester, Caledonia Nursery, ------ }Rayetteville,« <--> eee | 2 1696 *Grow berry or smal] fruit plants only. Nai 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 107 LIST OF NURSERIES IN PENNSYLVANIA—Continued FULTON COUNTY a leis o | E Name Place a oo > | s Oo =| Z S e | & = o rank > “Pleisineer,” -os25.2-s.s2ens-0-22<-255--- MOUS GLOVE; een aaa = eee 2 1723 GREENE COUNTY iRerryM hush: Re D2 No.1, 22--2-2--2==-----2-.| Sycamore, sone 4 JUNIATA COUNTY (po Onn ODELHOIZEr,*) + 25---25.--2 -aas-2a=_- eee Mifflintown, ----2--22-22----------| G 1585 MEHR OGay DIM Mere nee ae ee en eee eee cat ichnheld, = 22 2- a2 = 222-22 === 22 - =| 5 1533 Wii BANKS tM). 20 eno o 22 ooo senna se see onde Mifflintown. = <2. 2225-52 -2==. oes | 10 1584 oun. 2H (Shellenberger,* --2-222-~)2 22225-2252) MeAllisterville, ERAS ere eae ee 5 1586 LACKAWANNA COUNTY almeresls-cRichardset cae. = 2 een Sw |) Baldine@utt. 5-420. 512d es John W. Shepherd, 45 Clay Ave., ---------------. | Beramton, 22.02 2)202-2-- 2. ae.com Mee lat CoE aa ee ee a Se Se See Sot DIOLS one a eee 4 1657 Harlan sacoby, BB: D NO. 2) =-224-222-2<--5-=--- Olarke’s Summit, 2223 ee | eee eel oe } LANCASTER COUNTY Sat Sy Re ee ne Ss Marietta, 21.25. 2.22 25 al el eee MERICey de OTINLON: 2922 -> 2-3 52. ee OMe ee Onristiana, 2200 8G 2 ee See | 20 1706 Wire. Bolton, hs .. Diy s2scss-3 ocls2e sess oo-=t|- MeOall’s} Ferry, ==> -- } 2 | 1699 Pe PPL CPi res onan sat en a eee See otc ae eee anne LIAMCAS DEI. exam eee re ee SS 1619 WVTBOMMRECATOYs § .coseh === on 8S = Sas ses | ON oy Sees Sacsee ere 1708 Si NN LIT) CS RS a el ener | {Bird-in-Hand, 2232 234s | ee 1707 A. W. Root & Bro., R. D. No. 1, Manheim =| Sear ps eee eae, 20 1709 Papilisn err, eo Ds NO. 7, ass cLsehass-s-- seek | Lancaster, = M. H. Musser, = oe aise an ere aa sera ahe carne one iancaster, \ius- 5. = see Sees eee By 1582 Lb 1G bea) WO ee ee Re ee et Taree sterta S20 eee ee eee Rn ie Ga ir aarp TLUE iy Maen eee een Peduanedaber’ 22.5) eons poms ead % | 1632 NCU eS SRS OO Ng ete a a nae eae res | Willow, Street) “= s2s-=- = seis oe Se se esd LAWRENCE COUNTY. This VED Ge sete odie eek ee Sa News Oastles matteo eee ns ee, 2 | 1604 MOON Cypseaee samen omen ana se ste a LeNGWy Osstlens Sone eee ee See 1| 1603 —— *Grow berry or small fruit plants only. 108 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. LIST OIF NURSERIES IN PENNSYLVANIA—Continued LEHIGH COUNTY = SS SS eS — ————— es | | | | ers | vo | a Name Place | 5 o | ~” | | | | a as = 5 5} = | ne _ > a on { W. B:_K. Johnson) Estate, 22222222 =. -2en--eee-- | Allentown, ie. ee IPTeStOnad). UNC hese amen an aes een ee et OOODEISDULE pemeeger st LUZERNE COUNTY Miss Mi “Ay =Maflett, 2. -22--2-cu---oten--- 2 =--s5-|. Wilkes-Barrey =o se ee 1 1690 MERCER COUNTY a Hee Ole area pena ana eee eae | SStonesboro;,, s2ce-eono eee ee 1601 D, (G.. McG@learn;® 222252252 2222-25-22 ------- 2-2-5. | Stonesboro,, 222 ee ee ar Geon DVWiln LOU Gen gare e aaa ae ae a eee Stonesboro. 2422222 eee ee ee 1599 Oh, 1S) GHG? Beso ee eee 225 5-255=---\ Greenville; 2 Wi Me DOIG fe en ea eee oo ape===-==s) Stonesporo; Robert) .Doyles®) Soe. || SUOUESDOLOS Jee Win Nelsons enone eee enone VOLATILE George E. Brocklehurst, R. D. No. 20,* ---------- Jackson» Oentres 25. se eee ey x Molean, BaD. Noe 46, oso sean eet | (Greenville, ----5:212 2 5 ae J. L. Hoobler & Sons, R. D. No. 34,* ---------. | “Hadley; ses .c-0 5-2 2 ee 1590 5 4 1 W. BR. Oribbs,* <-2222-2--22-2---- 2 sae =--enenea.| Merten, 22 = once Se Soe eee Tele Vive) CAIRO, fits DS INO. Gat Sea tee ee ee Mercer, 222-2 eee jean. (BrOcKICHUTSt, =) ]22 225s oane ena =n eee I" Mercar.s/occ set eat ly eee | ne \ { MIFFLIN COUNTY Penna, Department of forestry, Geo. A. Retan, Forester, Nursery and Forest reservation near} Greenwood, Huntingdon Go., Pa., ------=-<=) Belleville, 2... ----. ---- =) | aoe eee MONTGOMERY COUNTY ————— = SSS eee ee Alexander Cummings & Son, ------------------- @entre Square, 02. s0ee ee 1648 Chris Koehler, -------------------------------------: | @heltentiatne came oy eas ne 1661 R. B. Haines Co,, ----------- Ohelfenliamn) 22. 20a es 1666 J. B. Heckler, --=------------- 4” Lansdale,’ o>. 242-a-ceasee = alae 1660 J. W. Thomas & Sons, i) ing’ of Prussian sos one ore 1641 J. Krewson & Sons, ------------------- | ‘Oheltenham:,” 222-502-2122 ao ee T. N, Yates & Oo., ------------------------------ North Wales,’ (...253.05) 2 Sy aeraea Jo B. Moore, -<-2 52222 Sao ee nese) ea eld ee ee a ee Adolph Mueller, ---------------------------------- Norristown.) 2.2. -2. 2. oc nl TT Thomas Meehan & Sons, ------------------------ Dresher.-2 93-5221 oe. Os eal oor, 1640 Wim: Sturzebechher; -2=-2:-22<+---22-=----=-s--—-.|) Wansdalejea = ns a re ieee Edward D. Drown, -------------------------------- Weldont«:2 = col ee ee 4| 1676 J. G. Steffin, -------------------------------------- Norristown, ..-...--2...---_...-.4|) See Somerton Nurseries, A. U. Bannard, Mgr., 125 5th St., Philadelphia, -------------------------- Somerton eres e ee ele 1638 Av Wohlert, -222222 2-22. 2- 222222 -o a5 seamen nan ll NAT DERE Den ee eee en *Grow berry or small fruit plants only. No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 109 LIST OF NURSERIES IN PENNSYLVANIA—Continued MONROE COUNTY Name | Place Certificate number Acres E. M. Werkeiser, Forest Plants and Seedlings, -__.| SIONAL, coseesresSceccecesscsces) NT) | W. kK. LaBar, es Mt. Porono,, <-.=252u=- 222-5 sea 2 1713 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY HAE OODOLOM ROLES assess eee ne a oe ae eee eee EVADIQHD. oo seen sees eee oases 1654 Hays Nursery Co., WAStonie l= Sas 6 esos ee es iD 1653 NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY HMEAHCISN Wie LeliLer ye lee eh Dy sea aen ao cec eee | otishers Merry; s=-e-<2-=5-n25-- == 23 | 1671 PERRY COUNTY | Gro AP OW aALSTiCl. wives Wie ose aa aa soeen ooo as ANGISDUTES = scks ae ee el 1708 Oper Mcnelbzer kus LPs NO pe ne eases == ee VED DO Ol, ieee aan eee eae % | 1582 PHILADE LPHIA COUNTY Gnas. Awknapp,, 7684 Carson*St;, 2. =--5=---_--) “Chestnut ill, <=---- 2.2.2 et 1636 Viihce Qy is iy a ee oe een Chestnut sEall ys =- 2-5-2226 ee 500 1682 Whigss.Mechan “G&aSons; Ine. 6 22222522-- 25 Germantown,” 2222222 45 1647 NN Grates: 6 1\O0l;) seo aos acna ea cansosteeaoee. Mie Ai ry) ees eee eee 1668 SPOR S De LOWISs. 222025 -=S soo aoe oo eae as Norresdale: “=_> 2-5 ee 15 1637 Areas) O' Gonnell. 4103 Girard Ave., 2s2=2-2------. iPhiladelphia® 2222-2522 52 ee eee 80 1627 NORTE SLEDHCHSONIS | SOU. ge 22a eee see eens ee = OakUhanes.3-eo2 Ae ee eee 2 1669 POTTER COUNTY pe eee Techie) 1a Aer he a A ea eee Ulysses; p22 ose ae eee! 3 | 1586 *Grow berry or small fruit plants only. 110 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. LIST OF NURSERIES IN PENNSYLVANIA—Continued SNYDER OOUNTY | | | ; z 2 Name Place EI | | 5 eas) pus os | oO | | 3 - haas | | 5 £ 2 | 6 IWS. G. AT DORASt:™: So -oea-e a sees to kee se aces | (Swinelord), 2Ssaesce eae ee eee JOHNED WBOVER? RED sh Soe oe ean cose cee ent le MIGGIGD UR, ap ese ne eT 1535 iPhiipvAApple,eR. BD S* 6 eee see ae eee Middleburg, --- Tayi oe CESS ON Ge eee ree ee eerie TeeDuUrs Wenn eee 14 | 1534 APIA ane RODTCR An he 32 con ocd enc oon coeen ete oe ee ocw es McKees Half Halls;) 2222 saee 2 1531 SOMERSET COUNTY M. T. Lancaster, ---------------------------------- |. Harnedsville, -.--2----.2.-.5.2 oleae Tels 1D Temi), Geet ke oe eee Harmeds Willey sesc=e— =e eee 4 | 1573 SUSQUEHANNA COUNTY AA Simiit hee ee oe ese sean pee eee anc ean sees Heath MaKe) ee eee ae Geo. P. Sprout, R. D: No. 66,* --22---2_-2--2 = Montroge,. <<. ---20 20s 1) eae TIOGA COUNTY Homer B. Howe,* Wellsboro.) 2c 22a | 8 Penna, Department ot Forestry, Paul H. Mulfo) HOES LET ea ee a een SDH eee fo re 161 James W. Wain,* ----=------------------------=- Jackson) ‘Summits 222 = eee aaa 1722 UNION COUNTY Cc. Kk. Sober, (nursery near Paxinos, North- WHIDERIANGY, "COs aces sees eee ee ee aerate cee | eC. VLS 1 UL: Oe tala ere 18 1648 VENANGO COUNTY SS ee *Grow berry or small fruit plants only. *Grow berries or small plants only. (B). Inspection of Private Premises INK Te DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. ila LIST OF NURSERIES IN PENNSYLVANIA-—Continued WESTMORELAND COUNTY bot oO 2 Name Place g a o ~ of Oo 2 & 3S JOnnIeMCAGAMS, lo fecssacencsest neo ee ane one | Mt .< Pleasant;: s-soa25 2 so ee ceeeees 1 1570 WYOMING COUNTY HH aAsset bate so-so ere se een ae eee oa| MES OD Dems Sete eee ne eon eat TG ere S anti GChCOCK 2a = 2s" 2892 ee eee ee eee Onrawiord., 2-820 5. 223 alee 317 Gumberland:)., 2.o222- esse 202 Dauphins #2 223. see es eee 2 Delawarey 2 -c.. 2.5 25 eee es h MOresty 68S ee Franklin, MOON = "2252522205235 eee ee GYEen es. 2 xe SS Re Huntingdon, | PTL AT ee eh Ee ee es ee Ee aes Jefierson, | Lackawanna, =-.-=-.- ae Sane oe ree 185 | IMANCABLEL | usos505--as3- eee eee ee | Secs e eae GH WTER CEs a2 oe eee es ee | 1,200 ° of plum trees Number inspected. yComing, - 2.5.2 sooo se esse Sans Nee ee ee eee n m Bo They o $ b> o iq gq a 3 cS) So de qu. os °o3 ~~ ~~ HO HO ° oo oo i a) 2a Qe 92 g2 oS =e] a 2 a= om ° A a =] 7 4 soseeae 193 2,441 |.---=- 85,797 No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 1138 SUMMARY ORCHARD INSPECTION—Continued | n | n n n wn n By Ales 3 2 g g 5 eee 5 5 £ 5 c) be a i= aul # 5 I Fg = i) 2 S = 3 3s Ra a &. > Counties +“ = 4 Sal 4 u og Z o: os os oy: es) a) no uo Pe) 7a) S3 eee oe ae et oe 2 fee se eo eee ees ORS al ae ce a5 a a sa 3 55 ° a Z Z Z ZA a a | | McKean. 5=--2--.- 222. 2- esses 22 =| 920; 007 TAT | 20 | 474 | 199 |...--.| 27,397 MET CER a = we) ee eee 1,098 388 1,410 321 344 |.--.-- 3,561 WING obtener fe | ee ee eee en WIGHINGE., “lake ees So eee OS ee ea | ee eee leseocezcs: [aaeaee |p aeeneeee Montgomery: o-22 525 es 6,462 1,326 | 5,119 615 | 1. ae 14, 267 INIGREOHE p= ona ane nena an aay a a et ee ce Northampton. ==-- 22-2 =-- 5-5-2 --- 19,024 | 3,606 18,850 2,438 | 463 -----.| 44,386 Northuiiberiauds) 2-t=22292 > = 11,125 | 1,325) 8,475 | 1,274 | 203 \|=-== | 17,462 IMO 5 eee ee coe ee ees Sees eee Sere) Poste eS Pe cee eS oe see eese essere [Ee eae) ees Philadelphia, a | Pe ee |---------- |---------- jeecese Seam Pike, ee ee ey ees |---------- ---------- ERS SSES SSS |S SSeS) PSccmateoe Potter, = nee ee Se Se eS | Sos ee ne Ee ey Pa Schuylkill ee oe 28, 436 9,085 9,900 6,050 230) | 2 425 53,651 SiGe ae ee ee boesScccn 3 Ob bestcotteo|berse 13 pS CORR Te te | a eel ey eee ey mee eee Sullivan, 9 222255252 2- 2-8 21 3 8 5 i) Pac 38 Susquehanna, epee ee eS eee ON EZ6 2,476 1,559 1,771 L855) zeae 29,287 OP RY po ee SS 40,104 3,406 2,688 4,055 4,425) |e 54,738 WUC See a ee a ee ee | eee See VG yet SE a ee 150 4 50 7 ees eee 206 VI GUO ce ceeeteeeceesscceesesee [Bec eecees =| pos-sscesd| se scessce = Scbe cs soe |e eee se) ess Satie VEIT TOTES Gee Bee alas Seren |S a ee ee | ee ee eee sate poe eee WAVER FES gee a Seay Bae Wan 40,619 10,158 6,552 1,968 25610; eae a our WER DIIOTEl Al Cee see te no eee ole ena a) ets ee een eee CL See WiVOMHND,, WS Stoo K 22 sha canes ea |Se Sate ocse sack aera | Sa e eee eee Benne swetecdess Wiig « Geese ee eee 32,641 3,419 tis 939 25 73 3,330 97 60,412 [ROGal eee a a Sa 896,912 | 98,450 | 238,635 81,085 65,380 | 422 | 1,380,892 It is almost incredible to think that over one and one-third million fruit trees were actually inspected by the force named above, in addition to over two thousand pubic demonstrations or visits to Supervision Orchards. As a result of these inspections the owners were given informa- tion concerning the kinds of pests upon their premises and how to suppress them. While the chief duty of the inspector was to find the San José scale if possible, and to help in destroying this most blighting pest of our Pennsylvania orchards, they were in- structed to watch for other foes that were worthy of their efforts. Two general meetings for the inspectors were held during the year. At these meetings the Economic Zoologist delivered a series of lectures, and also gave practical work and demonstrations illus- trating the methods which the men were to carry into the orchards and fields. These men were then supplied with Bulletins and other literature, and were encouraged to give all possible spare time to an advanced study of the subject which they represent. Most of them do this with great credit to themselves. 8—7—1910 Off. Doe. 7 4 I¢ RT Or THI . 4 AT, RE y ANNI 114 FLOAOOMSUP) PALO yee ey on a ee aap aa gecegng ae cco PTE TOTS RoR Me Fr oea = eS RS eae i ESO D ver ATA “Bq ‘SINQSIIVA ‘4S[SO[OOZ a}¥Ig ‘aovjing “Vy “H ‘JO sseippe ‘UOI}VUTIOZUL Iey.INy 10g EI Ss aft eM Bay ote) Coe *punoy Jou = — ‘:poqseyuy A[pBVq = + + + tpaysejur ATqeispIsuod = + + ‘ATQUSS poyseyur = + :syiep_ oar r tte e nee ener nner ene - ee GSPTMBOR BU MA 85 noes ee ee GUS URIIS: BUM NR ss eseee Seer Sao meas ae ee emma 1 Ble (A TAN Br aed Sopa. an ae er May Oo vee Ce eee gueyM pue soul? 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QO UG ISI Cac an anaia ae aan) ae e Onne en aeaen e eneeemaan 1 O Nan OBO LIOR INT pe aire tte ae Mee a 78 ot? ee Ce pe Scere eh © Tee a teas “a ASSODD Piss Sz oe esse ee a nee Sea epee OLA) OMA LCLNT| SEMOTLO Fs BY, PIOMSL OG SIT Py RS Tes Teo 0 ae er he ca aa RODE oe: SS ae Lo a “dag, Nee ee ee ee pee Tae tie See a BERT E a Le Ta EEC o LS ka Tet See WOliea ees SOLLIGs DOB Ss oonQelh OAs Den oats UeAR D ONmONG CNT me lho ON (G3LO3dSNI 390V1id HOWa Y¥Od G32TlId 3a Ol) =-=-*=- SS PRISE ISSO YO HCO) UHH eee owe WOLJIUSNI CUVHSYO JO LYOdTY aoe :dIUJO SII} OF ojeodnp B JUS PUL ‘YURLG SUTMOT[OF oY} AOMAO oY} YILAM Jo, LOJoodsur oy} pojoodsur sea oovid B TOTAL INO: DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 115 At the proper season for treatment of pests the owner received from the office a letter of information, stating what pests were found, and giving him full instructions as to how to proceed to control or suppress them. This came as nearly as possible to the. ideal method of individual service. The circulars for the more common pests of orchards, which are sent to the orchardists, are as follows: CIRCULARS DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE—DIVISION OF ZOOLOGY THE SAN JOSE SCALE This is the most destructive insect pest with which we have to deal, as it is liable to infest nearly all fruit trees, and a large variety of shade trees, shrubbery, and small fruits. In appearance the female San José scale is circular in shape, with a raised point in the center, surrounded by a groove or depression. The male is ob- long in shape, and the raised point is excentric. This scale is about the size of a fly speck, or the dot over the letter “i” in this type. The San José scale passes the winter about three-fourths grown, and begins to bear living young about June Ist. The young insect is minute and sulfur yellow, and crawls about the tree for two or three days seeking a favorable location to fasten permanently by inserting its beak, through which it feeds. In a few days the back of the insect becomes covered with a white, waxy secretion, later turning gray. This secretion forms a perfect cover and secure pro- tection for the insect beneath. When about 30 days old, the females begin to produce their young, giving birth to from three to six each day for probably 30 days. One may become the progenitor of over three million in one season. These young, being of a bright lemon color, give the badly infested bark a yellowish cast early in the summer, but later when insects of all stages of development are pres- ent, the infested bark presents a grayish or ashen appearance. The San José scale spreads only while in the free moving state, or on wood that is to be used for propagation; and can be carried by birds, insects, cattle, cats, squirrels, workmen and winds. The most wide-spread diffusion, however, was brought about some years ago by the traffic in infested nursery stock, but this is now checked by the careful inspection of nurseries everywhere. Treatment: Seriously infested trees should be carefully pruned, cutting them back in proportion to their injury, as indicated by dead and dying limbs and the red color in the twigs. Spray in- fested trees, covering them entirely, from top to bottom, with Lime- sulfur Solution, using one of the following: Lime-sulfur Solution (Home-boiled, Dilute). This is made by slaking 22 pounds of quick lime (fresh stone lime), to which is added 17 pounds of finely powdered or ground sulfur previously mixed into a paste with a little water to break up any lumps which may be present. Boil in an iron kettle in sufficient water for an hour, and dilute to make 50 gallons. Strain this well through a fine brass wire netting, having about 30 wires to the inch. Spray at once, or before the mixture gets cold, 116 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. Lime-sulfur Solution (Home-boiled, Concentrated). Slack 60 pounds of high grade lime, adding 125 pounds of fine sulfur as described above, and boil in 50 gallons of water for one hour. If necessary add water to make up for any evaporation; strain and store in closed vessels until needed or in open vessels, keeping the solution covered with a thin film of oil. When ready to spray dilute one part with 7 or 8 parts of water, or to specific gravity, as shown by Hydrometer test, of 1.04 to 1.03. Lime-sulfur solution (Commercial Concentrated). Many manu- facturers are placing upon the market ready-made Concentrated Lime-sulfur Solutions, and these are found satisfactory and about as effective as the Home-boiled Solution. They should be diluted, as a rule, by adding to one quart of the Concentrated Mixture 7 or 8 of water, or to specific gravity, as shown by Hydrometer test, of 1.04 to 1.03. Whale Oil. Soap, two pounds, dissolved in one gallon of water, applied as a spray or wash. Common Kerosene Oil or Crude petroleum, emulsified, and used not stronger than 30 per cent. for peach and plum trees, and not more than 50 per cent. for apple and pear. (Apply only on dormant trees). All spraying should be thorough, reaching the tips of all twigs, and applied at any time when trees are dormant. H. A. SURFACE, Economic Zoologist. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE—DIVISION OF ZOOLOGY THE OYSTER-SHELL SCALE AND SCURFY SCALE These scale insects differ from the San José in the fact that they lay eggs and, die shortly after laying, while the San José bears living young during a continuous period of some weeks. They also differ conspicuously in appearance. The San José scale is to be recognized by its circular shape, and small tip or cone in the exact center. The female of the Scurfy and Oyster-shell scales are about one-eighth of an inch in length, while the males of each species are smaller. The outer shell of the Scurfy scale is whitish, or ashy in color, and oval or fan-shaped, while the covering of the Oyster-shell is dark gray, or about the color of the bark, and the shape is, of course, that of the shell of the oyster, from which it takes its name. The male is smaller, and not so much curved as the female. The eggs of the Scurfy scale are purple, as are, also, the young and the bodies of the parents. The eggs of the Oyster-shell are pearly white, as are the young and the fleshy bodies of the insects themselves. These, of course, are only to be seen on raising the shell of each species. Both Oyster-shell and Scurfy have two broods or generations per year in Pennsylvania. The eggs for one brood are laid in the fall and hatch during the following May, and the eggs for the next generation are laid about the last of July, and hatch in August. With each species the male dies before the eggs are laid, and the female immediately thereafter. The young hatch nearly all at one time, and crawl over the bark a few days before INO DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 117 fixing themselves. During the winter both of these scale insects are to be found in the egg stage under the shell or covering of the females on the bark of trees and shrubs. Certain species of plants are more subject to injury than are others. For example, the currant bush is especially liable to be injured by the Scurfy scale, while apple, poplar, lilac, soft maple, willow, ash, and walnut trees are especially liable to damage by the Oyster-shell scale. These pests are so serious in the mountainous - regions of this State as to demand thorough treatment. Both species can be killed by spraying when the trees are dormant with the boiled Lime-sulfur Solution, made and applied the same as for San José scale, and can, also be destroyed by spraying with a dilute contact insecticide, such as one pound whale oil soap in six gallons of water, or 10 per cent. kerosene emulsion, when the young hatch in May, and again in August. Washing or painting the trees with a strong solution of Lime-sulfur, or soap, will kill scale insects of all kinds at any time. H. A. SURFACE. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE—DIVISION OF ZOOLOGY LECANIUM SCALE This is the largest scale insect infesting peach and plum trees. It is brown in color, and in shape resembles a turtle or terrapin, and for this reason is often called the “Turtle-shell” or “Terrapin” Scale. The young appear as brownish, free-moving insects in June or July. Treatment: (1) Spray the infested trees during the dormant season with a twenty per cent. kerosene emulsion, made by using one part of the stock solution in three parts of water. The stock solution is made by dissolving one pound of soap in a gallon of hot water, and adding to this two gallons of kerosene, stirring and whipping it into a thick, creamy mass. This can be kept for us in making the dilute emulsion at any time. (2) Spray when the young insects are found crawling upon the limbs of the trees in June or July, with an eight per cent. kerosene emulsion, made by dissolving one gallon of the stock solution in eight gallons of water, or spray with Whale Oil Soap, one pound to six gallons of water. Since these insects are often found only on the lower sides of the twigs and limbs, they can then often be removed conveniently by rubbing them off with a stick. H. A. SURFACE, Economic Zoologist. THE WOOLLY APHIS These insects infest all parts of the tree, both above and below the ground. They usually locate in wounds in the bark made by mechanical injury, pruning, or bark cankers, where they are con- 118 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. spicuous on account of the white covering of fine, waxy threads, which are secreted on their bodies, and a group of them resembles a tuft of cotton or wool. While they make knots on branches, the great injury is done by their work on the roots, the bark ef which they puncture with their beaks in their efforts to suck cut the sap. This causes swellings or enlargements on the roots, not unlike crown gall. Moreover, the ants, always present with the aphids, upon the secretions of which insects they feed, tunnel about the rootlets of the trees, and separate them from the earth. Treatment: The insects above ground can be destroyed by spray- ing or painting by hand with an eight or ten per cent, kerosene emulsion, or whale oil soap, one pound to five gallons of water, or with boiled lime-sulfur solution; or infested areas can be painted over with ordinary house paint. The insects underground should be treated with one of the following: Remove some of the ground near the trunk of the tree, and apply fine tobacco dust on the ground above the roots, or pour tobacco decoction, made by steeping one pound of tobacco leaves in one gallon of water on the roots of the tree, or apply eight or ten per cent. kerosene emulsion to the roots of the tree, or fumigate with carbon bisulfide by making a hole with a stick, down to the roots at several points about the tree and pour into it one-fourth pint of carbon bisulphide. Spring spraying with the lime-sulfur solution will destroy the eggs laid upon the bark of the tree. H. A. SURFACE, Economic Zoologist. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE—DIVISION OF ZOOLOGY BORERS The larvae of certain insects are called borers, because of their habits of boring or tunneling beneath the bark, and even into the wood of trees upon which they feed. They destroy the living bark and sap wood, thus cutting off the connection between the roots and the leaves of the trees, injuring or killing them. The most important of these borers are the following: The Round-headed Apple-tree Borer. This is one of the worst enemies of the apples trees. The larvae is cylindrical in shape, and first bores into the soft sap wood by making a circular tunnel, when it works into the harder wood, and after nearly three years it emerges, usually several inches above the point of entrance. Treatment: Before the borer has entered the hard wood, it can easily be cut out by using a pointed tool, such as a pruning knife, but after it has worked its way into the wood, the best method of treatment is to inject a few drops of carbon bisulfide into the tunnel, using a spring-bottom oil can for the purpose, and closing the open- ing of the tunnel with soft clay. The Flat-headed Apple Borer attacks a variety of trees. This borer makes irregular tunnels in and just beneath the bark, working into the wood only for a short distance before pupation. No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 11043) Treatment: Cut it out by making up and down incisions rather than crosswise, or crush them in their tunnels by probing with a stiff wire. Follow the tunne!s until the borer is reached. - J The Peach-tree Borer. This is the caterpillar of a Clearwing moth which deposits her eggs near or upon the trunk of the tree during midsummer. From these eggs hatcii larvae, which enter and feed upon the bark of the trunk and larger roots near the soil surface. Their presence is betrayed by their sawdust-like deposits of the wax on the bark. They mature in about one year. Treatment: Kemove the earth about the trunk of the tree with a pointed hoe or trowel, and cut out the borers with a sharp pointed knife, or crush them in their tunnels with a sharp or stiff wire. One should be careful to remove as little of the living bark as is absolutely necessary. Examine the trees again in two or three days, then mound earth around them about one-half foot high. Protection of Trees Against Borers: Protective measures, while they will not insure perfect immunity, will often go far toward pre- venting the infestation of trees by borers. For this purpose an ap- plication of cone of the following materiais should be made about the middie of June and again the middie of August, to the lower eighteen inches or two feet of the treee: (1) Lime-sulfur Wash. Boil seven- teen pounds of sulfur and twenty-two pounds of lime together, in suf- ficient water to boil one hour, diiute to about twenty-five gallons, and apply; or use Commercial Lime-sulfur, at scale strength, with some free sulfur added. This is especiaily valuable to prevent Peach-tree borers. (2) Whale Cil Soap, two pounds in one gallon ot water. (3) Ordinary soap, made in a thick solution with water. (4) Wrapping the trees with old newspapers carefully tied about them. (5) Frequent white-washing, with ordinary lime whitewash will aid in preventing them. Care should be taken to cover the trunk completely down to the ground or crown. Remove the earth some- what, if necessary, at the time of application. Treatment should be made about the middie of June. and repeated about two months thereafter. Note that these are preventive means, and not rem edies. H. A. SURFACE. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE—DIVISION OR ZOOLOGY PEAR BLIGHT This disease is more commonly noticed when the twigs are mak- ing rapid growth during the early part of the season, when the leaves on the affected trees wilt and turn brown, and later black, and remain hanging on the trees. The disease extends from the tip of the twig inward, and finally involves the limbs and the trunk. The same disease may appear on the trunk of larger limbs of trees, and is then often called Body Blight or Canker. Its presence is made known by the roughening and shriveling of the bark. A well defined line of demarkation separates the diseased from the healthy bark. 120 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. It infects pear, quince and apple trees, and is known as pear blight, twig blight, black blight, trunk blight, body blight, bark blight, canker, etc. | Treatment: Cut out the diseased twigs and limbs about twelve inches below the diseased tissue. Cut out patches of diseased bark on the trunk or larger limbs. Sterilize all wounds by painting them over with a strong solution of copper sulfate, one pound to one gallon of water, or corosive sublimate, one ounce to one gallon of water, or (best) one ounce of formalin in two gallons of water; or paint the cut surfaces with ordinary house paint. BLACK KNOT This is a most common and unsightly fungous disease, which at- tacks plum and cherry trees. It appears on all woody parts of the tree, but mostly on smaller twigs, first as a slight swelling, and later as a rough, knotty excrescence covering the twig from one to five inches. As soon as this knot forms a complete ring about the twig or limb, the nutriment of the tip portion is completely cut off, and: it dies. Treatment: Cut out and burn all diseased portions, six or eight inches below the knot, in the spring of the year, and all which may develop during the summer. Paint over the cut ends with a dis- infectant solution (see under Pear Blight) or house paint. Spray with Bordeaux mixture before the buds burst, using three pounds of copper sulfate, five pounds of lime and fifty gallons of water, or with lime-sulfur solution as for San José scale, and follow this with a spray of Bordeaux mixture made by using one-half the above quantity of copper sulfate, as soon as the petals drop, and again ten days or two weeks thereafter. PEACH YELLOWS The condition known as Yellows is probably the most serious affection of the peach and plum. That it is contagious, spreading in all directions from a focus, is well established. For this reason curative measures are not generally recommended. Affected trees should be removed and destroyed, care being taken to avoid bringing them in contact with healthy trees, as soon as the first definite symptoms of this condition appears. The first certain sign of the disease is premature ripening of fruits, which are more or less mottled with red on the outside, and streaked with red within. The sign next in importance in determin- ing the Yellows is the modification of the twig and leaf growth. The leaves of diseased trees will be shorter, narrower, slightly yellow in color, and standing at right angles to the tree. Suckers often grow in the axils of the leaves, which are set more closely together on the twigs than normally. No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 121 The most conspicuous symptom of Yellows is the thick clusters of fine twigs, containing small, red and yellow leaves, closely set, which grow on the large limbs and trunks of the trees. Such trees bear, if at all, small, premature, bitter, worthless fruit, and nothing is gained in keeping them on the premises, but they serve as a source of infection for the entire neighborhood. The sooner they are re- moved the better it will be for the other peach and plum trees. H. A. SURFACE. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE—DIVISION OF ZOOLOGY THE CODLING MOTH This insect is responsible for more damage to pome fruits,— apple, pear and quince,—than probably any other pest. The in- jury is done by the larva or “worm” feeding inside the fruits around the seed capsule. This causes them to drop from the tree prematurely as a rule, and such infested fruits as remain hanging until ripe are exposed to rots, and are unfit for market. The adult female moth is a beautiful little brown and gray in- sect. These first issue from the pupae in the spring, about the time of the blossoming of the apple, and the eggs are laid singly upon the leaves and young fruits. From these hatch, within ten days, yellow colored larvae, which generally crawl to the calyx or blossom end of the fruits, feeding sparingly on the way, and there eat their way in. When full grown, these larvae burrow out through the side of the fruits, and seek a protected location, as beneath the scales of bark on the larger limbs and trunk of the tree, where they spin cocoons and later pupate. It requires from fifty-five to sixty days from the time of egg-laying of the first brood until the eggs of the second brood are laid, which brood infests the half grown fruits in midsummer. The larvae of this brood enter the sides of the fruits, or the cavity or stem end more often than the blossoms end. Treatment: The method of combating this pest is to spray the trees with arsenicals. Mix two pounds of arsenate of lead (paste or dry) in fifty gallons of water, and apply immediately after the blossoms fall, in a course spray, from a nozzle held slightly above the blossoms, directed downwards as much as possible, and thrown with considerable force, so as to drive the poison in the open calyces of the erect fruits. This can be facilitated by using a nozzle of the “Bordeaux” type, connected with an elbow or “crook” to the exten- sion rod, and a strong pump so that a pressure of over 100 pounds to the square inch can be maintained. Apply a second spray a week or ten days after the first. In this second spray the arsenate of lead should be mixed in Bordeaux mixture, or dilute Lime-sulfur Solution, if fungus troubles are anticipated. We now make the general recommendation used for the second Spray on all bearing apple, pear and quince trees, one gallon and one quart of strong concentrated Lime-sulfur Solution (either com- mercial or home-boiled) in fifty-nine gallons of water, and to this add two pounds of arsenate of lead. 122 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Oft. Doe. CANKER WORMS Canker worms (measuring worms, span worms or loopers) are leaf-eating insects of the most destructive kind, attacking fruit trees early in the spring, while the leaves are small. The adult males are thin-winged moths, expanding about an inch. The females are wingless, and crawl up the tree, laying their eggs under shreds of barks, around twigs, or on expanding buds. ‘The hatching of the eggs covers a period of several weeks. Treatment: Spray infested trees with arsenate of lead, as for cur- culio or codling moth just as soon as the young worms appear. Trees can be protected by applying about the trunk a bandage of tar, printer’s ink, sticky fly-paper, wool or loose cotton, very early in the spring (February) thus preventing the ascent of the female moth. H. A. SURFACE. CURCULIOS fhe Cureulios are Snout Beetles or “Bill Bugs,’—so named from the long snout. There are several species of curculios, and they attack apple, pear, quince, peach, plum, apricots, cherry and nec- tarines, while others attack nuts, acorns, and variuos parts of grow- ing plants. The most injurious of these is the Pium Curculio, so called because it was believed to infest only the plum. These in sects are grayish black “snout beetles” or weevils, measuring about one-fifth inch in length, and bearing several bumps on their back. The beetles spend the winter concealed about the orchard beneath the rough bark, or under rubbish. They emerge from their hiding place following the blooming of the fruit trees, and soon begin to feed upon the young leaves and fruit, upon the latter of which they make their characteristic punctures. Two kinds of injuries are made, the round holes into which the eggs are deposited by the female, with the crescent shaped cut beneath, and the crescent cut alone, which indicates a feeding puncture. Peaches, plums and cherries are first attacked, while apples are stung when the size of a pea or larger. The eggs hatch within ten days, into a tiny, yellowish-white, leg- less grub with a brown head, which bores minute irregular channels toward the core of pome fruits, but feeds about the pit in stone fruits. After from three to five weeks the larvae leave the fruits, and pupate in an earthen cell about two inches beneath the surface of the ground, maturing during mid-summer. There is but one brood each season. While a few of the curculio. eggs deposited in the apple ever hatch, and less larvae come to maturity, the injury to the fruits from egg-laying and feeding punctures causes knots and egnarls, and thus damages the appearance and reduces the market value of the crop. Treatment: There are two methods of treatment available. Owing to the habit of these insects to feign death when disturbed, they can be jarred from the tree in the early morning upon sheets spread be- neath it and gathered and destroyed; but the better method is to Lean Cle DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 123 spray with arsenate of lead paste, mixed in water, at the rate of two pounds to fifty gallons, as soon as the petals have fallen from the trees, the same as for the codling moth. A second and third spray should be applied at intervals of ten days or two weeks. Summer cultivation also iessens the number cf these pests by destroying them in their earthen cells. Ali wormy and fallen fruits should be destroyed promptly. Since the codling moth and curculic are found upon the same trees at much the same time, the treatment for codiing moth sup- plemented with one additional spray ten days or two weeks after the second, is found effective in also controlling the curculios. H. A. SURFACE. THE TENT CATERPILLAR The American Tent-caterpillar, also called the Apple-tree Tent- caterpillar, is usually found infesting apple and wild cherry trees, although when these trees have been stripped of their foliage they will feed upon the leaves of peach, plum, maple, elm, poplar, willow, and other fruit and shade trees and bushes. The eggs are deposited in June or July by stout, hairy, brown- ish or buff-colored moths on the twigs in bands or cylindrical masses, and covered with a glutinous secretion, which soon hardens and protects them. About the time the buds open in the spring the young caterpillars eat their way out of the egg cases, and begin to feed upon the foliage. In a few days they begin to build their white “tents” in the ferks or crotches of the limbs, to which they retire for rest and protection from the weather. They leave a trail of silk behind them while traveling about in search of food, and twigs near the tent become covered with a dense mat of web. The larvae feed greedity for six or seven weeks, attaining a length of about two inches. Pupation occurs in the tent, or on the trunk and large limbs of the tree, or in rubbish around the tree. Treatment: Cut off and destroy the egg masses before the foliage appears. Remove and burn the “tents” while still small. Cut down all large wild cherry trees near the orchard, and treat small ones. Spray trees about the time the caterpillars begin to feed with 2 pounds of arsenate of lead mixed in 50 gallons of water. Do not burn the tents while in the trees, as the branches are injured bv the heat. Some persons shoot them away with shot guns loaded with powder and paper only. Others remove them with bristle brushes on the ends of poles. BUD MOTH This very small, dark, ashen-gray moth lays its eggs during mid- summer, and from these hatch small brownish caterpillars, which pass the winter encased in tubes made from the rolled up half of a leaf. From this they emerge, about half grown, in early spring when the buds are beginning to swell, and eat their way into the 124 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. bud, thus destroying it. Their work can be recognized by the irregu- lar growth of the branches, caused by the injury to the terminal buds. Treatment: (a) Gather all the leaves from under the infested trees in the fall and burn them. (b) Spray infested trees in the early spring, as soon as the caterpillars make their appearance, or when the buds are bursting, with 2 pounds of arsenate of lead mixed in 50 galons of water. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE—DIVISION OF ZOOLOGY APHIDS OR PLANT LICE These are soft-bodied, sucking insects about one-eighth inch in length. They pierce the tissues of the young shoots and under side of leaves of trees and plants, inserting their beaks or bills for the purpose of sucking out the sap. This injury often causes the leaves to curl in a characteristic manner. There are a number of species of Aphids, some passing their entire life upon a singe host plant, while others spend part of the year on other plants. Because of the “honey dew” secreted by these insects, they are admost invariably accompanied by ants which feed upon this liquid. The eggs of the Aphids are often deposited upon the smaller twigs of trees and upon plants late in the fall, by fertilized, egg- laying females, in which stage the winter is passed. From these eggs hatch, usually in the early spring, agamic females which become the mothers of numerous offspring, bringing forth their young alive. After several generations of wingless forms or upon crowding wing- ed Aphids, are produced, and these migrate to other localities and start new colonies. In midsummer they go from the apple leaves to roots of grasses, and return in the fall. Egg-laying forms are produced only in the fall. Aphids are usually very destructive to plant life, and all trees and plants should be sprayed thoroughly as soon as they are found to be infested. The Green Apple Aphis; the Rosy Apple Aphis; the Cherry-tree Aphis; the Maple Aphis; the Peach-tree Aphis; the Rose Aphis; the Cabbage Aphis; the European Grain Aphis; infesting respectively the plants indicated by their names, are the most com- mon species in this State. Treatment: (a) Dormant Spray. The exposed eggs of Aphids upon trees can readily be destroyed by spraying with lime-sulfur solution, as for San José scale, just before the buds burst in the early spring, using either the Homeboiled or Commercial Concen- trated Lime-sulfur Solution. Fruit trees infested with San José scale and Aphids should he sprayed with either one of the following: Lime-sulfur Solution (Tlome-boiled, Concentrated). Slake 60 pounds of high grade lime, adding 125 pounds of fine sulfur previously mixed to a paste with water (to break up any lumps which may be present), and boil in 50 gallons of water for one hour. Tf necessary, add water to make up for any evaporation; strain and store in closed vessels until needed, or store in open vessels, keeping the NO ( DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 125 soution covered with a thin film of oil. When ready to spray on dormant trees or shrubs dilute one part with seven or eight parts of water, or to specific gravity, as shown by the Hydromter test of 1.04 to 1.03. Lime-sulfur Solution (Commercial, Concentrated). Many manu- facturers are placing upon the market ready-made Concentrated Lime-sulfur Solutions. These are found satisfactory, and about as effective as the Home-boiled Solution. They should be diluted, as a rule, by adding to one part of the Concentrated Mixture seven or eight of water, or to specific gravity, as shown by the Hydrometer test, of 1.04 to 1.03. (b) Spring and Summer Spray. Effective work in controlling these insects may be done in the Spring just after they have hatched from the eggs, and are found upon the growing twigs and expanding foliage. As soon as the aphids are seen and before the infested leaves have become curled so as to shield the insects from the spray, apply thoroughly one of the following sprays: 1. Tobacco Decoction, made by steeping $ pound of tobacco leaves, stems, or dust in 1 gallon of water, slowly raised to a boiling point, then allowed to cool. Continued boiling drives off the nicotine. 2. Kerosene Emulsion. Made by dissolving 1 pound of soap in 1 gallon of hot water, and adding to this 2 gallons of kerosene, stirring and whipping it until it forms a thick creamy mass. To this strong stock soution add seven times its bulk of water. 3. Whale Oil Soap dissolved in water in the proportion of 1 pound to 5 or 6 gallons of water. 4. Common laundry soap or soft soap dissolved in water at the rate of 1 pound to 4 gallons of water. Pains must be taken to wet completely all parts of the infested plants thoroughly. Should any Plant Lice escape owing to the dif- ficulty of forcing the spray between the unfolding leaves, or into the curled leaves, pick off and destroy the curled leaves, and repeat the treatment as required. Where one does not have a spray pump at hand aphids can be killed by dashing one of the above solutions over the plants with a whisk broom, or by bending the infested tips of twigs, rose bushes, etc., over and dipping them into a pan containing the solution. H. A. SURFACE, Economic Zoologist. 6. INSPECTION OF IMPORTED PLANTS, SEEDS AND FRUITS A very important duty of this office has been to inspect importa- tions of plants, seeds and fruits to prevent the ingress of obnoxious insects er plant diseases. Tens of thousands of foreign plants have thus heen inspected as soon as they reached the point of destination. It is enough to say that nearly one hundred nests of the justly dreaded Brown-tail moth were found and destroyed during such in- spections. This work is mentioned in detail under the heading of Inspection of Nurseries. 126 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. In some instances we have been called upon to examine seeds for adulteration, but this work belongs preperly to a botanist, and we forward them to Dr. W. A. Buckhout, of The Pennsylvania State College, where we always find efficient, prompt and courteous aid. 7. MAKING COLLECTIONS While but comparatively little effort has been given to making collections of insects, we have not been unmindful of the importance of collections, properly made, ciassified and preserved. All specimens sent to this office by contributors have been named as far as possible, and also acknowledged to senders, with such information as was requested concerning them. During the year the office received the following accessions to the museum collection: TMSCCTR $ . SE s SP ae Oe ae ee ee Lee ae -« 2096 Invertebrates, not IMsecisn Gost ore, see ee 79 Keptiles” and” Batrachinns, 570 1226s. 2G oo eee 30 SUAS, ale WAT ALS wanence- ee nen =e ee Ae ees ete aree “ee Lh (<) eA Ae Ci ao ee AUR OR MR TEE EAS for VRE ais 1 POCA ce so 22d Sas le ouclaneee et ae tie seta eee eee 1220 This does not give the number of specimens received during the year, aS some of these accessions consist of at least one hundred specimens. In addition to the above, thousands of specimens were collected by our direct representatives, and as these were in better condition than are those which are, as a rule, sent through the mail, they were preserved in the Department Collection. This Collection has now come to be one of the most famous in the country for the excellent condition of specimens, the great num- ber collected in so short time. and the full and accurate data pre- served therewith. While it consists chiefly of insects, yet it con- tains most of the birds of the State, many of the mammals and practicaily all the reptiles and amphibians. No book on the Ento- mology of Pennsylvania will be complete without the data contained in this important Collection. Breeding Cages. Many insects are sent to us or collected in the immature stages. In fact, it is ne in the immature stages that most insects do their more voracious feeding, and some species do all their feeding, and are, consequently, then most destructive. There fore, we have found it necessary to place them in cages, known as “breeding cages,” in order to keep them alive until their various changes have been undergone or transformation is completed, and their adult stage is reached. Thus the insect can be recognized in its different stages, adult specimen is obtained in good condition, and the full life history ascertained. About one hundred and fifty breeding cages were thus maintained during the year. It was necessary to see “that t the specimens were furuished with fresh food and water, an¢ pene properly ventilated, and at the same time properly closed, to provide against the escape of the cecupants. Breeding cage work is of the utmost importance. No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 127 The great difficulty at present is, that we do not have a room of natural or normal climatic conditions (temperature and moisture) in which to keep such specimens and obtain the important data of their natural development outdoors. A most important point to note for an insect is the date of its transformation when in natural surroundings. This gives a clew to the practical remedies to be recommended for its suppression or control. These dates. differ in different latitudes and altitudes in a season. The only thing we can do is to work them out for this State in the best manner possible, which we are undertaking, but in this we are seriously handicapped by the lack of a proper room for keeping the cages under normal outdoor conditions. Such a room called an “Insectary,” is in use by almost each working entomologist in the country. We trust that a room for insectary purposes wil be furnished very soon by the Board of Public Grounds and Buildings. Its proper place would be as near as possible to the office, in order that a regular attendant may give the cages the attention they need, and make necessary ob- servations. 8. DEMONSTRATIONS The demonstration work has been by all means the most con- spicuous and most important feature of the year for this office. This was prosecuted chiefly by two means: (a) Demonstration Trains and (b) Demonstration Orchards. (a). Demonstration Trains. In 1910 the Pennsylvania and Cum- berland Valley Railroads again offered to equip and run trains for demonstration purposes over their lines. We consequently gave one week to the demonstration work on the Cumberland Valley, and followed it immediately with two weeks on the Pennsylvania Railroad. From the beginning the newspapers gave full and commendable notices of the work, and the crowds of visitors increased in size and interest until toward the end of the tour the train of two full-sized passenger cars was entirely inadequate to hold them, and it was necessary to conduct three or four meetings simultaneously, in order to instruct all who came to any one station. The attendance during this period numbered about ten thousand, and the interest was greater than on any previous tour. Several booklets on Orcharding, written by the Economic Zoologist, at the request of Mr. W. J. Rose, of the Pennsylvania Railroad Com- pany, were printed and distributed by the Railroad, and the public seems to find much interest in the plan of small, condensed and convenient booklets, which can be carried in the pocket, and con- sulted when needed. It became necessary to issue a second edition, which was revised by the writer. At all times some of the officers, especially Division Freight Agents and their representatives of the railroad companies, were with us, and were successful in their efforts to render every possible aid to make the tour profitable to the agricultural people. These Demonstration Trains had much to do with the increased. interest in orcharding which has sprung up and is making itself manifest by the better care of the orchards and increased planting. Our thanks are due to the railrodd companies for this valued and efficient co-operation, 9 128 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. (b). Model Orehards. The demonstrations in the orchards were for the purposes of giving individual assistance to some orchard erowers here and there, and also to instruct as many people as possible in each of several communities. For the purpose of reach- ing as many visitors as possible, we established what are now known as Demonstration Orchards, with from one to seven in each county. The average number per county was three or four. This was the continuation of last year’s demonstration orchard methods, but we changed from the plan of using orchards in public institutions to that of making use of orchards of private ownership. We have found this much to be preferred, because the private orchard owners have their orchards more under their own care, than has the care-taker at a public institution, who is not confronted by the important need of personal gain coming from carefully and cor- rectly following what is recommended. The Demonstration Orchards became so popular, and the demand for them so great that we could not reach one-fourth of those which were offered, and which we were desirous of accepting. It became apparent that the owners of the other orchards should have the service of this office as far as possible, and to give this we established what were further known as Supervision Orchards. In each of the Demonstration Orchards there were public meetings three times during the year, showing how to prune, spray, and other- wise conduct orchard operations. In the Supervision Orchards our inspectors or demonstrators gave personal service to the owners and such visitors as came, without attempting to give public demon- strations of these methods. No. SUMMARY MODEL ORCHARDS DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 129 A summary of the work in the Demonstration Orchards is as fellows: Counties ANGEUIIR Rabat as ilies ey eet ae eee ee : | Allegheny, | Armstrong, TEXDEN TEN ES ep ile ee ne eee ke noe ee A ee Bs CeO Clemente ett ee ES en a Sar ee A et ete IBGHAS, © Go bce pens Boer ee baer oe eee eis one Sanne Sewer | IS Ete ts ae ee ae 2 ee See ee a ee eee ey A oem eee ee | TBY PEG GDC Le ae Rs I eS ee eS eee : 5 Bucks, ae ae ne gee ‘ | UI ET eee ene ee (Ceram vet 3 ee = eee Se et a ee See ee hee ee eee. (anaes (COUPSGIOVIS So pa ee RU MES lee ery es ee a ee ee eee A (CEI DOYO S33 SEs SS ee Sen De ee ee Se See ee ae nee oS CHRO Biri a ee ne eee 2 RC eh Re ON ad pantewl ee aes Ae ROI es bemipereeey es tn Re Ae Er eh DER eee Ree oe eee ee om ae CEDTIQN Mpa ten aes os te See ae ee see IT eo paa ck ts) ee ee? om Seas CLG EGS) es Ss ere Le ae es oP ee Ae ie Pee eS SECS Ci SS SE Oe ee eee eee te oe ene ee Columbian 2222s ee Crawford, Cumberlands 2222s sos os EepHed er te ae Pn ee ce SS ee Rie ENG SWAT hes opens 2 = a st her SEP Ee Le ee eA ee a IPTG, | cert S05 ic 8 BA aA TE ete EL ee i eo ie Wea Sc fo Smee Beton a pee she ANG eee oes. cook eee TOI EURIGIS a as esc eeey es Rea Se Se ee eee ae el IHOTES tithe ee eee Soe Franklin, LIS aie seeiae Ga ON Le ang enhs RM TES Feelin eee ena ee SI STY CCUGOINGs (Bee cs sees ee eee eee Seeieee s S EEE We te evs he A Muntinedon, 222-2 -2-5- NCTA Aes es era ‘legrerson., 2222-2 ee uMBlabae (s--ses Pe Lackawanna, JT.aneaster, RAW TON CC ees So ee a ee eS ee ee Wpebanon),. 2-222 ROR R ne 3a tid Sy aee Meee Tone ay or enti eo eam ere RIO 3 GLOVAST ABV oN es te i ee eae ee 8 a ell > ee I See oe bee eee oe iyCOMiIne sf Jas eS ee x; a Z IMEKean: 229 eo ee ace a 35 ee WRG. Soteieees set eeSton: Sass Saas e eae Steen tener ees ac esse ease AVIRA etcetera Sen ee Oe ee ee ee ee VIO TINO CHS e ee oa aa ee ae ne ee ee es ee eee oe ee UO TEE OMEN pense os aa nee Sees Ce Sten ON. Ree ee ees eee pee ECG OUT iene a ee oes Swe beeme Sen o cee Se Se etn MOncUaIn pi OUP sees Wee. ae ee ee ees - et Pe eee Monthumbenlands .5)- 582208. oooh ose Sess ee TE noe eee ere Be iiclelpiiians eee) sae oe a | a ee Rea Ege ete Sorc th Sk Ai Ss Re we ee EN eee ee SOOT ete ee ade SE sR ie re ee aera SCMUy ea eee SHVGT Arse NOmMerseba -o-eiss-e ote s lS SSUULLD VIE TN ere se eet x Susquehanna, ----__--- “ANY ay 265 Seed te a 5 ea a WMO 2oeas 2 DETER OC eden ee ss = Sk oa ee ee ee ee eee ee ee ae 2 ee WSTTONS sitet 25S co eee lon ote ee ESSE eae ee cee ee WWashinetonubess: 22:52 12 Sine See a ee ee eee ee IAD Rents eres on cos oe aaest anes 2 cea tee ee eens Cees Westmoreland), «242.02. se 2-8-2 be eet. ee oe ee ee IVEY ORIN ot: Wrenn So Ss a eae ee ene, oe eee ee ee MORK) sesatew en oe ek Total, 9—7—1910 demon- demonstra- tion orehards tion orchards in Number of trees | Number or . S bo il 2 7 iS) = < > ot a Se THe HE OY GOO DAD 2D 09 D9 19.0 HD 89.1 ABODE RODD OVO 9 OTN 09 9 HE 09 80 AD HE DS TED 09 19. ND 09 09 C9 S19 19 CO TH BO i) Go = 7 247 151, 286 1 demonstration Publie meetings in orehards. — SIM NMVWUANS o =" — DNwW Gear DRE ee — NODIWAWNVWOMHHNDWONNS = om = — WMOMRRVWWURONWWAUNFOLVIIN 130 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE SUMMARY SUPERVISION ORCHARDS Off. Doc A summary of the work done in the Supervision Orchards in the year 1910 is as follows Counties ING AIS 3) ct Seon moe see eee ee ee ee PANIGPHEDY., Wy toson. = Sse eee ee ee en eee ne Armstrong) bei sc cache shone esas cee See eee oe ae ee eee eee BOAVEDL, : ss202 205s see ee een eee eae ee Blain) s2se asset eos sce os cacao adeno oe ee ee ec ae ee ene IBPAGLOLO, sos ea iS ee Le ee Se ee eee BUCKS) oS oee eee Soe ee eee ee ee hae oe See ee ree OE ae ee ee Br Gers). See ole ee Se ee Pe OE ot a Se Se ee Gambrias, (ose Soe eee eee = ee See eee eee eee! Cameron; (o-2 2 =o s8ee nota ce eat aes ns sae Soe eee eee ee ae eee aeons Oarbon) ecient ae ee ee eee Men trek *. see Se oe a eee ote ae re eet Es Cea ee ae See | ORester? so. caee oe see Ga oe ae es Se eee Olarions leo! Are os eke oe Me ae 2 See eee eae eee Clearfield, = - @lintion ; 92! {2-22 = 225 - e eee (Ql WHA NG). Soaneoess sees Stee Se Soe soc nde soe saseesecesdeeeeseses| OrawiOnd:) 12 ee ee Se eee | @Mumberlang.. 2263S aos oe ee a ee eee ee Dap hin: pa hee te ees Pee en eee ee ee ee Delaware’, ) s=se2-5-2 42. nase oseecet Sets. eee ee eee PK ccasws seek sacs wlen coon ceasaa eeeen See PIO, 7 2s Mace ion cle be Seka Sie Shas Sa ee eee ee ee ee Mayette, ¢i-22:-=) 225. Se stan ee ase eel MOLest; 222 seta sc ae seen ee a a ne a en eee eee Mranklin; | 4222 -- 225222 Sen oo ee ee a ee eee eee MuUliON ; eae see = se eee eee eee a eee Greene; 2. 252. ca soe cate coenensan iuntingdon (esses en oe eee ee NCAT aot oe ee eee ee GLEESON esas eat ees eee eee dUNiatay oo csoe eR ace Se Se RS eee ackawanns, -- 3242 sae ee ete eee E WaANCASteL,, ase~- ss ono setae seen eee WAWLENCO os ceee ease nese aa ene ee TEDANON,. .-2-22- 0-22 520 ea = Sk Set ons Shree Se eee ten Shee eee eee TOO V AG) oc iS ales Ee a he ee tenants sreeene ee aS eee a mycomings 2525222 -shs oe ee ea Ses Re eee os Sweeter CO GCE aa ee ee Me Sa eae oe S ro assis IML OTC OT 5 a ait a le a BN Bia ba Wiese i ec eR eI EE na) ape ec ener ee iw Sep eS Monroe, 22222-5222 St ee es ee a eee a ee eee ee MONEE OMEN, <3 =. 2a2Sn00 ce. he soe See ee eee ee ee eee eee eee Montour sess Lhe Northampton, --- Northumberland, TV a pe a ea a Philadelphia 572s sc2es-= oss ee a ee IRS (Sas ses tee ee eee et Ceo aes Cee eee Soe eae | IPOCUCR Sy eee wa oad ee oes ee ee ee a eS Re Schuylkill, ates oe as an le Sees RS EN le ee ee eee ae Sny Geri oi oss sss es sa ee a aa oe eee = ot nee eee ene OHI CIA. GaSe hee apes sce eS eee eee cee eS eee ea Sess set sseoce SOUL VEU or rc a ee Susquehanna; VS. 2- 22-3 sone ee eee ee a eee ee een ee ee NMOS. 220 2 asee an a ence ae ne nee eae een ee eee eee WMO ose ee ee ee ae eee Soe ee eee WENANEO,, | xaos sen oe oe ee ene ee ee eee ee ee eee Warren, 2222222 2a a eee ee ee ee ee ee ee eee se ag See bacbacscceesastasonete teas sae ee eee eee eee eee eee ee Wyoming | aso. s= NORKs ie cee ca metas a awe Sanaa een e eRe eee ee ee eee ee ee Number of super- vision orchards supervisionn or- Number of trees in chards supervision or- and visits to -chards Days work in No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 131 It is almost incredible to think that in addition to the immense amount of work of the inspeetion of nurseries and imported nursery stock, and the inspection of one and one-third million fruit trees belonging to private individuals, the work was carried successfully through the year in two hundred and forty-seven Model Demonstra- tion Orchards, containing one hundred and fifty-one thousand, two hundred and eighty-six trees, in five hundred and sixty-seven public meetings. In addition to this there were nearly one thousand Super- vision Orchards, containing four hundred and ninety-three thousand, three hundred and sixty-four trees,—reaching a total of two hundred and ninety-seven days’ work given by our demonstrators to the jatter. As to the success of this work, or actual results in the orchards, the following statements partially attest: ABSTRACTS OF LETTERS Wyoming County. Tunkhannock, Pa. * * * “We have had hundreds of people here this summer to see our orchard, and everyone said that the improvement made in if in one season is wonderful. We have a fine lot of apples, plums, pears and peaches.” W. C. ALLEN. Bucks County. New Britain, Pa. se * “This work was one of the most interesting and instruc- tive demonstrations ever seen by us, and Dr. Washburn, Superinten- dent McKay and myself appreciated the work done by the demon- strator.” DR. FRED. E. BRISTOW. Mifflin County. Lewistown, Pa. = * * “Please accept my sincere thanks for the very profitable and pleasing demonstration held at my orchard on the 8th and 9th. Your assistant was very thorough, patient, and obliging, and it was a great pleasure to have him with us, It is a very great embarass- ment to me that the people did not appreciate the trouble that has been taken, and perhaps in advertising the next exhibition, if it was stated that the public would not be admitted, the fences would be hanging full of people.” WILLIAM P. WOODS. Montgomery County. Dresher, Pa. * * * “T desire to thank you for sending to my farm yesterday such an. affable and learned representative. I knew I did not know much about pruning fruit trees, but after he was with me awhile 132 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. I realized how much less than nothing I really did know. He is certainly a past master at instructing. very cut was thoroughly explained, and after a certain number of trees were pruned he allowed me to direct the pruning while he did the actual cutting, ir order to see if his instructions had been heeded. After this he told me to take a tree and prune it, while he looked on. After two or three trees had been pruned I seemed to catch his idea, and toward the last I was pronounced as near perfect as a novice could be. I do not know when I learned so much in such a short time. I was sorry to see him leave, and I trust you will let him come again at the very earliest opportunity. He seems to think that my orchard has a future, both by its location and its condition, and owing to its being not yet in bearing is in just such shape as is best suitable for the experimental work which you have undertaken. I am more enthusiastic than ever over the matter, and you cannot send your men to me too often. I wish you could come yourself sometime. I would like to meet you, and also show you my embryo orchard.” KF. D. MAWHINNEY. Bradford County. Ulster, Pa. * * * “Our orchard has responded splendidly to the treatment your thorough and efficient representatives have given it. We are delighted with the results, and would be most pleased to be able to tell you so in person: at the meeting on Oct. 4th. We are hear the Station, and would be so grateful for your helpful presence. The demonstrator is greatly pleased at our fruit prospecis. He is doing such good conscientious work in our territory that I hope the people interested in fruit culture will turm out well, and see the good results of spraying, ete. in our orchard. Our fruit is con- vincing evidence, and in case I do not see you I wish to express my appreciation for your great work, and for the help you have been to us in helping us save our trees and make them profitable to us.” MRS. CAROLINE REYNDERS. Dauphin County. Dauphin, Pa. * * * “With your help I have learned how to control scale and codling moth, and now have purchased 50 acres of ground to ‘aise fruit.” WILLIAM MINSKER. Lancaster County. New Holland, Pa. * * * “JT must say I derived a vast lot of benefit from your rep- resentative in following his instructions, etc. Also, was greatly interested in the information given me in various lines which has helped me considerably.” JONATHAN B. FISHER. No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 133 Mercer County. Jackson Centre, Pa. * * * “Weare much pleased with the extra expense added to our orchard during the spring and summer. The mulching, pruning and spraying has given us the finest lot of Baldwin apples, and the nearest perfection that we ever had on the farm.” U.G. STERRETT. McKean County. Smethport, Pa. * * * “My orchard shows the work of your representatives last spring. The trees which were sprayed are hanging full of fine apples, while those trees which were not sprayed have very few apples of a very inferior quality. “The inspector who superintended the trimming of the trees and the first spraying with lime and sulphur, and who has been examining the orchards in this vicinity for the past few weeks, appears to be a very competent and trust-worthy young man. I cannot speak in too high terms of his gentlemanly behavior and painstaking man- ner in giving instructions in trimming and caring for trees. He never loses his temper, and is very deliberate and careful, and still very convincing in his manner of giving instructions, etc.” De CAYOuUNG: Franklin County. Milnor, Pa. * * -* “T want to thank you for all of the good, clean and kind instruction I received in the past year, and hope you will con- tinue to keep right at it through the 1911 season. I am glad that I have been of some help to your course of good work, which is so much needed in these parts.” J. R. WHITMORE. Bucks County. Taylorsville, Pa. * * * “JT wish to take this opportunity of informing you that the results from spraying, and other up-to-date methods of tree culture learned from your Department, have been highly satisfac- tory. In former years I have had very small and inferior crops, which would not stay on trees to maturity.. This year had over three hundred bushels from three acres; apples were fair size, shape and color, very few windfalls, and trees were in much better shape to go through the winter than ever before.” EDWIN A. CARPENTER. Centre County. State College, Pa. » * * “Your inspector knows his business, and is a nice man. He got here Monday noon. We lad quite a crowd, and they all seemed greatly interested in the work. Three parties came from 134 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. Stormsburg, two of them stayed all night and until Tuesday 4 o’clock. The demonstration was a great advantage to me. The people that were here were all pleased with the work. All that spites me was that there was not another man along. We would have gotten over more of the orchard, but I am satisfied with the amount we did do.” N. C. NEIDIGH. Lancaster County. Lancaster, Pa. »* * * “T have always taken a great interest in your efforts to exterminate all tree parasites, and watch for your Bulletin for much useful information in my work as a Commercial Sprayer. I believe you are doing a great work for the citizens of this State, and a few years from now will see this the banner fruit State.” J.C. WILMUTEE Philadelphia County. Frankford, Pa. “T am glad to say that I forget what the San José scale looks like, after using your Lime-sulfur Solution about three years ago.” % %* * WILLIAM B. FARRELL. Allegheny County. Library, Pa. “Some time in February we had one of your men here and spend a day with us, showing how to prune and telling of the different insects and pests that destroy our fruit. I had quite a number of the neighbors in, and all seemed very much interested in his lecture and mode of treating the trees. We had our Power Sprayer in operation, and had quite a display in general. I feel very grateful for the day’s meeting, and also feel that I have been benefitted.” * * * R. J. WILSON. Elk County. DeYoung, Pa. “As soon as we arrived at the farm, the demonstrator started the work at ence (although it was raining quite hard) in trimming and cutting back of the trees, at the same time giving us instructions in the care of an orchard. I do not know when I have spent a day that was so interesting and instructive, and everyone there was very much interested, and they stated to me later that they were very much pleased with the work. As we came back to Spartansburg I saw people and stated to them what we had been doing. They said they were sorry that they did not learn about this work being done, as they woud have surely been there. I be- lieve that we have gotten an interest started in that section, and if we can only arrange to keep the work moving that it will ter- minate in a great benefit to the people in that vicinity.” W. N. FULLER. * * * No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 139 Armstrong County. Dayton, Pa. * * * “In regard to our success I am much pleased with the orchard, and expect one year more will make much better improve- iments. [ have had some neighbors visit the orchard, but not many. When I put those apples on exhibition at the Dayton Fair, that is when they commenced to look. Nine entries of sprayed apples and eight red cards, which meant first premiums. I will have one hundred and fifty bushels of good winter apples. I think I can do much better in the future, for f think I can handle the chemicals much better. Everybody that was present when your inspector was hiere was well pleased with his work.” T. W. NEIL. Moorestown, N. J. * * * “Am sure your plan of inspecting orchards, advising growers and showing them what to do, and how to do it, will be of vest benefit in promoting profitable fruit growing.” W. J. SAWYER. The demand for the supervision work from growers has greatly A I 4 increased recently. SUMMARY Number of letters written and copied 7732. Number of accessions to collection 1220. Number of nurseries inspected 196. Number of acres inspected 3,408. Orchard Inspection: Number of apple trees inspected ............ 896,312 Number of pear trees inspected .......... 94,450 Number of peach trees inspected ............ 238,635 Number of plum trees inspected ............ 81,085 Number of cherry trees inspected ...::..... 65,380 Number of quince trees inspected .......... 422 Total number of trees inspected ............ 1,380,892 Model Orchards: Number of Demonstration Orchards 247. Number of trees in Demonstration Orchards 151,286. Number of public meetings in Demonstration Orchards 567. Number of Supervision Orchards 975. Number of trees in Supervision Orchards 493,364. Number of days’ work in Supervision Orchards 2,197. Respectfully submitted, H. A. SURFACE, Economic Zoologist. 186 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. REPORT OF THE STATE VETERINARIAN Harrisburg, Pa., January 1, 1911. Hon. N. B. Critchfield, Secretary of Agriculture. Dear Sir:—I have the honor to submit the following report upon the work of the State Veterinarian, as well as upon the work of the office of the State Livestock Sanitary Board for the year 1910. During this year the State Livestock $ Sanitary Board has not had to cope with any extensive outbreak of a highly contagious disease. The work has principally been along the line of enforci ing the rules and regulations previously adopted by the Board. My experience during the year has led me to believe that the breeders, dairymen and farmers, are becoming more acquainted with the laws pertaining to the repression of infec tious diseases and are more willing to co- operate with the State Livestock Sanitary Board, in the measures adopted by them. Reports from the agents of the Meat Hygiene Service show that the butchers are beginning to realize the importance of slaughtering animals under sanitary conditions. It has only been necessary to call their attention to the defects connected with the construction of their slaughter houses, method of dressing the carcasses, disposal of offal, etc., and they would willingly correct the same. The work of the experimental farm has progressed satisfactorily. The production of a serum for the prevention of hog cholera has been one of the main features. Tvery outbreak of hog cholera that has been reported to the State Livestock Sanitary 3oard has been thoreughly investigated and the non-infected animals vaccinated. In this way thousands of animals have been saved. It is almost impossible to measure their value in dollars and cents. In one herd where a number of animals had died of hog cholera, the remaining number, over 800, were vaccinated with gratifying results. Another important part of the work at the farm was the continuation of the experiments with the view of producing a practical method of immunizing young animals against tuberculosis. It is proposed during the next year to issue an elaborate report upon this subject, the experiments of which have covered a period of more than eight years. After it was discovered that it was possible to produce an immunity in young animals, the results of which were published by Dr. Leonard Pearson and Dr. 8S. H. Gilliland, some years ago, it remained then to determine the size and number of doses to produce a serviceable degree of immunity, the duration of such immunity, the effect upon the animal as it matured, and if it would be possible to rear a tuberculosis free herd from a tuberculous herd. The State Livestock Sanitary Board and the experimental work of the farm suffered a great loss in the resignation of Dr. E. S. Deubler, which took place in November on account of ill health. Dr. Deubler had been in charge of the work of the farm for over three years and was familiar with every phase of the experiments in pro- gress and made great sacrifices to see that the same were properly carried out. No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 137 The work of the laboratory has materially increased during the past year. It appears that the veterinarians throughout the State have come to realize the assistance the laboratory can give them in making diagnoses of their cases, especially those that are sus- pected of being of an infectious or contagious nature. A complete report of the work of the laboratory will follow. THH MEAT HYGIENE SERVICE The agents of the Meat Hygiene Service have worked arduously in the territories assigned to them. ‘Their work has consisted prin- cipally in the re-inspection of slaughter houses and of giving advice to those who proposed the erection of new buildings to be used for the slaughtering of animals for food purposes. Owing to the outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease the previous year, it was not possible for the agents to visit the slaughtering and rendering plants in their territories as often as desired. This year they have been able to give their undivided attention to the work of inspecting meat and all by-products that are to be used for food, as well as to give instructions as to the manner in which animals shall be killed and the disposal of the offal. In nearly all territories each slaughtering house has been inspected at least twice and some- times three and four times with a few exceptions. During the summer months when the flies were abundant, attention was paid to meat markets in order to insist upon the owner keeping all meat well covered. The greatest difficulty encountered along this line was in market houses where the meat was exposed for a period of four to five hours in the morning; the owner claiming that if he was forced to cover up his meat that it would be impossible for him to obtain new trade inasmuch as customers could not see the character of the meat he had to offer. Attention has also been paid to the inspection of carcasses of animais that have been killed which were previously not considered to be tuberculous, but afterwards found to be diseased to such an extent as to render their meat and by-products unfit for food pur- poses. The folowing table will give an illustration of the number of meat markets and slaughter houses inspected during the year: MEAT MARKETS I H il \ | 1 | | e¢ 2x Arete Neue ics & eS ea is | > Seo (ae fe. fee fee A Se is ae Nenana ie 1 = 1 o vo Be ro Ie [Preteae entire ae }° a8 ri OS Op ‘ nt mn * = & aah Cou y bh ® A Lok Ree ee os oH @oo ane ooo 2D /2Re | ar7H/ Qa 8 | AHS aaa = ro) o Sig oS SC t-} Asgq|/8aen188q/88q | 8a g ! 938s sor 5Oon | DO 50-5 | G Zz GZ a A | | ] | | ING n Ke = ee eee = 20 6 | 2 0 0 Allegheny (a), ---- p vee 9 1} 07 0 0 PMRINSULOUPY ) sac seen came eas epee eek ee Re ee =29 1 | 0 | 0 0 BRAN ET aha me ee eee ee ee we a ae Sh ee ee 3) 0 | 0 | 0} 0 LBS GRONMO |S ees eee ae oe eee eee See Sa ee eee 0 | Q | 0 0 0 SLA tee es ee et ek Pete se She ey ie eee 7S | it) 0 0 0 Berks, mam ape ww nw nn nnn nnn wenn nn ne | 41) 10 | 0 0 0 RAULOT tees eb et Se eee i Ba Yn A 16 | 1 | 0 0 0 TIPLE, eee Te Ie ay PR ae emake a ea | 0 | 0 | 0 0 | 0 UGE ose Aen ee ee ee 48 0 0 | 0 | 0 138 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Of. Doc. MEAT MARKETS—Continued Number defective we at exam- Oounty on third exam- ination on fourth exam- ination on second exam- on first examina- ination markets tion ined Number defective Number of Number defective Number defective QOambria;<-..-22 22255 5n8 Sa os Sao eee sane nea 102 AMBLONG) Sosa ene ae aa a ego ee nee see oe eee ee eee eeeras 17 @arbOn).. 262252025 ~ a eee te eae eee 0 QOentre) oi 222525225 c ease n i eet ee esas ee erat cae seeateonencas 36 Qhesters i .2225 224.2035. 2ee ae etes eso clases ees oa seesaw 48 (CHEMO Sha ee Sa se eee Stee eee etee ee 12 | Olearfleld)s sans: so sos2 sesh es bone Se ee eee eee 66 Glintioms ae a ee ee eee Golumbia;,, (22222223222 2e2e eee OrawiOrd, .2:4 22.22 sos ans sten aso ese Sees eee seeeee 25 @umberland; 2. = 2250_- 2.25542 a2 ose a ee eee Dauphin, 2-e =. 52 one eee ee See ee ee rn 152 DOlAWATO, <6 2-2 sass = 83S eee ae ele eee eee es 43 co) alae ROA) Semen am eos RR eee ne OMIT ELS Sy RES EEE US ket WD Mnle soi c2o2 Ss eee ese toe She ee ee ees ee oe IHS CLOG ease age ae ee ae ee ae ee Re eee ee ere 0 WM ORTOSE, gan eon laa ee EEL eae eee a ee 2 WAT) pe So ees coe ee et eee ee a oe ere 43 MUNGON cake aaah ales ee ec eer a eee ee ETO) Cate ee ne ar ee ee ee ee 1 Hunting don, 5° 22552525 oaetsess sos e loo ca ee 13 | Indiana; @--2-- a Smeocoocrooocooow~nesSerRoowaqnwnoce DENCTSONS ncaa eee tae ene ee ae aee ee eee eee ee ee 30 ACKAWAUN A sce nete aa cee ac eee ase = ese eee er 150 Wraneaster;,. 252 ----=5= = soe oe ce keene ne sae eee eases ees IanVnGGs. a ae sce et Hi es se cc ec Ss see ee 0 | ED ANON cs) oe ee ce eae eens ease eae noe a eae renee =o Hl Gehighy sss Cees Ses ea ee ee ee LDU Aah 1A See ee Ss Seis 2 eee Se is ee SIS 259 PHY COMING .) (ee eee koe oe ee eee 9¢ | VE CTR TN oe a ra a er a a ee ei 35 | MevCer sos 2 Jace sae cae eee ne ee er ener | VPI ee eS eee ee ee See ras aaa ees MOOS) Sara are eo ne Seen ate po os ae aS Montgomery: ssc =2 see ee eee <5 20 MONT OUT aoe soa se ae eee ne eae —— 9 Northumberland) 22 ee eo ea enesioe 120 | NOE HAMID LONG ope a ss ea ose ee ee eee err 119 IBM yy Seater ee ee ee Speco eee a IIe pe a a a IR ae Pee eee Se ea 5 eee pee ees eee eee ee 14 | Phvadeiphia- iC), es. 26 8 eee Se ee ee ee Sch upy cE yee e ee eee a ee eee ee 150 | SUV GOT iy oe seat Aaa ea ee = oe ee aia ea ae ee ere 23 | Somerset, 2 ssc2 se ssn eo ee ee ee ee eee 34 | Sullivans 22520 5 See ete ee eee Be es ee 8 SUSduehannals | eee ste ea ae ee eee cee ene ees 25 WIGS ae Nes ee eee a aeise | ot See eee rae eae ee eer 26 WWniOn, ©) 2 tse Vek e a eae Soll ee Re ee ee = ee 2 _ pt = on SPONBOHKPKHOASCHKOHWS SPeEresssssoosoooseerosseosesesooosessSSeoocsoHoooOoCcOoCOoScoCSCS alll aol 5) < fe.) i=] i) [=] og ° ' \ 1 ' ' ‘ ' ' ' ' 1 1 ' ‘ ' 1 ' ' ' 1 ' ' ' ' ' 1 ' ! 1 ! 1 ' ~ 09 RFPoooooorH SHOoOsSeHS Washington, WAYNC, (alba o22 sense et ban sae jaca ween eee eee ease 13 WYOMING: 62 2425.2 t= 5 eUe sto st ee se eee 14 Westomorelan dy .22 soe Ao ee ee a See eee ae eee 07 WORK esse Se sate he eack bea hase aeeee ee ee ee eee 90 | SPLSSS SPSS SSHWSSSOSSWSSSOSSSOSSOWSSHSSOHSSCROCOSOOHOOO OOO OHOCOCOSCS a. Meat markets in Allegheny county outside of Pittsburg, the establishments in this city being examined by local inspectors. b. No general examination was made of meat markets in Philadelphia because there is a foree of local inspectors to do the work. During the year for which this report is made there were 22,932 carcasses examined and passed. Of these 8,662 were beef; 5,482, veal; 3,674, mutton; 5,114, pork. The number of carcasses con- demned amounted to 474, of which 278 were heef; 128 were veal; 45 were mutton and 23 were pork. Of Weel condemned carcasses 60 of them were immature, oi SesesssessssesessossooeosososoSSoSS SOS SO SOS OS OO OS OCC COO CCU CSOSCCOS wlovecsosoooessoso e iv) STO al nate ST Kas Shee ts cee cae 2,560 | 221 | AAGAMS,. 22. mulegheny. (a); 2262 25556 --=5 Armstrong, Bedford, -- yd Balin (s=2. 2 IBEAVED. == =n5= Bradford, -- Cameron, --- Carbon, ---- TDC Ne re mee Sees ee @hester, 72. 2:4.-5.-22. Clarion, --- Clearfield, -- @linton, =- == Columbia, -- Crawford, - Cumberland, Dauphin, -- Delaware, - Horrest; === Franklin, _- UNGONEe aoe totes sao poh aah ten ciecaeae alee seas essa see eee ee Greene, ---- Huntingdon, Lackawanna Laneasteer, Lawrence, -- Lebanon, -- peli ole nt ees es Sere Le ee Se a ee eee Luzerne, --- Lycoming, . McKean, -- Montour, Schuylkill, Snyder, ---- Somerset, -- Sullivan, -- Susquehanna, Wyoming, - Westomoreland, OTK at oo ae o =---- Montgomery, Moetimnberland! 2 tase ete ees eal Northampton, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. SLAUGHTER HOUSES in- defective inspeec- houses spected County on first tion Number of slaugh- ter Number 1 1 t ww nk —_ SSetsS sss: i) eee ee eee oe ae ean ae eee 11 ' 1 t or oo l= Pre ema 2 SR eS 2 eS AN ae | 3 0 te RE oP ge | 28 wee nab ase kensaneadas ose neassscoscseee| 46 nee steeces, 6 i 1 1 1 1 ! o = RPrROOSAs 1 ' 1 { ' \ f ! 1 i i t 1 t ' 1 ‘ t \ ! H i 1 H ! ' 1 1 \ ' ' 1 1 h 1 i Heat 1 t ' ' ra ie 1 ' 1 ' He OD a Sorwur ae aes Cate eae, 2h Any ee reese 8 PoMCe Ae Se eh ee eee HEE — = RwohoomtyA rary KFONCOAGTSOFRW = — st SSCCOMHPOROCOPREHWNHODH — = Cr me 09 _ SS coco BSR oOBBEcSwohkRwBrcSeSNSENrHBSaow ° —_ ROMNH HH Ho 1 1 1 ‘ 1 f 1 ‘ ' ’ 1 1 ' 1 i 1 1 ' ‘ 1 ‘ ' ' ' ‘ ' ‘ 1 1 ' ' 1 1 1 ‘ 1 1 i 1 1 ‘ ' ' ' 1 1 ' = Bio coed ie) ~ Z _ _a. Slaughter houses in Allegheny county outside of Pittsburg, th cities being examined by local inspectors. . I 1 : ; t 1 ' ; { ! i i } i H : t } ; 1 t H ' H ' ' ' H ' t H i S 7 CwHrSomHew Bes in- second -spection Number defective on eccooocoeceoseesooe 2 io) COC PHO CHES OH OHN OH WOSSOSSHSSSOHHSOSOOSSHH SSS SSH SONS SSN on third inspec- Number defective tion a rs coo e ooo eo OOS COO Soe ooo COCO OS OOOO OH OCC OS OOOO OSSD OD SSS OHS SOS SS SOS SS SS 139 in- fourth spection Number defective on | | ~ coee ooo coe coos ese eos Se Soo SS SC OS eS SOS SO SOOO SSS SONS EO SS SSS SSS SOS SSS SSSSHS e establishments in these b. No general examination was made of the slaughter houses in Ph a force of local inspectors to do the work. ioe BASSE bis beeatiee there 140 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. In concluding my report upon the Meat Hygiene Service, it may be interesting to note that throughout the year there were 2,710 live animals examined at slaughter houses consisting of 1,268 cattle; 383 calves; 178 sheep and 681 hogs. Number of animals quarantined amounted to 383; of which 185 were cattle, 78 were calves and 20 were hogs. TUBERCULOSIS The most important work of the State Livestock Sanitary Board during the year consisted in the repression of tuberculosis. This disease is one that is found in every county of the State, though some counties are more free than others. This is well shown in the table which will follow, and upon examining the same it will be found that no applications were received for inspection and ap- plication of the tuberculin tests in eleven counties. The fact must not be lost sight of that the tuberculin tests of herds is entirely voluntary on the owner’s part and is therefore not compulsory. However, it is within the jurisdiction of the State Livestock Sanitary Board to quarantine and remove any animal or animals afilicted with tuberculosis to such an extent that it can be determined by physical examination. I find that the average farmer and dairyman are prone to forget after their herd has been tuberculin tested, two essential features, which are the inspection and re-testing of their herds within one year’s time and the thorough disinfection of their barns following the initial tuberculin test. I cannot impress too strongly upon the tuberculin testing of every newly purchased animal before the same enters the herd. During the past year 10,429 animals for dairy purposes have been examined and tuberculin tested. These animals were distributed in 1,079 herds; making an average of between 9 and 10 animals per herd. The number of animals examined physically was 1,893, com- ing from 235 herds, making an average of between 8 and 9 animals per herd. Of the 10,429 animals tuberculin tested, 1,525 or 14 per cent. reacted, all of which were disposed of according to the rules and regulations of the State Livestock Sanitary Board. Those examined physically consisting of 1,893 animals, 239 or 12 per cent. were condemned and appraised. and destroyed. It is to be hoped that the next legislature will see fit to grant a larger appropriation for the payment of indemnity for animals afflicted with contagious, dangerous or infectious diseases. In this manner greater progress can be made in detecting and quarantining animals afflicted with tuberculosis. If a badly tuberculous animal is permitted to enter a herd it is capable of destroying 50 per cent. of the value of that herd within one year’s time. In conclusion, I beg to state that it is my belief that the suppression of a disease as important as tuberculosis lies in the early detection of an animal afflicted with the disease. In other words, to isolate and quarantine all animals suffering with tuberculosis before they are capable of transmitting the disease or contaminating the stable. The following table will give a detailed statement by counties of the number of animals examined and condemned during the year 1910: 141 x 4s DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE No. 7. G 958 JU910, (peuluiexe puR poejsey Joquinu uO paseq) peudiepuod JaquINU [kj0,, | OL Fe | cor 6g" ) IT ae | 6ST et es oe G S Seana ear 8. 98 é | SG 981 Sepa eee Te | UL ite) oo oO int S See ee. ep aa oe Lh Eee Ss De LO BOT he Tee Sar ee ee eee One See ee aS ne ee OR a mt ge paran dag som PUL [LOU UREN) EES Ea: spe S ar Gk Mane eM IRICLRN GARE LO PN LO) SS SRS eee oe ee ann: Saat ener emer TC CTL] Oto) ae ene cee CSR OE ts sia i Sa LON UTTO), Ln hc t? ode Tee aE Ta aa at ae ed RI LO LISA LOD pete dbedate ale Dag wrath ot Be II Ka ach Fie ag “UOLIBID MESTESR easton Shea a= Seen SoS Se mAs e ena eee ee *19980q0) SiR ats IRS Se a a ae aa tate UT TOT TATO) psa betas lee ee re hh noe mnale cle) paisa Stl alata reat ot a “=== ToqriBwp patel aa a ate a ee Shoal Sg het ND ae OCS IE ‘rapjug Se ee ae a ee ‘plop pRleL Eke Rn area Oe LS a at ee yt ae Soe a “IVIg OL | &6 TSF | $9 8 | 88 66 OST RENN Be tr etl ar Gout tae ‘sylog I lee gcare-oialMio | ESL ) | econ ta he lok) oe Fae resent aver Sued |S AE EL cry Sees Te ee Saar we ewene nee | == nee en ane |ateennnece|oneemnseea[asecaaeee= | gg 9 a ee ‘TARO T Biro or g g bai alates cali cialata ese aet el el|aie rice SCG| aE ei get ita tS Se SIS = ‘suOASULy pes T¢ ison De ee {| SU | ST I I MESA Ce Be PRS ip Ee ee PR eS Aug solv 8 86 90T | 68 Vanes Le § OF 6 a ae ee one The eh ee ee ec EAN ‘TIGL ‘T Atvnuve 07 OT6T “T Arenuee | | | + D | | | 4 Seiler S| ane wile cone fe) by ce ==] pie iS) i 5 | > s ® a =} Bs BS cot | 5 + | 4 aa nm a> +f | eS =. | > | = a ia = ES fe | s ile ieee a oe . 5 oon | alts) | | | 8 8 | 86 | | | ° ms | So | a | Syl Bz | | | S eee, | | | | sApunoD: ie ee a ens ee So | ° | = AT[worsé | eat Bp = POULULe Xo 1IUMO 948419 ist | Sp | a 2 SUG) creat - Se eel ma | a | 2 | 3 pouuexg” s[emUy ee a FP ee a eS eee ee ee eS Sa Sa ee . a ae Sos te oo TTFTlleeEeEee—=mmmmeeeeeeee_5_5_G_OO 08 STSOTOIOUG Ed AG ANNUAL REPORT OF THE %L 9 ogee) | Gears 18 | OF L | %8 ¢ $ I 19 6 F wan nn ne He nn ne nn a an nn nn nnn nn nn nn nnn oon nnn nn enn eo nnn ee ern terre ne ree Beer ee omy re Oo MeO RNNNAVEe HA ned 1) aon tol atyeo on oO NI tH (Rn 01B 1S = a | ae o} of | laf ae 2 jo) Q a o = AP tea: Sn | Sa = g & 2 Roe alae hes ered oe Ze Scaelsen Bs a a lees Bo) peso se. s | & SP risk amaa + = wm rs = 2 = As | | 09 = lea Eos Re | Be = zo |) = 8 35 | | Pee eis sa 5, 5S | | eS | > > oe 4 6 = z a | wa © = 5 | 5 BS 5 e 2 eile = =} = _ _ =. Bo S } > 5 Ayeaségg SB | 5 eal =) ee poujmexg FOUMO r= ao. = | Bean =) 94 ct | =| | & | o et | 7 Be tamer) as % 4 | 3 3 S | poulmMexy s[eujuy Le | _ | 1 | SISOTOOUAEA ML “OI6L ‘ST JOQUIBAON OF OT6T ‘I Alvnuee “eiqdepeldd SSesSSr Satie ar Geert Le oT Ieee ee ‘AIIOg *pueflequmyyLIoN ‘mojdurvyyloN “Ino,Uo_L ‘s01UO, ‘SUluIODA TT “su1eZNT *19}svoue’T *RUUGMBYOVT ‘mosiayer SPSST STE R EASE TS SRR OS Sere ee RE aN LL BCE Ses SF Seo anos Ga a ee a ‘copsuljuny, SE aie ns cle ine ae ee ee ee eet ee ‘aue01y > ‘oy a a agg a any Pa ae mee eS ANY OOH 9910487 *“AQuno0p 1438 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. = (. No. Ao co OR 0D OD OD oor SSP e's Shee Sree = 5 te a en ee ee eee *yYIOX SE pe cn ay tg ail ieee a ae ale ae a “Sumo £A M teeta ee neem Cette et et RE “pUvlaLOUlyse AA a a alt at aT Ia che aa AN\ SSigcri Se SaResis 2 see Sete ar oS ee aie *UOUSUIGSV A a opent Siecle oa a SS agers “TOLIUM he eet a aetna A ae Sapte wa Te tae ee Soe ‘colug ES Daeg ohare I a Toa Semaine Smee OS OL, Macekea Ee ete San ees ag gre ge gas (OUR So ‘aBATTINg Cee ee ee ee ee eo at ee aee *‘guuvuenbsng et headed ela os a oy eB ES - asIaUTOy htt ape ce eae he a ae sie oy PS ‘rapsug PS ssi 598A ne oo oy aoe aaa ae oie ameimamme TTC ATLUaS Cag Se 8085S Pe Tn at On Tei dls SE a a lee *10910q 10 144 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. GLANDERS . Glanders appeared in twenty-one counties of the State. There were 64 cases of supposed or suspected glanders reported to the Board. Our records show that 65 stables were examined, including 712 horses, all of which were subjected to a physical examination. There were 35 animals condemned on this examination. In each instance where a supposed case of glanders is reported, all horses that have come in direct contact with the suspected animal are of course subjected to a careful physical examination ,and while the number of horses examined in this way have not always been noted by the veterinarian assigned to these cases, undoubtedly a great number of horses, of which we have no record, have been subjected to a careful physical examination. Philadelphia and Luzerne counties have had the largest number of cases. Suspected outbreaks have been reported in twenty-one counties, but upon careful investigation it was found that seven of the reports were not well founded and the disease did not exist. The following table will illustrate the distribution of the disease throughout the State as well as the number of cases appearing in the various counties. It will also give an synopsis of the work done upon this disease: GLANDERS n | ! ! aq n ec | = oS on 1 § a 5 * at | 8 Onn g re a a |< Gsite, | Le} 3g — o o ® ey ie | 3s eS i g 3S 3 cs ® | BE Beis om a wn {=| | Se | 3 S 2 =) 3 Ses | Uy | ra County 3 en a £ ae ae oe Hrs = § 8 Se | Se eis oO Lo} S q ae es Bo | @ 2 Re as aE 28 | 88 | 82 | ge | @e | aa | 22 He | sa | ge | 22 -| ga |eSeeeee a A x ES SE es 6 SA fee oe = H *3M00 x “‘polezysne[s Joh JON -—""‘paqeijsuouep you -g ‘yg, | snomMoreqny 190430 YIM poaBloossy ie" *SM.00 “606L “AON a "paloyysne[s Jak JON |" *pezeijsuoulep you *g “Jy, | SNO[MoIeqny 19430 IIMA pazeossy *806L °200 | *SM00 “polezysne[s yah JON |~-~‘pejzeijsuowmep you *g “yz, | snornoseqny 19q}0 UjIM poyeossy "S06T °O *$MOO ae “pelezyysnels yak JON i= ee yeamewey jou ‘q *\L | sno[noieqny J9y10 YIM pojBlDossy ‘LO6T “UBL <2) *SMO0 fe “paleqysne[s Jah JON | ‘peyeijsuomep 4OU *g “7, |-sno[norzeqny s9y}0 YUM pajeossy ‘LO6L “UBe a | 2 “smoo = ‘peseqysne[s Jah JON |---‘paqyeijsuomep jou *g “J, | SnOfMoreqny 10410 IM poyeossy *W06T °300 | *SMOO = “peseqysne[s 49M JON |---‘pajyeiysuouep you ‘g ‘yz, | snofmoreqn) 19430 GUM payeossy ‘9061 ‘00d | | Z are | = bg re 5 ° (480y, ‘d00T a Asdoyny | [euyjuy) seg Jo ‘mexg SHIVUIAY 4 | & oO | | 3 = | | | 5 \ oO == v=) “MoO Aaslef 669 “ON --*moQ AasuIaNy 0Z ‘ON ‘MOO OIIGSAIY OLET “ON --*MOO aIYSAIV FIL “ON \""*MOD eIIGSAIV 80L “ON --*MOO ABSIOL OOGT “ON ~--*MOO) AgSIof OgL “ON [euUuy =e ‘penuywoN—SISOTIOVTIIL JO SWOLUWAS IVOISXHd ON DNIMOHS AILLVO DNILOVAN NITQOUGAAL ‘IL ‘ON No. 7. é DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 163 NO. 111. IMMUNIZED CATTLE FREE OF TUBERCULOSIS | Animal Remarks Exam. of Feces Autopsy (Animal Inoe. Test) | (a) i : F No. 661 Grade Heifer,-_ | Associated for 3 years | Presence of T. B. | No lesions of T. B. with highly tubercu- | demonstrated. G. P. inoculated lous cattle in infected with scrapings of stable. | | reddened mucous membrane of large intestine remained healthy. No. 742 Grade Steer,-_ | Associated for 3 years | Presence of T. B. | No lesions of T. B. with highly tubercu- | demonstrated. . P. inoculated lous cattle in infected with scrapings of stable. reddened mucous membrane of large intestine remained healthy. No. 776 Grade Steer,--| Associated for 3 years T. B. not demon- | No lesions of T. B. with highly tubercu- strated. | found. lous cattle in infected stable. No. 784 Grade Steer,-- | Associated for 3 years T. B. not demon- | No lesions of T. B. with highly tubercu- strated. found. lous cattle in infected stable. No. 782 Grade Steer,-- | Associated for 3 years | T. B. not demon- | No lesions of T. B. with highly tubercu- | strated. | found. lous eattle in infected stable. : No. 738 Grade Steer, -_ | Associated for 3 years | T. B. not demon- | No lesions of T. B. with highly tubercu- | strated. | found. lous eattle in infected | stable. | No. 747 Grade Heifer,-_ | Associated for 3 years T. B. not demon- | No lesions of T. B,. with highly tubereu- strated. | found. lous cattle in infected | stable. No, 739 Grade Heifer,-_ | Associated for 3 years | T. B. not demon- | No lesions of T. B. with highly tubereu- strated. found. lous cattle ininfeeted stable. No. 786 Jersey Heifer,_.; Not associated with T. B. not demon- | No lesions of T. B. | tuberculous cows or strated. found. in infected stable. Conclusions. 1. The microscopic examination of the feces or rec- tal scrapings of cattle for tubercle bacilli is of no value, in that many bacteria make their appearance in the feces of rectal scrapings, with the morphology and staining characteristics of tubercle bacilli which, however, fail to prove themselves as such. 2. “The animal inoculation test,” i. e., the injection of guinea pigs with feces and rectal scrapings of cattle is a valuable, although not an infallible test. It can be relied upon when the guinea pigs in- jected develop tuberculosis as a result of the injection. Feeding material suspected of containing tubercle bacilli to guinea pigs has shown itself of little value, in that only 3 (20 per cent.) of the guinea pigs fed feces with tubercle bacilli developed tuberculosis. 3. Of the forty cattle included in the examination, 9 (22.5 per cent.) were found to be throwing off virulent tubercle bacilli in the feces or rectal scrapings. Of these 9 cattle, the tubercle bacilli were found virulent for guinea pigs, and in § of 9, the tubercle bacilli were virulent for rabbits, 164 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. 4. The successful demonstration of tubercle bacilli in the feces or rectal scrapings of cattle is either proof that extensive or ’open” lesions of tuberculosis exist, or an indication that tubercle bacilli ingested are passing through the length of the alimentary canal of the animal under examination. 5. Cattle with “open” lesions of tuberculosis, and throwing off tubercle bacilli in the feces or rectal scrapings, as a rule, show physi- cal symptoms of the disease. 6. The demonstration of tubercle bacilli in the feces or rectal scrapings of cattle apparently free of tuberculosis, but stabled with highly infected cattle, may be accepted as an indication that tubercle bacilli are passing through such cattle—the tubercle bacilli being ingested and thrown off in numbers large enough to be demonstrat- able in the feces or rectal scrapings. 7. Cattle showing physical symptoms of tuberculosis are the most active disseminators of the disease, because of the probable existence of “open” lesions, and the likelihood that tubercle bacilli are thrown off in the excreta. Since they show physical symptoms, they may be detected in a herd by a consideration of the history, careful ob- servation and a thorough examination of each animal. 8. Tuberculin reacting cattle do not necessarily throw off tubercle bacilli in the feces until the development of “open” lesions of tuber- culosis, in which event, the condition may be detected by a considera- tion of the history, careful observation and a complete physical ex- amination. Glanders. Material collected from suspected cases of glanders were received in the form of 78 specimens of which all but 5 were examined. Of the 73 examined, the presence of bacillus, mallei was demonstrated in 18, and in 55 the demonstration was not successful. Only a few specimens of blood were included in the specimens re- ceived, but the glanders agglutination test was not carried out in a single instance during the entire year. Epizootic Lymphangitis. Fifteen specimens of pus were received for examination and 5 of these did not include enough material to make a satisfactory examination possible. The sacchromyces farci- minous or sporothrix farciminosus was demonstrated in 10. Two in which a diagnosis of epizootic lymphangitis was made, were from horses in Philadelphia. In both of these instances the history of these horses prove conclusively that they were not out of Philadel- phia during the past 5 years. Anthrax. Twenty-five specimens were received for examination, including 24 from cattle and 1 from a horse. These specimens were not received from any one portion of the State, but came largely from the northeastern part. Anthrax bact. were demonstrated in 10; in 14 the organism was not found and in 1 no examination was made. Not infrequently during the year it was found advisable to infect and cause the death of guinea pigs in order to prove unquestionably that the organism isolated from the specimen received was anthrax bact. of the virulent type. Hog Cholera. Twenty-two specimens were received, not so much for diagnostic purposes, but to have the diagnosis made upon the field confirmed. In 16 the diagnosis was confirmed ; 3 were considered negative; 1 doubtful, and 2 were not examined. In several instances No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 165 where tissue changes were not characteristic of hog cholera, hogs were inoculated with available material upon the Experimental Farm and the diagnosis was confirmed in several instances in this way. Actinomycocis. Five specimens were received. A positive diagno- sis was made following the examination of 3; 1 remained negative and 1 was considered doubtful. The examination was limited to the microscopic examination of smears of the material received. Chronic Bacterial Dysentery. A large number of specimens were brought to the laboratory for examination, consisting chiefly of feces and rectal scrapings of individual cattle. These were brought to the laboratory in 20 separate lots including at times feces and rectal scrapings of 60 cattle in one lot. The acid-fast bacilli were demon- strated in the feces and rectal scrapings of 5 cattle, whereupon the diagnosis of chronic bacterial dysentery was made. Symptomatic Anthrax Blackleg. Seven specimens were received. In 4 the presence of the bacillus of symptomatic anthrax was demon- strated in the muscle tissue of guinea pigs inoculated with the sus- pected material. An examination failed to give positive results in 2 instances and in one instance the examination was unsatisfactory. Hemorrhagic Septicemia, Sections of the internal organs of 8 cattle were received from the northeastern part of the State, suspected of having died of hemorrhagic septicemia. From the gross lesions and the demonstration in the smears of a bipolar oval staining or- ganism resembling the bacillus bovo-septicus, a diagnosis of hemorr- hagic septicemia was made in six instances and in one instance the material received could not be examined owing to decomposition. Mange. Thirteen specimens of skin scrapings from horses with suspected mange were received. The sarcoptes scabiei was demon- strated in 3 and not demonstrated in 10. Milk. Seventeen sets of samples were received during the year. Of these 11 were examined for the number of bacteria per cubic cen- timeter; 4 sets were brought to the laboratory to take part in an ex- periment, and 2 sets were too long in getting to the laboratory and arrived in poor condition. Miscellancous Specimens. These included specimens from 13 chickens, 1 duck, parasites from 6 cattle, 5 sheep, 2 dogs, 2 hogs, and 1 human being; a portion of lung tissue from a cow in which the - pheumonic process was caused by an infiltration of the aspergillas fumigatis; tumors removed from 12 horses, 12 dogs, 4 mules, 2 cattle, 2 chickens, and 1 sheep; and many other specimens which could not readily be classified. The following report of some work personally conducted by the writer upon the eradication of tuberculosis from a large herd is presented herewith: 166 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doce. THE RESULTS OBTAINED IN THE ERADICATION OF TUBER- CULOSIS FROM A HERD BY THE USE OF TUBERCULOSIS VACCINE AND THE BANG SYSTEM By 8S. H, GILLILAND, V. M. D., M. D., State Veterinarian and Secretary of the State Live- stock Sanitary Board of Pennsylvania. (From the Laboratory of the State Livestock Sanitary Board of Pennsylvania.) In 1902 Dr. Leonard Pearson and the writer published “Some ex- permiments upon the immunization of cattle against Tuberculosis” and their conclusions were as follows:— “1. That after repeated intravenous injections of cultures of tubercle bacilli from human sputum the resistance of young cattle to virulent tubercle bacilli of bovine origin may be increased to such an extent that they are not injured by inoculation with quantities of such cultures that are capable of causing death or extensive infection of cattle not similarly protected. “2. That by intravenous injection much larger quantities of human sputum tubercle bacilli than are necessary to confer a high degree of resistance or immunity upon the vaccinated animal may be admin- istered without danger to that animal.” Since that time many others have reported upon experiments with the object of increasing the resistance of cattle toward the tubercie bacilli. Among these have been Von Behring, Hutyra, Klimer, Schultz, Arloing, Courmont, Moussu, Neufeld and Meissner, Vallee, Weber and Fitze, ber, Hohler and Schroeder, Trudeau and Baldwin, and many others in this county and abroad have done much work upon the subject. Owing to the great volume of literature on this problem, I shall. not attempt to incorporate an abstract of the same in this paper. In 1904 Dr. Leonard Pearson was called upon to give advice rela- tive to the eradication of tuberculosis from a herd consisting of ap- proximately 200 head of cattle, including dry cows, bulls and heifers over one year of age. At the conference it was decided that the herd | should be carefully tested with tuberculin, all reactors to be removed from the main barn and kept rigidly isolated from non-reactors. The herd consisted of thoroughbred Guernseys, Holsteins and grades, and it was further agreed upon that if any of the most valuable animals should react they were to be isolated, placed upon the Bang system, and to be treated with tuberculosis vaccine with the object of saving their offspring. This work was placed in my charge, and has been under my direct supervision since the start. A thorough tuberculin test was made during May 1904 of the milk- ing herd consisting of 160 animals, of which 42 animals, or 26.2 No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 167 per cent, reacted. Calves under eight months of age were excluded from the test, owing to the fact that the preliminary temperatures were too high to make the test of any value. The reacting animals were removed immediately from the herd. A number of these animals were registered, some of which had taken prizes at the Buffalo Exposition in the Guernsey Class. Nearly all of these reactors were in various periods of gestation and it was considered advisable to keep them for their offspring. They were placed in a stable approximately 100 yards from the stables in which the main herd is kept, and situated at the foot of a hill, thereby permitting no drainage from this infected stable to the other build- ings. It was the duty of one man to care for these reactors, and he was not permitted to mingle with the employees of the milking herd, visit the stables, or to allow any interchange of utensils such as buc- kets, forks, shovels, wheelbarrows, etc., from the infected stable to any of the other stables. I shall refer to these reactors later in the article, but will now ask your attention to the care of the milking herd. The main milking herd was stabled in four barns, varying from 12 to 48 animals in each barn. Inasmuch as some reactors had been found in every barn, a thorough disinfection of all stables was made. The windows and doors of the barns were tightly sealed and the in- terior filled with formaldehyde gas, the gas being generated by the addition of potassium permanganate to formalin, and left sealed for 18 to 20 hours; after which the doors and windows were opened and the stable thoroughly aired. The wood work and iron stanchions were washed with a solution of carbolic acid. The floors in all the stables except one were of cement, and were flushed with a solution of sulphate of iron and afterwards carbolic acid. A coat of whitewash including 2 per cent. carbolic acid was applied to the ceiling and walls. The manure was removed to the fields and the pit in which it was stored was covered with chloride of lime. The policy of this farm is not to pasture their milch cows, but to place them in a shady exercising yard a portion of the day. This yard was scraped, remoy- ing several inches of earth, and then covered with lime. All utensils around stables were disinfected. Even with the disinfection as outlined, it was believed that there still might remain some possible points of infection in the stables or exercising yards. Also it seemed reasonable to believe that some non-reactors might carry within their body some tubercle bacilli which had not as yet had time to produce a distinct tubercle and therefore were incapable of giving a tuberculin reaction. The method outlined at that time to eliminate all the suspicious animals and keep the herd free from tuberculosis was as follows: First. All the animals in the milking herd were to be tuberculin tested every six months until two successive negative tests were ob- tained and then yearly thereafter. Second. The calves that were intended to become future members of the milking herd were to be immunized by the use of intravenous injections of human tubercle bacilli which had been found by ex- perimentation to be non-virulent for cattle. Third. All cows newly purchased before being allowed to enter the main herd were to be placed in a quarantine stable about one hun- 168 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. dred and fifty feet from the regular barns in which the milking herd was kept and then tested with tuberculin.* *I do not consider this plan the best method for handling newly purchased animals as there is a chance of reinfecting the herd. appears to me that it would be far better if a regular quarantine barn could be maintained at least one hundred yards from the main buildings and all recently purchased animals be kept therein for a period of three months before entering the herd. This plan would permit of a tuberculin test at the time of purchase as well as another test just prior to entering the herd. In this manner it would be pos- sible for one to detect any animals that were “plugged” by a dis- honest dealer. In the Spring of 1905, approximately one year from the first test, the herd was again tuberculin tested. Conditions arose which made a tuberculin test six months following the initial test, as originally planned, impossible. The results obtained were as follows: Date of test, June, 1905. Nambenc Of amimnals -testeds. «a. oe ee 120 Number: of-animals reacteds 2... 2. .3.-eecee 13 Percentage-of animals reacting, ..........0... 10.8 It was generally customary to apply the tuberculin test during tie cool months of the Fall and Spring. The tuberculin test in November of the year 1905, which was ap- proximately five months from the preceding test, resulted as follows: Number; of- animals tested.c. ibe cee cee Ane Loe Number of animal ssrencted.. 12 ea alee eee 6 Pereentage of animals) reacting,-.%. 42.0428 Sil The tuberculin tests following the date above mentioned up to the present time gave the following percentages of reaction: Results of Tuberculin Tests, 1906. Date of test, April. Number: .of animals tested, -x:2.c.c0e.. sncneaeee 154 Number jof animalsreacted, ....«..<.15.asehe eee 13 Percentages of reacting animals, ............ 8.4 Date of test, November. Number*of animals tested. >. .-. =. fee eee 137 Ninmber ‘of animals reacted.- toe ee 5 Percentage of reacting animals, ............. 3.6 You will note that the percentage of reactions obtained in April 1906, was 3.3 per cent. higher than those obtained in November 1905. The only explanation I can offer for this is the fact that during the winter months the animals were more closely stabled and were fre- quently changed from one stable to another. Again, there were a pumber of newly purchased animals entered into the herd during the Winter which had only been tested at the time of purchase, and Os Le DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 169 were not kept for any length of time separate from the main herd after their arrival at the farm. I believe it is of value in the elimination of tubercalosis from a herd for each animal to have a certain stanchion or stall in which it re- mains during its time of service in the herd. Results of Tuberculin Tests, 1907. Date of test, April. Namber-of animals tested). ssc ins. 65 afa0 Bete Sos 201 Wumbher- of animals: reacted. = oo 5400. ee eee 0 Percentage of reacting animals, ............. 0 Date of test, October. NambDer Of animals: tesueds tics. cheeses ce 131 Number -of animals: reacted, 2.6 2.<<..02s stokes 0 Percentare of reactins animals, 2.2... .5.% 4: 0 At the time of the October test there was one cow exhibited a rise of temperature to 104° F. at the sixteenth hour following injection, though all the temperature measurements prior to the sixteenth hour, as well as those following the sixteenth hour were below 102.5° F. Therefore she was not considered a positive reactor, though she was removed and isolated from the herd for six months when she was again tuberculin tested and gave a perfe¢tly clean test and has con- tinued to do so up to the present time. Results of Tuberculin Tests, 1908. Date of test, April. Number of animals tested) 222220. Yas.2. 54: 145 Number of ‘animals reacted. 2 i022 occ « sts 2 Percentage of reacting animals, ............. 1.4 Date of test, November. Number. of - animals: ested) 32428 32ers 169 Number of antmals: reacted, 2 3.4022 44 os. 22 3 Percentage of reacting animals, ............. ts: The only explanation that I can offer for the reinfection of the herd is, that during this year the attendant of the tuberculous ani- mals upon the Bang system, severed his connections with the farm and another man was obtained to do his work who was not as care- ful in seeing that there was no interchange of utensils used in the barn containing the tuberculous cows and the stables of the main milking herd. In investigating the matter I also was informed that he would constantly associate with the employees in charge of the milking herd. < Results of Tuberculin Test, 1909. 4 Date of test, April. Number:otanimals:- tested)? .ts tc sise ae eae 151 Number Gf animals, reacted... ..tniceetes ee 0 Percentage of reacting animals, .......... ai 0 170 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. On account of obtaining no reactions on this test and having a fear of injecting tuberculin too frequently, thereby destroying the sensitiveness of the body cells to the same no other test was made until the following year. Result of Tuberculin Test, 1910. Date of test, May. Number of animais, tested, 2.1. sc eos eee 151 Number. of animals reacted, ~. .%2.227 243 ne 5 Percentage of reacting animals}: Joo. oh 3.3 The explanation for the reinfection of the herd the second time is as follows: At the time of the test in November 1908, two cows gave a rather definite reaction. Inasmuch as they were valuable ani- mals it was the owner’s desire that they be held for a retest, which was granted. The history and tuberculin test of these two animals is rather interesting and I shall give the same in detail. The ani- mals are known as Proceda and Francelmar. The test of 1908 in which they gave positive reactions is as follows: TUBERCULIN TEST Proceda. Francelmar. Preliminary temperatures.. Preliminary temperatures. Noy. 20, 1908. 0 A.M. DO e516 5s capnssen acces aioe uenaice eee ‘eee oa) AE (Ae ME To isis Wieecananene cra Baye apeee eomtevat ene ore 102. OAc OM: LOT 6 ied dol Sorte oR aS aad cee 101.8 Lie M. TOD Oe os Satie beet marae ey eget 101.6 ice MM. LOO: Or Sco eat itte eects 100.2 ot er MM. LOD. nceld Seaport we aber 101.6 5. P.M. LOD Gx, os ba oes eerie sete ae ee 102.4 Hight P. M. Injected—Dosage, 1 drachm of solution for each ani- mal containing 1,200 milligrams concentrated tuberculin. Temperatures following injection. Temperatures following injection. Nov. 21, 1908. 5 A. M. LOD es oo aes Se 100.6 7 A.M TOD a, MSS", ee 101.4 oA Me MODS aks ebagste See ee 100.8 It A: M. LOD AS Te a ee 101.6 Rs, Me OG aac cle cca se eee ee 102.2 he ag Is TUG EG sore Seal oe ee oe ee 104. 5: PLM. RODE Se Save oe ties elastase 105. yee [a GU sth: BPR aeA perme am ar se eS 106. I beg to call your attention to the fact that the rise of tempera- ture did not occur until the seventeenth hour, though the reaction in both cases was very distinct. There have been many cases come to my attention while State Veterinarian of Pennsylvania and at other times, when the veterinarian applying the tuberculin test felt No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. ural that it was not necessary to take more than three temperature meas- urements following the injection of the tuberculin and that these measurements need not be taken after the sixteenth hour. It seems to me that we have ample proof to show that this is a very erron- eous way of applying a test as valuable as the tuberculin test, and in this manner many animals have escaped. These two animals were removed from the milking herd and placed in a barn some distance from the main stable and were attended by a party who had no connection with the milking herd, but who at- tended to a bull and a lot of calves which will be mentioned later. They were kept separate and their milk pasteurized for a period of eighty-two days, when they were again tuberculin tested with the following results: TUBERCULIN TEST Proceda. F'rancelmar. Preliminary temperatures. Preliminary temperatures. Feb. 10, ’09. SRN INES ee IODA SEG Solel eons Trt Rasa aati th 102.4 i; Ave UM SUD Zind Misi Reed OLS A hs Seat at 102.1 OAM: Ss UP: LS Tah an PA Cae Yenc ts Oe a 101.2 Ebate Arce Mis MS hg tae bee ad 8 ene ee 100.4 beige Sopa aA USE go eee ea ak mee EEN Mi ee 100.8 erie, aM OO, ie aS eae a ae tae 101. BPP Mi. gl bg ieee Nea as beens RE! Be Bae 101.4 Eight P. M. Injected—Dosage, 1 drachm of solution for each ani- mal, containing 1,200 milligram concentrated tuberculin. Temperatures following injection.. Temperatures following injection. Bebe 11, 709. BA. Mi. WO AG oe coke msi oravain ate ORs ope ee 100.6 pas, JME HE eg Nato Pha ley Sacer tee eae ae 101.4 Oe Acy Mi. OUG Seay peat other Pee see ret coe LOL. bie Ans Mi ES Bea aon, Rar aor ie Se gen NaS SHE 102. oe! ano Ps tence perc ata eee nie cree atv 102.2 rye Sen We MSD eoes scons ons ae iearg ts hares ae S 101.4 5. P. M. A ae es ace Pe cake ale Shamash 101.6 [ee 102.6 It will be noted that the one animal gave a temperature at 1 P. M. of 103° and again at 5 P. M. of 103°, but the intermediate tem- perature at 3 P. M. was normal and it was considered that the ir- regularity in the temperature measurements was due to some other cause rather than tuberculosis. It has not been the experience of the writer that a tuberculous animal will give rise in temperature, a fall and then another rise following the injection of tuberculin un- less there has been some local cause for the same, such as undue ex- citement, drinking cold water, feeding, milking, etc. Following this test, which was considered negative, these animals were returned to the milking herd. They were again tested on April 27, 1909 and May 4, 1910, at which time they both gave negative tests. 172 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. During the latter part of the summer of 1910, it was noticed by the superintendent of the farm that these two animals aforemen- tioned, were not in the best of condition and were therefore again re- moved frm the herd and kept separate for several months, during which time they continued to lose flesh, coat became rough and cough increased. This action was taken by the superintendent during my absence abroad and upon my return I advised the killing of these two cows. The autopsy revealed extensive tuberculosis of the glands and other organs of both the thoracic and adominal cavities. This experience taken in conjunction with a number of others that I have had during the past two years, leads me to believe that an animal that has once reacted to the tuberculin test in a positive manner must be considered a tubercular subject no matter what subsequent tests may reveal. It may be, however, that some reactors will live for a number of years following the date of their initial reaction without showing any clinical symptoms of tuberculosis. It is my belief that these two animals, namely Proceda and Francelmar, are responsible for the reinfection of the herd and of the percentage of reactions obtained during the year 1910. As aforestated, five animals reacted during this year. One was an animal that had been purchased in New York State since the previous test. Another was an animal that had been purchased by an employee of the farm three or four months prior to the injection of tuberculin. This animal, however, was kept separate from the herd, but the owner was constantly associated with the milch cows as he had a certain number of animals to feed, milk and care for each day. The third animal was one that had been vaccinated with tuberculosis vaccine two years previous, and at the time of test showed an enlargement of the left fore knee joint. The reaction in this animal was not typical, but it was decided to sacrifice the same in order to determine the cause of the enlarged knee. Upon autopsy, it was found that the bursa through which the anterior extensor runs was greatly enlarged, indurated and inflamed. No microscopi- cal lesions of tuberculosis could be found. Miscrocopical examina- tion revealed no tubercle bacilli and guinea pigs inoculated with this material remained healthy for a period of three months, when they were killed, and all organs, membranes, etc., were found normal. The remaining two reacting animals had been in the herd for more than two years, and upon autopsy, showed small processive foci of tuberculosis, in the various glands and organs. The herd was not again tested for nine months, with the follow- ing results: Result of Tuberculin Test, 1911. Date of test, January. Number of animals: tested, ©... 3.25.22. oe 160 Number of ‘animals, reacted), ... ..3.%%. 5.4.56 4 Percentage of reacting animals, ............. 2.5 Four other animals which had received several years prior to the test four doses of tuberculosis vaccine, gave rather suspicious reactions and were removed from the herd, though two of them are not included in the above percentage of reactions, for upon autopsy they showed no lesions whatever. Nov? DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 173 It was not possible for the writer to be present at the autopsies, though Dr. B. T. Woodward of the Bureau of Animal Industry and Dr. W. L. Moss of John Hopkins conducted the same, and | have the following report from Dr. R. W. Hickman, Chief of the Quaran- tine Division of the Bureau of Animal Industry: wheterring to cattle, -*" * * which were slaughtered at the Baltimore Butchers’ Abattoir, Baltimore, Md., January 31st, and post-mortem examinations by Dr. B. T. Woodward of this office to- gether with your representative, you are advised that the cow Turby immunized showed a supra-‘mammary gland the appearance of which was suspicious of tuberculosis. This tissue was submitted to the pathological division of the Bureau and two guinea pigs were inocu- lated February 2nd. When examined at autopsy on March 7th, both of these tests animals were found to be tuberculous. “The tubercle bacilli in both instances were similar in appearance and were composed mainly of individuals of medium, long and in some cases slightly curved formation, but experiments were not made to determine other characteristics which would justify their definite classification into the human type. “*Masher’s Repose’ immunized showed a suspicious supra-mammary gland, but tubercle bacilli were not demonstrable microscopically or through the inoculation of guinea pigs. “----------==-=——-- = aaa 33.6 | 20.85 4.85 7.0 MANURE,, alone, s.2200-.- 2200 2s soe Oe eee See ee eS 15828 | Seo eee 21.6 LIME, alone, ---.-------------------------------------------- | -21.7 | -21. | - 9 9.6 . } No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 237 TABLE 4—Continued Yield. Color. Expts. 336, 338, 339. 1909 (2nd year). | 1909. } NEREROGPEN- jin 267 55 It is to be noted that the net gains are obtained after deducting both the cost of the fertilizer and the value of the unfertilized crop. Also the fruit here is valued at fifty cents per bushel, while the actual prices received for it varied from fifty cents to $1.25; and any increase in the appraisement of the fruit of course will pro- portionately increase the net gain. It is also to be noted that spray- ing and pruning produced no material effect on the size of the crop, since the treatment of all plots in these respects was uniform. Such striking results as these of course are not to be expected everywhere. They evidently occurred here because plant food was the crop limiter in these orchards. For any given case this can only be determined by experiment. ‘These orchards are on three di- verse soil types. The soil in one case was evidently “run down;” in another case it was in average condition; and in the third it was apparently above the average. These orchards are from twenty- one to thirty-seven years of age and they are the only ones under experiment above twenty years. Age, however, is not a sure index No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 239 of the need of plant food, as one of our youngest orchards, a seven- year old, is responding strongly to fertilization, while some older ones have proved unresponsive. The big fact is that when such re- sults as these are obtainable anywhere, it raises a strong suspicion that similar benefits may be obtained in many other orchards. And these results show beyond preadventure that in some orchards, apple trees, like other plants, respond strongly and directly to ap- plications of plant food. HXPERIMENTS ON CULTURAL METHODS Closely associated with the question of plant-food, is that of soil moisture. It is undoubtedly the available moisture per individual fruit that determines in a large measure whether or not the apples shall attain their proper size; and it is largely to modify moisture supply that the various cultural methods are followed. The plan of our experiments comparing these methods is shown in Figure I. Figure I VII SOD MULCH TILLAGE & MANURE ° SOD MULCH & MANURE Ill TILLAGE & COM FERTILIZER . SOD MULCH & COM FERTIL TILLAGE & COVERCROP . . TILLAGE, COVERCROP SOD & MANURE & MANURE SR falkr tid Lee Ma ar ac TILLAGE COVERCROP & COM FERTIL ~ SOD & COM FERTIL - . . e 16 240 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. PLAN OF EXPERIMENT ON CULTURAL METHODS AND MANURES As shown in the figure, this experiment tests four methods of soil management, viz., clean tillage, tillage and cover crops, sod mulch, and sod. Lach treatment occurs both without fertilization and with it. The stable manure is applied annually at the rate of twelve tons per acre; and the commercial fertilizer at the rate of thirty pounds of nitrogen (N), sixty pounds phosphorus pentoxid (P,0,), and 100 pounds of potash (K,O). On the mulch plot all herbage remains in the orchard, the first cutting being raked to the trees as a mulch, and an additional mulch of old straw, swamp hay or buckwheat straw at the rate of about three tons per acre is applied annually. In this latter respect it differs from the so-called “Hitchings plan,’ and as a conserver of moisture it is undoubtedly very much better than that plan. On the sod plot, the first cutting of herbage is removed from the orchard and the second is left where it falls. The tillage plots are all cul- tivated until early in July, when those receiving the cover crop are seeded to crimson clover, hairy vetch or medium red clover and alsike, either singly or in combination. The results to date are from the unfertilized plots of the young orchards, and are shown in Table V. These results and those in later tables on young orchards have been obtained by combining the data from _ three orchards, whose age as noted in Table I ranges from seven to six- teen years. DOSE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 241 TABLE VI Effect of Cultural Methods on Yield, Color, Size and Growth, with- out Fertilization Expts. 217, 218 and 219. Young Orchards. (a) Yield ee leat © IV. Vises ome } | | | S | | } 5 S | 1907-9. 3 : | Us) : | s a Sy 3 Aye = | = | ba S A - S = be) bo] | = | SS 2 (e) | ie) oO a n wm | | ANC ANS Go NBio5 S22 eee ee ease ace seco 15,048 Ib. | 16,057 tb 17,776 tb. | 13,880 tb AVION pie eee tee oe ee Se a eae 108. | 115.7 128.1 | 1000 106.7 118,02 | 3 eed er | 100 | 1167. ee 1909. (b) Color. Per cent. Apples Colored One-half or More. | Avert resper cent...) 2ss22¢ 22> --s25e ee oe sae eae oe | 75.4 81 | 81.5 85.6 PAAOB tapos oo ete eee ae et eek ek nea 100 107.4 | 108.1 113.5 } 1908-9. (ce) Size. Average Weight of Apples. AVOraceaweleht,. --222 224 =o eee eee se 4.5 02. 4.74 OZ. 4.91 oz. 4.69 Oz. [27 Oh ea ans ae ie aoa | 100 105.3 109 104.2 1907-9. (d) Growth. Increase in Trunk-girth. Averare LiNnCrease,) 22-<2>--=-=2--=2)==-- =e == 4.38 in 4,14 in, | 4.29 in | 3.58 in RATIOS je ee eae = oe oe = oe eae eee aon | 122.3 | 115.6 | 119.8 100 i Tine Me | 100 103.6 Jeeseeecconeee In these results, the mulch system is first in yield and size of apples, second to sod on color, and second to clean tillage by a slight margin or growth.* It has surpassed the cover crop method on every phase and in total ranking is plainly first thus far in the combined results of this group of experiments. Reserving judg- ment on the relative merits of these systems for the present we may turn to consider the data from a similar experiment in an older orchard—that of Mr. Fassett, in which the trees are now thirty- seven years old. The results from the unfertilized plots in this orchard are shown in Table VII. *The margin Is really slighter than appears in the table, as the 1909 measurements in the mulch plot of experiment 218 were taken a little higher on the trunks than those of 1907, owing to the presence of screen on the trees at the later date. 16—7—1910 242 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. TABLE VII Effect of Cultural Methods on Yield, Color, Size and Growth, with- out Fertilization Expt. 221, Mature Orchard. (a) Yield IV. VII. 7 | o | e 1907-9. ad Lo} . | ic} ae 3 2 se 2 ahs iS) isa) N OURS “S2V Da, ost Ss Sosche ee oe ee ee ae en ee eee | 84,269 ib. 23,294 tb. Ratios} 55-2 eS eee Se ee ee ee eee 147.1 100 1908-9. (b) Color, Per Cent. appres Colored One-Half or More. Ave snericent.(OfCOlOn; 22-2 22 sess eae oe le oe ee eee 57.4 % 87.5 % INGO popenocoostecc bomen ao seenanecboso oases oo see ees See e S| 100 152.4 1908-9. (ce) Size, Average Weight of Apples. AVOna LO Welehts === soso oe eee ee en 4.75 oz. | 5.04 Oz. TRO cetoss Sse a soe eer Serene eee neemseesesssseceses ees!) LN | 106.1 1907-9. (d) Growth, Increase in Trunk-girth. ASVOLS EO SNCTCASC. eee ee ne nae ane ae ae nema ae eee 2.9 in. | 1.32 in. IEG Basen ss oe see ee eee eee 219.7 | 100 In the above results it will be noted that in the mature orchard, tillage and cover crop for three years has been far superior to sod mulch in yield and growth, having borne nearly one and a half times as much fruit and showing more than double the increase in growth. In color, the mulched fruit excells by more than thirty per cent;* and in average size of apples it excells by about six per cent. This last fact is undoubtedly connected with the smaller crop on the mulched trees. The results of Tables VI and VII are apparently contradictory. They are all explainable, however, on the bases of soil moisture and age of trees. In the young orchards, with the herbage and three- ton addition of straw, an effective mulch of sufficient extent was maintained, while in the old orchard we were unable thus to cover more than probably half the root area. In the latter case the term sod mulch was distinctly appropriate since at least the outer half of the roots was under a typical sod and often in dust-dry condi- tion. *Really the mulch excels in color by 52.4 per cent., using the amount of color on the cover erop area as a base. No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 243 The results in Table VI indicate that, even in trying seasons such as the last two have been, the moisture in orchard soils may be con- served at least as effectively by a good mulch as by tillage. This conclusion is corroborated by moisture determinations made by Shutt, of Ottawa, Canada, in 1905 and 1906.; He also has found that leguminous plants, particularly those of dense and matted growth like hairy vetch, are much less severe in their drain on soil moisture than the grasses; and that the shade of the growing vetch is a better conserver than the mulch formed by cutting and leaving it in place. In other words, the loss by capillarity and surface evaporation from the practically bare ground was greater, under the conditions at Ottawa, than the transpiration through the legume.t The cover on our mature orchard is grass only, while on the young orchards a scattering growth of alsike or of medium red clover has been maintained in addition. In further explanation of the difference in effectiveness of the mulch and cover-crop methods in Tables VI and VII, we may call attention to the hastening influence on bearing, which sod undoubt- edly exerts under favorable conditions. This was shown in our results of last year,§ where sod on these same three orchards sur- passed clean tillage in yield by thirteen per cent. It is also shown here later, especially in the sod-manure plot of Table IX. But the fact that this sod influence can be easily overdone and made to dis- appear under unfavorable conditions, is clearly shown in our re- sults from the unfertilized sod plots of Table VI. The next table shows the effect of adding fertilizers to the four cultural methods. All unfertilized plots are excluded from this table, and the yields given include both the manured and commer- cially fertilized plots under each method. TABLE VIII Influence of Cultural Methods on Yield, with Fertilization Expts. 217, 218, 219. Young Orchards g z 3 i) o n ue] is cs 9 s S : 3 3 = ke E = ~ q oO = z = | we a aa i} eo EI a as EE - ‘ = ag eS gq = o e S35 £ es 28 er 2 a ey a fy OSG De elie See ede, 2 ae ee Re om 9,198 ib. | 9,512 tb. | 11,208 tb. | 10,351 tb. TES Tey Satta (oho ee rs ee a ES ae 14,554 | 12,443 12,571 | 12,828 MOtAlseth onc es See ar aes Re Be | BOB aT | 21,955 23,774 28,174 Ration Me. onan etree BR TS ee Base 108.2 100 108.3 | 105.6 Expt. 221, Mature Orchard | OOS sViGldS = ak ee se ee wee eee | ee ee ee | 6,684 10,351 1909; “yields, (= ==4---=s=-. 2322-322 ae |S 28,297 22,545 TOLAISS Sia see. eon SS A ES ee |e 34,981 32,896 100 Teenie, Saco. ee se eee cee eee eee | ececee ere ee aoe | 106.3 {Central Experiment Farm. Report of the Chemist. p. 151, 1906. tIbid, 1904, p. 158. §Pa. Bul., 91:15, 1909. 244 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Of. Doe. As compared with Tables VII and VIII, these results show a marked leveling etiect from addition of fertilizers. In other words, the applications of plant food have tended strongly to reduce or even nulify the differences due to cultural methods. This effect was also very distinct in the appearance of the trees in the field. A consecutive increase in productiveness following the addition of plant food has been very marked in some cases. For example, ithe muleched plots of Experiment 221, receiving manure and com- mercial fertilizer, in 1907 produced 3,050 pounds of fruit; in 1908, as seen in the table, they produced 10,351 pounds; and in 1909, 22,545 pounds. And this occurred on plots receiving no tillage. FERTILIZATION FOR DIFFERENT CULTURAL METHODS The question often arises as to what is the best form of fertilizer to accompany different cultural methods. This question is par- tially answered by the data in Table X. TABLE 1X Effect of Manures on Yield Expts. 217, 218, 219 z S 2 4 g Z = 4 - bw o vo * Season 1908-9 (2nd and 38rd Year). : 2 1) 5! s | Bs =) S Fie = A ad 2 23 rhe aH 2 = a is S Bs =) 7) ie) Cleans tillace:. 222s 2222s 32 ses ote bao ere ee eee ee | 18,698 tb. 21,605 tb. 23,022 tb. Millage and (cover CLOp),” s-<-20-0- 2 soos) eee el) a ADO 20,582 20,681 BOGUT Chit sae ae eee ee ee ee ee 15,702 23,678 20,408 SOG, soca see ote sae ele Seta See eee ne eae 11,706 24,772 17,929 Totals --s-<- see ee ee A aS | eae OG 90,637 82,040 DERIER UA OOS Sm cr a er 100 162.8 147.4 a= Sooawoeeeces 110.5 100. Expt. 221. MillaeeandeCOver (ClO Dear sets eee ae eee | 33,119 31,924 35,502 ‘Stocall orto (hal Cee se EE ee Saeco scetesce | 21,091 35,396 28,370 a ee a ee Motals, (226225222325 5-tos- see eee See | 54,210 | 67,320 63 ,872 a tiau treet e > ti kot: ee Oe aL OL RENT beeen eee | 100 124.2 117.8 ES as Selec sees | 105.4 109 This table shows the influence of fertilizers on yield when used in connection with different cultural methods. It will be observed that in every case except one, the yields from the fertilized plots have surpassed those from the unfertilized. And in the one ex- ception the yields on the corresponding fertilized plots this past year were more than double the yield on it. In total effect, con- No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 245 sidering all treatments, the fertilized plots show a distinct increase over the unfertilized; and stable manure at the rates applied shows a small gain over chemicals.* Examining the data still more closely, we see that in every case on the tilled plots commercial fertilizer has surpassed the manure, while on the untilled plots the reverse is true. In other words, the present data indicate that, from equal values of manure and of a proper commercial fertilizer the best results are obtained by using the manure on sod or mulch areas, and reserving the chemi- cals for use in connection with tillage. Either material, however, may be used satisfactorily and it is very probable that in any case a more or less regular alternation can be made more successful than either alone. TABLE X Effect of Manuwres on Color, Size and Growth A. Expts. 217, 218 and 219. (a) Color. Per cent. Apples Colored One-half or More 2 ro = = g = £ = 5 “ E . : Be hee ae =) nD i) AVELASeODEr CERT. p12 sacs oea-- 2 re See ee ace ees aes 71.2 % 61.9 % | 62.4 % ETECONE WHCNCH ty semen saa ee ae ee ee Sea Se ee ee -9.3 } -8.8 (b) Size. Average Weight of Apples. | Average aweights «22-2 ch 5 5-3-4 S Sie ses S22 Se ee 4.71 oz. 4.99 oz. 5.25 oz. iPEST OV pe Se cee ects — a SE ees ere ee eee Ue eee 100 | 106 111.5 (ec Growth. Increase in Trunk-girth. Avera fe MNCLCASC, ~= = --2— == sn 2 saw te wee ee ea ee eee 4.12 in. 4.3 in. | 4.43 in. Fac EL ORME ee oe oe ee ea ee Be ees ee TOD) 104.1 | 107A5 senecese sees 100 103 B. Expt. 221. 1908-9. (a) Color. Per cent. Apples Colored One-half or More. INVET AP OCRDCERCCIb. 5) = sae = ee en oe re 72.5 % 68.1 % 73.5 % IPGre Cents DENCH e228 o-oo noon ae sae ee eae 4.4 A (b) Size. Average Weight of Apples. Average weight, a Vere eS 4.89 oz. 5.42 oz. 5.33 oz. fet DSS Se ale oe Reames BOE SS hE eS Soe” | 100 | 110.8 109. LG) NVC Bes See ee ed ee a | 4.22 in. 5.86 in. 4.92 in RAGIOB;, 2222-2) -- oon one ee | 100 139 116.6 119.1 100 *More plant food is being furnished by the manure, since twelve tons of average stable manure are estimated to contain about 120 ib. each of nitrogen and potash (K2O), and about 8) tb. of phosphoric pentoxid (P205). The relative cost per acre, as applied, is about $15 for the manure and $13 for the commercial fertilizer, outside of the cost of application. 246 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. Table X shows the effect of manures in both young and old orchards on color and size of fruit and on growth of trees. The effects have been fairly distinct in all cases,—reducing the color with one exception; and apparently increasing size of fruit and tree- growth.* In all cases, the color is least on the plots receiving stable manure. In the old orchard, manure shows some advantage over commercial fertilizer in wood growth and in size of apples, with effects reversed in the young orchards. The greater effect of commercial fertilizer in the young orchards is probably connected with the smaller area over which it is distributed, thus giving rela- tively stronger applications. The above data are obtained from extensive work through a short period. In Table XI, we have data from the reverse conditions,— one experiment continued over twenty-one years. TABLE XI Massachusetts Experiment on Apples, 1889-1910 + Treatments and Total Yields per Acre, to Date ( Plot. | 1 2 3 | 4 5 és 5 F a 5 S oy gq ice « Ee oe eae 3) | 88 Annual Treatment. x a 4 oo o Cs 4 Bo ae 5 so) 4 se = Ses SI 5 3 ie} | q ss oc o) | ou~s | a oe iS) ea eae AVG EBIEbHo-- cca eee eee eae | SS, 2ouiIn= 33.23 in. 27.98 in. 32.27 in. 37.02 in. IASG Secoscsee ee eseect ec osee acest TBR 118.8 100 115.3 132.3 Mields; lbi.5) ceases ae seen ea en Se ee ee OOk 12,841 | 8,940 14,453 21,863 INGO | Sooestestsce assem eee eel | OBPAE) 325.9 100 366.8 554.9 | @olor¥ andi sizessseoes =a eee 4 1 | 5 3 2 These results are similar to those recorded in the preceding tables with the differences in some cases even more distinct. In every respect the treated plots have proved superior to the untreated. The manure plot, which alone receives nitrogen in quantity, leads in yield and growth but falls next to the check in quality. It is closely followed in yield and growth and much surpassed in quality by Plot 5, which received ground bone and low grade sulfate of potash. The superiority of 5 over 4 which differs only in the car- rier of the potash is very interesting. Whether it is due to the magnesia in the sulfate or to a harmful effect of the chlorine ac- *We say ‘‘apparently’’ increased the size of fruit, since the matter of size is undoubtedly pri- marily dependent on soil moisture and number of fruits on the tree. Thus any fertilizer effect must necessarily be indirect, as in the case of color. 7Data furnished by Director Wm. P. Brooks, of the Mass. Exp. Station, December, 1909. No. 7. . DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 247 cumulating from the muriate, or to a soil difference, cannot yet be stated. It will be recalled that our results of the third year cor- roborate it, in plots which compare only sulfate and muriate. The practical point, however, is that with such differences as these existing even the over cost is small, and if so desired it can be readily met by a reduction in the amount applied. This would be justified by our present results, which indicate that the usual recommendations of potash for orchard use may be reduced to ad- vantage. CONCLUSION In general, the whole question of orchard fertilization may now be regarded as dependent on the limiting factor or need. The pro- ductiveness of an orchard depends not on one but on a number of factors, among which are location, varieties, spraying, and other care. These factors are all bound together so that improvement in one may at times indirectly benefit the whole, yet in the long run it is the weakest factors that control the crop and through them only that it can be materially affected. This means that the use- fulness of a fertilizer depends entirely on the need. Fertilization is profitable, where plant food is the limiter. But where something else is the first need and therefore is doing the limiting, it must evidently be brought up before fertilization can have any material effect. In the same way, it is evident that it is useless to apply potash alone where nitrogen or phosphates are required. And it is also probably less effective to apply any transient or quickly available fertilizer much in advance of its most active seasonal need. The problem before the orchardist therefore is one of determin- ing limiters, raising them to the level of the other factors, and there- after maintaining a balanced treatment of the whole. The de termination of limiters is easy in most cases; but with plant food and cultural or moisture requirements it is done with certainty only by trial. PROFITABLE BREEDING AND FEEDING OF BEEF CATTLE By 0. E. BRADFUTE, Xenia, Ohio I possibly run some chance of duplicating what I may have stated at Harrisburg a couple of years ago with reference to beef cattle. However, I would rather duplicate than fall into the error of telling a different story. The one who has been successful along any line is hardly able to tell a very different story in regard to that suc- cess. So if any of you were present at Harrisburg when I spoke there and hear much of the same thing, you will have to content yourself with hearing the same experience twice. 248 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. I talk to you with reference to the profitable breeding and feed- ing of beef cattle. Beef cattle have not been prominent in Penn- sylvania. As you well know the tendency of beef production has been westward continuously for a large number of years. But as the West has filled up and the large ranges have been cut up into farms it is becoming a question more of farming in the West. The tendency of the beef cattle production is again eastward because the process of making beef in the West is becoming more and more expensive. Kastern farmers were driven out of the business largely because it was not profitable. The matter was so much more simple in the West and the expense was so important an item that it made it almost impossible for eastern breeders to compete against the western breeders of beef cattle. I am not altogether sure that we have yet arrived at the period when we can say that the breeding grounds for beef cattle can be moved to the East. I may simply say that the tendency is again eastward; and this is very natural because the people who eat the best beef are the east- ern people. There are no people so well located for the market of the people who eat the best beef as the people of Ohio and Penn- sylvania. I understand very well that Pennsylvania has large dairy interests, and naturally so, because a good many people who con- sume these things are here in the State, therefore it is necessary for you to produce those things which pertain to the dairy. And. so, the breeders throughout Pennsylvania are, of course, more con- versant and have made quite a study of the problem of dairy feed- ing and breeding. The problem of breeding beef cattle and the feeding of beef cattle is not different particularly from that of the breeding and feeding of dairy cattle. You will find, I think, that it will require the same amount and the same character of brains to make a success in the one that it will in the other. If any man thinks that he can suc- cessfully produce beef cattle in a haphazzard, easy way, without any expense and without any effort, I plead with him not to under- take it and expect to be successful. There is nothing that is worth attaining that comes without great effort. As it occurs to me, the problem you will have to deal with more than any other, is the character of the cattle that you are going to breed and feed. The people to whom you will sell demand the best. They are not satisfied with ordinary beef. They can afford to buy the best. They have the money with which to pay for it and it becomes the business of the farmer to satisfy that demand. That demand is not one which is decreasing, but one which is in- creasing. Now when you stop for a moment and think you realize that everybody in this country wants to eat loin stake and the choice cuts of the beef animal. Nobody seems to be content with the flank steaks and with the inferior parts of the beef animal. Permit me to say that that is one of the things that enters into the high cost of living—that everybody wants to eat the superior parts of the animal. Now we have this with which to contend: about two-thirds of the value of an animal, as it hangs in the butcher shop, is contained in a little over one-fourth of that carcass; about sixty-four per cent. of the value of that animal is contained in about twenty-eight per cent. of that carcass. Now, I don’t think that I peed say very much more to convince you of the high importance No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 249 of having animals that have large proportions of these particular cuts, of the high priced selling cuts, because these are the parts that are wanted by the people, and it seems that everybody is willing to pay for that kind. Now if we intend to breed beef cattle, it is therefore important that we select a type of animal that will pro- duce in the greatest abundance those particular cuts of beef. I am not here to plead in behalf of any particular breed of cattle. There are a number of breeds anyone of which will give you success along that line. I need only to name at least three of them,—the Shorthorn, the Hereford and the Aberdeen-Angus. That it is pos- sible to make as great a gain on perhaps some of the steers of the dairy breed as it is on the steers of the beef breed,—I am not going to contend that it is not. There are men who have made a good profit feeding inferior cattle, buying in low condition, at a low price, feeding them up to a good stage and selling them at a con- siderable advance over the price they cost. That is a profitable method. But that side of it does not particularly appeal to me. I am one of those who look not only to reaping a profit out of a thing, a financial profit, but the profit of satisfaction as well. The profit of having said that you have done a thing well; that you are producing the best that can be produced, if you please; profit that comes from having produced a top notcher. I am not saying that profits are not made from inferior steers or animals, but I do contend that there is not only a financial profit but other profits as well that come to the men who are breeding better steers and that cater to the better markets in our great cities and to the better class of people. Now, I am well aware that perhaps not many in Pennsylvania have the foundation cow, from which they can grow this class of cattle. There are some,—I know some splendid breeders of beef cattle in Pennsylvania. You have not the number that you had years ago when Washington county was prominent in this beef breeding. You don’t so often hear of some community in Pennsyl- vania taking high rank as they did sixty years ago. When I was a boy I was always taught that one of the headquarters of pure bred stock of several kinds was in one of the counties in this State, Washington and one or two others. Of course, you have your great feeding ‘grounds, particularly in the eastern part of the State where some very fine cattle are very profitably feed. But the problem will come, perhaps, in building up a herd of beef cattle with the foundation which you have. Now I want, in as far as possible dur- ing this talk, to confine myself to the simpler things along cattle lines, not the complex but simple problem that will come up con- stantly before you and the first proposition is getting your herd established, your beef cattle herd. How shall you do that? Per haps you have practically no cows of a proper beef formation. Your neighborhood practically has no cows that are the proper type upon which to build a beef foundation. Can you afford to sell the cows which you have and go to the West and bring in cattle more of the beef type and start your herd along that line. That is a question which every farmer will have to answer largely for himself and under his own conditions. He knows what be has if he knows beef cows. Now I am going to say this to you,—there are many of you older than I,—but it has been the surprise of my life to see men that have 250 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doce. been breeding cattle all their lives who are not able to distinguish why one steer is particularly better than another. A number of years ago an old gentleman in my own neighborhood, a very inti- mate friend of mine, had a bunch of very good steers and we were feeding a bunch of steers. \A buyer came along, and offered us a cent a pound more than he would offer him. The old gentleman came to my house and looked over the cattle and said he could not see why that man would give us a cent more than him. He said, “Mine look just as good as yours and as fat.” Probably they did. He had not learned to distinguish the type that the markets de- mand. And so I say to you that if you are going to start in the beef cattle business, one of the first things you will have to do is to get the type clearly fixed in your mind, just as the man who takes a block of marble to cut out a figure has the ideal in his mind all the time. He has seen in the block of marble just what it is to be like when finished. And so the man must see in the animal which he is going to form into beef just what character of animal this is going to be when finished, and when finished it must be of the type that is in demand, that the people want. Now I know of no better way, if you are not familiar with this type, than to go to the great shows in this country, such as State Fairs and great Beef Shows and study those types. I am not going to say that we are not in danger of overdoing it in following along the lines of certain types. There are men breeding dairy cattle who are perhaps paying more attention to the type of the animal than to performance, but with beef cattle the finished animal or what he is going to produce in beef, and therefore the type has very much to do with the character of the animal; so that you will have to have some means to learn the desirable type of the beef animal and then when you have once found out you will have to stick to it. There are so many men all over this country that put one so much in mind of the dog chas- ing the rabbit down a lane. Just about the time the dog gets hold of the rabbit he slips through the fence and the dog has to go to the trouble of jumping over in order to follow the rabbit, and just as he again about catches him, again through the fence he goes. Now there are many men in our country that are playing that same game with beef and dairy cattle. Just about the time they get a good herd of dairy cows and things are beginning to do pretty well, the bottom has dropped out of their market and it looks from the other side as if beef is more profitable and so he misses his rab- bit. He jumps over the fence into the beef column and he starts for beef for a while, and when he gets his herd up to the beef stand- ard he finds the beef is not worth very much. Butter is worth thirty to forty cents and beef only $3.00, and he tries to jump over the fence again, and thus he spends his entire life doing that thing. This country is full of men who have spent their lives doing that thing. Now life is too short to jump over that fence too often. We can- not afford to do it. Then we have people that have tried to get over the fence by the dairy bull or beef bull. That is one way of get- ting over the fence if you undertake to do it. I can ruin the best dairy herd in the land in Jess than two crosses with a beef animal. I can do it with one cross; I can ruin the best beef herd in the land with one cross of the dairy bull. With about three crosses you can No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 251 get into fairly good results but not the best. Now someone will say, why not select a general purpose animal, so when beef is high you can make beef and when dairy is high you can make butter. Well, you can. Many men do do that but I do not recall one who is making a distinct success in either line by doing it. We find men content with small things, with the ordinary things. You have an ordinary animal. You produce only an ordinary amount of butter and only an ordinary quality of beef, but I believe that what is worth doing at all is worth doing well. If I want to grow beef 1 want to do that, but if I want to make butter I want to make butter. When I| think of the general purpose cow—I cannot help but think of two ladders set up in the form of a “V.” I once saw a trick performer have a little dog put his hind feet on the rung of one ladder and front feet on the rung of the other ladder and thus work up to the top of the ladder, but they don’t do that way in the cattle line. They are set up in the form of a “V” and not an animal has been produced that can put its hind feet on the top rung of the one and the front feet on the top rung of the other ladder. When he gets half way he has reached his limit. And that is the way with the general purpose cow. We get half way up the ladder. If content with being half way up the ladder perhaps that is the cow for you to raise. But I do not believe there is a young man in the country who ought to be content with getting half way up any lad- der. This is the age of young men and the young man who is going to succeed must stick to one thing. We cannot make great success and reach prominence in a few years. In many things it takes more than one generation to accomplish satisfactory results, and so I say if you are going into beef cattle go into it as if you mean to stay in it. Of course, if you do not succeed, you can sell out and commence anew in your dairy line if you wish, but don’t try crossing back and forth and expect to reach success. Now if you have a class of fairly good beef cows, by purchasing a bull, one with prepotent tendency, especially productive in beef, you might succeed in three generations of cattle life in producing a fair class of beef cattle. I am not here advocating generally the use of pure bred animals for the making of this beef nor of ex- tremely high priced animals. I do contend that the man who is content with any sort of a bull which he may pick up, without know- ing anything of his antecedents, and undertake to build up his herd on that foundation, will probably fail. It will interest you to know that we at our place have been able to sell time and again to men who have not a single pure blooded animal on their farm but simply grading up their herds to a good beef type, numbers of bulls for $200 to $300 apiece. Many men come to our place and say, “I can- not afford to buy a high class bull. I am not breeding pure bred stock.” J am not so sure about that. The men who have topped the markets year after year in Chicago are not using $50 bulls; and the men who are topping the records along dairy lines are not using inferior bulls. If you are going to succeed with either you will have to have sires that will do what you want them to do, pro- duce the type you want to produce, that are prepotent along their lines. And so I say if you have cows of a fairly good beef type, by buying a bull of that sort and placing in your herd you may be able to produce high class of beef cattle. The cattle which have won 252 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. year after year in Chicago at the great show (car load lots), have not been pure blood cattle, only a few groups in them have been pure blood; largely they have been high grade cattle, very often the crossing of two different breeds, particularly with reference to the Shorthorns and Angus,: the crossing of the one with the other. We have all looked as if they belonged to the one breed and were not a few crossings of the two breeds. And so I say, breed to a good sire to get a good foundation. Select a sire of a particular type, or that character of animal, and then build up your herd with that foundation and go on to success. Now I think we might turn our attention to the handling of our herd along beef lines. There are many who are discontented with dairy cattle on account of the labor required. It is that constant every day work that never lets up, seven days in the week, morning, noon and night. These cows must be attended to. The man who does that must be there all the time. I don’t want you to feel for a moment that if you are to succeed in beef cattle that you can do so and not give it personal attention. It will require personal attention just as the dairy requires to make it a success on the part of the same competent man. But the attention is not so intense because following up the line which I have mapped out briefly, there are seasons when we have but little work to do with them. For the next three or four months the man who is in the beef cattle business, through the grazing period, will find himself able to take considerable rest while he can see the results going on. He does not have to be there morning and night as promptly as the cow is. And therefore many men are preferring to take up the beef in- dustry simply because there is more of a rest connected with the beef industry than with the dairy industry. He has his rest days and Jax months which seem never to come in the dairy business. It is desirable, if possible, in beef cattle if you are going to breed your own calves, to have them born as nearly as possible at the same period of the year in order that you may have them all about the same age and the same size. It is just as easy to handle ten, fifteen or twenty calves as it is to tend to two or three, and if you have them all together it is a very simple matter to feed, just as with dairy calves. On the other hand if you want to keep some cows for milk- ing, it makes a flood and then again you are without it. You will find that objection. If you are.not going to use any of the milk it will pay you to have one or two dairy cows that you use for your family dairy and you have them the year through. I am go- ing to advocate as largely as possible to let these little fellows nurse their dams. I have seen fairly good calves raised by hand and some fed with separator milk but never as good ones as with the other process. It is more expensive to raise them with their mothers. Indeed you have to figure closely if you can figure out how to keep a cow a year to grow a calf; but all that you shall have to find out in the growing of beef just as in the dairy, that there are many little profits, little turns of business that cannot easily be put down on paper, that you cannot readily see. There are many things on your farm that may be consumed to advantage by your beef cattle and hogs. So I say I think the better calves are produced by let ting them run with their dams, and if you have good cows many will raise two calves. J] have known of farmers in the pure blood NOs: 3: DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 253 business who, instead of having two calves to one cow, have two cows for one calf. That is not profitable beef production. That is feeding to win. That is feeding for the show and it is necessary to do it that way if you are going to win, but those animals, indi- vidual animals, are not been fed at a profit. They are fed to win. Begin to feed your calves as soon as possible. Within fourteen days after they are born you can give them a little grain. Now every day a calf lives in which it does not make a gain it is so much loss. As Mr. Kerrick, of Illinois, would say, you grow beef; don’t fatten beef, but grow beef. Start with him as soon as born and make him into a beef animal. Make every day count. With the beef animal brought up until 1,500 pounds, the first 500 pounds of that animal is the cheapest, the second 500 pounds the next cheap- est in production and the third 500 pounds you need to be careful if you do it at a profit; so then make your animal early. The animal is practically made the first twelve months of its age. Be- gin right there and push, push him along. Never let him rest from his labors. Calves over fourteen days old we begin to feed shelled corn. Sprinkle a little corn in a low trough and step out of the pen and you will be astonished to see how soon they learn to eat that corn. Almost immediately one calf goes up and makes a be- ginning and the others follow. Just a little the first feed, feed him scantily. After a little while we add a few oats. I don’t know that you can grow corn and oats on your farms to success. I am not going to lay down hard and fast lines that you have to follow because I have long ago learned that when you undertake to apply fixed rules to any line of agriculture you are up against something and you don’t know what is going to happen. You say a thing cannot be done and about ten minutes afterwards a fellow gets up and says he did it. I am not going to say you cannot feed this or that be- cause I am likely to find the man who says he did it. I am simply giving you our experience in doing these things. If you find that you cannot get these kinds of feeds, your experience along dairy lines teaches you that you can use other kinds of feeds for the feed- ing of dairy cattle is not different from the feeding of beef cattle. You will have to exercise your own judgment as to whether or not they are balanced. You will have to figure those things out with what you can produce upon your own farms and so we cannot lay down hard and fast rules. I believe the farmer, as a rule, who makes the most profit is the man who feeds the produce of his own farm, or exchanges that produce for some of equal or more value, but every exchange or move you make adds to the expense. In all your work with beef cattle, remember that simplicity should be the rule. Whenever you begin to dabble in complicated methods, com- plicated feeds, you are getting an expensive thing on your hands. The method I am going to advocate is simple and perhaps unfashion- able on the part of many men, but it has been satisfactory and profitable with us. I like to keep the calves away from the flies if I can. Flies have become a serious problem with beef feeders just as with dairying. The experiment station men will do a great thing for this country when they show how to get rid of the flies. They will add dollars to the beef and dairy interests of this country when they solve that 954 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. problem. It will pay to keep the calves where the flies don’t disturb them, a darkened shed during the day time and then they can graze during the night or days when not disturbed. We like to have our calves come in the Fall rather than in the Spring. By having them in the Fall or early Winter and in the stable we have them under our eyes all the time and we see that they properly nurse their dams. We don’t let the calves run with the cows. We put them to the cow and put them back. We feed him with his dam and put him away. Thus your cow has fixed habits of jetting down her milk, and if you care to milk that cow in after years she has that fixed habit; whereas, a cow running in the field with her calf is practically destroyed as a milk cow if you want to use her afterwards for that purpose; and then we constantly. see the calves and know what they are doing. We begin with shelled corn and later add a little oats and then bran and then some oil meal, if we can get it, and good hay and good fodder. Just a word about balanced rations. There is one thing about feeding beef caitle. In most cases they are fed to the full. If you put the feed where they can get it they will balance the ration for you. I am not going to advocate hard and fast rules along that line. It may be unfashionable, it may not be scientific, but I have noticed this in feeding our show cattle, if we want to get the highest finish and highest results and greatest weight at the earliest age, that we scarcely feed two of them alike. Those who have large families and help the plates of the children, even if the children are all well, will recognize that you can hardly make up two plates alike. If you make them all alike there will always be some dissatis- faction. A man who knows his children knows he need not put «certain articles on all the plates. With stock it is just the same; some want one thing and some another. By having the calves come in the Fall, when grass comes they are just old enough to wean, and then you don’t ever have any bawling around. After you put them out for a few days it is all over. An- other reason I like the Fall calf is this: That the first five or six months of his age, when he is quite small, he has consumed very little of your grain. He goes on grass when he is of the age to begin the consumption of feed and he eats the cheapest feed you have on your farm, so the second six months of his age, when he begins to work and consume something he is consuming your cheapest product rather than otherwise. if you have him born in the Spring he runs with his mother all the Summer, too little to eat much grass, and at weaning time he comes on your expensive feed, corn and grain. But if you are going to have Fall calves this necessitates a warm place for feeding and housing. Now in regard to the sheltering of beef cattle: There is no class that requires so simple shelter as beef cattle. Any old shed that opens to the south and a protection from the west winds and rain is satisfactory to these cattle after a year old or even after they are six months old. I don’t care anything about the cold, if they are dry and out of the wind. They take care of the cold if well fed and make as good gain with good feed in the open sheds. If you are going to feed in an expensive manner, under high tension, or if with silage to your beef cattle, then I think you will have to have them more closely housed and it is then a problem that each: man will have to work out on his own farm, No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 255 I am going to give you a simple method by which you can feed cattle that will at least give you profitable results and I know it is a success, one of the simplest methods and in fact so old fashioned that I hardly dare name it; that is, the old fashioned method of feeding shocked corn and clover hay. Feed it in the open racks, open sheds, in the simplest manner. If you can get your corn well cut and well put up, and your land is such that you dare go out on it in the winter months with the wagon and get the feed, it is the simplest, and I believe, one of the most profitable methods that can be used. Let me show you the difference between that and the cther method. Suppose you determine to feed in a complicated method and use silage and ground feed in connection with that. It first involves the silo; it next involves a good warm barn; it next involves the husking, shelling and grinding of the corn which you don’t put in the silage, for the finishing period. It involves feeding in the inside which is always more laborious than feeding in the open racks. It takes more time and you have added almost one-third to the cost of the feed by the time you get it into the cattle, but you have not added a third to its feeding value. You have added slightly but not one-third. If you have a silo conve- nient or can get it at a reasonable price, if you have the power and the grinding equipments and shelling equipments, well and good, but this thing can be done with the simpler method and with as great profit to the farmer as he will find the other way. Several . times we have topped both the Pittsburg and Chicago markets with carload lots of cattle, handled as I have told in the simple ordinary old fashioned way, therefore, I know it can be successfully and profitably done. The cost of the more complicated way forced many men out of the business. I said to you that the cattle-growing busi- ness was drifting back East. I want to give you one of the reasons for that—because of the great expense of growing beef in the West to what it once was. In much of Texas the method has been to feed cottonseed meal. Texas is the greatest cattle-producing state in the Union, and has more cattle interests than half the other states put together. In 1880 the cost of feeding a steer, finishing on cot- tonseed meal, was $6.00 to $7.00 per head. In 1890 it had risen to $11.25 per head; in 1900 to $17.50 per head, and in 1910 the cost of feeding cottonseed meal in Texas will be from $25.00 to $27.00 per hundred. Now you can see that Texas is getting itself in the position where you can begin to compete. When they were finish- ing steers at from $6.00 to $7.00 per head on cottonseed meal and it was costing you $20.00 to $30.00 on corn, you can see that you could not do it. But now they have gotten to the point where cottonseed meal is costing from $25.00 to $27.00 per head to make their steers and you can meet with that competition; and this is true through nearly all the West. The advanced cost of producing their beef has become so great that the drift is again eastward, and profitable beef production can be undertaken in the Kast. The question comes up as to how far to carry the steer, whether to make baby beef of him or sell at the later age, and let me give you some figures again. For a period of five years the average 1,500 pound steer in Chicago was bringing $6.03 per hundred; the average 900 pound steer was bringing $4.40, a difference of $1.63; and the total gain there per hundred as between the 900 pound and 1,500 17 256 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. pound steer of twenty-seven and one-third cents. Let me take you over a fifteen year period in Chicago, all of the cattle of all kinds that went over the scales in fifteen years. The 1,500 pounds steer averaged $5.51 per hundred while the 900 pounds steer averaged $4.25, a difference of $1.26 or a total gain of twenty-one cents per hundred pounds. Now you can see there is a fixed rule by which the heavier cattle, the more finished and heavier, make a good gain in price per hundred pounds, and so it will be up to you to de termine when you want to let go of your cattle. If you carry them to the finished period you may depend on a good price and a fair profit. I don’t know that I have covered this subject, but I believe in the success of beef cattle, that they can be profitably produced, not only in Ohio, but I believe they can be profitably produced in Penn- sylvania. And I want to say this to the young men who are present: “And I have said and I say it ever, As the years go on and the world goes over, ’T were better to be content and clever In the tending of cattle and the tossing of clover, In the grazing of cattle and the growing of grain, Than a strong man striving for fame or gain.” BEEF CATTLE—THEIR RELATION TO PENNSYLVANIA AGRICULTURE By PROF. W. A. COCHEL, State College, Pa. The function of Beef Cattle in Pennsylvania, as in all other states, is to convert the crops grown on the farm into a more con- centrated and palatable product for human consumption. In great areas of the West beef cattle are used as a means of marketing grass which would otherwise have no value. Coming farther Last they are used in the corn-belt to market surplus corn and clover. As the preceding speaker has clearly pointed out, they must be handled with a minimum amount of labor if they prove profitable. In our own State we should first consider the feeds which we have at our disposal, of which grass constitutes by far the larger part. In ad- dition, we have an abundance of roughage in the form of clover, mixed hay, cornstalks and straw. Grain is not produced in so large proportion as roughage, hence we should try to produce such beef as can be made largely on rough feeds with a minimum amount of grain. Fortunately the local demand does not call for the thick, heavily fattened animals which can only be produced from a long period of full feeding on concentrated feeds, but for “good killers” and “butcher stuff’ which would require from sixty to ninety days feeding to make them “prime.” These two factors fit very nicely together and indicate that the Pennsylvania feeder is fortunate in No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 257 having a demand for the kind of beef most easily produced with the feed at his disposal. Your College of Agriculture and Experiment Station has under- taken a study of a few of the factors which have a direct bearing on profitable methods of fattening steers. For this purpose two carloads of “feeders” were purchases on the Chicago market at $4.65 per cwt., December 1, 1909. They were shipped to State College und allowed two weeks to overcome soreness from shipping and to become accustomed to new conditions before the Winter’s feeding experiment was started. Charging the cattle with commission, yard- age and freight enroute, also for all feeds consumed before the be- einning of the Experiment, made them cost at that time five (5) dol- lars, per cwt. They averaged eight hundred pounds per head in weight. They were fed in four different lots during a period of five months, at the close of which they were valued by Mr. J. K. Con- rad, of Pittsburg, using the Pittsburg market value as a basis for computing financial results, Lot I was fed a full feed of grain, with roughage limited to what they would clean up readily. Lot Ii was fed two-thirds as much grain as Lot I with all the roughage they would consume. It was found from this comparison that the steers fed a full feed of grain made more rapid gains and would have had to sell for $6.68 per cwt., at the close of the experiment to pay for feeds consumed, while their market value at that time was $7.60 per cwt. The profit per steer was $9.96 which made the corn fed bring 97.1 cent per bushel. When a lighter grain ration was used the rate of gain was not quite so great, the cost of gains less and the cattle would have had to sell — at $6.23 per cwt., while their actual value was $7.35 per cwt. The profit per steer was $11.80, making the corn fed bring $1.19 per bushel. The heavy feeding of grain during so long a period as five months was not justified by the additional finish carried by the full-fed cattle over those receiving a limited ration as the difference in cost was thirty-five cents and the difference in value only twenty- five cents per cwt. This experiment clearly demonstrates that the Pennsylvania feeder, using high-priced corn, cannot afford to put steers in prime condition, as the local demand is usually for a cheaper grade of beef. The second experiment was one to test the infiuence of shelter for fattening steers which have a roughage ration made up largely of corn silage. The cattle were quite uniform in age, type and condi- tion. One lot was fed in an open shed, boarded up tightly on three sides, open to the southeast, the other lot in the basement of a bank barn, well lighted and well ventilated. Each lot was given the same amount of concentrates with roughage according to appetite. The results show that the steers fed in an open shed gained 2.36 pounds per head daily as compared with 2.13 pounds by those in the barn. At the close of the experiment the open-shed steers had cost seven- teen cents Jess per cwt., were valued at fifteen cents per cwt. higher and made a profit of $3.98 per steer, more than those fed inside. The corn-fed outside brought fifteen cents more per bushel than that fed inside. This test clearly demonstrates that the feeding of corn silage does not necessitate the use of warm quarters for fatten- ing cattle. It is essential, however, that the steers be well-bedded and protected from wind and rain. 17—7—1910 258 ANNUAL REPORT OF TIE Of. Doc. The work of the Station has clearly demonstrated that, under the conditions prevailing during the past winter (1909-10), beef cattle bought upon the open market, fed intelligently, have paid market price for all the roughage consumed in addition to one (1) dollar per bushel, for the corn. ‘This does not include the value of the manure nor the amount of waste feed utilized by hogs. While the price of beef was exceptionally high during the past year, the same was true of “feeders” and of feeds, so that the results are not abnormal. In closing, I might say that the function of Beef Cattle in Penn- sylvania is to utilize large amounts of roughage, to enable the farmer to carry a large amount of livestock in proportion to the labor required, to turn to profitable account large areas of rough grazing land that is at present not under cultivation, to furnish a market for the damaged and unmarketable material produced on practically every farm and at the same time build up the soil in order that it may continue to produce maximum crops. If the farmer will go into the production of beef in a conservative way, selecting cattle of the proper type, he will undoubtedly, in a series of years, be in much better financial condition than one who markets his crops in their original state. ADDRESS By E. 8S. BAYARD, Pittsburg, Pa. You know what I told last year, you can’t keep a good man from “coming out at the top.” I am very much interested in this discussion on beef cattle and T think that is the reason Mr. Black called upon me, because he is a beef cattle man and he wanted to prolong this discussion. The CHAIRMAN: We don’t want any other subject introduced. MR. BAYARD: I will try to keep on this subject. There is one thing I want to emphasize and that is in regard to our markets in Pennsylvania. We have a peculiar market here in our coal and manufacturing towns. It requires ordinary or half-fat cattle I have come to the conclusion that it will pay a man to buy in the fall common cattle, the kind he can buy cheap, and feed them for this market. When you come to breed cattle, breed the best you can. But the man who feeds cattle can profit by the other fellow’s folly. The cheaper he buys them the better for him, because he can often make a greater improvement in value on the common steer than on the other kind, especially if he does not carry him to a finish. Take a common steer in the fall and when he has more flesh he goes. up a notch in the market classification. These cattle, to be sold be- fore they are fat, can use a cheaper class of fed than the good cattle. They lack breeding of course and when marketed make ordinary butcher cattle. They sell comparatively high because of the pecu- liarity of our market that does not require so much fat. The country No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 259 butcher pays a comparatively high price for the common steer. The butchers are paying now around $7.25 for pretty ordinary steers. It seems to me that Pennsylvania people should adapt themselves to the requirements of the meat market. They can buy this common stuff cheap in the fall and they can sell it comparatively high from the 1st of February on up to June or July. Of course if you have to ship your cattle where they require high-class beef I would not take that kind of cattle. I often wonder if the people of the State understand much about the grades of cattle in the market. I remember a number of years ago a man came to Pittsburg with a load of steers that sold for less than our lowest quotations for common ones. He found out who I was and he gave me a call-down. He said he had good cattle and they sold below our lowest quotations. We went down and iooked them over. I had never seen such cattle as he had. I didn’t know cattle could be that common. They were little mouse-colored and brindled knot-heads. Those cattle were raised somewhere in the brush. They didn’t have anything about them that good fat cattle ought to have. Yet he thought he had good cattle and thought he would get a good price for them. Now the market price does not depend upon what your idea of cattle is. It depends on what the killer’s idea of cattle is, the man who cuts them up. It is his ideas and not yours or mine that count. Would you like me to tell you something about the grades of livestock? In the first place for the past winter the market-topping steer has been one of some weight, smooth and fat, 1,350 to 1,450 pounds—they don’t like them heavier than 1,450 pounds. This week a load of cattle sold at $8.70 that topped the market. They weighed j,484 pounds and they were good. Next to that we have a class of cattle that have the weight and flesh but not quite as much quality. They have not the shape, not the breeding, possibly too much soup bone underneath, perhaps a little plain. Then we come to another grade that weigh around 1,200 to 1,250 pounds, good and fleshy but not quite heavy enough to bring the top, sometimes bringing more than the heavier type but not at present; those cattle are selling around $7.75. Then we have what we call good butcher steers, good fat butcher steers, 1,100 to 1,150 pounds. They must be well shaped and well bred and well finished, and you can get a steer that weight now of good finish. I saw several loads of cattle of that kind sold on Monday that I call good cattle, at $7.60 and $7.75. In the sum- mer time they sell higher in proportion than the heavier cattle do, but you all understand why. Butchers cannot keep the heavier car- casses so well in the hot weather. Then we get beyond that and lave the ordinary class of butcher cattle weighing 1,000 to 1,050 pounds. They sell around $7.25 now. And then we go below that to a rather common lot of butcher cattle, weighing 900 to 950 pounds and selling at $6.50 @ 6.75. When you go below that you get into the trashy class, $6.00 @ 6.25 the way the market is now. Perhaps I would better say something about market bulls, cows and heifers. When I first went into the cattle business if you raised a heifer, no matter how good, you got no price for it; 3 @ 31 cents for a good heifer. This has changed. To-day you can sell your fat heifers to the butcher markets all over our State and get a good price for them. I saw a load sell for $7.90 per ewt. the past winter and 260 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. they were not all heifers, a few cows among them. A good fat heifer weighs from 800 to 1,000 pounds as a rule, sometimes they weigh more, but that is the kind they like. I[ saw three averaging around $50 pounds sell the other day for $7.50 per ewt., good and fat. Cow buyers like them to weigh from 1,000 to 1,200 pounds. 3 . b Qu ) sc ag = g ae : =e 8 | £8 aes ical A is) Fy 1G Thre FOOWGI) LI, eee ee oa oc ence ere e Sea ee Se | 2.28 0.44 $0 05 $0.0195 OUT POWNGS) COM | ]-=2----22->--22— + <2 - a eee ee | 3.24 0.28 0 05 0.0125 01 ep ae oe a at UI pete ob oe Se 5.52 0.72| $010] $0.0320 302 ANNUAL REPORT OF THR Off. Doe. If the four pounds of corn are replaced by two pounds of gluten feed and two pounds of cottonseed meal, and if three pounds of Ajax are used in the place of three pounds of the bran, the ration will be considerably improved at only a slight difference in expense. é | 4 2 uc) nas = Sal Pe % - =] oO g [5 3 = e w - oa aie ag se] 29 3 Oo pa me) eg | B38 | ¢ | #8 6 20 5, 3 oA = A iS) Mwospoundssiutenutecd: wes. s cee ae eee a oe ee 1.56 0.40 $0.033 . $0.0185 hwo. pOUNnGS COLLONSCEG Meal (yess == ee a ee 1.62 0.72 | 0.036 0.0337 Mhrees pounds JAdiks tose aes aes ee ee a eae 2.40 | 0.66 0.046 0.0852 Guepound sDran es) a eee eee 0.57 | 0.11 0.012 | 0.0049 Motalin tego eth ee et ee a pene ee 6.15 1.89 $0.127 | $0.0923 It will be noticed that the total food value, i. c., the total digestible material is somewhat increased from 5.52 pounds to 6.15 pounds, and that there is not much difference in cost for each pound of di- gestible food. The first ration furnishes 5.52 pounds of digestible material for ten cents or 1.8 cents for each pound digestible. The second ration contains 6.15 pounds digestible at a total cost of 12.7 cents or 2.1 cents for each pound of digestible food. The most striking difference in the two rations is with reference to the amount of protein they contain. Here the figures are 0.72 pounds for the first ration as compared with 1.89 pounds in the second. In other words the amount of digestible protein in the ration has been much more than doubled, with only a slight increase in the cost of the whole ration and of course a Jarge decrease in the cost of each pound of digestible protein. It is evident from the figures given that the present market prices bear little or no relation to the amount of protein contained in the feed and the obvious lesson is that in buying feeds for the dairy cow those should be selected that furnish the largest amount of protein at a reasonable price. The fertilizer side of heavy protein feeding should not be ignored. During the last few years the market price of nitrogen has risen until now in mixed goods it costs not less than twenty-five cents a pound and probably in most cases it exceeds thirty cents. No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 303 The richer the food in protein, the richer the manure in nitrogen, and it is much cheaper to buy nitrogen in feed and apply it to the fields through stable manure, than to buy it in the form of commer- cial fertilizer. Pounds of nitrogen per ton, Value of nitrogen per ton at 25 cents per pound COLE yb ae eee ae i eel OM ta ES Sens Sa ee Ree Peat | 29 | 7 25 HUPON TCO = 8 oo eee cee ee Se aw ce ae Ne PE ee ee ae wenee ce U4 | 18 50 EAS EN a ee ne on a ge Se ee re Ee ae eae ee 94 23 50 IEEE, UGG oo eee oes ssa se oS Ses So So ee SE Ee SSE 106 26 50 @ottonseedemeals.:. 22 fe s22 5S S555 oa a en a aan ne sabato meee cene eee 135 | 33 75 The fertilizing value of cottonseed meal is equal to its market price and although the dairyman cannot expect to recover in the manure all of the nitrogen of the feed, he ought to save four-fifths of it. Under present prices and conditions it is much better for the dairyman to spend his fertilizer money for the cheaper phos- phoric acid and potash and obtain the needed nitrogen by the pur- chase of concentrated feeds. Most writers and speakers say that the full standard ration for the dairy cow should be fed when she is in full flow of milk and that later on as the milk flow decreases the amount of grain should be correspondingly lessened. My practice has been different. I have fed a maximum of grain to the cows fresh in milk and have reduced this only in slight amount until the cows became dry. Dur- ing the latter part of the milking period the food of the cow must supply the ingredients for the milk produced and must also fur- nish everything necessary for the growth of the calf. No exact state- ment can be made as to how much extra protein the cow must con- sume for the needs of the calf, but it is probably not far out of the way to say that the growth of the calf to the time of its birth re- quires as much food as would be needed for the production of an extra thousand pounds of milk. But I believe in heavy grain feed- ing to the cow in the latter part of the lactation period, for still an- other reason. It seems to have been pretty definitely settled that a cow gives more milk and makes more butter in a year, the fatter she is at the time of calving. Now that milk-fever has ceased to be a menace, no dairyman can afford to have his cows in poor flesh at calving-time. Summary—Use such highly nitrogenous grains in the dairy ration, that the cow is always receiving an excess of digestible protein. Continue this heavy protein feeding throughout the milking period. 20 304 ANNUAT, REPORT OF TIVE Off. Doe COW TESTING ASSOCIATIONS By HELMER RABILD, Washington, D. C. The subject of cow testing associations is one which is very dear to my heart, because I have seen them in operation, and know what great things they have accomplished for dairymen in the old world. As many of you know, it was not my good fortune to be born under the Stars and Stripes. I was born and raised in Denmark, that little two-by-four country across the Atlantic Ocean, which has an area of 15,000 square miles, and a population of two and a half millions of people. I should like to go back in the history of Denmark a few years, in order to show the tremendous lot of good the cow testing asso- ciations have accomplished for its farmers and if I should say any- thing about the dairymen of that country which you might con- strue as a boast, 1 would ask you not to take it so, because no one can be more loyal to the country of his adoption than I am to this country. IJ speak of Denmark and the progress they have made be- cause I am intimately familiar with it, have contributed my little mite towards it, and because I believe we can find in the history of this progress something from which we can draw a lesson. In 1848-49 and 50, Denmark was involved in a war. Although this war was declared a victory for the Danish weapon, it drew very heavily on the resources of the country. A large number of its best men lost their lives in the struggle, and the expenses of the war were yet to be paid. The nation was slowly recuperating from the effects of the war, when in 1864 it was forced into a new war. This war it lost, and with it the dearest possession Denmark ever had, Schleswig-Holstein. The expenses of carrying on the war were still unpaid, and the national debt, to use an expression often heard in those days “extended up over the chimney tops.” This enormous debt had to be paid by taxation of the resources of the country. The resources of Denmark were very limited, there were no forests, no mines, no industries, and no shipping, and the only resource which could be taxed was the soil; in other words, the farmers had to foot the bill. The country was on the verge of bankruptcy. The rate of interest was in 1872 three and one-half per cent. higher than it was on the English burse. The taxes went sky-high, and the sys- tem of agriculture carried on on the farm was not good enough so that it could create funds enough to meet these taxes. The Danish farmer had for many years been engaged in the beef business, and shipped his beef to the English market; but just about at this time the English farmer made up his mind that he might as well pro- duce his own beef and keep that money in his own country, and so he asked Parliament to restrict the importation of Danish beef. This was done through Quarantine regulations, and the Danish Non DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 305 farmer lost his last resource, the beef business. Many of them de- spaired of ever making enough money to meet the demands of the heavy taxation on their high priced land, and a large number left their farms and homes to be sold at sheritf sale to come to this country and try to make a new home for themselves and their families. Some, however, for reasons sentimental or otherwise, did not want to leave the country of their birth; they would rather starve there than live in plenty anywhere else, and these were the ones who have made Denmark the dairy country it is to-day. The cows that were on the farms in Denmark at that time were principally beef cows. ‘The average production of butter per cow in 1884, just twenty-five years ago, was only 112 pounds of butter per cow in a year. The Danish farmer soon realized that if he wanted to make any profit in dairying which, at that time, gave promise of staple markets for butter at fair prices, it was necessary that he should develop a better producing strain of cows, and he started in to select from his native cows, the individuals which showed that they possessed dairy quality, bred them to good sires, and raised their female progeny, and in this way he has succeeded in raising the average production per cow until in 1908 was 224 pounds of butter per cow a year. He has virtually changed the beef breed into a dairy breed by selection and good breeding. Along with this came a great improvement in the prosperity of the country, which in 1872 was on the verge of bankruptcy, and to-day it stands as second richest nation of the world in per capita wealth. Now, ladies and gentlemen, that is what cow testing associations and dairying have accomplished for the Danish farmer, and it ex- plains why I am enthusiastic about. these associations. The aver- age production of butter per cow in this country to-day is, accord- ing to the United States census of 1900, only 142 pounds of outter per cow ina year. If we figure that this butter sells for twenty-five cents per pound, it means that the average cow brings in $35.50 in a year. Now, if it does not cost more than this amount for feed, the dairymen can just come out even; and if we figure that the skim milk, the calf, and the manure will offset the cost in taking care of the cow, the farmer has simply sold his feed to that cow at the market price, and has not made any profit on his dairy operations. I do not see any reason why we should not be able to double this production, as the Danish dairymen have done, for we have a bet- ter climate, better feed, better cows to start with and just as good men. But if we do, I think we must follow the same lines, and perhaps adopt the same system that the Danish farmers did. That is the reason why the Dairy Division of the Department of Agriculture has interested itself in the organization of cow testing associations, and have experimented with them in this country until we have learned that with some modification they can be successfully operated under our conditions. We have in this country to-day fifty-two cow testing associations, and there is promise of a good many more. A cow testing associa- tion, to be brief, is simply an organization of twenty-six farmers which club together for the purpose of improving the profits from their dairy operations, through selection of the individuals in herds which show special dairy tendencies. Such an association employs one man who goes from place to place cence a month among the mem- 20—7T—1910 . 306 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doce. bers. He makes a visit to each place once a month, and obtains data from which he can judge the individuality of each cow in the herd. He remains twenty-four hours on each farm, and while he is there he takes part in the feeding, and weighs the feed each cow con- sumes. He also weighs the amount of milk each cow produces and he tests the richness of this milk with a Babcock tester. He does this night and morning at regular intervals twelve times during a-year. And in this way he learns how much milk and butter fat each cow produces in a year, how much feed she consumes, and how much it costs to keep her. The farmer is furnished a complete record of each individual in his herd, and with this as a basis is enabled intelligently to select those for breeding purposes, which show the highest development of dairying tendencies. And first of ali he learns which ones of his cows do not produce enough milk and butter fat to pay for the feed they consume. He learns to know his “star boarders.” You know a “star boarder” is one who never misses a meal, and never pays a cent, and we have entirely too many of that class of “star boarders” in our herds. If we had not, the average production would be a great deal higher than it is to-day. I have on this chart ten years record of one herd, and it shows what can be accomplished through membership in a cow testing association. Herd B, Owned by Aug. Kinch, Beltaberga, Sweden < 100 Feed Units | ow gw | | i=" | 5 c E | Gave. J 2 ca E a4 A S g = ral = | o | 2 ] qa | & 3 = ut i | Q > | mer 1} S| og | gp 2 |) ge eee | ol I o = | # E : B | F 2. | 3) r) | fa RE flee 3 a a es Z “es | 8 BO I a PA aa dace ie] g SB | & bo S) > oy ees 5 re) | < < fy < Yee mee <¥ | m& | : | | ITS wee ooh ee eee 70 2,421 | 7,820 | 3.05 245 302 | 10.1 19.8 Belong po) cannes ae 8 | 2,695 | 7,905 3.13 272 | 293 | 10.1 | 19.8 Phird, eee soe ee 46 | 2,566} 9,003 3.20 317 350 1258) 16.2 HOurths 2 2ese ses 55 2,507 9,984 3.18 350 | 398 13.9 | 14.3 BUTE wee Soe eee eee 61 2,587 10,584 3.22 376 407 14.5 | 13.8 Six thee acs eer 64 2,743 11,236 3.22 399 | 409 14.5 | 13.7 Seventh 22s | az 8,035 11,333 3.21 401 372 13.2 15.1 TOT cy eee PEE 7 | 3)101 11,486 | 3.18. 408 369 13.0 15.4 Ninth ccs (WA BAG 11,023 | 3.17 | 385 358 12.5 16.0 Ron Ln see ee 79.| 8,051 11,399 | 3.34 | 421 374 13.8 14.5 ncrease,: ~==522--3 | am 630 4,079 | 29 | 176 72 3.7 | -5.3 | You will notice that Mr. Kinch had seventy cows to begin with, when he joined the association. After being a member one year, he learned that only twenty-eight of them were good enough so as to be used for breeding purposes, and so he promptly sold off the balance of the herd. He bred these twenty-eight cows to sires whose dams and granddams showed superior dairy qualities, and raised their heifer calves. He had some heifer calves from those twenty- eight cows on hand which were added to the herd so that in the third year he had forty-six cows. This number kept increasing until in No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 307 the seventh year he had one more cow than he started with. In the tenth year he had seventy-nine cows, and the average production of the herd had been increased 4,079 pounds of milk per cow. The increase in butter per cow was 176 pounds. It took 630 more feed units per cow to produce this increased amount, but giving the feed units a value of two cents per unit, and the butter a value of thirty cents per pound, he had increased the profit per cow from seventy cows from $25.08 to $65.28. ‘This means that in the tenth year he received $2,814 more from the same number of cows than he did when he started as a member of the cow testing association. Assuming that he could apply the income from his herd to pay off a mortgage on the farm, with a herd like the one he owned the first year he could pay off a $20,000 mortgage in seventeen years; while, with a herd like the one he had the tenth year, this mort- gage could be paid off in five and one-fourth years. So, you see the value of that part of his life which he puts into the dairy business has been material increased. I see no reason why an American Dairyman should not be able to do equally as well. It seems to me that it is only a matter of get- ting started. On this second chart we find the average of the Lundatrakten’s Cow Testing Association for ten years. Lundatrakten’s Cow-Testing Association, Sweden oy { ™m n 2 = HS} 100 Feed Units oe 3 2 Gave. ° ° | = =F S a Ree: 3 5 E BE ey E Year. as a3: 3 5 ae as 2 5] aS = 7 es B ier oe ) 2h = H = a2 Eee = ae | 3 os aE S'S 5 53 3 2 eo eS = -Q ° ro) aes ee < < fy | fy ] | ] RII te sere oe eae a ee Oe et | 2,586 | 6,890 | 3.11 326 | 266 | oul RECON Sete en sae eee ne ee cece | 2,458 6,582 | 3.11 225 | 268 9.1 Miitde- + iss es ees ee a eee ab | Wee ei 3.16 256 | 294 10.2 USI tae eee ree ee eee ee ee a1 7,692 | 3.17 | 268 319 11.1 CAV in Fi aaa ee Ye eee HI Mitr (3 3.04 256 336 ite SENOS oa Soccer co as eles eee aaee |} 2,448 1 8,268 | 3.04 | 277 338 11.3 SEventihis 9 skeen ea. Le een nee 2,603 | 9,155. 3.05 307 352 11.8 NEE Soest ae. eT oe ea 2,648 | 9,338 | 3.15 | 324 353 12.3 IIT hiner ene eee ae 2.585 | 9,183: | 3.15 | 319 | 355 i223 Tenth, -..-.-----------------------------| 2,751 | 10,064 3.12 345 366 12.6 [NOTCASG oe Pee ena eee | 165 | 3,174 01 | 109 100 3.5 | | There were 639 cows in this association, and figuring the feed units at the cost price of two cents per unit and the butter at its selling value of thirty cents per pound, 639 cows in the tenth year returned £18,240 more than they did during the first year they were in the cow testing association. There has been a continual increase in the amount of production, as well as in the economy of production. Knowing these splendid increases which the cow testing work has accomplished, you will understand why I am enthusiastic about it. In stimulating the interest in the work, the Dairy Division is co- operating with State authorities. In this State Prof. Van Norman 308 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. is much interested in the work, and through his efforts two cow test- ing associations have been organized in the State; one at State Col- lege, and one at Chadd’s Ford. The Dairy Division, as I said before, is very much interested in this work, because of the results which have followed-it in places where it has been tried. It stimulates interest in better dairying; not only in the development of better cows, but in better feeding, better housing and better care of the animals, better care of the product, it fosters community spirit, because it is co- operative, and it stimulates interest in the work on the farm, and that is what is needed most of all in a great many cases. I have gone over this rather hurriedly, because the time is short, but if you know of any communities where there are twenty-six men who would be willing to pay $1.00 per cow per year toward de- fraying the expenses connected with this work, and let it be said in passing that this dollar goes to paying the salary of the man, the Dairy Division shall be glad to assist you through Prof. Van Norman in getting an association organized. We will also, as far as our facilities permit, assist the association by furnishing books and blanks for the record work until such time as the State may make an appropriation for providing this material. THE REQUISITES OF A GOOD INSTITUTE LECTURER By PROF. EDWIN VAN ALSTYNE, Kisderhook, N. Y. I trust that none of you will think it presumptious, for the stranger within your gate, to have selected the above topic. Should you consider me as one, “sitting in the seat of the scornful,” or like the colored brother, who at a funeral of one of his race, pushed aside the wailing mourners and said, “If you wish to see grief, let me come,” I “should repent in sack cloth and ashes at having even thought of presenting the eet that follows: For while your innate courtesy would prevent any audible comments coming to my ears, I am sure I could read in your faces the comment, “What dees this babbler say?” or, “Physician, heal thyself.” Rather con- sider me as one among you who serveth. The subject matter of this paper I have been incubating on for about a year, to deliver at the request of Commissioner Pearson, be- fore my fellow-workers in New York. Not because “I have by any means attained, or am already perfect,” but that a training under such men as J. S. Woodward, Prof. I. P. Roberts, Col. F. D. Curtis, G. T. Powell, and an experience and association of over twenty years, with some of the best men in my own State, as well as those whom we are all delighted to honor, for their work’s sake, from the broad field of our own country, and our Canadian cousins across the border, and not least among the number some of your own Penn- sylvania men with whom I have worked both at home and abroad No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 309 and to all of whom I am debtor, has given me opportunities to mark the strong points as well as observe and depreciate the weak ones. To the end that I might speak a word, that would help some of the younger men, that they in their day—which is right upon them, for we of the old guard, in less than a decade will have put off the harness—may do better work than we ever did. For the Institutes of the future, with a trained class of hearers will demand a class of instructors far beyond those who have gone before. We have laid the foundation but it is for you to rear the superstructure. I was speaking to our ex-Director Smith at one time about the men whom we had tried and apparently found wanting, and I said, “Perhaps we have been too critical. Think what we were when we started.” He replied, “You forget, Van, that the people took from us twenty years ago,—because they knew no better,—what they will not tol- erate to-day.” Surely he was right, for I would indeed pity the audience as well as the speaker, who had to submit to what we were able to give in those formative days. Therefore, anything that I may say which may seem critical, is very likely a criticism that I have sometime had laid at my own door. All is spoken in the spirit of brotherly kindness, if you will so receive it and if on my return, or in the years to come, I can feel that any word spoken here to-day, has helped any one of you to do more efficient work, and to have higher standards, and keener conceptions of your practice and opportunities, I shall feel well repaid. For nothing am I more grateful than for the words spoken in season by some of those early associates, to whom I have referred. In the quiet of our rooms, after the day was done, calling attention to a loose or incorrect statement, a faulty or weak presentation, an unfortunate illustration or story, or some mannerism, that persisted in, would have been fixed. Of course some of them hurt at the time— for like all young men, I naturally thought I was a Bonargares, but what measure of success that has come to me [I attribute largely, to the pruning knife, which they so nicely and so kindly used, and the high standard they set up. For they were giants in those days and their high standards I have never seen surpassed. With all this in mind I had the boldness to give Director Martin the above, as one of the subjects upon which [ might talk. Yet I was after all appalled, when I saw that he had selected it. He hav- ing so selected, and being with you in the flesh, I shall therefore give you my message, in faith—that it may be received with kindness,— in hope that it may be of profit,—in charity that thinks no evil,— and with fidelity to what I feel within me to be the truth. THE MAN There are many things required of a good institute instructor; but first and above all must be the man. He may be, should be, many things, but all else will be as sounding brass and tinkling cymbals, except he is a success at home. By success I do not mean, he must have attained a competency. For many a man has made money, who is far from a success, but that he must be actually doing the things of which he speaks and doing them in such a way that he can speak to his own neighbors with the same force with which he speaks to strangers. This I make the first requisite of any man or woman 310 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. that comes into my corps. When a conductor can introduce a speaker with a guarantee that he knows that he is doing that of which he speaks he has done much to insure the man a respectful hearing. Last winter I brought a new man into my force. He is a comparatively poor man: but because he has one of the best cared for young orchards in New York, an object lesson to the neigh- borhood, and has made a success with poultry, vegetables and small fruits, I was not opposed to trying him out, knowing that if he failed to make good as an instructor he would command respect for what he was doing; for no man can get very far away from his reputation at home. I have known some of the ablest men on the platform, who were favorites with their audiences, for the time be- ing, whose farming was a by-word and a hissing to their neighbors. And “their works do follow them,” for at a later visit no one had any faith in even the good true things he said; more than that, it marred the effect and effort of any other man in that place, perhaps for years to come. A case in point: Not long ago I followed a man who is exceedingly bright, well educated and I am told an excellent instructor. I knew that he had had little practical experience on the farm, and what he had, was not much to his credit. He was cn this account eliminated from the force. The place had an excel- lent reputation as a good institute town. There were some local conditions which had rather reduced the attendance: but not enough, it seemed to me, to account for the falling off from the record of the previous year, and the lack of keen interest which makes a first class institute. I had with me a most excellent force, each one of whom I could swear by as doers, and each well suited to the needs of that community. After the meeting was over, a gentleman said to one of us, “You gave us different doctrine from the man we had a year ago.” After some questioning I found what had been said, and then drew out the comment, “We inquired about him and found he had made a failure of school teaching, farming, and everything he had undertaken, and then went to work for the State.” I asked, “Did that have anything to do with the reduced attendance and in- terest?” He replied, “Yes, I am sorry to say it did.” Comment is unnecessary. I would not for the moment imply that any man who is a success in the thing of which he speaks is a good institute man. Far from it. ABILITY TO TEACH A man must be apt to teach, but I insist he must first be a success. \Ve have, as have you, scores of good men, patterns in their com- uunities. Some of them are not able or willing to go from home, so no matter what their ability they are not to be reckoned with. Others are able, some are willing, and some are anxious to go, but they lack the training, or the ability to so express themselves, as to be of any benefit to their hearers. I have known many such, and they call forth my deepest sympathy and regret. With such I would bear long in the hope that they might, by environment and association improve; but an experienced man can, I think, very quickly tell whether such a man has the power in himself to make him a good teacher. One case will illus- trate this: There is a young man in my state whose work in a cer- tain line of farm improvement and crop growing, I have watched Nora DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 311 for several years at long range. He is an eminent success. Be- cause of this he was asked’to do some lecturing; in fact he did prac- tically a whole winter’s work. Needing some one in his particular line, and knowing he had the first requisite and feeling the experi- ence he had would warrant it, in an unguarded moment I engaged him for three months. Later I was told that he was not a success as a teacher, but feeling that I could help so worthy a man, who had in him so much good sense, by timely counsel, I started in with high hopes. At the start I saw he lacked preparation, and I suggested an outline, which suggestion he gladly received, but alas, the longer I had him the worse he got. He wandered from Dan to Bersheeba and when he had occupied more than his allotted time had often not touched upon the very things the people wanted. I never had & man get on my nerves so before. The truth was that he could de, and did do, well the things that he had undertaken on the farm, but his mental processes were too slow ever to be a teacher. I was ready to sing the Doxology, when business matters compelled him to retire from the force. The pity of it was that he was a likable fellow and so far as he knew, he tried hard. It is the audi- ence I am always thinking of. With another man, an eminent suc- cess in his line, but so slow and sleepy that after we had him out a week, I had a note sent up from the floor reading, “For heaven’s sake stop that insect and save the audience.” Ability to teach is to a great degree a gift, but there are those things which will materially assist if one will heed them. Of these I will speak later on. A GOOD MORAL CHARACTER Though a man may have the two requisites mentioned, yet he falls far short of the full stature of a good institute instructor if he is not a man of good morals. Right here I want to stop and bear testimony to the fact, that with very few exceptions, the institute men with whom I have worked—and they are many—have been Christian gentlemen. The purpose of the institute is to teach agriculture, not to discuss politics, finance or religion. But the institute that has not left a little higher standard of morals and ethics in a community has not done all it ought, and might. After all the main thing back of a man’s teach- ing, is what he is. Too often in rural communities the moral stand- ards are none too high, as evidenced by the lewdness and profanity which abounds in ordinary conversation. Often an evidence of a deficient vocabulary and a lack of knowledge—that does not indi- cate a high type of manliness. Or the patronage received by local saloons, or—by courtesy—hotels. I do not mean to say that this is confined to farmers. It is considered part of the stock in trade of a local minister to advise against these things, but when there come into their midst, farmers whose hands are calloused, and who are familiar with farm work, which mark them as men of like pas- sions with themselves, with good red blood in their veins who ab- stain from such things; and as opportunity offers—withiout osten- tation—take a stand for rightiousness, and are not ashamed to pay tribute, and own allegiance to the church, they leave an impress not soon forgotten. All of which dignifies agriculture. Unless the farmer can be made a better—broader man, it will, in the last 312 ANNUAL REPORT OF TH) Off. Doe. analysis, avail little, simply to make him a better farmer. The in- stitute instructor who between sessions, practices at the bar, or listens to, or worse still, tells obscene stories, or who, by his con- duct in any way, does that which is contrary to good morals, may provoke the laugh, and think himself a good fellow, but be sure he will lose cast, even with those addicted to such practices. Of course it should go without saying, that an institute man should be one whose business transactions at home will bear the keenest scrutiny. For be assured of this, so long as you are one among many, in your own community, doing neither more or less than the rank and file, men will expect no more of you than the average, but advance a step ahead of the procession, as a man does who attempts to instruct others, and you are singled out and stand in the lime light of public criticism. SCIENTIFIC TEACHING There is science and science, really in essence, applied knowledge. The true scientist, teacher or experimenter will never make the best institute worker. Such men if they be apt to teach, as some of them are, are necessarily in demand by the growing class, who read the bulletins, and are abreast of the times. They—the scientists—are able to speak with authority. In many sections I would I had one or more always with me, but they are specialists and in most cases do not speak the language, or think the thought of the farmer. Let me say right here, that if we are to be of the greatest benefit to the hearers, we must be able to do that thing. If I have had any success im institute work, it is because I have been able to place myself in the position of the poor man in the back seat, from the standpoint of a hard earned dollar. The young graduate, so full of science that it hurts him, and also full of zeal which we admire, though often it is not according to knowledge, does not fill the bill with the hard- handed and headed farmer, for in spite of Paul’s admonition to Timothy ‘Let no man despise thy youth,’ unless the young man shows plainly that he has always been taught in the school of eco- nomic experience; his youth will be despised. Yet from this class are coming, and must come, the best institute workers of the future, . therefore with such, brethren, be exceedingly patient and long suf- fering, for they should have, and often do have in them the very root of the matter. The farmers’ institute lecturer should always be familiar with the latest research knowledge on the subjects he treats. It is better not to teach at all than to teach that twice two makes six. As Josh Billings says, “Better not to know so much than to know so many things that are not true.” Gov. Hoard once remarked to the speaker, “You want to have a firm grip on what you know.” I would, how- ever, say as little about science as possible. Should one go to the platform with a lot of bulletins, the inference, on the part of the audience, would be that such a man is speaking from little experience of his own, and I fear it is often right. Have the facts clear in mind and stand by them. I know of nothing more riduculous than to hear a layman get off a lot of scientific terms intended to show his learn- ing; but they leave the impression, in the mind of the hearers, that “such knowledge is too wonderful for them, it is high, they cannot Nar: DEPARTMEN‘ Uf AGRICULTURE. 313 attain unto it,” and they go home and feed corn meal and buy low grade fertilizers as aforetime. A Inessage, a clear distinct statement of facts in simple language, backed up by the reasons why, is what tells. ‘Che man must have a message. There is a decidely difference between a message and a talk. Of the latter there are many. Of the former few. Some men have both. By a message, I mean, a clear definite knowledge of some one or more subjects. One that enters into the very warp and woof of his being, one which he feels will be a benefit to others, and into which he puts himself. It may not always be presented from a rhetor- ical standpoint, and though this is a serious defect, it is not fatal, but that man will get his audience and give them something too. ) i=) a) n ct = oO NM Q — oO =) i) © an ih ae ne fe INGOT. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 323 “And if I feel so, perhaps Mamma does too for the same reason, I'll see.” Here | saw the ready willingness to give up the “chum” for the “mother,” if so desired. But | know all girls have not this close companionship, and IL pity them. Some may have been deprived early in life of their mothers, never knowing in their own experiences the possibilities of a mother as friend and contidant. Others there are who do not live so close to the mother in sympathy and love; perhaps it’s the mother’s fault, perhaps the daughtet’s. I like the word “chum” in this connection, it means much. Per- haps it embraces more than any other could possible do in portray- ing certain phases of relationship—sister, friend, confidant, all in one—a nearness that, dear as the word mother is, could not be covered by that alone. Some days ago while coming into Philadelphia on the train from my home in the country, | chanced to overhear the conversation of two mothers seated behind me, and each gave due credit tu the lovableness of the other’s child—a thing not too frequently done. And as one mother spoke of her daughter in her social relations with her young friends, and told of the little merry-makings and parties, she dropped this remark: “I try to keep very close to Ruth and am with her in her pleasures; I do not feel it detracts at all for her friends look upon me as a sort of sister of Ruth rather than in the relation of mother; we’re very chummy, Ruth and I.” O! how I rejoiced for Ruth. Having always been surrounded by this love of her “mother-chum,” she cannot realize what many of her friends lack—cannot see the emptiness of other lives where the mother does not fill the place as in her own. Here we have the attitude of the mother who is “chum” to her daughter from the mother’s point of view as we had it previously from the daughter’s. And the little glimpse into the home-life vouchsafed opens to us the beauty of comradeship, is it not beauti- ful? Can we not picture the heart talks of that mother with her girl? Just here let me speak of a little story I read some years ago, a part of which has remained with me ever since. I do not remember the author or the name of the story, but the point is this. A girl surrounded by the loving atmosphere of a good home, where she was watched carefully by the right sort of mother, went to visit an aunt and there met a boy just reaching young manhood, who, as a baby had been left on the poorhouse steps, and growing older liad found refuge with this kind lady. He seemed to have within him beautiful thoughts which he wove into stories, and had one he was reading to this young girl for her to pass her opinion. He had reached a point where he spoke of the mother in the story when she interrupted him with: “why, you have not made that mother half good enough, my mother is far better than that.” John replied, “That is quite likely, I have never known a mother, this is only my ideal of what a mother should be, while your mother is God’s ideal of a mother made real”. Can we not learn a lesson from this? Are we not too apt to feel when discouraged that our ideals can never be reached, that they are too high, forgetful that our ideals are never too high to become God’s reality. 32 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. Girls, do you say, “Oh, well, my mother does not take the same interest in me that those girls’ mothers did.” Are you sure? Have you proven the truth of that statement? She may show her interest and love differently, but if she be a true mother it is there. Give her a chance to show whether she cares for your confidence. It may seem strange at first to seem to thrust it upon her apparently un- asked, but under the calm exterior there may be a hungry heart- aching for this which you alone can give. Do you not go to her with your troubles sure of sympathy and help? Why not with your joys as well? VU guarantee that in the majority of cases her heart will respond readily. It’s worth the trial anyway, won’t you try it? Yet there are mothers it’s true and “pity ’tis, ’tis true,” who are too much engaged in having a spotless home or in fashioning fine garments for their girls, thus expressing their love for them, forget- ful of the fact that the young hearts under these gowns are starv- ing for sympathy and love, unmindful of the fact, too, that they are driving these same young souls to find companionship in a “ehum” less safe, less helpful. Mothers! May I ask you to pause ere it is too late, and meeting her half-way, endeavor to be a “chum” to your young daughter who, tho’ “bone of your bone and flesh of your flesh” must have someone to “tell things to” and talk things over with. Let that someone be you. Do you feel you have done your duty when you have provided for her temporal wants? That as a erowing girl she is not to be considered in any way a companion? Do you think she is ever and only a child until the larger experiences of life come to her and then you suddenly awaken to the fact that she is a woman—a being like yourself. And then you are amazed at your blindness that you did not see the quiet unfoldings of that nature ever before you, and you realize that the period ’twixt child- hood and womanhood has been lived without you. You have failed to help her interpret the messages along the way and you have lost forever the close companionship both for her and for you during that precious time which cometh never again. If you have another daughter, will you not as a child cultivate her sense of importance to you? Try to make her a companion and she will readily respond -and be proud to be considered of value to you. I recall an incident of my little niece not yet ten years old, when her mother was sick and I was for the time taking her place, I had considered her a little fly-away without much thought of anything but play, but as I con- sulted her about minor points—the dishes to use, the way we should do things, etc., in order to make her feel some responsibility, I was amazed at the womanliness manifested; she was rising to meet my needs as she saw them in a way of which I had not deemed her capable, and I called her then and since by the name which has, perhaps, more than any other, endeared Louisa M. Alcott to us, that of “little woman,” for I saw even in that little child the spirit of helpfulness which must exist in every true woman. When your daughter goes to a home of her own, then your inter- ests are more similar I grant, and your experience can teach her much in the new work of managing a household—and a husband. But much as a mother may be of value then, I question whether she is actually needed so much as she is as “chum” to her growing daughter. No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 325 And it’s not only girls who need ‘mothers as chums.” I recall with pleasure an afternoon spent with a mother who spoke of being “chums” with her boy just growing into manhood. She was inter- ested in his work and in his pleasures as well, and was looking for- ward to a little visit of a day or two which he managed to sand- wich between trips as a girl looks forward to the visits of her sweetheart. So young did she keep herself with this companion- ship, that despite poor health, she was often taken for his sister when they were out together. I recall with far less pleasure another mother who came to me to ask the most ordinary questions concerning her son’s where- abouts on certain dates, because, knowing my friendliness with him she thought I’d know, and she did not have her son’s confidence as to where he was going or with whom. I was able fortunately that time to tell her and satisfy her mother-heart, for he had been where she wanted he should be—in safe company. That mother kept a spotless house for her son to live in, she would get up splendid meals for company to entertain him and his friends; she would stand for hours ironing her best table-cloth after entertaining until, weak, frail woman that she was, every nerve was atingle and muscles strained with the exertion. Yet she did not take time to become acquainted with her son. What wonder that he went wrong and his mother’s heart was wrung with anguish when ail too late? But was the fault all the son’s? And sad it is that these cases are all too many. I might say a word regarding the value of the mother as a “chum” to her husband, but doubtless I would be stopped, for I understand one can deal only on this platform with the things one really knows, and personally I’ve no experience along that line, but I’ve quantities of theory. The relation of parent and child is a theme frequenty dilated upon by writers in these days. [lla Wheeler Wilcox recently, in speak- ing of the education of parents cites the case of Alexandra, mother of Herod’s wife, who fearing a fate similar to her daughter’s, rose and bitterly reproached her for a crime she knew she had not com- mitted; so Herod’s wife went to her death knowing her own mother was a traitor to her. She mentions this to show the evolution of motherhood since that day, and says: “Surely nowhere * * * could such a mother be found today. [I have known mothers who were jealous of their daughters, [ have seen many who were unkind in small ways and lacked sympathy. Thousands of mothers fail to win the confidence of their daughters.” - But she does not tell us why. Is it because the mother has not made a study of her daughter’s nature and cannot understand its changes and proclivi- lies? Is it because she has not been a “chum?” Another writer charges a lack of love and duty on the part of the child, saying, “Many mothers have given youth, beauty, health and strength, and when lines of care mark their faces with wrinkles, and her hair is streaked with gray, how many are rewarded by the devotion and care of those for whom they have done so much? Not so many as there should be.” This is a sad picture and true, vet I must say it does not appeal to me quite so much as some other phases. I trust I am not lacking in duty or devotion to parents, or in the family love which must bind families together in unity; and 326 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. 1 may be taking the unpopular side when I say I fail to understand why so much talk of the duty of the child in the abstract toward a relation it had no voice or will in forming. Having thrust upon it the requirement of devotion and care in instances where there is little in nature to call it forth. So many writers speak of parents sacrificing everything for their children as tho’ its very birth was a sacrifice for the child. Parenthood to my mind is not a sacrifice, it is a relation willingly assumed and entails upon it the duties of the parents because they chose it for more than it does upon the child who was ignorant of its coming. This does not mean that the later care and tenderness given to the child should not receive in turn from the child all the care and devotion called forth by the parents in their relation as parents, but let it be a loving willingness and not a forced duty. Let the attitude of the parent be such as to absolutely force by loving propa- | gation all the enlargement of the child’s capacity for love—let it fill, so far as possible, all the needs of the child nature through the actual giving of the parent itself and there will be in the majority of cases, no lack of the spontaneous giving of the child’s full alle- giance. I recall how, years ago, the burden was lifted from my heart when, for the first time, I heard the last clause of the Biblical com- mand, “Children obey your parents.” From pulpit and from plat- form we hear this thundered forth, striking terror ofttimes to the child who feels the whole burden is his, but when softened by the latter clause of, “Fathers, provoke not your children to anger,” and the duty is shown for the parents as well, the child feels relieved. So, all through, it seems to me, the duty is two-fold—the child shall give its obedience, but the commands of the parents are to be such as the child can obey! Mother’s Day, which has thrice been lovingly observed, has ten- dered many hearts and wakened many memories in the minds of the man of business, the scientist, the scholar with whose childish days the mother hovered as the beneficent factor. While fine as a memorial, it fails to take the place of the loving thought here and now—the caress, the deference, the devotion to one whose life was lived for her child. The white carnation worn by loving, stalwart sons and matronly daughters savors of the esthetic and the beautiful, yet more beauti- ful still is the action toward those who have stood the storm and stress of a busy, helpful life. The beautiful tribute of flowers laid cn a coffin-lid may testify of love, but better testimony is that of flowers given in life, the kiss of appreciation and love given while the eyes can brighten at the touch and the cheeks tinge with pleasure. Let those of us who have the mother here, who, being a true mother in all the term implies, deserves this honor, see to it that no lack on our part shall embitter the parting hour or the sad, lonely ones to follow. Edgar Allen Poe, whose pen has enabled us to know and love for the aspirations he cherished but never realized:—and though his life held mistakes it held many beautiful things as well—drew us by an unmistakable cord when he called mother the “Name Incom- parable,” and said: No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 327 “In the heavens above The angels whispering to one another, Can find among their burning terms of love, None so devotional as that of mother.” Just a parting word to the girls. A friend of mine laughingly questioned my ability to cope with this topic, saying: “You’re not a mother, what do you know about it?” ‘True, [’m not a mother, but I am, or have been a daughter. And I had a mother similar to the one portrayed by the first girl I mentioned. She left me a short time ago, the curtain of silence has fallen between her dwelling-place and mine, and the sweetest memories I have now are those wherein she was my confidant, my friend, my “chum” as well as mother. I loved her none the less because she took the place of sister also. With her has gone so much of my own life. So many things occur continually I want to tell her as of old. And from my own experience let me say with Longfellow: “Lead thy mother tenderly Down life’s steep decline; Once her arm was thy support, Now she leans on thine. Thank God for thy mothers’ love; Guard the priceless boon; For the bitter parting hour Cometh all too soon.” And I know of no way to soften that parting hour like filling the present so full of sweet memories that the bitterness of duties unful- filled can find no place there. Make sure you are to your mother now all she wants you to be, allowing her to be to you all her loving heart prompts as mother and as “chum.” Won’t you, please? DOMESTIC SCIENCE AND THE HIGH COST OF LIVING ~ By MISS SARA C. LOVEJOY, State College, Pa. The subject of the high cost of living has been so thoroughly dis- cussed in every newspaper and magazine in the country that there is no one here who can not give at least five assigned reasons for the present high prices. Daily papers, religious weeklies, monthly literary magazines, and all periodicals dealing with the farm and the home are vying with each other in explaining most fully the the causes and cures for existing conditions. What are some of these? As given by different authorities, they are: Too much gold; too little gold; increased knowledge and pur- * suit of agriculture; decrease in agriculture, owing to other occupa- tions, high tariff, low tariff, trusts—particularly the meat trust; 328 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE OFF. Doe. lack of national control of natural resources; government inter- ference with natural resources; increase in population; more luxur- ious way of living; lack of wisdom in the expenditure of money by the women. These and many more reasons are given, with a corre- spondingly large number of solutions for the difliculty. I am not the person nor is this the place to weigh these and to try to find out more explanation. Most of us to-day are too vitally interested in our own homes and in the immediate etfect of present conditions upon our own pocket books and households to care to discuss broad national issues. Moreover, we need not confine ourselves to the cost of living in money only, for at this day with its complex demands, living costs much more than mere money. It costs too much in other expenditures—health, strength, comfort and even happiness. Shakespeare says in one of his plays: “Men die because they know not how to live.” To meet our present con- ditions we might paraphrase this: “Women are dying before their time because they know not how to save time,” or if they are not dying, they are ruining their dispositions, digesticn, and often their domestic tranquility because they do not know how to keep house properly—how to conserve their natural resources of health and strength, as well as the acquired resources of money. Some of you are doubtless saying: “Why talk about the causes of the high cest of living? What we want to know is the cure and how do you propose a remedy through the vague term, ‘Domestic Science.’” To many people to-day this term suggests little because they suspect we are talking about a mere theory, something which is studied in colleges, which is perhaps being introduced into some public schools under the name of cooking, but which has no place in the practical affairs of the home. They tell us that “the people who talk about it have no homes of their own, and do not know what it means to wash and iron and bake; there is, therefore, no _ more value in Domestic Science than in a book of rules of what to do in case of drowning—when the book is in the house and we are in the water.” A few years ago men thought the same thing about agriculture. It was considered farming on paper with pen and ink as tools, in- stead of on the farm with plough and rake and hoe, but few to-day fail to recognize that the most successful farmers work with the head, as well as with the hands. The man who makes money out of his acres is the man who understands the structure of the soil, its possibilities and needs; and who is ready to meet modern con- _ ditions with modern methods. The man who makes money from his poultry or cattle studies the problem of feeding and housing these with the two-fold object of supplying best these needs and of doing it at the lowest cost. If he slights either of these objects, he may have some success, but he will not have the highest. Now, Domestic Science, or as we call the broad term, “Home OOS. merely means to the home what agriculture means to the farm. It is a study of the problems and conditions of house- keeping in the twentieth centur vy. It includes not merely the theory of what food elements the body needs and of how to supply these at the lowest cost, but also practice in marketing to secure the best food values and in actual cooking to get the best results from the Non’ DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 329 food chosen. It includes not only the theory of the effect of certain chemicals as found in the various soaps, washing powders and blue- ings on fabrics, but the actual practice of washing; not merely the theory of suitability, artistic effects, and cost of various textiles for clothing, but practice in sewing and dressmaking; not merely the theory of planning the work of the household systematically but practice in housekeeping. Is this not a study of as serious import as any in the world, for what other institution bears such a direct relation to the physical, mental and spiritual welfare of the human race as does the home? Why is it, then, that we are content with managing our homes ac- cording to methods of fifty years ago? Why do many people still feel that any girl, by virtue of her sex, Can manage a home success- fully? Itisas w ell to expect a boy, because his father is a physician and he runs in and out of his father’s office many times a day, to understand the profession of medicine, as to expect a girl, just because she lives in a home and sits at the table three times a day, to understand without study and training, how to select and prepare the food that shall best furnish what the body needs for its complete development and maintenance, at the most reasonable cost, or to plan and carry on wisely the other work of the household. Until we women realize that our business in life (for housekeeping is the business of seventeen millions out of the twenty-four millions of women in the United States), is as important as any other, and that it is, moreover, not drudgery but a profession, an art and a science, and until we undertake it intelligently, with the purpose of doing it, not merely well enough, but in the best possible way— that is, with the least expenditure of time, energy and money, and with the largest returns in the health, comfort and well-being of the family, we are failing to.do our part of the world’s work. One writer has said that the chief duty of a woman, as a citizen, is to be a good housekeeper and home- maker. This does not mean merely to be able to wash, bake and sweep so that we are clean and have enough to eat, with no strength or ambition left for anything else. It is, instead, doing these things well, as a means to our end, sub- ordinating the material to the higher side of life. It means so regulating the household tasks that the mother may have time for something beside actual house work, time for reading, recreation and growth; time to train the children in the home. ‘he poor woman who says she has no time to train her children because it takes all her energy to feed and clothe them is losing half her heritage and is depriving her children of their due. Now what are some of the things our housekeepers need to know, in order to lessen this cost of living in time, health, money and happi- ness? The largest amount of money spent within the average home for any one item is for food; and the greatest amount of time spent within the household for any one task is for food. The reason for this is that we often mistake quantity for quality, variety for well- cooked food, high prices for nutritive value. Those who are inter- ested in dairy husbandry find it necessary to spend time and thought in calculating the proper feed for their cattle, with a view to pro- viding the necessary food elements at the lowest cost. In arrang- ing a dietary the housekeeper has other matters to consider besides cost and nutrition. She must choose food that is also palatable, 330 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. properly cooked, and suited to the age, occupation and condition of the people for whom she is providing. The needs of the human body are not greatly different from those of other members of the animal kingdom. We must have materials to build up waste tissues, to supply the bones, and to furnish energy for bodily activities. Unless food fulfills all of these functions, the body pays the penalty. If we have not sufficient protein to repair the wear and tear of the body, we soon become inefficient and various ills assail us; if we omit mineral matter, bones and teeth suffer, and if starches, sugars and fats are not consumed in large enough quan- tities, we have not the fuel with which to supply necessary activity. Moreover, if our diet is confined too exclusively of food supplying only one of these elements, no matter how much we consume, we are underfed, and are wasting money and energy. For instance, if we have a meal composed chiefly of bread of various kinds, of several of the proverbial Pennsylvania “spreads,” and cake, we are supply- ing merely fuel, and presumably too much sugar. If, on the other hand, we have beef steak, eggs, lima beans, a glass of milk and custard pie, our meal is to heavy in protein. Because most of us recognize lean meats as a source of the protein supply, we feel that the more meat we eat the better fed we are; and here lies one reason for the present high prices. While meat should form a part of the well-balanced dietary, it need not be eaten in such large quantities as it is. There are plenty of substitutes which will furnish the protein and, if properly cooked, are as palat- able, digestible and much cheaper. Cheese which is usually regarded rather more as a condiment or relish than as a staple article of food, is rich in protein and can be cooked in numberless ways. Eggs, milk, nuts, cereals and legumes all furnish to the dietary what meat does and yet are rarely substituted for if. The follow- ing figures may help us to understand this better: Per cent. of | Cost per 1,000 protein. calories. Beans. (dried)... 5 sz sce 22.5 3 cents. Sirloin steak, .a0.ssmeiseurg se 16.5 25 cents. (CHEESE; | hc. bee. vps eee 25.9 8 cents. Dds ane Ce win ccc ys ek 13. 389 or 13) cents (according to season of the year.) That is, a dish of baked beans and pork will cost for the entire family, seven cents; steak for the same family will cost about seventy — cents, and will contain less protein and little more fat. Moreover, beans and eggs do not cost, on the farm what they do at the town markets. In fact, in the winter time eggs are almost as valuable in the city as currency and for this reason many a farmer thinks it cheaper to sell his eggs and buy meat than to use them at home. This is, however, one of the economies where all sides of the question must be weighed. Another way in which as housekeepers we are deceived is in regard to goods sold in retail packages. Here again we must weigh care- fully the cost in money with the cost in ease of preparation or No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 331 preference in taste. Rice is eight to ten cents a pound in bulk; puffed rice is twenty-seven cents a pound, and moreover, a pound of unprepared rice will, when cooked, be greater in bulk than the package of prepared rice. Cornmeal, which by the way is rich in fuel value, costs about two and a half cents a pound; corn ftiakes cost over fourteen cents a pound. In the case of both of these cereals it may be urged that the prepared variety saves work and fuel; moreover, we may prefer the taste of corn tiakes to corn meal mush. All this is true, but it is the business of the housekeeper to consider it and to decide which in her case is of more value— to save money or to save labor and fuel. It must be confessed that often it is wiser to do the latter, but let us be very sure that we know which we are doing and why we are doing it. A further reason for fhe high cost of food is that we waste nutri- tive value by improper cooking and so expensive food materials are failing to supply the needs of the body. ‘The best cut of steak or eggs fresh from the nest may be so spoiled by being overcooked, usually by frying that they injure rather than help the body. Meore- over, a cheap cut of meat cooked slowly and thoroughly, as in a fire- less cooker, is far more nutritive than an expensive steak fried rapid- lv until it is similar to leather in consistency. The mention of the fireless cooker suggests another means of re- ducing the cost of living, if not in actual dollars, at least in ex- penditure of labor. \When housekeepers learn that within the house as well as on the farm, it pays to spend money for new appliances to lighten and facilitate work, then we shall hear less about the drudgery of house work, and then will our farmers’ wives have more time for other pursuits—for physical, mental and spiritual regen- eration. Again, as in the matter of food, we must consider our special needs. Perhaps what saves labor in one home may prove an extra burden in another. However, we all need some better facilities for work—running water in the house, bath rooms, cook-stoves and sinks conveniently placed and of the right height. We should put more study into the arrangement of the workshop of the home—the kitchen—so that every needed utensil may be so placed that we do not take two steps where one will do. In many a farm house we economize and sometimes go into debt in order to buy a heavy brussels carpet for the parlor or an elaborate piece of stuffed fur- niture—articles which will be harder to take care of than plainer furnishings. At the same time we leave our kitchens just as they were built forty years ago, with the stove several rods from the sink or kitchen table and with the pantry shelves another two rods away, and we are content to do our washing with as few facilities as it was done fifty years ago. Many a woman will insist upon having Nottinghaui lace curtains at her parlor windows and yet will feel that she cannot afford to have her windows and doors prop- erly screened from those store-houses of filth and disease, the com- mon house flies. We are increasing the cost of living, then, by spending too little in our houses for what will add to the comfort of the family, to the ease of the housekeeper in performing her duties, and to the health of the household, as well as by spending too much money without wisdom. oo2 ANNUAT REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. One more great source of expense in our households is clothing. Here, however, we are justified in saying that we who live in the rural districts are less extravagant than are the dwellers in towns where the stores are often a constant temptation to the bargain- loving instincts of womankind. Nevertheless, wherever we live we have plenty of opportunities to be wise or foolish. We are some- times deceived by the cheapness of a fabric into buying shoddy goods that wear out almost before they are made up. We buy five- cent muslin instead of ten, regardless vf the fact that it will shrink twice as much or that when the dressing is thoroughly washed out, it will be limp and sleazy. On the other hand, we pay an unreason- able price for a hat or suit because it is a fad, or is more elaborately trimmed than a plainer, more serviceable article. |The textile in- dustry is one that we, the consumers, must sooner or later regulate. Pure food laws are, to some extent, protecting our interests in re gard to those supplies; pure textile laws must follow, to protect not our health, but our economic interests. Meantime it behooves us to consider more carefully whether we are getting the value of our money. This leads us to the direct question of our expenditures. How much are we spending for all these necessities of life? How many housekeepers know how much the food, the clothing and the operat- ing expenses of their households were last year? The definite statis- tics are much harder to estimate when we are living on a farm and so do not pay in cash for all of our commodities, than when we are living on a stated salary in a town. Nevertheless it is the duty of every farmer and of every farmers’ wife to have a systematic division of expenditures and to keep a cost account. No business man, no matter with how large a capital he is working, would keep on for a year unless he had accurate bookkeeping by which to ae- count for every cent expended, and yet we in the home go on from year to year with a vague, general impression of how much we have and that most of it is spent. Before we can do much to settle the problem of the high cost of living we must put the management of our homes upon a business-like basis. These, then, are some of the ways by which Domestic Science is to help the housekeeper solve her problems; by teaching her both how to cook and what to cook, by showing her the value of new methods of doing old tasks through modern labor-saving de- vices, by training her taste with regard to clothing and home fur- nishings that she may get the best value for her money and by helping her to regulate wisely the expenditures of all the resources of the household. Science, art, and economics are all included in a knowledge of housekeeping. State College is the only institution of collegiate rank in this State where training in this branch of knowledge is given, although several technical schools do work in this line, and at this institu- tion the course has been a twofold object to prepare girls to be intelligent, wise house wives, and to fit them for professional ser- vice either as teachers or dietitians. The demand for women thus trained both in scientific theories and in actual practice is greater than the supply. To this end our students work hard at their sciences, chemistry, bacteriology, physics, and also at the practical work of cooking, dietetics, washing, ironing, cleaning, sewing, dress- No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 333 making, millinery and all kinds of hand work. Economics both in its general phase of the production of wealth and in its application to the expenditures in the home is also included. The practical nature of this work is illustrated by the fact that the students are required to plan, cook and serve actual meals, the really elaborate ones costing twenty-five cents apiece for each person served; the less elaborate, furnishing all the necessary food elements, costing but twelve cents a day for the three meals. Many a housekeeper of experience questions the possibility of such meals, but the students at State College can do this, and have the actual figures to prove it, since they are required to keep ac- count of every cent spent and of the total nutritive value of each meal served. One object in having this course at this, the Peoples’ College of our State, is to train teachers, and this means that you who repre- sent various communities and school boards must be the next to act. It is your province to see to it that these branches are intro- duced into your rural schools so that every girl may learn to keep house not merely from her mother, but from scientifically trained teachers who have made a study and application of the progress of science as it affects twentieth century housekeeping. In the kitchen as in the field we can learn much of practical, but in the schools as they should be to-day, we can learn-more of both theory and practice. If the next generation of housekeepers is to be thoroughly efficient to cope with changing conditions, the girls of this generation must be taught systematically. Then we shall recog- nize that the cost of living is what we make it. WOMEN’S SHARE IN AGRICULTURE By MISS MARTHA VAN RENSSELAER, Cornell University, Ithica, N. Y. (This lecture was illustrated with stereopticon. ) In prehistoric times men sought the woods for hunting and learned its language. Women learned to till the soil for food and learned her lessons from the nest builders and workers in clay. Man’s first desire was for food. He laid his game at the door of the woman and she learned to prepare it. She used the fruits and vegetables within her reach. She was the first farmer with a crude implement in her hand. She domesticated the cow and other animals to aid in her efforts for food. She built granaries and with crude implements ground the seed for bread and porridge. She cleared the forests and learned the use of fire in preparing her fields for cultivation. She became as a beast of burden and transported her provisions to her dwelling and crude storehouses. Agriculture in primitive days was beneath the dignity of men, but in the keeping of the herds they took the lead while to women ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. was left the elements of agriculture. When the first lessons were learned and farming was a more developed industry, gradually the women confined their labors to the preparation of food and the men to the tilling of the soil. It became a means of keeping the family together and leading men to have a permanent abode. In the progress of nations it was found that agriculture would pay a larger tribute than war and men turned tc agriculture as it became more complex. Now he stands in the foreground in the agricultural world with woman at his side as a helper as in no other business. Woman as the original farmer was the forerunner of the housewife and the worker on the farm. She has not only aided her husband in the work and management of the farm, but has be- come an independent farmer. In 1870 there were in the United States 733,332 women laborers. Twenty years later there were 663,209. There was a larger increase in the same time among women who had charge of farms. In 1870 there were 22,681, in 1900, 307,706. (Slides were introduced illustrating women at work in various lines of farming.) In modern times men are being educated for farming. Only until recently has it been recognized that for the problems of the woman in her farm home an equal education is needed. We are paying more attention to the raw material than to the preparation of it for human nutrition. We are paying more attention to prevention of disease in animals than in humans. We are educating the boys for their real work in life and paying too little attention to the preparation of girls for living and helping others to live. We have not yet placed an economic value on a woman’s time and labor. The teaching of Domestic Science must become an inevitable ac- complishment of the teaching of Agriculture in rural districts. Farmers’ Institutes have been provided for years under state enact- ment. The women on the farms have gone with the men to these institutes, listened to discussions upon rations for cattle, rotation of crops, and best methods for improving breeds of plants and ani- mals. Women as well as men have learned to think in terms of protein, carbohydrate and fat. They understand bacterial action in the soil and in the cultures from cream; they have learned the life history of aphids and the San José scale; they have studied the laws governing the breeding of plants and animals. What other class of women than farmers’ wives is more nearly ready to study intelligently rations for men, the health of the household as deter- mined by knowledge of infection, the water supply and disposal of waste, and the conditions for a stronger race of men? All of these questions and many more come to the farm women more than to other women. Improvements in farm machinery and equipment have arrived before household improvements. Men and women have together economized to buy more acres, more stock and more farm imple- ments. The household side has been forgotten and women have learned how not to spend money instead of how to contrive to make the kitchen a workshop run on truly economic principles. The ex- perience and mechanical skill of men are needed to make healthful and convenient houses. ‘Their business ability is needed to discover No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. | 335 that a woman’s time and strength are capital whether she is paid a wage or not. Traditions and present conditions do not square up. Old ideals must be given up. ‘The activities and interests of women are ex- tending. Woman’s education must be accommodated to our present needs. The education of girls now has a double aspect. She is a homemaker in the old sense and is widely becoming an industrial worker. There is more and more need that women know the household arts. Women need to learn what to eliminate from the home, and determine whether they are doing there what could be done better elsewhere. Otherwise there is useless labor. Woman is becoming an industrial worker alongside of her brother and husband. A great amount of work is given to the factory which was once done in the home. There is smaller chance therefore for an income to-day in the home. Neither man hor woman can compete with the machine. If women enter men’s work shorter hours for all must result, other- wise there are lower standards. At the same time there is danger of neglect of work properly given to women for the nurishment and care of her family. The problem still confronting her is whether the food is properly cooked and served with sufficient variety and proper selection, whether there are healthful sanitary conditions for the proper efficiency of the family and the problems of household con- struction, decoration and furnishing. For these she needs training. Every rural community has its group of young women asking what is in store for them and its group of older women asking how with scarcity of help they can accomplish all their tasks. Some of the young women are stirred to aspirations for teaching, stenog- raphy or factory life where they can get away from the humdrum and monotony of household routine. Others are fascinated by the opportunities of farming for women and others are staying at home because they are needed or have married their ‘steady job.’ These women have done much for the farming of the present and the future. They are executive. They have economized and they have listened attentively to ways and means of improving farm conditions. Farm- ing in the meantime has been ‘looking up.’ Women are still execu- tive, economical, striving for gain in the farm finances for the sake of more Jand and education for the children. Standards of living have been rising and the farm home has come to be regarded as a place where better conditions should prevail for the sake of the children and for the sake of the entire community whom the farmer feeds. Men are asking that the youth be trained for farming and are trying to induce the young man to stay on the farm. They are ask- ing for better and more permanent forms of agriculture that the people may be better and more cheaply fed. Training the farmer for his task is only half the problem. The woman on the farm is a vital part of the success of the place. The farm rises no higher than its women. Women reed education for their task as much as men. Men have long thought the ‘rule of thumb’ was good enough for the work in the house and the care of the family although they believed that scientific accuracy was needed for tilling and feeding out of doors. 22 336 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. Women need the inspiration and uplook of intelligent service, of scientific methods, of artistic accomplishinent in even very practical affairs. Much is said about the improvement of the raw material. What is the use of it all if women are not trained for the selection and preparation of the raw material? Housekeeping is behind the times. The house has the poorest workshop of any industry in existence. Here is needed the co-opera- tion of men. The sanie masculine inventive genius which brought water to the barn is needed to bring it to the house; to attach the same power to the washing machine which is used on his saw or threshing machine. Men have carried a certain business calculation into their farming which prevents their using worn-out, out-of-date tools and equipment; the same business thrift should prevent un- handy conditions in the kitchen, and lack of labor saving devices. Farmers do not want their sons to work in the way they and their fathers worked. Neither can they afford to allow their wives and daughters to work under such disadvantages as the old-time kitchen presented. Millions of dollars are spent in the United States every year for domestic service. This includes large amounts not only for wages but for waste and for food. Until this amount is safeguarded by training and intelligence, wasted effort and wasted material con- tribute to the high cost of living. We recognize the fact that the men who are working in the in- stitutes are doing a splendid work in teaching the adult people of the country. In your institutes there are young men and young women heeding inspiration, direction, incentive. We want more intelligent men and women in the homes. Better conditions will prevail to prevent women from feeling that they are machines, goods or chattels; they must believe they are a part of the economy of the household and a progressive part. Institutes should help girls to feel that they should have an exalted attitude towards house- work and their positions as wives and mothers. If a man or woman went out to institutes this year and feels that he inspired his neighbors for higher ideals and for better con- ditions he has done more than to earn his salary. . SOME THINGS OUTSIDE THE FARMYARD GATE By FRED W. CARD, Sylvania, Pa. All Institute Lecturers realize, yet are sometimes prone to forget, that the production of crops and the making of money is not all there is of farming. These, while important, represent only one phase of successful agriculture. Most of us agree, therefore, that some things aside from these ought to be discussed on the insti- *flon. James Foust, Dairy and Food Commissioner of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. was to have delivered the first address of the morning on the subject of ‘Difficulties Encountered In En- forcing ‘The J’ure Food Laws,’’ but was prevented by press of official duties from attending the Institute. No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 337 tute platform. For this reason I have been taking up in one of my topics some things which come to the farmer as a duty. Some of these duties come to him as a farmer in his relationship to other farmers; some of them come to him as a citizen in his relationship to his fellow-men. He has no right to shirk these duties. Their number is great. I shall mention but a few of them. First, though not most important, it is his duty to interest him- self in the subject of farmers’ organizations. These are of various classes but I will mention first co-operative organizations. ‘These may take different forms; first, that of co-operative production, rep- resenting in many phases, from the simple ownership of an implement or a sire by two neighbors to the co-operative company which owns a creamery or a canning factory. The result of these organizations has not always been satisfactory, sometimes due to one cause, some- times to another; but often, in the case of creameries and canning factories, the plant has been established at the solicitation of a promoter concerned not with the success of the undertaking but with securing the greatest possible price for the equipment furnished. At other timés failure has resulted through the lack of good business management. When established on a proper financial basis, with men of good business sense in control, the results have usually been good. A second form of co-operative organizations is represented by co- eperative selling, best illustrated perhaps by the first-shipping asso- ciations of the far West. This form of organization is less important to us in the Eastern states owing to our closer proximity to mar kets and the better opportunities offered for individual sales. Yet this brings us face to face with the great problem of distribution, one which has called for more attention than it has yet received from farmers and those interested in agricultural welfare. One of our leading agricultural journals has for some time been discus- sing this matter and has arrived at the conclusion that under average conditions the farmer receives about 35 cents out of the dollar which the consumer pays for his products, the remainder going to the carrier and the handler. Recently President Yoakum, of the Frisco Lines, in discussing these problems, has cited some definite in- stances which serve well as illustrations. He savs that the Florida truck grower receives $2.25 for a crate of beans; the railroad re- ceives 50 cents for the 800 mile haul tu the New York market; the dealers receive $3.65 and the consumer pays $6.40. In other words 55 per cent of this price goes to the grower, 8 per cent. to the rail- road and 57 per cent. to the dealer. Is this distribution equitable? During the last winter eggs have sold in Arkansas and Missouri for 15 cents a dozen; freight to New York is 2 cents a dozen. The con- sumer pays 30 cents for the eggs and the dealer receives 13 cents of that amount. The rice farmer of the Gulf states receives 24 cents a pound for his rice; the railroad receives 4 cent for the haul to New York; the dealer receives 7 cents a pound for handling and the consumer pays 10 cents a pound. These may be exceptional illus- trations, yet they represent in a general way conditions as they exist. The middleman is a necessary part of modern business; he cannot be eliminated, yet the problem of a more equitable distribu- tion of returns needs study and solution. 22—7—1910 338 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. A third form of co-operative organization is represented by co- operative buying. Any grange, fruit-growers’ association or other organization, by working together, can save its members considerable money by buying fertilizers, seeds, spraying materials and similar supplies together. I know of one grange in a potato-growing region which for years has bought its seed potatoes from Maine by the car load and had its fertilizers mixed according to its own formula by the fertilizer firm which would give the best bid with a sufficient guarantee of the product. The most prominent farmers’ organization at the present day is the Grange. Its aims and purposes are too well known to need discussion. We are likely to forget the good which it has accom- plished for farming interests, yet its possibilities lie far in advance of what it has already done. It is the duty of the farmer to interest himself in questions of public policy, questions which may influence him chiefly or which may influence other members of the community equally. First among these I will mention good roads. This is a question of paramount importance to the farmer, despite the problem of the automobile which is now undergoing solution. The farm which has between it and the market a hill with a grade of 8 to 10 feet in the hundred, or a piece of swampy road which may be nearly impasable at seasons of the year, is worth many per cent. less than a farm of equal pro- ductiveness more favorably situated. The weight of load which can be hauled is determined by the steepest or poorest point in that road, not by its average condition. What the solution of this road prob- lem should be I am not wise enough to say. I am not at all sure that the most promising line is in seeking appropriations for dis- connected patches of State road here and there, built at excessive cost, for the accommodation of certain communities and certain legislators who wish to please their constituents. I believe that this problem needs careful, systematic study by men trained for that purpose, men who should be able to devise methods of building country roads at reasonable cost which, while not equal to the macadamized roads, shall greatly improve our present ones. The bad location of many of our roads is one of their worst features, yet even this could often be changed at far less expense than the making of State roads. Thorough drainage alone would do much to solve this problem. Not all communities need to interest themselves especially in the problem of the rural telephone, yet I find many localities in the State which are not yet served as they should be in this respect. Unfortunately it is not easy to establish an independent line where corporation lines already are in the field, but undoubtedly this is the method which will give best returns for the farmers’ money. As an illustration, let me mention the company in our own locality. IT well remember when this movement was started. Small in its beginning working to us from the westward, farmers were allowed to furnish poles or work in part payment for their stock and no man was allowed to own more than three shares of stock, thereby guarding against monopoly. At the present time this company is represented by nearly 1,200 stockholders, with half as many renters, and owns about 2,000 miles of wire. There is scarcely a farm in the region but can be reached by ’phone. The expense at the present ING= ie DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 339 time, to stockholders owning their own ’phones, is $4.00 a year, an increase of $1.00 over previous years. The benefits can only be realized by those who enjoy them. Freight-carrying trolleys are badly needed throughout many of our farming communities. Unfortunately these come most rapidly in most densely populated localities. These must be largely the result of growth and time, but any action favoring the establishment of such lines should be considered the duty of every farmer. The means of communication of greatest importance to the farmer at the present time would be obtained by the establishment of the parcels post. Any farmer who wishes to reach a distant customer with a pail of butter or case of eggs knows that 25 cents is the least possible express charge, with rates rapidly increasing with distance or transfer from one company to another. The German farmer may send a 10-lb. pail of butter anywhere within a distance of 46 miles or less for 6 cents, or anywhere within the limits of Germany and Austria for 12 cents. ; Several years ago a gentleman presented a suit case at the post office window in New York City, stating that he wished to mail it to New Haven. He was soon troubled to find that he must tell the contents of the case, although he could not see why that made any difference in the cost of its carriage. If it contained magazines he must further tell the postal clerk his business, for if he were a private individual sending those magazines to another private individual he should pay 4 cents a pound. If he were a printer sending them to a publisher he should pay 8 cents a pound. If he were a pub- lisher sending them to the newsdealer he might send them for 1 cent a pound. If they chanced to have a board cover on them, making them a book, he must pay 8 cents a pound. If he chanced te be a farmer and had in that suit case potatoes or corn he must tell what he intended to do with them. If he meant to plant these things he might send them for 8 cents a pound but if he intended to eat them he must pay 16 cents a pound. Furthermore, he must give up the key to the government. He did not realize that is was the purpose of the postal authorities to act as detectives where no intent of misdemeanor was apparent. Upon inquiry he found - that he might send this suit case to New Zealand and back to New Haven for $2.64 or by way of Germany for $1.95; but he did not care to wait that long so decided to mail it direct. However, it exceeded 4 pounds in weight, therefore he could send it at none of these rates but must pay letter postage. It was mailed at 5.30 p. m., and delivered at 10.47 p. m., at a cost of $3.68. It could have been mailed from any point in Germany to the same destination for 63 cents or to any point within Germany, as above stated for 12 cents. The express companies are ready to interpose objections, voiced by Congressmen, to the establishment of parcels post. They say that our country is too big; we cannot do what the smaller coun- tries of Europe can do. If so, why not limit the distance as in Ger- many, with a higher rate for the greater distance. They point to our present postal deficit and say we cannot afford to increase this deficit. Some light is shown upon this problem by the report of the Canadian Postal Department for the year ending March 31, 1909. During that year the mail carrying mileage of Canada in- oO ANNUAL REPORT OF WHE Off. Doe. creased over 1,000,000 miles, entailing an additional cost of nearly $600,000. During the same year the drop letter rate in cities having carrier service was reduced from 2 cents to 1 cent and the postal rate on bi-weekly and monthly publications placed at a uniform rate of $ cent a pound, just one-fourth what is paid in our country, yet the Canadian Postal Department showed a surplus of nearly $1,000,- 000 for that year. A recent writer states that he had been an assistant postmaster in Wisconsin for nearly 27 years, under five postimasters, and that with a single exception, and that for only a short time, not one of these postmasters ever had so much as a chair or desk in the office or ever knew anything about its management; that the work was done by paying an assistant postmaster one-half the salary received by the postmaster. Why not cut out these sinecure post- masterships and help reduce that deficit? Then put the weighing and payment to railroads on an equitable basis; in short, put good business methods into our postal management, and this deficit would soon disappear. There are some 40,000 rural delivery wagons travel, ing the roads of our country, each one carrying less than one-fourth of a load. Give us the parcels post and these carriers something to haul and the postal deficit will look out for itself. It is argued that the country merchant opposes the parcels post on the ground that he cannot then compete with the great mail order houses of the cities. Last year I grew a few potatoes on a dry hill- side among young trees. No rain fell and the plants stood still. At harvest time the potatoes were few and small. The cost was high. If I took them to our country store-keeper and tell him these conditions, saying that I can not compete in price with the grower who found conditions more favorable and that he should pay me $1.00 per bushel instead of 30 cents or 40 cents which he may be pay- ing, what will his answer be? If he tells me that he cannot buy and sell merchandise as cheaply as a man 500 miles away in a distant state with excessive rents and clerk hire to pay, what answer have I a right to give? But I believe this objection is groundless. It often happens that for the need of some small article which cannot be had at the country store, or upon which the price asked is ex- cessive, the farmer makes up an order of sufficient size to warrant a freight shipment, sending it to a mail order house, when if he could have had the one article sent at reasonable cost by parcels post he would have limited his order to that and bought the rest from the home store. Just so long as we permit corporate interests to dominate this question just so long will we do without this needed reform. It is time that we speak in no uncertain language and de- mand this right. Few of us feel that we know much about the tariff, and sometimes we wonder, when we think of the recent debate on this subject in Congress, whether any one knows much about it. If we have arrived at any conclusion I think it has been that this matter ought no Icnger to be the football of party politics or the grab bag of private interests; that it ought to be removed entirely from political manipu- lation and turned over to a commission of men trained by study and experience to arrive at just and equitable conclusions. In other words, that there ought to be a tariff commission which should settle the question of duties upon imported goods. Noy 7: DEVARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 3ti Many questions of minor importance along these lines are worthy of consideration, among which may be mentioned that of land tenure. There is no reason for our present cCuinbersome, expensive and uncer- tain system of land transfer. The Torrens system would do away with all this, making the transfer of land safe and simple. Another question of prime import upon which each one of us should make our views and influence felt is that of economy and integrity in public administration. There is no good reason why one system of business management or one system of morals should prevail in private affairs and another system in public affairs. There has been and still is too much laxity in this matter. We need to demand better service from public men and better business methods in the management of public affairs. Closely interwoven with this is the whole subject of taxation and the problem of its equitable adjustment. Another grave problem which interests every farmer~is that of the general status of agriculture in America. What is to be the future of the American farmer? Essentially he has been in the past a middle-class man, a balance wheel for the nation. Farmers there are, to besure, who fall far below this estimate but as a class this is where we expect to find him. Shall he continue to occupy this position? The history of many of the older countries of the world does not afford a promising outlook. ‘Too often has the tiller of the soil sunk to the level of a tenant or even to that of the peasant. A problem of this sort is not to be solved by any offhand remedy or suggestion. It is one which will demand time and study, but one which is worthy of the best thought of the men and women who have at heart the welfare of American agriculture. No farmer can afford to neglect the social life of the community. Too often he does neglect it and suffers the result. Man is a social being. He demands more than food and drink. Social intercourse contributes both to enjoyment and to business success. Country life does not favor it. It therefore comes upon us as a duty to give some thought to this phase of life. Every man, whether farmer, mechanic, merchant or lawyer, owes a duty to the public school. This duty unfortunately ‘most of us shirk. But the problem of the rural school is facing us today in such a way that we cannot afford to neglect it. We are proud of the men and women engaged in educational work, and prouder yet of the pupils within these schools; yet we have the right to ask whether our school system has done in the past what it ought to do for the country child. I think our answer must be that while it has done much it might have done more. Long have we bewailed the movement from country to city, yet what can we expect when all the work of the school points only in that direction. I am not among those who expect much in the teaching of agriculture in the common schools which will enable the boy to become a better farmer or in the teaching of domestic science which shall enable the girl to become a better housewife, but I believe we have the right to ask of these schools that they shall help us to maintain in the mind of the child an interest in the affairs of the farm and home. We need a type of education more closely in touch with the future life work of the child. It matters less whether that instruction be of the highest type possible than it does that it shall be of some type which 342 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. shall show to the child the possibilities along these lines. Mistakes will be made as mistakes have been made in the past. Educators, in their zeal for agricultural, industrial and domestic education, will be prone to introduce into the school many things which could be better taught in the home and on the farm. We shall need to exercise an oversight and bring our judgment to bear in these prob- lems. ‘There is no lack of opportunity for usefulness for the edu- cated farmer and farmer’s wife in connection with this public prob- lem. So, too, it is the duty of every man to lend his aid to the church. I care not whether you are a member of this or that church or indeed of any church, you cannot afford to neglect the things for which the church as a whole stands for. Sweep from our present civilization the things which have been the outgrowth directly and indirectly of church life and activity and little would be left which makes life best worth living. Unquestionably the country church has had in recent years a hard struggle. It has lost some of its oldtime in- fluence. It faces the need of a readjustment in its methods and obligations. It needs the help of every earnest man and woman within the sphere of its influence. I believe the church should be in closer touch with the affairs of the community in which it is located; in other words, with the farmer and the home. I count it a most encouraging sign of recent times that cne of our agricul- tural colleges has established a summer school for the teaching of agriculture to ministers. I shall not be surprised to see in the near future the establishment of agricultural courses in our theological seminaries, for I believe that the minister who is to render the greatest service and be of most help to his people in the country community is to be a man who understands agriculture and knows the problems and perplexities of the farmer and the farmer’s home. There is greater need that the country church should be a social center for the community than in the case of the city church. In- stitutional churches have been established in cities in which libraries, game rooms, gymnasiums and similar facilities exist. There is vreater need for those things in connection with the country church, though the problem of securing them is far more difficult. I wish the day might come when every country community could possess such a church. Personally I would have in that church some things which perhaps might shock the sensibilities of some good people but which nevertheless I believe would contribute to the moral and spiritual welfare of the young people of the community. Thus far I have dwelt entirely upon the duties facing the American farmer, but there come to him privileges as well, though, as I look these over it seems to me that most of them lie within the farm- yard gate rather than without it. There is no bar to the passage of good literature and good books of all sorts through this gateway. The cost is little and every farm home has open to it boundless possibilities along this line, the companionship of the noblest men and women which the world has produced, at their best moments. Music, perhaps not of the most fashionable or approved type, but music which shall enliven and upbuild human life may be found therein. Art, too, may find its place there. Good pictures are not expensive. Better yet, there lies spread before the farmhouse window landscape pictures unequalled by any artist’s brush, pictures chang- No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 343 ing from day to day from month to month, pictures which shall bring rest and inspiration to all who will stop to look and drink in their beauty. Nature in all its manifestations is before the farmer and his family at every turn. Let him pause to read her message and listen to her language. In the evolution of plants and animals going on before his eyes may be seen a glimpse of creation taking place at a far more rapid pace than in any wild plants and animals. Then, too, comes the inspiring thought that some measure of this creation is being given over into his own hands in the shaping and developing of these forms and types. Here he may catch whispers of the Divine Voice or read a message of Divine Revelation given to man today in a language ever fresh and ever new. Let no farmer shirk these duties nor become so absorbed in his pursuit of dollars that he fails to avail himself of these privileges. HOW TO RAISE CROPS WITHOUT WEEDS By DR. J. D. DETRICH, Scranton, Pa. The first to grow on a farm and the last to talk about on a program at an agricultural Institute are weeds. Admitting with all fellow- farmers, that weeds are universal nuisances, yea, robbers of plant food and heavy drinkers of film water, depriving growing crops of both, necessitates a greater need for their suppression if not entire eradication in farm practice. To say that land can be put into such a high state of fertility that weeds will not grow is a wrong ccnception of soil and its nature. Yet without every inch of soil is tillable and in a loose friable condition, also in position for the opera- tion of modern farm implements and machines to cut, plow and stir the top soil, weeds will occupy the poorer as well as the best land. Fences on farms are great weed harbors for their growth, ripening and propagation, since the plow, mowing machines or cultivator are prevented from destroying them owing to the fence being in the way. Trees, rocks, stone piles and stumps in fields alike ob- struct implements and machines from putting a stop to weeds. The edges of ponds, the banks of streams and open ditches like- wise grow and mature weeds that reseed the land about them with their baneful influence. A farm free from as many of these favor- able places for weeds to grow unmolested, is a part of farm manage- ment that can not afford to be overlooked, but strictly enforced season after season till all weed harbors are destroyed or brought under control. Perhaps this whole subject of growing crops without weeds can in no way be made more intelligible than to cite an illustration where a farm was actually carried on and noted for its scarcity ot weeds and at the same time remarkable for its fertility. The weed problem on this farm was satisfactorily solved by pure seed, thorough tillage, frequent cropping of maximum yields, thick seed- 44 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Of. Doe. ing never allowing weeds to seed by clipping with a mower when in bloom and the manuring of every principal crop with fresh stable manure. Weeds were plenty on this farm before the radical changes in Inanagement and new methods were introduced. ‘The first departure was to discontinue the old plan of a long rotation and instead of manuring once in four or five years with barnyard manure of doubt- ful value, to haul fresh stable manure of known worth and top dress grass itself. Along with this was practiced new methods of seed- ing certain crops; grass being one of these. To sow timothy with wheat at seeding and then add clover to the crop by sowing it on the wheat field in the following spring some time when the “sign was right,” was wholly adandoned for the mixture of grass, such as clover, timothy, red top and alsike seeding these in the month of August at one sowing without a reverse crop of any kind. The reason for this change, if for no other, yet there are others, most weighty, was due to the following: If timothy is sown with wheat, the timothy seed runs into the same furrow or drill with the wheat. The hoes on a grain drill are never less than six inches apart, thus having a space six inches wide for weeds to grow and only a string- like groove for the wheat and timothy stalks. If clover is sown in the spring on this hard and weather beaten grain field depending on cracks for tillage there is much of it, if not all settles in the same grooves already occupied by the. timothy and wheat so that the six inch space for weeds has not been encroached upon very much by the clover. When the wheat begins to grow also the clover and timothy in the spring, the weeds have full six inches of room on which to flourish and they do; they get an excellent start and keep it. Many of them are just high enough when the wheat is cut to miss the sickle of the machine. If they are not in bloom and many of them are not, if clipped, start afresh and grow with more vigor than ever. But many fall weeds ripen about the same time as the wheat such as garlic, cockle and other weeds harvested, stored and threshed with the grain. These if ground with the wheat into flour either discolor or give a very unpleasant taste to bread, and if they escape grinding are returned to the land per the manure or other- wise only to infest the field again. It is very clear from what is only too common in experience that the old style of seeding grass with a reverse crop is a very fruitful source of weeds. Nor does the evil they affect on the wheat crop cease with it, but a still more serious result follows their presence in the hay crop that succeeds the wheat harvest. Nowhere do weeds appear in greater abundance, more varieties and more objectional than in the feeding value of hay. Their rank growth, towering height and woody stalks do not only appear above the timothy and clover but smother the growth of the valuable grasses and injure the feeding value of the roughage. Many weeds ripen their seeds before the timothy and clover are in bloom either to reseed the field, or are cut with the grass, cured with the hay and hauled to the barn stored away safely in the mows, to go through the live- stock when fed like gun shot undigested, pass into the manure pile te reseed the land when the manure is spread on the fields. After hay hauling is finished and the barn floor swept, it is surprising to see the sorrel, plaintain, dock and other weed seeds that have shat- No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 345 tered in handling the hay. As long as such seeding is practiced on any farm land, rich or poor, weeds will increase instead of di- minish, for no more effectual plan for perpetuating weeds could be devised. The new plan adopted to obviate the propagation of weeds was to start preparing the land for grass about 18 months beforehand by turning a timothy sod free of weeds, well top-dressed, the previous fall or two years before the grass seeding with the best and cleanest fresh stable manure for a crop of ensilage corn. The plowing of the sod carefully and well done turning up side down every furrow 12 inches w ide—rolling followed, plowing never neain, till the field was plowed for another crop. larrowing began after rolling, using 3 different harrows to put the soil in the best condition at the least labor and cost. The field marked out so the corn would be in a furrow below the surface of the field when it first comes up. The third day after planting the weeder was run over the field, the fifth day the corn would be up, strong and bright, when it made its second or third leaf the weeder was put on again, but if it had rained and a crust was on the field too hard for the weeder to do any execution, the one-horse cultivator was spread just wide enough to go once between the rows of corn without at- tempting to mark or get close to the little stalks. The horse walked in the middle between the rows and the wheel of the cultivator fol- lowed in the horse’s footprints. This plan broke the crust and left a fine mellow soil to be worked over into the corn rows without cov- ering the plants but filling the groove or trough in which the corn was planted, covering the Sonal weeds and killing millions not yet born. The next work the corn received was with the riding culti- vator, going close to the corn followed in a day or two ‘by the weeder and not a growing weed to be seen. The crop having arrived at this stage there was no trouble to salivate the weeds during the season by the dust mulch well stirred while growing to retain soil moisture. When the crop was ready for the silo there were no weeds. The silo filled and the field clean the two-horse cultivator works up the corn stalk ground for seeding to rye as a cover crop to be turned by the plow in the early spring for oats and peas. This last named crop is the finest soil cleaner save that of buckwheat for freeing the land of weeds and is splendid to preceed the laying down of a field to grass in August. To anyone interested in this mented he is invited to observe the ‘manner of preparation. First the timothy sod manured and pre- pared for corn; the surface of the corn field worked all summer, then hoe harrowed for seeding rye, plowed in the spring for oats and peas. Thus the land has had two plowings and one whole sum- mer’s surface work also prepared for the rye seeding by the cul- tivator, all this looking forward to a clean grass field, free from weeds by tillage together with the crop of peas and oats that in its dense growth will smother any weed that attempts to grow. The peas and oats stubble is then manured daily with fresh stable manure; this finished, the plow is set to cut deeper than for any other crop on the farm, rolled once and harrowed till the soil splashes when the feet of the team strike its surface in working. +v this time there is a seed bed from 3} to 4 inches deep in fine- 346 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. ness like dust, then a mixture of red clover, alsike timothy and red top is sown broadcast with a wheelbarrow seeder or any of the devices for the purpose and brushed in with the weeder, going over the field but once and only in one direction. The field is left in this condition till the next June when the mower cuts the crop for hay. After the first crop a second is cut, then a third, and very often a fourth, finishing making hay in October. Immediately fresh, wet, heavy stable manure mixed with short litter is spread daily over the sod till the piece of land is completely covered and left till the following June, when the growing timothy is without a weed, little or big standing, as thick as it can grow. Having followed this plan of lessening if not entirely exterminat- ing weeds by growing crops with the object in view of eradicating them by obtaining the largest crops and profits with no loss to the pocketbook. The method is extremely simple, raise as many and as heavy crops as possible to choke out the weeds, smother them, kick them out with the weeder, turn them under with the plow, cover them over with the cultivator, never let them go to seed, have no harboring places for them to propagate, never haul their seed in the manure to the field, and at the same time sow the best seed, remembering also the injunction “that he that soweth sparingly shall reap also sparingly.” The whole subject of growing crops without weeds resolves itself into one conclusion, that of intensive farming must be caried out to the letter. No nostrums about it, only thoroughness in every department of crop growing. No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 347 ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS OF THE SIXTH ANNUAL CONVENTION OF THE FRUIT GROWERS ASSOCIA- TION OF ADAMS COUNTY, HELD DECEMBER 1714, 15 AND 16, 1910 ‘ OFFICERS EAE RUACIOUS ye eveh ie leosts ot oreialiohs avcl oes ROBH RAM: HE DOIN ais misses acces aero Aspers 1 Vice President, ...:......- CIIREY SON. 6 ioe ooh eee loner Flora Dale DMVACE MET ESIGENEDY Sacthsteke os ASG STS UL, nl bree" ce olop dion ye tose: maicud oteareketene Guernsey SMVACE ENCSUGCNE. seo siete ore 1 C. E.. RAFFENSPERGER, ........ Arendtsville A WVACEWPreHdent . ai. «05510 co's BP AGAR REIPR SON? wedi notes sere ates chee Biglerville MENACE TESLA ONE. eso aes ale a JAG SS LOVE RAS Mie) 5 seta Nels aices Bendersville Recording Secretary, .......- TOS FAV SWS Ea @ GB e Ts teat ares kets ctetete Biglerville Corresponding Secretary, 2... HDWIN CC. TYSON: cic aceces o. lecee Flora Dale DC QSIUT Ci sR cake wiers ahve aictes WiMic eS; 2 AvAUMIS). oF etcle ats scaratete testis eke el eivtete Aspers HXECUTIVE COMMITTEE BOB MRM : ELDON eens. 2 crctn eos, tae ae @ ohapcha is @ cin ea esas cape ailseseesterore Aspers ON EDC SCDINIg Jectrenetstats, or ctraiararsvanclassisuscste ins saree atermuelnre secs Mee oni ancn Sokeeet Flora Dale CS FACS GRITMS DT oe 25 ssis)ecss sy aravshav swiss (akerte Mout ira tauslehielsiahnnc, absvoscelensveyae slertteb ens Guernsey Oe EEO ATH BEE TIN SS ER ER GUM EG!» va.nur site eteborasciesn cietch aL oicde lo eet anecate, ateuateere Cote Arendtsville Mies GASP UES BY DLS OPIN Sg ees ce: oie rose aesusolouer alist ots [a tews: Sucka Slatetehe Clicrscsveliehs, ene (aheveyese Biglerville SIs, (GE SESH MON A OB 0) (ESM) B Senne ee none Ree rc ated bag as Seo LL a aeons Bendersville AICO PSTLVANTS FEA aie Bed 85 OT CCT Dd dee eS ae Sea SE Oe Cree ea etc Biglerville FTE) VV ATEN IOYS © ING ce opr cen ote vacary =< Ra yeeocteTon csr asateie chet home Earnie Sree Flora Dale “GILLES Py IR AS ca aR SE RICE CRAIG ot AR eA sel Aspers PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS By ROBT. M. ELDON, Aspers, Pa. The problem of the Adams County Fruit Growers’ Association is to hold each year a better convention. We shall be pleased indeed te do this during this week. There is no expectation of furnishing a program that shall be novel throughout or in large part, even if that were desirable, but new tailors for new clothes, may add interest to subjects which have been discussed more or less regularly since the growing of fruit was begun and discussions had. It will be, then, not so much the declarations of new methods as the per- fection of old ones by addition of elimination. We are willing and anxious to hear the latest and best of everything from the planting of raw land to the receipt of returns for fruit marketed. oS ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. Can planting be overdone, and especially will planting in the East be overdone is a question which is frequently heard. Some say that it is now too late to plant trees; if they were now grown and ready to bear, all well and good, but by the time the new- planted ones are ready to bear in seven to eleven years the market will be overstocked. We certainly think that the vear 1900 was a better vear for planting than the year 1910, being first on the field is always a great advantage, but that there will be a good mar- ket for the good crops of the 1910 planted trees we also fully be- lieve. Not everybody is planting trees or expects to do so, and many of the trees planted so lately as 1900 are dead as they can be. Certainly many of those planted earlier are gone. It is the exception to see even in Adams county a thrifty kitchen orchard or farmer’s orchard. One argument and a good strong one why the eastern orchards are going to succeed is ‘that the best markets are within easy reach ; are right at our doors, In fact. Observe the eightieth meridian passing through Pittsburg and Charleston and see what our eastern home markets are. East of this are to be found two of the great- est cities in the world; eight others, each with a population in ex- cess of 250,060. Three of the eight have nearly 600,000 each. Of fifty American cities with 100,000 or more, almost the half are liere. Of one hundred seventy-eight cities with less than 100,000 and more than 25,000 nearly the half are here. While the little cities and the big boroughs are too many to name. These great cities, these big cities and the lesser cities, boroughs and towns are not only here and are ours to supply, but the census reports also show that they grow, and are growing generally faster than those of the West and Middle West. Let us plant more orchards and plan to keep them. We are the best placed geographically. Our land is relatively cheap, and there are no charges for water, and as to water control, all we need do is to plant the slopes and upland. ‘The matter of irrigating the orchard requires the skill of the expert, and already there is some- thing wrong with many of the western irrigated orchards. We are slower in production of crops but we will be here when the other fellow is out. And while we have the whip hand on the western grower in the matter of haulage and freights yet the railways with the “short haul” and “long haul” idea are keeping in the way of our having reasonable freight rates, making up in part what they lose in dis- tance by higher local rates. The express companies are their will- ing allies. We cannot send small packages of fruit by express profitably. If I send a single basket to Harrisburg it is the mini- mum charge of 35 cents. If I send it by the Adams Company, it is twice the minimum or the usual selling price of the product. T could not ship a large quantity of peaches by express to popu lous Rhode Island unless in a year of very high prices and make a profit. Let us use our congressmen in getting after the express companies by way of a parcels post. We possibly could not de- liver fruit by mail but a general parcels post would work havoe with the present too high rate of the expressman. We need a proper storage place for our increasing apple crops. As it is we how or yery soon must sell from the orchard at the buy- NO. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 349 er’s price, because the cold storage warehouse is either bought up in advance or is too far away. Can we not build a local plant and manage it locally? It would remove the necessity of selling at picking time. It would pay and would give to the grower a choice between selling and storing which is necessary to give him a fair share. As to the Adams county crops this year, it might be said, that though it was what we eall the “off vear,” it was about equal to the best previous full year crop. Whether the young trees now be- ginning to bear will drop into the apparently established habit of the old ones, or whether we shall cease to have an off year, will be interesting to note. Perhaps when we regularly thin the apples, regular annual cropping will be the rule. Spraying is now generally practiced by the Adams county growers. To spray to kill the scale or to insure against its dangerous oc- currence is now accepted as good orchard practice. While, here- tofore spraying has been directed against scale to keep the tree alive, it will hereafter be particularly directed to the object of per- fecting the crop. The problem will be to keep the foliage in per- fect condition, to prevent scab, blight, rust and rot, to protect the foliage and fruit from the attacks of vermin that chew. We are already able to get good arsenicals, and let us hope that National legislation will shortly insure their quality. Let us hope that some formula of lime and sulphur will give to the orchardist a cheap and perfect summer spray. The difficulties in the marketing of the year’s apple crop keep is alive to the need of package legislation. Let us urge National enactment and let us hold firmly to the old-fashioned idea of mak- ing a measure a full measure; a bushel named, a bushel in fact. Doubtless the western grower will cling to the notion that a bushel box must be regulated by the size of Western apples, and the soon to be exploded idea that boxed aples are only grown in the West. If no National law is enacted in the near future, the Hastern states are certain to pass statutes regulating packages which will no doubt be difficult for the western grower to meet with the short boxes in vogue there. I hope that the Appalachian growers, as suggested by recent organizations in Virginia and New York, will not attempt legislation until harmony prevails throughout the East. With the program filled by men from all sections of the Kast, we should know before the close of this convention something of Eastern senti- ment. SOME SUGGESTIONS ABOUT THE MANAGEMENT OF ORCHARDS By ll. P. GOULD, U. 8S. Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, D. GC. In the management of orchards, we like to \think we are pro gressive and modern in our methods and wup-to-date, blazing the way along new trails. [For quite a good many years now I have 350 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. been talking orchard management at horticultural society meetings and other similar places and I have been thinking all the time that I was advocating modern practices to meet modern conditions. However, listen to this: ‘But the misfortune is, that too frequent- ly after orchards are planted and fenced, they have seldom any more care bestowed upon them. boughs are allowed to hang dang- ling to the ground, their heads are so loaded with wood as to be almost impervious to sun and air, and they are left to be exhausted by moss and injured by cattle, ete.” Doesn’t that sound very much like a description of some of the present day conditions? And again: “The feelings of a lover of improvement can scarcely be expressed on observing the almost universal inattention paid to the greater number of our orchards, and that people who go to considerable expense in planting and es- tablishing them, afterwards leave them to the rude hand of nature; as if the art and ingenuity of man availed nothing, or that they merited no further care.” Verily, a repetition of much that is said about many orchards, of the present day. But if modern conditions are thus represented to any extent, somewhat ancient conditions are also portrayed in the language for it is thus that old Bernard McMahon wrote more than a hundred years ago in his “American Gardener’s Calendar” which was published in 1806. It is interesting to note in passing that this is probably the first distinctly American book relating to gardening and fruit growing that was published in this country. The statement I have quoted above therefore apparently repre- sent common conditions with reference to the orchards at a very early day. Unfortunately such conditions have persisted to a greater or less extent to the present time. It necessarily follows then that there is nothing new or modern in the oft-repeated observations of the present day relative to our neglected orchards. There have been such orchards from the beginning and there doubtless will be such ones when the end of time comes. I have been wondering a good deal lately what real progress we have made anyway in the management of orchards during the present period of rapid extension of the fruit industry. Whatever other changes there have been, none are greater than the changes in the “point of view” regarding fruit production. And our present understanding of fundamental principles surely rep- resents marked lines of advancement. Listen again to Bernard “McMahon to show a contrast between some of the notions of a hundred years ago and present-day conceptions about the same thing: “When a tree has stood so long, that the leading roots have entered into the under strata, they are apt to draw a crude fluid which the organs of the more delicate fruit trees cannot convert into such balsamic juices as to produce fine fruit.” Even if the orchards of Bernard McMahon’s day were representative in many respects of the orchards of our own time, the undestanding of his time regarding the nutrition of the trees was indeed not the modern one. And we note a very marked advance towards what we believe is the truth when it comes to the matter of plant foods. Nearly 25 years later than the time when Bernard McMahon wrote—in 1829 —Jethro Tull said, “It is agreed that all the following materials No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 351 contribute in some manner to the increase of plants, but it is dis- puted which of them is that very increase of food. 1. Nitre; 2, Water; 3, Air; 4, Fire; 5, Earth.” Further on in his argument this ancient writer states apparently to his own satisfaction, that it is in reality earth that is the true food of plants. And he says: “Too much earth, or too fine, can never possibly be given to roots; for they never receive so much of it as to surfeit the plant, unless it be deprived of leaves, which, as lungs should purify it.” His philosophy of tillage was that it made the earth sufficiently fine so that the roots could take up and assimilate its very minute particles. In other words, as he viewed it the roots of plants literally ate up the earth when it was made sufficiently fine for them to do so. And no doubt these views represented the best information and thought of the times 75 and 100 years ago. But we want to turn now to some of the more living issues. What I have said thus far, however, is by way of stating that in talking about the management of orchards here to-day I have no new story to tell and I don’t suppose there is any originality in the manner of presentation. But if I can aid any of you in better understanding the why of things, or if I can help you to gain a better “point of view’—a better way of looking at things, my com- ing here will perhaps have been worth while. The more I study orchard management, however, and the more I try to tell about it, the more I think there is in it—in the telling —a strong similarity to trying to tell how to choose a wife or when to spank the small boy. I should like some intelligent advice re- garding the latter proceeding, myself, but somehow the things that work well in other cases fail flatly in my own experiences. That is just the way it is in managing orchards. No rule-of-thumb methods can be applied. What is good in one case is not necessarily good in another because of differences in conditions. Right at the very outstart there are a number of important con- siderations in which great numbers of fruit growers fail. The American propensity for doing big things is at the bottom of one of the commonest failures and that is in planting too large orchards. The fruit growers of this country have become so fully imbued with the idea of quantity that in great numbers of cases he has lost sight of quality. Where this has occurred the grower, the consumer and the fruit industry have suffered. An orchard is too large when its extent precludes the possibility of applying intensive methods of management. The average American fruit grower has been slow to learn the fact that quality of product should dominate every other considera- tion in fruit production; that just as soon as quality is sacrificed to quantity or to any other thing, all the interests concerned are made to suffer thereby. In many cases of over-sized orchards the grower realizes that something is the trouble, but he fails to comprehend just where it lies. Or if he does understand it, he hasn’t the nerve to apply the remedy. Within the past few years certain sections in some of the Rocky Mountain and Pacific Coast states have become world-wide famous for their apples and other fruits. - This fame has been built up largely on three practices; the intensive management of small 23 352 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. individual orchards; the most skillful and business-like-methods of marketing the fruit, thus making a reputation which is an actual cash asset; the united efforts of all parties interested including fruit growers, commercial clubs or other business organizations, railroads and other agencies, not the least of which has been the real estate agent in everlastingly booming and advertising the par- ticular sections in which they were interested—and then keeping forever at it. By these methods any good locality for the produc- tion of fruit may make a reputation which will be known wherever fruit is eaten. In some cases, however, so much noise about a locality or region has been unfortunate for it has been overdone. Many of these western sections to which I refer and which are now known the country over, would be entirely unknown—some of them not even on the map—were it not for the application of just these methods I have named. In the Grand Valley of Colorado there are relatively very few orchards of ten acres in extent; in the Hood River section of Ore- gon the same thing is true and it is freely admitted in that section that their success has come from the intensive management of smal] orchards—to which should be added, and it is no small factor, co-operative methods of marketing their fruit. But the size of an orchard, it should be added, ought to be measured by the size of the man back of it, not by a surveyor’s chain. Now to touch upon more concrete matters, there are one or two things I went to say about orchard locations, for there are many orchards throughout the country that can never be made success- ful because their location is so faulty. Not infrequently orchards are planted on a_ site that looks well but if the subsoil is examined a solid ledge of rock will be found perhaps three or four feet below the surface. Where this condition occurs an orchard is an impossi- bility under most conditions. A more serious matter, however, because it is more common, is a location that is faulty from the standpoint of atmospheric drain- age. The importance of a location having good air drainage has been made very emphatic in almost countless instances during the past few years. You know how cold air will settle to the lower frost in low places and none at ali in elevated places. This simply means that the cold air which is heavier than warm air has settled to the low places crowding the warmer air up to a higher stratum. The result is the killing frost observed on low ground and the ab- sence of it on high ground. Practical demonstrations of the bearing which this has on suc- cessful fruit growing have been many times repeated during the past few years in the good crop of fruit on high ground and in the same localities their destruction by late spring frosts. But I want to discuss very briefly some of the fundamental opera- tions that make up “orchard management.” We think of orchard management as consisting of cultivation, fertilizing, pruning, spray- ing, etc., and perhaps we may come to add heating or smudging and other corresponding operations. But orchard management is really more than these things so far as results go for in the handling of every orchard there goes into it the individuality of the grower or manager—the “personal equation” and that is a most important No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 353 factor in the behavior and success of every orchard. I am coming to put more and more importance upon “the man behind the tree.” A man’s orchard reflects his personality. Taking up now some of these fundamental orchard operations, we perhaps may ask first of all: Shaljl we cultivate or shall we not cultivate? That is a very important question. Its correct answer all depends upon conditions. The man who believes in tillage says “cultivate.” The advocate of the sod mulch method says “No culti- vation” and there you are! Both may be right, both may be wrong; each one may be right and each one wrong part of the time. It all depends! It frequently is the case, however, that neither one knows just what he is accomplishing in terms of actual and ultimate results by the particular method he has adopted or is ad- vocating. If he happens to be giving thorough cultivation, this is about what he is accomplishing by the operation: (1) improving the physical condition of the land; (2) conserving the soil moisture; (3) increasing the chemical activities of the soil. The influence of tillage has been very adequately set forth by Prof. Bailey. I cannot do better than to quote him in this con- nection: “1. Tillage improves the physical condition of the land. (a) By fining the soil, and thereby presenting greater feeding sur- face to the roots; (b). By increasing the depth of the soil, and thereby giving a great- er foraging and root-hold area to the plant; (ec) By warming and drying the soil in spring. (d) By reducing the extremes of temperature and moisture. 2. Tillage may save moisture, (e) By increasing the water-holding capacity of the soil; (f) By checking evaporation. 3. Tillage may augment chemical activities, g) By aiding in setting free plant-food; (h) By promoting nitrification ; (i) By hastening the decomposition of organic matter; (Gj) By extending these agencies (g, h, i) to greater depths of the soil.” To these effects of tillage there may also be added a secondary influence, namely the maintenance of the surface of the soil in such condition that it will readily absorb the water that falls on it as rain, thus reducing the “run-off” or surface drainage to a minimum. It is probably within conservative bounds to say that the vast majority of orchards require, in the average season, for maximum results, all the benefits enumerated that can be supplied or enhanced by tillage. : But I suppose the advocate of the sod mulch system claims that he is accomplishing the same thing by his methods. It should be observed, however, thus early in the discussion that a great many who claim to practice the sod mulch system are doing nothing of the kind. They are simply not cultivating. They may even be har- vesting a crop of hay from their orchards. But because it is in sod and they are not cultivating it—that to them is the sod mulch method. The sod mulch method implies a mulch—not a crop of hay. Of course there may be both but more often one of these things is at the expense of the other. You cannot use the grass that grows in an orchard for hay and leave it on the ground at the same time to decay and enrich the soil. 23—T—1910 354 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. The sod mulch system, means that there must be a mulch. As practiced by those who are the most consistent in the matter, the grass that the sod produces is allowed to lie on the ground where it falls, or in the case of young orchards perhaps it is gathered from the excessive heat of summer, and, in time, to decay and become more or less under the trees, to serve as a-mulch to protect the soil incorporated into it. Commonly the grass is cut two or three times during the season, especially if it is making an abundant growth. Frequently it is the case, especially after an orchard has reached considerable age and the ground becomes much shaded thereby, that there is not sufficient grass grown in it to supply an adequate mulch. What does he do in that case? If he is consistently fol- lowing this system, he mulches his orchard without fail. But he hauls straw and other similar material into the orchard to accom- plish the purpose. This may seem more or less visionary to some but the practice is a reality all the same. The effects of tillage have already been enumerated. What of the sod mulch system—what is that accomplishing in comparison with tillage? Well, the mulch doubtless conserves the moisture to some extent so far as its evaporation from the soil is concerned because it serves as a covering for the soil if it is properly main- tained. But on the other hand, granting that the mulch consists entirely of the grass grown in the orchard, the fact that it requires a vast amount of moisture to grow it should not be overlooked. In many cases this moisture might better be conserved for use of the trees. Then too, the mulch as it decays, works down to the sur- face of the soil through the grass stubble and becomes more or less incorporated into the surface, but it cannot be that the influence of its ameliorating effect extends into the soil to any considerable depth. Of course there is more or less decay of the fine hairy roots of the grass each year and in this way humus is added to a slight extent. But when we contrast the two methods—tillage and sod mulch— their influence so far as soil conditions are concerned appear more by contrast than they do in comparison one with the other. No one would think of growing corn or potatoes or pumpkins in sod. So far as the philosophy of tillage is concerned, if it is good for corn or pumpkins, it is also good for apples. There are no essential differences between trees and the annual crops in the manner in which they live and grow. Experience, I think, fully demonstrates that this reasoning is sound; that tillage should be the rule and that when variations from the rule are made, it should be the sod mulch method that becomes the exceptional one. It is true that many orchards which are given the sod mulch treatment, or even orchards used as hay fields, if you please, are measurably successful. But where such success appears to be mark- ed and perhaps appears to completely vindicate the wisdom of the practice, it should not be forgotten that the measure of success that obtains may be in spite of the method rather than because of it. It is often surprising how much hard treatment a tree will withstand and still reward its owner with a crop of fruit! Before leaving this matter of the sod mulch, however, I wish to add that it does, beyond any doubt whatever, have its place in fruit growing, especially in the case of apples and pears. With the No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 355 latter, on account of blight, a rather slow, firm growth is desirable in contrast to a rapid succulent growth. The influences of tillage may easily induce the latter. And with apples, it does not neces- sarily follow that seeding the orchard down for a year or two at a time when cultivation is “the rule is not oftentimes of direct benefit. The thing to do is to cultivate for the sake of the trees, not for the sake of the cultivation and when the trees by their appearance and behavior cry “enough,” then seed down for a year or two to clover or grass of some kind. Fortunate, indeed, is the man who is so expert at interpreting the appearance and behavior of his trees that he knows when to cultivate and when not to do so. But this constitutes one of the fundamental differences between fruit grow- ers. Then, too, the topography of many sites well suited other- wise to fruit growing is such that continuous tillage is out of the question on account of the washing of the soil which would follow that practice. In such cases the benefits of tillage which might other- wise result advantageously must of course be foregone for obvious reasons. é But continuous tillage of an orchard year after year—that thor- ough tillage which means clean cultivation—will gradually work ruin to the physical condition of any soil because it means a con- tinuous diminution in the supply of humus or decaying vegetable matter which is absolutely essential to its fertility. Clean tillage then must be accompanied more or less frequently with a green manure crop. Fruit growers and others have been slow to realize or to understand the importance of maintaining the humus sup- ply of the soil. But gradually it is becoming appreciated. All over the country, even in the prairie sections where the exhaustless rich- ness of the soil has been the boast for years past, the necessity of erowing green manure crops is becoming apparent and the fruit growers are seeing its meaning. As a rule some legume is desirable for a cover crop because of the nitrogen which it takes from the air and adds to the soil. In a cow pea country, perhaps, there is nothing better than this crop; but crimson clover, common red clover, vetch, etc., are frequently used. Among the non-leguminous crops used, rye is perhaps the most common. Buckwheat, rape and various other things are also of value. These cover crops permit of tillage through the most important portion of the growing season, then following the cessation of that, perhaps in July, the cover or green manure crop is sowed. Thorough tillage and the use of leguminous cover crops go a long way in maintaining the fertility of the soil in an orchard. Further ‘than this I am inclined to pass over the matter of the plant food supply for the orchard. But I have ample justification in so doing for two reasons: Your own Agricultural Experiment Sta- tion is doing more in the investigation of these problems than any other institution that I know about. Preliminary results have al- ready been published and are available in bulletins from your sta- tion. Then, too, enough has already been said to show that the “fertility question” of any orchard is a very local question and the only place it can be answered for any one of you is right in your own orchard. The bulletins of your station suggest how to go 306 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. about answering such questions for yourselves. I therefore pass to the next fundamental tenet of orchard management—pruning. Relatively, few orchards the country over, are properly pruned. In fact, a surprisingly large number are not pruned at all. It will help at the outset to have clearly in mind some of the more import- ant reasons for pruning. They may be stated as follows: 1. To keep the trees shapely and within bounds. 2. To remove dead or interfering branches. 3. To make trees more stocky. To thin the fruit. To open the tree tops to admit air and sunlight. make thorough spraying possible. . To facilitate harvesting. To reduce the struggle for existence in the tree tops. To prvduce more fruit of better quality. OO IS OT oe With this enumeration of the reasons for pruning I do not ktuow that very much more need be said, though each reason given ot course might be considerably amplified. If the truths contained in the several captions given are self-evident, as most of them must be, to take time to comment about them is to uselessly multiply words. If a word of explanation is needed at all, it is in regard to Cap- tion 8. Perhaps few realize that there is a struggle for existence going on in the top of a crowded tree top but such is the case. The fingers of one’s hand are about as close together as they can well be but they are not in the way of one another and there is no struggle or competition going on among them for room or for food supply. Each has its own allotted amount which is sufficient. If one suffers for lack of nourishment or in any other way, all the others suffer with it. Not so in a dense tree top! Every limb and branch is competing with every other limb and branch, every bud with every other bud for room and sunlight and air and food. Often the struggle in this competition becomes so sharp that whole limbs die for lack of room and sunlight and plant food. The com- petition is a merciless one. Now if we keep the tops sufficiently thinned out, all is peace. There is no struggle to the death and as a result every bud has food enough to deposit within its folds a goodly supply besides making its normal growth; we have a well-fed tree and fruit buds strong and vigorous enough to with- stand many vicissitudes of climate that would kill outright weaker buds. To make such a discussion as this complete of course it should include some reference to spraying but you have wisely provided for that as a subject by itself for discussion, hence it calls for no comments here, only to say that the developments in spray mix- tures during the past two or three years mark an advance in orchard practice which perhaps means more to the fruit industry than any- thing else that has occurred since the value of fungicides and insecti- cides became fully recognized. Another advance step which I believe will eventually be group- ed with cultivation, pruning, spraying, etc., as an orchard practice is orchard heating or smudging to prevent frost injury. Great ING ite DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 3907 interest has been developed in this connection, many kinds of ap- paratus have been devised as means of applying or generating the requisite heat and smoke. While the practice must still be regard- ed as in the experimental stage, material progress has been made towards perfecting devices. When we know more about the range of possibilities and methods of working, it will doubtless be pos- sible to formulate fairly definite plans of procedure. It is now time to say that the production of good fruit does not consist in the tillage of the orchard, as important as that may be, or in fertilizing the soil well, nor in pruning, spraying, smudging, ete. But it does consist, other things being equal, in all of these various operations properly timed and adjusted to each other. Each one has its relationships to all others a break at any point in these relationships and a poorer grade of fruit is the result. I am not supposed to say anything about the handling of fruit in the present connection, yet there is a pretty close connection be- tween the production of it and its handling. There are only one or two observations that I care to make about fruit handling, .and they are based on some of the experiences of some of my co-work- ers in the Department of Agriculture who have been working in California in connection with the fruit transportation and storage investigations of the Bureau of Plant Industry. Four or five years ago the losses due to the decay of oranges in transit from California had reached such an enormous amount that it became alarming. The loss was variously estimated at from seven hundred and fifty thousand dollars to one million five hundred thousand dollars. The Bureau of Plant Industry of the Depart- ment of Agriculture undertook an investigation of the cause of this decay and the remedies. To make a long stery, with many details, short, the chief cause of the whole trouble lay in the me- chanical injuries which the fruit received while being handled be- tween the time it was taken from the tree and the time when it was packed ready for shipment. The solution of the problem has been largely a thorough re- organization of methods of handling with a view to reducing to a minimum the mechanical injuries to the fruit. My reference to this matter is made because it touches upon one of the fundamen- tals of success. The careful handling of all fruit not intended for immediate consumption is a “permanent issue” among fruit growers ond others who may be concerned. A fruit is a living organism. It breathes; it gives off carbon dioxide; it lives and dies and then decays. Any sort of treatment which in any way destroys or in- juries the cells of which a fruit is composed hastens its death and, by so much, induces decay. In some cases it has been demonstrated that the mere dropping of an orange no more than twenty inches onto a hard floor results in a very material increase in decay in comparison with other fruit handled in identically the same way save for the dropping. Of course the handling of citrus fruit as such, does not interest you in any way but if you grasp the principle involved you will see that the matter of extreme care in handling is not one of im- portance merely with citrus fruits but that it holds good for all fruits. 308 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. Now if in bringing my already too long discussion to a close there is one thing more than another that I wish to say it is to refer very briefly to the matter of co-operation among fruit grow- ers. Almost every line of human effort is ahead of the farmer in having its co-operative organization for mutual welfare. From the Dagoes who attend to the street lights of our cities; from the Irish hod-carriers up to the most skilled artisans in the country, we find organizations that weld the members so that they can act as a unit and when one speaks it is the voice of authority for all. Among farmers, fruit growers are undoubtedly in the lead in this respect, but still there is relatively a small number of such organi- zations in comparison with their field of usefulness. Some of the advantages of co-operation among fruit growers may be enumerated as follows: (1) All supplies, such as packages, tillage implements and other tools, spraying material, spray pumps, fertilizers, and all other kinds of materials or equipment can be bought by the association in large quantities at wholesale rates and sold to the members practically at cost. (2) The fruit being grown, picked, packed and handled in every way under the direction of the board of managers it is practically uniform in quality. This makes it possible to spanaladice grades and to adopt brands that have a definite significance in the markets and an actual cash value in selling the fruit. It makes possible the building up of a reputation for a whole fruit section instead of for individual or- chards as is generally the case otherwise. (3). It is possible through the association manager to keep in the closest touch with market conditions and hence take full ad vantage of those conditions. The manager is usually the selling agent; hence the grower is relieved of the anxiety of dealing with fruit buyers when his whole attention is needed in the preparation of his fruit for market. (4). Under these conditions quantity is not a factor in any individual orchard, as is often the case when a single grower must be able himself to ship in car lots. Quality becomes the aim. This makes possible small orchard or orchards of such size that the most intensive methods can be followed in the management of them. These are some of the more prominent functions of co-operative associations named without regard to their relative importance. A very large proportion of the thirty thousand cars, more or less, of citrus fruits that are grown annually in California are handled by co-operative associations. Most of the fruit from Colo- rado, Oregon, Washington and other states of the Northwest is likewise so handled. You know something about the relative prices of this fruit in eastern markets in comparison with the prices that prevail for most of the eastern grown fruit. You have the ad- vantage of the western growers in that they are so much further removed than you are from the large. markets of the country. I doubt very much if the western fruit would reach the eastern mar- ket, at least not in large quantities, if it was not for the co-operation of the growers among themselves, working through their associa- tions. No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 359 With the already important and the increasing fruit interests here in Adams county, I believe there is a grand opportunity for some very effective co-operation along the lines just mentioned. If such is the ease, and you make the most of the situation, to- gether with your possibilities for the production of high grade fruit, why cannot the reputation of the Grand Valley of Colorado, the Hood River section of Oregon, the Yakima Valley section of Wash- ington, or of any other section be, in five years time and less, your reputation? SELECTING VARIETIES, PREPARING THE LAND, AND PLANTING A COMMERCIAL APPLE ORCHARD By J. ANDREW COHILL, Manager Tonoloway Orchard Co., Hancock, Maryland. Your corresponding secretary has requested me to talk upon “Se- lecting Varieties, Preparing the Land, and Planting a Commercial Apple Orchard,” and as representative of the Tonoloway Orchards of Hancock, Md., it affords me the greatest of pleasure to meet and talk to so many enthusiastic fruit growers, and to find many among you who have selected the same vocation as myself, namely; the culture of the “Fruit of Eden,” the apple. Apple culture is no longer a branch of agriculture where it so long languished; it has become the most important branch of scien- tific horticulture. As a result of the farmer’s poor and neglectful methods, it is predicted that a few more years will see the total extinction of the small farm orchards as a business factor, and the survival only of commercial! orchards, conducted according to modern horticultural methods. By this statement I mean only that the fruit grower, be he large or small, must use business and scien- tific methods in order to survive. It is a well-established fact that the greatest success of commer- cial apple-growing depends upon proper selection and the planting of a few varieties only, taking into consideration not merely the pres- ent, but the future as well. This is the day of commercial orchards, and the first important stop after you have selected your land is to select your varieties. The selection of varieties has called forth the most painstaking consideration of every feature of growing and marketing by the best professional judgment of well qualified authorities and a close observation of actual results. The Agri- cultural Experiment Stations and horticultural authorities of the various states, as well as the Pomological Division of the U. 8. De- partment of Agriculture at Washington have for many years en- gaged upon the highly important work of recording results obtain- ed by different varieties of apples, in the various apple-growing sections, to determine the varieties best adapted to each locality. We made several mistakes in planting our orchards and I consider the selection of varieties the most serious one we made. Do not plant every variety of apples that your nursery may have in stock, or that every Tom, Dick and Harry recommends, for you will never have a commercial orchard if you do, but study and learn 360 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. the variety best suited for your soil, climate and markets. I would be just as careful in selecting a good nursery before buying young stock. Decide upon what varieties you want, and then write your nearest reliable nursery, asking if they can furnish the varieties desired, and at what price. State the number of trees of each va- riety wanted, the age, and specify definitely that, under no condi- tions, will diseased or insect-infected trees be accepted, nor will sub- stitutions of varieties be countenanced. Save the bill of sale for future reference, for the “Court of Appeals” in New York State has decided that nurserymen may be sued for damages resulting from the substitution of varieties. Go to the nursery yourself and inspect the trees, and insist on getting the varieties you have selec- ed. I prefer a well-grown, one-year-old budded tree. A one-year-old budded tree may be headed low, and the first branches may be used for the foundation branches, selecting those best placed. Further- more, a one-year-old tree is cheaper than two-year-old. The Tonoloway Orchard Co., of Hancock, Md., of which I am “field manager” of 350 acres, have 700 acres in apples or over 50,000 apple trees. The folowing are the varieties planted: ie AVellow: LEranspaxenites st creme catec eae aol cteveietetets cestonaiene 3,000 Dy sDuchess of; Oldenburg Ses ssetieiens ss-kaio weicloieds auehelets 3,500 RaW AT MTV uReG in. Monsees ots eust Sta tecasie +) exon toveus seated dene 1,000 Al atived: Atstracham mess s:cre cis cie re cieree ero iskeroters tne oaete mets 600 He Summers samp Oce peta ciciers craleeoe ch siete AOLMY Agere Teas 1,000 Ge MGIM POS. + isis Giese oocisteewyotvaous er snete ieee eel tismoncuceneNeN 300 Few WWE ality loess Wercokaviatte cote a /euctct'a veiracdo he delone see cas tevonenstakcu cron wens * 4,000 SHUT ona than Ais apes eeao ate ee ees te evatelieronenaltelemereee ote aeretereys 6,000 Ore Velloweebelleflowerys oii snoctoiss ele rereneis eiomecten arene 1,000 LOE Gare s Gr OldEN sees, © cre erate aye ccucuolspateucre mazes ele i hetcl teromere 7,000 MET QWANCSADs. Vsiejs en wic seise wise ers ltteers en heme totoin eretone Ci eens pas AD AMES LAVIN ATIA es aps ciee eine ele orci ahohat haere) aot toes 1,000 TIS Vere 8471) Cok aha yen tere ateeee eee Siete Gren seiciete aie Occ is UIA OU OIA wid 4,000 TA MBCNCIAVIST hicye siete ave siois wlohe wueieha on cree rec pereioroncaeneietes 3,000 Ue pe Sl atolal aac ea Occ ns Sco s DOA Ae On cd odo cS 1,009 Gee Vorks plmperialty un sicieicrersehs eietereie obs euaetemnoneh teeta 12,000 These varieties number sixteen, and even taking into considera- tion the thousands of trees, and the large expanse of our orchards we feel that by cutting the varieties down to eight or ten, adding the number of trees on to them, the crop would be easier handled and the company would receive better returns on the whole. All sixteen of these varieties are of the best for a commercial orchard, and so I shall make my selection from these which would be in the order of ripening: Yellow Transparent ) Want earks ed ; Early Summer Summer Rambo Late Summer. Wealthy Grimes Golden Fall Jonathan Stayman Winesap Rome Beauty Winter York Imperial I think that all of these varieties are adapted to your soils. The Stayman Winesap that you grow over here are particularly fine. I have never seen any better Staymans anywhere. They are highly colored, fine in size, and the quality is excellent, No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 361 SOME COMMENTS ABOUT IMPORTANT APPLE VARIETIES By H. P. GOULD, U. S. Depariment of Agriculture. In the many lines of progress that have occurred in the rapid development of the fruit industry in recent years, there have been none greater than the changed conceptions regarding the variety in its relation to successful fruit culture. Thongh for many years following the formation of the Ameri- can Pomological Society about the middle of the last century its mos* conspicuous work was along the line of variety adaptation, its .afluence was apparently somewhat restricted—much more so than in more recent years—and apparently not largely felt by the mass of those who were planting fruit trees. In the early days, the fact that a variety was pleasing when grown in a particular place was taken as prima facie evidence in great numbers of instances that it would be equally as desirable a hundred or a thousand miles distant where the environment was entirely different. Not so at the present time. There is nothing more conspicuous to the discerning fruit grower and nothing more interesting that the great variability of varieties in their response to the influence of environment, for we have come to think of a variety, not as an entity in itself but of a plastic thing which is the product of the influences under which it is grown. It is worth while in this connection to ask: ‘What are the in- fluences which affect the behavior of a variety, making it valuable in one place and perhaps worthless in some other?” In other words, what constitutes the environment which determines whether a va- riety inherently meritorious, is good or bad in a particular place? In the last analysis, the two great determinants or limiting factors for all plant life, and to a considerable extent also of animal life, are temperature and moisture. In the case of cultivated plants we must also add the soil factor and methods of culture. It may be doctrinal heresy to admit it but personally, I put less stress within certain rather broad limits upon the soil factor than upon any of the others that are really dominant in any particular. And for the tree fruits I place greater importance upon the character of the subsoil than upon the surface soil. To give satisfactory results with any variety of fruit, a soil must have certain characteristics. It must contain sufficient plant food in an available form to induce ‘a good vigorous growth of wood. In other words, it must be sufficiently fertile for the end in view. To this end it must contain humus or decaying vegetable matter in considerable quantites. A soil deficient in humus, more or less broadly speaking, is an unproductive or non-fertile soil. It must be a soil that is sufficiently porous and light to permit water to 362 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe percolate through it readily. Such a soil as this will also be easily penetrated by the roots. These last two tenets apply particularly to * the subsoil. I place so much importance upon the subsoil because it is that very largely in which the roots are imbedded. It is the subsoil very largely that acts as a reservoir for the moisture supply required by the trees. If it is too compact, and hard, the moisture does not pass through it with sufficient freedom, either up or down, and the roots find too much obstruction to readily penetrate it for food and moisture. Given these characteristics and a soil so far as the soil factor itself is concerned may be looked upon as having the requisites for fruit growing. And now that I am referring to this soil factor, I want to men- tion one other feature. It may be that each fruit variety requires for maximum results its own particular type of soil but I question if we can recognize this from any practical standpoint, on the basis of the soil itself, to the extent that is sometimes assumed. The soil performs three functions in relation to a tree growing in it: (a) It serves as a means of holding the tree upright and in place; (b) it is the source of mineral plant food either contained in it naturally or applied by the act of man; (c) it serves as the direct source from which the tree gets its supply of moisture. A soil may be too light in one extreme or too heavy in the opposite extreme, as we ordinarily use these terms, to come within the broad limits implied in the outset. There is a most intimate relationship between the moisture supply and the mineral food supply because the latter is available for the use of the tree only as it goes into solution in the water or moisture that is in the soil. Again, as soils of different types and in different conditions may have different temperatures, there may be a temperature factor involved in the relation of a particular soil to the behavior of a variety. Now suppose we think we have found for a particular variety the exact type of soil both with regard to its physical condition, its relation to the supply of plant food, moisture and temperature for maximum results in every respect. Very well! But the very next season after we have reached our conclusions it may be abnormally rainy, or abnormally dry or excessively hot or cold as the case may be. We at once have every factor in our scheme thrown out of adjustment and the relationships of food supply, moisture and temperature are entirely disturbed. As a result we find our chosen variety giving maximum results perhaps on an entirely different type of soil from the one we have previously had under considera- tion, even though that type remains unchanged as a type. Then, too, we have a variety growing on a particular type of soil and giving certain results under some definite system of soil culture and orchard management. We change our system of man- agement and totally different results follow. Yet the soil, as a type remains the same. The thing I want to impress upon you is simply this: Granting for the sake of the argument the possi- bility of there being varietal preferences as to soil types within the broad limitations already specified, the soil influences so far as No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 363 they affect the behavior of a variety are constantly at work con- jointly with all the other influences which go to make up the en- vironment—and a variety is largely the product of its environment. It therefore follows that when we consider the matter of varietal adaptability we must consider it in the light of all the influences that affect its behavior in any way. A variety may be of value or it may not be, depending upon the conditions under which it is grown, and the better we understand those conditions, the more nearly can we make them what we want them to be. There are various other phases of this matter I should like to discuss but | am already too far from the point of my subject. Time forbids that [ wander farther away, except to say that we are in the habit of looking upon many things as pertaining to the soil in its relation to fruit growing that are not soil factors at all. A soil that is too moist may need draining but that is a matter of drainage, not of soils, per se; or too much moisture may be the result of too much rain and that is a matter of climate, not of soils; a lack of moisture, or of plant food or of humus to modify the physical condition—these have to do with soil management, not with soil types and soil characteristics. But we sometimes charge them all up to the soil! Methods of culture and of orchard man- agement are fundamental in their influence upon the adaptability and relative value of a variety. Herein lies the phenomenal suc- cess of one fruit grower and the flat failure of another when per- haps the natural advantages outside the nature of the men involved are the same in both cases. Herein the grower displays his dis- crimination as to the peculiar needs and requirements of each va- riety and his ability to meet those requirements—for not all varicties can be treated the same way with equal success in every case. And it is in the management of an orchard that soil conditions are prop- erly maintained and ameliorated as the case may require. To return brietly to the temperature and moisture factors. This brings us back to a consideration of the climate in its effect upon varieties—for temperature and moisture are two conspicuous ele- ments of climate in relation to plant life. With a low temperature, and as a result moisture largely in the form of ice and snow, the typical vegetation is moss, stunted evergreens and other growth which characterize the Arctic regions. Given a higher temperature and much of the moisture in the form of rain and we have the mixed, varied and abundant vegetation common to the greater part of the United States. A high temperature and the absence of rain and the Sahara and the Great American deserts appear. A maximum in both temperature and rainfall and the luxuriant vegetation of the tropics is a result. Thus you will see the part played by these two limiting factors—temperature and moisture. To say that each variety of apple or peach or strawberry requires for maximum re- sults its own particular degree of temperature and its own definite supply of moisture at particular periods or epochs in its seasonal life—different from every other variety—may be going farther than we have any right to go at this time, yet from an extreme point of view I think this is theoretically true. Practically, the dis- criminations may be too minute to be of any real importance in most cases. Yet we know that some varieties will successfully with- 364 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. stand adverse climatic conditions which will utterly destroy others; so after all, there may be more in my proposition than we can now fully comprehend. But climate in its effect upon plant life—and upon fruit varie- ties—is a complex matter. There is more to climate than tempera- ture and moisture even though we sometimes overlook the fact that this is so. In naming the different elements of climate we would need to mention: 1. Precipitation (rain and snow). 2. Temperature. Extremes of heat and cold. Times and frequency of frost. Amount and intensity of sunshine. Humidity and transparency of the atmosphere. Direction and velocity of wind. And perhaps the electrification of the atmosphere. ~ Ora oe et We can readily understand that some of these at least in addi- tion to temperature and moisture have a very close relationship to the behavior and value of different varieties. Another very important matter in the adaptability of varieties is the location and site selected for the orchard. There are count- less orchards throughout the country that are practically worthless because of their location. But when we stop to cousider the sig- nificance of the location we find that it is mostly local climate. It has to do with frosts, and air drainage which are temperature factors; with soil drainage which is a moisture factor; and with winds, etc. So here again we come back to the climate. We must consider the climate in its several elements at every turn. But I have not forgotten that my subject calis for some com- ments about apple varieties. Perhaps, though, I need make no apologies for the background I have endeavored to set up. Per- haps any remarks about the adaptability of varieties that may fol- low will have greater significance than would otherwise be the case because of the “setting” which I have tried to place for them. Even now before I reach the part of this discussion which gives my paper its title, I want to ask your forbearance a little further. I have recently been very much interested myself in making a sort of inventory of the apple varieties that have entered into American pomology. A portion of this inventory may not be without some interest to you because of its connection with your state. About six years ago there was published a bulletin by the United States Department of Agriculture, in the Bureau of Plant Industry series, entitled: “Nomenclature of the Apple: A catalog of the known varieties referred to in American Publications from 1804 to 1904.” You will at once see the comprehensive character of this bulletin. The year 1804 was taken as the starting point because that is the year in which the first list of apple varieties grown in America was published. It therefore marks the beginning of Ameri- can catalogs of varieties. The work of compiling the data for the bulletin mentioned was completed in 1904, thus making the period covered by it an even hundred years. The American publications INO: é DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 365 reviewed for the data, included the standard pomological books, hor- ticultural society reports, experiment station bulletins and reports, horticultural papers and magazines, ete. The catalog contains all known names of varieties that had been published up to and including the year 1904 and approximates 14,800 in number. This includes all synonyms as well as accredited varietal names. Of the latter there are about 6,700 in number. This means of course that there has been that number of different varieties re- ferred to by name in American publications in the hundred years that is covered by this catalog. A bit of arithmetic shows 8,100 synonyms, thus giving as an average more than two names apiece for every variety, but as several varieties have over forty different synonyms to their credit and others only a slightly smaller number, the distribution of names is not on a very equitable basis. These totals do not include the crabs. If they are added to this inventory the number of accredited names is increased by about 375, making in all 7,075. Two hundred and seventy-iive names are added to the synonyms making 8,575, thus bringing up the total number of published names, including synonyms, to about 15,400. Of the approximately 6,700 (not including the crabs) accredit- ed varietal names, the origin of about 3,900 varieties is known with more or less certainty and designated in the bulletin mentioned by state for the native varieties and by the country for the introduction ut soreign sorts. Of these 3,900 varieties, the origin of which is designated 309, if my account is correct, are accredited to Pennsyl- vania though in case of 42 of these—a rather large percentage to be sure—there is some question as to their being of Pennsylvania origin. Of course a large proportion of ihe 6,700 varieties in the catalog, are now unknown in cultivation. This is made evident by the last revision of the American Pomological Society’s “recommended lists” of varieties for cultivation in the various sections of the United States and Canada. This revision was published in June, 1909, as Bulletin 151 in the Bureau of Plant Industry series. The list of recommended varieties of apples contains 319 names of varieties which have been recommended by some fruit grower, professional pomologists, or others capable of giving advice in the matter for planting in some section of the country. The inference is then that a little more than 300 varieties include all, or at least nearly all, (not counting local sorts many of which are valuable), of the really important sorts that are being grown at the present time. In fact it would be surprising if this number could not be greatly reduced without loss to the apple industry. Pennsylvania is credited with seventeen of these 319 sorts as place of origin with three additional ones that are doubtful in this respect. Forty-nine of the 319 are of foreign origin including twenty-four Russian sorts and several which originated in Canada. With so long a list of varieties from which to choose, there is some difficulty in deciding just what ones should be named in the present connection. As a foundation for a list it is of interest to refer to the revised catalog of recommended varieties of the American Pomo- logical Society above mentioned. For the district that includes this region, the following varieties are the ones highly recommended: Benoni, Early Harvest, Gravenstein, Grimes, Maiden Blush, Margaret, 366 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. Red Astrachan, Rome Beauty, Smokehouse, Stayman Winesap, Wealthy, Winesap, Yellow Transparent, and York Imperial—four- teen varieties. But Adams county is very near the border line between two of the districts defined by the American Pomological Society. As the boundary limits of these districts are more or less arbitrary it may be of interest to note the highly recommended varieties in the adjoining district. In addition to the above named sorts, they are as follows: Arkansas (Mammoth Black Twig), Ben Davis, Bough (Sweet Bough), Buncombe, Chenango, Gano, Golden Sweet, Horse, Ingram, Jefferis, Jonathan, Limbertwig, Missouri, Oldenburg (Duchess of Oldenburg), Ralls, Rambo, Red June, Red Stripe, White Pippin. This increases the list by nineteen varieties—a total of thirty-three varieties combining the two lists. Of the well tested commercial varieties this combined list contains some of the most valuable sorts suitable for planting in the middle latitudes—material for some very choice selections. — . And added comment about the more important of these varieties will serve to indicate their predominant characteristics. Benoni is a beautiful little apple of high quality ripening in this section the latter part of August; too small for Commercial purposes but excellent for home use. Early Harvest, Red Astrachan, Maiden Blush and Gravenstein are standard early sorts probably too well known to require comment. Red Astrachan has a lot of faults but as an early variety, red in color, I know of nothing to take its place. For a first early variety Yellow Transparent has attain- ed front rank pretty nearly all over the country. The tree some- times blights but it is very valuable for all of that. Smokehouse and Wealthy are early fall—probably September varieties here—of much intrinsic merit and for their season it is doubtful if there are any better for this section. Grime and Jonathan are used as “running mates” in many sections and are of first importance. There are few varieties grown commercially that are so high in dessert quality as these. Excellent sorts they are, one which to make a reputation that will be a distinct market asset. Grimes scalds in storage too badly to be very satisfactory for that purpose, but as a fall sort it has few equals. Jonathan, normally of about the same season as Grimes is an excellent storage variety and in some sections it is one of the three or four most important commercial varieties. It has a wide range of adaptability and is being extensively planted. While it might be un- wise to plant it extensively in Adams county without more prelimi- nary tests, | am impressed with the probability of its value. I think there can be little doubt about the value of Grimes for your con- ditions when properly handled. Looking at the exhibits here and talking as I have with your people, makes me more firmly convinced that Rome Beauty and Stayman Winesap are two of the most important varieties that can be grow here, unless they develop some faults here which I know nothing about. Stayman sometimes lacks a little in color especially on young trees but as they obtain a little age, this difficulty largely disappears. Rome Beauty may have some defects peculiar to this section which I do not know about but a short time ago one of the finest specimens of this variety that I have seen in a long time reached our office in Washington from Biglerville, this county. Noi DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 367 Winsap, though it is a magnificent variety in New Jersey within a radius of twenty miles of Philadelphia, may approach its northern limit of adaptability in this section on account of the elevation, though I am not sure but that it is entirely satisfactory here. York Imperial is too well ensconced in the hearts of the fruit growers of this section to call for any comment though it is a little lacking in dessert quality. I have now referred to all of the sorts mentioned in the first list of recommended varieties, also Jonathan of the second list because of its value in connection with Grimes. The varieties recommended for the adjoining district cover conditions that are very diverse from those in the district in which Adams county occurs. Therefore a consideiaiie proportion of them are not to be considered in the present connection. Several of them, however, may well be re- ferred to briefly for the purpose of pointing out their faults as well as to indicate their merits. Arkansas, more widely known under ‘its synonym, Mammoth Black Twig, is an excellent apple of the Winesap type and has a magnificent tree but it is generally such a shy bearer that it is un- wise to include it in a commercial orchard, except in a very few localities. Ben Davis I had intended to pass over in silence, but a few days ago I noticed in a report of the proceedings of the American Pomo- logical Society, published nearly fifty years ago when John A. Warder, one of the most conspicuous pomological geniuses this country has yet seen, recommended it to that Society with the re mark that he did not wish to say much about it but that he believed “Tt is a variety that will yet make a noise in the world.” How true this prophesy has been made into history! Sweet Bough is widely grown in this general region of the country for an early sweet sort. Jefferis for late summer or early fall has decided merit. It is of Pennsylvania origin and doubtless deserves a greater popularity than it now has. Oldenburg (Duchess of Oldenburg) for a second early apple would probably be successful, though its quality is not high, and its value is entirely for culinary purposes. Ingram, which originated in Missouri, a probable seedling of Ralls, is valuable in some sections because of its lateness in ripen- ing and its long keeping qualities. It is a late blossoming sort and because of this fact is sometimes bears a crop of fruit When other varieties are destroyed by late spring frosts. I.am not aware, however, that it has been tested in this section. It ought to be tried here for a long keeping sort. Rambo is a Pennsylvania stand- by which has much to commend it for its season though apparently it was relatively more popular formerly than it is now. White Pippin has a wide range of adaptability as we find it doing finely in Maine, in Maryland, Missouri and Kansas to say the least, and I do not know how much more widely it is scattered but under the diversified conditions in the regions indicated, it seems practically certain that it would do well here. It has been mistaken sometimes for Yellow Newton or Albermarle Pippin, though its differences are well marked to the critical eye. I have not seen it from Pennsyl- vania but think it is worthy of consideration for this section. 24 368 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. The other varieties recommended in the second list are not sorts that I should care to commend to you for this section so will not take the time to refer further to them. In addition to these varieties there are several others that are important sorts elsewhere but do not appear to have attracted at- tention in any part of this State. i refer to Early Ripe which is an early variety of increasing importance in the early apple industry of Delaware and New Jersey, that ripens nearly with Yellow Transparent. In Delaware they sometimes pick before it is matur- ed. It is a remarkable apple. It holds to the tree well after it is matured and may be picked when quite green. Williams likewise is a very valuable early sort in the states just mentioned. It has sometimes been confused, however, in at least one nursery in this State with Sops-of-Wine, a very different apple, the latter being sold as Williams Favorite which is also a synonym of Williams. Cornell (Cornell Fancy) is another second early sort, commonly credited to Pennsylvania—the southeastern part of the state—for its place of origin. It is a very desirable variety of high quality and I believe might with profit be given a much more prominent place in this section than it is accorded. Thaler should perhaps also be mentioned in this connection. This is a Russian variety and nearly or quite indistinguishable from Yellow Transparent in fruit but the tree is said to be more vigor- ous than Yellow Transparent. It is very rarely grown, at least not under that name. It may be confused with Yellow Transparent in some cases. In some parts of your state, Wagener is popular though inclined to overbear. For a winter apple, however, it may have merit for your conditions. It is of good quality; frequently recommended to be used as a filler because of its early bearing and rather small size of the tree. Another variety, one which has been attracting considerable at- tention in Virginia for the past few years is Lowry. It originated in Nelson county, Virginia, a good many years ago, but it is only recently that it has become prominent. It is a beautiful red or indistinctly striped apple of good size—a good keeper and prolific. But like all the rest of its kind it has a weak spot. It is not quite good enough in dessert quality, still it is fair in this respect. I do not know of its having been grown north of Virginia but men- tion it to call your attention to its possible value here. Now if a grower was selecting varieties to plant for a succes- sion of ripening from early to late from the varieties already men- tioned, he would not want all of them unless he was undertaking to plant a variety test orchard. Individually of choice would have a considerable range. My particular selection would be no better than that which any one else might make but if I were planting a commercial orchard in this section to include a full sequence of ripening, I think my choice, in the light of my present knowledge would be about as follows: Yellow Transparent (or Thaler), Early Ripe, Red Astrachan, Williams, Cornell, Maiden Blush, Gravenstein, Wealthy, Smokehouse, Grimes, Jonathan, Stayman Winesap, Rome Beauty and perhaps York Imperial. If I could find something to substitute for Red Astrachan I would do it but I know of no red No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 369 variety at present that will take its place. And if I could handle to advanatge more mid-season sorts I should want to add Jefferis and Summer Rambo because of their merit. Sutton Beauty would be a consideration to add to the winter season. I do not know of this variety anywhere in this state but in New York it has been planted more or less in recent years and it is apparently growing in popularity in that state. It of course does not follow that it wouid be of value in this section but its possibilities are worth consideration. Lankford, a Delaware seedling that originated nearly 70 years ago has become quite widely disseminated though it is not exten- sively grown. It may have some possibilities as a winter variety for this section. With these other winter varieties I have mentioned, if I could find evidence that they were well adapted to my location, | should be inclined to drop York Imperial from my list as it isn’t quite good enough in quality to conform to my standards and add one or more of these other sorts. I know that is a good deal like throwing a bomb and I may be slandering your most profitable variety. The fact still remains, however, that it does not rank very high in quality. We might go on in this way almost indefinitely but time forbids anything further than to enumerate some of the varieties that are now attracting attention which have unknown possibilities for this section but which are worth testing. Perhaps in such an enumera- tion Delicious should head the list because of its widely advertised qualities and its recognized merit under suitable conditions. King David is its counterpart. Oliver Red under the name Senator has also been considerably advertised and planted but the tree is too susceptible to disease to recommend it. Likewise Collins Red has been disseminated widely under the name Chanpion and while this is productive and beautiful in appearance, it is too poor in quality to commend it to discriminating planters. The last three sorts mentioned are chance seedlings from northwest Arkansas. Adding still others to this category, there is Akin from Illinois, Bloomfield from Maryland, Doctor included in the first list of “apples most commonly cultivated” that was published in this coun- try, though still unknown to most fruit growers, Virginia, Beauty from southwestern Virginia; Carson from northern Ohio; the Mag- nate which originated apparently from the same collection of Wine- sap seeds that produced Stayman Winesap from eastern Kansas; Ensee from southern Ohio; Florence, an apple somewhat similar to Jonathan having a fine vigorous tree but less desirable in dessert quality than Jonathan from northwest Arkansas; Mother perhaps now a century old, coming originally from Massachusetts, but still largely unknown; Coffman an early sort of much promise from Tennessee; Celestia, another sort from Ohio; Ramsdell (Ramsdell Sweet) referred doubtfully to Connecticut for its origin; Adams, a long keeping variety of the Rambo type and of good quality from Blair county, Pa. All these, and almost an endless number besides are worthy of some very definite consideration by those of you who are seeking a reputation for the production of apples of strictly high grade as to quality and beauty of appearance. 24—7—1910 370 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. And still we need others. Of this collection, not one is perfect; not one that does not have some fault or objectionable feature of some kind either in fruit or tree. Following up the history of nearly all of our most valuable and best known varieties, we find where we can trace them to their origin that they came into being in most cases as chance seedlings, without the aid or intervention in any way of man. In this connection it may not be inconsistent for me to repeat what Marshall P. Wilder as President of the American Pomologi- cal Society said repeatedly 50 years and more ago: “It was my first, so shall it be my continual and last advice: ‘Plant the most mature and perfect seed of the most hardy, vigorous and valuable varieties; and as a shorter process, insuring more certain and happy results, cross, or hybridize your best fruits.’” This advice I wish was being more commonly followed today. If ‘‘chance” has ac- complished so much in the past in producing apple varieties, what are the possibilities in the production of varieties in the future, should all the knowledge of the present time regarding plant breed- ing and heredity be directed to this end? GENERAL ORCHARD MANAGEMENT By SAMUEL FRAZER, Orchardist, Geneseo, N. Y. In discussing this question of General Orchard Management it may be wise to first relate the story of the beginning of our young orchards. These were planted nearly four years ago. At that time I had the idea that the best thing for me to do would be to top work most of the trees to the varieties I intended to grow. I did not top work everything, but planted some varieties as they came direct from the nursery in order to have them as checks. I may say at the outset that I am not in favor of the top-working and have been forced to this conclusion by my own results. It may be that as time goes on I shall see reason to change my mind. Thus far I am not prepared to advise it. We have something like 150 acres of apples, the permanent va- rieties being Baldwin, Greening and Northern Spy. There are but 10 acres of bearing trees on the farm; among these we found 3 Greening, 3 Baldwin and 3 Spy trees which appeared to be better than the others, and almost all of the wood we needed for top- working was taken from these trees. In order to have a complete eheck on the method I top-worked six rows of Greening with scions taken from an ordinary nursery. I may say here that these do not show the same type of foliage that we find on our own trees. We can detect individual differences in trees, and we know that in some cases these are transmitted. We began by planting our trees in the spring with the idea of budding them in the fall. A few which were planted the fall pre- No, 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. svt vious were grafted in the spring in the limbs, and we secured about 80 per cent. stand of the grafts put in. At the time of budding we had a small epidemic of fire blight. The nurseryman had con- tracted to change the tops of the trees as I desired, therefore, he had to do the budding and grafting; and although, I told his man I did not want him to try to bud any trees which showed fire blight, he would persist in taking the chance of putting a bud in and going several inches below the seat of infection. In most of such instances he managed to get the knife covered with the bacteria from the diseased tree and he would inoculate the succeeding ten trees; and, since we were putting in four buds, one on each side of the tree we had four seats of infection. The weather was favorable for its rapid growth and there was nothing left but to condemn the trees. Out of some 8,000 trees 2,800 showed fire blight that fall. In my judgment it was better to remove them and burn them than to try and clean it up; so we took them all out the next spring; and I requested the nurseryman to send me trees to replace them, which he did. In this case, however, we adopted another policy: We were able to plant the trees the last of March, and in April beginning even before there were signs of growth, we sawed the tops off at the height of 18 inches from the ground and put in a graft. IJ may mention that these trees were 2-inch two-year-old buds. Generally speaking, we had a very good stand and these grafts would make a growth of from 24 feet to 4 feet that season; and, if it was neces- sary to do any more top-working, I would prefer to do this in preference to any other. Personally, I would rather grow the trees from individuals and take the time, rather than try to top work. I think I can get a better head and save much trouble afterwards; for it is necessary to go over all these trees carefully, even today, to make sure that shoots are not coming out of the stock, and all of this difficulty is avoided when the trunk is the same as the top. ' PLANTING In planting we usually prune the roots as little as possible, merely remove any injured roots. Prune the tops after it is set. We dig as small a hole as we can and put the roots in, and insist on the soil being well packed round them; this is the most important thing in planting. Take a tamper along and make sure that no roots are left out of contact with soil. If the tree has four limbs we do not touch it. I would not on any account cut back the ends of the branches. If it has five or six limbs I would take one or two off, leaving three or four. If it is possible, we like to space these limbs six inches apart, so that if the lowest begins at 18 inches from the ground the highest would be nearly 3 feet. In the case of va- rieties which tend to droop as R. I. Greening, I have left a few trees with a leader for experimental purposes, but in the bulk of the cases we have merely the four limbs. I understand from others that it is going to be more difficult to handle these trees successfully than it would be if the leader were left. We shall know more about this matter later. 372 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. The land we took was not in the best of condition. Most of it needed underdrainage in order to give good crops and permit of proper cultivation. The land is a little too heavy for potatoes and the results we secured from trying to grow corn between the trees were not encouraging. It seemed to shade them too much; so that we are growing the trees without any crops on the land between them. We plow the land or disk it as soon as possible in the spring and keep it cultivated until July or the first of August, at which time we sow a cover crop. During the past year on 200 acres of orchard we sowed a mixture of 1 pound Cow Horn Turnips, 4 pounds Dwarf Essex Rape, 5 pounds Crimson Clover and 5 pounds of Red Clover per acre, and in addition, we allowed all the rag weeds, pig weeds and other weeds that would grow to come up. Some of them have made a wonderful growth the past year, grow- ing tall enough to hide a horse. We manure the apple trees each year, with a light dressing of farm manure. The first two years we gave them a small aun i of probably 1 to 2 pounds per tree of a mixed fertilizer about 3.8.8. This past year we have used Basic Slag on some of the apples at the rate of 800 pounds per acre on bearing trees, and have had very marked results. Certain trees were left as checks, and on them the foliage was not nearly so large, nor was the growth made this season so long. In the past we have had more resuits from Acid Phosphate when applied to the peaches than from any other fertilizer, but during the past year we did not get any results with either Floats at the rate of 1,200 pounds per acre, with 500 pounds of Iron Sulphate or from Basic Slag at the rate of 600 pounds per acre, or Acid Phosphate at the rate of 600 pounds per acre. The trees did not show any improvement over those which had nothing. We shall continue this experiment for certainly two or three more years, since these trees are located on one of our best soil types. PRUNING OF PEACH TREES When we plant the peach trees we cut them off to a stub about 12 to 15 inches long. On this we allow 3 limbs to grow, removing any others. Since that time these trees have not been pruned. They were 3 years planted last May and last year they bore a suf- ficient number of peaches so that the sales were $50 per acre on one block of nine acres. Our trees do not make the growth that yours do in this vicinity; they have not the size that yours would have, but they are much larger trees than those grown in orchards where heading back is practiced each year; and by allowing them to bear early “they will get the necessary spread of limb and open center which we aim for. The trees are full of fruit buds and it hardly seems necessary to do any pruning this year, except in the case of a variety like Late Crawford, which makes a great deal of wood. We shall be able to pick everything from the ground next year as we did this. As they begin to grow higher we shall head them back. On Herbert Wadsworth’s Estate at Avon, trees handled about the same way yielded as high as 10 and 11 baskets, that is one- third bushel baskets per tree; in other words, a yield of 3 to nearly No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 373 4 bushels of fruit. These trees had been manured during the first two years of their life. The soil is sandy and they have been kejit cultivated all the time, absolutely clean tillage. The trees have not been pruned at all. Alongside is a small apple orchard, trees were planted four years ago. Some of the Hubbardston trees had from 75 to 126 apples each, which made a good crop for so young a tree; in fact, it was necessary to thin them two or three times to prevent their over-bearing. While the limbs and tops of these trees may have appeared close, this weight of fruit is giving them the necessary spread, and limbs which would appear too close are now pulled down, so that they do not need to be removed. The permanent trees in this orchard are Baldwin and are the same age. Almost every tree had from 30 to 40 apples on. The results thus far secured by leaving the trees alone are such that we are encour- aged to do less and less pruning. The way of pruning is very important. Leave 4 limbs six inches apart on the trunk if you can. We find we can do it. Do not cut the terminal buds off these limbs. Remember they are the ones which will come into growth first and if removed the tree will probably be all of ten days longer in getting the latent buds into leaf, and that ten days cannot be recovered. We must get leaf growth—in order to get root growth. The sooner the tree gets into business after it is planted the better. In some cases when we cannot get the branch where we want it we have put a bud in the trunk. We have tried vearling buds and some two-year-olds and like the yearlings very well. At the end of four years they seem to be just as far ahead as the two-year-olds. They are very easy to plant. One block of 1,000 were put in this year at the cost of about 13 cents each for planting. PRUNING OLD TREES In the case of trees at the bearing age which have been neglected and allowed to become quite thick, we found it advisable to prune such only during the bearing year. Pruning them late in the season after the blossoms have fallen. In this way we have avoided any tendency of water sprouts. We find we can take much more wood out with safety than if we prune in a year that the tree is not bear- ing, and in the case of all varieties which bear every other year normally, such.as Baldwin, I would rather wait one year and prune heavily when they are bearing. There is one rule we give in regard to the amount of wood which shall come out of a tree. It is this: 1. Remove all dead wood and badly diseased limbs. 2. Remember that the sun must reach all parts of the tree sometime in the day If it cannot reach a limb, either that limb or some other must come out. Another rule is this: If it is a question of an upper or lower limb; save the lower, We have a bearing orchard of about 64 acres of trees scattered over ten acres. It had been neglected and was about 33 years old. The trees were 33x33 feet apart. They were all touching and were too thick. The orchard was in sod and was rented for pasture for the sum of $25.00 per year and the most the crop had sold for was #75,00, according to the statement of the tenant. I paid the tenant 374 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. $75.00 to let me have it;.and in May, 1906, I borrowed a spray rig and we sprayed it. We did some pruning, taking out the dead wood. We sold the fruit on the trees that year with 400 barrels which I had ordered for $800.00. We made a map of the orchard showing the varieties. The following year was the off-year, and the land was still in sod, and the crop sold for $630.00. In 1908 the land was plowed and every other tree had been removed during the previous winter. We were able to do this from our map, having carefully noted on it all trees which were of poor varieties or in- jured and making careful tally to find which row would need to be removed in order to leave the most good trees. We took out every other row on the diagonal, sometimes some good trees had to come out; in other cases we had to put a young tree in, but in spite of the loss of trees the yield that year sold for $1,520.00. The trees were pruned again, taking those which were in bearing. The follow- ing year we sold for $1,340.00 and this year, 1910, which should have been our big year we had very poor weather at the time the Greenings were in bloom and had a very small crop of this variety, _which constitutes a large proprotion of the orchard; so that our yield this year will not sell for much more than $1,200.00 SPRAYING Gur method of spraying during the past year was to spray about the time the buds were breaking until the leaves are the size of a mouse’s ear, with Lime-sulfur 1 to 9 with 2 pounds of Arsenate of Lead to 50 gallons. This takes care of the Blister mite which is moving at that time and the Arsenate of Lead is for the bud moth and case bearers which have been a serious trouble in Western New York. We intended to spray again just before the blossoms opened, but left it until the blossoms fell. The omission of No. 2 spraying was a mistake, I believe. The second year we had the orchard we used Bordeaux mixture and Arsenate of Lead for the spraying after bloom, but we had so much injury from the Bordeaux that we have not used it since, using merely Aresnate of Lead. This gave us good results. We sprayed the trees from 3 directions with Arsenate of Lead at the strength of 2 pounds to 50 gallons, and on trees which would bear 10 to 14 barrels we find we have applied about 17 gallons of solution to a tree in the three sprayings. This was followed in ten days with a light spraying of weak Bordeaux with Arsenate of Lead. This past year, however, we changed our policy and used Lime-sulphur at the strength of 1 to 33 with 2 pounds of Arsenate of Lead as soon as the blossoms fell and did not apply so much ~ te the tree, but even with this we found we encountered russeting . where the fruit met the full force of the spray. Where the fruit did not get the full force of the spray the Lime-sulphur tended to con- trol the natural russeting of the fruit; and in a neighbor’s orchard where the material was put on with a hand pump at a much lower pressure than we put it on, the russeting was almost eliminated ; while in a neighbor’s orchard which was not sprayed, it was quite prevalent; so that we are convinced that russeting may be due to natural causes as well as spray in‘ury, and may f-sult even when Lime-sulphur is used. Our modified method of this year was not No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 375 thorough enough to control all the codling moth. Next year we intend to make our Lime-sulphur much weaker probably 1 to 70 and resort to a thorough drenching of the tree as soon as the blos- soms fall in order to conerol the codling moth. We tried making our own concentrated Lime-Sulphur, but cussed ‘t and quit. We ltacd—the picnic of our lives. Your Prof. Stewart told us all about it at one of our meetings, how nice and easy it was to do. He told us how to cook it. We tried it in the basement of the creamery. It fumigated the creamery all right. Just about the time we had it all nicely cooked, for some reason it would boil over, and half of the contents of the barrel would be on the floor and sailing down the sewer before we could catch it. Someone has to boil it. I am willing to let the other fellow do it. MANAGEMENT OF 700-ACRE ORCHARD FOR ONE YEAR By MR. COHILL, Again it is my pleasure to address this Association, continuing cur talk of the preceding day to the culminating phase of orchard- ing, its management. This is an exceedingly broad subject and my object in view is to give simply and briefly the essential points of the management of a 700-acre orchard for one year. It would be the work of volumes to enter minutely upon the details of orchard management and my idea is to speak in general upon the essentials. Any points on which my assistance may be of aid to you, I would be only too glad to help you if I can. Don’t hesitate to interrupt me at any time. I want to bring out a point in Mr. Frazer’s talk, which covers our conditions, regarding potato culture in an orchard. We allow our men to have patches. Usually they plant potatoes, with the re- sult that the fruit we harvested (the first three crops) was practi- cally worthless, hardly any value at all. Other places, where ferti- lizer, manure and cover crops were used, we had almost the same result, and it looks to us as if we would either have to grow fruit or potatoes. We plant the trees so close, 20 feet apart, that it is not profitable to raise anything between them. We pay our laboring men $1.50 per day, 15 cents an hour, and furnish married men with a house costing about $600.00 or $700.00, then charge them rent covering the interest, or $4.00 per month. We, also, give them truck patches, furnish them with wood, horse to drive to town, etc. PRUNING It is very important that young trees get proper pruning for much depends upon it in the future. In many orchards improper pruning is practiced, while in others no pruning whatever is done. 376 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. I must say that better results can be obtained from the latter. Many orchardists have the idea that after a bunch of men have been started to pruning that all is well, and they will do the work properly. Well let me tell you that this is taking a long chance, for we have a high class of laboring men working for us, as well as re- sponsible foremen, but nevertheless the field manager is on the job. We do our pruning during January, February and March, keeping a force out when weather conditions will permit, usually about half time is made. These three months are usually severe but we find some very favorable weather, and with plenty of men, have time to treat each tree individually or in other words, treat each tree as though it were the only one we had. We had our inexperienced man with one of a year or more experience, making two men to each row. until the inexperienced men have been taught, then each man there- after takes a row and is responsible for it. Each man is equipped with a saw, large pruning shears and small hand pruners. Following behind the pruners is a boy. to cover all wounds over half inch across, with white lead and linseed oil paint to prevent the exposed wood from drying out. We, also, use a boy to gather up the cut limbs and put them into piles. We use a team with light sled, with very broad, light bed, to carry the brush off to a vacant space to be burned. Be sure to haul this brush off before growing season, because there is nothing which looks worse than trash of this sort in an orchard, and it also prevents clean cultivation. The old style of high-headed apple trees has gone out of favor with the progressive fruit growers, and the common sense method is taking its place. The low-headed trees have the advantage of high-headed ones in being easier and cheaper to spray, prune and gather fruit from, and less injury to dropped fruit, and less injury by storm. The fruit will color and ripen as well. The disadvantages are none, provided they are pruned properly. There is a great difference of pruning fruit trees, by growers, college professors, and men with theories, and one point upon which they differ mostly is the “straight leader” and the “open head.” We have experimented with the “straight leader” and the “open head” methods of pruning an apple tree, with the result of adopting the straight leader as the best. FIRST YEAR The first vear consists of pruning done when the trees are planted but if any new shoots tend to make the tree unsymmetrical the tips should be pinched off in the summer to check their growth. This summer pinching of symmetrical shoots should be done whenever necessary in the following years. SECOND YEAR Cut out all surplus branches and prune back the foundation branches from one-third to one-half their growth, making the tree Mont: DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 377 symmetrical and leaving the central leader shoots longer than the others. Avoid crotches, as they will surely split later and ruin the trees. THIRD YEAR Do not let two branches cross or rub, and if twigs have grown on the foundation branches near the trunks do not disturb them, except to cut back several buds to induce fruit spurs. FOURTH YEAR Until the trees begin to bear the foundation branches should be eut back annually to make them short and strong to support heavy loads of fruit in the future. After fruiting begins not much prun- ing is necessary, except to thin out surplus growth and keep the tree symmetrical. In cutting or sawing off all limbs the cut should be made close so as not to leave a stub. This is very important for wounds properly pruned heal over readily, while stubs seldom heal, thus decaying into the trunk is the result of weakening and injury to the tree. Another very common mistake is pruning from the bottom up, but this should not be done. Prune from the top down. FERTILIZATION F We get our fertilization in the form of manure, cover crops, and commercial fertilizer. We have excellent railroad facilities, having a siding of the W. M. R. R. right in our orchard. The most of our fertilizer is gotten in the form of manure, bought in the cities of Hagerstown, Washington and Baltimore, in carload lots, and our teams are kept busy hauling from January to March, or up until spraying season for scale. There were three cars standing on the siding when I left home, and the teams are now busy spreading it about the orchard. During these months we have quite a little sledding snow, which is the best time for hauling heavy loads, so we get an unusually heavy supply during good sledding. It is best handled in Gondola cars which average about 30 tons. SCALE SPRAYING Spraying for San José scale is the next work of importance with us, which we start just as soon as weather conditions permit, and push this work very hard in order to get our teams started on culti- vation. If there is such a thing as a commercial orchard of any size being free from scale, I think we have one, for the State En- tomologist and State Horticulturist, as well as the state orchard inspectors, go through our orchards every year and make close ob- servations and have reported free from scale. We spray annually as a preventive using concentrated lime and sulphur 1 to 8. There is only one way in which to keep your orchard free and that is to Spray every year and do it thoroughly. 378 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. Just aS soon as spraying is completed we start on our cultiva- tion. This year we expect to greatly increase our stock and run a separate crew of cultivators and sprayers, for cultivating really should be started when spraying starts, if the soil is in condition, and to get perfect apples it requires at least three sprayings. Pre- vious to this, one force of teams have done the work, as the amount of fruit has not justified so many sprayings. HORSES VS. MULES The first thing of importance in cultivation, and in fact all orchard work where stock is required, is to select the animal to do the work, and we find the good mule our best friend in that respect. Emphasis on the good, for usually when you speak of a good mule people laugh. A great many people do not know a mule only as a kicker, balker, and an animal with all sorts of bad faults, but let me tell you we have a lot of good big mules that have no tricks and beat the horse at every stage of the game. We started with big horses and are replacing with big mules, our experience with them prove these advantages. They eat less feed, they do almost twice the work on hot summer days. A man can kill a horse in summer on a hot day, but the mule can kill the man. They will stand rough treatment by indif- ferent drivers just like a goat in getting over rough rocky—breaks and new grounds, and are just as good on the road. These qualities are what a fruit grower wants, and a good big mule will fill the bill. SPRAYING FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE APPLE The codling moth is one of the most serious insect pests the fruit grower must combat. Data collected by the Government and State Experiment Stations have found that from forty to sixty per cent. of the annual yield is injured by the codling moth, which makes the fruit unfit for a market, and some aimost worthless for home use. While a large number of up-to-date orchardists do spray for the pest, a vast majority do not appreciate the extent of the injury it causes. The first spraying for the codling moth should be just as soon as the petals begin falling and before the lobes of the calyx draw together. This period of time is about ten days. Have a good mouthful of poison there when the larvae attempts to enter the apple. CULTIVATION On account of the location of the Tonoloway orchards, on such hilly and rolling land, the practice of cultivation will need to be modified because they cannot be handled like an orchard on level ground. In hilly or mountainous orchards clean cultivation ¢can- not be safely adopted, on account of the danger of serious washing away of soil, unless furrows are plowed following the contour of the land, to check this washing. We plow strips wide enough to cultivate with a harrow on each side of the tree, along the rows, in the spring and cultivate until No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 379 July 15th or ist of August. After thoroughly cultivating these strips, every other middle may be plowed, leaving one solid and one cultivated. The following year plow up the remaining middles and leave the other down in clover crop; these strips prevent washing. There isn’t any land too steep to practice clean tillage by this method. After harrowing down, the fertilizer can be applied and a cover crop sown. COVER CROPS For cover crops we use crimson clover, red clover and cow peas, using cow peas for a summer cover crop, and crimson clover and red cloved mixed, on alternating year for our winter cover. I have with me a written account of the cost of maintaining (of what we think an ideal 30-acre apple orchard) for the first eight years, with details of cultivation, cover crops, fertilizer, pruning and spraying and would be glad to show it to anyone interested. A great many complaints are made by growers of their cover crops not taking, and the trouble usually lies in the ground not be- ing properly prepared, and also if the ground is dry the seeding should be delayed until rain comes. Crimson clover especially will not germinate in dry soil. Run the harrow just ahead of the sower, not a week ahead, not two days ahead, but the same day. GOOD ROADS I don’t know how strong Adams county is for good roads. Good roads are an absolute necessity to the fruit grower, so when it is too wet to cultivate, make a good road through your orchard to the packing house. Get out your neighbors and everybody help repair the county road to your railroad station. You had better look after this because bumping over only a few stones to the station will ruin your fruit for market. If you have a dirt road, get the county’s road plow, a road scoop, and level up with split road drag. In the spring or early summer is the best time. PICKING It has come to be regarded among good orchardists, as impor- tant not to bruise an apple as it is not to break an egg. Careful handling of the fruit is the first essential to good prices. Good packing can be brought about by careful picking. The fruit must be picked at the right time, and handled with great care in getting it to the packing house. Do not pick all the fruit at one picking. This holds true with nearly all varieties for if the small appies are left upon the tree they will-often increase in size enough to make a No. 1 fruit. In picking, see that the whole stem is removed and without breaking off the fruit spur, as the future crop may be in- jured. Keep the fruit out of the rain and hot sun. We use a picking bag and pour the fruit into a lined box made of special durability, with sawed out hand-holes to lift by. Make the box to fit the wagon bed with a double decker type. 380 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Of. Dov GRADING We have not adopted the box packs as yet, for the harrel has been exceeding profitable for us, although we expect to put up some boxes next year. The company thinks as long as they get $4.00 to $5.50 per barrel it beats the box. Solid cars of our Jonathan reach the price of $5.50 per barrei shipped direct from the orchard as soon as picked, to New York. We pack three grades of barrels, fancy, No. 1 and No. 2’s. The fancy and No. 1’s have a label of the orchard company, while the No. 2’s have no identification, but marked plainly a No. 2. The fancy is a large uniform, well colored apple of the variety, while the No. 1 is of a smaller uniform size, well colored, all larger than 24 inches. The value of accurate grading of fruit to a uniform size and appearance, is the selling factor of any package, be it a barrel or a box. WORMING TREES This is one of the utmost importance to a young orchard. ‘the best time to worm is in May or September; we worm our trees every year in the early fall. This busy little worm does a great deal of damage, and by the time we get around to him he has done what he thinks his duty in killing the trees. Washing the young trees with whale-oil soap is the next fall work. This has a tendency to keep rabbits from tearing the free, and is very effective against San José scale, and also makes the trunk and limbs clean and smooth. Dilute 2 pounds of whale oil soap to 1 gallon of water, boiling the soap until dissolved and apply to the tree, either by spraying or put on with a whitewash brush, over the trunk, fork and main limbs. IT note with interest what Mr. Frazer tells about whale oil soap controlling the worm. We have used whale-oil soap a number of years, both fall and spring, and, though it might have effect on them during egging, I think you will find the worm there just the same. This completes the year’s work, as this brings us within a few days of Christmas, and work is closed until the first of the year. So our only vacation is during the holidays. POTATO GROWING IN YOUNG ORCHARDS By SAMUEL FRAZER, Orchardist, Geneseo, N. Y. The question of growing a crop in an orchard is one which we can discuss and probably agree to disagree upon. The prime object in growing potatoes is to make money. I am informed that your value of land is from $50.00 to $70.00 an acre. Your average yield of potatoes is somewhere near 90 bushels. So far as the value of the land is concerned you would be perfectly safe in using it for No. 7. _ DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 381 potato-growing. In fact, any land which will grow a good crop of potatoes and is under $200.00 an acre in value may be used for that crop, while if the same land should rise in value so that it is worth $300.00 or $400.00 per acre and the yield should not be increased it is doubtful whether potatoes could be grown at a profit. We have then one other factor to consider and that is the question of yield. Is it adequate to cover the cost of production? How much does it cost to produce an acre of potatoes? After you have paid this item and the rent and the interest on the money have you anything left? If you bave not there is no use growing potatoes. In this crop you have to compete with many sections which are partic- ularly adapted to potato-growing. For instance, Northern New York, Maine and parts of New England, so far as the main crop is concerned. In regard to early varieties. You are in competition with other states. It is a question for each one to find out whether potato- growing is profitable for themselves. If potato-growing is not in itself profitable then it certainly should not be put in an orchard with the idea of getting a certain sum back to pay the orchard expenses. It is quite possible that you could charge off $8.00 an acre from the working expenses to trees, but I consider it is really unwise to try and grow the potatoes close to the trees. I would certainly leave 4 feet, the next year 6 feet, and later eight feet on each side of the row of trees. If the orchard be planted to fillers there is so little land left that I doubt whether it will pay. Orchards are worth so much more than potatoes that I would seri- ously question the advisability of growing some low valued money crop in them. If the money crop grown is highly productive and does not draw too heavily upon the soil I think it would be better. Or, again, it might be better to run the orchards in the extensive fashion, without a crop and concentrate on three or four acres on some other part of the farm and in this way earn sufficient money to carry the orchard. Or, we can look at the matter in another _light, and that is, one which I use in almost all other crops, namely, you determine first whether you have or can secure enough money to grow the crop until harvest. If you undertake to grow radishes you may have to wait but six weeks; if you attempt to grow potatoes you may have to wait four or five months; if you plan to grow apples you have to wait six or seven years. I think it would be better to look at the subject from a business standpoint and try to get enough capital and get some way to carry the crop until it is ready to produce some revenue, and devote all the energy of the land to that crop. I hoped at one time that I could do otherwise, but I have been forced to this position by experience. I realize that my experience may be decic uly different from that of yours in this locality, and therefore, hesitate to advise you whether you should or should not grow potatoes in a young orchard. In some sections of New York our growers report adversely on growing potatoes, especially in peach orchards. They have had such poor results that they consider that they have lost two or three years growth of the trees, owing to the influence of the potatoes upon the peach trees; and if a potato crop makes $10.00 per acre, net, it is doing well, and in some cases we may get $20.00 or more net; 382 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. but should that be secured by the loss of one peach crop or one apple crop we have a very large contra-account; for the one apple or peach crop will probably be worth as much money to us as five po- tato crops. Then, again, when a man is working potatoes there is a tendency to sacrifice the trees, which does not happen when there is no crop being grown. Another point with us is that we need organic matter in the soil, and are not able to secure enough to grow profitable crops of potatoes unless we have a rotation of perhaps clover or meadow one or two years in four and the orchard does not lend itself very well to such a practice. To return to our first question, that of cost of production, it might be wise to take one other crop as a sample. The U. S. De- partment of Agriculture has been determining the cost of produc- tion of certain crops in Minnesota and they find that it costs about $6.00 an acre for labor, teams, seed, etc., to produce a crop of wheat. This does not include any charge for rent. If now, the land be worth $50.00 an acre it would take $3.00 an acre to pay the interest on the $50.00; therefore, this is a legitimate rental and would bring the cost of production to $9.00. If the land be worth $150.00 an acre our rental would be not $5.00 but $9.00 and our cost of pro- duction would be $15.00. If we secure no more yield on the $150.00 Jand than we do on the $50.00 we find it would become unprofitable to try and grow wheat; for with an average yield of 14 bushels at $1.00 per bushel there would be nothing but loss; so that we may say that with our present mode of farming no man can attempt to try and grow a profitable average crop of wheat on land worth more than $100.00 an acre. He simply must cast round for some other type of farming. Our potato-growing involves a larger outlay for labor than wheat growing. The important thing to remember is that rent should not constitute more than a certain percentage of the total cost, so that any crop which involves considerable labor can be grown on higher priced land than a crop which involves little labor, and we find that potato-growing has its limit, that is, about $300.00 per acre. In other words, we cannot afford to pay more than $18.00 an acre rent for land for potato-growing, and with average yields, no man could afford to pay this. No 90-bushel crop of potatoes could afford such a sum, in fact, it could not afford to pay much more than $3.00 or $4.00 rent. Orchard land on the other hand, with the large amount of labor involved and large amount expended for packages, frequently running to $100.00 per acre or more, can pay a higher rent than potato-growing, and yet, not have the rent a higher percentage of the total expense. So that we are really trying to grow a crop of fruit trees which will warrant the expenditure of a considerable sum of money in order to secure re- turns as soon as possible, and, at the same time, trying to devote part of the same land to a crop which will not warrant any such expenditure. This, however, is but one way in which the two crops conflict. The growing of potatoes gives no opportunity for the in- corporation of a large quantity of organic matter. I would like to give the figures which have been issued by the U. S. Department of Agriculture in regard to the cost of growing potatoes without fertilizer in Minnesota. No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 383 The statistics given in the table were collected from a large po- tato and grain farm in Clay county, Northwestern Minnesota, where 300 to 400 acres of potatoes are grown annually. During the years 1902-7 no fertilizers were used. These figures allow no charge for superintendence, which might be permitted to pass on a small farm where the farmer worked himself, but would be a factor on a large farm. COST OF PRODUCING POTATOES ON UNFERTILIZED LAND PSCEC ge CUZ ISM US:) tex htig evens pyeReasicucl ote eerie ators ci ereks ae tordes ale a PEs ee 5.804 Eg LO WV LI 7 are ch legate Sei seey olla R Te ce ey shcter eran etiats tors Seco 6 Ee IS Ee ee 1.190 ELEVIRO WHILE 5 Delsey saat ce uatstcusietspevste cncueteters eiete te es ere el aa e caate SE em ace Oe 184 @utting ‘seed’, 5.5.5.5 ip .ard Ho Goro KIO, OO UCI RONG rae a ides tere rok 801 IEE yeeiG oe eRe Sta Oo One oi ory Orme tek eee ete oe a) nae eae 620 Wieedinegs (horses pweeder)ya. \acccactoue ie nie tie enciocicie cee ee ee 544 Oral bivatine ee LIMES mes, sjee rae cre terre ore ee ore eae ln ore ens wn eis -294 Spraying, “S LIMOS? me:re eercien aie ereiereve crewertorseen a ac vereree aie ocho ete arc a .294 Paris green, Apotey tenet eter oucions oul ebsiere eucuolora tie tereicle maps eados Rc Malekel sisi eae 1.282 ISIS ROIS SB Oko ae enEE ACIS AeCe ERD OI aiee encicls Steere eo ee erates eee 028 ADDY TS ANN ae ree ns Seve = scse cnet ns cate teeta alors SPS loud aio ote im ieale cde nhasie oe ee ee 1.338 Eickinemipe Jebus. ateos: pel bussands boardeu ss... soem nee nse ee 4.806 A ULIN ANC SLOLING e Mescus clans ocean cieicre oecisie aerial eee 2,603 Machinery, COSEST oxic accra e¥choe ahora ce Ce he Ene es ne 596 Deena es Tey ER em ere os ARES ge CHO aT a eel cata me ee ees Ae MAN EN, 3,000 26.366 The actual cost of production was 21 cents per bushel. It is not stated whether the above yield was total crop or saleable, but if the former then the actual cost of saleable potatoes per bushel would be nearer 30 cents than 20 cents. I think you will agree that this cost is low. COST OF PRODUCING POTATOES ON FERTILIZED LAND SEI L pe DLO WAN 2s bata -voraechopcteis s:ojoteis 1s ertoge on esorele rs susie ele Be ti eievaselerate artes aiwers 1.017 Harrowing, 4 times, She: cgovehoroke, oi sts Cetera rete Wiereus etescuemet Meteor: ois dot cen Da eevee ere -765 Cost of seed (14.1 bus. ) Pane acces CIN RA Sec e AE EA eo et, irae Pane tee Seg ees 8.472 @uittin me Seeds ies ook aiees ha i aio re eretetale rae dar sue tense Leo re OTS 376 PREV OR EIT 2 SCOC co wocrar ay sun scores Go suclaj oversee hoses. ahve tetep as oft ter eteseier et ol cueashote @iawesuateriere 120 Worrosivessublmate dt. .ci sence onsiek ete se ee oe Se ee eS o te Ona Ai TEAC NB 2s NS ain OS Dimi errr IS Camo OC TORo in ioio Gio c.cietioic o caamin cLOLin GO a claro Orie .689 LENS el RLU ZS chet ke eRe net WAT RELAIS Coen Me rOH En irs enc ERR CRON Hes CAE SIE Se Ee 6.500 IWiCOGINE. (EWICES” crecc arerete role eiane re ‘siwints ote revase e tretoveratiaceh ous eloerehe choral setae Ges are 327 Cultivating oS times” rd oar serereistshetole sue etapa a oroter tence dicta nin Ohare ae 1.814 Sprayin eed vb es lhc id tansvosavere) erelastoverot iol ores heete onc halo is echelons eae eens 446 Paris green, Lime, iste lehivlefeKolvtelic\ cVelloltehefelisloasVelotsiclt-FotvolVodsioh siege alerolelehetelsietaistereletors 1.833 Bluestone, VT TN a es ale shesinav a arvelignedeRol eyo vore alaial'é eta ave oes ke ier MEPL oreNe. oie ick. uaita Pome ara ose ailans 1.810 Picking wp 162) bus) at osc per) bu.vand boards vaneteicie ra eeteye ieee eee 6.362 Hauling, Storing and“ Sorting aac ee ie ee Se: 3.30L¢ Mis chimery:t) COSEs.< fe ceveh ek ece chs eee Ae era cree vated cn ea ar aorehy eens el eeatae 596 Mand ee rentalige - saci acta cracks creretanee 1912 OrawiOuds: -j.)2 se. J. S. Patton, ISENGHON I, Sco dboonouaDocoec 1914 (Cham isd FG Oe ae Se opie OG DUC acces CCD ols ooine ano GoCe Doo mad aoe OODaaee or DAUPHIN, Messe cisle sare Edward S. Keiper, ..Middletown, ................ 1914 IDCIAWATE, <2 ar6ce eee E. J. Durnall, Siwarthmore; .oehan tic cicero es 1914 Peers eS ovics.< eles ce Ain Ii, MWg. “cSt WRITE o6docconnccacon= 1911 STOO rarely icles sicico ei elel eve ie iebaieyolfe le sactoce fein Cleceieleiove, seteraleyel ole el tale! sists eielers’eie Eiafeteterata IRBEVGUIGH, Sacla cone SRDTO DG coon OOOO rT OCS. GOO OU DODOUGO OU DOOOUn DOOD OUD OO OGOOC0e GTC S Uae ees soc cto one Pelle: eye tapaleorey ote tate ceney nteveliohatiotte tevalvenerstollere evleve tanasiecen eel (ore) ei'eYaxonehaehelonels IDTV ad Do ee ene ars John 27 evoOunes sees MATION cir. erect dareiereretere 1914 GON Ss tees ntsc cee J. L. Patterson, SaMeConnellsbureieese = cease 1913 (Gres Cl Sao oricioc nr N. M. Biddle, Carmichadelssie casero 1913 HMAMtnedoOn, ..). 2.06 Geo. G. Hutchison, ..Warrior’s Mark, ............ 1912 NTO ATVARY sere ies siceorotenete-s . C. George, Wiest) Webanonk 22.7. case se 1913 ALGMONSOMN; st as cs Secrets Peters Be Cowan asco brOOksvall ere eaters - tetenor-neterstele 1913 SIUMETT ELTA ests 2.5 Sustevs, anes WEyndoe yw, lavokens, Gao Wikeatoy Bicceaaccacconooocce 1912 Waekawanma. “sects. Horace Seamanssy 2c HACtOGYVALIOS opeicie ei a1 e)-le ens) > 1913 WANCASTCTS 0255. alsa ces) suei J. Aldus Herr, aH AUATICASECT 08 oanie% miei ons aie eset 1914 WAWTECNIGC,. cisscisisie s 2.6 Sylvester Shaffer, sNews (Castles. ao. sitcoms ae 1913 eEDATIONS. se.ci-to3 ss H. C. Snavely, CIC OND cr ne cacao iessher sucker: 1913 1D) orf] a1 she iirc ERS PS) Henstermaker,) jAllentowis sae ei 2 ciere 1912 UIZCEN Css cae screen Jn Os eEnildebrant.) |. Wallace heh) Wey ce cre atereriore 1914 GyCOMmINey =)... 22s A. J. Kahler, Enaeheswilles ssccar serra eeeere 1912 INICIO AT Te Sf ocais sisss.d¢ene 6 O. W. Abbey, TurtlessPoint,, y=... ese ook 1913 IMETCOTS Was Sos ois eis W. C. Black, IMPON COTS hs orci e ccevane cicrete to wnsuctneenets 1914 TEESE Sate Aes ne ee M. M. Naginey, NGL OVS gee eee ate eee 1913 IMONMOCS > eu 6 2% can ce F. S. Brong, Saylorsburge, sac eae teenie ee 1913 Montgomery, ....... John Ee Schultz, 2. .o. Norristown once one MOMEOUTS, 055 orciee oro J. Miles Derr, IMGEtOM = tetas HY Dy crercccgn. seers 1913 Northampton, arte Mele OH Sh Messinger, SxS PATAIMY ME Stee torrie pees cone ees 1912 Pe uen ane: desalls DAS Eschbach, 42 Malltone Ruste De. h nets ert eis 1914 SS IA ETO A. T. Holman, Millerstowih soe asa petiole Phitadelprii, Mare slaisiele David Rust, Philadelphia. eae eae rer 1913 Hie yee a Se te eR ee re nan O Cer LO Oe OOD aon ene rete eernictticimna coc EQ S15) Delon tet Se RR hey CEO So OIC COILECIDE EI CIN OR IOIG Poor mia CECE ON pO F SChwylkGl ez sce ecto John Shoener, New (Ringeolds ©. 20s. cc 1913 Site eres ta 5 Ape acre Ca © OB eo tid Henco Dibinis an7 Oe Otho Poop Un NG. Ge coop noG.on.c Somenrsets. oaissce%.s John C. Weller A MROCKWOOUSe.\s s s,cxsistsyare Stet oussae oe 1914 Suillitvaned © cess eects J: Ge Coltsas. see Campbellsville™ =e. ese ee 1914 pusquehanna,” =....-- rank “Ay Davies)... Momtrose, (hire. was eae. = ane 1913 DMO Sat woe od clare «rp eiersce Calvin SEL DeWitt)... Monsiieldteasa-nceauorraeriers 1914 WMNTON sac ee ete oe Je Newtone Glovers. oceVaCKS DUM esac rece ei-iei-peielonsencns 1914 WG TSE Vang GE as orniO eter COR eInIO OG cna HO ciosoto Doc CObin COD Goo ood ho comino mote 6 WVATNOM Sees. u sorter RevJs, Weld; SUSATSTOVE! bus. ce ieeneras 1914 Washington; 225.50 Dee Ss. Laylor Burgettstowns ea. secs alee et 1914 WWicVN CS che saveec a lecerens Warren E. Perham, ..Pleasant Mount, ............ 1914 Westmoreland, ...... ¥ Pi Shoemalker 5, Greenspure. wantesiececceeie ee 1913 WiyOmines ee. eke. A. Knuppenburg,. wvakerp Carey, ccs scoot 1913 WOT ECa Sa Bee ee ae ar & F. Barnes. TP VOSS VAI GE ss ote vancvanee wi oar orercee 1914 404 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. OFFICERS PRESIDENT Hon: Johnok. Tener, (GOverwion, merce crs oye sete etele sista. Harrisburg. VICE PRESIDENTS Geo; -GcHutehisen; 2). ee icici sete orccaroie acvegelotanelevors Warrior’s Mark. ) NS SEW OU) eee aD Ge ian oO ChE cere OD Ue S OOIOC Hughesville. Peter Gearhart. iis eclsryoese core eee eee ec eietoe chs . Clearfield. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Drsview Conards (Chainmvaner sae ie cries aaa ieel teeatere Westgrove. Dr We rank. BOCK: Star certs cisioeuets ovsls oie aiareiouase aetenete Altoona. EF PAZ PETORD paros creche ener ehe sores orate Brees eT aU hehe keto Millhall, R. F. D. MatthewevOdeerss: 25). fen cir seal ectoeiedege e easva eeePereeek alse Mexico. aD ICOTTiGks | teryscis.ccceee te nies chon ever veer etre eRe aete Towanda. ROS ee Feta b leh oe eee Mepis Stine cae oh 8 cine. Milroy. 1D)5 47. EG rh bi oy ofa 01] etre neh aia AIO. Oi aor Lake Carey. Ee Wiel Ge Sea's cise Be rce 5/5 5 Mies mete aren) meee eivanerar cnet pote Sugargrove. aS IN OUTIL els S sccroca elo es tousgenapsteh ol seokenoaat ene ene Ronee ae valeS Millville. INE FB: Critchfield, “Secretarya cctestel ate el ceeds eieretetetotetere Harrisburg. ADVISORY COMMITTEE, CONSULTING SPECIALISTS AND STANDING COMMITTEES AS REPORTED BY THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. ADVISORY COMMITTEE Matthew “Rodeens; 5-0. txa cere miele sete ciate © oie elepeiar eset Mexico. Ve PAS VELOETS oo.c ale cutie ase enact (eleva shoyete bey ovoreprtenie aie tetekoreikers Millhall, R. F. D. Mpa. INAS INCY,,. oc «a leteroteis ciate caeh otal ove rs latlovols gets oRMEepeNs) score Milroy. Neos Critehfield> Secretary, fer taee cee ak cece Harrisburg. CONSULTING SPECIALISTS IBOtanists 2.52. saacietets setteret Profs We Aj Buckhouts ..cece State College. IPGMOlOeIStHah jc che otto eters Gabriele biester, associ Harrisburg. CHEMIBEY® 3 ys 5 Suk. gs see ert eis 1D WAC Digetel May Aig pos noo State College. Veterinary Surgeon, ........ Dr: Cy J -eViars halle pee ser Harrisburg. Sanitarian, 2). 2.5205. McGowan, Chairman, 2.22 22+ oe = Geiger’s Mills. FE CEN AT Ca teey aa ova es o's ciclo oie reire Siclave cinienetarel erase © ists stsvoiet Clearfield. WIALELN OS Wal ECOG SETS i ctie ocickerevcteravslotencle: © cxcheueiersfavelo\cnelsicwsbors Mexico. Sea eS LV OUG ENS Pre a ace spose tatata stort cl »tetaveimcye oie olerel w= eraleueraie Kelly Station. ERO TIEM EDO ONAViClygtrat 2 hs ce tcteheietosershets beara oravorete: snrstere te Cleona. CEREALS AND CEREAL CROPS di; WAGE Dye Clreviitis, Soepodcodecccpocncs daccgccd Milton. ROADS AND ROAD LAWS PRO MNVCLLeT- CHAIRMAN: 5.00 y haley oe euatcke eterno clsaeus -e ahereo Rockwood. FRUIT AND FRUIT CULTURE dis Es, Vecuniy Cherie, Agia ee awuclod nodac Aut OnUCOC Marion. DAIRY AND DAIRY PRODUCTS Ne Conard s@hainmaniae - .atieiccitetrtas icra sacs ots eter Westgrove. Je 18 Syoithegs (Oierbanthins oo counonocueD60l5 UmodcaUc Norristown. WOOL AND TEXTILE FIBERS iS. Vy, WIGAN COMME Beet ooo onoconceucoes New Sheffield. KP VOUS CHAITMAN, 26 cove eels oetee esate Yohatels stele |o) Millville. W. Theo: Wittman, Chairman, .-.,-...-.--+7-++-+"r- Allentown. 406 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. PAPERS READ AND ADDRESSES DELIVERED AT THE THIRTY-FOURTH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE PENN- SYLVANIA STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE, HELD AT HARRISBURG, PA., JANUARY 24, 25 AND 26, 19717. REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON CEREALS AND CEREAL CROPS By J. MILES DERR, Chairman The production of cereals and cereal crops may be considered the greatest industry of the present day. On account of its importance to all classes of people it should receive a great deal of considera- tion. We have in our country several million acres of as fine land as ever kissed by the sun or tickled with a hoe. One crop from the farms of our great country would pay for all the railroad property of the United States. Corn Let us consider a few of the leading cereals produced in the United States: “Corn is King,’ and has been properly named on account of its importance as a feed and value of the product. It is by far the most valuable cereal we raise. Our corn crop is worth more every year than all we get from our gold, silver and lead mines. It has been estimated that our corn crop is worth more than twice as much as our wheat crop. Our annual corn crop averages more than two billion bushels of shelled corn every year. Corn is raised in nearly every part of the United States. Ohio has the highest average per acre, about forty-two bushels; Pennsylvania third and Florida lowest, about eleven bushels per acre. More than one- half of our corn crop comes from the seven great states: TIlinois, Iowa, Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, Indiana and Ohio. This is the greatest corn patch on the face of the earth. It produces more than one billion bushels of corn every year, or more than one-half our corn crop. Can we realize how much corn one billion bushels is. Suppose it would be loaded upon wagons, forty bushels of shelled corn to a wagon, and driving the teams so that the noses of each team would just reach the tailboard of the wagon in front of it, making a continuous train of wagons more than one hundred and fifty thousand miles long, or long enough to reach six times around the world. These seven states produce about one-half of our corn crop, and if we want to know how many wagons it would take to carry a whole crop, multiply the number by two, No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 407 What is done with this immense crop of corn? About nineteen- twentieth of it is fed to stock in this country. About one twentieth is shipped to Europe. Corn is the chief food of about forty million hogs raised annually in this country. Wheat Winter wheat may be considered second in value and importance. Wheat is one of the most important grains known to man. It has been used for ages by the people of the Old World. Wheat was not known in this hemisphere before the time of Columbus, and our continent now produces more wheat than any other grand divis- ion of the globe. The United States as a nation takes the lead in the production of wheat. aa os ES See rn SN sor ee ee | 10.60 1.70 1.70 LEAP | 2) af i ee se eee ee ee ee ee ee 14.70 2.80 | 3.50 Do CIGWACA Utena ne ee ee ee ee eee 10.00 | 2.20 | 8.70 Buckwheatwpranty (2-8 oa See ee eee eee 12.40 | 3.50 *21.90 Buckwheat migdlings, 22-5. Soe ean ee ee | 28.90 | 7.10 | 4.10 Bucky HeAtes Onis twee ssa — oe oe 27.10 | 7.60 8.30 (OCMC TH | WEE ERS eee eee See ee ee ee see ee 18.40 | 19.90 | 23.20 Wettonseedemeal,, 2222 -ei 2225 ee Bee eS 42.30 13.10 | +5.60 OLAX See setae 3 ie re ee oe ee Pe Be | 22.60 | 33.70 | 7.10 Hinseedumeal. Oo Reger s sae nano en one conn eek een ee eee Sees 32.90 | - 7.90 8.90 Ihinseedameal swNe ie ey suis ces Bas See ee Je abla ae eee ee 33.20 8.00 | 9.50 Oran Fo ee a ee eee 1.07 0.80 | 6.00 Alfaliay laymneal, 9 = 20K <= Seat Sea es ow es ean eee 14.3 2.20 | 25.33 *Note high per cent. +No hulls. This table gives you the analysis of the cereals as nature produces them. It also gives you the analysis of the by-product as the chem- ists find them, and I hope that this table may aid you in becoming educated in regard to the feeds that go to make up the concentrated pure feeds that are on the market. I am often asked the question, “What is the analysis of the adul- terants that are mixed with the feeds that are found on our mar- kets?” I will give you a table of the adulterants that we have found on the markets of Pennsylvania: Name of Adulterant. Crude Crude Crude Protein.| Fat. Fiber. Per cent.|Per cent. Per cent. (WONT CODES, LNOUNGC, panne as an a eee ee ee eee eee 2.40 0.50 30-33 Oat hulls, .--------—--------~--.----_------_-_.--~------~.-----. = 3.00 1.00 29.33 Buckwheat hulls, -------—-------___..--__ 4.60 1.10 43.30 a 412 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. 3y referring to the law, you will find that corn cobs can only be mixed with corn products, such as corn meal, hominy and gluten. In our work for the year, we have not found any corn cobs mixed with gluten. We have found one firm mixing corn cobs with hominy feed and another firm manufactures a feed, using corn on the ear and hominy, but the fiber in this feed has been kept at about 10 per cent. as the law requires, except in two samples, and in these cases your. Secretary ordered prosecution. We secured conviction in both cases and the fine of $50.00 and costs were paid, which were covered into the State Treasury. Oat hulls are a common mixture with feed, but the law says that if used, they must be so stated in the composition, and that the fiber content of said feed shall not exceed more than 9 per cent. with a variation of 10 per cent. of the 9 per cent. which would make 9.90 per cent. We have had some trouble with the manufacturers who are using oat hulls in a mixture, to keep their fiber near the amount stated. They claimed that they had old goods on the market of Pennsylvania, and that we had secured samples of this. They also claimed that they had trouble in mixing their goods to comply with the law. After a few prosecutions were brought, this firm placed on our markets feeds that now comply with the law. One firm indi- cated that they were going to withdraw their goods from our mar- kets, and this is a matter which they will have to decide for them- selves. The great trouble during the year that we have had to contend with, has been the molasses feeds that were found upon the markets of Pennsylvania. The law prohibits the mixing of weed seeds with any feeds sold in our State. A number of manufacturers of molasses feeds persisted in mixing all kinds of weed seeds in their feeds. Their attention was called to these violations, but they still continued to mix weed seeds with their feeds. The Secretary directed prosecu- tion against the said firms, and we have secured conviction in each case, and we believe that we will be able by constantly looking after the matter to prohibit the mixing of weed seeds with any concen- trated commercial feeds sold in our State. We think it is time that some of the Eastern states that are consumers of feeds as we are, would endeavor to have passed a law similar to our own. The Pure Food Law protects the human race, and we as men should protect the animals that cannot say what they will eat, but have to eat what is given them or do without. There should be more educa- tion on this subject. Six years ago, there was very little known about the analysis of feeds, in fact, very few knew what protein and fat were, and it was only four years ago that we had written in the law, directing the manufacturer should give the analysis for fiber. The question came up at once, What had fiber to do with the foods? But you are all coming to find out. I do not wish to criticize any of the educational departments of our State, but I was very sorry to see that at the last Farmers’ Week at State college, there was not one person on the program to give any instruction on commercial feeds, and in looking over the list of lec- turers at Farmers’ Institutes I can only find one who was scheduled to talk on this great subject. I believe the question is important enough to the farmers and dairymen of Pennsylvania to have some one on each section of the Farmers’ Institute foree that could or No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 413 would talk on commercial feeds as they are found in Pennsylvania. You will find a large number of instructors who are able to tell you all about fertilizers and other subjects. By the last information that was secured in the Department of Agriculture in regard to the amount of fertilizers sold in the State, it was estimated between six and seven millions of dollars worth, and after consulting with men who I believe know, I am safe in say- ing there are more than thirty millions of dollars worth of concen- trated commercial feeding stuffs sold in Pennsylvania during 1910. This will give some idea of the importance of this subject. I hereby give you a table that gives the names of the county, town or city visited, number of samples taken in each town, number of samples taken in each county and number of towns visited where no samples were taken. This table shows that there were 1500 samples taken by our Special Agent in 1910. It also shows the number of towns that were visited in which there were no samples taken. The reason that there were no samples taken in these towns, was that the feed on sale had been sampled in other towns near by. We could not visit near all the feed stores in each county, as it would have consumed all the time of the agent, and it would have been impossible to visit all the counties of the Commonwealth. This matter will be referred to under the head of “Our Needs.” TABULATED STATEMENT Name of County Visited. | Name of Town or City Visited. in each town. Number of samples taken in county. Number of samples taken iBlairsvilley, 2 os aosee ae eee ae eeee tees nea Saltsbure 225 s622ses=abo oe ee Sosa eee BInGhlick?. 22s5 ao se ee se eee ISG TS ON NS Sosonce sesso cesses Se See eee aes) PATA eee ne eee Dig (S| oes eae oe a a eee Oly ier se en ee ee ee eeeaee| Grecksidhe? sei a2 aa a ee eee nese | IPALLON aaa ee re oe ee ee ne eae PAS GIES hen er ee an eee Sone asea| IBSTNESDOTOs sate se aes os ee ee ee oe oeeeee| @arrolito wis os eK 8 eee WEE UNE. coe Sessa eo ee cc eee | JOHNSCO WIS | 28 re esa as ee seats] SOUutn NOLK 7 ooo 2) ea nee ae See noe ee eats | Galitzine te ee oe Ese ees Scalplevely. 2292522 ass esas SoS oes essa esse! Coneémauch: geet = oe ee ee Gresson); 2252 S22 ose sooo Sn ea 5 oes aes a tesce a) PSO WAM TR top GT Sum Gono Montrose, (S20. 55-22 ---22= Alford, ====- New Milford, - S Great Bend). 22222 -ss- ee ees oe Susquehanna, - See eae MATES DORO enn te oe ee eee Os Ss OsRIan Gee aee ae ee ne es ea PEP AIBGOAG fae an oa ee ne eee Susquehanna, --------..--- _ eonownae © wooocoRrnmwaon eoowmnounn CON SOT C9 NW NOTE: No samples were taken in some towns, where indicated, from the fact that the feed found had been sampled. 414 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE TABULATED STATEMENT—Continued Name of County Visited. Name of Town or Oity Visited. Number of samples taken Off. Doc. in each town. Number of samples taken in county. Bradford. ===; = Bediord, (2 22552<~sce--- se Bucks), e-c3e-s- =~ POLLO fee ee eon eee ee eee se Gameronsye ss ee JON ie ee ere OE| Westmoreland, -_----------| FSO RS om wT ompwrr rr FSe WN we GqQiewhdre Ne SOMATA SR OO LOE NE AGTrReNe Towanda ye ecco o =e nese es aan ee a see eee eae WISTCT oe Sen oe oe tee oe ee ee ee oe eee MODTOCLONS geet eae se a eee Towanda vik hen Dia NOmdoy a aseeeee eee eee ee IAGHenS 3 S0eS eee leas ee ene aa eee Sayre ee ee eee US oh ee ee ee oa Alb ay soso a a a ee eee eee eee | Canton) 22252 ee eel South WiavVenlyiee sane eee eee DS Fo ee ia en SE ee IE VCT CCG eee ae a oe a ee oe ee ee Bediordi: (2226 eons oe ee ee eee Quakertown) eos~ oo ree eee ee ee eee Richland Centre; <2 2.222522. 2 Ase eens DoylestOwny ence. seese se ease ene eee eee eens Chalfont; yeaa eee eee eee ee ean eee Mansdale., 225.2 nese e ose see Stee eee Colmer es ee ee see neon eee een Wellsboro, Weesthleld) 225s a ee aoe ee eee @ownesque,) 22-5> sone ee enone nee @oudersport oo: s22-s on ee eee WIysses) 222 oa ae a eee eee IROT Ee Alle Saline see eee ee Kan ey ass = os oe re eee ean IBTAGTORO ese. nceeees eee ee eee Mt’. Jewett; "=== 2222223 See Mildred Le. sso ss ee eae eee EMporium, (222-2222 2 see ene ee Driftwood); 22222-s nae ena ene eee = eee Ridgway, 222022555 < Aes ese St. Marys, -- a JOHNSONHULE, | Wass. see eee eee ee 1230: Paradise (222. Cl Sas ss ee es ae BD aaa an aa a ee ee a ee ee ee 14. ROK 7 2225") steers eee ee | 15 se SELES DULS, 55 poe eae ee eee a LG Se MGHN od OV) eee coe ee ae ra ee a Ovi oa -= eer ee EA NOT Res ee Sees ee ees ent ae EN pe el 2s pEUBNOVED) © a5 52sec sae anaes ene eaten eee neaeee . QDWIAMTA WM TP COME 14 Ooatesevillats fe 55 a eee | (PATKCRDUTE eee on ee eo a ee ee ene ees eea| Downingtown, Mortonville;so>-——- 2s Modenay wae 52 = West Chester, | Kennett (Square, 2222222522525 2 Ss se sce Westeroves 2 252 Ae ten ceo cee ce | Phoenixville; 2222525220252 2 ocean ee 5 — are pow BB coccOMmMmmananDMaods CHrHHo wHeROwR ao Obbhan = coor W Ee WIT OWT eta. rose eee es ee ee ee IMCViGYGOWHs, o2rsos sate nen se coon tet eens ReGds Ville re saos tent rene ee menace eee soe POT WROVSls | S2ss2 sas asee home sa eee eee eene | MU eae ae ao cone ee nese teanccceus] _ wre ONO 12 Junistes-s--s-=---——-===———| We VOM OPIAMP er 5 . NOTE: No samples were taken in some towns, where indicated, from the fact that the feed found had been sampled. 27 416 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE TABULATED STATEMENT—Continued Off. Doe. Name of County Visited. Name of Town or City Visited. Jefferson, Lycoming, Clinton, oo eee nano - enn nee - =| @entre; |.5--229222-=2.-2=-235 Adams, Rranklin: (22-022 te Cumberland, Dauphint wees SY Lebanon, IDGLES 3) = S222. 2 eee es Lehigh, Huntingdon, Clearfield, _ mone Ww 09 bo et -_ Ne em OD OpWwWNe Mmwne werent. Set 5 Ca yi Coe td OS Ome ee ON SED. CUE 09 20 It won WON OR ONE <\tini ker iat eieks ete Se Cr OO ATID OB WR WIA Ro Ne Lindsey, Punxsutawney, Reynoldsville, Brookville, Williamsport; =2-22--=< see e eee Newberry, 230-222. ee Montoursville, Williamsport, MUNCYs) 23s 2 Ut be See eS ee ae ee ee Hock ‘Haven, 22222225252. - /o-2 eee le ee Flemington, Renovo, Millhall, Bellefonte, Philipsburg, Gettysburg, Waynesboro, Greencastle, Chambersburg, Scotland, Shippensburg, Newville, Oarlisles) 322502 oe see eae ee eee Mt. Holly Springs, Mechanicsburg, Harrisburg, Middletown, Steelton, Lebanon, 2.24252 5 SA eee eee Myerstown, Annville, Reading, Mt. Penn, Kutztown, Birdsboro, Boyertown, Lyons, Allentown), 22:22:32. =) Se ee ee Huntingdon, Mapleton, Mt: Wnion,- 32) -2--osone a eae eee Petersburg, Altoona, Martinsburg, Hollidaysburg, Tyrone, Juniata, Bellwood, Duneansville, Munson Station, Osceola Mills, Du Bois, Clearfield, Wallaceton, Houtzdale, Morrisdale, Winburn, Number of samples taken in each town. i DEF OCONNDM CHWONWNO HRW = ee Hon SOSOMNDEWM SOGCOURS oMmArw BY occa oh wed awdam asom an Number of samples taken in county. 14 17 26 20 NOTE. No samples were taken in some towns, where indicated, from the fact that the feed found had been sampled, No: - 1 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, TABULATED STATEMENT—Continued Name of County Visited. | 417 Name of Town or City Visited. Number of samples taken in each town. Number of samples taken in county. Northumberland, -..--—--- MHAVOGCRy Woo sno oa Montour, | Columbia, Perry, ee ee ence | ISTIZETTOts sheet ee al | Lackawanna, | | | | a | Butler, | { MEY CRI. sos eos re WiaAWwrence’, 2-6-2222 =2 255, Venango, | MOTER EN eas se) 22 Se Crawford, Montgomery, Delaware, Philadelphia, Somerset 9 ee eee een we ee eee NOTE: No samples were taken in some towns, where indicated found had been sampled 27—7T—1910 Noe 1 Le Ze 3 4 HP NH gece Aw tf Mayr wre wre ohne Pe Oe SBnDUry 2 278 2o= = oS re eee tees Shamokin 2a. 5 ee en eS a aoe saan aoe Mite, ‘Carmel ,; S222 2255526 aos ost ee sa eee Milton.) ue aks oe oa a ese sh ese smoke Wabtsontown, (222. ss 2 eee oe DGWISDUTE 3 oo asa oe eee nee eee Mifflin burg y seer ioe ee con ae ee aa ca coe eeeeeeee DelNSPTO VCs a- os oe ae ee a eee eee, Danville. 22 saa2 ees tec as eee Bloomsburg, Oatawissat: 22-2223 Berwick, WAY Gh, eens eee ree es sesdoe eee ee! Duncannon 2s. SSese So Saseseacaae== | Wilkes-Barre, HazletOns. So-saase a ae ee eS INANWCOKE, o> Sones see ae ee nat) ne eee Edwardsville, EIS SCO m she ee er ee es ae IIZEIMNO, a aa St at A ee ee eee Pittston, Scranton, Dunmore, Butlers) 5 Saas ee ee a pee ee nae I armonys, (ice et ee ee ee Zelicnople; 22. a es ie 1 ey Vans OIG ys, ee enc er ee eer ee IM GnCOY ye ce ee ee ee ee eee Greenville, Sharon, ease ee ee a ee ee Sout Sharon yee ee ee eee Sharpsyillesiee 2. 2 se ee ae New Castle, Oil City, D936 CS) 92 0 0 eye a a ee ee WiOnest aly 22 sesso ee ee GUS VIG r= tee ee ee er Lee ee a Utica, COLTY, fee oo ca ee Union \ City ee a ae a a a 1p (eas Soe te See La eee ae Pottstown, Pottstown, Chester: 5a eee east oes veces Philadelphia, Windber, SOMEISEL wee ee ee Ee Rockwood, --- Plymouth, a a wo Re womne ry ~r _— oro, ~ 17 24 & 24 15 , from the fact that the feed 418 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. I also hereby submit a table showing the places from which the - samples were sent in, under that section of the law which says that any resident of Pennsylvania can forward to the Department a sam- ple of feeding stuffs, enclosing a fee of one dollar for the analysis of the same. The said analysis shall be made within fifteen days upon receipt of sample at the Laboratory. This table will give you some idea of the interest that is taken by the purchasers of feed throughout the Commonwealth: SPECIAL SAMPLES RECEIVED FOR ANALYSIS DURING THE YHAR 1910 [4 ee Of Bed | mn nl | 3 85 8 5 =] tle ] _ ag Name of County. Name of Town. et Cae | 6 o6 =) | Bg ps 2o 25 Be ge 59 o a Zu = = peep Pittsburg, 222222 s cn eke es east eee eee eee ‘Allegheny: i2-.-<2 2240S. chee se eee Larges. 3 sce a tet e. eee eee a en eee QCheswick; |... 022322. eco oF eee Ailestieny. (Lode os _ mwne . . . e . Armstrong. f--=--=-2-ee——— Apollo; 22¢i2i8s.2): 2 suse RE ee ee _ Beaver. New Brighton: 222225222 o2e ea ene ese aoe Bedford. eae & Saxton? 222022522222. 3 Ss ee ee eel Berks este oe Rea dings eee ene nen ea ee IutztoOwn!, (2222.2 oS. 2 Se we eee Blaine a sessee === AltOON ay (o22en aera a one | iBradtord, | ---------=-=—-—— Benjamin) 222-2322 25 sot ees ese se eee Pipersville;, Sots se es ee a ee eee Newtown, 222.2222222 Se 2 eee Quakertown, 2225 2-2288ese2 2 eee BUCKS t) foe eee se eases ae Buble pee eee === === Butler;, 222522 S522 oo ea eae a eee eee Oambrid. gee TOHNStO WD) jesse eee ee eee HH FD @ entre, fesse ee eae — Conter Hale a eee Coatesville: 2 22-so. a a ent @hathani yee ea eee Lineoln University, -.-.----- Miailivierns yee scnoeee sees Parkesburg, ----- Phoenixville, --------- Wiest (Chester, =2--2-2222— @OHGSLCr ea ee a 12 COalpOntes ees eee Olearneld.._---——_-----—---— IDO Sts -ch eee oe escse Ne NPE NATRwWNYHE HB HF He ROME were BS Ne we Berwitk; coses sone eee eae eee Wishing, (Creek, jose - sos eee ee Mea Ville eae oe ee eee Columbia. -_--———_- = Orawilord..)-s--s—--2-- = — ea ee a 0 ee NE le Ura Kt Ob bes) es eee ee ee te eS Dauphin: =222=-4- ss — ows D Mighspire sateen a eee ee ee eee 16 @amps Ground ys see see ae ee ea eee ees Ghester ee san saree eee nen eae Sharon) He aoe eee eee etree DelaWATCs (oe ase cece csese wnNe oe ie Sk laine . No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 419 SPECIAL SAMPLES RECEIVED FOR ANALYSIS DURING THE YEAR 1910 —Continued Name of County. —— — TIVO teat eee sass ae rankings 2 oa ee nae UIMIat aise s- === Lackawanna, Wwancastense.=---2--——-==--— Lawrence, HepHnOns -see= —-=s-neeeae Wehighiv ec s= oss", so one esa OVA 9 (aes ar GV COMIN, geee os Mithini fess ane IMGBTOGS conae-2--5=5—— = ae MGNGZOMEeLY,, ==-—-se5=-—2=— Northampton, Northumberland, -.------— Bhiladelphiaes2---=-2 2 Potters ses2ce-se— ssa Sonterset:,, 5552522. 55-2 ee Susquehanna, ‘=--2-2-----=-— DOP Sh ieee ee eee Union); 3252222288 Fees Warren; 322222022. 252-2 = Washington, 22 casceecesee i" Nr ee Fos e fee DBRIQOPWONeE _ — . ROS Re e wre eo be we pe eH eH te Name of Town. WINS ces scce cose ste eee See oe Waterford, Chambersburg, PortRoyalt esses ae sean eee eee eee Scrantony. (222 2 ean cere nee ae eee ao dacs sen eee Christiana, @Columbiay, 22222 6 252232 22502 32282 sean ss Se DEUMOl Cnet eae ee ee ae eee ae eee IDEN R910 lee ee ee ee ee eee ae ees Elizabethtown, Lancaster, OE A age Beek en ee OSes EE aes ek Manheim Sos: Soe 8 Ss Ba See eee eS New Providence, Quarryville, Vintage, New Castle, PANY Tag tees eae ee ee ee ee ae Allentown, Wilkes-Barre, Montoursville, Lewistown; £=2-2--2-2. 2252 awe Ss cesses eee Oollecevilles aso Seas se aes soo SS oe ee Conshohocken, Sransdalewe owen ss aoe see Seen en eee arn aoe eee Ghinfields 225-22 see a ee aces INareissa tS Se ee cees coe ee ee ee aes Pottstown, Schewnkville, (Portland) ya soa eee rae ee aeee eee Shamokin, Sunbury, Philadelphia, Galeton, ried ens) was - a aee eee eee ate eae e ee nee ama HMerricki@ enterwcsae canes es eee mone aan e esa ae Lanesboro, Montrose, Lawrenceville, Wellsboro, Mifflinburg, SURAT ETO NG eae ae nee ene aa eee eee nea G@anOnebDUre | anne see eee ee eee eee Elrama, Number of samples re- ceived. ~ I =e wm WON OHeE SY eS Re oe SEE Eee «oe 8 me EY eee eR oR eet ete Number of samples fre- ceived from each county. Ry en ee TN eo - wo DD 420 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. SPECIAL SAMPLES RECEIVED FOR ANALYSIS DURING 'THE YHAR 1910 —Continued | 2 2p ee 38 Do oa | = as a a | &¢ Name of County. Name of Town. s oa Ho ° * & ys ky so | 23 Ete pee = vo o a yA | WAYNE, --2ss-25-2hecceece-| 1. Hawley, 22.2.2 222-0 Se eee 1 1 Westmoreland, © ---.--.-=-- is (GIDSORtOR 23 noes ee ck eee Eee 2 2 2.. ‘Greensburg, . 2. eons a eee 1 So (Manor, 20 = 2 te ee eee 1 4. Scottdale; 42-22-2022 Ss 1 6 Work, 54-5. 3. 22keeiccac Zlib ‘Brodbecks;\ see eee cee eee | 1 Ding MOTO ss ee ee ee ee eee I 2 We find upon the markets of Pennsylvania a number of brands of what is known as calf meal. This meal is compounded to be used in the raising of young calves where there is a scarcity of nature’s feed of pure milk. The firms that are manufacturing these goods are making a legitimate feed, and we have failed to find any adultera- tion in the same, and in reports that have been received from farm- ers who are using the calf meals, we find that they are favorable to their use. I here give a table which will give the analysis of three of the leading brands of this meal: No. 1— Protein, 27 per cent. Fat, 5 per cent. Fiber, 5 per cent. Composition: Locust bean meal, wheat flour, flaxseed, cottonseed meal, beans, peas and lentils. No. 2— Protein, 27 per cent. Fat, 7 per cent. Fiber, 5 per cent. Composition: Oat meal, barley, linseed and cottonseed meal. No. 3— Protein, 20 per cent. Fat, 9 per cent. Fiber, 3 per cent. Composition: Oat meal, wheat meal, ground flaxseed and casein. There is a large amount of chicken feed sold upon the markets of Pennsylvania. A few years ago they were not known in our mar- kets, but at the present time there are thousand of tons sold. They are compounded by reputable manufacturers through the West and No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 421 by a number of firms in our own State. These feeds are sold to the consumer at an average of about 23 cents per pound. In some locali- ties, they run a little less and in other sections, they retail at 3 cents per pound, or they retail at $45 to $60 per ton. [ have pre- pared a table showing what these different ingredients would cost per hundred pounds. iar eae erat yao as, Sainte 2 oc hy o be eee $1.60 ROPER ER est hd orca e eer seh os Sik Wer sb. hav Me eae aoe eae eee 1.20 LESTTUD CRUG TV En pe ena eae Setar oe a SPC RE ey ia 1.20 BME yr ntact aint ster as Sheds ta Oy tees os BOS NS ea es L106 LECCUTITIPO IST e 1 a ae 5 OG En ae PR oe yt 2.00 ITE Bm Sec SUE espe oan 2 teat oR ucts oko ale aS 2.10 CTL 1 ght SCRE 7 Ms ORY LER oD = SR Pa 1.50 $10.70 Dividing this by the seven cereals of which it is composed, we find that they cost on an average of one dollar and fifty cents a hundred or 14 cents per pound or $30 per ton. The cost of these cereals com- pared with that of the different scratch grains that we find shows a large profit to the mixer or compounder of the same. Of course, there is one reason that might be given for this difference in cost and that is the profit that must go to the wholesaler also the profit that must go to the jobber. This table consists of the price of the feeds as they are on the market today, but there is one way that the manufacturer of the scratch grains can reduce his mixture and that is by mixing wheat screenings with the same. The larger per- centage of the scratch grains that are found upon the market are made up of wheat screenings. I am not condemning the scratch grain as a feed. I am only calling your attention to the difference in price between that which can be mixed by poultryman or farmer and those that are bought in the convenient way from the dealer. A few years ago, the Department brought prosecution against a number of firms that were manufacturing chicken feed or scratch grain which contained a large percentage of weed seeds, but after our new law went into effect, these have been eliminated to a large extent and the chick feeds that have been found upon the market, with but few exceptions, comply with the Feeding Stuff Law of Penn- sylvania. There are a number of inquiries come to the Department in regard to condimentals that are found upon our markets. These condi- mentals known as invigorators and blood purifiers, are all sold on the market as feeds for domestic animals. In analyzing a number of these preparations, we find that they contain drugs that can be pur- chased in any drug store, and if our farmers and dairymen will se- cure Bulletin 175, pages 147, 148 and 149, they will find the formula or composition of these different condimentals. I find that the farmers and poultry feeders are always more anx- ious to get something to feed in a convenient form, which they pay from 100 to 200 per cent. more for, than if they purchased the mate- rials and compound it themselves. This seems to be the natural way of doing things at the present time. We would all sooner have other people to do this work in a wholesale way than to be bothered with it ourselves, but that is a matter for each individual to decide. 422 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. The question is often asked, What are distillers’ and brewers’ grains or by-products. I here give a definition of the same taken from Bulletin No. 175 for the year 1908. This may be of some information to those purchasing feeds, and as it is in a condensed form, it may be of more value than if a full definition were given. DISTILLERY AND BREWERY BY-PRODUCTS Distillers’ Grains Analyses on pages 58 and 59, Bulletin No. 175 1908 Distillers’ grains are obtained from the cereals in the manufacture of alcohol or whiskey. Usually corn and rye are used, but some- times, we find that oats, wheat or barley are employed. Briefly, the process is as follows: The grains are coarsely ground and treated with a malt solution which converts the starch into sugar. Yeast is then added, thus changing ‘the sugar into alcohol, which can be distilled. The residue, consisting chiefly of the protein, germs and hulls of the grains used, is dried and sold as food for cattle. Distillers’ dried grains, having all the starch removed, is consequently richer in pro- tein and fat than the grains from which they are derived. These grains are considered valuable and economical food for dairy ani- mals. Three samples of corn distillers’ grains were analyzed, showing an average of 33.69 per cent. of crude protein, 15.24 per cent. of crude fat and 12.17 per cent. of crude fiber. The collection also in- cluded one sample of rye distillers’ grains which carried less than one-half as much crude protein than was found in corn distillers’ grains. The sample also carried nearly three per cent. more crude fiber. BREWERS’ GRAINS Analyses on pages 58 and 59, Bulletin No. 175 Brewers’ grains are obtained from barley in the manufacture of malt liquors. The barley is first placed under conditions favorable to germination, and during this process, the starch is converted into sugar. The sprouts are removed and sold as cattle food while the malted grains are crushed, the sugar is extracted, and the residue is dried and placed upon the market as brewers’ dried grains. Dis- tillers’ and brewers’ grains are fairly disgestible. Four samples were analyzed during 1908 and the average results appear in the following table: AVERAGE ANALYSES AND RETAIL PRICES Number of samples). .%2 er cee 1 1 6 4 Crude! sproteim, i. 55 2s ae 28.50 22.50 26.34 -28.19 Cragg. Fats eas ea dh rene see 7.27 6.93 7.30 7.43 Crude Rbers -jroccts eae wae See 13.25. 14.18 Price, per tons... hese eee $20.00 $23.00 $22.80 $28.95 No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 423 The number of violations of the Feeding Stuff Law was sixty. We have secured convictions in all of these cases but one, and that case has been appealed to court and will be tried at the March term in the Centre County Court. In the hearings of these cases before the courts, there never has come up a question in the argument of the attorneys for the defense in regard to the constitutionality of the law, and I am led to believe, from the information I received from the attorneys, that our law is a good one and well drawn. The Secre- tary has been very anxious that our law should not be the means of prosecution, that we should endeavor to educate and inform the manufacturers of concentrated feeds of the meaning of the law and have them comply with the law without bringing more prosecutions than is necessary. The men who are engaged in the sale of feeds throughout Pennsylvania are reputable citizens, engaged in legiti- mate business, and our experience with them is that they are anxious to handle pure feed and give their customers a fair return for their money. I would like to call your attention to one instance where a large firm in the West, that for years handled large quantities of mixed feeds, that have placed upon the market feed running very high in protein, high in fat and low in fiber, and they are endeavoring to have their customers buy this feed. They claim that it is more profitable to buy a feed high in protein and fat and low in fiber than to buy the low grade feeds that were formerly on the market. There is another section of this law that we are pleased to state the manufacturers or importers of feeding stuffs are complying with, and that is, that upon the request of the Department they shall file a registration, giving the analysis and composition of their feeds. We have received 378 registrations for the sale of commercial feeds in Pennsylvania, representing over 1200 brands. Many brands were alike in their composition, such as wheat by-products, distillers’ and brewers’ by-products and whole grain feeds. OUR NEEDS I would like to call your attention to some of our needs for the proper enforcement of this law. , The work has so grown and the large number of feed products placed upon our markets has become enormous, and it is impossible for one sampling agent to visit all the feeding stuff stores in Pennsylvania once a year, and we find that a visit should be made at least twice a year to each dealer, if pos- sible. Therefore, we need money to employ one more sampling agent. We also need in the office one clerk who should be a stenographer and also able to keep books, as each sample that is taken by the agent means just a given amount of work in the office. There must be records kept of these samples, and after they are analyzed, re- ports of the analysis must be made to the Secretary, to the dealer, to the manufacturer, and one to be kept on file in the office. Thus you will see that 2,000 samples taken, means eight to ten thousand reports to be made of each sample. We also sent out 6500 bulletins and a large number of copies of the law. This all requires clerical work besides the thousands of letters that come to the Department requiring answers. We have grown from a very small beginning to a Bureau of no small means. I have endeavored in the short space 424 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. of time that has been allotted to me, to call your attention to some of the most important things connected with our work. We have here at the meeting samples of the different feeds that we find on the markets of Pennsylvania, as well as samples of the adulterants. You will find a gentleman in charge of the same, and we will be pleased to give you any information that it is in our power te give. The Laboratory is situated on the fifth floor of the Capitol Building, and you will find those in charge delighted to give you any information that they can. As the General Agent of the Department of Agriculture, I wish to return thanks to Secretary Critehfield for his courtesy and kind- ness to me and for the confidence that he has reposed in me in carry- ing out his work. I also wish to thank the Chief Chemist, Mr. James W. Kellogg, for his kindness and for the able manner in which he has had conducted the laboratory work, and to Mr. John F. St. Clair, the Special Agent, for the care and courteous manner which he has met the dealers throughout the State of Pennsylvania. Any information that I can give to any member of this Board or any farmer in Pennsylvania, in regard to commercial feeds, I will be delighted to do it. You will find our bulletin covering the work of 1909, one of the best published in the United States. REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON FRUIT AND FRUIT CUL- TURE By D. A. KNUPPENBURG, Chairman The year that has so recently slipped out of the arena witnessed a decided march forward in many directions. Looking back over the record and weighing the importance of the different lines of progress, we naturally place at first, the phenomenal development in Agriculture. In the light of past events, I confidently believe that if the year 1911 sees advancement correspondingly as great as that of 1910 there will have been accomplished most marvelous results. In the march of progress those things that most closely concern the home, is the movement to make farm life more attractive and re- munerative; the strong interest manifested in civic improvement and the increasing demand that the public schools shall furnish an all-around education that fits our children for active, honorable and self-reliant life. All these and many other forward movements are good, and should enlist the interest and support of every right minded person. The Department of Agriculture is to be congratulated on the changes that have been wrought along this line; but we are only standing on the threshold of what must be accom- plished. This is not a result of second-hand information but a mat- ter of absolute personal knowledge. The people of the State of Pennsylvania have not fully realized the vastness and importance of the wonderful resources before them. Noni DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 425 Fruit growing has been profitable where near markets, but little has been done toward bringing the people to properly understand the great possibilities within their reach. However, we are prepared to report rapid progress. In proof of this, I wish to call attention to the display of fruits at Horticultural meetings, fairs, institutes, orchard meetings and Grange meetings, which speak in terms too plain to be misunderstood of the advancement of fruit growing in Pennsylvania. It has been fairly demonstrated that a great per cent. of our cheap lands are admirably adapted to the growing of fruits if intelligent and up-to-date methods are used. New acres have been uppermost in the minds of the husbandman. ‘They as yet have scarcely begun to utilize them as they may and will in future years. Fruit trees respond beyond the belief of the ordinary person even on what is called worn-out land. The roots penetrate deeper and feed on the fertility stored beyond the reach of the ordinary field crop. Fruit trees put on rapid growth if properly cultivated. fertilized and pruned, and the ever present insect pests held in check by use of improved spray methods, all of which must be followed up intelligently. The State is doing a great work in bringing the people to under- stand and practice the new way of growing trees, gathering, pack- ing and marketing fruit. In the model and supervision orchard work now carried on by the State through the Bureau of Zoology, the people are taught to select a proper site; next to prepare the soil for the planting; also how and where to buy stock, how to select varieties best adapted to each locality, how to plant, prune and fertilize; to know dangerous insect pests and how to suppress them. Among the most destructive of these are the San Jose scale, borers, codling moth, curculio, aphides, oyster shell scale, scurfy scale, Put- nam scale and the caterpillars. Next comes the fungus diseases, blights, mildews, rusts and rots. Pennsylvania lost one million dollars in 1910 from the ravages of codling moth alone. We see apple, pear, peach, plum, cherry, blackberry, raspberry, gooseberry, strawberry and many other small fruits all in their natural state growing wild. What better proof can we look for as to the adapt- ability of Pennsylvania to fruit and fruit growing? What would we think to see a lumbering railroad train with an ancient wood burning engine and a man between each car twisting away at a cast iron break wheel, trying to manage the railroad business of today? This would be just as much in keeping with the times as to see people trying to grow fruit under the system that prevailed fifty years ago. As our young men and women become edu- cated, the farm home is left to the renter, and soon dissolution reigns. The work now in progress by the State of carrying practical informa- tion direct to the rural districts, is working out the problem to satis- faction. That is just what is happening on many farms in Penn- sylvania. The bounteous crops of fruit harvested where improved methods have been applied proves beyond a doubt that there still remains in Pennsylvania soil greater wealth than has ever yet been brought out. Thousands of people are encouraged and starting back to occupy the homes once left to the owls. Over 1100 orchards have been treated for insect pests with very marked results; seventy-five per cent. more fruit trees now growing in Pennsylvania than three years previous. Peach comes in profitable bearing the fourth year, apple four to 426 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. eight years. Jonathan apple has given three bushels per tree the sixth year. The fruit crop of Pennsylvania in 1910 was not large, and good prices prevailed; prices of apples last fall ranged from seventy-five cents to one dollar and a quarter per bushel. Peaches from sixty cents to one dollar and a half a basket. The kinds of apples most favored for planting are principally, Northern Spy, Baldwin, Rhode Island Greening, Stayman Winesap, Grime’s Golden, York Imeprial, Winter Banana, Stark, Delicious and Jonathan. There is a grow- ing demand for currants and gooseberries and a ready market for small fruits. The market calls for quality. The small things of earth confound the wise, and still there is room. REPORT ON FORESTS AND FORESTRY By ROBERT CONKLIN, Harrisburg, Pa. It is the duty of a government to perpetuate itself, and in per- petuating itself there is a further duty to provide for the common welfare of its citizens. With these objects in view, it is wise for a state to see to it that every square foot of soil, the source of wealth, be made to produce its highest revenue. Whenever elements of pro- duction are allowed to be wasted, the whole moral fiber of those in connection with the waste is lowered and general dissatisfaction follows. The state in turn suffers from undesirable citizens, loss of industry, income, and at the same time outlay for remedial meas- ures, and a host of economic conditions which can hardly be followed. Pennsylvania stands high in the list of states, agriculturally, and we are all proud of her record, but as long as it remains true that at least 8,000,000 acres of productive soil are not paying interest on a low investment in them, to say nothing of taxes, and other millions of acres are not producing more than half of what they are capable, we can still bow our heads in shame and think on the matter seriously. When we grasp the enormity of this blot on our records we should be stirred to redoubled efforts to put Pennsylvania where she belongs—not high in the list, but the Keystone of the Arch. The fact is sometimes overlooked that trees grow on soil and that a wood crop is just as truly a crop as a crop of wheat. It is this fact that I want-to recall to your minds today. Trees will grow on soil which is too rocky or too poor to grow any agricultural crop, be- cause only a very small percentage of their make-up is taken from the soil. But it is also true that some trees will grow much more rapidly on moderately good soil than they will on poor soil. They will grow on hillsides too steep to farm, where erosion is taking place or is hard to prevent, along streams, roads and in undesirable corners. They require practically no attention after planting and are all the time growing into value financially and otherwise. Fifty years ago a farmer in Eastern Pennsylvania planted Norway spruce and European larch along his fence rows. Today the trees No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 427 alone are worth almost as much as his farm, and yet they have taken nothing from his annual crops, but rather increased them by re- ducing evaporation over the fields. At least 4,000,000 acres of cleared farm land in Pennsylvania are fit only for growing trees. Why are they not being planted? Simply because the farmers do not know how, what or when to plant and the returns which may be had from planting. Education must be the keynote of our activity. The present schemes must be intensified, new schemes must be devised, and every means used which will bring economic farm education to every farmer and his family. There must be more co-operation on the part of the Departments concerned—principally those of Education, Agriculture, and For- estry. School gardens, elementary agriculture, agricultural clubs, Arbor Day, and so on must be gotten into the schools. The school buildings should be the social centers of the communities, and if necessary, the Government must send out social settlement workers. Agriculture and foréstry must no longer be left out of county and local teachers’ institutes, nor should a consideration of the schools and forestry be left out of farmers’ institutes. There are no forestry institutes, but lectures, bulletins, sample plantings and all manner of assistance must be provided for. It behooves every meriber of our Departments to make each appropriation reach as far as pos- sible, but it is more important that results are obtained from what is done, and then the results themselves must and wil! speak for in- creased assistance from the Legislature. During the past year the activities of the Department of Forestry advanced steadily both along established lines and along new lines. There have been added to the reserve area 17,000. acres, making the total area of reserves now owned by the State 933,582 acres. ‘There are thirty-nine trained foresters and eighty-five rangers in charge of this large area, using every means available to develop it as rapidly as possible and to bring it up to the best economic production. The importance of protection, especially from fires, is appre- ciated, but only a small part of a perfect system of protection could be carried out. The survey, opening and marking of boundaries has been continued. Over 1000 miles of roads or trails have been opened this year, making possible the better management of the re- serves, and at the same time making them more accessible to the citizens of the State. Old material which would otherwise become fuel for fires or a bindrance to young growth has been gathered and sold at a profit. A number of fire observatory towers have been built and should now be connected with the foresters’ headquarters by telephone. Improvement cuttings have been made and some old and decaying trees manufactured into lumber, the object in all cases being to make room for good, sound, young growth yielding a high rate of interest instead of that which is decreasing in value. About 1} millions of forest tree seedlings have been planted this year on the reserves and several hundred thousand more were raised in the nurseries and sold at cost to people of the State. In addition to this, the Department gave assistance to many individuals who wanted to make plantations by making planting plans for them and then superintending the planting itself. In the nurseries of the re- serves there are over 5.000.000 seedlings, and the area and production of our nurseries are being increased as rapidly as possible. The De- partment aims at a planting record of 20,000,000 seedlings a year on State holdings alone, and that is none too few. 428 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. The reserves have been open to the public as recreation grounds and during the year 3,556 persons have obtained camping permits, these being required when it becomes necessary to build fires for cooking. The camps have been distributed in 22 different counties. There is absolutely no restriction in the matter of hunting and fish- ing on the Reserves, except what the game laws impose. The De- partment wants the people of the State to use the Reserves to their fullest extent, only asking that no needless damage be done to trees and birds, no game laws violated, and no fires built without per- mission. In addition to those obtaining permits, at least 10,000 per- sons have used the Reserves for hunting, fishing, or a day’s outing not, however, including the thousands of people who frequently visit Mont Alto and Caledonia Parks on the South Mountain Re- serve. We have no notion of the number of people who go upon the Reserves annually for berries nor of the value of the crop which they harvest. The Forest Academy at Mont Alto graduated eight young men in August who are now in the State Forest Service. The work is being strengthened each year and the State can be proud of the young men who have been graduated from there and of the work they are doing on the State Reserves and in the localities where they have been stationed. Assistance was given in the eastern part of the State toward study- ing and attacking the Chestnut Tree Blight, and in the western part of the State in an examination of the Ohio watershed with reference to forest conditions, erosion, storage of water, prevention of floods, ete. ; We have also been able to give practical assistance to all who have applied with reference to the matter of handling their wooded areas. Our Forest Inspector goes over the ground in each case and formulates a plan suited to the conditions as nearly as can be de- termined in the time available. It is the aim of the Department to be of as great service to the people of the State as it is possible to be. - Our offices are becoming a store-house of information on all lines concerning forests and forest trees, and that information is for the use of the public. REPORT OF AGRICULTURAL GEOLOGIST By W. H. STOUT, Pinegrove, Pa. As distinguished between Economic and Agricultural Geology, the former relates to minerals and metals with other useful substances in civilized countries. Agricultural Geology relates to that more important division relating to soils, the producing elements of energy, of muscle, flesh, bone and brain and life itself. The herbs of the soil provide the essential elements to support all animal creation upon the earth, all of which derives nourishment from Mother Earth. Al- though there exists a liberal library upon Agricultural Geology, it is comparatively small compared with Economic Geology, evidently be- No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 425 cause in this country, its importance was not realized earlier as long as unlimited resources of fertile fields could be obtained for the asking and Uncle Sam was rich enough to give us each a farm. It seems only recently that the fact has dawned upon this nation that agriculture has not kept pace with the natural increase of popula- tion and the great influx of immigrants, that an alarm was created by high prices and in some lines a shortage of food products. Occa- sionally, bulletins are published by the Experiment Stations, but are not extensively read or heeded, and lately the United States Depart- ment of Agriculture has entered the field under the title of Soil Sur- vey, in which is engaged a large force of very talented scientists as also some that are not overly qualified. The voluminous nature of the Soil Survey publications militate against popular interest and the introduction of a new nomenclature, introducing new names for many formations about which there al- ready exists confusion between National and State designation, ren- ders them even less popular. What was known formerly as limestone soil of the great valley south of the Blue Mountain is termed Hagers- town loam, alongside of the Utica and Hudson River shales and slates termed Hagerstown shale loam, Hagerstown stony loam, Hagerstown sandy loam, Porter’s black loam, Porter’s clay, Porter’s sand, Cecil clay, Cecil loam, Sandy loam, Penn clay, Penn loam, Penn sandy loam; then we have Waverly, Marion, Miami, Hanover, Mack- inaw and a great variety of local names that apply to practically the same soil characteristics in various and distinct localities. The glacial deposits of the northern section also receive many new names, according to the locality where examined, although the clay, sands, gravel and boulders are practically similar. Whatever the sources of a soil may be, a proper*proportion of sand and clay are the requisites for a good, friable, retentive, easily worked soil. If lacking lime or other substances, these can be supplied and the soil made fertile; now found necessary on many fields that were once productive but depleted by cropping. This State and the coun- try contains a great variety of soils, taking the entire area under cultivation and it is evidently unfair to make this a standard for comparison in crop production with other countries. England is an illustration. An island of small dimension with a humid, cool climate, tempered by the Gulf stream and a soil largely composed of chalk and lime or volcanic and glacial deposits, with an average yearly rainfall and no such protracted periods of drought to which much of this country is subject, the conditions are quite different. In some parts of Pennsylvania like the counties of Bucks, Berks, in part, Lebanon and Lancaster, the average yield would compare favorably if not fully, with that of any country, while the Mississippi Valley or the states on the Pacific Coast would afford a fairer comparison. Maine produces more bushels of corn to the acre than any other state, because there are only a few acres, seventeen thousand, in corn; New Hampshire, Vermont, Rhode Island, Massachusetts and Con- necticut exceed Jowa by ten bushels an acre, but the Eastern States cultivate only two hundred and thirty-nine thousand acres, while Jowa cultivates nine and a half million acres, or practically four times as much as all the New England states. So, with potatoes; Maine produces two hundred and twenty bushels average to the acre, 430 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. while Pennsylvania reports eighty-eight. There are good reasons for the difference, in climatic and soil conditions, with the small area de- voted to these crops. The question suggests itself: If the average for the entire country were up to the highest standard, with thirty bushels of wheat, fifty bushels of corn and two hundred bushels of potatoes, what would the producers receive under such conditions? In the less productive soils and sections, the Upper Silurian, De- vonian, Carboniferous and other systems, where the cultivated ground consists of shale, stones, all clay or sand resting on the upturned edges of the bed rock, at uneven depths below the scanty soil, the yield is reduced at a low average. It makes a material difference whether a soil is a hundred feet in depth or whether one or two feet. A first class soil, if run over a screen of a fourth inch mesh, would practically all pass through, while that from shale and sand stone consists of material too coarse for plants to obtain the elements of plant food contained, affording a much smaller surface to the feed- ing of roots, besides the moisture holding power of the finer soil. Loam, a term frequently used to denote a good soil, chiefly com- posed of silicious sand, clay and carbonate of lime, with more or less of oxide of iron, magnesia, various salts and decayed vegetable and animal matter. Sand and clay are principal elements forming soil that is friable, easy to work, retentive of moisture and fertility. Sandstone forms a sand soil; the various shales form clay of vari- ous colors; red, yellow, black and intermediate colors; often a very fine clay, hard to work, and frequently if not generally improved by drainage. There are thousands of acres of such land in this and other At- lantic Coast states, that might be redeemed and made fertile, if the same government aid was afforded agriculture, that is given to irriga- tion and draining swamp lands in the Southern and Western States. While in the Eastern states, agriculture is taxed and tariffed to supply funds to redeem a great area of unproductive land and bring it under cultivation, they are asked to create competition with them- selves and supply the money to do it. A little digression from the strict adherence to the text may be permissible, because all that is mentioned bears upon the subject under consideration. There is much concern about the future in agriculture in this country and the abandoned farms in many sections, yet the industry seems prosperous in production and no abandoned farms found in sections where the soil is naturally fertile. The rocky cliffs, beechy shale hills and tenacious clays cannot be made to maintain a suc- cessful agriculture, except at a cost far above the value of ordinary crops and the owners of such lands are not financially able to spe- cialize. After eking out a precarious existence under adverse con- ditions, without capital to change to poultry, fruit, dairying, fish, frog or skunk farming, the land must simply be abandoned to avoid distress or starvation in many instances. The encouragement for farmers to produce larger crops does not appear very flattering, when the results are analyzed, when large crops such as were pro- duced last year are worth less than the medium crops of other years. Having no control over the prices at which general farm crops must be sold in competition with all the world, and the different sec- tions of this country, there is little or no profit except perhaps, No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 431 in sections where the soil is fertile and not depleted of fertility by constant and long cropping. The crops produced last year in this country amount to the vast sum of nine billion dollars in value, yet dividing it among the six million farms in the country the average share of each is fifteen hundred dollars. In this State the farmers spend about eight million dollars a year for commercial fertilizer, how much more for lime and manure, there are no records, but the money spent for these articles is a large aggregate. Things that farmers must purchase, taxes, labor, fertilizers, rail- road fares, freight and express rates are not reduced, while farm crops are worth eight and one-half per cent. less than one year since; the decline amounting to two hundred and thirty-six million dollars. There is nothing to encourage agriculture, except the plaudits of transporta- tion lines and consumers; these spur the farmer on to renewed and more strenuous efforts, for the coming year. The report was current recently that the German Government proposed to levy an almost prohibitive export duty on potash, so much needed in our agriculture, that it seemed advisable to annex that country to this, to secure cheap fertilizer. Since the reports were first circulated, the German Kali importers explain the situation in recent “ads” in agricultural pub- lications, indicating that the tax will be from fifteen to sixty-five cents per ton. Farm practices in the treatment of the sands and clays are not always scientific, and farmers are severely criticised, especially by some people who do their farming in cozy offices on rosewood and mahogany desks, from the theories advanced by impractical stu- dents, with limited environments and close at hand observations, and from these formulate a theory, that does not meet general condi- tions. Farmers are also criticised for soil exhaustion and small crop yields, while the fact is that few farmers wilfully deplete soils, ex- cept as the products are needed to meet necessary expenses and to support themselves. Undoubtedly, many farms are producing less than fifty years ago, because, grain, hay and livestock were sold for needed funds. Throughout Eastern Pennsylvania, there was scarcely a stream available in farming communities, that was not employed in grinding grain for export and city uses as breadstuffs, besides numer- ous distilleries turning corn and rye into an abomination before the Lord, in the form of whiskey, thus destroying one of the most im- portant National resources to provide food and drink for the hungry and thirsty, at home and foreign countries. After all the years of tillage, the sands and much of the clay re- main, although somewhat diminished. Transported soils by water or through glacial agencies contain a variety of sand and clay min- gled together from various formations, while soils derived from the underlying formations are the same as the rock from which derived and, in many places where the stratification is vertical or steep dip, there is little uniformity, but a considerable difference in short dis- tances. Our honored Executive, Governor Stuart, in his late message to the Legislature, writes thus: “The farms must be saved from exhaustion of the soil.” Possibly, the Legislature in its wisdom may devise a method to accomplish the object and solve a problem that has concerned many generations and many nations, without a suc- cessful solution until now. The subject of soil preservation is simply a question of economics, while the principles enunciated by eminent scientists are recog- 28 432 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. nized as established facts; to carry them out, however, under pre- vailing conditions, is another problem. When the average farm products realize the producer thirty-five cents on the dollar, it be- comes a question of dollars and cents. While it is true that the application of potash, phosphorus, nitrogen, lime, manure, turning down green crops and intense cultivation does maintain fertility, the question of cost and the capital necessary to conduct operations ahd await results enter into the problem which the average farmer does not possess. The problem of soil preservation is one that has concerned nations for ages and is therefore not new. All nations in history had the same experience; their rise and fall, a prosperous and declining agri- culture, extravagance and corruption in government, waging wars of conquest with vast armies that wasted all the wealth that agri- culture could produce, are now in a condition of ignorance and bigotry. Some of the most renowned, once famous, prosperous and wealthy sections are today the homes of poverty and distress, re- membered only in history, poetry and tradition. Agriculture in Public Schools Mk. BLYHOLDER: Too much turkey at one meal won’t do, so I want to inject another subject that is not on the program. We have discussed for many years the subject of introducing agriculture in our public schools. It is a live question and the great trouble has always been that it has been said that we do not have books suitable to introduce in our public schools. Now, the reason that I raise this point is that I want to call your attention to the book that I believe is the very thing to supply that want. We have all been handling it for a number of years and never thought of putting in the public schools, and that book is to take the place of the advanced readers in our public schools, and very naturally it does not only teach agriculture but it will teach the chil- dren business along with agriculture and I believe if we were to in- troduce in our public schools the proceedings of this body we would have a reader in that school that could not be equalled by anything. (Applause) Now, I refer you particularly to the proceedings of the Spring meeting. I do not know but what the Winter meeting’s pro- ceedings would do as well; but I think the Winter meeting has more business in it and is more of a business session than the Spring ses- sion. Take the proceedings of the meeting last May at Butler. I want you to examine that because I want to call the attention of the Legislative Committee to that fact, and I want you to examine that and then be ready to say to us whether you think this committee ought to put this proposition in proper shape and form to be put in your public schools as a reader. , The first thing the teacher would do would be to explain that this book is the proceedings of the State Board of Agriculture. The boy would say, what is this State Board of Agriculture. Well now, there is an opening for the lesson, for the teacher to explain that. Then we open up the books and we see how the Board conducts its busi- ness and the matters that are brought before it and discussed and it teaches the boy and girl to do business and how to conduct public meetings and it teaches the scientific truths of agriculture up to the INGA: DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 433 very last day, because we have in our meetings those who are able to furnish us right up to the very latest, the scientific truths. Now I want to put this question before this body to think of, whether we have not got the very book we have been asking and looking for this long time. I believe with the research that I have made and the study I have made that this is the very book that ought to be put in the public schools. I think it would supply the want in teaching business, the conduct of public meetings and teaching agriculture in a way that we cannot get it in any other way. I raise this question because we have been discussing the subject up to this time and I would like to hear from some other persons because I think it is time we ought to act in this matter and because we appreciate that boys and girls are worth more than all the products and all the crops we can raise and we ought to raise them and prepare them to take our places and be more successful in retaining the productiveness of the soil and raising products than we are because of the knowl- edge they would get and the facts being taught in this way would instill a taste and inclination to stay on the farm instead of leaving it. I say we would teach all that as we go along in the work. I would like to hear from somebody else. ADDRESS OF GOVERNOR TENER Mr. Chairman, and Gentlemen of the Board, I hardly know what is expected of me at this time. You are probably in the midst of your business and interesting discussions and I do not want to in- ject my presence here especially or in any way that may distract from that and from your duties and the business of the moment. I do not know whether you want me to attempt to make a speech or extend felicitations or welcome you to the city and extend to you the keys of the government, but I am willing to do most anything, Mr. Chairman. However, while I am on my feet and realizing that you do not expect from me any extended remarks, and neither is it my thought or my purpose to interfere with the regular business of this society today, I am glad, indeed, and I am not unmindful of the honor that is mine at this moment in being invited to come down and to meet with you here and to look each of you in the face. I believe that we here in Pennsylvania enjoy an unenviable posi- tion and record and that we do not put our best foot front in those things and in those enterprises and industries in which we live. Other states lay their greatest claim to fame perhaps in the things that nature has very bountifully endowed them with. They claim for their state, perhaps, that it is the greatest state or best state because of the granduer of the mountains or running streams or its climate; but here in Pennsylvania our greatest claim to fame is the accomplishment of our people; what our people do; the achievements of our people and the splendid citizenship that we have here. (Ap- plause) I am coming down to material things and what this State has accomplished. It is admitted, of course, that Pennsylvania is the 28—7—1910 434 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. greatest state in mining and in iron and steel industries; but we do not hear so much about Pennsylvania as an agricultural state and yet each of you, 1 am sure, know that in Pennsylvania our crops perhaps average better than the average of the United States and that our fruit, our apples, perhaps, are of a quality superior to those of any other place in the United States, but this is not known generally, nationally or to the world. You are here to consider, | presume, how you can better exploit and better apply what is known to science today for the enlighten- ment and betterment of the farmers in our whole community, and I hope that the outcome of this meeting will bring something that will be educational for the farmers throughout the State and that they may through the radiance of your good work here enjoy the knowl- edge that you obtain here today. J want to thank you especially and again for the privilege which is mine and which | do enjoy. While I am neither a farmer or agri- culturist at this time, I was born on a farm and my greatest delight, as I believe everybody’s is who has red blood in their veins, is to get out in the open and get down close to Nature. It is especially pleas- ant at this time to be a farmer, because if he is an intelligent farmer, applies the scientific methods at your hands today, has the qualifica- tions of mind and the knowledge of the treatment of your orchards and all that sort of thing and able to have the modern conveniences, you live in the midst of the same modern improvements and have them just as close at hand as the people who live in the city, and besides have the great advantages of the open country life. I want to also say that whatever little influence my office posesses, where it can be of use to the betterment or to the furtherance of the objects and principles of this society and this association, it is at your command. (Applause) PRODUCTION AND CARE OF BARNYARD MANURE By R. C. E. WALLACE, Ohio Experiment Station, Wooster, O. Barnyard manure is essentially a by-product of the farm. By many it seems to be considered a waste product to be disposed of with the least possible care and the greatest possible dispatch. In the past farmers, in general, have not understood the real value of manure as a fertilizer and have innocently been losing hundreds of thousands of dollars every year because of the indifferent methods employed in caring for this important product. Fortunately, through the medium of our experiment stations and agricultural colleges, we are now beginning to comprehend the importance of manure in maintaining and building up the fertility of our soils. Just what value manure may have as determined by its composi- tion is difficult to say because of the wide variation in composition of the substance in question. These variations add to the difficulty in discussing the valuation, application and other points in connection Nort. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 435 with manure, and in order to assist in an intelligent study of the subject it will be well to consider briefly a few of the influencing fac- tors. Different kinds of animals: Each species of domestic animal pro- duces a manure of different quality and different physical properties. Manure from cattle and swine contains a relatively high percentage of water, does not ferment or heat rapidly, and hence is classed as a cold manure. Horse and sheep manure contain considerably less moisture than that of cattle and swine, it ferments easily and is classed as a hot or quick manure. In composition the manure from horses and swine is somewhat richer in nitrogenous materials than is that from cattle, while sheep manure usually contains a higher percentage of both nitrogen and potash than do any of the others. Effect of the ration: The total value of the manure produced by a given number of animals is largely dependent on the quantity and quality of the food consumed. From 50 to 90 per cent. of the fertilizing elements in the food is found in the excrement of the ani mals, depending on their age and use, hence the composition of the food determines in large measure the composition of the manure. Foods rich in nitrogen and mineral matter will produce manure rich in the same constituents, while foods poor in fertilizing elements will produce manure of corresponding poor quality. For example— animals receiving a ration consisting only of roots, straw, timothy hay and corn stover will produce manure of relatively low quality, whereas such materials as clover and alfalfa hay, cotton seed meal, oil meal, bran, corn and oats chop, etc., would produce manure of much higher value. The kind and amount of material used for bedding also influence the composition of the manure. It is probable that straw is the material most universally used as bedding material and it answers the purpose very well. It is cheap and abundant, and while it is low in the elements of fertility it is probably one of the most desirable materials to use for this purpose. Care of manure: After having produced the manure the next thing is to properly care for it; and the first essential in this direc- tion is to provide a water tight floor in our stalls, and covered manure sheds. . A few years ago the Ohio Station conducted some experiments in the production of manure, by feeding two lots of steers; one lot being kept in box stalls with cement floor and the other lot kept in similar stalls having only an ordinary earth floor; the object being to compare the value of the manure produced on the different floors. With the exception of the two kinds- of floors all the conditions were identical. The steers were fed for a period of six months when it was found that the total value of the manure produced per thousand pound steer on the cement floor was worth $2.25 more than was the manure from a similar steer fed on the earth floor. The experiment showed further that there was an actual loss of six pounds of manure per head per day on the earth floor as compared with that collected from the cement floor. This amounted to half a ton per steer, or fifteen tons for the thirty steers for the six months of the test. Taking the average analysis of the liquid excrement from this sort of animal and figuring this on the basis of fifteen cents per pound for nitrogen and six cents per pound for potash, we find that we have lost oyer sixty-five dollars worth of fertilizer; and a better fertilizer, 436 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. too, than would be contained in three tons-of commercial fertilizer which it would take at the average price per ton to represent an equivalent value. A Member: Might we ask how often the stable was cleaned? MR. WALLACE: About once a month. MR. HUTCHISON: Were the animals allowed to be out in the open or kept continually in the stable? MR. WALLACE: They were kept in the stalls and allowed to run loose. Probably the most common practice of handling manure when it is removed from the stable is to pile it in an open barnyard. Here it is allowed to remain all winter long exposed to the leaching effects of rain and melting snow, and by the time it is applied to the fields in the spring about one-third of the nitrogen, phosphorus and potas- sium originally present, has been lost. This is not mere conjecture. It has been proven by carefully conducted experiments that fully one-third of all the fertilizing elements present in manure is lost when the manure is exposed for a period of three months in an open yard, due to the agencies of fermentation and leaching. The practice of drawing manure directly from the stable to the field is probably the best method we can use in disposing of the manure crop. Where this custom is followed but one handling is necessary and the possibility of the losses occurring in open yard storage is entirely avoided. This method of caring for manure is, in fact, coming into somewhat general use, but it is not as general as it should be, nor as it will be when farmers come to appreciate fully the value of the practice. In cases where it is desired to remove the manure from the stable once or twice a day, and where our live- stock equipment is not sufficiently extensive to produce a spreader load within this period, the manure shed becomes a necessary adjunct. This need not he an expensive structure but it should in any case be provided with a cement floor. Here the manure may be stored until a sufficient quantity has accumulated to justify its removal to the field; and by having the manure spread evenly over the floor of the shed and keeping it well packed by allowing the animals to run over it. no very serious losses are likely to occur. So far we have been discussing the care of manure in its natural state only. We learn from a large number of chemical analyses, however, that manure in itself is not a well balanced fertilizer for our ordinary agricultural plants; that it is relatively high in nitro- gen and potassium and correspondingly low in phosphorus. TExperi- ments have been conducted by the experiment stations of Ohio, Pennsylvania. Illinois and other states which demonstrate pretty conclusively that the same element. phosphorus, is the one in which most of our soils is deficient. With these facts before us, this ques- tion naturally presents itself—‘Why can we not, by taking proper care of our manure. retain practically all of the expensive elements, nitrogen and potassium, and by the artificial addition of some phos- phatic material, thus supplving the lacking element, phosphorus, thereby convert our manure into a well balanced and more efficient fertilizer?” This question we have endeavored to answer at the Ohio station by an experiment which has now been in progress fourteen years. The answer has been that such a practice can be followed with very decided profit. No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 437 In the experiment referred to we have compared manure taken from the open yard with that removed directly from the stall to the field, each in its natural state and also re-enforced with a carrier of phosphorus. As re-enforcing materials we have used the ordinary acid phosphate and raw rock phosphate, both of which have proven to be equally effective; a very slight advantage appearing in favor of the acid phosphate. PERMANENT PASTURES AND MEADOWS By W. D. ZINN, Phillippi, W. Va. Ladies and Gentlemen: I[ think the Chairman said Professor when introducing me. I do not know whether to respond to that or not. I am a farmer, not a professor. Friends, I am very glad to meet so many of the up-to-date farmers of Pennsylvania. I am sure you are all up-to-date farmers. They are the ones that attend the State meetings. As I look into your faces and see the interested expressions | appreciate being with you. That reminds me of a story they tell on a local preacher in my community. He always introduced his remarks like this: “My friends, I am glad to be here this morning, and I am very glad to see so many of you here.” Finally he was invited to preach in the penitentiary and he began his remarks in the usual way: “My friends, I am glad to be here, and I am very glad to see so many of you here.” I am to talk a little while about Permanent Pastures. I come from an agricultural state, if you will permit me to call it such. You may think it a mountain state, a state of mountains and hills. We have them there. We do not have very much level land, and yet there are some places where you can find as many as five acres of level Jand unbroken by mountain or hill. Only recently I attended a Stockmen’s meeting in my own state, a unique affair. A gentleman who had been shipping cattle for about twenty years or more, shipping export cattle, gave a dinner. He had selected a show steer that he had bought, and having pur- chased forty thousand or more, and we had a real ox roast. I took a census of that meeting and I found those present (80 in number) represented five thousand seven hundred cattle; mostly export cattle. That is, these men there grazed that many cattle. Out of that num- ber of cattle but twelve hundred were grained during the winter; the balance were fattened on the blue grass. I make this explanation that you can understand that we have some blue grass in West Vir- ginia, but not as much as we should have, and we have not taken the care of it we ought. But we like blue grass, friends, because we think it is a pretty easy way to make a living, and we West Virginians don’t like to work any more than we can help. They turn the cattle out in the Spring and see that they have water when they want it and that is about all the work many of the farmers there do. I know of farmers keeping one hundred cattle and not paying 438 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. out as much as three hundred dollars during the year for labor. I have a neighbor, who was present at this meeting, and he represents six hundred export cattle that he finishes every year; and I asked him: “Do you grain any?’ He replied: ‘No; if 1 cannot fatten my cattle on blue grass | will go out of the business.” sut 1 am boosting West Virginia. Our pastures are sources of great Income. Sometimes when | talk to farmers in other states they say, why land is too high to graze. You cannot afford to pasture one hundred dollar-acre land. Let us see if we cannot. In France today there is a lot of land that rents for $90 an acre for grazing. Now, they must keep some good stock on it. The reason why we cannot afford to pay high prices for grazing land is that we do not put the right kind of stock on it. If we graze on this pasture land the kind of stock that is grazed in France, viz., high priced breeding stock, such as they ship to us and sell at fabulous prices, then we ean afford to pay $100 per acre for good grazing land. Our pastures in West Virginia, as well as in Pennsylvania, have been “running out.” They don’t produce as good as they did twenty- five to fifty years ago. In the meeting referred to I asked the ques- tion: “How many cattle can you carry now and how many did you carry twenty years ago? ” Some reported that they only kept about one-third as many. There is something wrong. We understand at once why land runs out when farmed year after year. We know that the organic matter and the available plant food is exhausted, the land deficient in lime, and we have come to understand that the same thing happens with the grazing lands. Our grazing lands are deficient lands in organic matter and in lime, they having no available plant food, and we must take the same care of our pasture land as of the farming lands if we want to make them keep up their productivity. Now it shall be my purpose to discuss the ways and means of doing this. We want to look upon our farms and our pasture fields as animated objects. The fact is they have or should have great deal of life. If you take your horse and work him without feeding for three, four or five days a week he becomes lean and weak, and if you don’t begin to feed him he will die. We have been working our pas- ture lands for years and years and only giving them half rations and it is not any wonder they have become unproductive. Our fields must be fed; they must be clothed and taken care of just like the human body. If we fail to do that they will not give the returns they should. The Jewish law required that the land should have all that it produced every seventh year. I don’t know whether those old Jews understood scientific agriculture or not, but they were practicing it. Every seventh year all that the land produced went back to the soil. For what purpose? To feed, clothe and make available the plant food for the next six years. Friends, I think we can improve on the Jewish method if we give the soil something every year. Let some organic matter get into the soil to make plant food available and that land will be productive for years to come. There is no excuse at all for working out land. If you do not leave your farms better for your children than when you found them you have missed your calling in life. Our lands ought to become better; they must of necessity be more productive if the people are to be fed, because everything that we have comes from the soil, and in the future greater demands will be made upon it, for we are told in fifty years from now we are to have two hundred million No. 7. DEPARTMEN'TT OF AGRICULTURE. 439 people in the United States and all these people must be fed froin the soil, so we want to take better care of it and give the land its share, no matter whether farming land or grazing land. If you are a tenant farmer you can rob your landlord year after year. I think I have had tenants to treat me that way. But if you are a land owner you cannot rob the land year after year without it resenting that kind of treatment. It will simply shut itself up to you and say: “You have not given me a square deal; you have robbed me and | don’t propose longer to give you a good crop.” Hrom these pasture lands you have been driving the livestock off for years. If it is a dairy farm you have been selling the milk off and in that milk there is a certain amount of plant food, and three elements that are found deficient in soils: nitrogen, potash and phosphorus. Whether we sell beef, mutton or milk we are taking available phosphorus from our lands. So, my friends, it is up to you to return this plant food to the soil in some way. It has been shown that many of our pasture fields have run out because the lime-content is too low. There is an acid condition in the soil and it is necessary if we wish to grow good pastures, to apply lime to the soil. The question of lime is interesting a great many people at this time. We are just now wakening up to the fact that nearly all of our soils are deficient in lime. Over in my state a few years ago a farmer came to me who had a limestone field of seventy acres, lying all over it was limestone rock. His clover had failed in this field and he wanted to know what was wrong with his ground. I said: “I suspect your land is sour.” He replied: “It could not be. There is limestone all over my land. It is actually in the way.” I said: “Have you tested the soil for acidity;-if not test it.” The man got blue litmus paper and applied it to his soil and found a great deal of acidity in it and he applied five hundred pounds of granulated lime to the acre and the next year got a fine crop of clover and has been growing clover ever since. That proved that even these limestone soils are becoming deficient in lime and we have got to apply the lime and there is nothing under the sun that will take its place. I had a letter recently from a farmer who said: “I want to plant twenty acres of corn’—that letter was from this State—“and I am in doubt as to whether to use phosphoric acid or lime on the land. What would you apply?” If that land needs phosphorus there is nothing will take the place of phosphorus, and if it needs lime there is nothing to take the place of lime. Test your soil and supply what it needs. I also told him that the probabilities were that the land needed both the phosphorus and the lime, because most of the soils in our state—and that is largely true in this State—are deficient in phosphorus as well as lime. You have been selling the small grains off the farm and these grains have carried away a great deal of the phosphorus, and possibly the manure has not been saved as care- fully as it should have been and you have been losing there and the soils are all deficient in phosphorus and we must supply it. Going back to the lime question: There are various forms of lime we can use on the pasture fields. Where you have the limestone, as you have it up the valley between here and Hagerstown, all I be- lieve you need to do is to crush that limestone and scatter it over the fields. It is the safest form in which to use lime, because you will not burn up the humus when you apply that ground limestone. There is danger, friends, in using too much caustic lime. That burns up 440 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. the humus and you deplete the soil of fertility. It will become a stimulant for the time being, but it will leave the land worse than it was at first. Be careful what kind of lime you use, especially on the pasture fields, because you don’t have the chance to treat them as you might other fields, and | recommend the ground limestone for the pasture land. Lime sweetens the soil by the particles coming in contact with the particles of soil, hence it would be a great deal better and the sweetening process more perfect if you could plow that soil and mix the lime in because the contact would be more general. It may not be practical for you to plow up the field and put the lime on top of the land. If not, you can get good results from the lime by simply sowing it over the land whether you plow or not. Sowing it on the sod will correct the acidity to some extent but not as perfectly as if you plowed the land and applied the lime on top. The other day I was told by a farmer, when I said you can get too much caustic lime. He said: “I have used three hundred to four hundred bushels of caustic lime on land and the land produced good crops for twenty years.” I said: “How did you apply that lime?” He said: ‘We apply in this way: We put it in small piles and let it lie there from two to four weeks and then scatter it over the fields.” I said: ‘You are not applying caustic lime. That is carbonate of lime.” When burned lime is applied in this way it air- slacks, and air-slacked lime is carbonate of lime. That is the reason why Pennsylvania farmers have been so successful in years past in using so much lime. They have been using carbonate of lime and did not know it; actually so, because that lime became air-slacked and when taken into the soil was in the form of carbonate of lime and did not burn up the humus. It is dangerous, my friends, to put into the soil anything like three hundred bushels or one hundred bushels of caustic lime. There may be various causes why our pastures become unproduc- tive. As I have said, they may need lime, plant food and phosphorus. The dry weather may have caused the roots to die and the worms may have killed it. I have had all these things happen to my pasture land until I absolutely had no grass. What are you going to do then? If we could plow and reseed, the problem would be easy, but that is not always practical. I am going to tell you what I did. If it suits you, you can do it; if not, you can reject it. We go on to those fields and we harrow them. If the field is smooth we take a double acting cutaway harrow and that is the best I have tried. We cut it up pretty thoroughly so there is little or no sod left. That ought to be done as early in the Spring as possible, Feb- ruary if the ground is in proper condition for tillage; if not, later on. March will do, and April may do. May I think is too late as a rule. I put the lime on before I start the harrowing, sometimes with the grain drill, sometimes a lime spreader and sometimes with a manure spreader. And, by the way, my friends, there is no place on the farm that I believe you can get more out of the manure per ton, except the meadow than on the pasture: land. I have come to this conclusion; that we have been putting the manure on the wrong crop for years. My practice formerly was to manure the corn ground directly ahead of the planting of the corn. I never do that now, unless I have more manure than I need in either of these other places. I can get the most out of manure on the pasture land, No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 441 meadow land or on a soil improvement crop. If you are growing rye and you want to turn that rye down to improve the land you can get more out of the manure by applying it to that land so you have a good heavy crop to turn down. | take the manure spreader and spread manure over this pasture field. Try a small acreage at first. If you have fifty acres, try five or ten acres, cut it off from the balance of the field. I use the woven wire fence for that purpose. Apply the lime and manure if you have it. I have applied commercial fertilizer, but I will speak of that later, and then put on some grass seed. There is little or no life in that soil, no plants there; so you want to sow some seed and this is one very important question for the farmer to consider. Twenty-five years ago, when I was a boy, my father would send me out to sow timothy seed or sow the ground to grass and we never thought of sowing anything but timothy seed, especially for per- manent pasture. I sowed about a gallon to the acre and then we waited about two or three vears for it to sod up. Now it sods up the next year with weeds if you don’t put useful plants there. I think timothy is a very poor plant to sow alone in the pasture. It does not last long; it is a soil robber. It feeds on the surface, still I use a little of it. I sow four pounds each of timothy orchard grass and red top to the acre. I don’t know what you think about orchard grass. Some farmers say they would just as soon have broom sedge, but I like any kind of grass that makes the Winter shorter and orchard grass shortens the Winter. It stands late in the Fall and comes early in the Spring. So we sow a little orchard grass. Red top will grow in an acid soil. It will grow in a sweet soil as well. It will also grow in a wet soil. If any of that land ought to be tile drained it will pay to do it. It won’t pay to grass wet land. The red top grows in rich land. Of course, all plants do. It will also grow in poor land. It makes the sod thick and for that purpose I like to mix some red top, say four to six pounds. Then I would put in some Kentucky blue grass. It is the greatest of all grasses in the United States and if you have plenty of lime in your land I am sure you can grow it. I sow from seven to eight pounds of Kentucky blue grass and I would be sure that the seed would grow. A good many farmers do not like to sow it because they say the seed don’t grow. I want to tell you what the trouble is in many cases. In Kentucky they gather the seed with a one horse stripper. They drive over the pasture lands in June and strip this seed off and put it in bags holding from eight to ten bushels. The farmers sell this seed often before they get it into the barn. The dealers come out from the city and buy it in the field and haul it to the railroad and ship to some warehouse and there it becomes heated and then we buy it and don’t get any blue grass when we sow it. Since I have learned this I have been buying my blue grass seed directly from farmers in Kentucky, those who are responsible and they send me good seed and I have no trouble to get it to grow. I would not stop with that because we have not put anything in the mixture that will add any plant food to the soil. Nitrogen is the only element of plant food that we can grow into the soil, and this is gotten there by growing some legume. I sow nearly all the clovers. I would sow at least two pounds of white perennial clover, that will stay in the land indefinitely; two pounds at least of red 442 ANNUAL REPORT OF LHE Off. Doc. clover and two pounds of alsike clover. We know that alsike clover will grow in acid soil more than red clover and will stay long. It is a cross between the white and red clover and has some of the characteristics of the white clover, being almost perennial in its habits. You could mix mammoth, but these three would be sufficient. Mix these? No. Sow the clover seed by itself and the grass seed by itself. If you mix them altogether and sow, you will not get an even distribution of seed because some of the seeds are heavier than others and fly out further. Then harrow the seed in. I believe in planting grass seed just as much as planting corn and there is no farmer that goes out and throws his corn on top of the ground. They always plant it and I believe these seeds ought to be planted. A good many farmers in seeding have been losing their crimson clover. They sow it but don’t get a plant. Nearly everyone, upon investigation, have sown that seed on top of the ground. It is a large seed and possibly germinates and it does not get enough moisture until it withers and dies. That ought to be harrowed in. And so with most of the seed. We should harrow them over; a brush will do; anything to stir rit in; and by all means have the seed-bed as good as you can get it, if you must harrow it over several ways. There are fields in West Virginia from which the grass has died out and we cannot harrow them. ‘The only thing we can do is sow some seed over them. Some of them ought to be reforested and, in fact, I believe that some fields in Pennsylvania should be left go back to forest or have trees planted on them, locust or something else, be- cause they are not worth taking care of and will never make good pasture lands. Now these plants will need some fertilization, some available plant food, and before I harrow the land the last time I use some com- mercial fertilizer, and on the character of the soil, my friends, should depend largely the kind I would use, and by kind IJ don’t mean any brand. I am asked: “What brand of fertilizer do you use?” It does not matter about the brand. There are a great many farmers, it is true, up in West Virginia that buy commercial fer- tilizers by the smell. If it has a strong odor they say it is the very kind of goods they are looking for. It may be worth five dollars a ton. Again they actually buy for color; if it has a good dark color that is the thing they want. I met one of these fellows coming from market with a load of fertilizer. I asked him what he paid for it. He said he got a confidential price on that and he promised the dealer not to give him away. I am always afraid of these confidential fellows and I began to insist on his telling what he really paid for it. The analysis was this: One per cent. of nitrogen; seven per cent. of phosphorus acid and one per cent. of potash. if figured that it was worth about ten dollars or ten dollars and sixty cents from the commercial value of phosphorus, nitrogen and potash. After I had insisted that he tell me, he said he got it for nineteen dollars a ton and that the dealer had sold it regu- larly for twenty dollars. I said: “You are the fellow who should not want to tell anybody you paid two prices for the fertilizer.” There are a lot of farmers doing that. We are buying even what our land does not need. If this pasture land is heavy clay soil and has a reasonable amount of vegetable matter in it you don’t need potash. I don’t need it on my fields. I have asked my fields what they need and this is the best test and only correct test when we ask No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 443 the land. The chemist cannot tell you. He can analyze the soil and tell you how much phosphorus, nitrogen, humus and lime there is there and a lot of other things, but he cannot tell you how much is available. The farmer must ascertain that himself; and I found I did not need potash and nitrogen on my soil when I asked the land what it needed by checking it and hy putting on one plot the fertilizer and on another nothing, and I found my land only needed phosphorus. I did not get any appreciable increase by applying _ nitrogen and potash on the clay soils. I am not speaking of sandy soils where you may need some potash. In all probability on the clay soils you only need to apply phosphorus; you may need nitrogen. And I would say after you have sown that crop you can tell to the line where you applied the phosphorus. I put on one hundred pounds of nitrate of soda on the grass after it is started up well. That will nourish it until the roots run out and get plant food to grow it. It is one of the best things to put on the grass started on timothy meadows. The land may need nitrogen and. I believe in that way by applying at the time of sowing a mixture of potash and nitrate of soda, tankage and fish scrap or something of that kind so that it gradually becomes available. Another thing we want to remember in applying fertilizer on plowed ground is, that potash and phosphorus become fixed at the point of contact. If you apply on top of the land and don’t harrow it afterward, the danger is that it will become fixed at the surface; so you want to stir the soil. I harrow thoroughly to get it down. Fixation takes place within twenty-four hours after application. I have said nothing about permanent meadows. How many have permanent meadows that you don’t plow? I want to see if there are any farmers who have them. Quite a few. I think, my friends, that we ought to have just as few of them as possible. Really, I don’t believe very much in permanent meadows, and yet there are farms on which we must leave a certain piece of ground to meadow indefinitely and they must be fed like the pasture field. There is not an acre of ground that pays better on my farm than my meadow lands because they produce heavy crops of clover and timothy hay. We get from twenty to twenty-two dollars a ton for it. Some farmers have meadows they wish to maintain. Those meadows run out for the same causes that the pasture lands run out. They need feed. Some of my neighbors have been following this method: They cut up the meadows immediately after harvest and reseed—and there is no better time to do it if the season is right. The mixture they use is timothy, red top and clover, alsike and red clover. They sow a little commercial fertilizer because they want a good growth and we must get it ready to go into winter. If you have manure you can apply it. The farmers have been flattering themselves that they were giving back to the soil all they took from it, but they were not. They were robbing it every time by pasturing it too closely. This we ought not to do. We have been grazing too closely. When I began the business of farming I began with a mortgage and I went out and bought sheep and turned them into the grass I had left in the Fall. I would have better carried the mortgage longer. You cannot afford to graze your meadows closely. In fact, I don’t believe a meadow ought to be grazed. I believe the ideal way of handling a meadow is to take the first crop off and then, unless the other crop is large, let it go back to the soil, covering up the land and making 4i4 ANNUAL REVORT OF THE Off. Doe. available plant food and furnishing matter to the soil to grow the crop next year. When we cut the hay and haul it off we should put the manure back or apply commercial fertilizer and feed that meadow. We ought not to expect it to do well unless we feed it regularly. I have a neighbor that top dresses his pasture lands every third year with acid phosphate, two hundred and fifty pounds to the acre, and he has some fine cattle and some fine pasture. THE PENNSYLVANIA STALLION LAW By DR. C. J. MARSHALL, State Veterinarian The stallion law has now been in operation for three years and in that time has been able to demonstrate both its strong and weak points. That much good work has been accomplished can readily be shown, and that amending the law would still better the horse breed- ing industry is a foregone conclusion. Primarily the law has been of great educational value. Hereto- fore in many instances farmers bought stallions without considering whether they were registered or not. As long as the seller made a statement to the effect that a horse was pure bred and registered the buyer was satisfied. Advertisements such as “An Imported English Shire Stallion Registered in France and America” (this fact was actually printed on a stallion poster) demonstrates that the owner evidently did not know what pure bred and registry meant. Now, however, they realize that in order to secure a pure bred license they must have an authorized pedigree registry certificate, and they have become far more careful. The requirement of the law which states that copies of the license certificate shall be posted prominently on the inside and on the door of the stable in which the horse is stood, and that a copy shall be incorporated in all advertisements is a good means of preventing misrepresentation by the stallion owners themselves; because the license certificate differentiates distinctly, in large type, between pure bred and grade. Thus, a prospective breeder immediately on viewing the license certificate can see whether or not the stallion is of pure breeding and registered, or whether he is a grade. I do not believe there is any business in which there is more trickery than in horse dealing, and for that reason it is necessary for breeders to use an extra amount of caution. Many men who are otherwise honest do not hesitate to deceive even a friend when a horse deal is being negotiated. Fraudulent pedigrees and pedigrees from unauthorized associations were a very common occurrence but now, knowing that they will not be accepted as a means of securing a pure bred license they are less frequently found. The Bulletins issued by the Department on horse breeding topics have also been a great help to stallion owners, in fact horsemen in general. Howeyer, they have no immediate bearing on the subject of this paper, No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 445 The stallion law has encouraged breeders of good horses by giving them protection and they have in consequence been buying more pure bred stallions than heretofore. To show the actual increase let us take the number of pure bred horses licensed in 1908 which was 666, then in 1909 there were 823 licensed, an increase of 10 per cent., and in 1910 there were 909 licensed, an in- crease of 10 per cent., while the grade stallions have also been in- creasing the percentage of the increase has been markedly less. In 1908 there were 1333 grade licenses issued, in 1909 there were 1427, an increase of less than 7 per cent., and in 1910, 1474 grade stallions were licensed, or an increase of only 34 per cent. The ratio of increase has been about three pure bred stallions to every grade. Not only have the pure bred stallions brought into the State increased in numbers since the enactment of the stallion law, but the horses have been of a better type, especially among the draft stallions. The present stallion law is good so far as it goes, but under its provisions it cannot go far enough. The owner’s affidavit is a bad feature, but it is impossible to demand that each stallion owner have a veterinarian examine his horse, as in some counties they have no qualified veterinarian. The only means of being sure that a stallion is up to standard is to have a commission appointed which shall ex- amine all the stallions in the State, similar to the way it is done in New Jersey. This would be an ideal means of having all horses passed upon in a uniform way. As it is, there is too much difference of opinion as to just what constitutes a stallion of the best type. This inspection would also bring to light all valueless grade stallions, which although technically sound, are of such inferior breeding, type and conformation that they are a detriment to the horse breeding industry. A stallion would not necessarily have to be examined each year he is in the State. This could be modified; perhaps stating that all stallions had been passed by the commission and had attained the age of say 10 years would be exempt from further inspection. Then, too, instead of issuing merely three forms of license cer- tificate, namely: pure bred, grade and cross bred, it would be better it seems to me, to have some distinction between pure bred stallions at least. There should be a class for pure bred stallions of the highest type, second best and so on. This would give the mare owner a better idea of the worth of a stallion. As the law now stands any horse that is properly registered with an authorized association, can secure a pure bred certificate; this puts a prize winning stallion in the same class as a horse, which (although by the letter of the law is entitled to the best certificate) is inferior as to type and conforma- tion. These kind of licenses, however, could not be issued unless a personal inspection were made by the authorities in charge of the enforcement of the law. If the commission before mentioned were a fact, of course, it could also take care of classifying the various stal- lions. The Pennsylvania law is one of the few exceptions, in not having a lien clause in it. Eight states, and one of them is Pennsylvania, have no lien on the colt or mare and colt, for a stallion service fee. A clause of this kind in the law would not only encourage breeders to buy better stallions, knowing that they would be able to collect the fee agreed upon, but also, would be an excellent means of enforc- 446 ANNUAL KEVPORT OF THR Off. Dee, ing the law. If a lien clause were incorporated in the stallion law, stating that only such stallion owners as had complied with all the requirements of the law, could avail themselves of the right to collect fees under that law, it would naturally make all stallion owners very desirous to fulfill all the provisions of the law. Much criticism is made in regard to the fact that there is no specified list of hereditary unsoundness in the law. This fact, how- ever, Was gone over in detail by your committee at the meeting two years ago. Since that time Dr. W. L. Williams, of Cornell, read a paper at the annual meeting of the Pennsylvania State Veterinary Medical Association which confirmed in every sense of the word the report made by your committee on this subject and brought out more forcibly the importance of allowing great leeway in the subject of hereditary or transmissible unsoundness or disease. There appears to be no condition in the list of those usually considered as heredi- tary unsoundness without illustrious exceptions. After all the subject of type and conformation appears to pre- dominate most prominently in the subject of transmission, and while we would not recommend prospective buyers to purchase stallions that are afflicted with blindness, ringbones, spavins, navicular dis- eases, cryp torchidism, roaring, heaves or sidebones or breed to such sires or dams; yet where horses develop these conditions during service, the law should deal with them leniently and clients should not be too critical. REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON POULTRY By W. THEO. WITTMAN, Chairman Never, within the history of the State of Pennsylvania, has there been such a widespread and insistent interest in poultry and poultry keeping as has been manifested within the year just past. Probably this is the result, partly, of the ever continuing, upward trend of the already high prices poultry and poultry products demand; thereby calling attention to and emphasizing the profits probable and pos- sible in poultry keeping; partly, of the aggressive and widespread advertising in all classes of current publications, (from the small country weekly up to the highest priced of the biggest dailies and magazines) of poultry and poultry keeping; partly of the widespread awakening in the cities and towns to the desirability of country liv- ing, and the idea of these that by keeping a few chickens the enter- ing wedge of a livelihood in the country would be solved; and, part- iy, by farmers being today more thoroughly awake than ever to the fact that the biggest money profits are possible in specialty farming as against general farming, and that poultry keeping may be an easy and profitable specialty farming. The people of Pennsylvania, together with the rest of the country, have spent individually small, but in the aggregate, what must be large sums of money, in buying se-called get-rich-quick “systems” of NCS i DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 447 poultry keeping within the year just past. They have spent this money not altogether because these systems promised wealth unbelievable, but because they really wished information on poultry-keeping and knew of no other source to get it. If the State of Pennsylvania could or would get out an up-to-date and trustworthy bulletin on poultry keeping and give it some publicity, it is more that likely that over a hundred thousand copies would be applied for within a year. Poultry keepers have been very slow in taking the initiative in securing legislation for bettering the conditions of the poultry indus- try. But, there is a change of sentiment now going on and it will be a matter of only a few years when poultry people will not only seek, but demand poultry class legislation. One of the signs of this, is the enormous gain in membership within the last year of our National Poultry Association, the Pennsylvania Division of which has alone added, since last September, over one hundred members at ten dol- lars each. The avowed purpose of this gathering together of the poultrymen is for the purpose of doing things and getting things. An encouraging sign is securing within the year past large ap- propriations for the encouragement of poultry keeping from various State legislatures, notably, our sister state of New York; and of the Western state, Missouri. It is to be hoped that Pennsylvania with its large army of out-and- out poultry people and its vast poultry product, both utility or mar- ket, and pure-bred or fancy, will not lag behind the other states, but that poultry will receive its due share of fostering care and encourage- ment from the State and the State Department of Agriculture. To this end, Pennsylvania should have a Bureau of Poultry Husbandry as a Division of its Department of Agriculture. Should have at State College a poultry plant and equipment worthy of the institu- tion and State, and not as now, a plant and equipment which brings a blush of shame to the face of any well informed poultrymen or one, no successful poultryman would be willing to take, rent free. Pennsylvania includes within its borders thousands of breeders of pure-bred poultry, a few, at least, with a world wide reputation for the high excellence of their stock. Also, held the last year close to one hundred poultry shows, including some of the best and biggest shows in the country, as at Philadelphia, Pittsburg, Scranton, Wil- liamsport and Allentown. The total paid attendance at these Penn- sylvania shows must have been upwards of a quarter of a million. And yet the percentage of pure bred poultry on the farms of Penn- sylvania is as yet relatively small. Although our dung-hill, mongrel poultry is utterly out-of-date and worthless; and when found on a farm at once stamps the owner as unprogressive and careless, it is my painful duty to report that I found such poultry, within the year, on the farms of some of the members of this Board. There has been great activity in this and neighboring states with- in the last year in prosecuting dealers in “Rots & Spots” in eggs and in formulating the general idea that cold storage eggs were bad eggs. And while Pennsylvania certainly wants the enforcement of the law against rotten eggs, it also wants inspectors with discretion. Cold storage of eggs is the great equalizer of prices; making possible the profitable returns to the producer of summer eggs and saving great loss, and in keeping the price of some, winter eggs, at least within the reach of the working class. It is fair to suppose, that, eliminating 29 448 ANNUAT REPORT Ol THE Off. Doc. cold storage of eggs would send winter eggs to a dollar a dozen, at this period of high food prices. Where agitation against rotten eggs and cold storage eggs should begin is with the farmer and producer. These two must be made, if necessary, to quit sending fertile eggs to market. To quit this offensive practice without having laws to that effect would be the easiest—and the more profitable. Let us hope, this Board some day, by resolution, will recommend to the farmers and egg producers of this State that they will quit producing and sending to market fer- tile eggs, or eggs, that are eventually bound to be, rotten eggs. REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON FERTILIZERS By A. T. HOLMAN, Chairman The use of Commercial Fertilizers upon the farms of Pennsylvania is increasing at an enormous rate, more and more each year—eight million dollars worth being used last year in the State. The sub- ject being so broad that it cannot be given justice in a short paper like this. One of the most deplorable facts is that farmers as a rule use fertilizers without knowing the contents thereof. There are two lame points in the Fertilizer Law that are of much importance. First. The law should compel manufacturers to put but one row of figures on the bags. Second. Farmers and gardeners should be compelled to learn to read the analysis intelligently. It is estimated that not over two per cent. of farmers can read the analysis on the bags intelligently. This gives the manufacturers an oppor- tunity to put two or three rows of glaring figures on the bags so as to confuse the buyer. I have met farmers, when you ask them “Whose make of fertilizer do you use?” will answer, Coon Brand, Wheat and Grass Producer, Harvest King, etc., and never know the name of the manufacturer. HOME MIXING Some people seem to think this is the only way to get just what the plants need. It is my opinion that it is a waste of time for the rea- son that no one can mix fertilizer by hand with the same accuracy that manufacturers can who are equipped with the proper machines to thoroughly mix the different ingredients. Any person who would want only a few tons of a special brand and call the attention of the manufacturers they will thoroughly mix just what you want and at a very slight additional cost. The only home mixing practical on the farm is to buy phosphoric acid or acidulated rock and use on the stable manure. In this way you get a more equally balanced fertilizer from stable manure. However, the value of stable manure depends upon the kind of animals that produced it, and the care taken of the liquid portion which contains more fertilizer than the solids, and it is a deplorable fact that this portion is often left to leak INOS i DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 449 away from barnyards and but little of the fertilizer elements left for the soil. Yet you see good results where this yard manure is put, but it is largely due to the mulching effect of the manure. A fertilizer has two values,—its commercial and agricultural value. Its commercial value is determined by the market value of its constituents and the cost of labor required in preparing it for the farmers’ use. The agricultural value is the increase in quality and quantity it will produce in the crop to which it is applied. Ger- many claims to have increased their crop productions sevenfold by. the use of fertilizers “commercial.” The use of fertilizers is traveling westward farther and farther each year over our once fertile prairies, which years ago it was claimed would never need any feeding in the shape of commercial fertilizers. In Pennsylvania the use of fertilizers has doubled or nearly so in the last ten years. The sections of the State that have the best soil appear to use more per acre than the sections that have less fertile soil. I have experimented along this line and I find there is a limit as to the amount that can be used to a profit. FERTILIZER LAW The Fertilizer Law appears to be doing a great good to the farmers inasmuch as the law compels their goods to come up to a certain standard. It is a noticeable fact that there are less stars in the report which were used to indicate that the goods fell below the standard of guarantee. THE AGRICULTURAL DEPARTMENT The Agricultural Department is doing good work in connection with its agents who have gathered eighteen hundred and nine fer- tilizer samples, of which six hundred and sixty-nine were analyzed. Preference was given to those which have not been recently analyzed. The samples analyzed group themselves as follows: 4386 complete fertilizers; 8 dissolve bones furnishing phosphoric acid and nitrogen; 1123 rock and potash fertilizers; 47 acidulated rock and phosphates, furnishing phosphoric acid; 24 ground bones furnishing phosphoric acid and nitrogen and 31 miscellaneous samples which group them- selves in substance not properly classified under the foregoing heads. CONCLUSION Farmers should post themselves in the judicious use of fertilizers and study the analysis. No study will pay better. The land is the farmer’s bank, and when the land is enriched through the judicious use of fertilizers the bank account will be increased by which he makes himself a business man of greater use and influence in the community wherein he resides, and will become an object lesson to his neighbors to the extent that we lead, others follow. He who makes two blades of grass grow where one grew before is a public benefactor. 29—7—1910 450 ANNUAL. REVORT OF THE Off. Doe. REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON WOOL AND TEXTILE FIBERS By D. S. TAYLOR, Chairman Textile fibers may be divided into animal (silk and wood) and vegetable (cotton, flax, hemp and jute and the like). Vegetable fibers may be further divided into soft fibers including manila, icil and istle. The ease and rapidity with which cotton fiber is transformed into yarn and its adaptability to all forms of woven fibers are re- sponsible for the manner in which it has outstripped all other fibers and for its extensive and increasing use. Wool, of all textile fibers, is one of the most interesting, as well as the most difficult for the manufacturer to handle. The wide range within which the production of wool is possible together with the desirable qualities it possesses for the manufacture of clothing, have made it a most important factor in the history of civilization. Sheep can be raised in any country where warm clothing is needed, (ex- cept in Polar regions), and it is natural that the woolen industry should spring up in primitive communities and among people who are too poor to buy material for their clothing. Therefore, wool growing and manufacturing industry has a place practically in all countries. As a country increases in population, however, the lands must necessarily be utilized for agriculture and the range for sheep is reduced in recent years consequently. The wool growing industry in Europe and America has not kept pace with that in newer countries. Nearly one-half of the world’s present commercial supply of wool is produced in Australia, New Zealand and Argentina. Notwithstanding the fact that the produc- tion in the United States is not increasing materially, wool is pro- duced in every state. Silk. The world’s production of animal silk has increased during the last century from 30,000,000 pounds to about 50,000,000 pounds. The leading countries in its production are China, Japan and Italy. The demand for silk has been so much in excess of the supply that ingenious efforts have been made in recent years to discover substi- tutes, and the manufacture of artificial silk has assumed consider- able importance. The founders of this industry in France have sought not so much the formula necessary for the complete combina- tion of chemical elements of animal silk, as to produce an article pos- sessing the principle technical properties of silk—more practically— tenacity, brilliancy, elasticity and aptitude for coloring and bleach- ing. The approximate annual production of this artificial silk is about 8,000,000 pounds, and the production appears to be equal to the demand. Flax was among the earliest plants cultivated for fiber, and until the advent of cotton, its fiber was used more extensively than that of any other plant. Prior to that time its cultivation was very gen- eral throughout the world. The production of this fiber in the United No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 451 States is neglected. The area cultivated for flax seed is considerable. The average annual production of flax seed is about 100,000,000 bushels. Of this the United States produces approximately 25 per cent. Hemp has been cultivated and extensively used for many centuries. In the United States the quantity produced is small, amounting to about 11,250,000 pounds. This represents a remarkable decline in the hemp growing industry in this country, as the production fifty years ago amounted to 149,000,000 pounds. American production of cotton in 1908 was 6,501,210,800 pounds. Wool and hair from Alpaca goat and other like animals, 311,138,321 pounds. This does not include Mohair. Sheep. We place the number of sheep fit for shearing in the United States at 41,999,500 head, a decrease of 293,705 from 1909. This decrease occurs in the estimated number of sheep in Western states, which, in 1909 was credited with 28,125,000, and now have 27,500,000, a falling off of 875,000, due largely to the excessive cold and storms of the winter of 1909-10, in the Rocky Mountain region. The sheep in the Southern group of states are estimated now at 1,915,000 head, a loss of 25,000 from the estimate of 1909. There has been an increase in the Kastern and Middle Western states; the num- ber of sheep of shearing age in this group standing at 12,434,500, a gain of 606,295 from 1909. The wool season of 1910 has unfortunately presented a marked contrast with the active and buoyant year preceding. It has been an unfavorable twelve month for wool growers. The year opened with probably 40,000,000 pounds, or forty per cent. more wool in- cluding that in bond, carried over than was the case at the beginning of 1909. The wool market in January, 1909, was quick, with prices fairly firm, but with a marked hesitation among purchasers to con- tract for new clips. Prices for wool in Pennsylvania for 1910 was about seven and eight cents lower than in 1909 and but little bought until late in the season. Wool values should increase, for several reasons: First, the wool-using population of the world has of late increased more rapidly than wool production. Second, wool’s great- est competitor, cotton, has been in short supply and relatively dearer than wool, especially coarse wool. Third, employment at high wages has been so plentiful that the masses have been in position to buy clothes, and clothes made mostly of wool instead of mostly of cotton and shoddy. Also, there are over 40,000,000 fewer sheep in the world today than there were fifteen years ago, and over 90,000,000 more people. using wool. In the consumption of wool the United States is far and away in advance of either of the other great nations, for although somewhat behind the United Kingdom in the quantity required for her factories, all that is manufactured here is retained here for cloth- ing and other uses of our people, and in addition, vast quantities of ‘woolen fabrics are imported from abroad. A large percentage of the wool consumed in the factories of other countries is manufactured for export and sold for use beyond their borders, giving the United States preeminence as a wool consuming country. 452 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON DAIRY AND DAIRY PRODUCTS By M. E. CONARD, Chairman The past ten years have been eventful ones in the dairy business. They have brought about conditions that are very discouraging, in the present state of enlightenment, to the average dairyman. 1. The steady and advancing prices of ali kinds of dairy feeds. 2. The scarcity and high cost of labor. 3. The unprecedented demand for beef and veal. 4. Until very recently, the persistent low prices for butter, milk, and the like. All of which have combined to narrow down the margin of profit to the producers until he has been obliged to live without many of the comforts he richly deserves. There has been a lack of co-operation amongst the producers of milk and butter, and I venture to say that as a class there is a Serious absence of business methods employed. There has been, and is yet, a tendency to look for the remedy only at the selling end of the business. We are too prone to think the fault all lies with the man who buys our product and that he should pay up and share the deficit with us. In fact we feel that of late the producer has not received quite his legitimate share of the cash paid by the consumer, but we must know that the dealers in dairy products are business men and are doing just what we should do to protect our own interest. They are doing business on business principles. There is no reason why the consuming public should be expected to pay prices sufficient to compensate for our lack of proper com- prehension of our responsibility as food producers. The steady and unprecedented growth of the cities and towns of this great Commonwealth has put such markets within our reach as never existed before, and now it devolves upon us as dairymen to till the soil, select and breed up our herds and to so handle their output as to avail ourselves of these markets. There is an increased demand for raw milk which has resulted in a greatly decreased amount of butter made throughout the eastern part of the state. It is gratifying to be able to report that there is a growing demand for a better and more thorough knowledge of how to utilize the count- less acres at our command so that we may be able to supply this growing demand to our own advantage. The interest manifest at the fourteen dairy schools held during the present winter in almost as Many counties proves the prevailing desire for more dairy knowl- edge that will enable us to cut down the cost of production. Indeed we are inclined to believe that we as dairymen are responsible for some of the causes of the narrow margin of profit so much complained of for the following reasons: Nox. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 453 1. The absence of co-operation and business methods on the part of the producer in selling the products, selecting and raising cows for the herd. 2. The purchasing of too much feed at high prices instead of adopting a more intensive system of farming and producing most of the food on the farm. 3. Because we are nearly all keeping a low percentage of cows that are worse than useless, that are eating up the profits earned by the better individuals of the herd. They can easily be detected by means of the scales and the Babcock test, and if removed from the herd the net profit of the herd will be increased. We do strongly urge that methods be adopted by those in charge to as rapidly as possible put within reach of all dairymen the oppor- tunity of getting the much needed information and training that will enable them to increase the productivity of their herds. We are glad to say, in the absence of definite statistics, that we believe that the average per head output of the cows of Pennsylvania has been somewhat increased in recent years. Surely there is a de- cided increase in the interest manifested in individual butter and milk records, by the more enterprising dairymen and stock breeders. We cannot too strongly urge that the dairy be replenished by rais- ing well selected calves from cows that have proven themselves profit- able producers, sired by pure bred sires of families showing good and profitable records. Calves so selected are well worth the ex- penditure of all the cost of raising them well and the lottery of breeding is largely eliminated. Summoning up conditions as we see them it appears that there is a decidedly increased demand for dairy products without a corre- sponding advance in prices paid, and if these conditions must con- tinue as they probably will, it becomes necessary that we study more thoroughly the breeding and selection of our herds, their more economical feeding and stabling. The best and most sanitary meth- ods of handling and marketing their products so that we reduce the cost to the minimum, for there is nothing more certain than that Pennsylvania’s acres will, in a few years, be taxed to their utmost to feed the people. In connection with this report I want to read you an extract from a book entitled, “Education and Efficiency,” by E. Davenport, Dean of the College of Agriculture and Director of the Agricultural Ex- periment Station of the University of Illinois. The book is pub- lished by D. C. Heath & Son, Boston, Massachusetts. The extract is as follows: “AN AGRICULTURE PRODUCTIVE. “It is not enough that Agriculture should be profitable. In its development it must also become in the very near future enormously productive. How pressing this point will shortly become few people are able to realize, so abundantly have the virgin soils of this country produced in the past, so bound- less have been their extent, and so small has our population been almost up to the present day. A little careful consideration, however, will speedily show that conditions in this respect are to undergo a fundamental change in the very near future indeed. “Under good conditions, the human animal can double his numbers every twenty-five years. By the aid of emigration and despite the ravages of four wars, we have maintained this rate of increase in this country since the Revolution and the population of the United States has doubled four times in the last hundred years. If we maintain this rate of increase for another century—and something is wrong if we do not—if we maintain this rate of increase we should have in this country a hundred years from now no less 454 : ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. than twelve hundred million people, a hundred million of whom should live in Illinois. Under these conditions not less than thirty millions should live in the State of Maine—that is, the population of the entire United States at the time of the Civil War would then be crowded into a single one of our smaller states, and that within the present contury. “For various reasons this ratio of increase cannot much longer be main- tained, yet it is the natural rate, and it tends to show us what would come about under normal conditions Within a century—and what is a century in the life history of a people? _“Believe me, race suicide if it comes will be due not to a failure of the birth rate: it will be from our sheer neglect to maintain conditions that will insure food for the people. This is the form of race suicide against which we need most to protect ourselves, and it is none too soon to begin. The world has not yet learned how to feed such a population as is just ahead and before oes present century is ended the largest single public issue will be that of read. “Within the life-time of children born today, scarcity of labor will be a matter of history, and abundance of cheap food will be a tale that is told by the grandfather in his chimney corner dozing in his dotage. We are edu- cating in our schools today a generation of childern to live a life that we ourselves have never seen and that history does not record, and we do well if we soberly calculate what their conditions of life are likely to be and mend our methods accordingly. “We were three hundred years in getting a population of five millions of people, so slowly do numbers pile up when the base is small, whatever the ratio, but we have increased ninety millions in the last hundred years. With such a base and with modern conditions of life, this country can and will produce men at a rate the world has never seen. We can now produce in this country as much increased population in the next twenty-five years as we produced in the whole four hundred years since its discovery by white men, and we can produce twice as many more in the next twenty-five. In fifty years from now we shail have the population of China in this country, unless some- thing goes wrong, and it is the business of agriculture to learn how to feed them. When it has learned this, it will have learned many a lesson the colleges do not now know how to teach.” ADDRESS OF GENERAL BEAVER Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen: I am very glad to be with you again. I merely stopped in on my way from one of the other meet- ings. There is no particular subject for me to speak on that I know of, but I confess that I have been tremenduously wakened up since coming to Harrisburg, particularly in view of the horticultural ex- hibition over at Johnston’s Hall. Well, there is no discounting that exhibition, I tell you. I think it is somewhere about ten years ago that we were bewailing not only the business but the decadence of what little horticulture we had in Pennsylvania, and now you go into that great fruit store in Philadelphia where you can pay a half dollar a pound for hothouse grapes and ten cents a piece for Wash- ington and Oregon apples and you will not see anything that will compare in color or quality or taste—because I had one last night— with what you find over here at the show, and if we give attention to the necessities and demands of Pomology in the way of soil and treatment, we are likely I think to stand at the very head of the apple producing regions of the United States. There is no reason why we could not be, for we produce just as good and better apples than you will find at the big fruit store in Philadelphia that were raised in California or Oregon. I was talking with Mr. Tyson, one of our great growers, and I asked him whether he sold his apples at wholesale, and he said, no, he did better than that; that he got his price; that he had a market for every bit of his product by sending boxes directly to the con- No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 455 sumer; and, of course, that is the thing for the producer to do when he can. But I am very well satisfied that there were Winesaps, Spies and old-fashioned Rambos which appealed to me as much as anything I have seen and if they went on exhibition at that great fruit store in Philadelphia alongside what they consider the choicest products of the apple countries of the United States, that they would stand up with all of them as to quality, appearance and taste and as to the mode of packing. After all, that is the great appeal to the eye. It occurred to me that the Italian’s method of spitting on the apple and rubbing with his kerchief was apparent on some of the boxes, but on the whole I think they were pretty fair. But there must be discrimination. This can be overdone by planting your apple trees in the right soil. The soil specialists tell you now they can put an augur in the ground and pull it out and tell you not only to plant apples but what kind. They say, there is the place for the Baldwin apple and you can see from the exhibition over there that there are soils that give color to the Baldwin, its natural color, its distinctive color; and that there are soils which fail to give that color. I saw apples there that were as distinct in color as it was possible to be and yet both labeled Baldwins. One of my friends gave me a Perry county Baldwin grown on a farm that probably cost him ten dollars an acre and I suppose he would not take one thousand dollars an acre for it now if he has it covered with Baldwin apples and the product is equal to the sample which he gave me last night. Indeed I heard of a gentleman this morning—I could hardly grasp it—who had paid fourteen hundred dollars for an Adams county farm and had refused fifty thousand dollars for it the other day simply because it was covered with apple trees. It was in the apple belt. It was producing and ready to make him—well, at least, prob- ably ten per cent. on what he had held his farm at and four hundred per cent.—more nearly one thousand per cent. on what he had in- vested. So it is worth while for Pennsylvania to persevere. We are just on the verge of the revolution in our horticulture product, and particularly with that portion of horticulture which relates to Pomology, and I hope to see the time come when I wi'l have to take back all I ever said about Pennsylvania not being equal to New York in regard to its fruit products. At the’time it was said, of course, it was true but it is not true today and I am more and more convinced as we see the results of our experiments and the good work that has been done by the Department of Agriculture and co- operated with the State College in its extension work, I am more and more satisfied that we are on the very verge of a complete revolu- tion and a successful revolution along this line. And it is true that horticulture in its other branches is just as important, and we have the soil that will make it just as successful. We have the best home markets in the world. Our census shows that it is, that we have in Pennsylvania the best home markets in the world. We have more cities of twenty-five thousand inhabitants and upwards than any State in the United States. New York has a number of cities that are larger than the majority of our cities, but we have more cities that are utterly dependent upon the region immediately surrounding them and they give to the regions surrounding these cities splendid home markets. And so we want to specialize not only along the line of Pomology but all along the lines of horticulture. We bring our lettuce—I am eating lettuce at home that probably comes from 456 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE OF. Doe. Florida or Georgia or the extreme South, probably from some islands that belong to the United States. We can raise that right here in Pennsylvania and right now. A little bit of glass will give to our farmers and, if they choose to do it as they always have been doing it heretofore—leave that work to the wives and daughters, it would give a splendid opportunity to the women to earn their pin money simply by the raising of lettuce under glass, and this is always not only a good marketable vegetable but an extremely wholesome one; so that it is a good thing for the community to meet the requirements of these cities, and much depends upon the immediate outside for the variety in their tables and in the wholesomeness of our food. Heretofore it has been considered the thing for the farmer to raise the wheat that would produce the largest number of bushels to the acre and that has been considered the point to reach. If I can pro- duce one hundred bushels of wheat to the acre it is better than thirty. That is not so. The millers come now and say no; what we want is the wheat that will produce the most nourishment and that will give the best flour to the consumer. After all the consumer is the ultimate man that we must look out for; and the millers say, We don’ want your wheat; it don’t produce the most and best flour. We must have the wheat that under modern conditions will give the best to the consumer, and so we discover that some of the wheats that would seem to be the best for the farmer are not the best for the consumer, and therefore we must try to meet the conditions that the consumer imposes upon he market. ‘his point was strikingly and vividly brought to the attention of the Research Department or In- vestigating Department of our School of Agriculture at State Col- lege when they listened very sympathetically to a proposition of the millers of Pennsylvania to establish a Department of Engineering, called Mill Engineering, at State College; that they would erect a mill and that we would carry on a line of experiments there that would tell the farmers of Pennsylvania what wheat would produce the best flour for the consumer and would give the most bread and best bread to the man that ate it. And you can see, of course, with- out any argument or without any appeal that that is sense. We must rise and advance in the production of all our articles which we com- bine under the general term of agriculture; we must cater to the con- sumer, and the better we come to him and the better products we offer to him the greater the demand for our products. Of course, you see in the Ladies’ Home Journal and in these high priced advertising periodicals the Golden Flour. You see the products of Minneapolis and all other great flour-producing regions displayed in very extensive and very expensive advertisements. But after all there is no reason if we put the same amount of brains into our wheat products why we should not produce wheat in Pennsylvania that will make just as good flour, just as nourishing, just as beneficial and healthful articles of food as they do anywhere in the world, and so we must go a step further. We have been going wrong in the production of our wheat. It is not the wheat that will produce the largest number of bushels to the acre, but it is the wheat that will give the largest amount of nourish- ment to the acre that we want to raise in Pennsylvania and the millers are beginning now to measure the price of wheat by the quality of the flour and, of course, that is the thing they have to do and it has come ultimately upon the farmer to do that thing, to No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 457 take to the miller, to our own men who grind the wheat and furnish flour to our people, the wheat that will give the largest amount of nourishment to the man and woman and child who eats it. And we can see from just this little illustration that I have used the varieity of our agriculture and the variety of demand which is being made upon the agriculture now for the highest products, for the largest amount of science that can be injected into it. Because this is largely a question of chemistry after all. When the flour is made, the chemist tells you wha* is in it, what the fundamental elements of it are and how those elements are to be used by the digestive organs of the human body to nourish the blood and send it to the heart and to the extremities on its way of helping man and making him the best animal that God has made. And after all that is just what we have to help to do and he is the man we have got to feed and we must feed him in a way that his body will be the very best for the services of his Commonwealth and his Country and of the best illustrative value to his neighbors for right living; and, of course, the farmers have a good deal to do with that. And so we are not only in co-operation with God in making man as perfect as he can be, but are in co-operation with the Commonwealth and country in making man as productive as he can be, and this, of course, is the ulti- matum. GROWING POTATOES By T. E. MARTIN, Syracuse, N. Y. Mr. Chairman and Members of the Pennsylvania State Board of Agriculture: There is a difference between having something to say and having to say something. I believe, however, that I am in the last situation this forenoon. I am a farmer and I am going to talk to you from a farmer’s standpoint. I have just a few statistics here on potatoes. There are six states that produce one-half the potatoes of the United States. According to the statistics, there were 328,787,000 bushels of potatoes produced in the United States in the past vear. of which New York produced 44,676,000 bushels, an average of 102 bushels an acre; Michigan, 34,424,000 bushels, an average of 104 bushels to the acre; Pennsyl- vania, 27,896,000, an average of 88 bushels per acre; Maine has an average—I won’t read the rest—of 210 bushels to the acre; Wiscon- sin has an average of 95 bushels to the acre; and Ohio has an average of 82 bushels to the acre. So these are the six states that produced one-half of all the potatoes in the United States, ranking in total production in the order named. Our farm is located in Monroe county, New York, at a little place called West Rush, 13 miles south of Rochester. We bought this place in 1892. It was a fair farm. We knew that it must be drained. We did not have the means to drain it at that time. There was a $3,000.00 mortgage on the place with 5 per cent. interest. In 1894 458 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. we took up drainage and we have expended $2,500.00 and it has paid and paid several times over. I just want to say here that if you have excess water in the soil you cannot achieve the best results in potato growing. Our soil is a gravelly one principally. We have some light land. It is practically loam. We have a little dead sand and perhaps five acres of clay in seven or eight different places on the farm in little patches here and there the largest patch has possibly two acres. This is a brief description of our place. It has an eleva- tion of about 550 feet above sea level. Plowing is a very important point in bringing up soil. Good plowing is an art. I did not come here to instruct your farmers in plowing, but somehow there are many farmers that don’t plow their land properly. We like to plow our furrows on edge, at an angle of about forty-five degrees, so that they stand up, for the reason that where the furrows are placed on edge we can get better mixing of the soil than by the furrows being upside down. Where the furrow is inverted or upside down there is very little mixing of the soil. And here are several points: One of the points is if there is organic matter plowed under and that furrow turn over flat, capillary attrac- tion will be shut off between the sub-soil and the surface soil, and this is of the greatest importance especially if the season comes dry ; and also by keeping these furrows on edge at an angle of forty-five degrees in the tillage of the field you can bring the different soil par- ticles in contact with each other better than if the furrows were turned upside down. We have gradually lowered our plowing depth from six to ten inches. We plow ten inches for our work and we like that depth. Here is the surface of the soil. The manure and clover rotting down there will be more plant food in the first two or three inches of the surface soil than in the lower inches of soil. If these furrows are turned up on edge you can bring the different stratas and soil particles into contact with each other in the tillage. Some- times I think about it in this way: I go to a meeting or come in contact with good people and thereby feel strengthened and im- proved. Then again J go to some other place and came in contact with immoral people with low ideals and I wish I had stayed at home. And so it is with the soil particles coming into contact, those of the surface with those lower down. There is an action set up by the heat, light and atmosphere and so on and that action is of importance to the unlocking of plant food. We like Fall plowing. We have a short rotation of crops, 18 acres of each—wheat, clover and potatoes, a three year rotation. We grow late potatoes and we must necessarily get the potatoes planted early in Spring so that we can get them off in time in the Fall to sow the potato ground to wheat and then it is too late many times. Now, my position on the fertilizer question is this: I would not use an ounce of commercial fertilizer until I had first drained the land, given the soil the thorough preparation it ought to have, made clover grow luxuriantly and judiciously made, saved and applied the home manure supply, and then if I wanted more fertility and could make commercial fertilizers pay T would use it; but T would not use it, until that time. One of the best means of getting and making fertility available on the farm is through the use of clover. We have practiced for four years past a sort of novel way of restoring our land to its original production. We mixed in 25 per cent. alfalfa with our clover INO he DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 459 seed, in this rotation which requires three years to go over the farm. Let this represent fields Nos. 1, 2 and 3. Suppose we start this on field No. 1 in 1910, sowing clover and alfalfa on the wheat ground in the Spring. We mix in the clover seed, one-fourth alfalfa. It requires three years to get once over each field, 1910 for field No. 1, 1911 for field No. 2 and 1912 for field No. 3; and then beginning the second cycle 1913, with these same fields Nos. 1, 2 and 3 we use fifty per cent. alfalfa. 1916-1918—3 years, 75 per cent. alfalfa—t919, all alfalfa. Suppose we have ten acres and we wish to apply one-half bushel per acre, we would mix in the five bushels of seed, two and one-half bushels of alfalfa and two and one-half bushels of medium red clover well mixed; then sow it together. We watch for certain conditions as we like to see the soil dry, and well checked up, taking the afternoon, because the soil is checked up more in the afternoon than in the morning. It is dryer and there are no wet leaves having the dew on them. We sow the seed with a broad-caster. Consider- able seed goes into the checkings. These checkings ought not to be too deep. If too deep the seed gets into the ground too deep and will not germinate. The next morning we go on the field with a lever set, 3 section, spike tooth harrow, teeth straight up and down. We can har- row fifteen acres in half a day. We like to harrow the seed into the ground. I believe the clover and alfalfa seed should be covered up just as much as garden seed should, and we consider on our place that this is one of the vital points in getting a good stand of clover. A Member: Do you sow timothy with the wheat in the Fall? MR. MARTIN: Yes, sir; two quarts per acre at wheat seeding time. A Member: Do you disturb the timothy? MR. MARTIN: Yes; harrowing in the clover and alfalfa seed does dig it out some but if a clover or alfalfa plant takes its place I am delighted. These‘alfalfa roots (holding up roots) show what alfalfa is doing on our farm. These roots have been carried around in my grip for several weeks and while they are broken off at about two and a half feet still they show what they have done. They are larger than the red clover roots and go deeper in the soil as this small one shows. It is four and one-half feet long now and has probably gone down into the sub-soil two feet further than its present length, judging by the size of the root where it is broken off. Now such roots will give us some hay. Understand the alfalfa seed is mixed in with the clover and sown in the Spring and harrowed in, and wheat harvested in July and in August the wheat stubble is clipped and next year the first crop of hay is cut. We try to get the hay in the barn by the 25th of June, though sometimes it is the 4th of July; but by the 25th of June we like to get it in because it is better food, more nutri- tion in it. By early cutting you will not get as large a crop, as much in weight; but the second crop will come on at once and there you will gain. ‘The second crop is cut about the Ist of August and the hay brought in and not left on the soil. The third crop is cut about the middle of September and left on the ground. We prefer to cut it be- cause the next crop comes on and by cutting it you destroy the weeds and it gets back to the soil where it is in shape for plant food material quicker than otherwise. 460 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. A Member: Do you use any fertilizer? MR. MARTIN: We are going to cut out the fertilizer. We have gradually increased to 1900 pounds of 4-8-12 per cent. home mixed fertilizer that costs $32.00 per ton; but we are lowering it down now to 800 pounds per acre on potato ground. We expect the time is coming, and we feel sure the time will soon come when we can cut it out entirely, when we go from clover to alfalfa complete. That is it will require twelve years to complete this cycle, 1907-1918, from twenty-five per cent. alfalfa to one hundred per cent. alfalfa. In traveling around New York State Lt come across various brands of fertilizer, and up in the northern part of the State I came across this advertisement. 1 will just read it: “Analysis, ammonia, 13 per cent.; potash, 36 per cent.; phosphoric acid, 33 per cent.” I figured that out. The ammonia would be worth $39.00; potash, $32.40 and the phosphoric acid $29.70 a ton, total for the ton, $101.10, and that fertilizer was offered for $10.00 a ton. Now, that is one illustration of the fertilizer situation. When a person practices home mixing he informs himself; he gradually becomes enlightened on the subject, and he hardly is aware of it at the time, but he gets enthusiastic in study- ing and figuring it out. I remember my wife used to say to me: “What in the world do you stay up nights for, figuring so on the desk here covering that paper with figures,” and so on. And I told her I was figuring out fertilizer analysis and forgot myself. A person will get interested in the problems and soon arrives at a point where no fertilizer agent can fool him. It is not difficult to mix fertilizers. It costs about fifty cents a ton to mix, and a man can mix it as good as any fertilizer company can if you take the pains, the saving will range anywhere from §2.00 to $8.00 a ton and you get better goods and know what you have, avoiding paying freight on a lot of stuff from New York that is of no value to you. For instance, if you wanted potash on your place it would be cheaper to buy it in the form of muriate or sulphate of potash rather than in the form of kainit and similar goods on which you would be paying freight on a lot of useless stuff and getting only a small per cent. of actual plant food. Here is another one that I came across in the State of New York: “Guaranteed analysis, 8 phosphoric acid, 4 potash, and sold for $15.00 a ton. That fertilizer was worth to the farmer $11.80. In that ton were 491 pounds of filler. We don’t need a filler. We can put that in at home. - What I would recommend for potatoes would be, say, 1500 pounds rock phosphate, 14 per cent., and 500 pounds muriate of potash; and this would make up an analysis of 104 phosphoric acid and 123 potash, and would cost somewhere about $20.00. An application of 500 Ibs. to 800 lbs. to the acre is a good one. As I said before, I would not invest in fertilizer until I had worked out the other problems first. By all means test out the fertilizer and use it intelligently. Now, we grow just that one variety, Sir Walter Raleigh. We plant a seed plat each year and select the very best potatoes and soil for it, usually containing two to three acres. The seed for the seed plot is treated with formaldehyde to destroy the scab germs. The number of bushels run from 50 to 75 of ideal shaped potatoes that are carefully selected. They are planted by themselves in the potato field. There are several advantages in that. You can give better attention and spray and fertilize better. About the middle No. %. ms DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 461 of September, ten days before the potatoes die down, we go over the seed plat and dig up all the diseased and degenerated hills that have not made the growth they should. Understand this work is done ten days or two weeks before the potatoes die down so we can see what each hill has done. The hills not making the growth they ought we dig up and discard. The dead or dying hills we dig up and take out. We take a wheel barrow, crates and potato fork and one man takes two rows and when he comes to a tuberculosis hill we dig it up and take it out. By that method we take out of the seed plot all the diseased stock. At harvest time these seed potatoes are dug and put in the cellar. During the winter when we have time we go through the seed plat product, sometimes 900 bushels, and select out potatoes of the type we have our ideals set to. First, we want the size; next, the shape. We like a potato with a good seed end and a good stem end. Here is a very good type. It is too wide for the length. Here is one I like, from three-fourths to a pound each; and these are treated with the formaldehyde, keeping the scab down. We have an automatic potato planter. I would not recommend this ma- chine. It is too complicated. I think one of the things brought to my attention forcibly in potato culture was the result of this planter. Here and there in the field were four successive hills of dwarfish plants not up in height with the rest of the potatoes and I wondered what was the cause. I got my thinking cap on and one day it came to me that the seed that grew those four hills came from degenerated stock. We tested it by taking seed from the poor hills and found out next year that was the cause of the poor yield. The seed plant method that I have described is one way of getting better and blooded seed. Every farmer can get good seed himself. If you have a good variety of potatoes, Irish Cobbler, Green Mountain or Sir Walter Raleigh or any other variety that you have taken good care of I would go into the field and dig out 250 or 500 hills and go to another part of the field where the potatoes made a good growth and yield and dig out say 250, 500 or 1,000 more hills and dig, lay out each individual hill separately. Don’t mix them up after you get the hills dug. Go over the hills as they are dug out and select the hills that made the best yield. With these next year start a seed and breeding plat. Our potatoes are planted on a rolled surface to insure a uniform planting depth of three to four inches, three feet apart for the drills and in the drills a seed piece every eleven inches. I don’t recommend that close planting. If planted close like that on thin soil in an unfavorable season prob- ably the whole crop would result in small marble-like potatoes. A Member: Do you say two and one-half feet between rows is too close? MR. MARTIN: With late potatoes that is pretty close. You tramp down and mutilate many vines with cultivator and sprayer. I would rather plant the rows farther apart and the hills closer in the rows. Then the vines don’t interlock with each other and you can get through with less damage from the machines. In cutting the potato, such a potato as that (indicating it) would be cut in four pieces, again as large as that into eight pieces. We take a common paring knife and cut the seed like that (indicating). The way we plant there are 15840 hills to the acre. I think if we allowed one pound to the hill that would give a yield of 264 bushels to the 462 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. acre, and if two pounds to the hill it gives 528 bushels; but planted three feet each way gives oagetee J like 4840 hills and a pound per hill you would have 80 2-3 bushels to the acre. You can regulate the size of the potatoes or run of the potatoes quite well. Of course, you don’t know what the season is going to be. That makes a dif- ference. but if the potatoes average too large, plant larger seed pieces to the hill or hills closer; but if potatoes do not grow large enough plant farther apart in the hills and less seed, less eyes. After the potatoes are planted we run over the field with the double row riding cultivator. We like to go over the field three times before’ the potatoes are up, and, gentlemen, this cultivation, these first three cultivations, are done before the potatoes are up by follow- ing the potato row ridges left by the planter. We don’t try to get close to the ridges but to break up the middles. The roller has gone over the gimund and in planting this row the horse walks here (in- dicating). On the return the other horse walks in there again. We do want to cut deep at this time of the potato’s growth because no potato roots will be torn off. I would not cultivate deep after the potatoes were up 4 to 6 inches high. If you follow out the roots you will find them extending out beyond the middles and more and when we break off the roots we are interfering with the potato root system. I would not go too deep the first time over, a little deeper the second time and still deeper the third time. Just as soon as the potatoes come up so we can see the potato rows we adjust the culivator and run just as close to the row as we can. With the double row cultivator we take every other row or the odd rows the first time over and here we have the team in here and we get astride the first and third rows and the second time over we go astride the even rows, second, fourth and sixth rows, and so on through the whole field. This makes five cultivations, three before the potatoes are up and two after. Then we put the weeder on, and we like to go straight across the potato rows with the weeder the first time. The second time over we go lengthwise. This pulls the plants straight with the row and closer attention can be given after under work. This weeder work we like to do after nine o’clock in the morning, when the atmos- phere warms up and it is dry and hot. The potato plant will stand more abuse after it is warmed up than it will when cool in the early morning. It will break off easier when cool. The rest of the cultiva- tion is done with riding cultivator by gradually widening apart the teeth nearest the rows. The cultivation ceases the latter part of July. Ordinarily the field receives about twelve cultivations. You say that is excessive. I know it is a lot of cultivation, but at the same time while cultivating we are preparing the land for the fol- lowing wheat crop. The crop gets two hand weedings, about the middle of July and middle of August. For spraying, we use the 5-5-50 formula. No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 4653 REPORT OF THE APIARIST By H. C. KLINGER The year past has not been marked by any unusual features ex- cept that of the loss of colonies in wintering. The winter stores of honey in the greater part of the State were mainly honey dew. The cold of the winter being long continued, the bees were unable to take a cleansing flight, became sick with “dysentery” and died. In localities where there was no honey dew or where it was extracted in the fall and the colonies fed on sugar syrup or good honey, the winter loss was only a small per cent. Reports from all over the United States confirm the statement that bees should not be win- tered on honey dew or even on a poor quality of honey. The foreign matter in this kind of honey being in excess causes a dysentery when the bees are confined too long without flight. Bees seldom “freeze to death” when sufficient stores of good honey are within reach, and the statement that “bees froze with plenty of honey” is only an evi- dence that they died from being confined too long on poor winter stores. The various reports from different parts of the State indicate that the crop of honey was far below the average. This was caused to some extent by droughts and failure of the main honey plants. White clover, which is the source of the best grade of honey, was drought killed in the summer of 1909 and made but a weak stand the following spring. A few reports also were made that in several localities bees were killed by spraying with arsenical poisons. Bees died by the thousands and in one instance an entire apiary was wiped out. It seems that it takes some fruit growers a long time to learn that it is an injury, a double injury, to spray while the trees are in bloom. Certain delicate parts of the flower are injured by the spray when it comes in contact with them when it is open. Spray- ing at such time prevents perfect pollination and also kills the bees and other insects which Nature intended should assist in the form- ing of fruit. The best time to spray is before the buds open and from five to seven days after the blossom has dropped. HONEY PLANTS The plants upon which the honey producers of the State mostly depend are White Clover, Alsike Clover and Buckwheat. There are lumber regions of the State which yet produce crops of basswood honey, but the denudation of our forests will make that product a rarity in a very few years. White clover carries first honors as a honey plant both in value as a source and an extra quality of honey. It yields a clear, finely flavored product and when nicely capped makes a gilt-edged article for the market. Alsike clover is coming more into prominence than formerly. Many farmers are discovering that it is profitable to sow 30 464 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. it with the other red clovers. It is surer to “catch” than the red clover, has a tendency to “stick” to the soil longer and makes a better quality of hay than red clover alone. It produces fully as much honey as the white clover and its quality is not to be excelled. If it is grown for hay and for honey it will produce at least two good crops every season. ‘The seeds being much smaller than those of the red clover a smaller quantity of seed is needed. A good mixture to sow for hay is one part of Alsike with three parts of red clover. In some sections of the State buckwheat is the most important yielder of honey. ‘The quality of buckwheat honey is perhaps not as good as that of the clovers or some of the other honeys. It is darker in color, has a heavier body and a flavor peculiar to itself. It is liked by some consumers and to others it is not so palatable. It usually does not command as high a price in the markets and yet there are some places where it brings as much as the finer grades of honey. Buckwheat does not require a large application of fertilizer nor even a rich soil to be a good producer of grain. It frequently yields forty to fifty bushels per acre and instances are on record of much larger yields. It is a quick crop and always leaves the soil in a mellow condition. Many of the hillsides, too poor for other crops, might be sown profitably to this grain merely as a grain crop. It seldom fails as a honey producer and not infrequently gives immense flows of honey. What farmer raising only a few acres of it would not keep a colony of bees “get and hold” all of his own? There are numerous other plants which in some parts of the State are abundant enough to produce crops of honey, but in most localities serve only to tide over the supply from one flow to the other. Among these is alfalfa, another clover, which yields enormously in the West, where in many places it is the chief source of honey. This plant, too, will prove valuable to the beekeeper of the East after we have passed the experimental stage of growing it. Another plant pressing itself into notice is Sweet Clover. This plant was for some time condemned as a weed, and working its way through years of prejudice, has attracted the attention of agricul- turists and beekeepers as well. In growth it is similar to Alfalfa, and while it is young closely resembles it in appearance. It blossoms during a long season, producing a finely flavored grade of honey. It is valuable as a forage plant and as a soil enricher and inoculator it has no superior. A report from Lancaster county states that it was sown on a field infested with Canadian thistles in 1906, and allowed to reseed itself until in the summer of 1910 it was an almost impenetrable mass of leguminous matter five to seven feet high. The Canadian thistles were crowded out. It will grow on waste places, the hardest clay, stony dirt banks and the most barren looking soil. Why not sow some of this seed on waste places, crowd out obnoxious weeds, enrich the soil and make the air hum with bees? BEES AS POLLENATORS In the economy of Nature the bee does not only serve as a col- lector of nectar but performs another most important work. In order that fruit may be formed, fertilization of blossoms must take place. This work is done either by insects or the wind. Some blos- soms are staminate while others are pistillate. In order that fruit may be produced the pollen must be carried from the one to the other. No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 465 Other plants have both pistils and stamens on the same flower. It may seem unnecessary that in this case any cross pollinization should take place. Nature has, however, provided that in order that species may not degenerate, in many cases, the pollen of any given flower does not fertilize the pistil of the same flower. This is due to the fact that pistil and stamen do not coincide in their time of ripening and thus depend on the pollen being brought from other blossoms. The bee is the best pollenator known, ever ready to perform his work for what he gathers by the way. He is the best answer to the fruit grower’s problems as to what varieties or how he shall plant in order that perfect pollination may take place. DISEASES OF BEES The great importance of this subject will perhaps suffice as an apology or a partial repetition of a former report. Of the reports received during the year, three diseases are mentioned as prevalent: Dysentery, American Foul Brood and European Foul Brood. The first named was previously discussed. It is not infectious and can largely be prevented by the wide-awake beekeeper. The last two men- tioned diseases are infectious and destroy colonies by attacking and killing the brood. These diseases are so widespread that they are the cause of alarm. Whole apiaries have been destroyed before the cause was known. It is impossible to keep it out of an apiary when others nearby have apiaries that are diseased. before our growers to-day. Now, why should there such a different in the production of trees? Simply because there is in all plant life the same variation in pro- ductivity that we find in animal life. Every farmer here this after- noon, who may be a live stock breeder, will understand that. In his breeding of animals he discovers much variation. It is very seldom that you can breed from the same stock a number of colts that, when grown, will be of the same type. It is seldom that you can breed along the dairy line, two heifers from the same stock that will give an equal yield in milk and butter. It is this law of variation that makes it so difficult to produce in animals anything like uni- formity, and in fruit trees this same law of variation is at work, hence we do not get uniform results in our orchards. Now, my suggestion is this: I believe it is possible for us to get more uniform results in our orchard practice, if we study the stock from which we take our scions. In nursery practice, seedling stocks are used, and then we take the buds from the young trees in the nursery and put them on these seedling stocks. What is the result? We are grafting on our trees scions that have simply a vegetative tendency. It takes the Northern Spy, in New York state from fifteen to twenty years to come into bearing. I can show you trees that have borne no fruit in twenty years, and I firmly believe that by exercising the principle of selection, we can produce a high quality of fruit in a much shorter time. We need to take our scions from the more mature trees. There are choice varieties of Spitzen- erg, Jonathan, Grimes’ Golden—all very fine apples. Why don’t we have more of them? Because they are not strong trees or vig- orous bearers. The King of Tompkins County is another choice No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. D717 variety, but it does not produce well. It is not of vigorous stock, is subject to canker, and the tree will pass out very readily. In fifteen years you will have a very broken orchard of this variety. Now, I believe it is possible to grow the King and the Spitzenberg profitably. I think I have proved this fact. It is something more than twenty years ago that I began to ad- vocate taking our scions from the strong, vigorous, more mature trees. I advocated it at a Nurserymen’s Convention, but not a member of that Association accepted my theory. ‘They said they did not believe there was anything in it; that a bud was a bud, and would produce a tree. Now, that does not apply in stock breeding. We know of instances where men have paid a hundred thousand dollars for a stallion. Why? Because he was recognized as a most valuable animal, and: his prepotency was known. Now, this same principle will apply in plant life, and starting on this plan, I began to work it out. I choose as my first experiment, the King, because of its high value. I selected first the buds from an ideal tree, a King tree and top-worked Northern Spy trees; you know that tree is known and noted for its vigor. It has a-good, strong root sys- tem, and when you can get roots that will go down deep into the soil and take strong hold, there you will have good and vigorous trees. It is twenty-one years ago since I started this experiment on my father’s farm. He had planted the King trees, not one of which is now left in this orchard in which I experimented, we have trees that have been top-worked for twenty-one years; which show no evidence of canker, and are producing from seven to nine barrels of apples to the tree. Now, this is a wonderful record for the King; it is a fine fruit, but not a heavy yielder and yet these trees show every evidence of going right on and being profitable for a half or three-quarters of a century more. Now, that is what I mean by our propagating stock with greater care. I might mention one or two others—the Talman Sweet (the wood is like steel), the Northern Spy, the Northwestern Greening—are the same, so fine grained is the wood, and so hard; you can use these safely to work the other va- rieties on them. I believe in this way we can increase the yield of apples in the United States at least fifty per cent. in the next twenty-five years, and produce fruit more abundantly that consum- ers ought to able to have. One other point. For a number of years, I produced among my trees large quantities of currants, but they were not satisfactory, and I began to investigate why the yield of this fruit should be so small, and I found that many of the largest appearing plants were not producing anything at all. I can show you by the chart here. As the pickers came in one day, I discovered that a large number of trays came in with very little fruit from their rows, and then, again, other pickers came in with baskets filled in a very short time, heaped up with beautiful fruit, while it took the pickers in the thin rows a long time. I began to investigate, and found that in these thin rows bush after bush had no fruit upon them. They were large bushes, but had nothing whatever upon them. Many of the bushes were of this type—strong bushes, strong stem with perhaps only a single currant upon them, while side by side with them, were the bushes of this type—the bushes loaded from top to bottom. 37—T—1910 578 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. These bushes were at once taken out and burned up, in order that we might not propagate from them longer, but propagate only from bushes like this. Thus we began propagating our bushes from strong producing plants. aay 0 De 88 67 78 0 3, 78 65 72 | Trace 4, %%6 65 71 Trace Be 79 52 66 0 6, 82 57 70 0 7, 76 5T 67 -90 8, 86 | 8% 0 9, 86 60 73 31 10, 87 62 75 .08 tai 86 60 | 73 0 2. 84 Gl | 78 feces 13. 82 66 | 78 Lae 14, 83 53 | 68 0 1B, 8 | 60| 7% 0 16, 85 62| .08 17. 13 60 | 67 58 18, 74 55 | 65 | Trace 19, 75 51 63 0 20; 81 51 66 0 21. 72 59 66 0 22, 84 60 72 0 23. 85 67 | %6 15 24, 91 63 77 0 25, 86 63 75 0 26, 80 62 | 71 0 27, 83 58 71 | Trace 28, 79 61| 70| 88 29, 84 54 69 0 30, 80 64 72 .02 31, 75 53 64 0 INOS DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 661 AUGUST Temperature Date Maximum Minimum Mean Precipitation RS ~ 38 ii) ~ ei ~ © 7 S ' 1 1 1 ' ‘ 1 1 1 ‘ ' ' 1 ! i) ' 1 1 ' 1 ‘ 1 ' '‘ ‘ ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 1 i] 1 1 1 1 1 1‘ ' ! 1 ! 1 1 1 ' 1 1 ' ' 1 ! 3 S - ! ! ! 1 1 t I t ' 1 ' 1 i] 1 ' ' ' ' 1 ' ' ' ! 1 ' ' 1 ' ' 1 1 1 ' ' ' ' } ' 1 1 1 ' ' ' ! 1 1 1 1 ’ 1 1 1 1 @® . - ' ' ' 1 ' 1 1 ' 1 1 ' ' ' 1 ! 1 1 ' ' ' 1 1 ' 1 ' ' ' ' 1 1 1 1 ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 1 ' t ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 1 ' 1 ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ‘ ' ' ' ' 1 ' ' ' ! ! i) ' 1 ' i) ' ' ' ' ! 1 1 1 1 ' ' 1 i ' ' 1 1 1 ' 1 ! 1 1 i ' ‘ “ 1 i) ' 1 1 ! ' ' ‘ ' ' i) ! ' ' ‘ 1 i) i ‘ ‘ ' 1 1 1 ‘ ' ' 1 1 1 1 1 t ! i] ! i] i] ' ) ' n ' ' ‘ ‘ ) 1 ! 1 ' 1 ' ' ! 1 ' ‘ 1 1 ' ' ' ' . ' ‘ 1 1 ' ' ‘ { i} ' ' 1 ' ' 1 ' 1 ' ' ' ' i) ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ! ' ' ‘ ‘ ' ' ‘ ' ‘ ! i] ' ) ' ' ‘ ‘ ' ' 1 ' 1 1 ' 1 i} 1 1 1 1 1 ! J SO 00 VS: Sv He Oo BO ' ! ' 1 ! : ; ! 1 ! ; : ' ! , : ' ' ! 1 : ' ' 1 t | H ; H ' 1 ' H 1 1 \ ‘i ' ' ' ‘ H H \ 1 t H i ! ! ~ IBSAIZSBRS . ' ‘ 1 1 ' i} ' ' 1 1 i) ‘ 1 1 ' ‘ 1 ' ) ' 1 ' 1 ‘ ‘ 1 ! ' ‘ ' 1 ! 1 1 1 1 ' \ I ! 1 ! 1 ! 1 1 1 ' ! i) = lor) . ' ' ' 1 ' J 1 ' ' ' ' ' 1 1 ' 1 1 1 ' ' 1 ' ' ' 1 1 ' ' ' ' 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ' 1 ' ! I I 1 1 1 1 ! 1 eoocco8 ooo cot BRGooo R RRSSSSRISRLRERLZPASLES HBAABSSSSRAAARSASERS RESULTS Since the injury caused by the spray itself is one of the most important matters in peach spraying, special attention was given to it throughout the experiment. The extent of the injury as well as its nature was noted. The amounts of twig injury and of fruit and leaf-drop were determined by trial counts and estimates. The injury to the picked fruit was determined by the random-sample method described below. The approximate maximum injuries are shown in Table II. These injuries were not all at their maximum at the same time, those from the Bordeaux preparations developing most slowly. The fruit drop recorded against the checks approxi- mates that occurring on the unsprayed trees from various causes, up to picking time. 2 APPENDIX ( 663 ) OFFICIAL DOCUMENT. No. ( APPENDIX LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE PENN- SYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICUL- TURE *Report *Report *Report *Report *Report *Report *Report *Report *Report *Report *Report *Report *Report *Report *Report *Report *Report *Report *Report *Report *Report *Report *Report *Report *Report *Report of the of of the the of the of the State Board of of of of of of of the the the the the the the ANNUAL REPORTS State Board State Board State Board State Board Board Board Board Board Board Board Board State State State State State State State of the State Board of of of of of of of of of of of of of of *Report *Report *Report *Report *Report *Report *Report Report Report Report Report Report Report Report of of of of of of of of of of of of of the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the State Board State Board State Board State Board State Board Department Department Department Department Department Department Department Department Department Department Department Department Department Department Department Department Department Department Department Department Department Department *NOTE.—Hdition exhausted. of of Agriculture, of Agriculture, of Agriculture, of Agriculture, of Agriculture, of Agriculture, of Agriculture, of Agriculture, of Agriculture, of Agriculture, of Agriculture, of Agriculture, of Agriculture, of Agriculture, of Agriculture, of Agriculture, of Agriculture, of Agriculture, of Agriculture, of Agriculture, of Agriculture, of Agriculture, of Agriculture, of Agriculture, of Agriculture, Agriculture, ¢ > pages, 625 pages, 560 pages, 507 pages, 646 pages, 645 pages, 645 pages, 648 pages, 645 pages, 646 pages, 650 pages, 648 pages, 650 pages, 594 pages, 600 pages, 640 pages, 713 pages, 646 pages, 878 pages, 1895. 1881. 1889. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. Part 1, 820 pages, 1896. Part 2, 444 pages, 1896. Part 1, 897 pages, 1897. Part 2, 309 pages, 1897. 894 pages, 1898. Rarities Part 1082 pages, 1899. 2, 368 pages, 1899. of of of of of of of of of of of of of of Agriculture, Agriculture, Agriculture, Agriculture, Agriculture, Agriculture, Agriculture, Agriculture, Agriculture, Agriculture, Agriculture, Agriculture, Agriculture, Agriculture, Part Part Part Part Part Part 958 pages, 790 pages, 846 pages, 690 pages, 565 pages, 690 pages, 806 pages, 1010 pages, 1900. 348 pages, 1900. 1040 pages, 1901. 464 pages, 1901. 1030 pages, 524 pages, 1902. 1903. 1904. 1905. 1906. 1907. 1908. 1909. 714 pages, 1910. BULLETINS ( 665 ) 1902. 1.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 24 pages, 1895. 2.* List of Lectures of Farmers’ Institutes, 36 pages, 1895. 3.* The Pure Food Question in Pennsylvania, 38 pages, 1895. 4.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 22 pages, 1896. No. No. No. No. ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. 5.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 38 pages, 1896. 6.* Taxidermy ; How to Collect Skins, etc., 128 pages, 1896. 7.* List of Creameries in Pennsylvania, 6S pages, 1896. 8.* Report of State Horticultural Association, 108 pages, 1896. 9.* Report of Dairymen’s Association, 96 pages, 1896. 10.* Prepared Food for Invalids and Infants, 12 pages, 1896. 11.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 22 pages, 1896. 12.* Road Laws for Pennsylvania, 42 pages, 1896. 13.* Report of Butter Colors, 8 pages, 1896. 14.* Farmers’ Institutes in Pennsylvania, 92 pages, 1896. 15.* Good Roads for Pennsylvania, 42 pages, 1896. 16.* Dairy Feeding as Practiced in Pennsylvania, 126 pages, 1896. 17.* Diseases and Enemies of Poultry, 128 pages, 1896. ae Digest of the General and Special Road Laws for Pennsylvania, 130 19.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 40 pages, 1896. 20.* Preliminary Report of Secretary, 126 pages, 1896. 21.* The Township High School, 24 pages, 1897. 22.* Cider Vinegar of Pennsylvania, 28 pages, 1897. ; 2: .* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 31 pages, 1897. 543 *Pure Food and Dairy Laws of Pennsylvania, 19 pages, 1897 . 25.* Farmers’ Institutes in Pennsylvania, 8 pages, 1897. 26.* Farmers’ Institutes in Pennsylvania, 74 pages, 1897. 27.* The Cultivation of American Ginseng, 23 pages, 1897. 28.* The Fungous Foes of the Farmer, 19 pages, 1897. 29.* Investigations in the Bark of Trees, 17 pages, 1897. 30.* Sex in Plants, 17 pages, 1897. 31.* The Economic Side of the Mole, 42 pages, 1898. 32.* Pure Food and Dairy Laws, 30 pages, 1898. 33.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 42 pages, 1898. 34.* Preliminary Report of the Secretary, 150 pages, 1898. 35.* Veterinary Medicines, 23 pages, 1898. 36.* Constitutions and By-Laws, 73 pages, 1898. 37.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 40 pages, 1898. 38.* Farmers’ Institutes in Pennsylvania, 8 pages, 1898. 39.* Farmers’ Institutes in Pennsylvania, 88 pages, 1898. 40. Questions and Answers, 206 pages, 1898. 41.*Preliminary Reports of the Department, 189 pages, 1899. 42.* List of Creameries in Pennsylvania, 88 pages, 1899 43.* The San Jose Seale and other Scale Insects, 22 pages, 1899. 44.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 62 pages, 1899. 45.* Some Harmful Household Insects, 13 pages, 1899. 46.* Some Insects Injurious to Wheat, 24 pages, 1899. 47.* Some Insects Attacking Fruit, etc., 19 pages, 1899. 48.* Common Cabbage Insects, 14 pages, 1899. 49.* Methods of Protecting Crops, ete., 20 pages, 1899. 50.* Pure Food and Dairy Laws of Pennsylvania, 33 pages, 1899. 51.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercia] Fertilizers, 69 pages, 1899. 52.* Proceedings Spring Meeting of Round-up Meeting, Farmers’ Insti- tute Managers, ete., 296 pages, 1899. No. No. No. No. 53.* Farmers’ Institutes in Pennsylvania, 1899-1900, 94 pages, 1899. 54.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 163 pages, 1899. 55.* The Composition and Use of Fertilizers, 126 pages, 1899. 56. Nursery Fumigation and the Construction and Management of the Fumigating House, 24 pages, 1899. No. pages, No. No. No. No. No. fice The Application of Acetylene Illumination to Country Homes, 85 58. The Chemical Study of the Apple and its Products, 44 pages, 1899. 59. Fungous Foes of Vegetable Fruits, 39 pages, 1899. 60.* List of Creameries in Pennsylvania, 33 pages, 1899. 61.* The Use of Lime in Pennsylvania Soils, 170 pages, 1900. 62. A Summer’s Work Abroad in School Grounds, Home Grounds, Play Grounds, Parks and Forests, 34 pages, 1900. No. 1900. 63. A Course in Nature Study for Use in the Public Schools, 119, pages, ane Nature Study Reference Library for Use in the Public Schools, 22 65. Farmers’ Library List, 29 pages, 1900. 66.* Pennsylvania Road Statistics, 98 pages, 1900. 67. Methods of Steer Feeding, 14 pages, 1900. 68.* Farmers’ Institutes in Pennsylvania, 90 pages, 1900. 69.* Road Making Materials of Pennsylvania, 104 pages, 1900. 70.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 97 pages, 1900. *NOTE.—Hdition exhausted. " all came ap Apa Le eee No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 667 No. 71. Consolidation of Country Schools and the Transportation of Scholars by use of Vans, 89 pages, 1900. No. 72.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 170 pages, 1900. No. 73. Synopsis of the Tax Laws of Pennsylvania, 1382 pages, 1901. ae 74.* The Repression of Tuberculosis of Cattle by Sanitation, 24 pages, 1901. No. 75.* Tuberculosis of Cattle, and the Pennsylvania Plan for its Repres- sion, 263 pages, 1901. No. 76. Co-operative Investigation into the Agricultural Seed Supply of Pennsylvania, 50 pages, 1 : No. 17.* Bee Culture, 101 pages, 1901. No. 78.* List of County and Local Agricultural Societies, 10 pages, 1901. No. 79. Rabies, 28 pages, 1901. No. 80.* Decisions of the Department of Agriculture on the Pure Food Act of 1895, 20 pages, 1901. . aaa 81. Concentrated Commercial Feeding Stuffs in Pennsylvania, 136 pages, No. 82.* Containing the Law Creating a Department of Agriculture in Penn- sylvania, and giving the Various Acts of Assembly Committed to the Depart- ment for Enforcement: Together with Decisions and Standards Adopted with Reference to the Pure Food Act of 1895, 90 pages, 1901. No. 83.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 132 pages, 1901. No. 84. Methods of Steer Feeding; the Second Year of Co-operative Experi- “ment by the Pennsylvania State Department of Agriculture and the Pennsyl- vania State College Agricultural Experiment Station, 16 pages. 1901. No. 85.* Farmers’ Institutes of Pennsylvania, 102 pages, 1901. No. 86.* Containing a Complete List of Licenses granted by the Dairy and Food Commissioner, from January 1, 1901, to July 1, 1901, etc., 422 pages, 1901. No. $7.* Giving Average Composition of Feeding Stuffs, 42 pages, 1901. No. 88.* List of Creameries in Pennsylvania, 33 pages, 1901. No. 89.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 195 pages, 1901. 0. Treatment of San Jose Seale in Orchard and Nursery, 33 pages, zz, 9 © No. 91. Canning of Fruits and Vegetables, 57 pages, 1902. No. 92.* List of Licenses Granted by the Dairy and Food Commissioner, 193 No. 93.* The Fundamentals of Spraying, 35 pages, 1902. No. 94. Phosphates—Phosphatiec or Phosphoric Acid Fertilizers, S87 pages, No. 95.* County and Local Agricultural Societies, 12 pages, 1902. No. 96. Insects Injurious to Cucurbitaceous Plants, 31 pages, 1903. No. 97. The Management of Greenhouses, 41 pages, 1902. No. 98. Bacteria of the Soil in their Relation to Agriculture, 88 pages, 1902. o. 99. Some Common Insect Pests of the Farmer, 32 pages, 1902. No. 100.* Containing Statement of Work of Dairy and Food Division from January 1, 1902, to June 30, 1902, 223 pages, 1902. No. 101.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers,- 137 pages, 1902. No. 102. The Natural Improvement of Soils, 50 pages, 1902. No. 103.* List of Farmers’ Institutes of Pennsylvania, 67 pages, 1902. No. 104. Modern Dairy Science and Practice, 127 pages, 1902. No. 105.* Potato Culture, 9 pages, 1902. No. 106.* The Varieties of Fruit that can be Profitably Grown in Pennsyl- vania, 50 pages, 1902. oe 107.* Analyses of Concentrated Commericial Feeding Stuffs, 62 pages, No. 108. The Hessian Fly (never printed). No. 109.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 208 pages, 1903. No. 110.* Containing Statement of Work of Dairy and Food Division from July 1, to December 31, 19083, 248 pages, 19038. No. 111.* Small Fruits, their Origin, Culture and Marketing, 66 pages, 1903. No. 112.* List of County and Local Agricultural Societies, 10 pages, 1903. No. 118. -Methods of Milking, 96 pages, 1903. No. 114.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 116 pages, 1903. No. 115. Proceedings of Annual Meeting of Farmers’ Institute Managers and Lecturers, 210 pages, 1903. No. 116.* Farmers’ Institutes in Pennsylvania, Season 1903-1904, 64 pages, one 117. Potash Fertilizers—Sources and Methods of Application, 46 pages, No. 118.* Containing the Taws Creating the Office of Dairy and Food Com- missioner in Pennsylvania, and also a Digest of the Acts of Assembly Com- mitted to his Administration, 62 pages, 1903. No. 119.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 115 pages, 1903. No. 120. The Apple-tree-Tent-caterpillar, 46 pages, 1903. No. 121. Address of Hon. Joseph W. Hunter, State Highway Commissioner, *NOTE.—Edition not for general distribution. 668 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. Delivered at Annual Meeting of State Board of Agriculture, January 28, 1904, 16 pages, 1908. Fai 122.* Analyses of Concentrated Commercial Feeding Stuffs, 52 pages, 904. No. 128. Chestnut Culture, 50 pages, 1904. No. 124.* County and Local Agricultural Fairs, 10 pages, 1904. No. 125. The Source and Nature of Bacteria in Milk, 41 pages, 1904. No. 126.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, January 1, to Aug- ust 1, 140 pages, 1904. No. 127.* Farmers’ Institates in Pennsylvania, 71 pages, 1904. No. 128. Grape Culture, 62 pages, 1904. No. 129. Alfatfa Culture in Humid Land, 64 pages, 1904. No. 180. The Cow-pea in the North, 41 pages, 1904. No. 181. Proceedings, State Board of Agriculture and Farmers’ Normal In- stitute, 260 pages, 1904. No. 132.* Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, August 1, to December 31, 70 pages, 1904. No. 185. The Improvement of Corn in Pennsylvania, 76 pages, 1904. No. 184. Proceedings of the Twenty-eighth Annual Meeting of the State Board of Agriculture, 152 pages, 1905. No. 135.* Analyses of Ocnccnneica Feeding Stuffs, 41 pages, 1905. No. 136.* List of County and Local Agricultural Societies, 8 pages, 1905. No. 137. Proceedings, Spring Meeting State Board of Agriculture and Bar. ers’ Annual Normal Institute, 216 pages, 1905. No. 138.* Analyses Concentrated Commercial Fertilizers, January 1, to nee ust 1, 106 pages, 1905, No. 139.* Farmers’ Institutes in Pennsylvania, 1905-1906, 93 pages, 1905. No. 140. Sheep Husbandry, 69 pages, 1905. No. 141.* Laws Relating to the Dairy and Food Division, 47 pages, 1905. No. 142.* Analyses Concentrated Commercial Fertilizers, August 1, to Decem- ber 81, 61 pages, 1905. No. 143. Poultry in Pennsylvania, 36 pages, 1906. No. 144. Proceedings of 29th Annual Meeting State Board of Agriculture, 191 pages, 1906. No. 145.* Commercial Feeding Stuffs in Pennsylvania, 51 pages, 1906. No. 146.* List of County and Local Agricultural Societies, 10 pages, 1906. No. 147. Market Gardening, 53 pages, 1906. . No. 148 Report of Bee- Keepers’ Association of Pennsylvania, 57 pages, 1906. No. 149.* Analyses Commercial Fertilizers, January 1, August 1, 1906, 80 pages, 1906. nee 150.* Farmers’ Institutes in Penna., for the year 1906-1907, 73 pages, No. 151. Proceedings Spring Meeting of State Board of Agriculture and Farmers’ Annual Normal Institute, 190 pages, 1906. No. 152. Fruits of Pennsylvania, 330 pages, 1906. No. 153.* Analyses Commercial Fertilizers, August 1-December 31, 1906, 60 pages, 1906. : No. 154. Proceedings State Board of Agriculture for 1907, 158 pages, 1907. No. 155.* Commercial Feeding Stuffs of Pennsylvania for’ 1906, 47 pages, 1907. No. 156.* List of County and Agricultural Fairs for 1907, 10 pages, 1907. No. 157. Proceedings of Farmers’ Normal Institute and State Board of Agri- culture, 210 pages, 1907. No. 158.* Farmers’ Institutes for year 1907-1908, 78 pages, 1907. No. 159.* Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers of Spring Samples, 69 pages, No. 160.* Laws Relating to Dairy and Food Division, 69 pages, 1907. No. 161. Papers Read at Farmers’ Institutes, 1906-1907, 124 pages, 3907. No. 162. Breakfast Foods, 40 pages, 1907. No. 163.% Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers from Fall Samples, 51 pages, No. 164. Proceedings State Board of Agriculture, 1908, 210 pages, 1908. No. 165* List of County and Agricultural Fairs, 1908. 10 pages, 1908 No. 166. Results of the Analyses of Paris Green, 6 pages, 1908. No. 167.* Analyses of Commercial Feeding Stuffs, for 1907, 9S pages, 1908. No. 168.* Preliminary Report Dairy and Food Commissioner, 50 pages, 1908. No. 169. Proceedings Spring Meeting State Board of Agriculture and Annual Farmers’ Normal Institute, 214 pages, 1908. No. 170. Farmers’ Institutes for Season of 1908, 84 pages, 1908. No. 171.* Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, January 1, to August 1, 1908, 74 DBECS, 1908. . 172. The Bang Method for the Repression of Tuberculosis in Cattle, 28 ee 1908. No. 173.* Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, August 1, to December 31, 1908, 58 pages, 1908. No. 174. List of Fertilizer Manufacturers, 1909, 32 pages, 1909. *NOTE.—Kdition not for general distribution. Nos 7 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 669 No. 175. Analyses of Commercial Feeding Stuffs, 1908, 148 pages, 1909. No. 176. Analyses of Paris Green, 1908, 21 pages, 1909. No. 177. Proceedings State Board of Agriculture, 186 pages, 1509. No. 178.. List of County and Local Agricultural Fairs, 10 pages, 1909. No. 179. Papers Read at Farmers’ Institutes, 1907-1808, 105 pages, 1909. No. 180.* Laws Dairy and Food Bureau, 69 pages, 1909. No. 181. Timely Hints to Horsebreeders, 28 pages, 1909. No. 182. Proceedings Farmers’ Annual Normal Institute and Spring Meeting State Board of Agriculture, 231 pages, 1909. No. 183.* Report of Dairy and Food Bureau, 57 pages, 1909. No. 184. Farmers’ Institutes for Pennsylvania, 1909, 79 pages, 1909. No. 185.* Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, January 1, to August 1, 1909, 87 pages, 1909. No. 186. Swine Husbandry, 127 pages, 1909. No. 187. Directory cf Stallions Registered with Pennsylvania Livestock Sani- tary Board, for 1909, 86 pages, 1909. No. 188. Principles of Domestic Science, 42 pages, 1909. No. 189. Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, August 1, to December 31, 1909, 71 pages, 1909. No. 190. The Potato: Selection of Seed and Cultivation, 62 pages, 1910. No. 191. List of Fertilizer Manufacturers and Brands Licensed for 1910, 38 pages, 1910. No. 192. Analyses of Paris Green for 1909, 38 pages, 1910. No. 193. Proceedings Thirty-third Annual Meeting State Board of Agriculture, 192 pages, 1910. No. 194. Preliminary Report, Dairy and Food Commissioner, 40 pages, 1910. No. 195. List of Agricultural Fairs for 1910, 10 pages, 1910. Pea 196. Commercial Feeding Stuffs of Pennsylvania for 1909, 186 pages, No. 197. Proceedings Farmers’ Annual Normal Institute and Spring Meeting of Board of Agriculture, 260 pages, 1910. ir 198. Farmers’ Institutes in Pennsylvania, Season 1910-1911, 84 pages, No. 199. Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, Spring Samples, 72 pages, 1910. No. 200. Skim-milk Cheese, 16 pages, 1910. No. 201. Market Gardening, No. 2, 86 pages, 1910. . No. 202. Marketing Horticultural Products, 86 pages, 1910. No. 203. Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, Fall Samples, 76 pages, No. 204. Analyses of Paris Green, 1910, 34 pages, 1910. *NOTE.—Edition not for general distribution. 670 ; ANNUAL REPORT OF THEE Off. Doe. FERTILIZER VALUATIONS—1910 The object of an official valuation of commercial fertilizers is to enable the consumer to judge approximately whether he has been asked to pay for a given brand more than the fertilizing ingredients it contains and market conditions prevailing at the time would war- rant. It is clear, therefore, that no attempt is made in this valua- tion to indicate whether the fertilizer valued possesses a greater or less crop-producing capacity than another fertilizer; but only whether it is higher priced than another of the same general composition. For this purpose the valuation must be so computed as to include all the elements entering into the cost of a fertilizer as it is de livered to the consumer. These elements may conveniently be grouped as follows: 1. The wholesale cost of the ingredients. 2. The jobbers’ gross profit on the sale of the ingredients; this includes office expenses, advertising, losses, etc.; for the purpose of the present computation it may be assumed that the sum of this gross profit and the wholesale cost of the ingredients, is equivalent to the retail price of the single ingredients near the wholesale mar- kets in ton lots of original packages for cash. 3. The expense and profit of mixing: This item applies only to complete fertilizers, rock and potash, and ammoniated rock; not to dissolved or ground bone, or to dissolved rock. 4. The expense and profit of bagging. 5. Agents’ commission: This item includes not only the commis- sion proper, but every advance in price due to the sale of the goods through an agent in small quantities on time, rather than direct y to the consumer in ton lots for cash. 6. Freight from the wholesale market to the point of delivery. The valuations for 1909 were based: 1. Upon the wholesale prices from September 1, 1908, to March 1, 1909, of the raw materials used in fertilizer manufacture, the quota- tions of the New York market being adopted for all materials ex- cept acidulated phosphate rock and ground bone. 2. Upon an allowance of 20 per cent. of the wholesale prices, above mentioned, to cover jobbers’ gross profit. By adding the 20 per cent. allowed for jobbers’ gross profit to the wholesale price of the several raw materials, the retail price in original packages at the jobbers’ warehouse is obtained. — Since the amount of the several valuable fertilizing constituents in the various raw materials is known, it is a simple matter to de- termine the corresponding retail value per pound of the valuable fertilizing constitutents yielded by each raw material. A schedule of these pound values affords a convenient basis of computation of the value per ton of various fertilizers, whose composition is ascertained by analysis. No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 671 The values assigned, for the present, to the other elements in the cost of the fertilizer at the point of delivery are: 3. For mixing, $1.00 per ton. 4. For bagging, $1.00 per ton, in all cases except those in which the article was sold in original packages; the cost of the package being, in such cases, included in the wholesale price. 5. For agents’ commission, 20 per cent. of the cost of the goods f. o. b. at the jobbers’ or mixers’ warehouse. 6. For freight, $2.00 per ton; the cost of the freight in dots of twelve tons or over, from the seaboard to Harrisburg, averaging $1.88 per ton. The following valuation of dissolved South Carolina rock illus- trates the method: Phosphoric acid. Per cent. Weight per ton. ONOIG. 2 a7. 0s otha h a cigs dade o 2 11.50 230 Ibs. at 34c. $7 47 EECWEPLCG SS ciel cis nos 28s SBR oes 2.50 50 Ibs. at 24c. 1 25 MRCORUDIC, ©5103 26 ase ye see ste s 1 00 20 Ibs. at 1$e. 30 etal cash value. of IMoredients, (oc 6s wuss ees wie ie. os «6, <0 $9 02 Be PEON ee ie oan Pata NS wo Faw OE aye techy Sow) Fudan 200s 1 00 Cash value of goods ready for shipment, .................. $10 02 AERIS COMMISSION, 20 PEL ICENt ye pci: die on sae revi = oe eve «sini 2 00 _DYS51 0 1h papel ie orga aim Peri rims ric ee Grr DS stp ees Sea oe dies 2 00 epinMeretal Value: PCr, TOM sk: 2.0 ea + a) sre 3 es isle = aie erage scars = cine $14 02 It is not to be expected, of course, that the valuation thus com- puted will precisely represent the fair price to be charged for a brand in each locality and in every transaction. Market conditions, competition, distance from factory, all introduce minor variations. Nevertheless, to make the approximation reasonably close the aver- age valuation of a given class of goods ought to agree closely with its ascertained average selling price. Whenever such an agreement is no longer obtained by the use of a schedule, it is evident that the schedule of retail values of the constituents, or the added allow- ances for mixing, etc., requires revision. It is needful to note here another factor greatly affecting the prac- tical accuracy of these approximations. Their computation would offer little difficulty and their usefulness be far greater, if, by the ordinaiy methods of analysis, the exact nature of the ingredients used to sujiply the several fertilizer constituents, were capable of certain determination. This is, however, possible to-day to only a limited extent. The valuations are therefore based on the assump- tion that the fertilizers are uniformly compounded from high qual- ity ingredients, such as are commonly employed in the manufacture of fertilizers of the several classes. Consumers should carefully avoid the error of accepting such valuations as infallible; they are not designed to be used for close comparisons of single. brands, but * only to indicate whether the price asked for a fertilizer is abnormal, assuming good quality for the ingredients used. From this it is clear that, except as high freights may require, the selling price of 43 672 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doce. a brand should not far exceed the valuation; but that a fertilizer may be made of inferior materials and yet have a high valuation. The valuations used during 1908 were modified for use during 1909 in accordance with the changes in wholesale prices of fertilizing ingredients and to make the valuations more closely follow the sell- ing price. The following comparative statement shows the valuations and selling prices of the several classes of fertilizers during 1905 to 1909: q 2 ” = g ~ 3 “4 op Fertilizers a og al a = ° j=| 2 oo 5, (o) = on o 3S a a g r= 5 bo 39o § tz) q ese 3 3 =| Heh 4 > Cy A n Spring, 1905 @omplete ssa St Pee, Pee he Be eee eee 374 25.60 24.63 97 Rock-and-potash) {2 222 - s==25 25-2 one eee a eee eae ae ae 82 15.49 16.11 —.62 Dissolved bone, <=2222--4s- <255- 252226 5 ke a ee 3 22.70 23.83 —1.13 Groundbonesy. .2—* 3 a nt ee eee Pa 26.72 29.08 —2.36 PSS live CULO Cg eee eee 47 13.86 18.64 +22 Fall, 1905 Gomplete 2-2 aa- | ee oe ee eee 285 22.35 21.39 96 Rock-and-potash,, s22lectse. oat ea eee 74 15.04 15.97 —.97 Dissolved shone; “e.- 2222 Se escee ee ee ee 6 25.85 24.78 ala bib Ground bones. 2 23-2 es et ee eae 35 28.70 27.70 1.00 Dissolved tock, 2223222222226 Se ee ee 49 13.51 14.21 1.30 Spring, 1906 Complete; soa seat 25222 ear see ee ee ee aan eee 412 24.76 23.55 1.21 ROCKSANIG “DOU RSs sees en 99 15.19 16.17 | —.98 Dissolved" bone) ..-2 .-s=2=- 5-2 24sec] anne - sess asa seaoee == Seen 4 22.65 24.40 —1.75 Ground: bone; ‘Sess 222222322 osca2 Sse oe ae ee ee 34 28.23 29.02 —.79 Dissolved rock, ------------------------------------_--------- 45 12.98 13.75 —aalite Fall, 1906 Complete: (2225-2224 ~se 522 2305-2 eh eee 266 22.90 21.87 2 Rock-and-potash, =-.25---22--2-2eesasa== eee ee 71 15.06 15.76 —.70 Dissolved bone, -- a 25.33 22.06 3.27 Ground bone, 22. -=-----—— 34 29.12 27.80 1.32 Dissolved! rock... =~ seenso ee see ee ee eee ean een ee ee cecee 43 12.99 13.45 —.46 Spring, 1907 @orimpletes 2c isese cease aka ss oe oe ee coe eae eeen ate eee 424 26.84 24.60 2.24 Rock-and-potasht °\2222222.25- ssc. eeceo =~ sean sone see eee 103 16.63 16.94 —.31 Dissolved ibOne yu =.= 22S2 Sees as aia eS ee oh es Fae ee 6 25.08 22.28 2.80 Ground) bone; <==. -s50-=- scenes ose Ss ease eens suseeeene 27 29.64 81.55 —1.91 Dissolved’ vock, =.2222222222---2o se Sate ae eee eee 41 14.72 14.64 08 Fall, 1907 Oomplete, << 22n< 2228 -cs ease nae See ce ceeaee = See tence eee 280 24.50 22.71 1.88 IReck-and-potash,. 2222225 sso eae see 96 15.82 16.58 —.76 Dissolved! Done; <-22s22-s+set= stoss le ee eee eee 8 27.61 22.09 5.52 Ground bone}. £-.-2-22 - 225 2 aa ee eee 36 28.80 28.92 12 Dissolved rock, == =22seo—2 28 oe ee oss eee = eee a ese eoneae 48 14.67 14.76 .09 Spring, 1908 (fo 04) 6) (:) 7: ee ee ae Oe ee ee 455 26.23 15.69 54 Rock-and-potash’ | 2.025-2324--- 3-2 en ae ee ee eee 108 16.24 16.96 —.62 Dissolved. bone,, .s---=5- = scS=- B22. eet Le eee eee 4 23.09 21.11 1.98 Ground ‘bone;. 2222-328 bs a ee eeneeee 21 28.96 29.04 —.08: Dissolved. -YOCK, =.= eu knwo ao soot ae ee eee 33 14,92 14.72 -20 No. 7 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 673 [=| & ~ 5 = g 28 = == 5 5 we Fertilizers wa og fe fas a 8 os mn 3 eat a a 2 w | 88 | a & | #& A > 3 A Fall, 1908 | OUR DGMD. .. oescecn ee Sete cesses css cases cee te sess nal 287 23.83 | 22.34 1.54 INDUS GUGETOUECN ) socce Sota coeses ssceeas eas sseseresesescoses| 104 16.17 16.43 —.26 TESGIN GG) OGG Soteseocsecstoaceosee sss peat es sence secant 6 26.05 | 22.48 3.57 SotwiG! OW, | 50. -esessssse cece ce ss se eS 30 27.90| 29.18| —1.98 ID GROG ROWS “esse Sees cope sees SSeS se cee ee Se 49 14.86 | 14.31 | 5D Spring, 1909 Plamipletengs te ie ete eee cole ae | 426 25.31 | 24.88 =4g ihock-and-potash;,. "5.2 2220-2 == 3-25 a sae e Sol sa lee 11 15.94 | 16l984\) 1840 Dissolved bone. coat ee eee oe ees 8 21.57 22.25 | —.68 CESOUITIG SONIC sire ee 24 30.28 30.70 —.42 Dissolved rock, -----------------------=---------------------- 33 13.62 14.76 —1.14 Fall, 1909 | | OGTR, Gashotecn cee sep ane ee sarees seer nn sen ceesnoeso oe 255 22.25 22.07 | ath OCk-ANG-DOtASU Stee eee ee ee ea ee 92 15.50 16.10 —.60 Dissolved) DONG, (2s22-- —- aaa oe ot aha nee ee eee | 3 22.85 24.50 | —=G4 AGO DTIC DEG ga 26 28.71 29.39 —.68 IDERGINGH! DOA) seek set es see eee re ee Se | 41 14.02 13.86 | 16 The following statement from the weekly reports of the Oil, Paint and Drug Reporter, of New York City, shows the average wholesale prices of fertilizer raw materials from September 1, 1908, to March 1, 1909, and from September 1, 1909, to March 1, 1910: Wholesale Prices of Fertilizer Ingredients, New York, Oil, Paint and Drug Reporter hon hon aH a a 3 fo) a aq Se 32 22 a8 B Ss eS 3s t rs) na ana 3 Ey > oO [->) i=) Substance Amount priced 2s 2s ice Ag a. apa ; ae ess | gs ag > | Cc Nr oO 1 ess 5 .8 gS bro bord ‘pone - 3| 13.05; 6.25| 4.55| 2.95| 1.98 Dissolved rock phosphate, -----------_ 41 15.38 10.35 3.86 ay gee eee | Cost per Pound of Fertilizer Constituents.—With the composition of these raw materials and their price per ton, hundred weight, or other unit of measure as a basis, the wholesale cost per pound of the valuable constituents can readily be calculated. In many cases the ammoniates are quoted “per unit of ammonia,” the term unit being equivalent to per cent.; in goods sold by the ton of 2,000 Ibs., the unit is equal to 20 lbs., and 20 lbs. of ammonia contain 16.47 Ibs. of nitrogen. In the case of refuse bone-black, unacidulated, the mean, 28.25 per cent. of phosphoric acid, is assumed to represent the average ma- terial on the market. Phosphate rock is sold by the ton of 2,240 lbs., and on the basis of the bone phosphate of lime it contains, with drawbacks for in- jurious constituents. Bone-phosphate of lime contains 45.8 per cent. of phosphoric acid; therefore, each per cent. of bone phosphate in a long ton is equivalent to 22.4 lbs., and contains 10.26 lbs. of phosphoric acid. 676 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. In the wholesale trade, dried blood, azotine, concentrated tankage and hoof meals are usually sold on the basis of ammonia, disregard- ing the phosphoric acid present. Insoluble phosphoric acid in dissolved rock is likewise omitted from consideration, contracts being based solely upon the “avail- able” phosphoric acid; nor in rock phosphates is any claim made for the small quantities of nitrogen and potash they contain, nor in dis- solved bone for the potash present. Under these conditions, the wholesale cost per pound in New York of the valuable constituents of such materials as furnish but a single fertilizing element, these materials being assumed to be in the state of preparation and in the packing in which the manufacturer pur- chased them, are given in the following table; also a figure repre- senting a fair retail price at the factory, the materials having under- gone no change in treatment or packing and the allowance for ex- penses and profit in retailing being 20 per cent. Wholesale Cost per Pound of Fertilizing Constituents, (New York) I. INGREDIENTS SUPPLYING ONE CONSTITUENT. | R n a | 8 3 On > ats g 33 Materials Constituent Valued I B i; o oF = =o see = = s | 2 Ee Ee Sulphate of ammonia, | Nitrogen, 13.23 15.88 Nitrate of soda, --- | Nitrogen, 13.61 16.33 Dried. Dlood, wossceeee= | Nitrogen, 17.34 20.81 Concentrated tankage, | Nitrogen, -------------------| 15.04 18.05 Phosphate: rock;* 22. BOA | Wee eS eae erases = Secor Tennessee, 78 per cent., oe ee Phosphoric acid, total, ____ 656 787 Acid ‘phosphate, 2222-2 .222222222 eS. | Phosphoricacid Sayailable; 2.875 3.45 Double sulphate of potash and magnesia,---- | Potash, ----------~-----.---- 4.24 5.09 Siiphate of potash, 2 ssceoeesee nee eae oe Potash,! 5 22-2-sssse5sne-nnas 4,32 5.18 AIG, ee a Oe een a | OLRE DEES ease ame en aoe 2.87 3.44 Muriate, Of Potash. aocscess ses eee Potash 225.52" see 3.06 4.39 *The prices of phosphate rock are f. o. b. at the respective points of shipment, not New York. The prices for potash are taken from the schedule of the syndicate, nad those of the remainder from the il, Paint and Drug Reporter. The value for nitrogen is based upon quotations for concentrated tankage as outlined a year ago. This value is $2.93 per unit of ammonia, which is equivalent to $3.56 per unit of nitrogen. The average composition of the ground bone and bone meal samples analyzed last fall in Pennsylvania was: Phosphoric acid, 22.28 per cent.; nitrogen, 2.87 per cent. The prepared bone contains less fat and moisture, and often less nitrogen than ordinary rough bone, but these differences tend, in a measure, to neutralize each other. Assuming for the rough bone quoted in the New York market the same composition as the bone meal sold in Pennsylvania and for the value of the nitrogen $3.56 per unit, as previously stated, the values per pound of the several constit- uents would be: No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 677 Wholesale Cost per Pound of Fertilizer Constituents, New York II. BONE oS or eines i n =I 2 | 5) eae - ] n Materials Constituent Valued = eee 2 2s os So mn no z — ae = as = E rie zs | | Ramen epOone,, 2 tooo tee ee ee ee ee a INIUPO@ els: 2-22 tak Meee See 17.80 | 21.36 : (Phosphate acid, ~---------| 2.409 | 2.89 Ground DONC): — 2252-2. 23 so san a 4s eae (Nitrogeny, 2222-25225 5.25222 - | 18.51 | 22.21 [Phosphate acid, -.-------- 2.49 | 2.90 Valuation in Neighboring States It is desirable, from all points of view, that the schedules of val- uation throughout a district in which similar market conditions pre- vail, should differ as little as possible. It has been our practice in the past, to conform our schedule to that adopted after very careful co-operative study of market conditions for each year, by the New England States, New York and New Jersey, except where the peculiar conditions of our markets have made the valuations diverge too largely from the actual selling prices, as in the case of ground bone and dissolved rock phosphates. The schedules for these States for 1909 and 1910 are as follows: Trade Values Adopted by the New England States and New Jersey i] Cents per Pound ag | ae | ee nan | Fg | ~ | i ons meecccsee eae 84 Potash: In high grade sulphate or forms free from muriate, .............---..---_-----_---- 5 As muriate,) 22522-5052 eo See es eee Se ee a ee eee en 43 Potash in excess of that equivalent to the chlorin present, will be valued as sulphate, and the remainder as muriate. In certain cases where specific claim is made by the manufacturer that potash has been added as carbonate, potash in excess of that equivalent to soluble chlorides and soluble sulphates will be valued as carbonate. Nitrogen in mixed fertilizers will be valued as derived from the best sources of organic nitrogen, unless clear evidence to the con- trary is obtained. Phosphoric acid in mixed fertilizers is valued at bone phosphoric acid prices, unless clearly found to be derived from rock phosphate. Bone is sifted into two grades of fineness: Fine, less than 1.50 inch in diameter; coarse, over 1-50 inch in diameter. Noi. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 679 The result obtained by use of this schedule does not cover the items of mixing, bagging, freight and agents’ commission. To cover these, allowances are made as follows: For freight, an allowance of $2.00 per ton on all fertilizers. For bagging, an allowance of $1.00 per ton on all fertilizers, except when sold in original packages. For mixing, an allowance of $1.00 per ton on complete fertilizers aad rock-and-potash goods. For agents’ commission, an allowance of 20 per cent. is added to the cash value of the goods ready for shipment. FERTILIZER ANALYSES JANUARY 1, TO AUGUST 1,.1910 Since January 1, 1910, there have been received from authorized sampling agents eighteen hundred and nine fertilizer samples, of which six hundred and sixty-nine were subjected to analysis. Prefer- ence is given to those which have not been recently analyzed. In cases where two or more samples representing the same brand were received, equal portion from several samples were united, and the composite sample was subjected to analysis. The samples analyzed group themselves as follows: 436 complete fertilizers, furnishing phosphoric acid, potash and nitrogen; 8 dis- solved bones, furnishing phosphoric acid and nitrogen; 123 rock-and- potash fertilizers, furnishing phosphoric acid and potash; 47 acidu- lated rock phosphates, furnishing phosphoric acid only; 24 ground bones, furnishing phosphoric acid and nitrogen, and 31 miscella- neous samples, which group includes substances not properly classi- fied under the foregoing heads. The determinations to which a complete fertilizer is subjected are as follows: (1) Moisture, useful for the comparison of analyses, for indication of dry condition and fitness for drilling, and also of the conditions under which the fertilizer was kept in the warehouse. (2) Phosphoric acid—total, that portion soluble in water, and of the residue, that portion not soluble in warm ammonia citrate solution (a solution supposed to represent the action of plant roots upon the fertilizer), which is assumed to have little immediate food value. By difference, it is easy to compute the so-called “reverted” acid, which is the portion insoluble in water but soluble in the citrate. The sum of the soluable and reverted is commonly called the “avail- able” phosphoric acid. (3) Potash soluble in water—most of that present in green sand marl and crushed minerals, and even some of that present in vegetable materials such as cotton-seed meal, not being included because insoluble in water even after long boiling. (4) Nitrogen—This element is determined by a method which simply accounts for all present, without distinguishing between the quan{i- ties present in the several forms of ammonium salts, nitrates or or- ganic matter. (5) Chlorin—this determination is made to afford a basis for estimating the proportion of the potash that is present as GSO ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. chlorid or muriate, the cheaper source. The computation is made on the assumption that the chlorin present, unless in excess, has been introduced in the form of muriate of potash; but doubtless there are occasional exceptions to this rule. One part of chlorin combines with 1.326 parts of potash to form the pure muriate; know- ing the chlorin, it is, therefore, easy to compute the potash equiva- lent thereto. (7) In the case of ground bone, the state of sub-divi- sion is determined by sifting through accurately made sieves; the cost of preparation and especially the promptness of action of bone in the soil depends very largely on the fineness of its particles the finer being much more quickly useful to the plant. The preceding paragraph sets forth the nature of the examinations given to the several classes of fertilizers under the laws in force prior to the present year. The legislation of 1909 has made needful, however, some additional tests. Sec. 4, of the Act of May 1, 1909, pro- hibits the sale of “pulverized leather, hair, ground hoofs, horns, or wool waste, raw, steamed, roasted, or in any form, as a fertilizer, or as an ingredient of a fertilizer or manure, without an explicit state- ment of the fact.” All nitrogenous fertilizers have, therefore, been submitted to a careful microscopic examination, at the time of pre- paring the sample for analysis, to detect the presence of the tissues characteristic of the several materials above named. The act of April 23, 1909, makes it unlawful to use the word “bone” in connec- tion with, or as a part of the name of any fertilizer, or any brand of the same, unless the phosphoric acid contained in such fertilizer shall be the product of pure animal bone. All fertilizers in whose name the word “bone” appears, were therefore examined by microscopic and chemical methods to determine, so far as possible with present knowledge, the nature of the ingredient or ingredients supplying the phosphoric acid. It is a fact, however, well known to fertilizer man- ufacturers and which should be equally understood by the con- sumer, that it is, in certain cases, practically impossible to determine the source of the phosphoric acid by an examination of the finished fertilizer. The microscope shows clearly the structure of raw bone, but does not make it possible to discriminate between thoroughly acidulated bone and acidulated rock. The ratio of nitrogen to phos- phoric acid in a raw bone—and only such bone as has not been deprived of any considerable proportion of its nitrogenous material by some manufacturing process can properly be called “pure animal bone”—is about 1:8; in cases where the ratio of nitrogen to phos- phorie acid exceeds 8, it is clear that part, at least, of the phos- phoric acid has been supplied by something else than pure animal bone; but, inasmuch as nitrogen may have been introduced in some material other than bone and no longer detectible by the microscope, the presence of nitrogen and phosphoric acid in the proportions cor- responding to those of bone is not proof positive that they have been supplied by bone. Finally, the differences in the iron and silica con- tent of bone and rock respectively, afford means of distinction use- ful in some cases; the usefulness of this distinction is limited, how- ever, by the facts that kitchen bone frequently contains earthy im- purities rich in iron and silica, and that earthy fillers can legally be used in fertilizers and are in fact considerably used therein both as “make-weights” and as “conditions,” or materials introduced to No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 681 improve the drilling qualities of the goods. The fact that the phos- phoric acid in bone and rock are identical in character is probably so well known as to require no detailed consideration of the fact in this connection. The law having required the manufacturer to guarantee the amount of certain valuable ingredients present in any brand he may put upon the market, chemical analysis is employed to verify the guaran- ties stamped upon the fertilizer sacks. It has, therefore, been deemed desirable in this report to enter the guaranty filed by the manufac- turer in the office of the Secretary of Agriculture, in such connection with the analytical results that the two may be compared. An un- fortunate practice has grown up among manufacturers of so wording the guaranty that it seems to declare the presence in the goods of an amount of a valuable constituent ranging from a certain minimum to a much higher maximum; thus, “Potash, 2 to 4 per cent.” is a guaranty not infrequently given. In reality, the sole guaranty is for 2 per cent. The guaranteed amounts given for each brand in the following tables, are copied from the guaranties filed by the maker of the goods with the Secretary of Agriculture, the lowest figure given for any constituent being considered to be the amount guar- anteed. For compactness and because no essentially important fact is suppressed thereby, the guaranties for soluble and reverted phos- phoric acid have not been given separately, but are combined into a single guaranty for available phosphoric acid; in cases where the maker’s guaranty does not specifically mention available phosphoric acid, the sum of the lowest figures given by him for soluble and re- verted phosphoric acid is used. The law of 1879 allowed the maker te express his guaranty for nitrogen either in terms of that element or in terms of the ammonia equivalent thereto; since ammonia is composed of three parts of hydrogen and fourteen parts of nitrogen, it is a very simple matter to calculate the amount of one, when the amount of the other is given; the amount of nitrogen multiplied by 1.214 will give the corresponding amount of ammonia, and the amount of ammonia multiplied by 0.824 will give the corresponding amount of nitrogen. In these tables, the expression is in terms of nitrogen. The laws of 1901 and 1909 abolished this alternative and required that the guaranty shall be given in terms of nitrogen. Many manu- facturers after complying with the terms of the law, insert addi- tional items in their guaranties, often with the result of misleading or confusing the buyer; the latter will do well to give heed to those items only that are given as the law requires and that are presented in these tables: 682 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE " Off. Doe. A summary of the analyses made this season may be presented as follows: Summary of Analyses Made this Season | | | O&g re 2 g E cS g $ © = a P=) g E o = Lo} 2 2 | 2 2 E = = = ke pe)! Be ee Bae 6 Number (Of analyses, (=~ - 20 o2 sae ae 123 8 47 24 Moisture; iper. cent.) —- ~~. ates. re 8.40 — 8.32 | 7.92 8.36 | 5.73 Phosphate Acid: oval, “Per Cen. 5). - = ane keen ee 9.80 | 11.07 | 14.84 15.79 | 22.30 Soluble; i per centis, =: 4-2. ee ee a 5.382 6.39 | 6.54 | 10.76 |= see Reverted, per’ Cent.. 0c) 5. eee 2.94 | 3.68 | 4.64 | 8.71 | 2S fnsolable; ‘per ticentsie 2a ee 1.54 | 1.00 | 3.66 1.26:\"2 es Potash, per’ cenbs5, sss ee ee 5.07 410 |\22-2-- eee ee | scocasooes Nitrogen’ Per Conte. 2 sos ee ae 1°68.| 022 aes 1543 |< 2 ees 3.06 Mechanical Analysis of Bone: WIn@ 3) 2252255 cock - 2 a: oe ee oe ee ee | oe ee ee | ee 66 Coarse,» .-2 222 203 ee ee) ee eee eae eee 34 Commercial. valuation, .2-<- 2-2-2225 525 Sh eG gat ie sig 4 a sora, $14 00 | $30 29 AVCT BEG (RENINE SUTICE ean ee eee eee 2526 | 1716 22 17 14 56 30 19 Commercial value of samples whose selling { price:is, ascertained: . 222%. 2-2 26 63 16 08 21 47 14 00 | 30 27 | | | The cases of departure of goods from their guaranteed composi- tion observed this season, including only those cases in which it amounted to two-tenths per cent., or more, were as follows: Summary of Instances of Deficiency from Guaranty n | oe ee =| mn z € g “ £ a |. 2° | sae 2 S ce) | ce) 2 2 = Ss B =) [= -_ — a4 2 2 8 Be me z 2 z | ie) } ee) i=} | A oS Deficient in four constituents, ---.-.--.-...--_._-- 1 |os-22-- = |- <2 32-2 oo ee Deficient in three constituents, -.-.....--........ 3 5 ee eee ss oe Deficient in’ two: constituents, <.222--2 22-2 ee 29 iy ese ee a! Deficient in one constituent, ..--.-__....---=-.-. 98 23 | 2 3 6 Total number of samples in which deficiencies | | OCCUTS Sree ee ee eee eee eae ee ee 126 31 | 2 3 vf The cases of deficiency noted during the past eleven seasons in the composition of goods as compared with their guaranties, expressed in percentage of the total number of goods of each class analyzed, are as follows: No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 683 Percentage of Deficiency 1905-1910 | | | | = Be 5 S = | = al _o-x os = ol = lglf@ialfle|Flel*iel2 oo | to 7: Soe a a &5 mA en flal@lal\€lgléliel2le|4 I 3 | 5 B 3 Shee etre ba \ce | a te a Complete fertilizers, ........| 35.3 | 37.5 | 45.4 | 39.5 | 39.4 | 39.3 | 40.0 | 400. 39.5 | 46.3 | 28.9 Dissolved bone, ------------ 1100.0 | 66.6 | 50.0 | 28.5 | 16.6 | 25.0 |{50.0 | 16.6 | 25.0) * | 37.5 Rock and potash, -...-------| 30.9 | 33.0 | 42.4 | 40.0 | 43.7 | 49.0 | 39.0 | 38.8 | 36.2 | 30.4 | 25.2 Dissolved rock, ....--..------| 9-3 | 10.0 | 28.8 | 25.6 | 19.5 | 27.0 | 21.2 | 28.5 | 33.3 | 19.5 | 4.3 Ground bone, ..--- | 40.0 | 31.4 | 49.0 | 14.7 | 18.5 | 27.8 | 38.0 40.0 | 20.8 | 38.4 | 29.17 All classes except miscella- | | | MICOS. teen ee | 32.8 | 31.4 | 43.8 | 35.8 | 36.1 | 38.9 | 38.8 | 38.3 | 37.6 | 39.6 | 26.5 *Only two samples analyzed for which no guarantees are reported. +Only two samples analyzed for which guarantees are recorded. {Only four samples analyzed. A comparison of the average composition of all samples of com- plete fertilizers for which guaranties are recorded with the average of the corresponding guaranties, for several seasons past, including those of this season, follows: Average Composition and Guaranty Compared | at b> | Swe = ad a ie o a = 2s 38 80 a? =| Su 52 apy Se Bac) = < Spring, 1905 Phosphoric acid: SUE a a ae ee eee ee ee eee ee 10.16 9.42 JSS) ee a SS ee pe Spe 8.50 7.92 ESO TELS i ge ee ee ne eee ee ee ee 4.55 4.22 NUE Sas eee te Se eee ee se ee ee eee 1.61 1.58 Fall, 1905 Phosphoric acid: oh 0 of ee ee ee ee ae a ee ee 10.68 9.62 PAV LADO gre oa ae = oe Se rn eo een a, a ne 8.72 8.13 IRCPIST nets Se 8 oe ee eae en ee ne ep epee pees EE 2.90 2.42 BBE gs ae a ee ec eee pee ee eee 1.26 1.20 Spring, 1906 Phosphoric acid: NS re peo ar Ser Ee ee pa ee a 9.73 9.21 PEN UES 1] I ae So ee eee a ea ee 7.88 TTT DEUTER SSE CE eee ee ee ey ee 4.21 8.95 1.57 1.53 10.45 9.70 Her 8.16 cers ale ape Si Re Rael OES SS ate Se 5 1.32 a Spring, 1907 Eno nari acid: 2 | AES aS ee eee Available 318 4 Potash, __.. 4,55 4.31 Nitrogen, anna nanan nn ene = = en nnn =e 2 enn nn ee eng = 2 ee 1.52 1.47 684 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. Average Composition and Guaranty Compared—Continued Fall, 1907 Phosphorie acid: TOtaljtie- == Available; --2.=-- Potash.) 22222=32-—-e eae ae INILIOLEN Tee se = ee Phosphoric acid: Totals ==-->= See eee e Available, Potash; =---- Nitrogen, -.-- Phosphoric acid: } Sagi ee te kee ee Se ee ee es Ja sass sess Available, -- = POPRADS fe es IAPC Seis) See le ee ee Se me SS ase Ae tn ee ee Phosphoric acid: AUT TT he ps a re i se eee Sarees Available, 2-2 222 225 oo eae Se ee ee ee ee none eee a ee POLARS) aoe saa oe a re a a ee INIETOR en.) 1. oe po wo te ae aoe a es se Fall, 1909 Phosphoric acid: POG alg) a ae a a a re AV SNADIC, | 22 22e fees. con nn a eee ee ee ee LEG EI ee See eee = eee = eee Se eens see ea) INGtTrO Sens) SS) 2. ee sae ae eee ee a ao eee ea ee ee ee eel Spring, 1910 Pkhosphorie acid: Total) £225 oe > Js2asoo soe oon oa ee sa one ae ae ee el Ayailable,’ <. .282l--2222 222252 Bee Se ee ee ROGASH on oe ee ee ee ee ee Nitrogen; So..22-22 2a ee ee eee * composi- Per cent Average tion guaranty Average Per cent It is of interest to note how closely the series of valuations based upon the wholesale price of raw materials in the principal markets during the most important buying season and upon certain average allowances for expenses and profits on the part of the mixer and jobber coincides with the retail prices later ascertained. A compari- son for several seasons past is given below: No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Comparison of Selling Price and Valuation, 1905-1910 Selling price Valuation Excess of valuation over selling price Complete fertilizers: 1905, (Spring 5 225-8 a aes oo ee oe eo ee a Se oon assole as 24 STILE tee SO ao Oe ee a ee ee 21 O06 IS PTIN Ge na eee ek ee Le) Ee a HOOT Spring), 28 a eo eae ease 0 OF es eee ee ee es 1906; Sprint. ~=2s--- - anaes ae ease Aa ay eS Be eee O09 Spnine ss S222 os es ee ee = a sot te 2 oe SEL ae ee oe ea oe ae ee eee eee 22 Oe SPIE) 2 aes aes er ee ee oe ue) SORE SNShaeg WN 2 Dissolved bone: 10D SO SDTING, fo 355-85) eno on a ee tse ae tee eee seee Jomee ee ae 23.83 22.7 A eee a Soe ey ee ee ee ee ee ' ' ' ' ' 1 1 1 1 ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' t ' ‘ ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 7 - ci] ~ = rs) SOIC ES Tg Re Ne ePe ue 93S Berndt oeuh ee TRE eset ee A Al O70, Rock and potash: OOD SA SDEIMIS 5 oo See eae ss ee aa bat plo Be eee ewe a eee ae ee eee er Ee eee a ee) SI y is] . ' ' 1 1 1 1 1 ' 1 1 1 ' ' ' 1 i] ' ' ' 1 \ i ) ' ' ' ' i 1 1 ' 1 ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 1 1 1 1 ' ' = os —_ Oo Ke Or 1910; Spring} ------ = Dissolved rock: OS SPLIO Pa eso sano. See ae a oa ee oe ee ee 13.64 | 13.86 Malle tS mete HA See ie aL ee Ie ne, TOROS I GOG MES Pre esse = oak ee ee | 13.75 | 12.98 Fall, oa | 14.16 MUAH ig er he Sey ae ole er Sans Sean AP 14.31 | 14.86 FCI Ae oe eee sn aa A es Ee mel RE Bn EIN 13.86 14.02 ASLO SUS DYING, eee nase at oe a oe aa ee eee 14.56 | = 14.00 Ground bone: | 1905, Spring, Ac: | a a ee Se ee Oe ae are eee a 1906, Spring, 1 EN | ee oe a ee ee ae ee ee en epee oe LOT SDrIne Vitesse 1908, Spring, 1909, Spring, } 29.64 | SUSEBBENBNY SSSRRSASESE Se Caticeesme ESRSRES Bee LA] oppress SRSSZIRSSSIRE | 686 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. MATERIALS USED IN FERTILIZERS The microscopic examination of the nitrogenous fertilizers for leather, hair, and other materials the use of which without notice is prohibited by the Act of May 1, 1909, revealed in no case such quan- tity of any of these substances as might not fairly be regarded as an accidental trace. No instance has been reported by the sampling agents in which a declaration of the presence of such material has been made. It is, however, a matter of quite general knowledge that substances of this kind are being largely used in fertilizer mixtures; but, in most cases at least, only after such treatment as results in the destruction of the characteristic tissues and, at the same time, wholly or partly in that of the organic compounds originally present. The Pennsylvania Agricultural Experiment Station is now conducting under the writer’s supervision, an investigation to determine the degree to which the acid treatment usually employed improves the availability of the nitrogen in these substances. In conformity with the requirements of the Act of April 23, 1909, many firms dropped from the brand names of goods manufactured by them the word “bone” hitherto forming part of said names. Where such change in hame appears, it may be taken as evidence that the phosphoric acid is derived, at least in part, from something else than bone. In several cases where the word “bone” remains in the brand name, the composition of the goods makes it clear that the law has been violated. All such cases have been reported for legal action. FERTILIZER ANALYSES AUGUST 1, TO DECEMBER 31, 1910 Since August 1, 1910, there have been received from authorized sampling agents ten hundred and seventy-seven fertilizer samples, of which four hundred and eighty-seven were subjected to analysis. Pre- ference has been given to those which have not been recenty analyzed. In cases where two or more samples representing the same brand were received, equal portion from several samples were united, and the composite sample was subjected to analysis. The samples analyzed group themselves as follows: 24 complete fertilizers, furnishing phosphoric acid, potash and nitrogen; 4 dis- solved bones, furnishing phosphoric acid and nitrogen; 109 rock-and potash fertilizers, furnishing phosphoric acid and potash; 32 acidu- lated rock phosphates, furnishing phosphoric acid only; 29 ground bones, furnishing phosphoric acid and nitrogen, and 19 miscella- neous samples, which group includes substances not properly classi- fied under the foregoing heads. No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 687 The determinations to which a complete fertilizer is subjected are as follows: (1) Moisture, useful for the comparison of analyses, for indication of dry condition and fitness for drilling, and also of the conditions under which the fertilizer was kept in the warehouse. (2) Phosphoric acid—total, that portion soluble in water, and of the residue, that portion not soluble in warm ammonia citrate solution (a solution supposed to represent the action of plant roots upon the fertilizer), which is assumed to have little immediate food value. Py difference, it is easy to compute the so-called “reverted” acid, which is the portion insoluble in water but soluble in the citrate. The sum of the soluble and reverted is commonly called the “ayail- able” phosphoric acid. (3) Potash soluble in water—most of that present in green sand marl and crushed minerals, and even some of that present in vegetable materials such as cotton-seed meal, not being included because insoluble in water even after long boiling. (4) Nitrogen—This element is determined by a method which simpiy accounts for all present, without distinguishing between the quanti- ties present in the several forms of ammonium salts, nitrates or or- ganic matter. (5) Chlorin—this determination is made to atlord a basis for estimating the proportion of the potash that is present as chloride or muriate, the cheaper source. he computation is made on the assumption that the chlorin present, unless in excess, has been introduced in the form of muriate of potash; but doubtiess there are occasional exceptions to this rule. One part of chlorin combines with 1,326 parts of potash to form the pure muriate; know- ing the chlorin, it is, therefore, easy to compute the potash equiva- lent thereto. (7) In the case of ground bone, the state of sub-divi- sion is determined by sifting through accurately made sieves; the cost of preparation and especially the promptness of action of bone in the soil depends very largely on the fineness of its particles the finer heing much more quickly useful to the plant. The preceding paragraph sets forth the nature of the examinations given 1o the several classes of fertilizers under the laws in force prior to the present year. The legislation of 1909 has made needful, however, some additional tests. Sec. 4, of the Act of May 1, 1909, pro- hibits the sale of “pulverized leather, hair, ground hoofs, horns, or wool waste, raw, steamed, roasted, or in any form, as a fertilizer, or as an ingredient of a fertilizer or manure, without an explicit state- ment of the facts.” All nitrogenous fertilizers have, therefore, been submitted to a careful microscopic examination, at the time of prepar- ing the sample for analysis, to detect the presence of the tissues characteristic of the several materials above named. The act of April 23, 1909, makes it unlawful to use the word “bone” in connection with, or as part of the name of any fertilizer, or any brand of the same, unless the phosphoric acid contained in such fertilizer shall be the product of pure animal bone. All fertilizers in whose name the word “bone” appears, were therefore examined by microscopic and chemical methods to determine, so far as possible with present knowledge, the nature of the ingredient or ingredients supplying the phosphoric acid. It is a fact, however, well known to fertilizer man- ufacturers and which should be equally understood by the con- sumer, that it is, in certain cases, practically impossible to determine the source of the phosphoric acid by an examination of the finished a4 688 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. fertilizer. The microscope shows clearly the structure of raw bone, but does not make it possible to discriminate between thoroughly acidulated bone and acidulated rock. The ratio of nitrogen to phos- phoric acid in a raw bone—and only such bone as has not been deprived of any considerable proportion of its nitrogenous material by some manufacturing process can properly be called “pure animal bone”—is about 1:8; in cases where the ratio of phosphoric acid to nitrogen exceeds 8, it is clear that part, at least, of the phosphoric acid has been supplied by something else than pure animal bone; but, inasmuch as nitrogen may have been introduced in some ma- terial other than bone and no longer detectible by the microscope, the presence of nitrogen and phosphoric acid in the proportions cor- responding to those of bone is not proof positive that they have been supplied by bone. Finally, the difference in the iron and silica con- tent of bone and rock respectively, afford means of distinction use- ful in some cases; the usefulness of this distinction is limited, how- ever, by the facts that kitchen bone frequently contains earthly im- purities rich in iron and silica, and that earthy fillers can legally be used in fertilizers and are in fact considerably used therein both as “make-weights” and as “conditioners,” or materials introduced to improve the drilling qualities of the goods. The fact that the phos- phoric acid in bone and rock are identical in character is probably so well known as to require no detailed consideration of the fact in this connection. : The law having required the manufacturer to guarantee the amount of certain valuable ingredients present in any brand he may put upon the market, chemical analysis is employed to verify the guaran- ties stamped upon the fertilizer sacks. It has, therefore, been deemed desirable in this report to enter the guaranty filed by the manufac- turer in the office of the Secretary of Agriculture, in such connection with the analytical results that the two may be compared. An un- fortunate practice has grown up among manufacturers of so wording the guaranty that it seems to declare the presence in the goods of an amount of a valuable constituent ranging from a certain minimum to a much higher maximum; thus, “Potash, 2 to 4 per cent.” is a guaranty not infrequently: given. In reality, the sole guaranty is for 2 per cent. The guaranteed amounts given for each brand in the following tables, are copied from the guaranties filed by the maker of the goods with the Secretary of Agriculture, the lowest figure given for any constituent being considered to be the amount guar- anteed. For compactness and because no essentially important fact is suppressed thereby, the guaranties for soluble and reverted phos- phoric acid have not been given separately, but are combined into a single guaranty for available phosphoric acid; in cases where the maker’s guaranty does not specifically mention available phosphoric acid, the sum of the lowest figures given by him for soluble and re- verted phosphoric acid is used. The law of 1879 allowed the maker to express his guaranty for nitrogen either in terms of that element or in terms of the ammonia equivalent thereto; since ammonia is composed of three parts of hydrogen and fourteen parts of nitrogen, it is a very simple matter to calculate the amount of one, when the amount of the other is given; the amount of nitrogen multiplied by 1.214 will give the corresponding amount of ammonia, and the amount No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 689 of ammonia multiplied by 0.824 will give the corresponding amount of nitrogen. In these tables, the expression is in terms of nitrogen. The laws of 1901 and 1909 abolished this alternative and required that the guaranty shall be given in terms of nitrogen. Many manu- facturers after complying with the terms of the law, insert addi- tional items in their guaranties, often with the result of misleading or confusing the buyer; the latter will do well to give heed to those items only that are given as the law requires and that are presented in these tables: A summary of the analyses made this season may be presented as follows: Summary of Analyses Made this Season l l l | | g ov ad | S S| 5 2 Q Q | & | a 2 Seale Lateran IS ate ae (ane aia ie ee FI oy Ss)| 3 = eo |e eee 1@) ia} =) =) | ios) Number of analyses, ---__.---------------_------ | 294 109 *| 4 32 29 Moisture, per cent., ------------------------------ Bt | 39:91 8.28 8.23 | 5.20 Phosphoric acid: | otal ner: Conta) ok 222 e eee ee 9.72| 11.01 14.02 15.56 22.66 Soluble.) per (cent: °==-=_----— == --_ | 4.74 6.14 7.07 10205; |S222_- = Reverted. per Cént.,. S222ss-se-- see a 3.42 | 3.84 | 4.00 4502) ose a ees Insoluble, per cents 25-25: eee eee 1.56 1.03 | 2.95 1390; [Dae Potash per Cent, 22 2=--=22--25s- eon eee ea 3.52 | OAT hal (ieee ae Weare yaa eu aS Soh 2 NIL TOR EH, CDOT CON Ung soe a ee TP le ee 2.01 |o22-2---== 3.21 Mechanical analyses of bone: INTO. scbccesu seScbe sete SS cee eS ese beiorece chess seesee sess [Sacer ees=e [ese Re eee Re eee 65 (CORR em eee ees a et ee \Sehoesatee 35. Commercial valuation: } IAVGCARE HSCLUNG DEICOmd - -- ee ane an are 21.76 16.38 25.80 | 14.01 | 29.98 Commercial value of samples whose selling | | | PLice is BSCeLtAINed | ean ee eee a a 22.24 | 16.21 25 70 | 14.15 | 31.10 “For the purpose of indicating more specifically to the eye, cases deficient in guarantee, an asterisk has been effixed in the analytical tables where the ingredient has been found less in quantity than the manufacturer guaranteed. Too great emphasis should not be placed upon very slight deficiencies, because very slight imperfections in mixing and slight variations in analysis are practically unavoidable. The asterisk has been used, therefore, only in cases where the de- ficiencies amount to 0.2 per cent. or more, except where nitrogen has been guaranteed in amounts not higher than 1.0 per cent. in which case an asterisk has been affixed where the deficiency amounts to 0.1 per cent. or more.” 4471910 690 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE © Off. Doe. The cases of departure of goods from their guaranteed composi- tion observed this season, including only those cases in which it amounted to two-tenths per cent., or more, were as follows: Summary of Instances of Deficiency from Guaranty | | 2 | a | 2s ye a | F | & ° ‘s & 2 palek % = ol esl aaa : 44 5 E Se Wee & 8 Oo & A a fas) Deficient in four constituents, ____.---------..---- 1 Bees [ee eeoee (ses2ceees| sae Deficient in three constituents, _.______----_------- Th | eo ee | J a) ae Deficient in two constituents, Saree 88%) eB) See ee 68 9 i 1 Deficient in one constituents --_.__-..-..----------| 30 | 1 1 ? } | a | | Total number of samples in which de- | ficlancies Occur: 25222525-5-42 eee 104 | 40 1 2 8 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 691 No. 7. *pezA[vus sejdures 1moy A[uot *pepiOdel GIB soojJUBIBNI YIYyM IO] pezA[eue seldurvs OM} ATUO} *pov1Odel 918 so0jJUvIENS OU YojyM IO} pasd[eue sofdulvs OM} A[UO, eee G°§8 9°93 9°68 9° Ls 6°88 | 8°88 6°88 T'98 8°o8 8'&h Saccecsmncrenqsecenae sor seece=**= *SnOsUuel[oos{ir, 4deuxe! SesSe10" My 9°28 =| L168 ¥°88 8°06 0°0F 0'88 8°22 9°81 2°+1 OOF ee SESH a Sh ere RIE eee ‘auoq punoiry 8°9 ted 9°61 8°S8 o°8s BIG 0°13 G’6L 9°S% 8°86 jen SORE ABE DSN aces nah he gp OL REG ‘yo01 paalossiq 0°18 8°93 4°08 8°08 8°88 0°68 =|: 0° 6F L' 8h 0°0F yO) (Wives cee Ween tet se ae a eee ysejod pur yoy 0°S% 9°18 ° 0°S% 9°9T | O°ost 0°S3 9°9T GS’ 8s 0°0S APSE 1 Ce OE at mapneilaubanin siere taser)! UY yls fra 6°93 6°83 8°9F S°68 0°0F 0°0F €°68 F°68 S68 POF Alte 5 co pee as ee een ee Cee S1OZI[]J10J aJoTdur0yH | | | | be ace rg n rf na re a) co ye ll iene Olea Cali er top epec | Sse F i=] : = a =] - =] | - 6b S Ls < oR ee 09 i oR _ 09 pS me g & ee g ~ 3 ee il | s ; 5 § | | | | OIGT-906T AdMeDYeqd Jo ose] UIDI0g [SMO][OF SB d1v ‘pozA[VUR SSBID YORI Jo spoos jo azoquInU [e}0} oq} JO osejJUs.Ied ul possoad -XO9 SoljUedens Iteq} WIA poavdutod se spoos Ul SuOS¥eS Ue} WSed 9q} SULINp pojou ADMALDGep JO Sesvd oyT, 692 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. A comparison of the average composition of all samples of com- plete fertilizers for which guaranties are recorded with the average of the corresponding guaranties, for several seasons past including those of this season, follows: Average Composition and Guaranty Compared Spring, 1906 Phosphoric acid: Wotal) 25-22-23 Complete fertilizers: TEAS) in a Ae oe 2 ee ee eee ee Se ee ee! 24.57 24.15 FF) hed Sa Ss ie OE Se een emer UN SE ae 21.98 22.77 O04 AS Drier as eee Se os ass Cate ee eee S 24.28 24.99 OF [Sy Se es SO oe ee ee ae ee ee eee 21.82 22.53 LTE fs) QUE Been ee ae = es eee eee | 24.68 25.60 VOR a eRe 2k see ea ey en ee ee Sore 21.39 22.35 TLL i Resp Oita ee ee ee Oe a ee ee ee ae ee 23.55 24.76 FTN Sie ce re ee a es Say Sn PS Se ee 21.87 22.99 LEU ratel i) bil te eee ee aS oe NR ae See ee ee ee ee 24.60 26.84 PW iy Pree ae ee Cate SS er bee CON ee ee ee eee oe 22.71 24,59 NOOBS AS DLIN Oss See ent See Oe ee Pe CS 25.69 26.23 VC LA Soe SE ees ok ee a ee ee ee eee | 22.34 23.88 TOOT aN DIin cae oes eee enn eeu er DE Ee ee 24.88 25.31 ane Soe eee Bene. Sa te Se oh a | 22.07 22.25 ASLO RODE Pea ee eaten ead a ORS eee or eee eso 26.26 26.23 TOR sh ee ee See ae re = Sie ae eee ee ee 21.76 22.24 Excess of valuation over selling price ee . eS ete eee SeReRRAARsS Bi 694 Dissolved bone: | Ground bone: ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Selling price Valuation 1903, Spring, wnt 35a 52 tee ee ee eee | 1901; ‘Spring 3.0.23. SSS SS ee a eS ee all 1906, (Spring) fis 22552. te ee ere ane ee ee eeee| 1906; (Spring. *-<0:-: 3 Se eee 1007, Spring 5.220227 ere a eee 1908; Spring: :: -ssso-30c Se ee ee ee Ma oss --2 2c ee ee ee ee eee 1909; Spring pi.2-228 ses ee en eee alls) occsck Re ee a e 1910; Spring; o 2+ 2o520 225 seae sees eee aug} | ee a SE oe ea ee eo ae Rock and potash: } 1903, Spring, 1904, 1905, 1906, 1907, 1908, 1909, 1910, Spring, all, io. ees ee ee en eee oe eee Dissolved rock: 1903, Spring, Rathemuaia ia ier eee a | 1 of) | Pe a ae ens oe aoe eee a eee ees 1004. (Spring-) ao. 4 ee ee ay cae a8 ee es ee ee ee ee eee 1006; Bpting. Gt). tie Bac ne ce pee eo 1900% Spring: 42s = 2. Fe ae ee ons einen Sees eee LC | RP cea ee ee eee SS Bee eee cee LE ee ane 1907, Spring: 22-25 ee ee eS Se ee ee Fall, ----------------------------------------------------| 1008 ISDE oe ee ss ee a ne ne ee, 1909, 1910, 1903 ‘Spring: : 2.22228 ee oe eh ee 1904, \Springs)) . ole ee ee ek ee 1906, Spring) 2225-2 a 22 ee ee eee Ralls 22.222. ¢ 23 Sees ee ee ee 1907, Spring; 22:..5 2422 .5.2 80 Joe ee eee Walley po. 25220 Ree See eee ee eee 1008, Spring, |= )s:-- 2-2 escks 2 a ea eee Walls oo 222th eee eee eee 1909, Spring. oie pace ne Cane eee meee ase e Seo eee 1910, mantic, Ry ae ee ean eet SUN eee [1 Ge eee See eee ee aap ea eee ee oO Severe St Brereeseeazeeggr RVRRBRSSBELRSRASA 833883 BAN SBVBSR BSSSSReVASSSRZ38T9 RESRSSRRKRVRSNBRS SSRIRSARBRRIATSIAY SRSLRBBRBSSYNS SNARSSSELRSVVSISS wo = . Off. Doe. Comparison of Selling Price and Valuation, 1903-1910—Continued Excess of valuation over selling price —1.13 . B3RBIZSBNRk Revere rir uae eee Za RSRSBVRZBR No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 695 MATERIAL USED IN FERTILIZERS The following observations on this head, were made respecting the fertilizers analyzed in the Spring of 1910. They apply equally well to those examined this Fall season. “The microscopic examination of the nitrogenous fertilizers for leather, hair, and other materials the use of which without notice is prohibited by the Act of May 1, 1909, revealed in no case such quan- tity of any of these substances as might not fairly be regarded as an accidental trace. No instance has been reported by the sampling agents in which a declaration of the presence of such material has been made. It is, however, a matter of quite general knowledge that substances of this kind are being largely used in fertilizer mixtures ; but, in most cases at least, only after such treatment as results in the destruction of the characteristic tissues and, at the same time, wholly or partly in that of the organic compounds originally present. The Pennsylvania Agricultural Experiment Station is now conducting, under the writer’s supervision, an investigation to determine the degree to which the acid treatment usually employed improves the availability of the nitrogen in these substances. In conformity with the requirements of the Act of April 28, 1909, many firms dropped from the brand names of goods manufactured by them the word “bone” hitherto forming part of said names. Where such change in name appears, it may be taken as evidence that the phosphoric acid is derived, at least in part, from something else than bone. In several cases where the word “bone” remains in the brand name, the composition of the goods makes it clear that the law has been violated. All such cases have been reported for legal action.” OFFICIAL DOCUMENT No. 7. COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA STATE LIVESTOCK SANITARY BOARD OFFICERS FOR 1910 PRESIDENT Hon. Edwin S. Stuart, Governor VICE PRESIDENT James Foust, Dairy and Food Commissioner TREASURER Hon. N. B. Critchfield, Secretary of Agriculture SECRETARY Dr. S. H. Gilliland, State Veterinarian PENNSYLVANIA HORTICULTURE SOCIETY FOUNDED 1827 OFFICERS FOR THE YEAR 1909 PRESIDENT James W. Paul, Jr. VICH PRESIDENTS James M. Rhoads, Edward Le Bouitllier, Henry F. Mitchell, Dr. George Goebel. TREASURHR S. W. Keith SECRETARY David Rust, Horticultural Hall, Broad Street, below Locust, Philadelphia PROFESSOR OF BOTANY Stewardson Brown ( 696 ) No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 697 PROFESSOR OF HORTICULTURAL CHEMISTRY Persifer Hrazer PROFESSOR OF ENTOMOLOGY Dr. Henry Skinner PROFESSOR OF BIOLOGY Dr. Ida A. Keller HXECUTIVE COUNCIL Robt. C. Lippencott, Robert Craig, Rudolph Ellis, Dr. J. Cheston Morris, John W. Pepper, John McCleary, Wdw. A. Schmidt, Dr. Robert Huey, Wm. Fowler MEMBER STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE Edwin Lonsdale HOUSE COMMITTEE William E.. Dreer, James M. Rhodes, C. Hartman Kuhn LIBRARIAN David Rust THE SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURE AND EXPERIMENT STATION FACULTY . EDWIN EARLE SPARKS, Ph. D., LL. D. President of the College THOMAS FORSYTH HUNT, D. Agr., D. Se. * Dean and Director WILLIAM A. BUCKHOUT, M. S., D. Se. Professor of Botany WILLIAM FREAR, Ph. D. Professor of Experimental Agricultural Chemistry and Vice-Director of the Hx- periment Station HENRY PRENTISS ARMSBY, Ph. D., LL. D. Professor of Animal Nutrition HUBERT EVERETT VAN NORMAN, B.S. Professor of Dairy Husbandry 698 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. ALVA AGEE, M. S. Professor of Agricultural Extension and Secretary of the Faculty of the School of Agriculture and Experiment Station HUGH P. BAKER, M. F., D. Occ. Professor of Forestry RALPH L. WATTS, M. 8. Professor of Horticulture FRANK D. GARDNER, B. S. Professor of Agronomy THOMAS I. MAIRS, B. Agr., M. S. Professor of Agricultural Education and Superintendent of Correspondence Courses W. A. COCHEL, B. A., B.S. Professor of Animal Husbandry CHARLES W. STODDART, Ph. D. Professor of Agricultural Chemistry HARRY R. FULTON, M. A. Associate Professor of Botany JOHN P. STEWART, M. S. A. Associate Professor of Experimental Pomology JULIA CATHARINE GRAY Librarian CLETUS L. GOODLING, B. S. Superintendent of Farms MILTON 8. McDOWELL, M. S. Assistant Professor of Agricultural Extension *ELIZABETH B. MEEK, B.S., M.S. Assistant Professor of Bacteriology CHARLES F. SHAW, B. S. Assistant Professor of Agronomy CARL W. LARSON, B.S. A. Assistant Professor of Dairy Husbandry *MARGARET B. MacDONALD, Ph. D. Assistant Professor of Agricultural Chemistry J. P. PILLSBURY, B. S. Assistant Professor of Landscape Gardening W. D. CLARK, B. A., M. F. Assistant Professor of Forestry = *Absent on leave. No:/ DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURD. GUY C. GIVEN, B. S. Assistant Professor of Experimental Agricultural Chemistry W. J. WRIGHT, B. S. Assistant Professor of Horticulture CHARLES F. NOLL, B. S. Assistant Professor of Agronomy J. W. GREGG, B. S. Assistant Professor of Horticulture J. BEN HILL, B. S., A. B. Instructor in Botany HOMER W. JACKSON Instructor in Poultry Husbandry WARREN G. ROSS, B.S. A. Instructor in Agronomy W. E. TRIPP Instructor in Bacteriology B. O. SEVERSON, B.S. A. Instructor in Animal Husbandry W. H. MacINTIRE, B. S., M. 8. Associate in Experimental Agronomy J. B. BERRY, B. S. Instructor in Foresty R. R. CHAFFEE, A. B., M. F. Instructor in Forestry JOHN W. WHITE, B. S. Assistant Chemist C. BE. MYERS, B. &. Assistant in Horticulture EDWARD S. ERB, M. S. Assistant Chemist EDWARD HIBSHMAN, B. 8. Field Assistant in Experimental Agricultural Chemistry ¥F. P. WEAVER Assistant in Agricultural Chemistry WALTER THOMAS, B. S. Assistant Chemist 700 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE LUTHER G. WILLIS, B. S. Assistant Chemist ANDREW A. BORLAND, B. S. Assistant in Dairy Husbandy H. F. HERSHEY, B. S. Assistant in Experimental Pomology R. S. MACKINTOSH, M. S. Assistant in Horticulture J. MILTON McKBEE, B. S. Assistant in Agronomy WALTER B. NISSLEY, B. S. Assistant in Horticulture WALTER A. COOK Assistant in Dairy Husbandry FRANK P. KNOLL Assistant in Butter-making HARRY D. EDMISTON Laboratory Assistant WILLIAM G. MURTORFF Clerk Off. Doe. OFFICERS OF THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE GRANGE, 1910 Master, W. T. Creasy, Catawissa, Columbia county. Overseer, N. F. Cox, Bellwood, Blair county. Lecturer, E. B. Dorsett, Mansfield, Tioga county. Steward, Theo. M. Kline, Ariel, Wayne county. Assistant Steward, J. P. Gifford, Harbor Creek, Erie county. Chaplain, Rev. J. W. Johnson, New Milford, Susquehanna county. Treasurer, S. E. Nivin, Landenberg, Chester county. Secretary, J. T. Ailman, Thompsontown, Juniata county. Gatekeeper, Alex. Strittmatter, Ebensburg, Cambria county. Ceres, Mrs. Hannah McK. Lyons, Lincoln University, Chester county. Pomona, Mrs. Anna Post, Dalton, R. F. D. 3, Lackawanna county. Flora, Mrs. Carolyn Dale, Bellefonte, Centre county. L. A. S., Mrs. Mary D. Howden, Coryville, McKean county. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE ~ I. Frank Chandler, Toughkenamon, Chester county. Wm. Armstrong, Alderson, Luzerne county. Chas. H. Dildine, Orangeville, Columbia county. No. 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. FINANCE COMMITTEE J. A. Herr, Millhall, Clinton county. D. B. McWilliams, Burnham, Mifflin county. LEGISLATIVE COMMITTEE Wm. T. Creasy, Chairman, Catawissa. Leonard Rhone, Center Hall. John A. McSparran, Furniss. W. F. Hill, Huntingdon. H. S. Teagarden, Punxsutawney. A. M. Cornell, Columbia X Roads. Thomas Sharpless, West Chester. S. S. Blyholder, Neale. 701 i OFFICIAL DOCUMENT, Os 7 INDEX BY AUTHORS . A Page Psy GORGE), COst On Milk jpEOGMCCLOM 21. 26 aos s.cheveie socie oes eteueus 557 B BACCHE Re ERO. BevMo ooutheAmerican agriculture, 2aei. =o. c cee 281 EVASVEATED Ey St el see AT or el GEE Set seme ners cerca aie ele teers Uma ere aes acts Cin eee 258 RAGVsE EC GRIN ECA Anna OmeSs ere tscisr. iets sb sscaiovs oka slotoie beter clare orate 454 BRADFUTE, ORE Profitable breeding and feeding of beef cattle, ...... 247 BUCKHOUT, PROF. W. A. SEREDOLUOL BOtAMISE scorch a oiusve Were erneuereetatels 487 Cc CAVE BEE wdc Some poultry. problems, se. acc esa eee coe eee 266 CARD, FRED W., Some things outside a farmyard gate, .............. 336 CARTER MISS -AbABE WiAe sMothers! asnchums) Gane ceo. eee 322 COCHEL, pe W. A., Beef cattle—their relation to Pennsylvania agri- ee ea RRM er ROR COOLIO TE ICT Tae OE AOR 256 COHILL, J. A., Selecting varieties, preparing the land and planting a commercial OPCHAT OS Hes US Me epee de Seis eis he hae oie tent ote 359 _ Management of a 700-acre apple orchard for one year, ............ 375 CONARD, DR. M. E., Report of Dairy and Dairy Products, ............. 452 CONKLIN, ROBERT, Report of Forests and Forestry, ................ 426 COOKE, PROF. WELLS W., The protein requirements of the dairy cow, 298 CRITCHFIELD, HON. N. B. (Secretary of Agriculture): HVEDONE CIOL. Sevteremenscbava, slenatevar Vel Soonsetcalere rs baal hyaberale auewalate ahs Moneta h Stace to Ge eneeons 3 Climatic. condition for yearn VOLO So. ..c acide oe niters Meo sicieeacaiteiee 3 SLADLET CHOPS Or al Oil Ohprrevs cher s or aper cuckortouere cates ete ver Cua oheiza he kee clea eile emer 4 WATS SESEAUCES LICSEy rs ees arene oe Ra ek ee aT eT COO eer cea Recetas 7 Pennsylvania .ane im portinere states ceacmita sels > ote nies oe eleeerarelera clene ore ) WOTRIMS TOTALS: eee ee Cree et ee rei beter onc EE eee 10 PHC wsAnIMGRrs sa LEEUW Charan eee eee eee ere eect eo enn s ieee 11 Workcof thes Departmentics.. sas cicie-c Seirioys cherie feelers clone seo rete ee 15 Bittsbure wand "SHOW eects: Soniciees Soe Ie ee tne meron 18 State” ce chk eis sens eee tes eae ko eo un RE OR PoE Ee See eo nee 18 D DETRICH, Dr: J. D:, How to raise crops without weeds; ...........0. 343 DERR, J. MILES, Report of Committee on Cereals and Cereal Crops, .. 406 E HLDON, ROBERT M., Address, Adams County Fruit Growers Associa- LO UOTUAS co aeRO EMS Sts CEASE mat octcrr Vn Ae ET AN nm ao hero int 347 F HUAEON SW ORME nV) W/E CACHES a vat ccrtie cise, clayey ciciageeaisten op cyan oneietetee 608 Onchardemanarentent er sce crc choise Teale eae aves eis iovey ern vigor cupaeieiete 629 FOUST, JAMES, (Dairy and Food Commissioner): RET OTE BO live sicee cee teops hace datee, SMe Ne tale o 6 ga on re) aL Eat NG, a fotpaten Ghat etance Teun cad ael'sy cette Coetelnneme 71 SUMMA AO ba WOrks COME wal Oil Oil cece sea alieictenes ocovaiet stcleueteha retain, o) Stein ate helen 74 DUT VAD NOC CES ates oye ter she enema pero ie Toh carole oie rele form siehnie: Sy os Oke ye) visto cholerae ohietene 75 EVUEESTy PP NO CULCESS Perera srene eiercutere onsus, oie cele es «1d e%ayarece Secyen sieve enegeMekn me Sioneeet one 78 Hriwiteand -veretablespromduGusmeccuae sree ote crests 5 sieve ore ove wesc ie enednenare 23 BAKery sep UT OMICES poccicpsteeeioy Seve ois Sheree Sete ee ols nye raPae es ayescuaNe Rete cuete ate) sucker 81 Mavorine extracts: and non-alcoholic’ drinks) 2.00)... 2202.1.» 5100 - 82 Wii SCelANeOUS=: PTO GUICUS Meer reteresteeechoeshei ouctes keieras io, dis acn voi ousenahe = shevereena 83 Summary eoLsamMples analyzed ee we cic cnevers eo eiet ave evsicgoeuanS hin vieisier oretemens 86 MINANC Tale Statement, oes coerce ee hats ele sate nl oes, Bleve a Rtiaie oyendie e Siete abate 92 (CHIBGE rorcal ire ie10 fy Eas oma, Seo FC IC Os Gate EID Ceram CCRC ESAS Ccotnc 93 ( 703 ) 45 704 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. Page. FRAZER, SAMUEL, General orchard management, .................+> 379 Potato 2rowins. in, youne orchards, oe.c swe. 0 etmere soe ac euler lees 380 FREAR, DR. WILLIAM, The peat beds of northwestern Pennsylvania, 494 FULTON, BH. B., Apple. Digen ts iat o lee oie leat oes nae eee ne 584 FUNK, DR. J. H., Spraying, the sheet-anchor of success, °4./.5.. -...- 224 G GALBRAITH, HON. JAMES M., Address of welcome, Farmers’ Annual Dristd tur te joie a esis ie vs. ectsegatons selene pone abe tafe Tor'elage he taie hctieinena ate OS diay ee 202 GILLILAND, DR. S. H. (State Veterinarian): |S -Y 010) Ae 0) ae er we Stn reo Sc GB pycImooeacie SOG Bbc oy oo dln: 136 The meat hysiene Services Soi osntecr- core ore ae sree chedens heap terehel socom een 137 Meat. markets; © 25. sc Si6sowte lease ta shave wae cusnetoneyaiene Siem tare nied nee ee 13} Slaughter NOUSES, © aise. conc chats michele tie che) steetedegt Sie taber she: olekercite ketone earn 139 Diseases of “livestoelk’y ic cts oh: as oie vee cake pen ss Selene eee 140 to 150 Report of bacterial laboratory, 9). acts ste y- = tia ietel eens eee eee 156 Results obtained in eradication of tuberculosis by use of vaccine Jand. the ‘Bang ,systems yc tev a. ys)ot= Stevsomiievaien es olele e om ieaet ora 166 The diagnosis of rabies) <..:32. S08 0.2205 is ite rete = he adv ek Waren ee eee 179 Microscopic. eCXaminatiOnsia. o-ebs Oe coricd eee Giey iar ier eee 187 GOULD, H. P., Some suggestions about the management of orchards, 349 Some comments about important apple varieties, ................ 361 GREGG, PROF. .J. W., The. muskmelonyis 222. wtee «okie se en ee 604 GREEN, PROBE UW.-J:, starting anvorchandyes cits cies iil bae to ore eee 216 H HALBERSTADT, BAIRD; Report, of Mineralogist, (2a. ..0--ee = a ee 466 HARVEY, DR. ISAAC A., Report of Economic Geologist, ............. 489 HERE, J. D:, Report of (General) Hruits Committee; 4...-2 oor eee 571 HESS, ENOS M., The farmer and his) reereation;, 2. jo.c. .- sel ee 273 HInSTER, GABRIEL, Report.of Pomolosist® 1405. -a. ac eee eee 505 President's address; Horticultural me@etime sees 1-0 hate ie eee 568 HOLMAN, “A. T:, Report of Committee on Mertilizers, -252-. 20 neeeee 448 HUBBY, A. B:, Cost) ofemilk production; 22> t-te sl ete ee eee 552 HUTCHISON, G. G., Report of Committee on Feeding Stuffs, .......... 410 K KELLOGG, PROF. JAMES W., Report of Microscopist and Hygienist, 502 KELLY,-A. C., Report on milk and cream exhibit, {25-.55) oe eee 564 KERR, J. W:, ‘Strawberries; 205 Sosa cdleovne seein eee ee ee eee 618 PHN | seco sc else eos elles Grarelele SaWono,'s atetatte anak ease Syeten. tReet ee 645 KESTER, R. P., Response to address of welcome, ..................-- 208 KLINGER, H.C. Report of Apiarist, oso. crew a a ee eee 443 DEES NEUES: D. A., Report of Committee on Fruit and Fruit Cul- as WILE, ook cia 'o.n, > Bigieiess adare le. bret te eho SGORORD Suecere a ee MATa nee nee ene 2 L LIGHTY, L. W., Response to address of welcome, ...................-- 205 LOVEJOY, MISS SARA C., Domestic science and the high cost of living, 327 LUPTON, HON. S. L., Cooperation in maketing apples, .............. 385 M McCALLUM, M. H., Alfalfa in’ Pennsylvania: be. ance eee eee eee 547 McCASKBY, DR.» The road question, -..,.¢ > see 3 nee eee eer eee eee 542 McGOWAN, HON. H. G., What constitutes a good County Chairman, .. 317 MARTIN, HON. A. L. (Deputy Secretary and Director of Farmers’ In- stitutes) : 1542) 010) 01 en 0) ee ree ee Re ae RS We ee rnin Ap aec S amici 21 Institutesheld@,. 61.4c% fctee arto aite Raa Seeeeesa iat cing oo er eee eee eee eens 2 Agricultural’ fairs): sets, vaccee S ato ee eh ees ee ere eee 22 Schedule: of dates, for Lnstitutes:, fete «ee te aia rere P63) Program Farmers’ Annual Normal Institute, eae RE Eee tt 38 List County Chairmen, ........... (ahatttanls monte .oeaucct ele uats te yeahs eee iar eae 41 List ‘State Lecturers: > si#tc eles cick el oes pie eee ee eee eee 43 Lecturers: and’ their assienmentss jae coe ee oe ae eee 45 Biographical sketches of lecturers, ............ Basie ea con Sri ots nota rage 54 List. Agricultural’ Pairs): cite ce aces cisternae eS Oy ste 65 INO2 ac DEPARTMENT OF AGRICUTURE. VUASERAC DING ire Bie, (GrOw il? sDOLALOES, «5 sete o oie cece teais.e cians. erttes Saves chee ale oe CUI ILSS PG tree a eo i pei tye RN ln a ea a eee oe > emma eS MARSHALL, DR. C. J., The Pennsylvania stallion law, ............... MENGES, PROF. FRANKLIN, The farmer a manufacturer, ate eM cd Report Ok GHNCOMOLOLIS Tyson oo leer oe tenes ole oie ee ai ey ae SUCCESSTU? COLT LET OWilisos te sustes cl ovcienses es rare ore aks es bers ee ae ; iB POWELL, GEORGE T., The value of. propagation of fruit trees from STC GTA EIS LECET OME Mipetete, fet ee ol acs rehearse Sen Ee The relation of the soil to plant life and the value of tillage for or- GUAT MAEVELODIICTIL see tehss sms seks ones os SOE bee een ee N NEWCOMER, AARON, Peach growing in Marvland, .................. OES SOLENT A rATH OdneSS: oo). ceS na fsis co sie so tue Boo Oo MORON EH: Wi. Meat.demonstration: 0.2 Mc + coos ae lone tne ne R RAB TED: Hn Mins Cow: testing associations: 2-7... . ons -ceeos oon RAVEN, W. F., Michigan methods of livestock improvement by system ORPUPSVAGIN ES 5 <= enerals ree ET Bode «RCTS at ae REI CHEE. DRS JOLMN: The diaenosisvOL-Capies.. .-see. oo ooskaciee ae nee ROGERS, E. A., Practical methods of potato growing, ................ S) SCOTT, W. W., Lime-sulphur sprays for the summer treatment of or- GAVEL SES ieee ces) cate eay sen ors ES eye oTN Ts ote Reve oe Deie ean ee ced OR ees SAU Sr MOREE eer “pH GICa RONG sINtt bib Yom eet ths bod oc chs sucnenes oid eo oomanete eS STEWART, oak J. P., Fertilizer and cultural methods of apple or- Ries ss es NS ee ee RM NS cee tes Sn Recent advances in our knowledge Ole linte-sulphunr;, ss. 02s oe SLOouUT Weal Report, of ArriculiuraleGeGlocist, />-2:.)aca sea oe ie SURFACE, PROF. H. A., (Economic Geologist): TROPOTE FOL y Goh ecete er. ccthors aot tenho eet On SEPT re Oe cus cs ana pa eee rast ae eae PXPCMIMen LS and -CXAMUIHALLONS yore sect. seer coe a iia: once Eras at darn ame ene Personals yorkeand investigations a pines. e-ci Gin sal os ore ee PRSPECtion SOL“ NULSCTICS, . Sel Soe oie ecloes Roe eee wi we a oe eee RENOrt OfMChiek INSPEELOT eee sete re ets ate ee oe eee Hist of NuUrseniesMing Penis yliveaieiaeccrsn 5c) oars = ieee eeeenet ae ie eee SLM Mary..0le Orchard ANSpeChiony 0+ cteeke ea o eeie e ee Demonstration: of «model torehandsy. 2 a.k ose obese cee ae eee SUMMAryOf SUPeCLVISION: “OTCHATOS, oh ye on cic cite cree seca oe eee cre Beport. Gr Ornitholopist, aint caro nie. sein foiela elo Muncie alee idee rae Avyear's "work ins demonstration orchards 5.0.26 wc ae ae Onl ee eee Te LAY LOR, DAS; -eport of Wool ands textilewbibers: 2: scdeccc cit ow lacie PHINEAS GOVERNOR ATP AGARESS: strainer cit vere Raters) she Fee Rien ol oer oaionensiete V VAN ALSTYNE, EDWARD. The cost of market milk, ................ The wequisite:ol- a_eo00d Institute: Lecturer. - oe. viesthe sae fa => coe VAN RENSSELEAR, MISS MARTHA, Women’s share in agriculture, 45—7—1910 706 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. Ww Page WAID,.C:. W., Vegetable forcing under slags: i 2. 6 4) ee eee 596 TOMATOOS) © crew ait ovat eesral eves esac modes eave cine Ore etek AUS atelier Une Eeeco renee 612 WALLACH, R. C. E., Production and care of barnyard manure, ........ 434 Some fundamental principles in fertility maintenance, ........... 482 WATTS, PROP. R: @.,. Pennsylvania, horticulture, soem. cele eee 591 WELCH, H. J., Soils of the South Mountain district and their adaptation to varieticswof -appless a. % ses, caress sdwiere, histereiete one er mnoneiciee tote reer 393 WILDER, H. J. Pennsylvania apple *Sollsys ne ctert-tetetere chet terete rae 650 WITTMAN, W. THEO., Some reasons for poor hatches, ............... 270 Reportiof Committee: on Poultry, mise oie en ete oie ene eee tone eee 246 ZINN, W. D., Permanent pastures and meadows, ..............-.+08. 437 OFFICIAL DOCUMENT, No. 7. A Addresses: Page. Address of welcome, Normal Institute, Judge Galbraith, ........... 202 ANGTAESSEFeSDONSEs 11.) WV IELOMIEY, ele. a sts ee ea toronto ono 205 ANCORESS ATL eSPONSEC seh uN CS CCI ope tames earn case cans toa ol er en ee 208 PA IGUREISISP SS Dl ietts ln al BYzINEW ILO Ip NAS aN Oey nt, CON eimai me et Mla gabe te RAN 258 ANGGreSs yA EOVern Ohw Len ey Mos wees. co etotrd Siete a states BOL eee oe Address: General: VSCa Viet aes.cocrnaie om mute elke aia ee re oe eee 454 ASrIiCULEUre mnepOLteOltethel SeCnetany, mos oracle Meee en oR ren ae 3 Stapleacrops selon OUR neryertte ceo tes Selene haem oan eisai oe 4 (COTS AG TS GIS TICS ara rotate rare ee eee ema oe Lae ee a atone q PUN eSamnVens MaAULILUGeNw pat. scr xacreye eae elccebetee elnie sho mic ero ea ene ait MCOM SIV) Lear es NF cperseey oe os Retna to isthe ce Tones teeta, abe Seana nial ae Mena ke 12 ASTICUICURE INS OMbM AI Cid Cale Gia scciets scat eee aoe cre Sek kectere Beton 281 AiG uilywneey Chal wove joule Melaowlkey -.b55cu0cHuurddounbosdunobooueuscee 432 ACTICHILUNA SOGLEtIEs Schedule: Of (datesuem- smmii ey sere ne nett 65 Alfalfa im Penn Sylva tial gpa, rere aa Rees eke ene Cae 547 SHOE’ LO LATIONS arcmin case stash ee ence Soeere caer ovoia sel Cee a TA cee eee oe 547 S\T(Y4l 621 Beh Eton | Be aA ne acre pao cht ROR STORENG Ico REO RE GIS aS Sea wie tion 549 heteround andthe seed, xs-semn cat aets oan one eee nae 950 Gul tivation wsOhss Mo ota as eee ot sio te isis bore ee Cen CTS ee 550 Je\4 0) OFE3 01(0 16 ape sei cease RR HONE REET Cocy RDA Once TORT ORIEN PEA DEL ee LE OR CGIAR nO Oe 665 B RENAME EG! TNEHNUIRE, DOCG ANNO CAH. Woe Gooooouoaccuavubonuuedooun 434 Becmcavules prottablesoneedin= and steedinen Of an. osc eee rece 247 Balanced mablonuee eee eae LPM WL os tib aah, onstrate tene ale slanaine SESeetaL RCS 54 Dimple wnrethod Fo fssfee quiere ye mice cere oleic coe ldo even ements ZENS Relationstomeennsylvamia lagi cullimmreswp rss) ee ieieiacncisie ceeeeiee 256 Bee-keepines report. of -Aplarists smc siers cena talent cet rouse ares oie 463 FEV OMe yee VAMES soe cass sete esas he cue sl HORE Pee rae era aCe eee 403 IDISCASESY OR DOCS Hrd oc. oye peda ace rn Te a checkin 465 BotahyeeTepoOnt cot UBOtaniSt sae aie ce sn ee heise bine ew ok anes iver dchis 487 (c Census StAlIStiGs s LOMO. srcrweers. cece nccec ree onan conc ae ie exer eps tate ie ecteeene 1 Cereal ‘crops: and cereals, report, of, committee on, .22e..-15 4-0 eee an 406 Corneysuccesstulecrowine: Ob; wants eee ee ee eee eee 537 Qialityainecessa ny. ai.te seit. 25 tik te ee eee ee ee ee ee 538 BTCCOINS OES oes itats, fs! oe Sie) ay che Se oy ohne Teall Sat eR ee ONSET EES 539 FGI NOLMSCC lac attct ove Srcoh-an ee talis- coor se ieee nchertene a Me: ate LG Pee arr, OME ATE nr AS 540 SIMA MOL MCAT Roo ole sietocnctonederalsRuckone ie theta ee Tlonans: SPaLe nae ROR Cie eens ro rake eee 540 Cow: -testinie- associations) ewe as cone rete aie hated ar ane lower a ee eee 304 Associations in “Denman ke ser ...- LHe ERE ERPS TE OMRON PREP RCMR SY Cae 92 Cascse terminated ys sie sot eset Pale ne eich acer ave a Rictaslee at otlese aati 93 708 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Dairy_cow, cost.of markxetine milk .2.. 0.5 fen eee Vield. "OL Wak woe pete cea cece ee ee 1116 lage 0) Cm is Sere RR eae ihe oh Ea tel ie i Protein requirements"ot thes..cs0 ose RAIONS “LOL vet eres eee. ene Mae ee ee ee ee Report of Director of Farmers’ Institutes, ........ Report of Dairy and Food Commissioner, ......... Report, of Hconomice Zoolopist. eee ee eee eee Report.-of Veterinarian. Gince ene oe een eee Report OL whertilizermcontrole ene eee ReportJob Bureauot Chemistry ene eee LiSt: Of JB ule tins’ ge ccrsc incest ee eee Domestic). Wiese ass cecatose. cect ee ee ee Domestic science and the high cost of living, .... Women’s share in) aericulfuress:- sno oeee ee. lee Hconomic Zoologist;sreport joi, 2-205 e cee Ce eee eee eee Experimentations and investigations, ........... Inspection of. MUTSERICS) mas eter ann oe oe ee eee List of nurseries in Pennsylvania, 25. )28......5- Inspection= Of private: Premisesse5cs. eon. ee ee Summary of orchard inspectionsy ... 5502.50.00 aces DemonstratiOnsio es sheen sae e ae en ee SUMMA. OtaiOdel Onchards eviews so aenee renee NlMMaAnry OL Sipervision, Orehards* 4.1055 ee eer IDoGeN Kore AkeinHy CM Meee ENEMA oak och amscsonwda che The country: DOYS "xan ee ee oe eee eee Preliminary work.) 2.3. eee ee eee Hnitomolozy., TLeport OL HM ntomolosiSiune. eee eae Warmer aeManulacturers qimeimen aes cheb ae ee Beginning manufacturing operations, ........... Farms for raising hogs and steers, .............. Co-operative: credit ‘campanies;,- 25: ...2 5.2.82 0 se Trainine orsther farmer, Gee fsck nee eee oe Harmine, staple: crops Ol0s cna smote maine ee eens Marmers) “aterbide, Geter cmc cto eee Intensive: farmine, os. cencacee cae Eee Eee Harlier“ dry. farming: \\ ssesickercenc ecto ol ene eee Haucational sutility. eee occ cose Ce ee Children son’ the larnie. 3 eee on ee pee cae Demonstration Strains. enc eee eee ae ae ee cee Things done outside the farmyard gate, .......... Cooperative, associations) .e eae eles How to raise crops without weeds, .............. Permanent pastures and meadows, ..............- Farmers’ Institutes, report of Director, ....... ere ete Institutes’ held during, Ssceasonse. aoe... ks seer Schedule of dates. of Mmstitutes; ss) <2 4 tee ce list*on (County, Chairmen es. nsoa. sone eee ee Listsof, State rMecturerss: icine oc atsielsvswave alors cere lecturers; and their assignments, 92 s5.2.. . aeons Biographical sketches of Lecturers, .............. Special: Institute: Instructors, ssc cl. wise eres Requirements of a good Lecturer, ................ TESA, Wea es ieee See ere ec eee asters cae ee te A bilityto: teach’. 5 :scn msn Gemie eiob iio s mien tne oat Ability: to impart scientific teachine= 4. ...266.-. What constitutes a good Chairman of Institutes, Papers) bead, at annual mectine> 2a5.c0 ees ee Meedinge stults, report of Chemists 5 sesso. cee eee Report of. Committee oni cache sict-eiceaeke eee ree Table’ of SAMA Sis; ais, Seem cient tssaietane oe Roeueaene Foremerpe rata Tabulated Statements ition 5 oie ote icscuene re eedoietarewers Special samples received for analysis, .......... ee pels) 9.6) @ wig 8) Set eann 0's .8) [a (S's ete e Oia ae Rene © -a:ee €ievekelele)o wLenelere ©..01: 6 6,0. a Se ig) e)int-e) ee) apie @) a, oa ere’ .m jefe, ete, wel eum ae 0° es ayelele lesa aan ieee 20 6 & 0:0 je) (ese em a ieee, Dies 0) «oi sne ee = ogee bee Seneca © «[polaltstelw steleee © a) 0,6 shee © pie « ‘eles a mee ate 6) eo biel a) 6 an vireria Nokia ia Cf 8, 0 a, Sisters 's siete em 6 ee e.eege © es © 0 %e ies ee Noi. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICUTURE. HeGtihiZerecOomLeo ere nOlh cOnsacws 5c ays cur 62 otcin creel can eee ne .e. Merilizers Cepore Of acs selene « = ae ets evans Sick ole we IMipPressions: OfmeennSylvanialmMrUdl, /a cee acts eer. ee WAIT CL TOS 05 rats a cata deh cicece tenet eters) sucka exe Alene cael natenere eet eo onencrenave Thaeincrhyeere ilibhees. 6 area pee otcinae oien ote o mete cic ocec cea tia amor ac MA SUUES EST VIET SRL OMe e coerce aberstensterSieons @ismenss she ic) av oterchobe voter tov edeacyesyenece EVEGCORGS OfPlECHIDOMTACUTES | nicole cere oc eile oe avalse) ouellowe tie omeyiotieleun ie ane'n Ornchard Mana ements: Aayecasis fi c.crrarer a ciactens) ate)-o claire ateneen clerePa wns PARTS I Mecca: Rip aici csi vs entpens ehctsiereuanevar icra ch cit atepetoke ora ae ane, tact rehete Geolosy- Leport-ot Acricultural=G@eoloeist, . .... <- e-em ge aiere is = Reporte oneHCOnOmMiCe GEOlOSISt a ma «reise + «ical aetereve maces Geol iCall PENANG. ys oct She aie eae eT Ae Moh ned Ceetons ot inte arene acne Peat beds of Northwestern Pennsylvania, ............... Beriziatione report of ‘Committee (One seo wte vce iseio ser cies 2 cre sae Livestock, Michigan methods of improvement by upgrading, ... Breeding: ASSOCIALIONS,© cetrrs shecucet olents Sorat Genre ac onemiens alate oie Mimesand* sulphur Sprays vnc ewaysre cue wie eel elle enact erene eeasceh a eee NAVANCCINCNUAIMe KNOWILERU ZC tw Oh wk oo ae sci eilsieieacororiekeee teres Summer-spray ing, for. peachesy 27 . nc cchesiets cletese stereo oc cis ene ole Hist of AcricuituralsSOCICWES# mentee ual sieios oracle oes Neate demMOnStTACLONS: cc. Sauer econo oe ete cteneile cpr ieee Coaciel sacle aves Sea, hee MUGSINP. CAPCASESE, . 2%. sun etellamicne oes ohne aie Ree oe eice bee ROTC ie thes as St ee ae ale oe eee va OORTR. SRL eee dah aieie kG CPE rea heaven eh onenens Minlikacost-of markets mo. eee eves e «ove boperessechate ol Seetotean fetes tenadekoe WOStZOL MENS COW ate ovesd eterna clo reyenon ciate o lagoons) cue eer iene ost aie Reke seheamats Viele AOk mle ee As sec deena sane lond hvehens tobconc Mens artnelis ickevopek eneaeks WHEADEUEST GONE. srs ek ee iets ree ch alia Pe Roel Layton ho ele dete len eerie cnt Ae MeGdvandUsanitation,, ca eet nun erate oot ne te ekees cueePehomic ai areas Gost Ofs PLOGUGLI ONG Ha: Gecaratende ie oe hers leis Fe eee Oe owsto- Keen COWS. DROMRUCADlY;..cccrcter- cereus aie eit s:e ct eaclcasmamet senator. CG OIN Ss OLMGO WS, “ie givensccttete ann ine eae ie Diced speiandinlis veueiane tesserae Barns etor= COWS ot erste cicieeh eal eeMer en Joneteics TaN cna teat ee feted cae Mares ote mie ee re eet rare sr ow oes eke sieve Laden emery sure einens tole Waltievof cowtestine “Associations: 255 +11. @ siehoivicistseescie ate Orie ers Report onsmill and-creammexnibit, sc ciccnne cic ece-e's alerei-dotey ne were Mineralogy, report. OL, Mineralocist oe 1 stole ac kos e ois cts olen ComlMdepositsvor LeEnNS Yl Vana ans. 21e eiae epee eee la oussareetene ene WARTCTICS Oli Odes ODOSTES Svein -cetsuen s eee teres clare, er areisra Ste ser staces Coal for: COMESTIGAIISe Sa ocak heres Pestle earns isis ies wnezaleee arene Coal measures ‘of “Western Pennsylvania, ........ 0 en s0-ses DSC LOIS a emer o ooo eae Chae aa eaters iaele tl aie oe Som it Che ves gwietis ce. eee ee ae ss 6 pleas 9 Awe yay mee. CWO AC Ie ye CRNA iy 716 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE N Nursery inspection, report of chief inspector, List of nurseries _licensed, Orchards; summary of imodel- tne ee ee Summary of supervision, Influence of fertilizer on yield, eh pdravacal ecac ata S eT Hinancial “value ot Lentilizaclor ee Seer eee Hxperiments inyculturalmethodsiv-en.. seeaee eee Sussestions, of smanagement lol, 722s eens 7c Cultivationsan dstillacese ee eer ee eeee PRUNING sos. oriarcr hate Sat eee OE te eee Handling Sof. fruit, svc cscs oeie Ge ee ee Co-operation, Of, ITiii SLOweLs; = cee eee eee Planting of a convenient apple orchard, ............. Varieties of “apples By. \..t-2:0 msec cin Oo ee eee important. applemivanictics= chee ence eee Temperatune’and) climatehoww vcs: ede ar eee oe ee General, orchard Managenvent ga. sete. etre ache eget Prunine of treessand sprayinieaenc seme ee eee Management of 700-acre orchard for one year, ....... Rotator 2rowinle in Younes .OrechandSs usr pase cies ee en Cooperation, invmarketing apples crits nei erate Manavement, (ohmorchardss sce ocean ee eee PILE wor Orchard= dm portant, usereecs secre eee rie enero IntereroppineS;, Faas creer ores 6 masseuse Eaeee ee ae eee Year’s work in demonstration orchards, ............ Isimey and sil phir SpraysSi1Ot.e. shies eine eter Results. of experiments Siscosee osu cone eee ee Lime-sulphur solution and apple scab, ............. Hifect, on) foliage ran Ge hrriiiGcicsers clocie Gioia ee cei: eam ime-sulphuretory peache trees. seem ei ey eiee eereettenens Ornithology, report, of Ornitholosist:=... 22s ee eee Arey binds skilled byisprayanese:. s-yrei-rteee enacts oieieaicr ese Bind GoloniZationy. cieecse nt aicie ae cvoks Si eteledetarele eleneusttienene Pennsylvania. Dairy, Unions OMmcCers Ol, ey.) ee ee eleven eres Papers read at meeting W910" mc ee cee tie eremeeratere Pennsylvania Breeders’ Association, officers of, ........... Papers mead vatmeetine e190 ts eer ne cee eer emer ret Pennsylvania, Horticultunrey poecee ee cia eee eee Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, officers of, .......... Pennsylvania State Grange; officers of, .....5...........-. Peach growing in’ Maryland, = oedeo.0-..62 ~ uheeeel =) ol ola ae eee te ee 187 Vegetables, forcing, under elass, fa... 9.8... oe eth ae «aie oe tar olche ane ee eee 595 Style-and: heatinie- of housesy: Sctn.2 cee sn eis oie ne eee 597 Soil and soil’ treatment, .esta ec telenrae eeteis.s seseteechers =n eneeene aan 598 Cweumbersy ek ea like ara id oh eal heal ces tea Seana tc: tee eae 602 PHO “MUSKEGON