i : fy aes an Aye * eae uf A : NY TESA Nae RSs: yD 1" | >THE YORK BOTANICAL CARD f GA Wa Aeros i MA AERC WW ae wie Se. $e ——— a eg ened i= <— SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, WM. STANLEY RAY, STATE PRINTER OF PENNSYLVANIA. 1902. PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. OFFICIAL. -LIST. JOHN HAMILTON, Secretary, State College, Centre County. A. L. MARTIN, Dep’y Sec’y and Director of Farmers’ Institutes, Enon Valley, Lawrence County. JESSE K. COPE, Dairy and Food Commissioner, West Chester, Chester County. BENJ. F. MacCARTNEY, Economic Zoologist, Hamilton, Jefferson County. LEONARD PEARSON, State Veterinarian, Philadelphia. M. D. LICHLITER, Chief Clerk, Pittsburg. FRANK §8. CHAPIN, Clerk, Economie Zoologist, Milton, Northumberland County. GEORGE G. HUTCHISON, Clerk, Dairy and Food Commissioner, Warriors’ Mark, Huntingdon County. LEWIS VANDERSLOOT, Stenographer, York, York County. GEORGE F. BARNES, Messenger, Rossville, York County. (1) 1—6—1901 OrrFictaL DocuMENT, No. 6. LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. Harrisburg, Pa., September 1, 1902. Hon. Wm. A. Stone, Governor of Pennsylvania: Dear Sir: In compliance with the requirements of the Act of As- sembly of March 18, 1895, and of the custom which has prevailed in this Department, I have the honor to transmit herewith Part II of my annual report for the year 1901. The report contains lists of officers of the various State organizations of farmers in Pennsyl- vania, together with the Acts of Legislature by which the organiza- tions were created, and the constitution, by-laws and declaration of principles under which they act. Some of the papers read before these organizations are included in the report, and also a number selected from those presented at the local institutes during the season of 1900-1901. Respectfully yours, JOHN HAMILTON, Secretary of Agriculture. (4) OrFic1aAL DocuMENT, No 6. AN ACT ESTABLISHING THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. AN ACT To Establish a Department of Agriculture and to Define its Duties and to Provide for its Proper Administration. Section 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa- tives of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in General Assembly met, and it is hereby enacted by the authority of the same, That there be and hereby is established a Department of Agriculture, to be organized and administered by an officer who shall be known as the Secretary of Agriculture, who shall be appointed by the Goy- ernor, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, for a term of four years, at an annual salary of three thousand five hundred dol- lars, and who, before entering upon the duties of his office, shall take and subscribe the oath prescribed in Article seven of the Constitu- tion. Said Secretary shall be ex-officio secretary of the State Board of Agriculture, and shall succeed to all the powers and duties now conferred by law upon the secretary of said Board. Section 2. That it shall be the duty of the Secretary of Agriculture in such ways as he may deem fit and proper, to encourage and promote the development of agriculture, horticulture, forestry and kindred industries; to collect and publish statistics and other in- formation in regard to the agricultural industries and interests of the State; to investigate the adaptability of grains, fruits, grasses and other crops to the soil and climate of the State, together with the diseases to which they are severally liable and the remedies there- for; to obtain and distribute information on all matters relating to the raising and care of stock and poultry; the best methods of pro- ducing wool and preparing the same for market, and shall diligently prosecute all such similar inquiries as may be required by the agri- (5) 6 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. c‘ltural interests of the State and as will best promote the ends for which the Department of Agriculture is established. He shall give special attention to such questions relating to the valuation and tax- ation of farm lands, to the variations and diversification in the kinds of crops and methods of cultivation, and their adaptability to chang- ing markets as may arise from time to time, in consequence of a change of methods, means and rates of transportation, or in the habits or occupation of the people of this State and elsewhere, and shall publish, as frequent as practicable, such information thereon as he shall deem useful. In the performance of the duties prescribed by this act, the Secretary of Agriculture shall, as far as practicable, make use of the facilities provided by the State Agricultural Experi- ment Station, the State Board of Agriculture and the various State and county societies and organizations maintained by agriculturists and horticulturists, whether with or without the aid of the State, and shall, as far as practicable, enlist the aid of the State Geological Survey for the purpose of obtaining and publishing useful informa- tion respecting the economic relations of geology to agriculture, forestry and kindred industries. He shall make an annual report to the Governor, and shall publish from time to time such bulletins of information as he may deem useful and advisable. Said report and bulletins shall be printed by the State Printer in the same man- ner as other public documents, not exceeding five thousand copies of any one bulletin. Section 3. That it shall be the duty of the Secretary to obtain and publish information respecting the extent and condition of forest lands in this State, to make and carry out rules and regulations for the enforcement of all laws designed to protect forests from fires and from all illegal depredations and destruction, and report the same annually to the Governor, and as far as practicable, to give informa- tion and advice respecting the best methods of preserving wood lands and starting new plantations. He shall also, as far as practi- cable, procure statistics of the amount of timber cut during each year, the purpose for which it is used, and the amount of timber land thus cleared as compared with the amount of land newly brought under timber cultivation, and shall, in general, adopt all such mea- sures as in his judgment may be desirable and effective for the pres- ervation and increase of the timber lands of this State, and shall have direct charge and control of the management of all forest lands belonging to the Commonwealth, subject to the provisions of law relative thereto. The said Secretary shall also be and hereby is charged with the administration of all laws designed to prevent fraud or adulteration in the preparation, manufacture or sale of ar- ticles of food, the inspection, sale or transportation of agricultural products or imitations thereof, and all laws relating to diseases of No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, ; 7 domestic animals, and to the manufacture and inspection of commer- cial fertilizers. Section 4. There shall be one Deputy Secretary, who shall be ap- pointed by the Governor for the term of four years, at a salary of three thousand dollars a year, who shall also be Director of Farmers’ Institutes. The other officers of the Department shall be appointed by the Governor for the term of four years, and shall be an Economic Zoologist, (*a Commissioner of Forestry), a Dairy and Food Commis- sioner, who shall have practical experience in the manufacture of dairy products, and a State Veterinarian who shall be a graduate of some reputable veterinary college, who shall receive an annual salary of twenty-five hundred dollars each. The Dairy and Food Commis- sioner shall, under the direction of the Secretary, perform the duties prescribed by an act approved May twenty-sixth, one thousand eight hundred and ninety-three. The Governor is hereby authorized to ap- point one chief clerk of the Department at an annual salary of six- teen hundred dollars, one stenographer at a salary of eight hun- dred dollars a year, and one messenger at a salary of six hundred dollars a year, and the Dairy and Food Commissioner, the Commis- sioner of Forestry and the Economic Zoologist shall each have a clerk, who shall be appointed by the Governor, and who shall serve under the direction of the respective commissioners aforesaid, and receive a salary of fifteen hundred dollars a year each. Section 5. That it shall be the duty of the Superintendent of Institutes to arrange them in such manner as to time and places of holding the same, as to secure the greatest economy and efficiency of service, and to this end he shall in each county where such insti- tutes are to be held, confer and advise with the local member of the State Board of Agriculture, together with representatives duly ap- pointed by each county agricultural, horticultural and other like organizations with reference to the appointment of speakers and other local arrangements. Section 6. That the Secretary may, at his discretion, employ ex- perts for special examinations or investigations, the expenses of which shall be paid by the State Treasurer in the same manner as like expenses are provided by law, but not more than five thousand dollars shall be so expended in any one year. In his annual report to the Governor, he may include so much of the reports of other or- ganizations as he shall deem proper, which shall take the place of the present agricultural reports, and of which thirty-one thousand, six hnndred copies shall be published and distributed as follows: To the Senate, nine thousand copies; to the House of Representatives, twenty thousand copies; to the Secretary of Agriculture, two thou- sand copies; to the State Librarian, for distribution among public *aAbolished by Act of Legislature of 1901,by the establishment of a Department of Forestry. 8 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. libraries and for reserve work, five hundred copies, and to the State Agricultural Experiment Station, one hundred copies. Section 7. That the Secretary of Agriculture shall have an office at the State Capitol, and it is hereby made the duty of the Commis- sioners of Public Buildings and Grounds to provide the necessary rcoms, furniture and apparatus for the use of the Department. Section 8. That all acts or parts of acts inconsistent herewith be und the same are hereby repealed. Approved—March 13, 1895. No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 9 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE PENNSYL- VANIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. —_—————_ ANNUAL REPORTS. *Report of the State Board of Agriculture, 3386 pages, 1877. *Report of the State Board of Agriculture, 625 pages, 1878. *Report of the State Board of Agriculture, 560 pages, 1879. *Report of the State Board of Agriculture, 557 pages, 1880. *Report of the State Board of Agriculture, 646 pages, 1881. *Report of the State Board of Agriculture, 645 pages, 1882. *Report of the State Board of Agriculture, 645 pages, 1883. *Report of the State Board of Agriculture, 648 pages, 1884. *Report of the State Board of Agriculture, 645 pages, 1885. *Report of the State Board of Agriculture, 646 pages, 1886. *Report of the State Board of Agriculture, 650 pages, 1887. *Report of the State Board of Agriculture, 648 pages, 1888. *Report of the State Board of Agriculture, 650 pages, 1889. *Report of the State Board of Agriculture, 594 pages, 1890. *Report of the State Board of Agriculture, 600 pages, 1891. *Report of the State Board of Agriculture, 604 pages, 1892. *Report of the State Board of Agriculture, 713 pages, 1893. *Report of the State Board of Agriculture, 646 pages, 1894. *Report of the Department of Agriculture, 878 pages, 1895. *Report of the Department of Agriculture, Part 1, 820 pages, 1896 *Report of the Department of Agriculture, Part 2, 444 pages, 1896. *Report of the Department of Agriculture, Part 1, 897 pages, 1897. *Report of the Department of Agriculture, Part 2, 309 pages, 1897 *Report of the Department of ‘Agriculture, 894 pages, 1898. *Report of the Department of Agriculture, Part 1, 1082 pages, 1899. *Report of the Department of Agriculture, Part 2, 368 pages, 1899. Report of the Department of Agriculture, Part 1, 1010 pages, 1900. Report of the Department of Agriculture, Part 2, 348 pages, 1900. Report of the Department of Agriculture, Part 1, 1039 pages, 1901. Repert of the Department of Agriculture, Part 2, — pages, 1901. *NoOTE—Edition exhausted. 2 Wes L856. No. No. No. No 1856. No. No. No. No. No. 1s%b. No. No. vali, . 19.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 40 pages, ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. BULLETINS. . L.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 24 pages, .2* List of Lecturers of Farmers’ Institutes, 36 pages, 1895. 5.* The Pure Food Question in Pennsylvania, 38 pages, 1895. . 4.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Feritilzers, 22 pages, 5.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 38 pages, 6.* Taxidermy; how to Collect Skins, etc., 128 pages, 1896. 7.* List of Creameries in Pennsylvania, 68 pages, 1896. &.* Report of State Horticultural Association, 108 pages, 1896. . 9.* Report of Dairymen’s Association, 96 pages, 1896. No. NO: 16.* Prepared Food for Invalids and Infants, 12 pages, 1896. i1.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 22 pages, 12.* Road Laws for Pennsylvania, 42 pages, 1896. 15.* Report of Butter Colors, 8 pages, 1896. 14.* Farmers’ Institutes in Pennsylvania, 92 pages, 1896. 15. Good Roads for Pennsylvania, 42 pages, 1896. 16.* Dairy Feeding as Practiced in Pennsylvania, 126 pages, 17.* Diseases and Enemies of Poultry, 128 pages, 1896. 1s.* Digest of the General and Special Road Laws for Pennsy]- 130 pages, 1896. . 20.* Preliminary Report of Secretary, 126 pages, 1896. 21. The Township High School, 24 pages, 1897. . 2..* Cider Vinegar of Pennsylvania, 28 pages, 1897. . 23.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 31 pages, . 24.* Pure Food and Dairy Laws of Pennsylvania, 19 pages, . 25.* Farmers’ Institutes in Pennsylvania, 8 pages, 1897. . 26.* Farmers’ Institutes in Pennsylvania, 74 pages, 1897. .27. The Cultivation of American Ginseng, 23 pages, 1897. . 28. The Fungous Foes of the Farmer, 19 pages, 1897. No. *Nore—Edition Exhausted. 29. Investigations in the Bark of the Tree, 17 pages, 1897. No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. iL No. 30. Sex in Plants, 17 pages, 1897. No. 31. The Economic Side of the Mole, 42 pages, 1898. No. 32.* Pure Food and Dairy Laws, 30 pages, 1898. No. 33.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 42 pages, No. 34.* Preliminary Report of the Secretary, 150 pages, 1898. No. 35. Veterinary Medicines, 23 pages, 1898. No. 36.* Constitutions and By-laws, 72 pages, 1898. No. 37.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 40 pages, No. 38.* Farmers’ Institutes in Pennsylvania, 8 pages, 1898. No. 39.* Farmers’ Institutes in Pennsylvania, 88 pages, 1898. No. 40. Questions and Answers, 206 pages, 1898. No. 41.* Preliminary Reports of the Department, 189 pages, 1899. No. 42.* List of Creameries in Pennsylvania, 88 pages, 1899. No. 43. The San José Scale and other Scale Insects, 22 pages, No. 44.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 62 pages, No. 45. Some Harmful Household Insects, 13 pages, 1899. No. 46. Some Insects Injurious to Wheat, 24 pages, 1899. No. 47. Some Insects Attacking Fruit, etc., 19 pages, 1899. No. 48. Common Cabbage Insects, 14 pages, 1899. No. 49. Method of Protecting Crops, etc., 20 pages, 1899. No. 50. Pure Food and Dairy Laws of Pennsylvania, 33 pages, 1899. No. 51.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 69 pages, 1899. No. 52.* Proceedings Spring Meeting of Board of Agriculture and Managers of Farmers’ Institutes, 296 pages, 1899. No. 53. Farmers’ Institutes in Pennsylvania, 1899-1900, 94 pages, 1899. No. 54.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 163 pages, 1899. No. 55. The Composition and Use of Fertilizers, 126 pages, 1899. No. 56. Nursery Fumigation and the Construction and Manage- ment of the Fumigating House, 24 pages, 1899. No. 57. The Application of Acetylene Illumination to Country Homes, 85 pages, 1899. No. 58. The Chemical Study of the Apple and Its Products, 44 pages, 1899. No. 59. Fungous Foes of Vegetable Fruits, 39 pages, 1899. No. 60.* List of Creameries in Pennsylvania, 33 pages, 1899. No. 61. The Use of Lime on Pennsylvania Soils, 170 pages, 1900. *NoTE—Kdition exhausted. 12 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. No. 62. A Summer’s Work Abroad in School Grounds, Home Grounds, Play Grounds, Parks and Forests, 34 pages, 1900. No. 63. A Course in Nature Study for Use in the Public Schools, 119 pages, 1900. No. 64. Nature Study Reference Library for Use in the Public Schools, 22 pages, 1900. No. 65. Farmers’ Library List, 29 pages, 1900. No. 66. Pennsylvania Road Statistics, 98 pages, 1900. No. 67. Methods of Steer Feeding, 14 pages, 1900. No. 68. Farmers’ Institutes in Pennsylvania, 90 pages, 1900. No. 69. Road Making Materials of Pennsylvania, 104 pages, 1900. No. 70. Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 97 pages, 1900. No. 71. Consolidation of Country Schools and the Transportation of the Scholars by Use of Vans, 89 pages, 1900. No. 72. Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 170 pages, 1900. No. 73. Synopsis of the Tax Laws of Pennsylvania, 132 pages, 1901. No. 74. The Repression of Tuberculosis of Cattle by Sanitation, 24 pages, 1901. No. 75. Tuberculosis of Cattle, and the Pennsylvania Plan for its Repression, 262 pages, 1901. No. 76. A Co-operative Investigation into the Agricultural Seed Supply of Pennsylvania, 50 pages, 1901. No. 77. Bee Culture, 101 pages, 1901. No. 78. List of County and Local Agricultural Societies, 10 pages, 1901. No. 79. Rabies, 28 pages, 1901. No. 80. Decisions of the Department of Agriculture on the Pure Food Act of 1895, 20 pages, 1901. No. 81. Concentrated Commercial Feeding Stuffs in Pennsylva- nia, 136 pages, 1901. / No. 82. Containing the Law Creating a Department of Agricul- ture in Pennsylvania, and Giving the Various Acts of Assembly Com- mitted to the Department for Enforcement; Together with De- cisions and Standards Adopted with Reference to the Pure Food Act of 1895, 90 pages, 1901. No. 838. Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 132 pages, 1901. No. 84. Methods of Steer Feeding, the Second Year of Co-opera- tive Experiment by the Pennsylvania State Department of Agri- culture and the Pennsylvania State College Agricultural Experiment Station, 16 pages, 1901. No. 85. Farmers’ Institutes of Pennsylvania, 102 pages, 1901. No 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 13 No. 86. Containing a Complete List of Licenses granted by the Dairy and Food Commissioner, from January 1, 1901, to June 30, 1901, etc., 422 pages, 1901. No. 87. Giving Average Composition of Feeding Stuffs, 42 pages, 1901. No. 88. List of Creameries in Pennsylvania, 33 pages, 1901. No. 89.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 195 pages, 1901. 14 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIN TY. OFFICERS AND COMMITTEES FOR 1902. . Theo. Voorhees, . Benjamin S. Kunkle, . William T. Hildrup, COND 1 P Ww PD BAS AB) Jeteine . William H. Wanamaker, Se Oharles He aw OOGMCES am ecieicinac ceseis 1-1-1 = ce eee ISAT Bp CASS ALN is i Raat ro etSe solos ce cM Pe) SVG as \WWAISOD sp cern ori e crate sys cia is oles sche Mees | TeV DO, et ydtsonly. Sooo coe oon Sm DOBOnOMEAoO AD OfOcr AGP CO GOOOROSO Sapo OCOD! walsNKanaohh nic MGrCOLSC wD) + DP LIEZElie aencietce onus tharetens e ciecs: tusetsiote, sineis eters °s ERATIUOS ele AMIVATING ea: Sere ssaraiets ataoik eicdsre Ais rorayse sleregsie cia w ee = Nee ee Neat bal ese orca Gecomtiora0 DOCU UAB OOLC GUIDO HSC 1S Teed ee Oye) hia o BME nl 5 BSCR Caen eo acc or mratac PRESIDENT. Hiram Young, York. FIRST VICE PRESIDENT. C. H. Bergner Harrisburg. VICE PRESIDENTS. eC ee ee ee Cr oC OC Ce in Ee Oe Me TIS) yee 5. (OMW I BY=) of24 ass ae SOD ot OCH Ae. GSE aici orrocs Cit ole eC IEPOe Pe Philadelphia. Philadelphia. Philadelphia. - Philadelphia. Philadelphia. Gum Tree. Philadelphia. Reading. Lancaster. .- Millville. -- Dalton. Pottsville. Harrisburg. 15. Louis Piollet -. Wysox. NG sO Cl Ae gM OLIe maa cto ciaeerateretorarsiatere so araeyoto- = aibvele 6 ACen OeeO MICE O BIS Oo Meadville. OITA eA PICOME YN ciniere v6 o10.5 dist a natcie tele tehavel os, als oiais «fol ose ee DONTE AT LARGE. UT eerine Ar Mes PT Oli treaciecetoe os. 6,6: vie ci dw lore ets, aoe eietebeaneneemion John Hamilton, Harrisburg. No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 15 ADDITIONAL MEMBERS EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. er MI CCAULCY,,, oie. aicin) soleil elnls/euei vie wigs,’ #icielsicl sais aca s\0 West Chester. BITTON EV MEVIREDOTLOTG, cicifcc ieccre coe eee exotic oe eat cle otete ts ahsliara elev Meionsretaye’ ats ‘nye Siei Harrisburg. di. EL, INTEGER RSE eneeearOeaccrcoapoddce Prhveuetaistesstsssiaaie:0:aye Hummelstown. CORRESPONDING AND RECORDING SECRETARY. OMISSION. «nic ajeicinlelteelslolatovSeletsteleiste eveoha's) slo%sis) 0(s/6/0 foiech ies - Hummelstown. TREASURER. Simm E TUNEL LONG sm mrciealcin ivoctaitiarcseivisiste c's eVelolele «eee se SA ALTISDUrE: CHEMIST AND GEOLOGIST. PE Ser ta Mel TYE OMY er tet apa eicre's aie¥sivie we che clee/olaiarersiselare et chaverssicl of Harrisburg. LIBRARIAN. SOMATA CME ESO UOTE ro 5. sic) 01a, o.oudj2\ 0/0106 elise d.claleisilersieUeisle.e(e¥a eisleles e'5a.e Harrisburg. COMMITTEE OF ARRANGEMENTS. BESTE ReeP TMEV CONLIN Scr inc ssnzoienars feveveieis vis) vleye. vie/(elviiavelelaiet'vieisie eleteverele si York. dig 1E4 INMSSIAY AT 85 GaSe bolo Gb OU Tene comer Occ p od come eraerers Hummelstown. 1D, YGOWALRTOIT AGA SOOO CCDC IEGIOHIC OT CnISD aGErO Cra aac eeerear Gum Tree. RV ee SECURE MELLON Gs Weis sarajcrkate, « sisiave aisle cielereisnssnevele ee mieie eels Harrisburg. MO ete OUTIL OT aia cc crevsievewnie evcleretete crow oucis &o Forel tele wis Sibis sepa vl Harrisburg. COMMITTEE ON LEGISLATION. Chas. E. Voorhees, BOO A oe ROO om DRE OE SOC oc aoe Philadelphia. OEP ES CVE TMOT Scars fevers) a chats ohole S roustslausiots oie alaicieveralle sa aieon eve. ie% Harrisburg. WAG SMI GOBMULEYE, oi LEUIMIMEIStO WM: CEES OV OT OT wy rarer clharcteicic; oie) ooh c sin wie: ereveisig wtess sini sleie slemealave Harrisburg. PH ES AUP DCL’, oc wishars te sere ave esidate rotates heletel ae ele laraterla auretokae Harrisburg. MMROMPEC TIENEN LON Gy stores ocnetlsiedls otisteieireatacnmeie econ ene Harrisburg. 16 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. ACT TO INCORPORATE THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE AGRI- CULTURAL SOCIETY. Through the efforts of a number of prominent men of Pennsylva- nia in the year 1851, the following statute was passed by the law- making power of the State: An Act to incorporate The Pennsylvania State Agricultural Society. Section 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa- tives of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in General Assembly met, and it is hereby enacted by the authority of the same, That George W. Woodward, James Irvin, E. A. Thompson, Frederick Watts, T. J. Bingham and others, who have subscribed the consti- tution lately adopted by a convention assembled at Harrisburg, to improve the condition of agriculture, horticulture and the household arts, be and they are hereby created a body politic and corporate in law by the name of “The Pennsylvania State Agricultural Society,” and by that name shall have perpetual succession, and have capacity to sue and to be sued, and may have a common seal, which at their pleasure may alter or renew; they may take by gift, grant, devise, bequest or otherwise, lands and tenements, goods and chattels, nec- essary for all the purposes for which the society was instituted: Pro- vided, The annual income therefrom shall not exceed ten thousand dollars, independent of annual contributions by members, and the same to convey, lay out, apply and dispose of, for the benefit of the said society, as they under their charter and by-laws may direct. Section 2. That the members of the said corporation shall have power to make and enforce such constitution and by-laws as may be necessary for the good government of the society, and the same from time to time to revoke, alter and amend, as they may think proper: Provided, That the same shall not be inconsistent with the Constitu- tion and laws of this State. Section 8. That the sum of two thousand dollars out of any money in the treasury not otherwise appropriated, be and the same is hereby appropriated to the said society; and annually thereafter a sum of equal amount to that paid by the members thereof into its treasury, affidavit of which fact, and the amount so raised by the treasurer of the society, being first filed with the State Treasurer: Provided, such sum shall not exceed two thousand dollars in any one year. No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. VW Section 4. That when any number of individuals shall organize themselves into an agricultural or horticultural society, or any agricultural or horticultural society now organized within any of the counties of this Commonwealth shall have adopted a constitu- tion and by-laws for their government, elected their officers, and raised annually, by the voluntary contributions of its members, any sum of money, which shall have been actually paid into their treas- ury, for the purpose of being disbursed for the promotion of agri- cultural knowledge and improvement, and that fact be attested by the affidavit of their president and treasurer, filed with the commis- sioner of the county, the said society shall be entitled to receive an- nually a like sum from the treasurer of their said county: Provided, That said annual payment out of the county funds shall not exceed one hundred dollars: Provided further, That but one such society ia any county shall be entitled to receive such appropriation in any one vear, under this act. Section 5. That the president of The Pennsylvania State Agricul- tural Society, who shall receive or expend any of the moneys hereby appropriated, shall annually, on the first Monday of January, trans- mit to the Governor of the Commonwealth a detailed account of the expenditures of all the moneys which shall come into his hands under this act, and stating to whom and for what purpose paid; and a copy of the said report shall be transmitted to the legislature at as early *, day as practicable, and the original shall be filed in the office of the Secretary of the Commonwealth. And the presidents of the severai county agricultural societies shall annually transmit, in the month of December, to the executive committee of The Pennsylvania State Agricultural Society, all such reports or returns as they are required to demand and receive from applicants for premiums, together with an abstract of their proceedings during the year. This act shall at all times be within the power of the Legislature to modify, alter or repeal the same. JOHN CESSNA, Speaker of the House of Representatives. BENJAMIN MATTHIAS, Speaker of the Senate. Approved—The twenty-ninth day of March, Anno Domini one thousand eight hundred and fifty-one. WM. F. JOHNSON. 2—6— 1901 18 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS OF THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. Subsequently a constitution and by-laws were adopted by the Society, and from time to time amended until they are as follows: NAME AND OBJECTS. The name of the society shall be The Pennsylvania State Agri- cultural Society. The objects of this society are to foster and im- prove agriculture, horticulture, and the domestic and household arts. WHO ARE MEMBERS. Section 1. The society shall consist of all such persons as shall pay to the treasurer not less than two.dollars, and annually thereafter net less than two dollars; and also, of honorary and corresponding members, the names of the members to be recorded by the secretary. The officers of the county agricultural societies in this State, or delegations therefrom, shall be members ex-officio of this society. The payment of twenty-five dollars shall constitute life member- ship, and exempt the members so contributing from all annual pay- ments. OFFICERS. Sectian 2. The officers of this society shall be president, vice presi- dent from each congressional district, three-fourths of whom shall be practical agriculturists or horticulturists, a treasurer, a correspond- ing secretary, a recording secretary, a librarian, an agricultural chemist and geologist, and such assistants as the society may find es- sential to the transaction of its business; an executive committee, consisting of the above-named officers, and five additional members, with the ex-presidents of the society, all of whom shall be elected at the annual meeting in January by the qualified members of the so- ciety. OF THE PRESIDENT. Section 3. The president shall have a general superintendence of all the affairs of the society. FIRST VICE PRESIDENT. That at the annual election of this society there shall be elected from one of the number of vice presidents, one of said officers to act No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 19 as first vice president, whose duty it shall be to act as president in case of absence or the death of the president. EX-PRESIDENTS. That whenever the number of ex-presidents exceeds five (5), the name receiving the lowest number of votes shall be the one dropped from the list of olticers. OF THE VICE PRESIDENTS. It shall be the duty of the vice presidents to take charge of the affairs of the association in their several districts; to advance all its objects; to call upon farmers to report as to the condition of agri- culture in their neighborhood; to ask for information as to the modes of cultivation adopted by different farmers; and, as far as in their power, to make known the resources of their districts, the nature of its soil, its geological character, and all such matter as may interest farmers in every part of the State. TREASURER. The treasurer shall keep an account of ail moneys paid into his hands, and shall pay bills when audited and approved by the execu- tive committee. Each order for payment must be signed by the president or chairman of the executive committee. CORRESPONDING SECRETARY. The duty of this officer shall be to invite a correspondence with all persons interested in agriculture, whether in the State of Pennsyl- vania or eleswhere, but especially with our consuls in foreign coun- tries, that new seeds, vegetables, or live stock may be introduced and their fitness for cultivation and propagation in our climate be tested. At cach stated meeting of the society, he shall read his cor- respondence, which shall, either the whole, or such parts as may be elected by the society, form a portion of the transactions. He shall also correspond with the president or other officers of each State society in the United States, at least twice in the year, for the purpose of combined and mutual action, and to be informed of the results and progress of each other’s efforts; also, to invite mechanics to forward models of implements for examination or trial. RECORDING SECRETARY. The recording secretary shall keep the minutes of the society and of the executive committee. At the close of each year he shall pre- pare for publication such parts of the minutes and transactions of the society as may be designated. 20 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. The recording secretary shall have power to approve of such bills and contracts as he is authorized to make, and the treasurer shall pay the same. LIBRARIAN. The librarian shall take charge of all books, pamphlets, etce., be- longing to the society, and shall act as a curator to preserve seeds, implements, or whatever property the society may possess. In case of the death of any of the officers of this society, the presi- dent shall have power to fill the vacancy by appointment until the next annual meeting of the society. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE AND QUORUM. The executive committee shall transact the business of the so- ciety generally; shall superintend and direct the publication of such of the reports and transactions as they may deem proper, and shall designate the time and places for annual exhibitions, regulate the expenditures, examine all accounts, and keep such general charge of the affairs of the society as may best promote its interests. They shall select their own chairman, and meet quarterly, and at any other time when convened by the president; five members shall form a quorum. They shall call special meetings of the society when necessary. ANNUAL MEETING OF THE SOCIETY AND QUORUM. Section 4. The society shall meet annually, on the third Wednes- day of January, at Harrisburg, when all the officers of the society, not otherwise appointed, shall be elected by ballot for the ensuing year, and until another election. ~The polls shall be opened at 10 A. M. and closed at 12 o’clock M., when the result of the election shall be announced. They shall also hold a general meeting at the time of the annual exhibitions, and special meetings whenever con- voked by the executive committee. Fifteen members shall form a quorum for the transaction of busi- ness, but no member in arrears shall be entitled to the privileges of the society. QUALIFICATIONS OF VOTERS. Section 5. No annual member hereafter shall be entitled to vote for the election of officers of The Pennsylvania State Agricultural Society unless he shall have been a member of the previous State fair, and in default of a State fair, then three months’ previous mem- bership shall be necessary. Section 6. No one shall be eligible to office hereafter who has not obtained a right to vote under section five. No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 21 ALTERATIONS. Section 7. This constitution may be altered or amended at the annual meetings in January by a vote of two-thirds of the members in attendance. ‘All amendments to the constitution, to be voted upon at the an- nual meeting of the society in January, must be submitted to the i-eeting of the executive committee in September preceding said annual meeting of the executive committee in September preceding said annual meeting. As will be noted by the foregoing act of Assembly, constitution and by-laws, the Pennsylvania State Agricultural Society is not a stock company, and has no stockholders. Any person, on the pay- ment of $2, is an annual member, and any person paying $25 at one time, immediately becomes a life member. (23) OrriciaL DocuMENT, No. 6. MEMBERS OF THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE FOR THE YEAR 1902. MEMBERS HX-OFFICIO. HON. WM. A. STONE, Governor. GENERAL J. W. LATTA, Secretary of Internal Affairs. DR. N. Cc. SCHAEFFER, Superintendent of Public Instruction. DR. G. W. ATHERTON, President of the State College. HON. E. B. HARDENBERGH, Auditor General. PROF. JOHN HAMILTON Secretary of Agriculture. APPOINTED BY THE GOVERNOR. Eon ty As Gripp, Tyrone, Blair County, -.....................Lerm. expires 1901 R. I. Young, Middletown, Dauphin County, ....................Term expires 1902 Col. R. H: Thomas, Mechanicsburg, Cumberland County, ....Term expires 1903 APPOINTED BY THE STATE POULTRY ASSOCIATION. Hon. Norris G. Temple, Pocopson, Pa. ELECTED BY COUNTY AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES. Term expires. INGAAS er lovctosic sejceievAs, Ls WielGNer,, ..ceccice ATEN Atsville;,, cscs Saeco 1903 PMS NETIY oe te oie Wena ESUILTISS b cicraieinicics os co OUIMTOM, © iaieie sv, -.shava-aielsig-rassicretelotenetateolele 1903 IATIMSLVONE, cece’. Os DIY HOGER, .oc.0055 WeechDurgs: ie sew aleroasite ae ereceerts 1905 BCAVCT eric isieisisels- As) Ju. IMCKibDben,.:....:. New: ‘Shefiteldiy.52 . sfs:cusante cs ceiaelere 1905 SCOmOrdrmersdedccraclecre Ws, (Ce, LUMtZi eis cies secs IDEGLORGS 25, orto nete veicevete cate Seaoee 1903 ISGGKS ofacsace steak. G. MeGowan, 4. <.+ iGeigersMillsy sce. coodeanem uae 15904 BEST CA temperate «a slabs afeies eis ain do se) CHEN: voi fe cteloln/sievs ofnin « ETOMIG AWS DUT Ee eels cre crnicie cere neice 1904 PEA OOUC Ne vac ce scree olde EA OILOES. te crcteracs, verchoe VW SOM macieloeh oc ooo ic cron ol oreveiewe o: oalardiate 1904 SUELO Tr eito 5:4) 1dieio.0 810 Mie islet tatoo saoo5e BUTLER acierle selects Ria acre afovare.Ohisy watrorale s 1903 Cambria 2. <1... «120 He J; numena chery ow NiICKLOW Mee wceednccls cs cesar ho0s Wameron, . 25... >< We ED. EO wards. sone ENT DOIN ascii osc nvaie wn scien « a creb ee 1903 (CTLOOTOS ASO OIG Goicn OOOOH BEE SEE ORT ric Ae AO nODp cluntacdancte bMS eae anor dita Fat aitstovers Centre, .,.------,;-John A. Woodward, ..Howard, .,..,,:;ccceecrseeerersey 224908 (23) 24 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. Term expires. Chester, siefejaafe Ucn On CONETG 0 yeetssia sales WieBtBrovies “sac carter saetcs cc 1903 Clarion; sac: sac Ne ok. McClellany s.-2.- KNOX, Assurant are cea ae 1904 @learfielaew cs ote siae Ds \Wi UNGISON eiactaqticie Sha wimutyets asses ok cracieme ce cas 1903 Clinton aaceccsesede cA. LLerr: -- e508. CCAR) Springs: 1905 Columbia, f giseiete Rds (Ve WRItGs. wcocasacs Bloomsburg lease ees eee 1903 (Gidtayadoel, Gaasonoocllle Myo Obi AS Pe sooduace Conneautville eee eeeeecee 1904 Cumberland, ......C. H. Mullin, ..........Mount Holly Springs, 1903 IDEND OCR Basoospapo sedan detndocver Oo sean on oquecngoltsiobhd= ose cqqokcuane 1903 Delaware, sed. Milton utz) s.-0...-lalanerch,, 1904 MK iesiaciacericieececce Lt Lanka SIMPSON |.2..- ae ways, .1903 IDS senoasedennoe «eH. He Chafree.) 5... ....WuOW Ville, “soeeeeeee eee ee ete ee 1904 Fayette, sree Ms SEV AINE 2) vee ce tee Merrittstownestctnccs sc. e eee 1903 MOreSt 4. we caes couees @iPACeRvand allt an ee Tionesta, .s ricerca. «occ eee 1904 Mraniklin. onc: o see CoP eRe eh chn oye. Marion), cnt Aetadcecce en eee 1905 WULtON, weslotsciceeekt. Me Kendalls ....... eConnelisburcreecer. certo aes 1904 Greenes -anascrceceks.. Elerrington. =... Waynesburg) caccnc.. ccs cen eee Huntingdon, ......G. G. Hutchison, ...... Warrior’s Mark, 1903 IniobichoE RS Raqoonasooe Sa M: MeHenry., <.¢....idndianay 2. ccas secs ee onene 1904 WeIerson,. sceece cee Chas. G. McClain, ..... TRUbAVEFOMG|S Soogpeognouoddocbdcd noose: 1905 Juniata.) .c ce - cell VOGZENSs | see selec oes DLE XICOP ‘ 1903 lackawanned, <0 Els “We INOTthup. 2 aecioce GL GMIOUEIE ree ec cee ac: event ence ae lancaster: = a-eeeoe. W. H. Brosius, ........ Fernglen, bs 1904 lawrence, .......-. samuel McCreary, 7. Neshannock Hallss...4-4.ee eee 1903 MeeEDANON We. ncos se fl. Ca SNAVely,. G.cac secs WCDAMON sari. sae csion eee eee oO MeN Ble acres vitor a J. L. Schreiber, ....... Hosensack, -1903 Luzerne, ... apaloraralicralclalcietelelelal era Vele cleveisls eferelslersionsisisivieleleteieteereleinicls Soc TeyiCOmin Gs cca Aer Je rOanler* anceccnioes Hughesvilleje. c.<.cccne. ne eee 1903 McKeanher) scenes ~GhastoN. Barrett, ....- Port Allegany) <.)-.-:-).-<---eereeloue IMER COR a cities See As (WVALUOIMS, elena Olanty INO) 4 Ft De cee -1905 Weibiitboe aaousaooeooS DE Notestine,, 15. stu WwIStOW,) cei: are cinerea Woy able" Goco Od GO COU. OD COD DOONOD G6 ROGET Ob DOOD U0 DU UBUD ODIDODODODUDOOUCUDOOG HO OMS oD sa sc- Montgomery, ......J. Sexton, dow eels ANORU: WBS) ans tiiise.cictns ante eos 1905 MONtOUT, scccewiec Bots 15%) GbR ZS Gongonood OLsstaRenh Gooacaddcua5e -1904 Worthampton, <2... Wim. Beck, <4... .INaZareth ca). 6 scene see 1903 Northumberland, .J. A. Eshbach, ........ Milton, -1905 Perry, eee AC a Elolman: ANG OG). cists oa.s ected oer 1904 Philadelphia, ...... Hr mconsadale ws ese cacne Wyndmoor, 1904 1B OA SSE R Oe IC OC COOC.OG ODOC COCO OCOD Cnr aE Sarco OOS GO D0 OSU DONE AOmCDOOEGIIS Seco Fo oan: ZO UEON icicle cicieleists wiele) viel eje) sled shole sisue'o els, ele: ereyovelele, nlcpisinleleliosel efolesla! sfereloVo¥sjeve{ol -{onle) «1s ale ntaveietais tte nana Schuylkill, <.¢-.- REV Eie StOUt. meee PING Srovietmbiess can cosmos eee -1903 STV. GET i creclcisiersie'eiereie Jer Boyer cccceecee ss Mount Pleasant Mills, 1906 SOM@Ers6t, oe cicciecINe b.-Oritchheld e-em Critchfield, 1904 SiVayi wie creecicisere WLUW ROGSers eee sees Morks Ville ccc ce. s agers eicneorcyere eee 1903 Susquehanna, ..... G. W. Brodhead) -2.. -. Miomtrosey cic crert- cter-)--sielsieoineseiete 1904 Tioga, eidlevers os ee MGI S18) eateries Stonmyfork’y iis. cccoreeemeermee 1905 Wnion.... ..eeJd. Newton Glover, ..... Vicksburg cesisosmmenrec ton. terse ope WMENAN EOE citisaljece AULSUSE IMOPCks fs. .ccsnk Oil (CILY:, « Showin cites Meroe coe 1904 Warren, . aie(sieiete ws, WVICIO, nacre testeaisierers Sugargrove, . 1904 WV ASDIN SEONG: feist ee TYV i, 8:5 sre etesere eisvelele BULrSCECStO WAN yi cierciele1ioicic) siayels etter 1905 Wayne, ............ warren E. Perham, ...Niagara, . srcofe exeiel clokeiesels lene efe peyote WESEMONC] ANC coos ING LATE 2 crc cin iehelete Claridge Gy e.ciices as sic). aie saa Coe Wyoming. °.-,..:..: A. Knuppenburg, ..duakeiCareyiy voiw cnc ici sete ees MOVK, ccercicsdeeres bie BireSORIT, co recerrepveweDUly a rercces 1904 No. 6. OFFICERS. PRESIDENT. Hon. William A. Stone, Governor, .. VICE PRESIDENTS. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Psu LAL DUE. ISL, 5 ASS apna od concootooonn gocoouT UddocGbOUeOOodG Bloomsburg. Wy. 1, TsGyelles GgooocsausonsecindocucaGacucdoDDOOUnoUOebOdE Nazareth. BIOS MPA CEL ODI oy sevnciccaeieieiaierefeislelieroirisleleierele\elcierfele cleie!eleicvereteie Cedar Springs. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. EVITA ES LONE ee cic iaiclarctcletesesolss oi teteloralele cele) ctelaicie'a/eletaie cls Harrisburg. Wk, ING Gilets senecqocodccncencopsocoucn00s0000 cNCaEG0OnO Claridge. Jv, dip. TENNIS, “Gapncoos obcobo 4050 on bodec 00 bbdlon cudaoado> Hughesville. Eten CeompLVELC CLO WVIELTD oi eielataleiolelelatelsisielsiel cial ela(al=\elaiaialslelsletelcletetelsietel= Geiger’s Mills. Mee SAVE ly reecicicie sicleleleelsiicls\(s «101 je (e'0)s etelelel aie, alejeieilcisiciais evere'e Lebanon. SOUAMREFTENE SE OULE sratcrecteiateretcic\ele o)\s\eiaisie/e-e/olcieiwslelshalslefe)s.cveie\elsielers ete Pinegrove. WUT E EDV PECO GES CES i crs. cis cin, -<| (0) elu @) ok: Bg 004-2 1 mm oo KA COU COO o> COSA SUGE HOS North Wales. 9 NA <0) () ere aaaabiad Soar oh coicnocckmaaseanices Hughesville. GEG) EDUtGHiISON 5 opo;s:0/<.dserei0.c seravetoters tele syedere erevoictelsvelsisre eial.«, e7e Warrior’s Mark. MWHCWHIS LOVEE; sare: c occovoicreinioreiehoverclereitie raver etenetess stele ccteis cr eycrsi ete Wysox. : Mi Hs CONATG ,.. ciccepeicietslesclerotetaycslersie Gtatelcisiorsieiaisieieiclelelele ereiele ste) Westgrove. CEREALS AND CEREAL CROPS. INe Als \yidesoobare, Clini: Soonégusenuoo ne ouupoDeT oO CoC Arendtsville. ROADS AND ROAD LAWS. ie Cor SIT ViGLVsi OMAIEINAI. © o.citaclc lee sjolceiloleeie nee eieieisie Lebanon. FRUIT AND FRUIT CULTURE. nosh: wngle. Chairmeanuccicieicies viscise tise secletejetaiets . Waynesboro. DAIRY AND DAIRY PRODUCTS. SOU wb ar ber, .CMaIrIManaaiccleiclorecies ceric cere /nitiarslneietecie Harrisburg. Matt newe ROdSenS. CHAITIN AM iici.is\cisioinicle’s ole olclalele stelelelere Mexico. WOOL AND TEXTILE FIBRES. Samuel McCreary, Chairman, ...................... Neshannock Falls. LIVE STOCK. Rie GONRTG, “CRITI, ae sec =\- s/s, scpsc/-icisoinelieelorseieiores Westgrove. POULTRY. Worris G. Temple, Chairman), c coce. cass ciee se censvaie es FOCODEOM. FORESTS AND FORESTRY. Dr og. LT. Rothrock, Chairman). asa. mccs cos cleclclts . Harrisburg. ProraGeoa Ge Butz. (CHAITMAN ea ciccijcisic os ecieoteeracieeiee State College. FLORICULTURE. BWdwin Lonsdale; Chairman, o:¢:-c:ccesese cece csveeee WWYNGMOOr. Off. Dec. No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURF. 27 AN ACT ESTABLISHING THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICUL- TURE. AN ACT To Establish a State Board of Agriculture. Section 1. Be it enacted, ete., That the Governor of the Common- wealth, the Secretary of Internal Affairs, the Superintendent of Public Instruction, the Auditor General, the President of the Penn- sylvania State College, and one person appointed from or by each agricultural society in the State, entitled under existing laws to receive an annual bounty from the county, and three other persons appointed by the Governor, with the consent of the Senate, shall con- stitute the State Board of Agriculture.* Section 2. One-third of the members appointed shall retire from office on the fourth Wednesday in January in each year, according to their several appointments. The vacancies thus occurring shall be filled in the same manner as above provided, and the persons thus appointed shall hold their office for three years from the expiration of the former term. Other vacancies may be filled in the same man- ner, for the remainder of the vacant term. Section 3. The board shall meet at the capital of the State, at least once in each year, and as much oftener as may be deemed expe- dient. Ne member of said board shall receive compensation from the State, except for necessary personal expenses, when engaged in the duties of the board. Section 4. They shall appoint, and prescribe the duties of a secre- tary of the board, who may receive a salary, not exceeding fifteen hundred dollars a year. *Note.—Extracts from the law. “That when any number of individuals shall organize themselves into an agricultural or horticultural society, or any agricultural or horticultural society now organized within any of the counties of this Commonwealth, shall have adopted a constitution and by-laws for their government, elected their officers, and raised annually, by the voluntary contributions of its members any sum of money which shall have been actually paid into their treasury, for the purpose of being disbursed for the promotion of agricultural knowledge and improvement, and that fact be attested by the affidavit of their president and treasurer, filed with the commis- sioners of the county, the said county society shall be entitled to receive annually a like sum from the treasurer of their said county: Provided, That said annual payment out of the county funds shall not exceed one hundred dollars: Provided further, That but one such so- ciety in any county, shall be entitled to receive such appropriation in any one year, under this act.’’—Section 4, Act No. 203, 1851. “That there shall be but one member of the Board from any county in the State. That any county asking for representation in the Board must have an agricultural society which shall raise a sum of money each and every year, for the advancement of agriculture, so as to be entitled to an annual bounty on the conditions prescribed in the acts of 1851 and 1876.’’—From Rules of the Board, 28 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. Section 5. They shall investigate such subjects relating to im- provements in agriculture in the State, as they may find proper, and take, hold in trust, and exercise control over, donations or bequests made to them for the promotion of agricultural and general interest of husbandry. Section 6. They may prescribe forms for, and regulate returns from local agricultural societies, and furnish to the officers of each such blanks as they deem necessary to secure uniform and reliable statistics. Section 7. They shall annually, on or before the fourth day of January in each year, by their president or secretary, submit to the General Assembly, a detailed report of their doings, with such rec- ommendations and suggestions as the interests of agriculture may require. Section 8. The secretary of the board shall, in each year, cause to be made and published, for distribution, as full an abstract of the returns from local societies as the board may deem useful. Section 9. The secretary shall have a permanent office at the cap- ital, under the control and supervision of the board, which shall be supplied and maintained at the expense of the State. This act shall take effect on the fourth Wednesday of January next ensuing. Approved—The &th day of May, A. D. 1876. JOHN F. HARTRANFT. CERTIFICATE OF ELECTION TO MEMBERSHIP IN THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. bin anirc ome: are 190%. ince Of the ..05.5 seewe th ace ate Agricultural Society. SP SAE ata Se od Rae nats wee County, Pa. Mhisayill certify, TRAt -..< cc icnerisie scoters a's are brageees oueneunners ee ee OEE asi info wis isie 2.0 County Of 5. ccc eee was this day biti Rael eecaarite 4p to represent this Society in the Pennsylvania State Board of Agriculture, for the term of three years, commencing from and on the fourth Wednesday of January, 190..; and that the said No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 29 Society was organized under, and has complied with the acts of Assembly and rules of the Board of Agriculture, as above set forth. aa Sra! 2.9) \e) @ «18 9) 6) 9 0 6) ee se 8, 8 6. 08.9 (SEAL) President. Attest: alana 'e).0. @ (@ \e| 8.16) 6,0 8) esa) @).8) (9)(e\ (8) 8) 16y,.611e (67.8, 30 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. MINUTES OF THE MEETING OF THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. HELD IN THE SUPREME COURT ROOM, IN HARRISBURG, JANUARY 23 AND 24, 1901. Wednesday, January 23, 1901, 10 A. M. The Board met in the Supreme Court Room, in the city of Harris- burg, at 10 A. M., January 23, 1901. In the absence of the President and Vice Presidents, the meeting was called to order by the Secretary. On motion, the Hon. Samuel R. Downing was elected to preside. The following persons were appointed by the chairman a com- mittee to wait upon the Governor and inform him that the Board is in session and to invite him to be present. The committee was composed of Messrs. Riddle, Conard and Weld. The roll was then called and the following persons answered to their names: R. H. Thomas, Norris G. Temple, A. I, Weidner, W. H. H. Riddle, M. E. Conard, Joel A. Herr, H. V. White, C. H. Mullin, C. B. Hege, J. Newton Kelly, Matthew Rodgers, H. W. Northup, Samuel McCreary, J. L. Schreiber, A. J. Kahler, R. F. Schwarz, Jason Sexton, Wm. F. Beck, W. H. Stout and John W. Rodgers. The minutes of the last meeting were then read and approved. On motion, the following members were appointed a committee on credentials: Joel A. Herr, Matthew Rodgers, H. V. White, H. W. Northup and A. J. Kahler. Mr. Riddle, the chairman of the committee appointed to wait upon the Governor, reported that they had an interview with His Excel- lency, and that he would be present at some time during the morning session. The reports of standing committees being called for, the following committees presented their reports: The report of the Committee on Cereals and Cereal Crops was pre- sented by A. I. Weidner, chairman (see paper A). After discussion by Mr. McCreary the report, on motion, was received and ordered on file. Hon. Jason Sexton presented the report of the Legislative Com- mittee (see paper B). The report was received and ordered on file. The Committee on Fruit and Fruit Culture was called for, and there being no response, the chairman called for the report on Dairy No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 31 and Dairy Products. It was stated that Mr. Barber, the chairman, had been called away and would present the report and file it with the Secretary later. The Committee on Wool and Textile Fibres reported, through its chairman, Hon. Hiram Young (see paper C). Discussion followed, by Messrs. Edge and Sexton. The report was then received and ordered on file. The Committee on Live Stock reported, through its chairman, Dr. M. E. Conard (see paper D). The report was accepted and ordered on file. The report of the Committee on Credentials was then presented. The credentials of the following persons were found in order, and the committee recommended that they be admitted to membership in the Board: Mrederick Jaekel,. ......:00. leV Enh eibennyen ends oansmcoondde OCOD OIOGDD OC OCOADIOS 1904 HP MEMMVeUnEe Cres VEG GOWAall silt ict-' SCE S COMME, siete: claisietels ols cleie:s!sJo\e\e-0\s/0j0 0 ofevale cle eleisle oie 1904 OTS TOMCT oc sajsiers.ccceree 00 ms lejrechtopecl (Koybbalinga « An SnHo noone ee odode dodo nD ONO oOdna 1904 Pree Mom tee ci tscm st -- CATION: COUMLY.,) «sei esloibis sie eaieinye a) <0 os ~ olsie oe eieise a DOE EV AS ETIG IL, sieve sicive oasis oe UT GOT COUTIEV ee welalecdereiotsarcuctetetevencreloe ei acoraisien wisieie ales = LOUA PAM MES UULWC LY) vitesa siayeiariticjoreterssf UC DANO COUMEY,s rcrares slesaa sors ssepeeieis. svele, TOMAS Go sia. ois) sfeleis\sjoce v0.0. cies Dr. William Frear, .......State College. Veterinary Surgeon, ..... Dr. Leonard Pearson, .... Philadelphia. SEMTNNGEDISLED ING» cievelevele wrsic's sinreiesele Drs en ji luee eer ie see biladelphia-. Microscopists and Hy- Dr. H. Leffman, .......... Philadelphia. gienists. ProtmC@w Ss aCOCHTANs eccs s/s West Chester. EMtOntOlosists;: so. .c.c. sence. Brof.sRe ©. Scheidt; 2..5..luancaster: iDyes daly Cliche qagadacopoe Philadelphia. Ornitholorist.. +. cceosesc. on Prof. W. A. Buckhout, ...State College. MetCOroOlOSIStS, © cecccccs. HE DeMain wnecie ceteris pure: Dimers ENCAICOCK 7 einaens acanete 3 Quakertown. MaTIeTrAlOSIST. wacce cseeiccicts COl. El.nG2 Demming. 75. Harrisburg. PDTATIStS) de. cioleic esieevoe esr asnsaiws Prof. Geo. C. Butz, .......State College. Geologist, .................Prof. Isaac A. Harvey, ... Beech Creek. On motion, the report was adopted, and the persons named were duly elected to the several positions designated. The regular evening programme was then taken up. 36 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Dec. Dr. H. P. Armsby, of the State Experiment Station, spoke upon the subject of “Food and Energy.” Discussion followed, partici- pated in by Messrs. Stout, McCreary and Piollet. The next paper was by Mr. H. W. Northup, on “Some Things I Have Learned on the Farm.” Discussion followed, participated in by Messrs. Hamilton, Piollet, White, Martin, Kahler, McClellan, Stout, McHenry, Herr and McCreary. The report of the Chemist, Dr. Wm. Frear, was then read, and, on motion, received and ordered on file (see paper R). Board adjourned until Thursday morning at 9 A. M. Thursday, January 24, 9 A. M. Board met, pursuant to adjournment, Vice President Conard in the chair. The Secretary called attention to the death of Mr. D. W. Lawson, a member of the Board from Armstrong county. On motion, a com- mittee consisting of Messrs. Herr, McCreary and Stout were ap- pointed to prepare appropriate resolutions on the death of Mr. Lawson. The attention of the Board was then called by the Secretary to the meeting of the Associated Health Authorities, to be held in Har- risburg, February 6 and 7; the members of this Board are invited. The regular programme of the morning was then taken up. The first paper was by Mr. ©. W. Brodhead, on “Horse Breeding and the Care of the Teeth and Feet.” Discussion followed, partici- pated in by Messrs. Hoover, Stout, McClellan, Knuppenburg, Edge, Conard, Herr and Piollet. The next paper was by Dr. Wm. Frear, on “Modern Cattle Foods and Cattle Food Control.” Discussion followed, participated in by Messrs. Piollet, Hamilton and Edge. Reports were then read by officers of the Board as follows: Report of Dr. Benj. Lee, Sanitarian of the Board (see paper U). Report of the Mineralogist, Col. H. C. Demming (see paper V). Report of the Ornithologist, Prof. Wm. A. Buckhout (see paper W). The following resolution was offered by Mr. Piollet: “Resolved, That we, the members of Pennsylvania State Board of Agriculture, now assembled, do urge our United States Senators to use all honorable means to secure the passage of the Grout bill now pending in the Senate.” On motion, it was unanimously adopted. The following resolution was presented by Mr. Piollet: “Resolved, That we, the members of the Pennsylvania State Board of Agriculture assembled, urge the Dairy and Food Commissioner No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 37 to use every agency in his power to prevent the sale of boiled or renovated butter in this State.” The motion was seconded and unanimously adopted. The committee on the death of Mr. D. W. Lawson, member from Armstrong county, presented the following report, which, on motion, was unanimously adopted: “Whereas, This Board has learned with sorrow of the death of D. W. Lawson, a member from Armstrong county, who departed this life on the day of —, A.D. 1900; therefore, be it “Resolved, That in his death this Board has lost an intelligent, earnest and active member, whose regular attendance at its meet- ings, when in health, evidenced his sincere interest in its work. “Resolved, That we express our sorrow and sympathy to his family and friends in their bereavement, and that a copy of this resolution be entered upon the minutes of the Board and a copy be sent to the bereaved family.” On motion, the Board adjourned to meet at 1.30 P. M. Thursday Afternoon, January 24, 1.30 o’clock. Board met, pursuant to adjournment, Vice President Conard in the chair. A verbal report by the Veterinarian of the Board, Dr. Leonard Pearson, was presented. A paper was then read by Mr. C. B. Hege, on “How to Prepare a Seed Bed and Grow Wheat Successfully.” Discussion by Mr. Hoover, of Lancaster. The next paper was by Mr. Wm. F. Beck, subject “Why Some Farmers Prosper While Others with Similar Advantages Fail.” A paper was then read by Hon. R. F. Schwarz on “Practical Ex- periments in Restoring Worn-Out Farms.” The next paper was by Col. H. C. Demming on the “Fertility Prob- lem.” A report was then presented by the Mineralogist, Col. H. C. Dem- ming. , A report was also presented by the Entomologist, Dr. Skinner, and an additional report by the Associate Entomologist, Prof. Scheidt. Also, a report by the Botanist, Prof. Meehan. After general discussion on the papers presented, participated in by Messrs. Pearson, Weld, Clark, Beck, Demming, Martin, Schwarz, Rodgers, of Juniata, Clemson, Weidner, Hamilton, McClel- lan and Sharpless, the reports were received and ordered on file. On motion, the Board adjourned sine die. JOHN HAMILTON, Secretary. ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. MINUTES OF MEETING OF THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICUL- TURE, HELD AT STATE COLLEGE, PA., JUNE 5 AND 6, 1901. Wednesday, June 5, 19/1, 1.30 P. M. The Board met at 1.30 P. M. in the chapel of the State College, and was called to order by Vice President Conard. The roll of mem- bership was called, the following persons answering to their names: Dr. N. C. Schaeffer, Dr. G. W. Atherton, Prof. John Hamilton, H. A. Gripp, R. I. Young, Norris G. Temple, ‘A. I. Weidner, J. 8. Burns, W. C. Lutz, H. G. McGowan, W. H. H. Riddle, Dr. M. E. Conard, S..X. McClellan, Joel-“A. Herr, He V2 White, C. B: siege: B. F. Herrington, G. G. Hutchison, S. M. McHenry, Matthew Rod- gers, H. W. Northup, Samuel McCreary, J. L. Schreiber, A. J. Kahler, D. E. Notestine, R. FP. Schwarz, Jason Sexton, J. K. Murray, Wm. F. Beck, W. H. Stout, C. W. Brodhead, D. M. Pry, W. E. Perham, M. N. Clark and D. A. Knuppenburg. The minutes of the previous meeting were then read and, on motion, approved. The following persons were, on motion, appointed a committee on credentials: J. A. Herr, G. G. Hutchison, H. G. McGowan, M. N. Clark and J. K. Murray. M. N. Clark, of Westmoreland county, read a letter from W. A. Gardner, of Potter county, calling attention to the lack of representa- tion for Potter county, and applying to the Board for recognition. The jietter and subject was referred to the committee on credentials. Dr. Geo. W. Atherton, President of the Pennsylvania State Col- lege, was then introduced. After welcoming the members of the Board and visiting delegates to the college, he delivered an address on the present conditions and purposes of the college. The chair- man, Dr. Conard, responded to the address of Dr. Atherton, and expressed the gratification of the Board at the courtesies extended, and at the progress of the college in all its lines of education, especi- ally upon the attention which is being paid to the development of the agricultural courses. Dr. H. P. Armsby was next introduced, and invited the members of the Board and delegates to make a complete inspection of the college No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 89 dairy during their stay, and presented a map of the college grounds and buildings to each member and delegate. The committee on credentials then reported that they had exam- ined the credentials of the following persons for membership in the State Board and recommended that they be admitted: S. S. Bly- holder (1902), Henry J. Krumenacker (1903), J. W. Nelson (1903), M. W. Oliver (1904), J. Milton Lutz (1904), Frank Simpson (1903), H. H. Chaffee (1904), J. M. Hantz (1903), C. A. Randall (1904), J. A. Eshbach (1903), N. B. Critchfield (1904) and W. H. Howard (1903). On motion, the persons named were admitted to membership in ihe Board. Mr. Hutchison moved that all visitors be admitted to the privileges of the floor. Carried. On motion, Mr. R. J. Young, of Middletown, Pa., who was appointed by the Governor, was admitted to membership in this Board. Secretary Hamilton reported upon the bills passed by the last Legislature in the interests of agriculture. Dr. N. C. Schaeffer was then introduced and addressed the Board upon “The Rural Schools of Pennsylvania.” The discussion which followed was participated in by Messrs. Lutz, Hutchison, Hamilton, Peck, Sexton, Herr, Edge, Kahler, Stout and McHenry. It was moved and carried that a committee be appointed to draft a resolution to be presented to the State Legislature, asking for an appropriation to meet the expenses of the meetings of the State Board of Agriculture. The chairman appointed on that committee, Messrs. N. G. Temple, M. N. Clark and Matthew Rodgers. Adjourned to meet at the call of the chairman. Wednesday, June 5, 1901, 7.30 P. M. Board was called to order by Vice President Conard. The committee appointed to prepare a resolution in regard to an appropriation by the State Legislature reported as follows: To the Hon. Ward R. Bliss and the several Members of the Appro- priation Committee: Whereas, The State Board of Agriculture, in accordance with the jaws of the State of Pennsylvania, are required to meet annually in Harrisburg and have been doing so for the last six years, paying their own expenses; and 40 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Dee. Whereas, The members of the State Board have been actually engaged as chairmen of the institute work in the several counties of this Commonwealth, under the direction of the Department of Agri- culture, all of which has been done without compensation: Resolved, As members of the State Board of Agriculture, in semi- annual session held at State College, Pa., June 5, 1901, we believe our actual expenses should be paid. Resolved, That we ask the Legislature to appropriate the sum of $3,000, or as much thereof as may be necessary, to defray our actual expenses for the next two years. Resolved, That we heartily endorse the action of the Legislative Committee of the State Board of Agriculture in this matter. State College, Centre county, Pa., June 5, 1901. (Signed.) NORRIS G. TEMPLE, Chairman. M. N. CLARK. Moved by Mr. Stout that the resolutions be returned to the com- mittee and that the chairman of the committee be instructed to for- ward them to Hon. Ward R. Bliss, chairman of the Committee on Appropriations. Carried. Col. Jno. A. Woodward was then given the floor to present to the Board the conditions of the bill prepared and presented to the Legislature, making appropriation to the State College for a dairy und forestry building. The members of the Board were urged to write to the chairman of the Committee on Agriculture urging that the committee report the bill as soon as possible for the full amount. The Board adjourned at 8 P. M. to make way for the meeting of the Institute Managers, and to meet at the call of the President. Thursday Afternoon, June 6, 1901. The State Board met at 4.30 P. M. to hear the report of the com- mittee on credentials. The committee reported that the certificate of W. H. Howard, of Cameron county, was in their hands, and, on motion, Mr. Howard was admitted. The committee further represented that there was a contest in regard to the delegate from Centre county. Majority and minority reports were presented. The majority recommended the admission of Col. Jno. A. Woodward, elected by the Centre County Agricul- tural Society, and the minority, Col. Fred. Reynolds, as the repre- No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 41 sentative of the Centre County Agricultural Exhibiting Company. It was then moved that the majority report be accepted. This was, on motion of Mr. Schwarz, amended to lay over to the meeting in July. Carried. Mr. Oliver moved to reconsider the vote on the amendment. A division was called for and the motion was lost by a vote of 8 to 18. Adjourned. JOHN HAMILTON, Secretary. MINUTES OF THE THIRD ANNUAL MEETING OF FARMERS’ INSTITUTE MANAGERS AND LECTURERS, HELD AT STATE COLLEGE, PA., JUNE 5, 6 AND 7, 1901. Wednesday Evening, June 5, 1901. The meeting was called to order at 7.30, with Howard G. McGowan, of Berks county, in the chair. A. L. Martin, Director of Institutes, delivered the opening address, with a brief summary of the work accomplished at institutes the year past, which showed the work to be advancing in interest throughout the State. The second topic for discussion, “Should an Institute be Held in the Country where the Hall is of Insufficient Size to Accommodate the People, or in the Adjoining Town?” was opened by Dr. M. E. Conard, of Chester county, and Joel A. Herr, of Clinton county. Dr Conard deprecated the holding of institutes in small buildings, and recommended the procuring of churches, wherein the people could be accommodated. He regarded the country places as preferable locations for holding institutes, yet where such halls, churches or buildings could not be procured, he advised going into the towns with institutes. Mr. Herr would keep institutes in country places, even though the halls were small. The question was discussed by Messrs. C. W. Williams, Jason Sex- ton and S. M. McHenry. The third topic for discussion, “What is the Most Effective Way of Advertising our Institutes?” was opened by Mr. Samuel McCreary. of Lawrence county, and Mr. H. V. White, of Columbia county. 4 42 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. Mr. McCreary recommended the advertising of all institutes in county papers and the putting up of posters, ete. Mr. White advocated the printing and distributing of postal cards, the sending of programmes to school teachers and county superin- tendents of schools, and enlisting the co-operation of the best farmers and people within a radius of ten miles. ‘The discussion was continued by Dr. Conard, who said we should have committees on organization of institutes, on programmes, ques- tion box, music and entertainment. Fourth topic, “How Should the Time be Apportioned between the Local and State Speakers?” was opened by Hon. Jason Sexton, of Montgomery county. He said local speakers should have prominent places on programme, but State speakers should be expected to lead in the discussions. By joining the two forces together at these institutes the greatest good is accomplished. Discussion was en- tered into by J. Q. Atkinson, Esq., and Hon. Thos. J. Philips. Fifth topic, “What Arrangements Should be Made for the Enter- tainment of Local Lecturers?” Opened by Mr. Wm. F. Beck, of Northampton county. Local help and lecturers should be enter- _ tained, and arrangements made by the county chairmen of insti- tutes for lodging, meals, etc.; especially was it true where persons drive from a distance and take leading part in programme. General discussion followed. Session closed at 4.30 P. M. Thursday Afternoon, June 6, 1901. Meeting called to order at 1.30, Hon. W. H. Brosius, of Lancaster county, in the chair. First topic, “The Ideal Farmers’ Institute.” Discussion opened by Mr. C. L. Peck, of Potter county. He said the ideal institute is one in which the best local talent is employed, one in which is discussed topics relating to agriculture, where good music is present, where the sessions begin at the appointed time, where the lecturers are not so tedious as to wear out the patience of the audience, where practical farmers give their personal experience, where ladies take charge of the Country Home Session. Many valuable points were brought forth in the general discussion which was participated in by Messrs. George E. Hull, Thos. J. Philips, C. C. McWilliams, R. L. Watts, J. Q. Atkinson, L. A. Clinton, Watson T. Davis, M. W. Oliver and D. H. Pershing. Second topic, “The Most Effective Mode of Presenting Agricul- No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 43 tural Information to the Average Audience.” Discussion opened by Alva Agee, of Cheshire, O., and R. 8. Seeds, of Huntingdon county. Some of the good points mentioned were, first, brevity on the part of an institute lecturer; second, to give personal experience and make use of plain conversational language, and always tell the truth Mr. Seeds remarked that a lecturer’s own natural way was the best way for him. Discussion followed, participated in by H. W. bene L. A. Clinton and Secretary Hamilton. Session closed at 4.30. Thursday Evening, June 6, 1901. Called to order at 7.30, J. S. Burns, of Allegheny county, in the chair. First topic, “How Can the Question Box be Managed to the Best Advantage?” Discussion was opened by C. D. Northrop, of Tioga county, and Frank Simpson, of Elk county. Mr. Northrop said the question box should be placed in charge of a competent manager, who should be supplied with blank paper and quietly distribute same through the audience, and usually at the closing of each session the question box should be opened and the questions fully discussed. Mr. Frank Simpson remarked that only such questions should be discussed as are developed on regular programme. The person in charge of questions should exercise discretion and care in presenting same to the institute. Discussion followed, participated in by Messrs. Clark, Rodgers, Kahler, Sexton, Felix and Beardslee. Second topic, “How Should the Country Home Session be Con- ducted, and What Should be its Leading Features?” Discussion opened by Prof. J. M. Hantz, of Fayette county, and J. Milton Lutz, of Delaware county. Prof. Hantz said that domestic science should be made a leading feature at the country home session; also,-home sanitation. Yiscussion followed by Mr. Northrop, and many valuable points were brought out as to the social side of farm life. Third topic, “What Should be the Leading Features of the Educa- tional Session?’ Opened by Hon. Thos. J. Philips, of Chester county, and W. F. McSparran, of Lancaster county. The educational session should first embrace such studies as ought to be pursued by the farmers’ family. The country school; its loca- tion; shall it be centralized or isolated; shall our children have 44 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Oft. Doc. the opportunity of studying more of natural objects, etc., and many valuable thoughts were presented by both Mr. Philips and Mr. McSparran relative to advanced education for country children. Adjourned at 9.30. Friday Morning, June 7, 1901. Called to order at 9 A. M., Mr. George G. Hutchison, of Hunting- don county, in the chair. “Suggestions for Leading Topics for Next Year’s Institutes,” was the first topic. Opened by Mr. W. H. H. Riddle, of Butler county, Dr. Leonard Pearson, and L. W. Lighty, of Adams county. Mr. Riddle recommended, first, a general farming session, devoted to soil fertility, the cultivation of crops, animal industry, horticul- ture, etc.; night sessions devoted to educational matters and the interests of the country home. Dr. Pearson mentioned the importance of sanitary conditions in the barn and in the handling of live stock as an important topic for dis- cussion at Farmers’ Institutes. Third topic, ‘‘Relation of State College to Farmers’ Institutes.” Mr. R. L. Watt, of Cambria county, named the importance of carry- ing to the farmers correct, scientific knowledge in every line of farm work. This can best be accomplished by instructors from the State College, whose lives have been devoted to research and investigation. Agricultural chemistry, botany and kindred studies can best be brought to the farmers by men who are students of these important topics so closely associated with agriculture. | Resolutions expressing the convention’s high appreciation of the hospitality extended to the meeting by the State College, in the way of entertainment and by granting opportunity to the farmers of the State to visit and investigate the work accomplished by this, the I’armers’ School of Pennsylvania, were passed, after which the meet- ing adjourned. A. L. MARTIN, Secretary. No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. FARMERS’ INSTITUTES. LIST OF COUNTY CHAIRMEN. SEASON OF 1901-1902. County. Name. Place. PPRENIIS Ee cree cc cists siciseve-nisieie wees Aeele WW CIOMER se cis crererevalerereiare Arendtsville. PRICERCTIY;, cic ccciccs seiccoviae Jes urns: ..Clinton. IADINSECONE) cece ccicecie te scice > >. Slyholder, < ... Leechburg. SEE CEL MR rcteres. oo cies ol ajesuieleteeiOe A. L. McKibben, ... .. New Sheffield. SECT Cura) e e\lo/ els ellasencieretevaie veers ANG IER AIL A, ioe Ash owenines Bedford. TonKEL ponosopoeeodoodoboonc Fe Gre MC GO Waimayierciereraleletelate Geiger’s Mills. STEMI Mtct ic tcleisie.s cisie/ele (s\ele's's,00l0 H. L. Harvey, sere ples EEPECLEONG's) cicise cies vicivicis si6.00 ce Te REIOM CE asscseletinieice see W ysox. Bucks, Renee aVatSONe A Davishenjes4.cekvvaand: EO heeicelsalileisfeisiemieiainelesonVVs) Elo Et. RIGGIC;) 4.05.0... UCLer, GIRTT OTR S Sig SnELDp GOCE DI OOCE -H. J. Krumenacker, ......Nicktcwn. REISE EON srcrc oicrersisivierslsyeoweye leis Wem EleeElOWATGa sie .. Emporium. COTS So SG8p coo dre eDCOOeE Je pA IWVICTNE?: Seisewicrss:cicie as Weatherly. NEETIETEY (isic ie) oie cleicici eve cise sieie sie John A. Woodward, ...... Howard. NOT CR TET crys ievciers oi ctovsieiwielers tials Dre Meee COnardsn -scicc ss Westgrove. Clarion, . olatecleilelsielcie sop Demecon VLCC LCILAIN Ss aye.si0i0)s/0i076 Knox. ROserseU Tet Cl esiaf feats! cts. siecle sieveo-e J. W. Nelson, --.-shawmut. SONITUOM pee eieeyee eels -ieieis «c/-0 SOC] A. Elerr,. « ..Cedar Springs. REIT As) sc.co.sisjos 0.s.6'0s 00.0 IS Vie. Wihite;.. Sess cas.cc ce os se Bloomsburg. RAWHOUG pe edie ceive secs v0 « sods Nils OME paca beDAte Sonneautville. WBMpPerlanG, © o.i060.06c00 0 Rev. T. J. Ferguson, ..... Hogestown. Cumberland, ---R. H. Thomas, ............ Mechanicsburg. Dauphin, -..8. EF. Barber, . .- Harrisburg. Delaware, ert di MMILtON: TUtZ cles ese ulanerch. PSH mestalciofoiais (c's s \sie.o's/e cyelejeisrsic'ae JOSeph Kaiser cocecies se csiere St. Marys. Erie, eee ATC RIC ES Tlines 1. ..Hdinboro. EVEL mac stissnc tine cc cee Jee Maerantys) «oitcrse cece cs Merrittstown. BUCS Omer ecclclesiesieisiiccsOnass AwoRaAndall, co. ecse Tionesta. SRV TT 5) feces sie e\esisceie o's eiere'eys eOCS Bs EICRCN cc cargciy Whe sevens Marion. DATE OTIC uae oha,:;0/ c/e/e's:e\eveteteie <'ere SRM Kendall, ce sccstecees McConnellsburg. MEER CTN ORME acti ioc oalcte/e ov ieie wee -..J. Ewing Bailey, .. Carmichaels. Huntingdon, seseccsesG: G. Hutchison, «.5.-..04¢ Warriors, Mark: MAUPIN | csjere cleree arose ed,ee-00 6 S. M. McHenry, .....indiana. MEICESON anes ssicc esse coe Ohas, G. McClain. ........hinregold: BOUIN GA Sul rs cratore: os. ciclereisis.c nears Matthew Rodgers, ........ Mexico. WACKAWANNA,, ciccsece cviee sce He WwW: Northup, <2... 22-5-- Glenburn. Lancaster, san nado Nive dels MESON Gocdscaccanne Fernglen. NEAWEONCE,, (cc cicicie\se secs sc ces Samuel McCreary, ..... ... Neshannock Falls. 46 County. Lebanon, Lehigh, MUI ZOTIMOS s ieie cis tisjee acto Lycoming, McKean, Mercer, Mifflin, IMEONITOR,earcvels cstecercceianne Montgomery, ...... Montour, Northampton, Northumberland, Perry, Philadelphia, luidon Bano oddocddonen: eee eee ANNUAL REPORT OF THE ee ey we eee eee ey eee wee oe ee Name. H. C. Snavely, J. L. Schreiber, J. E. Hildebrant, ..... Seispere Hughesville. A. J. Kahler, Charles N. Barrett, S. A. Williams, D. E. Notestine, Randall Bisbing, ... Jason Sexton, J. K. Murray, Wm. F. Beck, J. A. Eshbach, A. T. Holman, Edwin Lonsdale, J. K. Van Etten, Place. eee... uebanon: apace Hosensack. ..... Lehman. to... ort Allerany. se pee VOlait ea Een)! ....... Lewistown. ........ Stroudsburg. Bree North Wales. Re Pit: Pottsgrove. ...Nazareth. eee .e . eVilton: ee doce NeKOdAa: is inee Wyndmoor. cee Milford. PO CECI ee lersouttedern at laee sire Horace H. Hall, :.i::.....Hllisburg: Kol weal ollle wenn coeacraaS iW. He Stouts eee oncece ee Inesrovie: SST Vi GOI siocsrers ley SECON reiterates Warriors? Mark. | stcseetatce Huntingdon county. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. HON. MOUS! Liollets ees WVIVSO Ro) cseccien «slices ee sieiele oo SDAGLONascOuniys GOAWETOSCOI ieee clare ciotesie onesie OSECTDULE, cece caccee ceeds SE SCOLOLdscounLy- i. Krank Chandler, ....... Toughkenamon, ........... Chester county. LEGISLATIVE COMMITTEE. IEVonasWiee ke Creasy... cia CawiSSal, mcciceble cetae. Yevere Act nici ervey cisvs oie] oterer'sichs. siaserevel aie salepovel Sovel'eje\a'e sine. Bloomsburg. SACU DE tee OW INDNG.. EXSQ.; fecaice cmc cine ov aate ce cle qs seine es 1 CrOSHeNn Ville: GEO. W. ATHERTON, LL. D., President of the College, ....State College. HENRY PRENTISS ARMSBY, Ph. D., Secretary of the Committee. OFFICERS AND ASSISTANTS. THE PRESIDENT OF THE COLLEGE. ISUDUNN RNS TEAR DINU MISSY ec ISN ejh Ge aldol DR on guinnemooodonaoc Sees . Director. SUBINPENLENPAC Vue RueAUEta., clvFiicg MD)S jo clelars wreyeleicie.cici sini eierelolee ele lee Vice Director and Chemist. SRE AS VIN PAC EE CEG ET ONOE IMS ars, cracsisleresceun citieaeishecucie Nise Sie ees atren sigue cleo ate Botanist. Rea ABDER NG am Sep ESO Aj meV Ds OS, ralel cick clels eteie} s\clieie/s! sildishelel sles.» eis: sieitis: ieisieieeicieys oie PAOTCICULEUELSE Re OVER EO HEVVEACESOIN, IMI IS55) Bevesreryce sc thise clues sige cis camioes cies tne oo APTIGULLUTISE- LEME RYAEMAQYaW PACU, IS. (Si, ceseecesioce cotnerascctsicestinosao.Dairy Husbandry: eA G AMV TBR SONG ssccctcecseclesss sess acces se OUperintendent of Harm: AVIS eee Olen loAs OvAVIU ET ANRC DING Hs, GubwAY) ain Sevaarsieves' sevcie seine cases oivislasic ea Gauelaee Secretary. eNO GO SAU ES, Fs. S.5) 2. cc cue eee skeeee cee SSIStamte @henaiict: CHARLES ALBERT BROWNE, — M. A., seeeeeeeee | Reaiatant Gheere C/N SISTOBIS Ani, GNC sal 3a IS acai omatianins Cecan Ieisiam ocr orc Macrnra ff < faa SIPAMIVINES: seen NAT SSISUIERIVG, | ar eral oieieye iolal cic, sia)siei sere creie ele els siaveiereis Assistant in Horticulture. MILTON S. McDOWELL, M. S., ROAM ERATE Sree PES Ea i eH pe ES oui eted ieliele olelsvelfoleselerevei: eels e/siele.ei,8 6 Assistant Chemists MVTU Men Vals Need on TIN, Gris ESE GSS ioe ejecta s ate.e s rcieve ovis <6) sie sei ate ene MMS MRTON EUG ARIDNIGR ic. .25..cuieedssecinectce seve cseuntvesesne«sStenographer. SUVA VieE De OVATEUIBVED, IS! Si, ccies cise ceice susinecce onoe MELIOW in eae Chemistry. ee ial cloleioieie) soiciniee ileoieteidee tiniest: oc. welt ceiekee CWO W in’ Dairy: Enisbandry- Telegraph, Postoffice, Railroad and Express Station STATH COLLEGE, CENTRE COUNTY, PA. Telephone Connection. (@¥ The bulletins and reports of the Station will be mailed regularly, free of charge, to all residents of the State who request it, so far as the supply will permit. Address, Director of Experiment Station, State College, Centre Ccunty, Pa. Visitors will be welcomed at all times and giyen every opportunity to inspect the Station and all its departments. 86 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. ORs President, John Birkinbine. Richard Wood, James C. Haydon, Albert Lewis, Howard M. Jenkins. General Secretary, Dr. Joseph T. Rothrock. Corresponding Secretary, Mrs. John P. Lundy. Recording Secretary, F. L. Bitler. Treasurer, Charles E. Pancoast. COUNCIL. At Large, Mrs. Brinton Coxe. Dr. Alfred L. Elwyn, Charles Hewett. Allegheny county, Hon. Geo. W. Guthrie, George M. Lehman, Henry Phipps, Wm. A. Baldwin, Wm. Wade. Armstrong county, R. M. Moor. Beaver county, J. S. Duss. Berks county, Mrs. George Brooke, J. H. Sternbergh. Blair county, Harvey Linton. ssradford county, C. S. Maurice. Bucks county, Mrs. Geo. T. Heston, Alfred Paschal, Dr. Howard Pursell. Butler county, Wm. Campbell, Jr. Cambria county, Hartley C. Wolle. Carbon county, M. S. Kemmerer. Centre county, Prof. Wm. A. Buckhout. Chester county, Henry T. Coates, Wim. S. Kirk, Samuel Marshall. Clarion county, Jos. M. Fox. Clearfield county, John E. DuBois. Clinton county, Wm. P. Mitchell. Columbia county, John R. Townsend. Crawford county, Geo. F. Brown. Cumberland county, J. C. Fuller. No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUitI Dauphin county, Miss Mira Lloyd Dock, BE. C. Felton. Delaware county, Charles Potts, L. Frissell, Theo. D. Rand, Chas. S. Wells. Elk county, Hon. George R. Dixon. Erie county, Isaac B. Brown. Fayette county, Hon. Nathaniel Ewing. Forest county, Samuel D. Irwin. Franklin county, Col. T. B. Kennedy. Huntingdon county, Mrs. William Dorris. Jefferson county, J. C. Cochran, M. D. Lackawanna county, G. Edgar Dean, M. D., Hon. L. A. Watres. Lancaster county, J. H. Baumgardner, Hon. C. C. Kauffman. Lawrence county, Frank Carpenter. Lebanon county, Mrs. Bertham Dawson Coleman. Lehigh county, Dr. William Herbst. Luzerne county, Mrs. Eckley B. Coxe, Col. R. Bruce Ricketts, Gen. Paul A. Oliver, I. A. Stearns. Lycoming county, Dr. B. H. Detwiler, Hon. J. Henry Cochran. McKean county, F. H. Newell. Mercer county, Jonas J. Pierce. Montgomery county, Dr. J. M. Anders, B. Witman Dambly, Dr. H. M. Fisher, Dr. J. Newton Hunsberger, Prof. J. Shelly Weinberger, ; Dr. Samuel Wolfe. Montour county, Isaac X. Grier. Northampton county, Dr. Thomas M. Drown, A. S. Schropp. Northumberland county, G. R. Van Alen. Perry county, Mrs. John Wister. Philadelphia county, Hon. W. N. Ashman, Henry Budd, Henry Howson, Joseph W. Johnson, J. Rodman Paul, Albert B. Weimer, Dr. W.-P. Wilson. Pike county, Arthur M. Adams. Potter county, Arthur B. Mann. 87 88 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Schuylkill county, Wm. L. Sheafer, Heber S. Thompson. Somerset county, H. D. Moore, M. D. Sullivan county, Hon. B. W. Jennings. Susquehanna county, Edgar A. Turrell. Tioga county, Charles Tubbs. Union county, Albert A. Leiser. Venango county, James D. Hancock. Warren county, H. H. Cumings. Washington county, Wm. Parkinson Warne. Wayne county, Alonzo T. Searle. Westmoreland county, Hon. Lucien W. Doty. Wyoming county, James W. Piatt. York county, Dr. I. C. Gable. Off. Doc. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. No. 6. “SIIFASTIPAA ‘UBUT8UUdIg “T Ww OTAASTUTA “PUBIIPSIOON “f£ “L ‘sSuyidg JojyuPIy ‘PISYeISUm “H “M ‘Vepundg ‘seaeqd “V ‘WwW “‘PlOJIVBY ‘SUlla}g “Oey "JoId ‘dep reeq ‘uyor “M “AL “UM0}S}}0d “YWUIG UWIAA “‘PIPUAIO ‘SA9IOq UOITTAL ‘SHIOJIOM “PABYOTEY “O ‘UMOISAIag ‘JayUsTYOS sopuvVyO ‘yodewlly ‘330 seuroyy, “HoesussoyH ‘leps0y WITT ‘a[TAuosyoer ‘sueyT “WM ‘@U[Aseysny “Alusy ‘OD CW 8188) MEN ‘AQSSIID “WH ‘SSIUINY ‘SUBAM ‘DO “CL ‘uByyeyO ‘siequieyD “AA atIeED “SIITA SUeTTV ‘UOSTIIOW “A LC ‘uUOlIeW ‘JOIN ‘DO ‘a ‘UMOJSUBUIAIIYS ‘alqoD seuier “Hormesoy ‘eineyw euuig ‘TTemedoH ‘JaysqeA, BIBID ‘SI ‘uoulBUuayYysNOY, ‘siequieyD ‘Y ‘[ ‘1]2M1IO ‘UvUTIseq ‘q ‘ser ‘ol10qspliq “UOH ‘DO ‘H eIBPHVO ‘TlewNy “Wd ATBIO “3S Jedd ‘Temprep ‘uM ‘9e1], UseIyH ‘PleTysiopuey “W ‘Lf *A1Bja1039g JO ssaIppyY pUe sUuIeN ee Ee Se steseeeeseseseses (ONTASSOM ‘WOABL"'Z 'O “a [TASAB [UL ‘ABTIEH ‘xy uyor ‘@TTTAMO0panNy /SHO0ID uyor ‘BSINGSATA ‘“SUIBITIIMOW (O “O ‘UMO0jS}}0g ‘UBULIepIOH “H ‘Lf “19SIDIOM + ‘[eQIoIy~ “GS ossor Pani o “ULBYS10 FT “SUTRITIEM. pieMoy trtteeteeseseres “NayaIGQ ‘INOS a ‘S}19310M ‘ploueqey ‘sg °* pes ie ‘UMO}SAIag ‘UBULIOULUWIZ, mOatia Se OOK ‘yievue'T yoeqney wel ‘yovsuasOH ‘Sulqwg uyor “elAuosyour ‘FOTO IO es rece ‘QITIAseysny ‘ “uaysor) ‘uoqaTquieyy Bical ‘weyyeYyO ‘sdoquieyy) ULMpoL ‘STA susI[y ‘uosduioyy [aqy “ores ‘uoLeW ‘ADvaT ‘S'S ae “gaunqs}azeH ‘yoTWIODoW sewer hodocgddonsee SouTluney ‘Sinan. 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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 95 THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE POULTRY ASSO- CIATION. OFFICERS FOR 1902. PRESIDENT. CRESTS SCG eee TINO Cem teres cia terete) clo clers cleiauetaletocolelstefetele:cleisle ete sls, cs asaieloveievevcte Pocopson. os. (GL. Arenails ea i aiod Beano spa Ben Ue Co cd Ocaue Stnoee co tae ceo oor Dillsburg. SECRETARY. Theo. F. Jager, BPN OS hereto ios aoc! ccel crater eboinyo1e: aeJer crore’ oc wlstelste we [alcleete, sisal’e shebais Lebanon. TREASURER. MPRA D. VVACINVCIS:, cersiecciziocvevaleies) el'ere’ 6 essleieversielois eys,.o.s0\eicsseleisiainie eae eisie Neffsville. BOARD OF DIRECTORS. amen er OO SCO AV VIC SON oescternistcver cre tiene einichers sueteverernnecereieinielar'ne wisiate ete/siays State College. PMBERETIT TARO PIMTL TN64 ts; wien tet cokstetel che arches covet vislinfe. claves, ote sein Sie leiei a Sis wialdiuerd eve Chestnut Hill. vara Wem mOECCOND CUS $5 cE 6. cto hiey Srever cial © lotene vejeveiele Sie isle ait arsietais wiclare siolele Diguele Newville. Sa OOGMMAN. cclae sores alan oeeie cis sie 01s wie deierorewerseris seeds oe uws Carlisle, Ree MECC CAV atin, cia creiara sete al ernereer aise aieiaisl orosayeoleieleis: eieieGutcleas Ge ies. oe ws FLOAGINE: COMMITTEES. Executive Committee. NUN ETT Som Cree TYUP LCi arciciiasc' orsiave sis) or ouei eisisuaisherererevetalchac tebazeseueisl.cl'e ojos erefe) scales Pocopsen. BERT ame cee OT ley iret ois sayey she saves vere are tavorel rorayerelnsia)'vierehiaig’ aceSerene ste avivelara.afeele Lebanon. ere COM wre: IVVALEIIVED Sor crarn cts ole acts) evs oie wise Malerercia Wel S¥e' o/sinve Clore 8) Ses sieveres Neffsville. And Board of Directors. INI@IP ENS) Gh Nera oY" hades BAe BOOECAIOR DAGeton SOA Sateen Gano Beer Pocopson. Nan CoemeASE TR UGH on rargercic voters nin veo aiare-e mas evs PRO onle erase eM ae were ILS DUTE: 4 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE POULTRY ASSOCIATION. Constitution. ARTICLE I. The name of the corporation shall be “The Pennsylvania State “oultry Association.” ARTICLE II. The object of this corporation shall be to encourage and promote wuaprovement in the breeding and the management of poultry, pigeons and game, and the preservation and protection of the latter; to as- certain by experiment and to collect and disseminate reliable and practical information relating thereto; to work in unison with the State Board of Agricluture, and if possible, with all poultry and agri- cultural societies throughout this State; to recommend competent persons as judges, to furnish advice when called upon and to settle disputes that may occur at poultry shows. ARTICLE III. The principal place of business of said corporation shall be in Pocopson, Chester county, with branch offices in Philadelphia, Har- tisburg and Carlisle, Pennsylvania. ARTICLE IV. The said corporation shall have perpetual existence. ARTICLE V. This corporation shall consist of such persons as shall signify in writing their desire to become members and shall pay on application one ($1) dollar as membership fee and one ($1) dollar as yearly dues, and shall present their application in writing to the secretary, who shall issue a certificate of membership. ARTICLE VI. The officers of this corporation shall be a president, first vice presi- dent, secretary, treasurer, and five (5) directors (three-fifths of said directors to be practical poultry raisers) and one (1) vice president for No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 97 each county, represented by membership in the corporation, who shall be elected by ballot, by a majority vote of the qualified mem- bers at the annual meeting, and shall serve one year, or until their successors are elected. ARTICLE VII. The annual meeting of the corporation shall be held in the city of Harrisburg on the first Tuesday preceding the fourth Wednesday in January, each year, at such time and place as the executive commit tee may direct. ARTICLE VIII. Any officer or member may be censured, suspended or expelled from the corporation for neglect of duty, unfair dealing, wilful mis. representation or dishonesty in matters connected with the objects of the corporation, such censure, suspension or expulsion requiring a vote of all the members present at a meeting called for that pur pose, thirty (380) days notice in writing having been given each member by the secretary. ARTICLE IX. Any member upon the payment of fifteen ($15) dollars at any one time shall be constituted a life member and shall be exempt from thr payment of any further dues. 7—6—1901 98 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE ~ Off. Doe. STATH HORTICULLURAL ASSOGCEADION OF PENNSYLVANIA. OFFICERS FOR 1902. PRESIDENT. EVOW ALG, As (CHASE. Ua voces melee a area cles eoreeiel Neiceerisitite eer ee ll acelpihiers VICE PRESIDENTS. Gal irt \ COOPER yas cise layers Gasca snedove ls overs jevaterate cs one ais, ateisle levelore-Moneve tensive these Bird-in-Hand. ELON ee "OTEASY?,. cs ccveie che cisiioiessietoverhovstetaie os overeusterelajercuatemtelotere siecle Catawissa. IVES GSS TUN VAG «aye vere wisi jain, wtotare ve eve gaisvenate bee Cote cYcrauatevevele aletaler ale rote acyslorecsterate Carnegie. EIN OSM Be NBO siaciers, seiaic creusreieve tere ers told Wie tats iovcie ois o cleierslenalnolere a veloreinrete Waynesboro. CORRESPONDING SECRETARY. TUVGTYY: we, AES TEUMNE OTs. zo erece ce sseues sue ise ore eyete aie yeaa the relate orajote aicoaleretovekeceneioretoree Christiana. TREASURER. DAMME (Cs MOON Ay sisiere yore scsererors ereiniels wis, ) oie aitie w)auvisse hie Gitar Seles Oe oon LONIIS Ville: No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 99 CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS OF THE STATE HORTICUL- TURAL ASSOCIATION OF PENNSYLVANIA. Article 1. This society shall be entitled “The State Horticultural Association of Pennsylvania,” and its objects shall be the advance- ment of the science of horticulture and pomology. Article 2. Any person may become a member of this society by a vote of a majority of the members present at any meeting, and by paying into the treasury the sum of one dollar annually; or the pay- ment of one dollar to the treasurer, at any time, shall constitute membership, and entitle said member to a copy of the proceedings. The payment of ten dollars at one time will constitute life member- ship. Article 3. Its officers shall consist of a president, three vice presi- dents, recording and corresponding secretary, and a treasurer, all of whom shall be elected annually by ballot. Article 4. The following committees shall be appointed: A com- mittee of five on nomenclature; a committee of three on insects, of whom the professor of entomology shall be chairman; an executive committee, consisting of the elective officers of this association and three of whom, including the president, shall constitute a quorum; and a general fruit committee, consisting of one from each county represented, with a general chairman of the whole, each member of the fruit committee to have the privilege of appointing two assist- ants. Article 5. The society may, at any time, elect honorary members. Article 6. The society may, from time to time, appoint professors on entomology, botany, horticultural chemistry and geology. Article 7. This constitution may be altered or amended by a vote of two-thirds of the members present at any regular meeting, notice of the proposed amendment, in writing, having been previously given. Article 8. Seven members shall constitute a quorum for the trans- action of business. BY-LAWS. Article 1. The committee on nomenclature shall collate and decide the standard and synonymous names of all fruit known in the soci- ety with the authorities for each, and report, so far as practicable, 100 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. . at each regular meeting, and record the same in a book kept for that purpose. Article 2. The general fruit committee shall carefully and thor- oughly investigate the subject of fruit culture in general. Each local committee of three shall collect such useful and interesting in- formation in relation to the subject as may be in their power, and embody the same in monthly reports, to be made to the general chair- man; such reports to be by him examined and embodied in his annual and semi-annual reports. ‘Also that the said county committee shall form ad interim committees for their respective counties; and further that said ad interim committees are hereby authorized to publish the reports in the “Gardener’s Monthly,” or such other paper, as they may select, the same having been first submitted to the chair- man of the general fruit committee for his approval: Provided, That said publication shall be free of expense to the association. Article 3. The annual meeting of the association shall be held on Tuesday before the third Wednesday of January of each year, at such a place as the executive committee may appoint, at which time the election for officers shall take place; said officers to serve from the close of the meeting at which they are elected to the close of the suc- ceeding annual meeting, at which an exhibition and discussion of fruits shall take place and other business transacted in the following order: 1st. Reading of minutes of previous meeting. 2d. Roll call and dues collected. 3d. Election of officers. 4th. Reports of officers. 5th. Reports of standing committees. 6th. Reports of special committees. 7th. Unfinished business of former meeting. Sth. New business. The nomination and election of new members shall be in order at any time during the session. Article 4. Other meetings may be convened by the executive com- mittee at such time and place as they may appoint. Article 5. No member who is in arrears for dues shall be eligible for any office, or serve on any standing committee; and any member who shall neglect to pay his dues shall cease to enjoy the privileges of membership. $ No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 101 PROGRAMME OF THE FORTY-SECOND ANNUAL MEETING OF THE STATE HORTICULTURAL ASSOCIATION OF PENNSYLVANIA, HELD IN oO bo AD 1 (7) iW a, ab ade 13. 14, THE SUPREME COURT ROOM, HARRISBURG, Bas, JANUARY 21 AND 22, 1901. ORDER OF BUSINESS. Monday, January 21, 2 P. M. . Opening Announcement. . Reading of Minutes of Previous Meeting. . Roll Call and Collection of Dues. . Election of Officers. . Reports of Officers. . Reports of Standing Committees. . Reports of Special Committees. . Appointment of Standing Committees. Monday, January 21, 7.30 P. M. . Fruits and Vegetables of Porto Rico, Dr. Geo. G. Groff, Lewisburg, Pa., late Supt. Public Instruction in Porto Rico. The Necessity for Additional Legislation for the Protection of the Fruit Interests of Pennsylvania, Prof. John Hamilton, Secretary of Agriculture, Harrisburg, Pa. ——_—_— Tuesday, January 22, 9. A. M. Reports of Special Committees. Selection of Place for Next Annual Meeting. Report of General Fruit Committee, H. C. Snavely, Chairman, Lebanon, Pa. Experiences in Horticulture, W. H. Stout, Pinegrove, Pa. 102 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. 15. Spraying. Its Uses and Abuses, Calvin Cooper, Bird-in-Hand, Pa. 16. The Necessity for Nursery Inspection, Prof. S. B. Heiges, Saxe, Va. 17. Horticulture Displays at Fairs, Oliver D. Schock, Hamburg, Pa. 18. Question Box. Tuesday, January 22, 1.30 P. M. 19. Reports of Committees. 20. Unfinished and New Business. 21. Crown Gall of Fruit Trees, Prof. Geo. C. Butz, State College, Pa. 22. Landscape Ornamentation, S. Mendelson Meehan, Germantown, Pa. 23. The Specialist in Horticulture, M. C. Dunlevy, Carnegie, Pa. 24. Shall Pennsylvania Fruits be Represented at the Pan-American Exposition at Buffalo in 1901? For General Discussion. 25. Question Box. Tuesday, January 22, 6.30 P. M. 26. Decorating the Home, Prof. John Craig, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. 27. Experiences in the Most Remarkable Peach Orchards in America, Prof. W. G. Johnson, Associate Editor American Agriculturist, formerly State Entomologist, Col- lege Park, Md. Both the above lectures will be illustrated by views from the magic lantern. 28. Final Remarks and Resolutions. 29. Adjournment. TOPICS PREPARED FOR DISCUSSION. 80. Where and to Whom Shall I Sell My Fruit to Receive the Best Net Returns? Shall I Sell at a Fixed Price or on Commission? 81. What is the Best Size Package for Peaches, Pears and Apples? 32. What New Fruits of Promise Have Recently Been Introduced? 33. What is the Outlook for Profit in Chestnut Culture? No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 103 34. Have Sulphate of Copper or of Iron, or Bordeaux Mixture Been Used in the Soil to Any Extent as a Preventive or Cure for Yellows? 35. What Part Does Cultivation Play in the Systematic Feeding of Trees and Plants? 36. Should the Size and Shape of Fruit Packages be Regulated by Law, and Should We Have a Law Prohibiting the Dishonest Packing of Fruit? MEMBERSHIP. LIFE MEMBERS. Bartram, J. Hibberd, Milltown, Chester Co. Brinton, Wm. P., Christiana, Lancaster Co. Chase, Howard A., 1430 S. Penn Square, Philadelphia. Chase, Charles T., 1480 S. Penn Square, Philadelphia. Calder, Dr. James, Harrisburg, Dauphin Co. (deceased). Cornelius, Robert, Philadelphia. Creasy, Hon. W. T., Catawissa Columbia Co. Engle, Henry M., Marietta, Lancaster Co. (deceased). Eingle, John G., Marietta, Lancaster Co. Iingle, Enos B., Waynesboro, Franklin Co. Iirmentrout, Hon. Jas. N., Reading, Berks Co. Fox, Cyrus T., Reading, Berks Co. Garrettson, Joel V., Floradale, Adams Co. 300d, C. W., Waynesboro, Franklin Co. Hayes, Charles P., Philadelphia. Heyser, Jacob, Chambersburg, Franklin Co. Hildrup, W. T., Harrisburg, Dauphin Co. Hacker, William, Philadelphia. Hiller, Casper, Conestoga, Lancaster Co. (deceased). Hiller, Peter C., Conestoga, Lancaster Co. (deceased). Landis, Israel, Lancaster, Lancaster Co. Hoopes, Josiah, West Chester, Chester Co. Landis, Israel, Lancaster, Lancaster Co. McCormick, Harry, Harrisburg, Dauphin Co. (deceased). McCormick, James, Harrisburg, Dauphin Co. Martin, J. O., Mercersburg, Franklin Co. Meehan, S. Mendelson, Germantown, Philadelphia Co. Pannebaker, Wm. N., Virgilina, Va. Reist, Peter §., Lititz, Lancaster Co. (deceased). Reist, John G., Mt. Joy, Lancaster Co. Scribner, Prof. F. Lamson, Knoxville, Tenn. Shaffner, Jacob, Harrisburg, Dauphin Co. Swift, Rev. E. P., Mt. Oliver, Allegheny Co. (deceased). Thomas, George B., West Chester, Chester Co. Thomas, Edwin W., King-of-Prussia, Montgomery Co. VanDeman, H. E., 1423 Florida avenue, Washington, D. C. Wertz, D. Maurice, Quincy, Franklin Co. 104 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE HONORARY MEMBERS. Barry, P., Rochester, N. Y. (deceased). Downing, Charles, Newburgh, N. Y. (deceased). Ellwanger, George, Rochester, N. Y. Edge, Thomas J., Harrisburg, Pa. Garber, J. B., Columbia, Pa. (deceased). Heiges, Prof. S. B., Saxe, Va. Meehan, Thomas, Germantown, Pa. (deceased). Michener, Dr. E., Toughkenamon, Pa. (deceased). Parsons, Prof. S. B., Flushing, N. Y. Parry, William, Parry, N. J. (deceased). Rathvon, Prof. 8. S., Lancaster, Pa. (deceased). Rowe, Hon. D. Watson, Chambersburg, Pa. Rutter, John, West Chester, Pa .(deceased). Saunders, Wm., Washington, D. C. (deceased). Stitzel, George D., Reading, Pa. Thomas, John J., Union Springs, N. Y. (deceased). Warder, Dr. John A., North Bend, O. (deceased). Wilder, Marshall P., Boston, Mass. (deceased). Wickersham, Dr. J. P., Lancaster, Pa. (deceased). Willetts, Rev. Dr., Philadelphia, Pa. ANNUAL MEMBERS. Achelis, George, West Chester. Carter & Son, J. I., Chatham. Adams, Wm., Enslow. Clark, M. N., Claridge. Allison, J. W., Mercer. Clemson, J. W., Halifax. Ammarell, Charles, Reading. Collins, R. A., Rodi. Armsby, Dr. H. P., State College. Comfort, H. W., Fallsington. Baker, Dr. A. C., West Chester. Cooper, Calvin, Bird-in-Hand. Balderston, John L., Kennett Square. Darlington, Frank P., West Chester. Barnhart, Hon. W. R., Greensburg. Davis, W. H. H., West Chester. Bartram, Frank, Stephen Girard Day, Theodore, Dyberry. Building, Philadelphia. Derr, Cyrus G., Reading. Bickel, Isaac, Reading. Demming, H. C., Harrisburg. Bolton, W. P., Liberty Square. Dickson, John, Mt. Lebanon. Bone, George, Thorndale. Dumn, Henry J., Reading. Bockstose, Wm., Castle Shannon. Dunlevy, M. C., Carnegie. Border, Wm., Reading. Engle, Ezra B., Marietta. Boyd, M. H., Atglen. Erb, Amos H., Lititz. Boyd, E. L., Connellsville. Fergus, W. P., Mustard. Bracken, J. W., Hollidaysburg. Fink, Fredk., Green Tree. Breneiser, Sr., Charles, Reading. Fleming, J. W., Farmers’ Deposit Na- Brenneman, J. D., Harrisburg. tional Bank, Pittsburg. Briggs, W. H., Carrick. Foster, C. A., Carnegie. Brinser, C. E., Middleton. Foster, T. C., Harrisburg. Brumbaugh, A. J., Reading. Fryer, W. J. Woodside. Bucher, Dr. J. Riley, Lebanon. Grant, Jeremiah K., Reading. Butz, Prof. Geo. C., State College. Gearing, H. C., 2000 Sidney St., Pitts- Burkey, Joshua R., Reading. burg. Burns, J. S .Clinton. Hamilton, Prof. John, Harrisburg. Bromell, J. Horace, Cheyney. Hall, E. H., West Chester. Carnahan, M., Carnegie. No. 6. DEPARTMENT Harnish, H. H., Hubers. Harris, L. C., Perryopolis. Harrison, Orlando, Berlin, Md. Haudenshield, J. E., Carnegie. Hawley, Jesse G., Reading. Hiester, Gabriel, Harrisburg. Herr, Joel A., Cedar Springs. Herr, Danl. D., Lancaster. Herr, Aldus J., Lampeter. Hirschinger, John, Enslow. Hoke, David, Hanover. Hochberg, Wm., Whiteash. Hochberg, Jacob, Job. Hormel, P. T., Oakdale. Ingram, E. W., West Chester. Jamison, J. E., Swales. Johnson, W. B. K., Allentown. Johnson, R. F., Carnegie. Keller, Col. D .C., Reading. Keppel, Samuel B., Sinking Spring. Kready, John, Mt. Joy. Koons, Dr. P. R., Mechanicsburg. Lee, Samuel W., Woodville. Leinbach, Joseph A., Reading. Leinbach, Geo. A., Reading. Longsdorf, C. L., Floradale. Longsdorf, D. E., Mechanicsburg. Long, H. R., Mt. Lebanon. Lutz, Frank, Gayly. McGowan, J. G., Geiger’s Mills. McGowan, Howard G., Geiger’s Mills. McFarland, J. Horace, Harrisburg. McKenna, John, Green Tree. Marshall, Mrs. J. L., 239 Fourth Ave- nue, Pittsburg. Mashey, Mrs. Geo., Pittsburg. Meehan, Thos. B., Germantown. Merritt, Hon. Thos. P., Reading. Miller, J. W., Tippecanoe. Moon, Wm. H., Morrisville. Moon, Samuel C., Morrisville. Morrow, Thos. J. E., Hickman. Murray, J. K., Pottsgrove. Myers, A. D., Eldorado. Neil, John, Canonsburg. Ort, Henry, Lewistown. Obold, John H., Reading. Patterson, J. G., Stewartstown. 6736 Penn Ave., OF AGRICULTURE. Wa Peters, Earl, Uriah. Persing, E .E., Sunbury. Philip, George, Mt. Lebanon. Pyle, J. W., Willowdale. Rakestraw, Thos., Willowdale. Rife, Jacob L., West Fairview. Roesler, F., Carnegie. Rupp, D. C., Shiremanstown. Rupp, Jno. F., Shiremanstown. Root, A. W., East Petersburg. Rush, J. G., West Willow. Schaeffer, Dr. N. C., Lancaster. Scheick, Jacob, Carrick. Scott, J. W., 3 Union St., Pittsburg. Scott, John, Cliffmire. Sellers, H. W., Bailey Ave., Pittsburg. Seyler, D. M., Basket. Scheidy, Danl., Pinegrove. Shaffer, Dr. J. A., Carnot. Schock, Oliver D., Hamburg. Snavely, H. C., Lebanon. Smith, Paul, Beadling. Shimer, A. S., Redington. Sohn, Henry, Woodlawn. Stalze, John R., Library. Strachan, Wm., Banksville. Stahle, Col. J. A., Emigsville. Scholl, Calvin P., Fisherville. Shearer, Joseph, Reading. Smeych, Danl., Lancaster. Stein, Geo. E., East Prospect. Sites, J. Landis, Ridge Ave., burg. Stout, Wm. H., Pinegrove. Thomas, Joseph W., King-of-Prussia. Tucker, O. M., 1114 Franklin Ave., Pittsburg. Wagener, Geo. A., Alinda. Wakefield, S. M., Redstone. Wallize, H. C., Sunbury. Wentzel, Aug. L., Reading. Williamson, E. C., Morrisville. Williams, Dr. C. C., 24 Washington Ave., Pittsburg. Wild, Wm., Carrick. Woods, T. A., Harrisburg. Zigler, Amos, Rowenna. Zerr, E. M., Geiger’s Mills. Harris- 106 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. REPORT OF THE FORTY-SECOND ANNUAE: MEETING OF THE STATE HORTICULTURAL ASSOCIATION OF PENNSYLVANIA, WITH SY- NOPSIS OF PAPERS READ. HELD AT HARRISBURG, PA., JANUARY 21 AND 22, 1901. The forty-second annual meeting was held in the Supreme Court Room, Harrisburg, Pa., on Monday and Tuesday, January 21 and 22, LOL, Promptly at 3 P. M., President Howard A. Chase called the mem- bers to order and declared the meeting ready for business. After the reading and approval of minutes of previous meeting, a recess of five minutes was ordered to enable members to pay dues and to give those desiring to join the association an opportunity to do so. Upon resuming business, the chair appointed Wm. H. Moon, Edwin W. Thomas and Thomas Rakestraw, a commiitee to nominate officers for the ensuing year. The annual report of the treasurer was submitted and referred to an auditing committee. The statement showed a balance of $20.26 in treasurer’s hands. The following new members have been added to the Association during the year: J. K. Bittenbender, Bloomsburg. R. C. Mackall, Beaver. D. D. Breisch, Ringtown. William Myers, Bendersville. Robt. A. Breisch, Ringtown. G. S. McHenry, Benton. S. G. Bryfogle, Bloomsburg. Jno. R. Neyhard, Bloomsburg. J. L. Dillon, Bloomsburg. A. C. Richards, New Paris. M. Garrahan, Kingston. W. H. Rumbel, Ringtown. Miss Mary M. Haines, Cheltenham. P. P. Smith, Sunbury. Philip Harris, Cabin Run. B. M. Stone, Stull. James Krewson & Sons, Cheltenham. Gilbert Troutman, Millersburg. Charles M. Lesher, Northumberland. A. P. Young, Millville. H. C. Snavely, chairman General Fruit Committee, submitted his report, which is as follows: No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 107 REPORT OF THE GENERAL FRUIT COMMITTEE TO THE STATE HORTICULTURAL ASSOCIATION OF PENNSYL- VANIA. On the 20th of last December, I sent out one hundred and seven blanks, one or more to each county in the State. Replies were received from seventy-two correspondents and from all sections, though a few counties failed to report. Enough can be gleaned from these reports, however, to enable me to report a fairly accurate condition of the fruit industry and of the horticultural progress in the State. APPLES. The results in the apple orchards have, in most cases, been dis- appointing and unprofitable. The failure of this fruit can, in a large degree, be attributed to natural causes. In some portions of the State the bloom promised a good crop, but late frosts and frequent rains nipped the prospects in the early stages. In other instances the fruit dropped from no known causes. As the season advanced and dry weather set in, coupled with the appearance of the caterpillars, codling moths and other insect pests to which the apple is subject, the prospects for a good crop grew less and less. Practically all parts of the State were affected by the drougth and the high temperature for weeks caused the fruit to ripen prema- turely and fall. In some cases the apples were baked on the trees. The conditions were favorable for the increase and activity of all insects, but fungi gave less trouble than usual. About twenty-five correspondents report a full crop, but fruit was of inferior quality and did not keep well. The rest report from medium setting to a failure. The tornado, known as the Galveston storm, brought a very large part of the crop to the ground, which was made into cider or left on the ground to rot. A number of correspondents assert that apple trees carefully sprayed produce more fruit, are of better quality and keep better. Varieties best adapted to localities and favorably mentioned are referred to in observations of correspondents, PEARS. Pear culture, on the whole, proved more successful than that of the apple. The early maturing fruit was of good quality, but later varieties were smaller and of inferior quality. Fine crops of Kieffer 108 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. are reported, which, in some localities, sold for remunerative prices, notwithstanding the large crop of peaches. One correspondent says that the Kieffer at twenty cents a basket is the most profitable pear to grow. It seems the Kieffer receives less abuse than formerly, and it is safe to predict that not all the Kieffer pear trees will be dug up for some years to come, at least not until a variety as productive and of higher quality takes its place. As a canning fruit it has come to stay. A comparatively small number of correspondents report a failure of pears. I would especially call attention to a pear tree in Allegheny county referred to by Mr. Burns. PEACHES. The majority of correspondents report a large crop of peaches, but, except where through cultivation and thinning the fruit were practiced, the results were small fruit and largely of inferior quality. Much of the fruit ripened prematurely, caused by “yellows,” want of cultivation, and last, but not least, for want of insufficient available plant food. A dry summer like 1900 tests the skill of the peach grower, and only those who attended to details were rewarded with satisfactory results. Some correspondents report that successful peach growing in the Juniata Valley is a thing of the past. Reports from the Penn Mar district are not much more encouraging. Yel- lows is assigned as the cause. In some localities the buds were practically all destroyed as a result of the low temperature in winter and spring. The Elberta, where hardiness of bud is not essential, is probably the most popular peach. The relative hardiness of the different varieties of peaches should be considered when planting an orchard. Mr. Greenlee, of Mercer county, claims that the Mercer, a peach of high quality, is almost as hardy as the Early Rivers. The test was made in an orchard of thirty varities. A severe freeze in March showed that the Reeves, Favorite Stump, Smock and Fox were much hardier in the bud than Crawford Late, Old Mixon, Mt. Rose, Elberta and some others. PLUMS. The three plagues of the plum grower are black knot, the curculio and rot. The first must be fought with the knife and the diseased part burned. If it appears on large limbs shave out carefully and cover the parts with turpentine. Jarring the trees is the only effective means to get rid of the curculio. The “Little Turk” wants No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 108 a good shaking “down” and then killed. He mocks you for spray- ing him. He needs more vigorous treatment. Rot can be held in check by the use of Bordeaux mixture and the ammoniacal solu- tion. Japan varieties must be sprayed cautiously to avoid injury to the foliage. The Americans don’t need much attention. It seems if our finer varieties of the Domestica would be neg- lected and the field of plum culture be given to the varieties of Japa- nese origin. Where the climate does not militate, these latter can possibly be grown with more certainty. They are prodigious bearers, and after the “Little Turk” has lived in glory, and finished his job of making crescents, enough fruit remains to satisfy the ambition of the ordinary plum grower. There seems to be an entire neglect of the Wild Goose type of plums. With intelligent cross fertiliza- tion they can be grown at a profit. They are exempt from the knot and but little affected by the curculio and rot. They mature early and are out of the market before the larger and better varieties ap- pear. The Abundance seems to be the leading plum to-day in this State. QUINCES. This fruit is not grown to any extent, and where attempted, in most cases, is pronounced a failure. Worms, and rot, and blight seem to be the drawbacks. Only a few report satisfactory results. CHERRIES. This crop proved a success in most localities. The dry weather saved the crop from rotting. In some localities the low temperature nipped the buds. Sour cherries the most reliable. Some heart and bigareau are favorably mentioned. GRAPES. Except in the district along the shores of Lake Erie, known as the “Chautauqua Belt,” but few satisfactory results are reported, except where fruit was bagged or sprayed. It is claimed that bagging impairs the quality of the grape. Spraying is more econom- ical. In the early part of the season, Bordeaux mixture should be used, but later, to prevent discoloring, the ammoniacal solution should be substituted. Some of the observations by correspondents are of interest and they appear under that heading. SMALL FRUITS. The strawberry succeeded in most localities. The drouth and heat impaired the quality of the later varieties. Raspberries and blackberries were inferior in size and quality owing to the dry and hot weather. Currants receive more attention and good yields are reported. 110 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. Of strawberries, the Glen Mary appears to embody many good points. New York is a very promising variety. The Cumberland raspberry is a valuable acquisition. The Eldorado blackberry is forging to the front. VEGETABLES. Most of the reports indicate a light crop of vegetables. The earlier varieties did fairly well, but all late simmer vegetables suffered from the drought. Where thorough cultivation was given, results were much more satisfactory. The potato bug and the cabbage worm, as well as other pests that beset the gardener, seem to be satisfied with our form of govy- ernment and its administration. They have adjusted themselves to their environments and are here to stay. SHRUBBERY, PLANTS AND FLOWERS. The reports indicate an advance in the planting of ornamental] trees and shrubbery, as well as the cultivation and care of flowers. It is to be regretted that in some few localities there is no progress. By and by, when we can have Nature Study in the schools, the country home will have pleasanter surroundings. The boys and the girls will be quick to catch on to the beautiful and the good in nature and make it contribute to the enjoyment of life. I want to express the wish that this body will go on record as favorable to the introduction of Nature Study in our schools. SPRAYING. While it is almost universally admitted that spraying, to combat insects and to control fungi, has been beneficial and profitable, and is practiced in almost every locality, where results have become an object lesson, yet the vast majority of farmers neglect to do it. This neglect results often in failures and oftener in crops of inferior quality. It is beyond question that if the werk is done properly and in season that the outlay is a good investment. The negligent farmer breeds trouble for his more thrifty neighbor. Unlike cattle, insects are not confined by fences. The breeder of San José Scale without attempting its eradication, menaces his neighbor. FEEDING AND CULTIVATION. After having made careful selection of trees and varieties, judi- cious feeding and thorough cultivation enter into the problem of loss or gain. The dairy farmer and the poultry man feed a ration for a purpose. No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 111 Tree planters too often have no further concern than to plant the tree. No thought is given to feeding and cultivation, and often a scrub instead of a thrifty, promising tree is the result. In its early life the tree needs to be fed for wood growth, but when it attains bearing age then the diet must be changed, and the food ration varies in different kinds of fruit. But whether it is wood or fruit that is wanted the cultivation must be thorough and constant. No live farmer would expect a large crop of corn without thorough cul- tivation and liberal manuring, nor can one expect good results in the orchard without feeding and cultivation. These are inseparable necessaries. 112 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. GENERAL OBSERVATIONS. L. C. Longsdorf, of Adams county, reports that spraying proves beneficial but is not practiced enough. Season too dry for best re- sults. Of plums, the Japan varieties and the Sharpshire Damson suc- ceed best. Except the Kieffer the pear crop was light. Apples fair to good where properly sprayed. J. S. Burns, of Allegheny county, says that severe frosts on the nights of May 3d, 4th and 9th destroyed nearly all their fruits. Of a Damson plum tree, he says, the blossoms were frozen stiff and yet it produced a heavy crop of fruit. He reports potatoes grown under straw doing the best. tle was very successful in growing tur- nips in corn by growing crimson clover and turnips together. He says from April 23 until November 25 the soil was never wet to the depth of a potato tuber and yet had good yields in many cases, which he attributes to continuous cultivation. Mr. Burns makes mention of a pear tree that is ninety-five years old, known as the Sugar pear. It is a constant bearer and some of the fruit weighs one pound and is of good quality. The tree is fifty feet high and two and one-half feet from the ground its cirecumfer- ence is nine feet six inches. A. L. McKibben, of Beaver county, says the season in our part of the State appeared to be against all kinds of fruit. The extremely hot weather had affected it and nearly all fell before season ar- rived for storing it away. More attention given to shrubberies and flowers each year. Cyrus T. Fox, of Berks county, says the season as a whole was favorable for the fruit grower and gardener. The drought of the fall and a violent storm brought much of the fruit to the ground just before picking time. Late vegetables a failure. Reports a new seedling peach, known as the “Reading Seedling.” It is late and extra large size. Oliver D. Schock, reporting for the northern portion of Berks county, says yield of leading fruits was an average. He says “the grand Smokehouse apple have become a favorite in northern Berke and produces large crops annually. Baldwin and Northern Spy are more generally planted.” He says success with peaches is altogether a matter of care and attention. Nut culture is on the increase. He urges that with hyacinths, tulips, narcissus, lilies and other flowering bulbs grown so cheaply in Holland and some of our Southern States, every one with a few feet of ground should plant some. No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 113 R. M. Welles, of Bradford county, reports a fair crop of fruit except berries—most new varieties disappointing. Too dry for vege- tables. He says that the tender varieties of grapes, like Brighton, Niagara, Empire and Brilliant were a very light yield. Campbell’s Early bears well but is very loose on the bunches and very liable to red rust, mildew, and does not ripen well. In his opinion not equal to the Worden. Reporting on spraying, he says it is more effective in keeping off fungi than the codling moth. William H. Moon, of Bucks county, says that apples that were sprayed kept better and were of better quality. Scale has appeared in his county. A committee secured proper apparatus to combat the pest. Jno. J. Thomas, of Cambria county, says that the Clyde, Haver- land and Bubach strawberries were the leaders. He asserts that as a result of spraying honey bees are killed. M. L. Makin, of Cambria county, says apples were a good crop, but not keeping well. Progress in ornamental planting; spraying beneficial. Prof. Geo. C. Butz, of Centre county, reports apples half a crop, not keeping well; scarcely any pears. More fruit growers are spray- ing now than ever before, and with satisfactory results. Samuel Hall, of Clearfield county, says apples, pears, grapes and small fruits a good yield. Ornamental planting receives a good deal of attention. No attention paid to spraying. G. T. Henry, of Clarion county, reports the fruit crop in his see- tion almost a failure. No spraying done. Season for vegetables was favorable. J. A. Herr, of Clinton county, reports an average crop of apples and pears. Apples keeping fairly well. An extra crop of peaches of fine quality. Grapes, a light crop. Spraying not practiced to any great extent. The season was the dryest ever known in his section of the State. W. T. Creasy, of Columbia county, reports peach yellows on the increase. Black knot increasing. Tent caterpillars in enormous quantities. A large yield of apples, but drought ruined the crop. Not much spraying. Jacob L. Rife, of Cumberland county, reports a moderate crop of apples. Grimes’ Golden, York Imperial and Ben Davis the most profitable. Pears the best crop in five years. Peaches, an immense crop. Quality good, but small on account of overloaded trees, ex- cept on young trees. Of cherries, Black Tartarian, Triumph of Cum- berland, Ida and Napoleon are preferred. Grapes, Morris’ Early and Concord fair crop and good quality. Diamond, Niagara and some other varieties, foliage scorched by the sun and did not ripen. Strawberries, Bubach, Glen Mary and Brandywine the best. Vege- tables, short crop. Some spraying with varying results. 8—6—1901 114 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. Thomas Rakestraw, of Chester county, reports a light and in- ferior crop of apples. Pears grown but little, except Kieffer, which were Jarge and fine. The orchards at Atglen produced 35 carloads of 800 baskets each. Peaches a heavy crop. No peach stands higher in general estimation than Elberta. Picked 110 baskets from 22 trees, three years old, and two old trees yielded 25 baskets. Plums grown are principally the Japan varieties. Abundance the leader, with Red Jones, Chabot and Wickson promising well. Tend- ency to rot the great drawback to plum culture. Of cherries, the Montmorency the most popular. Good crop of gooseberries and cur- rants. Downing preferred to all others. Of ten kinds of currants, North Star proved the best for growth of bush and heavy yield. Cul- ture under glass on the increase. Mushroom culture receives more attention, and thousand of tons of manure used in raising them. Comparatively few practice spraying, though when properly done results prove beneficial. Gabriel Hiester, of Dauphin county, says that apples and pears set a full crop, but due to drought ripened too early and pears re- mained small. Peaches, trees overloaded, fruit small. Grape crop, Ught on unsprayed vines; mildew and rot bad. Sprayed vines pro- duced fine fruit. Thinks the codling moth worse than usual. In spite of careful spraying had more wormy fruit than for a number of years. Believes in late spraying to protect the foliage of the apple and pear from leaf blight, and for this purpose prefers the ammoniacal solution of carbonate of copper. K. C. Brinser, of Dauphin county, had best success with Ben Davis, York Imperial, Pound and Dominie apples. Peaches, an immense crop; early varieties under size, but by continuous thinning late fruit was No. 1 and obtained fair prices. Is inclined to think the practice of spraying is growing less because if not done thoroughly results proved unsatisfactory. Jos. W. Paschall, of Delaware county, reports a light yield of apples, due to the drouth. Japan plums set full crops but not on the trees. A disposition to plant more shrubbery and flowers. Cul- tivated chestnuts, a good crop, but natural fruit a failure. Frank Simpson, of Elk county, reports a fair yield of apples of good quality, and keeping well. Strawberries, excellent yield. Glen Mary very good. Other fruits not reported or a failure. L. G. Young, of Erie county, reports a large portion of the apple crop harvested by the Galveston gale and balance not keeping well. Pears, a good yield. Outside the Elberta, the Crawfords and those of the Melocaton type, the crop was good and prices fair. Off year for plums. ‘air crop of German prunes, Lombards and Moore’s Artics. Large crop of quinces. Cherries, a light crop, but good yield of Montmorency and English Morells. Grapes, the largest No 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 115 crop ever raised: Shipments from North East, 1,000 cars; from Chautauqua belt 7,500 cars; yield, 1,200 eight-pound baskets per acre. Principal varieties are Moore’s Early, Concord and Worden, black; Niagara and Pocklington, white, and Delaware and Catawba, red. No rot, but some vineyards have rose bug. Spraying is practiced by the leading fruit growers. Had very good success spraying peaches for “leaf curl.” Spray before buds open; sometimes, for rot, later in season. Bordeaux is used in both cases. S. M. Wakefield, of Fayette county, reports a poor crop or failure, except cherries, grapes and berries. Spraying is neglected. In his opinion all will have to spray if fruit is to be expected. Believes spraying should be made compulsory. C. A, Randall, of Forest county, reports average yield of apples of fair quality and keeping well. Small fruits, a good crop; other fruits light or a failure. Ornamental planting on the increase. Borers and caterpillars more destructive than usual. C. W. Good, of Franklin county, reports apples one-fourth crop. Regards the Baldwin with more favor. Pears a good yield. As to number of peaches, he says, the crop was about half, but in quality and size of fruit it was a perplexity. There were, however, some fair peaches. Cherries, an excellent crop. Geo. M. Branthraver, of Franklin county, says peaches were largely inferior on account of drouth, but orchards properly cul- tivated not affected as seriously. House yard adornment is on the increase. Spraying neglected. Fewer insects than usual. L. W. Gwynne, of Greene county, reports a small yield of apples. Large crop of fine peaches. Average crop of plums; all varieties do well. Not much spraying, but where practical, results very sat- isfactory. Geo. W. Owens, of Huntingdon county, says that spring prospect for apples and pears was good, but storms and drouth destroyed most of the crop. Fair crop of peaches of fair quality. Curculio very destructive on the plum. Sour cherries most satisfactory. Rot and mildew injured grapes. Of berries, the older varieties most satisfactory. Spraying a success where tried. J. T. Ailman, of Juniata county, reports apples a full average crop of inferior quality. Good many peaches, quality poor. Grape growing abandoned on account of rot. Spraying practiced to a limited extent; results good. Henry W. Northup, of Lackawanna county, reports an excellent yield of apples, a little under size, on account of drouth. Fine crop of pears. Large crop of plums; Abundance and Burbank best. Too dry for vegetables. Most of best farmers have spraying outfit. J. H. Hathrill, of Lackawanna county, reports good crops of apples and pears of good quality. Abundance, Burbank and Red 116 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. June best plums. Of newer grapes, Campbell's Early, Green’s Early and Moore’s Diamond proved good. Progress in shrubbery and flowers very good. Benefits of spraying very marked. Daniel D. Herr, of Lancaster county, reports a large crop of apples, but dropped before picking time. Speaks well of the Stark, Gano and Missouri Pippin. Peach trees overloaded, where not thinned. Fine crop of plums, especially the Japans. Of cherries, Schmidt and Windsor have coine to stay. Clyde and Bubach lead in Strawberries. Cumberland and Eureka best raspberries. Best blackberry, Eldorado. Calvin Cooper, of Lancaster county, says apple trees set a fair average crop, but the excessive heat and drouth scorched much of the foliage and the fruit dropped. Apples remaining, as well as pears, of inferior quality. Thrifty trees on elevated. ground, fine crop of peaches. Fair crop of plums, but Japans are affected by altitude. Spraying profitable where properly attended to. W. P. Brinton, of Lancaster county, says there is a great increase in the demand for shrubbery flowers. “Spraying is going back. It seems questionable whether it produces the good results claimed forsit.7 Samuel McCreary, of Lawrence county, reports a very large crop of pears and no peaches. Small fruits did well. Vegetables above average crop. Improvement in ornamental planting. W. B. K. Johnson, of Lehigh county, says that sprayed trees pro- duced apples of fair quality and comparatively free from scab. Pears, a heavy crop. Reports of a party that planted 1,100 peach trees in 1897, and last season the crop yielded enough to pay for land, trees and all other expenses, with a small balance left. Quince crop best for years. Grapes, in bags, did well, but bagging impairs quality. Plums rotted badly, but where sprayed with the Bordeaux mixture in season the rot was under control. Leaf curl, on peaches, can be controlled by spraying with Bordeaux. In his opinion the day has gone by when good fruit can be grown without spraying. P. Sutton, of Luzerne county, says apples were above an average crop, but generally of poor quality. A large crop of peaches and fine fruit, where thinned. Of cherries, Early Richmond, May Duke and Black Tartarian were mostly grown. Cumberland rasp- berry promises to be the leading variety. Large crop of early vege- tables. Spraying pays. He says the New York strawberry is a rampant grower, large plants and very large berries of fine shape. Glen Mary has come to stay; bears large berries to the end of the season. A. B. Greenlee, of Mercer county, reports the apples of greatest merit in his orchard as York Imperial and Winter Blush, the latter No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 117 a long-keeping variety. These also stood the storm, when others were blown off. The winter freeze was very damaging to peaches, plums, cherries and grapes. Of thirty varieties of peaches, he finds only the Early Rivers hardier in bud than the Mercer, a seedling originated in Mercer county. With him the Crosby is not any hardier than the Crawfords, Damson, Smith’s Orleans, Red June and Miner and made a fair crop of fruit. Mr. Greenlee recommends Franklin, Venango county, for next place of meeting. John T. Crill, of Mercer county, reports poor crop of plumbs, cher- ries, quinces, peaches and berries. Good yield of apples; keeping poorly. Good results from spraying. Henry Ort, of Mifflin county, says the storms and drouth pre- vented all fruit except the peach and grape. Mr. Ort is 80 years of age and “unable to keep up with the times, but nothing does me more good than to hear of good fruit culture.” John P. Fredd, of Montgomery county, reports a poor crop of apples. Large crop of peaches, but under size, due to drouth. Japan plums do best. Too dry for vegetables. Reports the spread of the San José Scale. Lost several hundred trees. D. C. Young, of McKean county, says his section is well adapted for growing fine apples and pears, but altitude too great for peaches, cherries, grapes, ete. J. K. Murray, of Montour county, says the caterpillars in his local- ity proved very destructive; whole orchards were stripped and trees are apparently beyond recovery. He sprayed trees with soft soap suds while nests of insects were small. Believes that an applica- tion of Paris green only checks fungi. B. B. McClure, of Northampton county, reports good crops of apples, pears, peaches and plums. Of plums, Burbank, Abundance and Satsuma do best. Very light crop of cherries. Too dry for vegetables. Unsprayed trees have more imperfect fruit. W. M. Benninger, of Northampton county, reports the fruit crop destroyed by wind and hail in his locality. Believes spraying is beneficial when the fruit sets lightly, but of no advantage when it sets heavily. Mendelson Meehan, of Philadelphia, reports the crop of apples large, but poor, if not sprayed. Plums, Japan are favorites. Bagged or sprayed grapes were excellent. Berries, unusually large crop. Progress in ornamental planting naturally far exceeds that of fruits. Practice of spraying extends moderately and successfully. EK. D. Austin, of Potter county, says the conditions were very un- favorable. Early season, cool weather and much rain. Drouth set in in July and continued for nearly four months. Apples were baked on the trees. While vegetation suffered, every crawling, flying and creeping thing multiplied and flourished. 118 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. W. A. Gardner, of Potter county, says that the storm and drouth destroyed most of the apple crop. Sour cherries do well, but black knot ruins the trees. W. H. Stout, of Schuylkill county, reports an average crop of apples, mostly cider stock. Large crop of pears. Peaches, a failure, owing to freeze in March. Common cherries the main reliance. Early vegetables succeeded. Late plantings and late varieties a failure. Does not doubt the benefits from spraying. Insects unusu- ally numerous. A. F, Kimmel, of Schuylkill, says peaches were about half a crop, of good quality. In plums, Abundance and Burbank do best. Full crop of quinces, good quality; says Eaton is a fine grape. Jno. F. Boyer, of Snyder county, reports a short crop of fruit, with the exception of peaches. Where given proper cultivation and the fruit thinned the quality was good. Apples might have turned out a fair crop, but spraying was neglected. O. P. Shaver, of Somerset county, reports good fruit crops except peaches and cherries, which were frozen in bud. Of peaches, the Alexander, Early Rivers and Champion withstood the low tempera- ture best. Champion, very fine. Sold his crop in orchard at $1.80 per bushel. Grape vines were loaded to the utmost. Good yield of vegetables. Effects of spraying apparent. Jno. W. Rodgers, of Sullivan county, reports good crops of pears and grapes. Strawberries, a good crop. Other small fruits a fail- ure. No peaches and half a crop of apples. Good progress in shrubbery and results of spraying good. R.S. Searle, of Susquehanna county, says the apple crop was very large, but does not keep well. Too dry for vegetables. More inter- est manifested in ornamental gardening. Spraying neglected. More feeding, more trimming and more spraying required to insure SUCCESS. S. M. Baker, of Tioga county, says apples, pears and cherries did poorly. Peaches a good crop. Drouth cut all crops short, except insects. J. Newton Glover, of Union county, says the yield of apples prom- ised well, but high winds and drouth brought down much of the fruit. Rest keeping well. A good crop of peaches where not frozen in bud in March. Japan plums do well. Spraying gives satis- factory results. Suspects that the San José Secale is at work in some of the orchards. Tent caterpillars unusually plenty. R. J. Weld, of Warren county, reports a light crop of apples and pears; too dry. No peaches. Plums, cherries and grapes, ay- erage crops. Home adornment on the increase. Spraying is neg- lected. Willis Cowan, of Warren county, says apples, pears, plums and No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 119 quinces asmall crop. Peaches, a total failure. Grapes and cherries, a good yield. Season favorable for vegetables. Pressley Lerch, of Washington county, says all fruit crops were poor, except cherries, grapes and small fruits. Of plums, the Abund- ance succeeds best. Of cherries, Gov. Wood and Black Tartarian. He complains of the damages done by the ground hogs in the orch- ards. Thinks a bounty ought to be offered for their destruction. John Neill, of Washington county, reports success with grapes, berries and vegetables. The fruits a failure, or very light. From ninety feet square he raised and sold 1,500 quarts of strawberries at seven cents a quart in the bed. (This is at the rate of 8,000 quarts to the acre.) His neighbors told him he was doing some very nice gardening, but would not be paid for his work. All the same he was. Succeeds well in raising timber, but fruit failures are the rule. Had only one good crop of peaches in seven years. Knows of one man who succeeded with Japanese plums. Theodore Day, of Wayne county, reports a large crop of apples, of good quality, but not keeping well. Too warm and dry. He has fruited some of the varieties he received of grafts from the United States Department of Agriculture. ‘McMahon and Celeste prove to be very good fall or early winter apples, medium or a little above in size. Color, white, with slight red blush; fine flavor, mild, sour. Bryant apple is evidently a good bearer, medium size, much like Twenty-Ounce Pippin, often called Grovenstein, but only half its size, getting ripe and eatable now—December. Other varieties are small, some kinds little larger than crab apples, and very hard yet. Possibly there may be one or: two good long keepers among them. Mr. Day makes mention of inoculating disease among the tent cater- pillars and claims to be successful. Borers and wooly aphis kill many trees. W. R. Barnhart, of Westmoreland county, says fruit crops in his locality were largely a failure, due to late spring frosts, except grapes and berries. Vegetables good. Very good progress in orna- mental gardening. A. Ruth, of Westmoreland county, says late spring frost destroyed fruit to great extent. Kieffer and Catherine pears did well. Only a few peach buds escaped the late frost. In plums only the Damsons succeeded. Grapes and berries, fair crops. Vegetables, fair. Col. J. A. Stahle, of York county, reports a light yield of apples and pears. Peaches, an immense crop of fair quality. Abundance way ahead in plums. Black Eagle the best cherry. Grapes, fine. Strawberries less than full crop; raspberries, injured by drouth. Spraying a success, but is neglected. Not so dry and hot in thirty- four years. Prof. S. B, Heiges, of York county, says the Goldstein grape has 120 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. proven the earliest in cultivation; bunches of fairly good size, a light purplish red and of fairly good quality. San José Scale makes its ippearance and unless vigorous measures be adopted many trees must succumb. Owing to extreme drouth all the various crops of fruits were below the average in productiveness, size, quality and condition to keep well. An increased interest is manifested in orna- mental gardening. Japanese plums did best. Best varieties of cherries, Early Richmond, Hoke, Mercer and Black Tartarian. L. W. Lighty, of Adams county, says the peach crop would have been extra large, but the extreme drouth cut it in half and that half rather poor. Plums frozen in bud. Late berries dried up. Fruit growers are slowly learning to value of spraying. J. E. Haudenshield, of Allegheny county, reports light crop of apples, average yield of pears, but of inferior quality and size. Peaches almost a complete failure. Damson succeeds in plums. Grapes and small fruits, average crops. A growing interest in orna- mental planting. By spraying, grape rot almost eradicated and held in check. J. Donaldson, of Armstrong county, reports short crops or failures of all kinds of fruits except berries. Good progress in home adorn- ment. Spraying must be done or no good fruit. Successfully cul- tivated plums are German Prune, Lombard, Abundance, Shipper’s Pride, and Damsons. Best cherries, Luelling, May Duke, Early Richmond, Napoleon, Bigareau and Louis Phillippe. Howard G. McGowan, of Berks county, reports small yield of pears, and apples not large. Peaches, fair. Plums rotted badly; Abundance and Red June, best. Cherries, good yield; Yellow Span- ish liable to rot. Grapes, a good crop. Only one farmer in fifty sprays, but the results are so convincing that more will practice it. Frederick Jaekel, of Blair county, reports fair to fine crops of fruit, except apples, which were only one-fourth crop. Best plums for his section of the State, German Prune, Damson, Yellow Gage, Trans- parent, Lombard, Czar and some of the Japanese. Best varieties of cherries, Napoleon Bigareau, Black Tartarian, Early Richmond, Montmorency and Ostheim. Spraying beneficial for fungi and in- sects. More interest manifested in flowering plants and shrubbery. H. W. Comfort, of Bucks county, reports a half crop of apples. Peaches a poor crop. Richland and Japan plums do best. J. N. Pyle, of Chester county, reports insect depredations worse than he ever knew, but few apples left on trees at picking time. Kieffer the most profitable pear. Peach trees overloaded and where not thinned remained small and inferior. Japan plum trees retain a good setting after the drop caused by the curculio. Fine crop of grapes, were sprayed. Best results with Nich Ohmer, Wm. Belt. Marshall and Gladstone, of newer varieties of strawherries. No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 121 Jos. W. Thomas, of Chester county, reports apple crop a failure. Peach trees too heavily loaded, fruit small and price low. Considers Bradshaw one of the best varieties of plums. Quinces succeed best when planted near running water. A marked increase in orna- mental planting. Marked benefits result from spraying. J. E. Jamson, of Juniata county, reports a good yield of pears and peaches, but other kinds a short crop. Apple trees that bloomed fine and promised well produced but little fruit. Peaches were small, due to drouth; a great deal of yellows and believes that profitable peach culture is a thing of the past. Increase in the planting of shrubbery and ornamental trees. Wants to put in a good word for the Smith’s Cider apple and the Kieffer pear;*the latter grows ia favor as it becomes better known. DISCUSSION. The Secretary—I notice one correspondent reports that the Kieffer pear at 20 cents a basket is the most profitable variety to grow. Is it not impossible at times to sell them at any price? Mr. Bartram.—At this time my crop of 1900 is still unsold. Mr. Hiester.—I have no Kieffer orchard, only a few trees, but have been able to dispose of my crop at seventy-five cents per basket. The Chair.—I believe it is a fact that most Kieffers are sold at a loss or not at all. Mr. Jamison.—I disposed of all my surplus at forty-five to fifty cents per basket, and could have sold more. Mr. Pyle.—I consider the growing of Kieffer pears at twenty-five cents a basket a good business. The Chair.—In connection with the discussion of Report of Gen- eral Fruit Committee, I would suggest that Topic No. 35 be con- sidered: “What Part Does Cultivation Play in the Systematic Feeding of Trees and Plants?” Mr. Snavely.—I would say the same part that cultivation plays in growing a crop of corn. Proper cultivation, proper feeding and spraying are three essentials in successful fruit culture. In orchard culture, I usually cultivate both ways with disc harrow, so as to destroy all weeds. For getting close to the trees I use the Morgan grape hoe. One of the most important results of cultivation is the covering of moisture, which is so essential to the proper development and maturing of summer and autumn fruits. I am satisfied that frequent cultivation of my peach orchard made for me at No. 1 crop of peaches. I do not use stable manure in any of my orchards, be- lieving it breeds fungi and insects. I occasionally plow down a crop of clover. The Chair.—Doctors will disagree, Mr. Meehan used to advocate 9 122 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE off. Doc. non-culture, and advised keeping orchards in grass and top-dressing annually. Many now train their trees low, making it almost im- possible to cultivate. The best apples I grow are on trees where lower limbs rest on the ground. Sam’i C. Moon.—Where trees are so low there is no occasion to cultivate, as no grass will grow. There is an orchard in my neigh- borhood that has not been plowed in forty or fifty years. It has been the practice of the owner to apply a cart-load of manure to each tree every three or four years. The orchard is one of the best in the vicinity. Mr. Snavely.—i apply all fertilizers in the fall, six months from fruiting season. The object is to have the late autumn rains wash the plant food down, so as to keep the roots far as possible below the surface and out of the reach of the plow and cultivator, Mr. Longsdorf.—I am not opposed to cultivation, but in seasons of extreme drouth, like last, I am not sure it is best. Think mulch- ing just as good. Wm. H. Moon.—lI have always heard that Pennsylvania is a State of great possibilities. The report of the General Fruit Committee has proven that assertion. It has also proven that doctors disagree. Some report Kieffer pears on the wane; others say it is desirable and deserves extensive planting. Some repert large crops of grapes, others the contrary, but all agree that the Kieffer pear tree will bear large crop of fruit. While I have heard many valuable and interesting reports, this one has more points of interest than any ve have had for some time, and I congratulate the chairman on his excellent paper. Mr. Peters.—Four years ago, on my father’s farm, we planted over 100 York Imperial trees. After they were planted a year we con- ceived the idea of drawing the roots from the surface. We dug a circle about forty inches in diameter around each tree, about twenty- three inches in depth. Into this, barnyard and hog manure were placed, and the trees have made a good growth. Last year we planted about seven acres more with one-year-old trees. There was a hard-pan subsoil and holes were blown out with dynamite. The holes were made very deep, manure put in bottom and tramped, then more manure and earth, then we planted the trees. We hope thus to draw down the roots, so that we can cultivate without de- stroying them. CHESTNUT CULTURE. Topic No. 33. “What is the Outlook for Profit in Chestnut Cul- ture?” was next considered. ; Mr. Bartram asked how to prevent the ravages of the chestnut No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 123 worm, or weevil. He stated that his crep last season was scarcely worth gathering. The following letter bearing on the subject was read by the secre- tary: Edenville, Pa., January 15, 1901. Mr. Enos B. Engle, Secretary State Horticultural Association, Waynes- Doro. Fea: Dear Sir: I am in receipt of your favor and in reply will say that I will not be able to attend the meeting at Harrisburg on account of one of my clerks being away on a leave of absence. You ask me for my views in reference to “the outlook for profit in chestnut culture.” My experince in chestnut culture is very limited. I have an orchard of about 4,000 trees, a small proportion of which had been bearing for the past three years. The first year I did not find many weevil, the second year more and this season still more, although I was trying to counteract their work as best I knew. The second year ten per cent. were stung by the weevil, and this season not less than fifteen per cent., and if I had not made an effort to prevent them from doing their work the percentage would have been much higher this season. I find the same conditions on the mountain with the native chestnuts, only much more so. I have given the weevil problem a great deal of thought and attention for the past year, and to sum up with the knowledge I now have, I believe that “the outlook for profit in chestnut culture” is very poor indeed, and unless some way is found to counteract the ravages of weevil it will be an entire failure. I have, for the past two years, been experimenting in various ways to prevent them from getting their work in and I shall continue to fight it out on that line, but whether the weevil will come out the victor in the end I cannot say. Hoping that some one will report more favorably so as to give more encouragement to the grower, I remain Yours respectfully, L. L. SPRINGER. The Secretary.—In confirmation of the views advanced by my cor- respondent, I will give briefly the result of my observations in the chestnut grove grafted by my father some twelve or fifteen years since, the pioneer chestnut orchard in the country, if I am not mis- taken. I might state also just here that a forest fire swept over almost the entire grove in July last, and the probabilities are that it will be almost a total loss, although the extent of the damage can- not be definitely fixed until the coming year. The grove was started by grafting Paragon on the one-year-old sprouts of common American chestnut, that had grown up after the original trees had been cleared away. The grafting was a success, as nearly all the scions grew and made fine, stocky trees which began bearing the second year after grafting. Where they stood too close they were thinned out from time to time, preference being given to the most vigorous trees. The grove contains about thirty acres and bore annually, increasing in quantity, until 1899, 124 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. when the entire yield was some 250 bushels, about one-fourth of which were worthless on account of the weevil. Last year (1900) the fire destroyed it and only about ten bushels were gathered, fully fifty per cent. of which were wormy. The land upon which the grove is located is on a hillside, rough, rocky and useless for farming or any purpose except timber, and notwithstanding it is comparatively barren and in spots well nigh inaccessible, the trees were making a fine growth until destroyed. It is surrounded on three sides by forest, mostly of chestnut timber, and to this I at- tribute the great destruction of nuts by the weevil. While at first the loss was small, only five to ten per cent., it has increased annu- ally, and the outlook for profitable crops in the future is not encour- aging. On trees which are isolated and growing about the buildings on my father’s farm the nuts are finer and there is a small percent- age of loss. In my opinion the only successful method of growing chestnuts is to plant them in orchards away from the wild forests, give them cultivation and attention, and as far as possible destroy all wormy nuts as they fall to the ground. Grown in this way they will bear almost annual crops and yield a fair profit. Wm. H. Moon.—The greatest difficulty seem to be in transplanting. Unless frequently transplanted in the nursery it is difficult to get a fair proportion to grow. Mr. Bartram.—I would cut the top roots when two years old. Have lost but few when treated in this way. Samuel C. Moon.—I do not believe any money has been made in growing and grafting chestnut trees in the nursery. They are sea- sons when 75 per cent. of grafts will grow; other seasons not over 25 per cent. Then, in selling trees, those that die out are expected to be replaced. Mr. Garretson.—I have had some experience with chestnuts, but only partial suecess. Have found the Japan varieties more easily grown than others, but not so good as Paragon. Samuel C. Moon.—Out of some fifty seedlings raised by my father, only three were considered worthy of dissemination. Most of them bore small nuts. One of the most valuable had a peculiar habit of dropping its burrs before they opened. Mr. Snavely.—If in order, I suggest that the matter of spraying be discussed. The Chair—We will have a talk on that subject to-morrow by Mr. Cooper, and the discussion had better be postponed until then. Mr. Wertz.—It seems to me a more important question is how to get rid of the scale. It is one of our most destructive enemies, and if not checked will some day drive us out of business. It is evident that additional legislation is necessary, and I hope some No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 125 action will be taken by this Society to have our Legislature pass a more stringent law. The Chair—TIwo years ago an act was passed to provide for the inspection and destruction of infested trees. Mr. Wertz.—By that bill, as I understand it, is vested in the super- visors and auditors of townships, and that is the weakest part of the bill. I would prefer a law similar to that in operation in the State of Maryland. We might then expect something to be done toward eradicating the scale. Mr. Longsdorf.—This is a matter of sufficient importance to de- mand our attention. Some of our supervisors do not know San José Seale from a potato bug, and the authority to act should be placed elsewhere. Mr. Martin, Deputy Secretary of Agriculture.——There have been thousands of trees destroyed in the Juniata Valley. We find the difficulty not so much with orchardists as to find means to execute the law. I have no doubt the bill could be made more effective. Ex-Secretary Edge.—The difficulty is, there is no money appro- priated to execute the law. Mr. Martin.—I know our Zoologist has visited some of these orch- ards, although the law does not designate his duty in the matter. This organization should endeavor to have the law amended by the present Legislature, so as to require orchards to be inspected and remedies applied. Mr. Wertz.—I still contend that the present law does not reach the case and is practically inoperative. I may have a carless neighbor, or his infested hedge may join my property, and all I may do on my own grounds will be of no avail. Auditors and supervisors, are not the men to do this work. It should be the duty of some repre- sentative of the State or Department of Agriculture. At present I would not buy trees from any Pennsylvania nurseryman, because our law is not sufficiently stringent. On motion, adjourned. Monday, January 21, 7.30 P. M. The evening was devoted to addresses by Dr. Geo. G. Groff, Lewisburg, Pa., and Secretary Hamilton, of the Department of Agri- culture. The former spoke of “The Fruits and Vegetables of Porto Rico,” a topie which he made specially interesting and instructive by reason of a two-years’ residence on that island, as Superintend- ent of Public Instruction. His remarks were not reported steno- graphically and a brief synopsis thereof only can be given. 126 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. He stated that Porto Rico is nearly 1,500 miles south of New York city, and steamers now make the trip in five days, but hope soon to reduce the time to four days. It is almost due south from New York, and is the most eastern of the Great Antilles. As regards the topography, the interior is very mountainous, the highest point being about 3,500 feet above sea level; the average height of the interior is about 2,000 feet. It really has no swamp land, although the lowlands are barely drained. The interior is cut up by numer- ous streams, of which there are said to be 1,300 on the island. The soil is fertile, and between the rocks it resembles the prairie soil of Dakota and other Western States. The rocks are of volcanic origin, covered with coral limestone and are rich in plant food. Porto Rico is a land of perpetual summer, much like June and July in Pennsylvania. During three months of the year the climate is more like our August and September. Seventy-eight degrees is about the average temperature, and never higher than 96 degrees in August. ‘he air is always tempered by stiff trade winds, almost too stiif for comfort. Sunstroke is said to be unknown. Forty degrees is the extreme variation of temperature. As to the vegetables of Porto Rico, they have nearly all that we find in our Pennsylvania markets, but, as a rule, I think they are very little used. I was surprised to find that the wealthy people there live almost exclusively on a meat diet. Vegetables are hard to buy, and in two years I never saw but one real garden, and in this I saw asparagus. The bean seems at home on the island, though the rainy season is against it. The variety chiefly grown has a red skin. It cooks easily and is said to be much more di- gestible than the white varieties. There are a number of red varie- ties, some large, some small. Of Lima beans, I never saw any that were very good. They have a curious bean there which grows on trees, some bearing a bushel to the tree. Poor people use it as a substitute for coffee. Beets are seldom seen, and carrots I did not see at all. They grow cabbage, but not the hard, solid heads we have here. Cabbage is frequently brought from the States, and I «m told it has sold as high as $1.00 per head. Celery grows there, but never makes the thick, crisp stems it deos here. Cucumbers grow anywhere on the island. Cantaloupes are good, but not raised to a great extent. Sugar cane grows readily, and much of it is chewed by the natives for its Juice. Men who work on the plantations almost live on the cane. The cassava is a tuber something like a potato. I think it is a good vegetable, and it is frequently used. Caladium esculentum is also used extensively as food. It is usually boiled, but is a rather an inferior vegetable. Ginger grows wild. People use no condiment No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 127 except garlic, the use of which is almost universal. Egg plant is grown and much used, usually being taken when quite young and sivall. One variety grows on a tree, but it is poisonous and not used. Garlic is not grown on the island at ali, and [ never saw horse-radish there. Water and musk melons are seen occasionally. It is said they do not grow well in the tropics. Onions are used extensively, but are imported from Spain. They will come from there in per- fect condition, while those from the States would spoil. Spanish onions are put up in ropes and seldom decay. Parsnips I did not see on the island. Peas are left to ripen on the stalks. They do not seem to know how to use them green. The green pepper grows there, but the red varieties are seldom seen and not put in food. The Irish potato is much used, but not extensively grown. The sweet potato grows almost wild. There are at least two kinds of red and two of yellow. They are larger than New Jersey sweets, but watery and not so good. Some grow to an enormous size, ten or twelve pounds. Pumpkins grow wild and are much used. Rad- ishes can often be had in the markets, but, like lettuce, they are inclined to be bitter and rough. Rhubarb I did not see. Rice is on the table there at almost every meal, and is mostly imported. Nearly all the native farmers have their little field of upland rice. It is boiled alone and anneito added to make it look richer, but it does not seem as nutritious as the imported. Of squashes, I did not see either Hubbard or Bush Scallop, but what appeared seemed to be a cross between the squash and calabash. I saw no spinach on the island. Tomatoes are small, like marbles. An American on the south side of the island experimented with tomatoes, and grew some as fine as I ever saw. I think turnips can be grown the year round, but are little used. Yams, or roots, of various kinds are largely used. There are many plants of the lily family that produce bulbs that are used as food. They seem to be mostly woody matter, with not much nutrition. While a number of our vegetables are not grown in Porto Rico, every vegetable we have here at home can be seen in the markets there. On the north side of the island a number of gentlemen planted seeds, but without much success. Many failed to germinate and those that did germinate did not grow well, of which no explanation is offered. ‘As to fruits, all those coming from the tropics can be seen in Porto Rico. The mountains are full of orange, lemon and lime trees, but there is no attention paid to them whatever. There are sweet and sour oranges; the sweet are eaten, the sour used for cooking. Some contend that the oranges are not good, but in my opinion they are, on the average, as good as we have them here. I do not know of a grafted tree on the island. I never saw a grove of more than an 128 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. acre, though there is said to be one of eighteen acres. I don’t think any are shipped from the island at present. They can be bought there very cheap, as low as six cents per hundred. I can see no reason why orange growing would not pay. There are three kinds of lemons. They have a sweet lemon, that is flat at the ends, shaped somewhat like an apple. It is intensely sweet and is used only to a limited extent for preserving. One variety is very large, as large as a child’s head, with a skin some- times one-half an inch thick. No practical use is made of it. Limes are used for making a drink. Grape fruit is merely seen. The fig is seldom seen, although it seems to thrive. The date is occasionally seen, but is not prolific. The cocoanut is found along the seashore; trees producing about 160 each year. Thousands of acres could be planted and would no doubt yield profitable returns. The natives use the cocoanut almost exclusively as a drink before fully ripe; also, as a dulce, or preserve. Of bananas, there are said to be eight varieties. This fruit is neg- lected and must look out for itself. It suckers to excess, thus draining the strength from the main stalk. It is extensively used as food by the laboring people. One variety, which we never see here, is called the “finger banana.” It is very fine in quality, but too small to ship with profit. The plaintain is used extensively in place of bread. It is pulled green and baked, resembling a baked potato. We are told that the banana is one of the most nutritious of all foods, but from observations in Porto Rico among those who are said to live on it, I must say I have lost faith in that theory. People seem not to be well nourished or well developed physically. The alligator pear is as large as two fists, with a large seed in the centre. The flesh is as insipid as a cantaloupe, without any taste. It is said to be quite nutritious, but is rarely seen in our markets, as it will not ship. There are two varieties of bread fruit. One variety looks and tastes like boiled chestnut. The other variety is less common. There are a number of varieties of custard apple. One kind, when ripe, is eaten with a spoon. Coffee is the main product of the island, the annual exports amounting to ten or twelve million dollars. It is said to be superior to the Brazilian product. It is not generally sold in this country, being sent to Spain, France and Germany. The industry is said to be in a deplorable condition. There are two or three kinds of plums and cherries, but not the fruits we know by that name. The fruit is inferior, but makes a fair preserve. The guaya is a small fruit resembling a small apple, which seems to ripen nearly the whole year. It is used chiefly for jelly. Several varieties of cactus bear fruit, but of no value. No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 129 The pawpaw is entirely different from our Pennsylvania fruit. It grows everywhere on the island and is wonderfully prolific. The mango is a great favorite with the natives, and some almost live on this fruit. It is frequently as large as your fist, and is very difficult to eat without getting it over you. The nispro, or medlar, resembles a potato or rusty peach or apple. It is much sought for by the natives. There are six or seven varieties of palm beside the date palm. It is said one native can live on the product of a palm tree. The pomegranate grows everywhere. Some think it a fine fruit, but I consider it very inferior. The rose apple resembles our apple and has the odor of the rose. The fruit is not used at all. Of pine apples, there are three kinds, small, large and black. I have never eaten any equal to the Porto Rican fruit, and I saw there the most magnificent specimens I have seen anywhere. The tamarind tree is one of the most beautiful on the island. At a distance it resembles the apple. The fruit resembles our peanut and is used for medicine. It makes also a refreshing drink. Experiments thus far made in fruit growing in Porto Rico have been only in a small way and too feeble to show definite results. It is hoped those who go into the work in the future will do so on an extensive scale and will ascertain what can be done by cultiva- tion and careful attention. Of the fruits we have here, I have never seen pears or apples on the island. Saw grapes, but they are neglected. Peach trees grow and bloom, but bear no fruit. There is no evidence of any interest in fruit culture and everything seems neglected. The May- berry was introduced in Porto Rico some six years ago, seems per- fectly at home and does well. ADDRESS OF SECRETARY HAMILTON. The Chair.—We are fortunate in having with us this evening Pro- fessor Hamilton, the Secretary of Agriculture of this State, who will address us on “The Necessity for Additional Legislation for the Protection of the Fruit Interests of Pennsylvania.’’* Prof. Hamilton.—I think those who have just had the pleasure of listening to Dr. Groff’s lecture will conclude that the fruits of Penn- Sylvania surpass not only those of Porto Rico but of any other country. I have had expert fruit men tell me that the apples of this State are superior in flavor to those produced anywhere else in the United States. *Like the Temarice by Dr. Groff, those of Prof. Hamilton were not reported stenographically, and the Secretary regrets his inability to give more than a mere synopsis of his very interesting address. 9—6—1901 130 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. When we undertake to grow fruit for flavor we will map the State according to altitude, soil, and climate, and thus locate the most promising sections for profitable fruit culture within our borders. My topic for this evening is “The Necessity for Additional Legis- lation for the Protection of the Fruit Interests of our State.” It is only necessary to call attention to the extent of the fruit in- terests in this State, to convince you that they are worthy of the serious consideration of our Legislature. The only statistics that are available on this subject are those found in the census of 1890, from which we learn that in 1889, Pennsylvania produced 750,000 bushels of apples, 60,000 bushels of cherries, 117,000 bushels of peaches, 8,000 bushels of plums, 1,400 bushels of pears, representing an aggregate value or income of $2,450,000. No doubt our recent census will show a large increase over these figures. There were 311 nurseries in Pennsylvania in 1889, with a capital of $3,000,000, employing 612 salesmen, expending annually $30,000 for advertising and $22,000 in postage. As compared with other States, in the cultivation of apples, Penn- sylvania is somewhat behind. According to the same census, we had, in 1889, 750,000 bushels of apples, New York 8,000,000, Ohio 13,000,000, Illinois 950,000, Michigan 13,000,000 bushels. Of peaches, Pennsylvania had 117,000 bushels, New York, 169,000, Virginia 105,000, California about 1,700,000 bushels. Pears, Penn- svlvania had 144,000; New York 538,000, New Jersey 113,000, Ohio 277,000, Indiana 157,000, Michigan 194,000, California 577,000 bushels. These figures show that as fruit growers we are behind other States that have not our advantages of soil and climate, and our position in the rear of the procession is not because we do not understand the proper care and cultivation of fruits, but in my opinion a large part of the difficulty is due to the fact that there has never been a properly organized effort on the part of the State to assist and encourage our horticultural interests. About all that has been done has been the work of this Association of horticultur- ists who meet annually to compare notes and experiences and who pay their own expenses. New York has made great advances in her fruit industry in the past twenty years. During a trip through that State last fall I saw, at Geneva, two large canning establish- ments, one of which canned 30,000 bushels of apples in a year, making not only satisfactory profits, but creating a home market for the surplus fruit of the vicinity. Here, in Pennsylvania, with every natural advantage almost nothing is being done to promote similar industries. Another point. Here, in Pennsylvania, we have to some extent Ne. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 131 become the dumping ground for refuse nursery stock from every section of the United States. There is no legislation to protect our fruit men from San José Scale or diseased or infected nursery stock brought in from other States. In the matter of existing legislation, we have laws protecting orchards from depredations. No one is allowed to steal our fruit or break down our trees. We have also a law enacted two years ago relating to San José Scale, yellows, black knot, ete. I do not know that this law has anywhere been enforced. According to its provisions orchards may be inspected and if condemned may be destroyed, but up to this time I know of no instance where any one has been prosecuted in Pennsylvania for non-compliance with its requirements. The Department of Agriculture has appointed experts to inspect nursery stock. same, and leave enough to pay her owner for his trouble. No de ‘bt we shall reap enough from this one article to repay us for oui time spent in coming here. Given as it is from one of our best autl orities on the subject, one who has done much for the farmers of his State. There are so many questions of interest on the programme that I fail to see the reason why people hesitate or object to coming here and be present with us. Some of my neighbors when I wanted them to come and attend this meeting said: “Oh, such things do not amount to much, so what is the use in going.” Such as these need to be educated. If everybody would by paying the small sum of $1.00 become members, what a power we could be! Instead of 26 or 27 cent butter it would be 35 or 40 cent butter. Again permit me to say that we are glad we have come to accept your hospitality, and we can see no excuse why these gatherings will not be the instruments of success. ‘Anyway we shall, no doubt, be the better for rubbing elbows with one another for a couple of days. : The following paper was then read: No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 165 PROTEIN. CAN DAIRYMEN PRODUCE THE NECESSARY PROTEIN FEEDS PROFI- TABLY ON THEIR OWN FARMS? By H. J. PATTERSON, Director Maryland Experiment Station. There is no question which is of so much importance to the dairy farmer as the proper feeding of his cows so as to obtain not only the greatest amount of product, but also to procure that product at the least cost per pound. The progressive dairyman has come to recognize that protein is a necessary constituent to accomplish this end. At first it seemed a simple matter to turn to the markets and purchase the protein which the home grown feeds did not furnish. But even under the most favorable conditions of purchasing protein the amount paid out for feed represents a large percentage of the gross income which must materially cut down the profits. In this day when the demand for this class of feeds has largely increased both for foreign and home consumption and the price of our products relatively less, it has become a very important and lively subject to consider how the amount of protein required can be produced on each and every farm. Not only is it necessary to find out the crops that can be grown so as to furnish the required protein; but it is also essential to determine the crops which will furnish this protein profitably and most economically. The question of the home pro- duction of protein is much more important for the eastern dairy- man than for his western brother, from the fact that protein feeds are much cheaper in the west than the east which, together with the fact of its always being cheaper to market a finished product rather than the raw materials, places the already keen competition between the eastern and western dairy products still more to the advantage of the west. This fact is also true as to the production of all classes ef animal products. There is no doubt that the Home Production of Protein is the per- iinent question of the day for the eastern dairyman and stockman. How to answer this question and solve the various problems con- nected therewith are more or less difficult and will require each per- son or community to make some individual calculations and modifi- cations of anything that might be said in this connection, yet it may 166 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. be possible to make some suggestions at this time that will aid or point the way in making a satisfactory solution of the present dif- ficulties. For an intelligent consideration of this question turn to the figures given in Table I and study the various crops which are com- monly raised on the farm, and see how much protein is being pro- duced and then turn to those crops which are not commonly grown, but which may be adopted on the farm in question and calculate how it would be best to proceed to produce that which is required. By observing the nutritive ratios in the two pars of Table I, it will be seen that those in Part 1, with the exception of the ratio for clover, hay and oats, are wider than the requirements of a standard dairy ration, and also that it would be impossible to make a combination of the crops in Part 1 so as to furnish the required relation of the - Protein and Carbohydrates. The crops in Part 2 have relatively nar- row ratios, and can be used for making balanced rations as is mani- fested by a study of the illustrations given in Tables II and V. There are numerous other crops that might be included in the es- timates and combinations which are not given in Tables I and 11, but these will serve to point the way. For instance those sections which are further north, and not well adapted to cow peas, might substitute the Canada pea. In this connection, be it remembered, that cow peas are really beans and belong properly to the bean family, and are hot weather crops. For best results they should not be planted until the ground is thoroughly warm (after June i) and they will be killed off with the first frost of the fall. The Canada pea is a cool weather plant and can be planted very eariy in the spring, like oats and barley, but it is impatient of hot, dry weather and hence not adapted to the south. Often considerably more forage can be grown to the acre by com- bining some of the legumes with a cereal, for example, Canada peas and oats; Canada peas and barley; winter oats or barley and winter vetch; Winter vetch and wheat; cow peas and sorghum; cow peas and corn; cow peas, corn and millet. All of these combinations have been used in different sections with excellent results. In Table If are given some sample rotations which might be sug- gestive as to ways in which rotations common to parts of this State might be modified so as to better meet the requirements of dairy farms. Rotation “A” is one that is used in part at our Station quite satisfactorily, and our experiments indicate it could be used as a whole. This rotation to some is objectionable as it requires frequent plowing and thus incurs considerable expense for labor. Supple- menting the rotations as shown in “B,” “C” and “D,” Table II, with alfalfa, it will be seen 1s a very effective means of furnishing the required protein and does not necessitate any more plowing than at No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 167 present. These schemes would make it necessary to put from one- fifth to one-seventh of the land devoted to crops for feeding the dairy down to alfalfa. Alfalfa, when once established, will stand for 6 to 10 years. Results of tests thus far seem to indicate that alfalfa can be successfully grown in most parts of this State, and that during August or the first of September is the proper time for seeding. From the digestion and feeding experiments which have been con- ducted it has been found that the protein of alfalfa hay can be used as a substitute for wheat bran and cow peas will answer nearly as well as the alfalfa. It will be noted that the rotations as given in Table IL will fur- nish enough feed of a balanced character, according to the western standard, to maintain a cow on from one and one-half to two acres. The yields outlined herewith in Tables I and II are only such as would be considered fair and satisfactory. Many farmers are pro- ducing much more. The ideal in dairying of maintaining a cow on one acre means that this must be done to a large extent by increasing the yields and using the combinations which have been suggested. The value of the leguminous crops as gatherers of nitrogen and miners of subsoil fertility must not be overlooked in the matter of the economical procuring of protein and is an additional argument for introducing these crops in the farm rotations, COST OF PRODUCING vs. BUYING OF PROTEIN. From the discussion in the preceding pages, and the figures to be noted elsewhere, it is very evident that the necessary protein can be procured on the farm; but this is only one phase of the question and still leaves the question of the cost of production for consideration. An examination of Tables I and III will show that one acre of cow peas will produce a little more digestible protein than is fur- nished by two tons of wheat bran, which would make the product of oue acre of cow pea hay worth on the basis of the present (December Ist, 1901) market value of bran, $44.00 or $17.60 per ton. The cost of producing one acre of cow peas would vary from $10.00 to $15.00. One acre in alfalfa would yield the equivalent $73.00 worth of pro- tein if purchased in wheat bran; or in other words a six-acre field of alfalfa would yield as much digestible protein as is purchased in a 20 ton carload of wheat bran. Of course protein can be purchased cheaper in cottonseed meal, linseed meal and gluten meal than in wheat bran, but even with these protein can be produced by alfalfa or cow peas at about one-half their cost. These figures together with the fact of the leguminous crops being soil improvers and that they can be grown often as catch crops be- tween the regular crops, leave but little doubt as to the wisdom and profit of the home production of protein. It may be that some of 168 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. these most promising crops are not adapted to individual conditions; yet there are some crops rich in protein adapted to each and every condition and the margin of profit is large enough to warrant all in searching for the crops that can be grown and then producing the required protein at home. PROTEIN IN PASTURES. Much might be contributed towards feeding dairy cattle by the im- provement of the permanent pastures. Almost every farm has a small area that would be more profitable for a permanent pasture than for cultivated crops. On such areas it would pay well for the trouble and expenses if they were well prepared and set to crops adapted for pasture purposes. There are numerous grasses and some legumes that are specially adapted for pasture purposes and which are of little value for hay purposes. The grasses specially adapted for pastures will stand the tramping and cropping to which they are subjected which as every one knows how soon a clover and timothy sod gives out under such treatment. Among the grasses best adapted for pasture purposes in most of this State might be mentioned the following: Kentucky blue grass, Rhode Island bent, Red top and Orchard grass. These should be supplemented at time of seeding with a liberal amount of white clover and some alsike and red clover. In some sections the Japan colver will be found to do well and is a valuable addition. The Japan clover is an annual which will seed itself from year to year. WHAT FEEDS ON THE MARKET ARE THE BEST SOURCES OF PRO- THIN. Some farmers may be so located that it will be necessary to sup- pJement the home grown feeds. In such cases the question arises, “What shall be purchased?” On most farms there is generally an abundance of the feeds rich in carbohydrates, and it is desired to buy those which can be used to best advantage in balancing the dairy ration. Under such circumstances it will generally be found that to purchase the most concentrated protein food compatible with price is best. The figures given in Table III show that at the present market con- ditions, protein can be procured cheapest in cottonseed meal. The next source is gluten meal and the most expensive source is the one most commonly depended upon by farmers, namely, wheat bran. Table IIf will serve to make calculations when market conditions change. Very often farmers desire to purchase protein feeds in quantity, yet do not care for more than one kind, and desire some- thing that can be used for all classes of stock. Im such cases cotton- sced meal would not be advisable, as it could not be used for hogs, chickens or horses. No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 169 INCREASING THE SUPPLY OF PROTEIN BY PLANT BREEDING. The most recent experiments in plant improvement by breeding and selection indicates that a great deal can be done towards increas- ing the supply of protein by increasing the percentage of protein in the crops raised on the farm. It is well known that special qualities in animals have been produced by selection and breeding. Plants are not unlike animals in this respect, and if the same laws are ob- served the future will find distinct breeds or types of our various crops possessing special characteristics as to the relative amounts of the valuable constituents. What may be accomplished by plant breeding is well illustrated by the improvements made in the sugar content of the sugar beet, sorghum and sugar cane. In Table IV is exhibited what might be expected as the ultimate outcome of plant improvement by selecting and breeding, if the highest types of which there is knowledge were to be used as a basis. From this table it will be seen that there are great possibilities even with those crops which have been commonly raised on the farms of this State for years. From present-indications the corn plant presents not only the easiest subjects for improve- ment, but also seems to possess the greatest possibilities. It must be remembered that when the protein content of the crops is increased, the carbohydrates are diminished proportionately; con- sequently the nutritive ration is narrowed and with the full realiza- tion of the facts as set forth in Table IV there would be no difficulty in balancing a ration with the ordinary products of the farm. It is essential that every farmer who expects to keep pace with the times and be able to cope with the competition of the future should start at once upon the improvement of the breed of his crops, es- pecially of the corn crop, with more protein for the goal. There has been 50 samples of corn submitted to Maryland Station for analysis by farmers who are taking up the question of breeding up the corn crop. These samples showed a range of from 8 to 12.5 per cent. of protein, which with a 10 barrel crop would be equivalent to a range of 157 pounds of protein per acre. Crops can not be improv- ed at one place for all, but will have to be done in different sections, so as to have the crop adapted to the various climatic and soil con- ditions. Improvement of the crop will necessitate the improvement of the soil, and in fact a rich soil will have much influence in bringing up the protein content of the crop, and this will be another reason for availing of the value of the leguminous crops as agents for soi! im- provement. SAMPLE RATIONS. In Table V are given some sample rations which serve to show how such leguminous crops, as alfalfa and cow peas, can be used in 12 170 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. making balanced rations, and they illustrate their advantage over the common crops of the farm which an examination of the table shows are deficient in protein and need to be supplemented by some of the rich by-products. In furnishing an abundance of protein feeds the farmer has accom- plished much in the way of improving the yield of animal products, but must not rest easy or think that this is all-sufficient, but remem- ber that there is much truth in the adage “The eye of the master fattens his cattle.” TABLE I.—YIELD OF PROTEIN BY AVAILABLE FARM CROPS. Yield Per Acre. ed Rie -uiiey bx sulle el ecage ee : : 2 | 2 a3 2 Fair Acreage Yield. S | = Koh 3 8, 3 B j 4 : 2 2 2a © a | & 2 SeH| & S ee Ph | 2 3S | $8 | 359 8 5 ao ea | ides 5 fy ‘= A A vA PART 1. Crops Commonly Raised. : | Corn (grain and cob), .......... (olelO barrels eesti Ne 3825 298 167 1,505 1:15.0 (| 3,500 pounds! .:....... J : WORM LOGE) Delvcicisicinice scissile cisieisicleniee $000 pOUNGSs ".-7. esis 3.8 114 64 1,152 1:18.0 | 231 2,657 BAM Yys (CSLEAIN) | scpelerecBieseic cisiciviein ci fall 40s DUSHEIS Feces iclelerrsitale ) 12.4 238 193 1,544 1: 8.0 lL} 1,600 pounds, ......... J ‘ SEC Ver (SEEEIW) i clcicrelciclcleies slelossialeisiore S000 DOUNGSS..:jc.na1-1 | 3.5 105 42 1,377 1:32.8 235 2,921 | ee eer MAES) (STAIN), cerersteistereisieteleeisieleie(eisieie fal ea0ipishelswcrcscccecce |) 11.8 189 155 | 899 Ter es | 1,600 pounds, ......... | J | | (WENGE) (GUidhyio Ie eonenencansdeeaoonsnoad 25500 DOUNGS) eeiecceieina > | 4.0 | 100 | 40 1,320 1:33:0 | 195 2,219 | Wiheat(erain),, sscotseacnt cases D5mpushels teen eeeerees ipetes 177 136 1,346) 1: 9.8 1 SOC POUNGS, ile naseleiers WIT Rete (SURE ou vicicicis se om.oid siniele(amnierein 5 200 pounds, <2. cc... 3.4 82 | 33 2,161 1:65.5 | 169 | 3,507 | EEATAXO DEL LL Aig Lalatece Sicteretrc\c rev eroinilaveseversre QUCONS versie efsieteiescistsye ccsteis 5.9 236 | 111 1,798 1:16.2 Grohard Srass NAY, Hq S | 3 | 6 § 2 i a (a) HH Cy) Hee 3 S un 5 on Rotation C. ~ a Rotation D. Fae | ee Q Hl ry =) 2 ed, | 2 ed = ace i Se nD tg | n tn A i | A MM GCOLI Mes Soecccasscoreseetnere: 231 DAGH TAR Orvis oo sssiscesOeON Mere eee 231 2,657 PE Oats wens: 195 OROTOR NOME (i MouOatSs «4 ccneceebeoceeeee rr 97 1,110 Be Week (EUG) “Aouodgoancdoado|losaneonGau||booriabodac [Boe Cr peawhay. \cocsosnes 269 1,029 4. (Clover and ... ; 285 i 'Cik) || Gia NAVA eVsE Mean Gta) oD VAG apicoaosoro ssobdcoobellnaccenaac GAMIETIMOth YS) .60cs05+ sce se 11 Me7Os) 4 (Clover and! <-..cdesuccsses 285 1,710 ———— |_| 5. | Timothy, .................. 111 1,798 822 8,384 | Supplemented by alfalfa, ...| 824 3,378 Nutritive ratio, 1:10.2, eee ee ee PAE ALCUN Wetsletecisic(cieiereic\s iso's olcltereiss 824 3,378 1,817 11, 682 1,646 | 11,762 eee eee = LING pals agqeley “seocoonsodcoor Jet teeeeeee 1:6.4 OREO CMETEU CL Ose Ucinjcicreisteleieislsie;e.ci|aisisisivialevale's 1:7.1 | : | 172 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. TABLE 3.—PRINCIPAL PROTEIN FEEDS ON OUR MARKETS. elfuats ev S| 3S oi 8 3 a” 3 3 2 di : > a fae “ wu | als fa “oo iI a & £3 Se core) oD H o are) ° I ae es | = S] 2 38 oo £ =| rs Oak = Ss | ge | 20) oaensanames 2) oe Names oQ ; ° és) & o Y en ieee a s Bx 5 5a Seiad Mec Ser alla ae z ee REWeen Mere || ee) |b Ele a | Bs 8 fi B A A | VE is} | Cottonseed meal, .........ccececeeceeseeees $2600! 42) 940] 7e1 874]. 1:1.2 3.4 Linseed meal (new process), ............ 28 00 39 780 663 898 1:1.6 4.2 Linseed meal (old process), .............. ; 30 00 36 720 640 970 NES Le'7/ 4.7 GUEST RIA CAM ee creole siaie siaivie oles icicle aeyetersforersts 25 00 38 760 669 1,450 e129 3.7 GNP eM LESS Versisis sio'swiecinsaterores aie lessee iereioeaie 23 00 25 500 43 1, 266 1:6.4 5.3 EATERS DLOULS i cette. loro creie Noe siols ciel ater Moroniavs 18 00 24 480 384 | 806 1:2.2 4.7 Brewers’ grains, ...... Mane eieleiviass eteveleioverale Sele | 19 00 24 480 379 942 1:2.5 5.0 Buckwheat imiddlingsy i727 sides cceseccoeacee| 23 00 28 560 460 1,010 1:2.2 5.0 Wheat Dreamy fo ojstu- ene eiseinieneiemelewiecce nice] 22 00 16 320 250 908 1:3.8 8.0 WY heat “MIGGHINES oe er mente tere crore crcniers ime | 23 00 16 320 260 1, 220 1:4.8 8.1 TABLE 4.-SHOWING MEANS OF INCREASING YIELD OF PROTEIN BY CROP IMPROVEMENT. (Average Yield Per Acre.) | | 5 te Q |g 5 * E » oO 2 z Pp ° = rs} | roy cur aS ° o 7 z ae € fs 24 ao c ~ ih rs aS o Bj oH tO Ay A A ! HUbUShelSscorns, AVeTAGE PLOtEIM, ocicce oes -crcccew'e/lejete cieelteces sacle sae 8.5 298 167 bOebushels corny, Hisham) PTOCELIIG Werctetors cleveiaceta(clelviojelavelata eieiejave(sic(alelarerelelesels 14.0 490 274 DO SbUShelST#Oatss caVerape mpPrOCeLI) Wesicceisieta sleielelejeleislclelelaisiais cle eisisielaricle ete 11.8 189 133 BOBbUShe smog ts sui ete i DrOCOIMem cisterce lice eicieicieiscicie cieiseieleiclerelelers eieisiaicie 14.4 230 129 40 bushels barley, average protein, 12.4 238 193 40 bushels barley, high in protein, 15.7 301 244 25 bushels wheat, average protein, 11.8 177 136 25 bushels wheat, high in protein, 16.6 249 192 2 tons clover hay, average protein, 12.3 492 285 2 tons clover hay, high in protein, 20.5 820 475 2144 tons cow peas, average protein, .. 16.6 830 538 2% tons cow peas, high in protein, .. 20.0 1,000 650 ACLOUS Arabia waAVELAL Ee DLOLEAe cremate cimiscietcercictaisiciesisicie cir ciievcceicle no cicietere 14.3 1,144 824 A tons alfalfa, Nigh ine Protein. coc ee ce ctecisisieicicrciclerele ceseisie elclnicieicic eisicieisce 20.3 1, 624 1,169 No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 173 TABLE 5.—DAIRY FEEDING STANDARDS AND SOME SAMPLE RATIONS. uw 2 wl ; b s . o ~ Quantity. 2 + g 4H bh | iS S g a . 2 a & zB a 3 A} oO H a : I ie German standard ration, .............. maratate|Ketatavelstete sagnooDouC aisiersreletetsle 1:5.4 Wisconsin estimated ration, .........c.c.0e] coccccccsccccescervecccecs 1:6.8 May and June pasture SrasSS, .......ccccee] cserecece aeiarete 1:5.6 Cormmrand COprmMeal) i... Foc wcesicwecne 10 pounds, .. PRA UUM SU Use elclnlelclolcln w'elsicleinisis\s s(ele olsisicicialclefeleisiels 15 pounds, 1-622: NO ATeRAMRTIAC Gl wale niatc/etcieielele mictoin\e(aielo,<'eleletslereteisicia/a'eisveieie's Walt)seyoibbstsk}, conoaeoasoce “bs 5.91 OUINER WEE (SER edn ec nOnOsOUSHECo coo DOOCmnaOS iA oxeybhoWleh) Gaopagadoeee 1.02 5.94 1.55 11.85 1:7.6 CrGAMPEBIICED) NCAT, Fee cialeie viets:nleisicioisieie seieieiejs'e ZHDOUNGS ic letsietateleieieleles 64 1.45 | 2.19 13.30 1:6.0 Sia TAAL VGaagsaqgsasanopooboounauoonnodadarson AOSPOUTAS ecyeeietaiclere 53 5.91 | (Clon? TACEN MYERS Gonpnoodnocopooounogooudadouse 16) DOUNG SH tiejcloeisicleiielel= 1.40 5.76 1.93 | 11.67 1:6.0 Corn and cob meal, 12 pounds, 53 7.98 OVA CE LAE Vey Talelateln elciaieioisie’elelsio(e\cicitjeje«je{slateieieisisi 15 pounds, 1.40 5.76 | 1.93 | 13.74 1:6.6 COMTI UAC raicieln cic iaiacinlelolelshele otnieisie(lee,sie(clelsyeiewie’s 30) POUNGS |; 5 occrcice ces ay A | S80 COMET AY A reislelete eleleicielelsleicieissclelele/cicisielelefelelcte\e\eyere Gi DOUMASH cyetetereleleisiei cle 41 2.38 CamMpnils HMIGGMNES |) “fcciciseisicle ajeieciosieieies | GRDOUNES He ccrciciieleictoierare Sits 3.64 | 1.45 9.89 1:6.9 Brewers) Erains, 25 Per’ CeNE: ,/ <0... sie vee ois ANTOWUNGS |) actetsicleletereis!efs 79 1.91 | 2.24 11.80 1:5.3 (Clarin GET. Se aeopsoconno coon DOOoonOOcnOrooae SAU ofo Dhol Sagnandoenoe 27 3.87 MESEMIMEOCLOLOL icles ac stomic/ucinie or Ge tie Oe atioaaies ceeaes SDOVTIGS |. sh free as possible. It should be small and separated from all other buildings where the animals are kept, and there should be no direct current of air between the two buildings. Adjourned. SECOND DAY.—Afternoon Session. The Nominating Committee made the following report: President, William F. McSparran, Furniss, Lancaster Co., Pa. First Vice President, Austin Leonard, Troy, Lancaster Go., Pa. Second Vice President, M. E. Perham, Niagara, Wayne Co., Pa. Treasurer, S. IF’. Barber, Harrisburg, Pa. Secretary, H. Hayward, State College, Centre Co., Pa. Directors: Henry W. Comfort, Falsington, Pa. J. P. Sharpless, Londongrove, Chester Co., I’a. C. L. Peck, Coudersport, ‘Tioga, Co., Pa. S. J. McCoy, Elk City, Clarion Co., Pa. K. P. Forney, Hanover, York Co., Pa. C. J. Pollett, Kayton, Erie Co., Pa. It was moved and seconded that the report be received, and that Major Wells, the Chairman, be directed to cast the ballot. Major Wells stated that the ballot was cast. PLACE OF MEETING. Mr. H. W. Comfort: One of the letters read before the meeting relative to the time and place of the next meeting recommended that the by-law be suspended which provided for the meeting being held during the first week of December, and that the time and place be left to the next committee. I would like to know what disposi- tion shall be made of this. Mr. Maloney: If any discussion is in order, I would like to move that the next meeting be held at some place as nearly central as pos- sible, and that the railroad facilities be taken into consideration. I would especially urge that not only should attention be given to se- curing comfortable quarters, but that the exhibition of fixtures and of butter can be held in the same building. There is loss of time and No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. ade division of interest by having the sessions and the exhibit in different buildings. (As one interested in the fixture department, I would like to see a better arrangement. Mr. John I. Carter: I think Harrisburg would be a suitable meet- ing place, and if it is in order, I move that we meet at Harrisburg. f it is not in order, I move that the place of meeting be left to the Executive Committee. The President: At the last meeting there was some trouble en- countered by the people coming to the exhibit by disturbing the meet- ing, and I think the idea of our Secretary was to prevent such a recur- rence by haying the exhibit in a separate building. It was thought better to have the scores read and the exhibit not made public. Mr. Maloney: It seems to me that part of the function of an affair of this kind is to educate creamery men along the points on which butter is scored. For that reason I think the butter should be put in a place easily accessible, and the points on which the butter is scored made public. Mr. McSparran: I move that we receive with our endorsement this part of the report of that committee. Mr. H. W. Comfort: In regard to the communication addressed to the Association by Dr. Armsby, suggesting that the Pennsylvania Dairy Union join with the College in granting diplomas to the gradu- ates of the dairy school, or in some such way endorse those gradu- ates, I would say that the managers approve of the plan very heartily, and I would suggest that the matter be left with the new board to carry out as to detail. If you wish, however, to leave the matter for further consideration, when the letter can be re-read so that all the members can know the full purport of it, I have no objection. President Sharpless: I think all know the purport of this letter and it has been suggested by one of the executive committee that it be left in the hands of the new board. Motion to leave the matter with the new board was carried. Mr. John I. Carter as a member of the Auditing Committee re- ported a balance of $40.71 in the treasury. The report was accepted. President Sharpless: At our meeting a year ago Professor Hamil- ton, Secretary of Agriculture, was with us, and explained some things about the “oleo” law. He promised that if there was an amendment to the law he could exterminate oleo in a short space of time in Pennsylvania. He is here to-day to explain how that is done. 246 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. THE OLEO LAWS OF PENNSYLVANIA. BY PROF. JOHN HAMILTON, Secretary of the State Department of Agricultwre. The topic that is placed upon the programme for me to discuss is called, “The Oleo Laws of Pennsylvania.” I do not know whether it was intentional on the part of the committee, to have law in the plural or not. It is, however, a correct statement. In Pennsyl- vania we have two oleomargarine laws that are operative. One is the old law of 1899; the other the new one of 1901. As most of the members of the Dairy Union are perfectly familiar with the old law, it seems unnecessary to state anything with regard to its conditions. You know that there was dissatisfaction with the character of it. When the new law was framed, there was a saving clause attached, providing that suits that had already been brought under the old law, should be continued. We, therefore, had severat hundred suits under the old law on our hands when the new law went into effect, and they are still in our hands for disposition. But one of two things can be done with these: either to drop from the list, or prosecute them as far as it is possible to do so. The new law differs from the old, in several important respects. When we were discussing the provisions of the old law, it was alleged, that if certain amendments were placed in the new law, there would be a chance for their enforcement, provided the courts sustained the law. The Dairy and Food Commissioner of the Department of Agri- culture, can do nothing more than appoint agents, send them out through the State to collect samples, submit these samples to the chemist, and if they are found to be adulterated, have the matter brought to the attention of a magistrate, and the person arrested and fined. If it is a civil action, the defendant has the right of ap- peal to the court, and the case is then similar to any individual case, prosecuted by an individual citizen. The State of Pennsylvania, stands exactly in the shoes of the individual citizen. Under this new law there is express declaration, that the individual citizen shall have the same privileges and powers, that the State has, in the prose- cution of the oleomargarine law. The enforcement of this law, is in the hands of. the Dairy and Food Commissioner, and he is responsible up to the point that I have stated; until the case comes to court. Then his responsibility ceases, except that he is to produce the evidence that he possesses, No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 247 for the consideration of the court and jury. The matter is then in the hands of the jury, and they determine what is to be done, This perhaps, clears up the question of responsibility. Begging the Chairman’s pardon, I didn’t say that we were “going to clean up the whole business at once.” That would be a foolish expression for any man to make, when he knows that he is face to face with the courts. He is, however, responsible for bringing the evidence to the court. One of the points of difference between the old and new laws, is, that under the new law, notice of the use of oleomargarine in any restaurant or hotel, must be put upon the counter where used. With the dealers, notices on the packages must be in full view. Under the old law they concealed them. The dealer, whether in the wholesale or retail trade, must keep a set of books showing the con- signments of oleomargarine, to whom consigned and the railroad by which it was shipped. Ifa retailer, he is also required to show from whence the goods were obtained. ‘The Dairy and Food Commissioner prepared, in accordance with law, forms of record books, and th se were sent out to all persons applying for license. The Dairy and Food Commissioner now has authority to require, that the retailer or wholesaler shall open his books, if necessary, and show the ex- tent of his business; from whence he received consignments, and to whom consignments are to be sent. Another feature of the new law, is in regard to penalties. In civil prosecutions the penalties are the same in both laws, and in the first offence under criminal prosecution, in the new law the penalty is the same; but, when a second offence occurs, under crimi- nal prosecution, the fine is more than double. Five hundred dollars is the least fine, $1,000 is the maximum. Imprisonment is obligatory and is not left as before to the discretion of the court. The new law, also, permits the Dairy and Food Commissioner to present, as evidence, before magistrates and in courts, a certificate, signed by himself and the Secretary of Agriculture, as to the fact of a man’s having taken or not having taken out a license. Hereto- fore, it was necessary for the Dairy and Food Commissioner to ap- pear in person and testify to this fact. It was exceedingly expen- sive, and often very difficult for him to be present at all hearings. Another feature is the injunction clause, which is intended to re- sirain the dealer from continuing the sale of oleomargarine pending a suit. This is virtually taken from the New York code. There has been no case brought under this injunction clause yet, for the reason that I will explain a little later. The lawyers were some- what in doubt, as to just how the courts would-determine this ques- tion. It does not follow, that because this is good law in New York, it is valid in Pennsylvania, 248 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. Another feature is the requirement of the constables, in report- ing to the courts, to state whether they know of the violation of the oleomargarine law within their jurisdiction. This, at a first glance, seems an absurd requirement, because the ordinary constable is not competent, as a rule, to determine between a good article of oleomargarine, and butter, and so if he is to de- pend wholly upon his own judgment, he, perhaps, would not have a case to report once in a year. It is, however, far more reach- ing. He is required to report a case, if evidence is furnished him by anybody else, and if that case is found to be well taken, the judge immediately directs the district attorney to have it brought before the grand jury, and if a true bill is found the man is arraigned and the case put down for trial. This is a short cut into court and be- fore the grand jury. If any citizen has a sample, of what he sus- pects to be cleomargarine, analyzed and the suspicions are confirmed, he can notify the constable, who must report it to the next sitting of court. Then if the man who has given information will appear with evidence the court will determine whether it is well founded, and if so must present it to the grand jury. This is, therefore, a very im- portant clause. Another feature of the new law, which was in the old, but not in as satisfactory form, is that any citizen can bring prosecution. Under the old law, this was done at his own expense; under the new the citizen receives half of the fine. Another feature which is made quite prominent in the new law, is the right to enter a place of business and take samples. This is, however, of very doubtful legality. It is a dangerous thing to jump on a man in his own store, and the man who does it does so at his peril. We are, therefore, obliged to get samples by other means, than by going in and announcing the presence of the agent or the Dairy and Food Commissioner and demanding that the refrigerators be thrown open for his inspection. It is regarded as a very doubt- ful right. for him to enter and search. That feature will have to be administered with much discretion. (). Has that ever been tested? A. It has been tested with the result that the dealer met the man with gn axe. The publishing of a bulletin semi-annually, by the Dairy and Food Commissioner, showing the suits and prosecutions that have been brought, is another feature in the new law. That report, is in the hands of the printer now. The report, up to the first of last July, will we hope, be issued in the very near future. Another will be prepared after the first of January, showing the suits and prosecu- tions, from the first of July to the first of January. : Now, then, what has the Department been doing? It is a great privilege, for those of us who are entrusted with the administration No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 249 of this law, who are on the firing line, to make a report to some of you who perhaps do not know what it is to be under fire. Irom the first of January, 1900, to the first of July, 1901, we have been enfore- ing pure food laws. The oleomargarine law is only one of a number that we have had to enforce. All the laws which the Department has to enforce are embodied in this bulletin and it will be sent free of cost to any one who desires it. In the enforcement of the oleo- margarine law, during the past eighteen months, there were analyzed vy our chemist, 1,402 samples of oleomargarine. There were, per- haps, 3,000 or more samples taken. A Jarge number were found by the primary test, not to be oleomargarine. All the figures will come out in the bulletin. There have been a total of 3,019 analyses in the eighteen months. I will venture, that not three States in the Union, taken together, can match that in the way of analyses. In the matter of prosecutions, immediately upon receipt of the analysis from the chemist, we institute suit, if the case is a good one, one in which the chemist’ can come on the witness stand, and swear that the goods are adulterated. We have had 1,159 oleomar- garine suits. Many of you who have had one suit, have spent a lot of money, and had all sorts of delays. It takes a man with pretty good digestion and a clear conscience, to fight in this way, day in and day out. Our Dairy and Food Commissioner, is an active man. There are a lot of people engaged in the enforcement of this law, and they are, without exception, honorable, straightforward men, so far as we know, and we have many tests of the honesty and integrity of our agents and attorneys; tests that they know nothing about, but which satisfy us that these men are doing their work to the best of their ability, and under great discouragement at times. Now then, what is the result? It is fairly satisfactory all over Pennsylvania, with the exception of Allegheny and Pittsburg. There we have come up against a peculiar sentiment that has been very diffi- cenit to deal with. A year ago we reported that a large number of people in Pittsburg had been arraigned. We have been endeavoring to get these people before the courts, but you know the methods taken to bring about delay. We have, however, brought 394 of them before the court in criminal suits. In every one the proof was ab- solute. Our chemist and agent appeared before the grand jury. They gave an account of every one of the 394 suits, but the grand jury ignored every bill; and, it did more than that, it put the costs on us, or it put the costs on our agent, not on the State, on our agent as an individual. I have the papers here, that show the pro- test that was made by the Dairy and Food Commissioner, against that action of the grand jury, and the petition to the court asking the judge to resubmit these cases to the grand jury, on the ground that the evidence was conclusive, and the verdict not in accordance with 1G 250 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. the evidence submitted. The court, after holding the papers for two months, refused to grant our request, and the verdict of the grand jury was confirmed. We then had another petition made out to the court, asking that so much of the decision, as put the costs upon our agent, be reversed. This was refused. That was only a few days ago. The court immediately gave us notice, that our agent was to appear yesterday, in Pittsburg, for sentence. Our agent appeared; the judge was out of the city and the matter was deferred for ten days. At the end of this time, our agent must appear before the court in Pittsburg to receive his sentence. It is the purpose of the Department, when the sentence is pronounced, to appeal the case to the Superior Court, and if necessary to the Supreme Court. It is time to determine, whether a.State agent, acting in the line of duty under the authority granted by the laws of the Commonwealth, is responsible for costs, in suits that have been ignored by a grand jury. We have gone as far as the best legal advice warrants. We have also brought, in Pittsburg, 230 civil suits, and every one of these has been appealed, and they will have to come before the court wherever the district attorney is ready to list them. They are pending and we cannot urge the court, except to ask the district at- torney to hasten the hearings. That is the situation in Pittsburg where public sentiment, as indicated by the action of the grand jury, is in favor of the sale of oleomargarine. We have not the same difficulty in other parts of the State. Under the new law we have won every suit but one, and that was lost through an informality; that is, the dealer declared that his clerk who sold the goods to our agent was not authorized to sell butter or anything else except meat and so the matter went against us. Q. What is the district attorney to do with a civil suit? A. The civil suits are listed by the prothonotary for trial. Q. When can this injunction clause be tried? A. The injunction clause cannot be enforced until we have had a second case. A second case means that there must first be a con- viction. Moreover, we do not wish to make a test of this clause in Pittsburg where the circumstances are not favorable perhaps to its consideration. We would prefer to’ have the trial where the judges and jury would be more likely to look at the facts as unprejudicial persons see them. We have, therefore, been waiting for an oppor- tunity to bring a trial out in the country. | In every instance, in which the people in the country have been prosecuted, they have quit business. We have over 200 cases in the city of Pittsburg, that we are simply holding, until we see what we can do with the ones in court. It is useless for us to bring up new cases, if we cannot dispose of those No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 251 we already have. The cases lose nothing by pending, except that the people have taken a new lease of life, as it were, since the action of the grand jury. The law is being well administered, I believe, in all parts of the State, except in Allegheny county and perhaps in Westmoreland county. Of course, that doesn’t mean that there are no sales of oleo- margarine in other places, but that the sale is not openly carried on. There was a recent decision in a case in which much trouble has been given. Agents of western firms have been taking orders in the country, and having the goods shipped, as they supposed, under the Inter-State Commerce Law. The effort was to evade our law. Two men, however, were convicted and obliged to pay a fine of over $200. I think there will be other similar cases. The food authorities in the State need the sympathy, support and confidence of the citizens in their effort to administer this law im- partially and faithfuliy. There have been some criticisms, by per- sons who do not know the facts, but the books of the Department are open to inspection, and an itemized list of suits and prosecutions wil be published. Just how far we shall be able to proceed in the - future, in Pittsburg, depends altogether upon the courts. We can take samples, but if we cannot get beyond the grand jury the De- partment of course is helpless. The members of the Pennsylvania Dairy Union can do a great deal to correct public sentiment, and to help the Department in its efforts to enforce the law. Discussion followed participated in by Messrs. Paschall, Edge, Embree, Cope, Hamilton and McSparran. SOILING AND SOILING CROPS. By Dr. EDWARD B. VOORHEES, Director New Jersey Experiment Station. The growing of animal goods is particularly important at the pres- ent time. The various crops found to be suitable for soiling or dry forage will be considered from the following standpoints: Their use- fulness in a system of continuous soiling; their adaptability for asture and hay; and the advantage of their use in reducing the ne- cessity for purchased feeds. Furthermore, a systematic growing of forage crops will result in obtaining a very much larger yield of food per acre, thus concentrating our efforts upon fewer acres and per- mitting a larger number of animals. The soiling system, however, has the chief advantage, of course, of providing a continuous sup- 252 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. ply of succulent food for every day in the year. The growth cf forage crops, therefore, is advantageous, even for the man whose practice is to pasture, because these crops will supplement shortages due to drouth or inadequate supply of food, due to the watery character of pastures during wet seasons. The matter of the food in forage crops is also one which requires some study, owing to the variability of the crops, both in their con- tent of dry matter, and in the proportion of the nutritious compounds contained in them. In the case of fine mill feeds, we have pretty full knowledge concerning their composition and nutritive value, and furthermore, the various mill products, as bran, middlings, ete., contain practically the same total amount of nutrients, varying only in the proportions and digestibility of each. In the case of green feeds, on the other hand, wide variations are likely to occur in the amounts of dry matter contained in them. For example, corn in the stage of maturity in which it would be most suitable for feeding, will contain 25 per cent. of dry matter, whereas certain of the millets and other crops, very desirable for soiling, oftentimes contain as littie as 10 per cent. The ton basis of comparison, therefore, which is the usual basis, is not as safe a one as in the case of dry feeds of the same general character. This point of variation in the case . of different crops should be taken into consideration, together with that other important one, namely, the influence of the amount and proportion of the different nutrients. It is now well understood. that those crops which belong to the cereal group, as corn, sorghum, millet, ete., are carbonaceous in their character, and if fed exclu- sively, if such a practice is ever desirable, does not give best results, but is wasteful, while the feeding of leguminous crops, exclusively, would result in supplying a much larger proportion of protein than is necessary er even desirable, which is also wasteful. In other words, the two classes of crops would be more economically used together, than if either were used alone. This line of investigation has also proved valuable in showing the possibilities of intensive farm practice. It has been demonstrated that for the climate of New Jersey, crops may be so arranged as to furnish a continuous supply of green forage from May 1, to November 1, and the yields have been sufficient to provide from one acre food enough for four cows for this period. This may not be possible in your shorter season, though I am satisfied that with a careful study of the adaptability of a number of these crops to your conditions, a very largely increased product may be obtained. The crops that have been found especially use- ful are discussed in the order of their use. The amount fed per day will range from fifty to as high as eighty pounds, depending upon the character of the forage, whether very watery or reasonably dry, and upon the supply; when a great abundance is obtainable, larger No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 263 amounts are given at each feeding, though in all cases when the for- age is very young, or in the beginning of the year, smaller amounts should be fed, in order to get the system of the animal adjusted to the more succulent product. Rye. The first crop to be of service in the spring is rye, which is usually ready for feeding the last week in April, and may be con- tinued through the first ten days of May. It matures very rapidly after the heads appear, and can be successfuly used for a period of from ten to fourteen days, if seeded at different times, and cutting is begun before it comes in head. Where it is not practicable to practice soiling, the crops may be pastured. This method, while more wasteful, is less expensive than soiling. It is veyy important to have a pasture crop at that season, because coming before meadow pastures are ready. The crop yields well on medium soils, though it responds profitably to good treatment. It is recommended that it be seeded thicker than when the crop is used for grain; from two to two and one-half bushels of seed may be used with advantage on good soils. The fertilizers should be rich in available phosphoric acid. A fertilizer containing, Per cent. SPAR GS PMNS oct sys 5 sens 0. 0) Sisncss) sh < Ud cele ialaliel ofa o ate 3 PHGOSPROLIC ACIG) |. i.e. se es apace ayareterent le ts 8 See Pa te Meals % Jo's ay 20. 00 5 fe icra 5 aS may be applied at time of seeding, at the rate of 200 to 300 pounds per acre. Wee's 76,128,077 00 eae OE, Spy IG WEES, ap nentearat nea Ota te 9. 6st scales ¥/0. tah slaw’ 186,529,745 00 MalterOT OLALOV ENO DL erctamn tied G.c5ce lien alelsia’s » se 78,984,001 00 Males OL LO WACCONCLOP eames tects ss oder eeie eer wie 35,574,220 00 PME nON COULOM CLO, ofolatieiateis cies: slain e one oe sn 2 259,164,640 00 Der CHOI OME CLOPy s:cichs aisle estes there) saterdeves 2 es oo e302 163,655,068 00 Sane vOls WHEAC CLOP) sicuhamae tia asec, an wis, ss "e's 2» 237,938,998 00 palames of all school, teachers) .2....6.4.05556% 116,377,778 00 Pie sOL all Chorch Propeewyeraca ns cle ' ss 6. k ws 679,630,139 00 Beil WAITAT y: CXPCNSES,) to's ps ciistisvenw sis ss uss « «2 52,947,075 00 See rOis Al WA TMOT ELS: ae) Fo caPecec: are le cca) oh ois fas, ala 0,2) ay ae. « 218,168,788 00 Dea Cate ONS o2is nia coseycneher ais a a)ac! aa oter sats, a\e"« eb. ore 46,610,000 00 eITOe OME STUVCLs oc op) cei emis werrematesste e/eleislesetars laren 72,510,000 00 Dee SONY OOM 2. rerdgacs ok wimrercdet ace Hiapaceie sats ove! sepsis 2s 38,146,559 00 EOL COTO aie eee coal sale aha et acct oJohca 042 wiser atts adyel 68,167,725 00 eae PAIN ICH "COWS, ccsictsie <7 018 0-5 2/014 he! e ie 06's « oe ogee 263,955,545 00 Now, you will see that there is only one industry or property, that exceeds the value of the poultry industry, and that is our church valuation. which is more than 679,000,000; and there is only four in- dustries that exceeds 200,000,000, the cotton crop, all minerals, wheat crop and the value of the milch cows. [I give you these figures so as to impress upon you the magnitude of the business. It is one of the industries that nearly every one contributes to. To get down to my subject, let us ask ourselves, “How can we make poultry profitable?” Can we make any business profitable by keeping inferior stock or goods, and not give it our most careful consideration and attention. In the first place, prepare yourself to properly house your poultry when they need your assistance to keep them comfortable. Allow me to give you a little advice, al- though being younger than some of you in years, I feel confident I can aid you in this matter. It has been proven beyond a pread- venture of a doubt, that where poultry is kept in flocks of more than twenty-five head, they are not profitable. As to the size of the house, the building should not be less than 50x14 feet, for a flock of fifty and seventy-five at the most, and the flock should be divided into two or three flocks of twenty-five each. Your house should be well built, not costly or extravagant, but substantial. It can be built for $75 complete. Perfectly dry, and allow me to impress this upon you, and thereby save yourself trouble in the future, when you least expect it. In winter time have it well lighted and ven- 296 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. tilated. Do not place your ventilators so that any draught will strike your flock. i Next as to the breed. That depends upon what purpose you in- tend to keep your poultry for. If you want an egg producing strain alone, and care nothing about the size or weight, then the small breeds, such as the Leghorn, Minorcas or Hamburgs will answer your purpose; but if you want eggs and flesh combined, then raise any of the larger breeds, such as the Plymouth Rocks, Wyandottes or Games. Some will say, ‘“‘What about the Brahmas or Langshans, J answer, leave them alone. For as the boy says, “They are not in it.’ You must raise a breed that will furnish you a goodly number of eggs, and when they are two years old, can be disposed of to an advantage. Then again you want a fowl that is in demand, and 1 want to impress this on you. The fowl that is in demand is the clean, yellow leg and flesh one. A man not posted in these matters, decides to ship a box of live or dressed poultry to the market. He has yellow legs, white legs, black legs and feathered legs, in his consigninent. He sends them and gets his returns, which we will say, for illustration, is nine cents per pound, and he jooks up the quotations and finds that the market is paying nine to eleven cents per pound. His neighbor who has given the matter more attention, has selected a yellow leg and skin breed. He ships at the same time and his returns are eleven and may be twelve cents per pound. He tells our friend about it and the question arises in our friend’s mind, “Why didn’t I get eleven or twelve cents instead of nine cents per pound.” I will tell you why he didn’t, You farmers all know that if you ship a barrel of apples, half of them good and the balance specked or rotten, you don’t get the top price, but if you ship a bar- rel of selected fruit, your returns will be the highest quotation, pro- viding the market is not overstocked. You must raise something that everybody does not raise, and there is no danger of overstock- ing the market with first class goods. First class goods are always in demand; the same in the poultry business as any other business. How am I to raise my poultry, is the next question. Having pro- vided yourself with the proper buildings and selected your own breed, the above question presents itself. Purchase one or two incubators, you might in order to get the experience purchase a fifty egg capacity machine for $5.00, but you can learn just as well, if not better, with a 200 egg machine. What you want to do, is to hatch the number you intend hatching, all about the same time and as fast as you can do it. Chickens must be produced and handled in fair size quantities, the same as eggs to be profiitable. In order to show you what can be done, we will take for an illustration, that we have a source to produce 200 eggs a week, then purchase three incubators of the 200 egg capacity. Now you can set 800 eggs every No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 297 four weeks and should be able to hatch five to 600 chickens per month. If you continue three months you ought to have at least 1,500 chicks to take care of. Then the question arises, “How am I to raise them.” You can purchase what are called brooders and with an outlay of $50 to $75 you can erect a brooder plant, not including the cost of the building, which can be governed by your own means. As to the make or style of incubator, all I can say is that the market is full of them. All kinds and makes. We have what are called the hot-air system and the hot-water system. Speaking . from experience { would advise the use of the hot-air system, be- cause where you have water to contend with you are always liable to have a leak in your water tank. A man cannot expect to get large returns from his poultry unless he prepares himself to raise and keep them on a fairly large plan. If you have your poultry hatched then look for a market and you will find that the dressed poultry in the fall of the year commands you the best prices, providing you have first class stock. Your dressed poultry is all shipped dry picked and in barrels or boxes. Of course you can ship alive if you care to, but where a man has a family of young ladies and men, there is no reason why he can’t dress his own stock and gain what the other fellow does who buys them alive. If your stock has been hatched from February to May, you will have pullets that will make you money when eggs are selling at an advanced price. Your male stock can all be disposed of at the best season of the year, namely, September and October, and you will find, if this plan is carried out, that your poultry will make you a better return for the capita! in- vested than any industry on your farm. Two things to be remembered. First—Raise a breed that is in demand, and that every one does not raise. Secondly—Have your pullets hatched so that they will be producing eggs when the ma- jority of the hens are standing around trying to keep from freezing to death, and thinking to themselves, how they will lay the eggs after Jack Frost has disappeared. Your feeding must be such that will produce the eggs. Give them plenty of green food, both vegetable and animal matter, oyster shells, sand and grit, plenty of good grain and fresh water and they will surprise you with their egg produc: tion. I must close, but before I do, I want to say a few words to you as to the enemy of our fowls—King Disease. Keep your poultry houses clean and fresh, well limed and disinfected with any good germicide; be not afraid of getting them too clean. Be sure there are no cracks or dampness. Watch your flock and if you notice one that does not want to eat, catch her and examine her and see if you ean discover the trouble. Often times it is lice and not disease that is wrong. If you can’t ascertain her trouble keep her by herself for a week and wait for future developments, and if you finally give the 20 298 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE ‘Off. Doe. question up as to her trouble, you had better kill her and bury the Lody, than to allow her to remain in the flock. Better kill one sick fowl than to lose a dozen. I could talk to you for some time upon diseases, but will not encroach upon your good nature any longer, so thanking you for your kind and considerate attention, I shall close. MAINTENANCE OF SOIL FERTILITY THE BASE OF SUCCESS- » FUL FARM OPERATIONS. BY J. T. CAMPBELL, Hartstown, Pa. READ AT DICKSONBURG INSTITUTE, CRAWFORD CoO., JAN. 11, 1901. Soil fertility, the base of successful farm operations, is to every thoughful farmer un axiom. Let us not then stop to consider the why but proceed to the more important phase of the subject. You ask what constitutes a fertile soil? This question is by no means au easy one to answer. If we say a soil is fertile when it contains a plentiful supply of the constituents which form the plant food our answer will be incomplete. Indeed chemical analysis shows that many unproductive soils contain large quantities of plant food. The fertility of a scil must, therefore, evidently depend, both on its physical condition and on its chemical composition. . Soil fertility in all its bearings is still very imperfectly understood even by the most learned experimenters. Climate, latitude, altitude and ex- posure all exert an influence on the fertility of the soil. These we shall not stop to consider. The fertility of the soil may be said to depend upon the primary conditions, namely: The physical, the chemical, the biological. From the days of Jethro Tull the physical properties of a soil have been regarded as having an important bearing on its fertility. Every one has observed that soils differ widely in their mechanical nature. One of the most important physical properties of a soil is its power of absorbing water. The water absorbing power of a soil depends upon two things, first, the predominance of its approximate constit- uents, namely, sand, clay, humus, etc.; second, on the fineness of the soil particles. First, then, with regard to the aksorptive power of sand, clay, and humus: Of these, sand possesses this power to the least extent, clay to a greater extent and humus most of all. Therefore we conclude that the more sandy a soil is the less will be its power of absorbing water. This is the principal reason why a very sandy soil is gen- erally an unproductive one. No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 299 Secondly, the finer the soil particles are to a certain extent, the greater will be their power of absorbing water. There is a limit to which the soil particles ought to be reduced, as it has been found by experiment that when a certain degree of fineness is reached, the absorptive power decreases without any further pulverization. It is, however, improbable that the average farmer will ordinarily ever re- duce his soil to so fine tilth. The trouble generally lies in the op- posite direction. Closely connected with the absorptive power of soils is the power they have of retaining the water they absorb. This power, it is readily seen, has an important bearing upon the fertility of the soil. As a zonsiderable interval often occurs between periods of rainfail, soils that are to support a luxuriant plant-growth must be able to store up their water supply against periods of drouth. While the fineness of the soil particles has an important influence upon the absorptive power, so it has been found to have an important bearing upon the rate at which evaporation takes place. Evaporation is ereatest when the soil particles are compact together. The stir- ring of the surface soil has for this reason an important influence in lessening the amount of evaporation. As a general rule, the greater the absorptive power the greater is its retentive power; for soils that most largely absorb water are most reluctant to part with it. While these properties are necessary for a fertile soil, they may in some cases be possessed by soils to too great an extent, hence the necessity for the drainage. The soil that is unable to throw off an excess of water is damp and cold and does not admit of proper tillage. The pores are choked up and the proper circulation of air is rendered impossible. A stiff, clay soil often offers a familiar ex- ample of over-retentiveness. Experiments have shown that plants have not the means of exhausting the water from a retentive soil to such an extent as in a non-retentive soil. ‘The presence or absence of the above properties suggests a word or two in regard to how these defects may be to a certain extent remedied artificially. If the absorptive power of a soil is rendered greater by the presence of organic matter it stands to reason that if the organic matter be increased the absorptive power of that soil will also be increased, of which we will have more to say later. Where a soil is too reten- tive till drainage probably presents the best means of remedying such defect. Of this subject we cannot here speak at length. During periods of drouth the hygroscopic power of soils is au 1m- portant feature. By hygroscopic power is meant the power soils - have of absorbing moisture from the air. The moisture which ex- ists in the air in the form of vapor, is to a greater or less extent ab- sorbed by the soil as air comes in contact with the ground during soil 300 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. breathing. However, at present, our knowledge of this subject is very limited. A property which depends largely on those we have just been considering is the capacity soils have for absorbing and retaining heat. The temperature of the soil will, of course, largely depend upon the temperature of the air, but this depends on the soil itself. The dark or heat rays strike the soil, a portion is absorbed —which will vary according to the nature of the soil—and the re- mainder is radiated into the air. The temperature of the soil is also due to other sources. When vegetable matter decays in the soil there is always more or less heat generated. Soils which contain a larger amount of vegetable matter are, therefore, warmer than purely mineral ones. The color of a soil has also a striking influence on its temperature. Dark colored soils have a much greater heat absorbing capacity than those of light coler. All are familiar with the fact that a black garment is much warmer in bright sunshine than a white one. This is because the black surface absorbs the ether waves as they come from the sun to a much greater extent than the white. The power soils have of absorbing gases is an important one in connection with soil fertility. The air is largely composed of oxygen and nitrogen. These gases are both absorbed by soils in varying pro- portions. It is well known that a plentiful supply of oxygen in the soil is a necessary condition of fertility, as it has long ago been fully proved that plants absorb oxygen through their roots. Seeds in process of germination require free access to a generous supply of oxygen. This fact emphasizes the enormous importance of pro- viding a good seed bed and not covering the seed too deeply. The soil also receives large amounts of carbonic acid from the air. This is largely washed down in solution with the rain. The various forms of nitrogen as ammonia, nitric and nitrous acid are also absorbed from the air to a considerable extent. Soils containing large amounts of organic matter absorb these gases to a much greater ex- tent than purely mineral ones. This power soils have of absorbing gases depends largely upon the chemical as well as the physical properties. We shall have occasion to again refer to the absorption of nitrogen when we come to consider the biological properties of soils. - To recapitulate, the chief physical properties of a soil are, its ab- sorptive and retentive power for water; its capacity for heat and its power of absorbing gases. It will be readily seen how all these physical properties may be influenced by tillage. It would be inter- esting to refer to the important influence these properties have on plant growth but time will not permit. As Samantha would say, “we must resume and continue on.” No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 301 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOILS. Chemically considered the soil is a body of great complexity. Plants contain fourteen elementary substances which are necessary to their growth: Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulphur, chlorine, silicon, calcium, iron, magnesium, manganese. po: tassium and sodium; of these, all except carbon are derived almost exclusively from the soil. Of these, only nitrogen phosphorus and potassium are likely to be deficient in the soil. he importance of seeing that all the necessary plant ingredients are present in the soil in proper quantities will at once be properly estimated when it is stated that the absence or insufficiency of any one of these three elements is capable of preventing the growth of the plant even though the other two may be present in abundance. But in consid- ering the chemical properties of soils, a simple consideration of the different ingredients is not enough, we must also consider their chemical condition. Before any plant food can be assimilated by the roots of plants it must first be rendered soluble. The quantity of soluble or available plant food in the soil is very small, but is being constantly added to at least during the growing season. From one point of view chemical analysis is of little value in giving evi- dence of actual fertility. While the potential fertility may be read- ily ascertained by chemical analysis, the available fertility cannot be ascertained in this manner. A point of considerable interest is the quantity per acre different soils contain of nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash. When these ingredients are calculated in pounds per acre, they are found to be in large excess of the amounts likely ever to be removed by crops. BACTERIA OF THE SOIL. The soil of every cultivated field is teeming with bacteria whose function it is to aid in supplying plants with their necessary food. The presence of these organisms is indispensable to the fertility of the soil. The nature of, and the function performed by these or- ganisms differ very widely. One very important class prepare the food of plants by decomposing the organic matter in the soil into substances readily assimilated by the plant. Plant life is unable to live upon the complex compounds of the organic matter in the soil and if it were not for these organisms these substances would remain unavailable. There are organisms in the soil which have the power of reversing the work of nitrification, so that the action of bacteria is not wholly beneficial. From what is at present known of these organisms they may be divided into three classes. First, those whose function it is to oxidize the soil ingredients; every soil is probably teeming with this class. The second class are those that 302 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. destroy the soil constituents. The most important of this class are those which effect the liberation of nitrogen from its compounds. It is through the agency of this class that the soil is made to lose some of its nitrogen in the “free form.” To this class also belong the denitrifying organisms. The third class are those by which the soil is enriched. The organisms by which leguminous plants obtain nitrogen from the air are of this order. Having now very briefly considered the soil and its fertility from a scientific standpoint, we will review the various ways in which the fertility of the soil may be maintained. Not only is it necessary to maintain the fertility but is also often necessary to increase the fertility of the soil so we can have a base for successful farm operation. How to maintain and increase the fertility of our soils is, therefore, a question of vital importance to every thoughtful farmer. There are two practical ways of maintain- ing fertility; first, by the use of manures; second, by tillage manures. These may be divided into three great classes, namely, direct, indirect and compound. Sy direct manures is meant, those that supply te the soil necessary plant food and thus contribute directly to fertility such as guano, dried blood, chemicals, bones, tankage, etc. Manures which may be regarded as having an indirect value, are lime, gypsum, salt, etc. Compound manures are those that have both a direct and an indirect action as barn manure, green manure, compost, ete. Let us for a moment consider direct manures as a means of main- taining soil fertility. The great value of this class of manures is every year becoming more apparent. This class of manures ‘In- cludes commercial fertilizers which we are pleased to consider un- der the head of chemicals. There are many farmers who still be- lieve that the fertility of the soil cannot be maintained by the use of chemicals. Yet there is abundant proof that by this means soil fertility may not only be maintained but greatly increased. At the great Rothemsted Experiment Station, the fertility of the soii has been maintained during more than forty years of continuous cropping without rotation by the use of chemicals alone. But it is needless to look to England for examples of this kind. Seventeen years ago Geo. A. Clarke, of Connecticut, took a piece of barren New England land producing less than 200 barrels of vegeta- tion per acre and by the judicious use of chemicals alone is now en- able to remove from this same land from five to eight tons per acre of well cured hay annually. This has been done at a profit. No doubt much of the prejudice against chemical manures has arisen from their injudicious use . ‘Millions of dollars have in the past been lost in this way. If we would use chemicals advantageously we must find out what elements are lacking in the soil and supply those elements. The modern idea of manuring the crop and not No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 303 the soil should be carefully kept in mind when we purchase chemical manures. Of indirect manures, we shall consider only lime and gypsum. The action of these is not well understood. They act in- directly rendering available to a certain extent the phosphoric acid and potash of the soil. Lime is most effective in reducing to as- similable form the inert organic nitrogenous matter of the soil. The growth of sorrel is a good indication that the soil is in need of lime. The compound class includes barn manure which is undoubt- edly the oldest and still the most popular of all manures. It has stood the test of long experience and is the most important of all our fertilizers. By the careful saving and application of the ma- uures produced on the farm the fertility of the soil may be largely maintained. Especially is this the case if all the forage andi grain crops are fed upon the farm. But it is apparent that there are many farmers who fail to appreciate the value of barn manure. We see the manure carelessly thrown under the eaves of the barn; the soluble fertility in a dark stream running from it, perhaps down across the road and into the brook, thus contaminating the water that animals must drink. Manure is never of more value than when first made. Therefore as a general thing the sooner it is returned to the Jand the less will be the loss. For the average farmer there can be no better method than to haul and apply the manure as made. Green manures may be made to occupy an important place in the maintenance of fertility. The most important class of plants for this purpose are the legumes notably the clovers, cow peas, ete. We have already referred to the means by which this class of plants obtain nitrogen from the air. The value of clover as a manurial plant is pretty generally appreciated, though not every one is aware that a luxuriant growth of cow peas may be secured right here in this vicinity. At Woodbine Farm we grew one and one-half acres last year and secured very satisfactory results though the peas were not planted until June 15. The manurial value of the corn pea is fully equal to that of clover. They grow very quickly and will thrive on land too poor to produce clover. We can only here speak briefly of these things, but would be pleased to answer any question you may ask concerning them. As a general rule for maintaining fertility we would place our de- pendence chiefly upon barn manure and leguminous crops using com- mercial manures as a supplement. We have already referred to tillage as a means of maintaining fertility. The primary meaning of the word manure is “to till.’ It comes from the French word maneuver, to move with the hands, to stir, to till. As a method of tillage we cannot speak of these at this time. Thanking you for your kind attention, we commend the subject to your careful con- sideration. 304 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. EFFORT, ESSENTIAL TO SUCCESS. BY FLOYD W. BECK, Nazareth, Pa. READ AT HECKTOWN INSTITUTE, NORTHAMPTON CO., JAN. 5, 1901. All creation is the result of effort made somewhere, sometime, by somebody. Long ago, thousands of years before the Christ-child lay cradled in a manger, this world which we call ours was created by effort—effort divine. After its creation, God ordained that from thenceforth to the end of time it should be run by human effort. And how the latter succeeds in running it—sometimes in a gallop— and then again it will be centuries passing a given point. . My friends, open wide the annals of the world’s history, and on its pages, made sacred by the noblest deeds and holiest sacrifices of ages, you will ever find that where the most was accomplished, the greatest victories gained and highest honors won, there was put forth some grand, some sublime effort. In our struggle for wealth and fame we must never forget that all true greatness, I care not where- ever it be, is gained only by mighty effort and persevering toil. “Ah,” you say, “some men have greatness thrust upon them.” ‘Thus it seems, and sometimes may be so; but unless they back it up with strenuous effort and honest toil it will be a curse rather than a bles- sing to them. “The heights of great men reached and kept, Were not attained by sudden flight; But they, while their companions slept, Were toiling upward in the night.” Some of you may think that President McKinley who has the honor of being twice elected to the highest office in the gift of the American people had some of his greatness thrust upon him. Some of you may even feel as if you had a hand in thrusting it there. Well, now, you are badly mistaken. Our President, like all other great men, achieved his greatness. Regardless of all the men of eminence whom the past century has produced in this dear “land of the free and the home of the brave,” perhaps the grandest figure, the noblest example of mighty effort and unceasing perseverance is Abraham Lincoln. I have often con- templated his life. Have you ever heard of a boy or girl starting out in life surrounded by less auspicious circumstances? Born in a No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 305 Kentucky log cabin, of parents who could hardly read or write, his ewn education consisting of one year’s schooling, reading no other book than the Bible—the book of great sorrows and great hopes— compelled to hire out as a hand on a flat-boat, and later, with axe and arm felling the immemorial trees for rails to inclose his father’s farm, the future President was indeed a child of nature. But, like a new- born Moses in the solitude of the wilderness, he overcame all these obstacles. How, say you? By luck? No sir, never! No luck there! It was all strenuous effort and honest, unremitting toil— such as always tell. Asa Spanish author says, “his work stands as a sublime achievement over which humanity shall eternally shed its tears and God his benediction!” Thus I might continue to enumerate the names of great men and great women in every calling of life, throughout every age, who in their youth possessed no greater advantages than you or I, the only difference being their superior will power and ceaseless efforts which made them famous. | For brevity’s sake, suffice it to say, that what is true among great men and great women is equally true among the common people. To meet with success the merchant must employ as much effort as the statesman; the blacksmith as much as the warrior; the farmer as much as the author. “All are architects of fate, Working in these walls of time; Some with massive deeds and great, Some with ornaments of rhyme. “Nothing useless is, or low; Each thing in its place is best; And what seems but idle show, Strengthens and supports the rest.” Fellow Farmers: In the days of financial distress, among many of your class, it becomes particularly imperative that you should em- ploy every honest effort to successfully meet life’s battle. “In the world’s broad field of battle, In the bivouac of Life; Be not like dumb, driven cattle! Be a hero in the strife!” In the present age we need more heroes on the farm. More men of Lincoln’s type. While we hear of heroes on the field of battle, and love and cherish their memories with fond devotion, and see to it that the name of each returning hero is hung out to shine in the bright galaxy of national glory, yea, and even help to rear monu- ments to proclaim the immortality of their noble deeds, we so seldom long for a share of the glory that comes to the hero. “Ah,” you tell 20—6—1901 306 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. me, “we cannot all be heroes.” My reply is: Every man and every woman who has the courage to make an effort can be a hero. By vigorous effort, intense application and invincible perseverance you can be a hero in your profession—a hero on the farm. Some one has rightly said: “No man brings into the world any other nobility than that with which the God of Nature has endowed him—sovereignty of mind—the sceptre of genius; and in this freest, broadest field of action he must become the architect of his own fortune, the master- builder of his own destiny.” Some of you may say the farmer can’t make a fortune. Others who have perhaps never made much of an intelligent practical effort will tell us things so bad that the farmer can’t make a living on the farm. The Democrats tell us now that if McKinley is re-elected the fimes will become so bad—the farmers will be so much oppressed—that it will be utterly impossible for them any longer to stay on the farm; and some perhaps may start working in our cement mills where they have harder work, less liberty and no more money. Our Republican friends give their side of the story. They tell us since Grover Cleveland happened to be President four or five years ago, he made the times so bad that it now requires a lifetime of Re- publican administration to remedy the evil; if indeed it can ever be remedied. Meanwhile our Republican friends leave the farm. Thus the followers of both political parties leave the farm for some other occupation, while they let their legislators legislate for them. Would it not be wise for the farmer to stay on the farm and do a little legislating for himself? We admit that the farmer’s times are not as brisk as they might be; we admit that their rights are overlooked; that corporations and trusts are sucking their life blood; but the proper way for the farmer to begin business is to make a strenuous effort to remedy these evils, and do it too—as the Bryanites would put it—do it without the aid or consent of any other nation on earth—do it himself. The time has passed when the farmer can ex- pect aid from a few sleek politicians, whether Democratic or Repub- liian. Like all other professional men, he must learn to help him- self. I seem to hear you say: “How can all this be done? How can we help ourselves, poor oppressed mortals? How can we make the farm pay?” I venture the reply. By persevering, intelligent effort, farming can still be made to pay. “Oh, nonsense!” you say; “we can’t make farming pay, and we have tried our best.” It may be true that you have tried your best at that which you have tried and failed; but if one failure has dismayed you, you are yet far from a hero in your profession. Why not try something else, and not leave the farm to do it, either? If you can’t make money on chickens is that a proof that you can’t make money on turkeys? If you can’t make money on horses is that a proof that you can’t make money on No. 6. DEPARTMEDT OF AGRICULTURE. 307 cows? If you can’t make money on cider, is that a proof that you can’t make money on milk? If you can’t make money on wheat, is that a proof that you can’t make money on potatoes? With nigh a hundred opportunities that present themselves to the wide-awake, energetic farmer, would you leave the farm and tell the world you could not make a living? My friends, these institutes are designed to benefit the farmer in an education way. They are to assist him in his prefession. They are to teach him new ideas, new methods. They are to direct him to the road of success. May they succeed in their mission! But untess the farmer, after leaving these halls, will practice new and better methods, and makes an effort to improve his old and often unsuccess- ful way of farming, they will prove a signal failure. Among the proverbs of Solomon we read: “Where no counsel is, the people fall; but in the multitude of counsellors, there is safety.” Therefore follow the counsel of these nien to whom you have had the pleasure of listening to-day; who know their business and do it. A good many of you may know that raising wheat alone does not pay, but you fail to make an effort to change your grandfathers’ methods. There half of all your worldly troubles lie. Effort, my friends, is one of the pillars in the temple of success. Make an in- telligent effort, and you will be surprised at the prosperity that will be yours. “Are riches worth the getting? They must be bravely sought; With wishing and with fretting, The boon cannot be bought. “To all the prize is open; But only he can take it Who says, with Roman courage, ‘Tl find a way or make it.’ ”’ NATURE STUDY FOR COUNTRY SCHOOLS; HOW INTRO- DUCED. BY A. D. WANNAMAKER, Portland, Pa. READ AT MT. BETHEL INSTITUTE, NORTHAMPTON Co., JAN. 9, 1901. For many years a controversy has been going on in our higher institutions of learning between the advocates of the classics and sciences. One class has limited education almost entirely to the study of man and his languages, history and literature, and to 308 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. methods of exact reasoning, or mathematics. The other has advo- cated the study of man’s surroundings, his physical environment, of the world in which man is placed and on which he so largely de- pends. The defenders of the classical education have been com- pelled to yield point after point to the champions of scientific educa- tion. To-day we are coming to the conclusion that we can get the best, well-rounded, liberal education by a compromise between the two opposing schools, in the study of man and nature. From the higher institutions this struggle has passed into the secondary schools, the high schools and academies, where a similar compromise is being effected, or a sharp distinction made between the students taking classical and those pursuing scientific courses. Our elementary schools have until recently confined their work to the studies relating to man, to his language and ether methods of con- veying ideas, to his methods of exact reasonng, and to the way he has divided up the earth. Everything has been centered about man, as the universe was once supposed to be centered about the earth. Even geography, the study of which might well have brought the pupils into closest rela- tion with their physical environment, has been, not a study of the earth, of our physical environment, but almost entirely a study of a description of the earth, and of a description not to any great extent of physical forces, processes, and features, but very largely of the division made by man, and of the features due to man. The schools have to a certain extent, placed strong emphasis on the so- called essentials, reading, writing, drawing, history, arithmetic and geography. The children in these schools have studied almost nothing of the other part of their environment, the physical world, which forms such a large part of their life. To-day the old conflict is being waged in these elementary schools. The advocates of science are urging the introduction from the beginning of the child’s school life of some study of the outside world which lies about the child. This is what we call elementary science, or nature study. The terms elementary science, and nature study are both widely used. The first is, perhaps, more exact, and therefore more scientific. Nature study has a less formidable sound, and better expresses the spirit in which the work should be undertaken. It seems much the better term at least for the work in the first four or five years of the child’s school life. Nature study then is a study of physical environment. It is not a study of books. Books may help, they may tell us about nature, but they are not nature. It is not listening to the teacher as he tella about nature, or what purports to be nature. It is not merely No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 305 gazing with marked attention at the interested, observant, bright boy of the class, as he tells what he has read or seen. This may be studying about nature, but it is not studying nature. Nature study is not merely a study of nature, but of nature under natural conditions, so far as this is possible. It is not merely what we study in the school room. Nature belongs out-of-doors, and there we must go to study her in all her beauty and reality. Field lessons are a necessity for the best work. Nature constitutes much of the child’s out-of-school environment. He is learning from nature con- sciously or unconsciously, almost continually. Much of what he thus learns out of school hours in nature’s school must be utilized in his nature study in school. When we confine nature study to the school room and school house we shut out the best part of nature. In order to get the best possible results we would have the chil- dren go to nature instead of the book, watch the swelling bud, the de- veloping seed, the opening flower, note the flight and song of the bird, and peep into its nest, glance at the fly or grasshopper, admire the brilliant coloring of the butterfly. We would have our children, like the butterfly, sip a little here, a little there, taste in this place, and in that place. This is better, very much better; where the child 1s surrounded by nature, yea, almost immersed in nature, it may be an excellent means of arousing in him the interest and sympathy and spirit which are the first essentials in his best development. It may lay the foundations for science; it is on just such foundations that all science has arisen. But if it stops with taking only a taste, if the knowledge is simply taken in and not digested or assimilated, if it is not expressed in an intelligible way to others, it is only the begin- ning of science. Unless the phenomena are observed or studied in some order, unless their study prepares for and leads to a careful jlivestigation of the relations of the various things observed, unless it results in comparison, in some natural classification by the child, and, finally, in broader and broader generalizations and a better com- prehension of the unity of nature, it is not science. The method, if it may be called a method, so prevalent in many of our schools, of studying without plan or sequence anything in nature which may be accessible or convenient, to-day a plant, to-morrow a stone, the next day a bird and so on, may interest the children, may develop and train the teacher, may be a preparation for elementary science; but it is not elementary science, it is not or does not result in “knowledge classified.” ‘Fo get the best results in elementary science in our schools, we need a clear, definite plan or course of study, with its various parts closely related. The work of each grade should be adapted to the children of that grade, based on the work of the preceding grade, and should prepare for the next grade above. Then our work will become in truth, elementary science. 310 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. The word science is apt to be associated in our mind with the laboratory, and an array of instruments and appliances. The labora- tory for nature study is all out-doors; and the only instruments and appliances absolutely necessary are the eye, the ear and the under- standing heart. Remembering that all work with children must be based on sense-perception and interest, too much emphasis cannot be placed on the importance of selecting for study material which each pupil can see, hear or feel, and can study for himself, which is closely related to the everyday life of boys and girls, and in which they are or can be interested. Remembering also that as children grow older they are not so directly dependent on sense-perception, and that they gain greater power to apply what has been learned through the senses, to think and reason, we see the necessity of leay- ing until the later years those subjects such as physics, which re- quire considerable reasoning power. The study of material plants, animals and minerals, is in general the more concrete. They appeal directly to the senses. Children can only conceive or express forces in terms of things which appeal to their senses. Thus the work of frost is ascribed to Jack Frost. Although they may realize that Jack Frost does not and never did exist, they have not any other way of conceiving and expressing force. They personify force for the same reason that their ancestors, in the childhood of the race, personified and deified the powers and phenomena of nature, tke winds and thunderbolts. For this reason it seems better to em- phasize in lower grades the study of things, plants, animals, min- erals, and to limit the work in physics during the earlier years in school to the study of water in the form of rain, streams, waves, frost, steam and air in the form of currents, drafts and winds, regarded as forces by children because they do so much work. From this we can pass to the causes and effects of heat, phenomena which the children are most familiar, and later, take up physics and chemistry as such, heat, gravitation, electricity, sound and light. It seems scarcely necessary to add that that is best for study which is most common and familiar. We sometimes seem to think that we must go to distant lands to find wonderful and curious things. Nature study should, first of all, show the children the wonders at their door-step, the treasures and beauties on which they have been treading all their life. These they have seen and can see every day. Working with these, nature study can relate and make clear old perceptions, and add a host of new ideas. The most common weeds, the pebbles in the street, or stones of the pavements, the rain and frost which they have seen so often, and vet have never seen, the most common birds, sparrows, canaries, robins and blue birds, the flies and spiders so abundant all about No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 311 them, are far better for study than the finer flowers or minerals from other localities, or birds and insects of other lands. After the child has studied that which is nearest, he can make this a foundation for the study of what is more distant. Teachers will find that each year’s experience with nature study will open their eyes to new and better material close to their schools or homes. At first they think they must go miles for what they want. Later they will find just as good or even better material in the very trees under which they have walked for years, along the roads, in the back yards about the school. This brings us therefore to the element affecting the selection and arrangement of material, the influence of physical and local con- ditions. Probably the physical conditions having the greatest and widest influence are the seasons and climate. This determines very largely the general character of the material which can be obtained for study. During part of the year, spring, summer and autumn, plant and animal life is abundant. During the winter, late autumn and early spring, in large sections of our country, organic nature is largely dormant. It seems wise and necessary to emphasize the study of living or organic nature, such as plants and animals during the spring, sum- mer and autumn, and of inorganic or dead nature, as minerals, during the late fall and winter and early spring. During the spring months the plant world is bursting into life and attracting the attention and admiration of even the least observant pupils. ‘The material for showing development and life is then most abundant. In the autumn the plants are finishing their work, and pre- paring for their winter rest. Jt is better therefore to dwell upon plant study during the spring in all grades. In the fall the mate- rial for animal study is at least as abundant and as easily obtained as in the spring. Some material, such as caterpillars and butter- flies and many common insects is much more abundant. Therefore we should dwell on animal study during the fall months. This assignment of subjects to the seasons cannot be rigid. Some phases of animal life, such as the return, nesting, life history and songs of birds, and the development of frogs, must be studied in the spring. Much plant work, such as the ripening and dissemination of seeds, the fruits and grains, can only be studied to advantage in the fall. The study of evergreens seems most seasonable in the winter, because they are evergreens, and in the primary grades because of their relation to Christmas. The work for each month will be large- ly determined then by climatic conditions. 'The schools in the coun- try have the best environment for nature study; they are surrounded by, yea, almost immersed in nature. The special aim is, therefore, to inspire and develop an interest in the plant as something living, 312 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. growing and working, and not as a mere form or structure. To learn about the plant as a whole, the relation and work of its parts, and its life-history, from the seed to the formation of the seed. To lead the child to see how well mother nature protects and cares for her children. My time is limted, and consequently I shall take up only a few plant forms, such that we are all familiar with, and show you how they may be studied and successfully taught. In the month of September, we find two very interesting plants, the mallow and buttercup. THE MALLOW. This is a common weed found in and about dooryards, around the school house and home. It is recognized by its roundish or kidney- shaped leaves, and by its small round fruit, called “buttons” or “cheeses” by the children. This plant is excellent for the first study, because the children are familiar with it, and because it has many interesting habits, such as you have often noticed, the turning of its leaves toward the sun and the closing of its flowers at night. Lead the children to talk about the work they have to do at home, to tell how they help. Tell them that the mallow, like themselves, and like everything else, has a work to do, and that they are to find out about the work of the plant and each of its parts. To give direction to the thoughts of the children and the right spirit or tone to their work, read to them frequently, or if they can read, write on the blackboard and keep before them something like the following little stanza: ‘It was only a little plant, But on it did shine the sun; The wind did caress, the birds did sing, And it lived till its work was done. “Tt was only a little plant; But it took a gladsome part In the great earth’s life; and at last Earth clasped it to her heart.” THE BUTTERCUP. The buttercup does not have the many interesting habits of the mallow (in the spring its leaves turn toward tke sun, but not to any marked extent in the autumn.) But it shows somewhat more clearly the spread and branching of the roots, to get nourishment from the ground, the extension of the veins into every part of the leaveg to support and carry food to each division, and the protection of the young leaves by the older ones, and will give the children a better idea of the parts and plan of the flower. All the class work with the buttercup can be done in the school room. But great pains should be taken to have the boys and girls No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 313 individually observe the plant out of doors in its home, find and report where it grows, how high it grows, how it lifts its bright flowers up above the leaves, while the modest dainty blossoms of the mallow hide below the leaves. Look for seeds, and see how Mother Buttercup protects her baby leaves and flowers. In the preparatory lesson the teacher may give the children the thought, “The buttercup catches the sun in its cup,” and centre her work about this. Get the ideas of the children as to the meaning of the name “buttercup,” and have them tell how the buttercup helps them to discover whether boys and girls like butter. They may have observed that when it is found in fields and pas- ture the cattle and horses eat the grass all around it, but rarely if ever disturb this plant. Why? Ifthe children taste of it (somewhat cautiously, as it has a decided ‘“bite’’), they will discover one way in which Mother Nature protects her children. The cattle learn that the buttercup is not to be trifled with and better left alone. Some of the sharper eyes of the class may have discovered another of its secrets, the fact that the long stems of the older leaves are enlarged, split open, and hollowed out at the base, making the snuggest kind of a cradle for the tiny leaves and flowers. In the fall this is more difficult to discover than in the spring, as nearly all of the leaves and flowers have developed. Show them how the roots hold fast to the ground and absorb water and food. That the work of the stems is to lift up the flowers and seeds, and to carry to them water and food. Notice the many branches to lift each flower where we can see it. Show them how much richer is the yellow of the flower when there are green leaves near it and how much prettier the flowers look when hanging loosely and separated than when all in a cluster. Describe the leaves, and impress their form upon their minds by having the pupils compare them with the five fingers of the hand. Let us make the children feel that the buttercup flowers are the golden cups from which the fairies take their favorite drink—dew and honey. ‘Also read to them the beautiful lines of James Russell Lowell: “Oh where do you come from, bright flowers and fair, That please with your colors and fragrance so rare; Glowing in sunshine, or sparkling with dew? ‘We are blooming for dear little children like you. , 9 Can not we begin our study of the flowers by putting and fasten- ing in the hearts of the boys and girls thoughts like these? If they get and keep the idea that buttercups are fairy cups painted by the sun, or made of gold carried by the sunbeams straight from the golden sun, and that the flowers are here to bring happiness to boys and girls, and to men and women, will they be apt to pass them by 21 314 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. so carelessly? Review what has been done to make the flower; what the roots did, and how soil and water helped them; what the stems, what the leaves did, and how the sun and air helped them. Place :. fully developed, wide-open flower in the hands of each pupil, cau- tioning them to hold it by the stem and not to hurt the flower. Have them observe it carefully, and tell all they can about it, with as few questions as possible. Another interesting subject is the falling and coloring of leaves. October is the month of painted leaves. Their rich glow tow acquire a bright tint just before they fall, so the year near its setting, “October is its sunset sky, November the later twilight.” What a beautiful tribute to the autumn leaves this is by Henry D. Thoreau. Our best literature abounds in tributes to autumn. Autumn tints and fruits have ever appealed to artist and poet, and the child and the poet are near akin in their love of beauty and nearness to nature. No more beautiful study can be desired than autumn leaves, their beauty of color and beauty of use. Their summer work is done. The tree no longer needs them to breathe, and throw out water, and make food. How beautiful is their leave-taking! They clothe their old mother with all the hues of sunset. Then quietly, contentedly, they slip away. Good Mother Nature knows what a burden to the tree they would be, how they would catch the winter wind, and hold the snow. They have other work to do. They drop down not to die. Oh, no! To cover seeds and plants from the winter’s cold. To nestle quietly through the months until in the spring and summer, water and air, the two great workers of the world, witb their humble helpers. the worms, turn them into food, from which other plants make new leaves and flowers. What busy leaves! Resting, yet always work- ing, always helping. Let children play among the leaves. Have them collect and press the most beautiful, and decorate their rooms. Dwell on their beauty of color, form and use. It matters little whether the children can draw and describe them exactly. It matters much, however, whether they love them and appreciate the beauty with which God has surrounded them, understand better the significance of the season of—shall I say death? No, of transition, preparation for rest and for other work. This will give the point of view the vantage ground from which teacher and children can see so much in leaves. Our literature teems with beautiful thoughts about autumn. Read them to the children, let them commit them to memory and you will be surprised how much they will learn. What a beautiful lesson Longfellow gives us in the following stanzas: No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 315 “With what a glory comes and goes the year The birds of spring, those beautiful harbingers Of sunny skies and cloudless times, enjoy Life’s newness, and earth’s garniture spread out; And when the silver habit of the clouds Comes down upon the autumn sun, and with A sober gladness the old year takes up His bright inheritance of golden fruits, A pomp and pageant fill the splendid scene. O what a glory doth this world put on For him who with a fervent heart, goes forth Under the bright and glorious sky, and looks On duties well performed, and days well spent! For him the wind, aye, and the yellow leaves, Shall have a voice, and give him eloquent teachings, He shall so hear the solemn hymn that Death Has lifted up for all, that he shall go To his long resting place without a tear.” Bryant also beautifully says: “Softly breathes the west-wind beside the ruddy forest, Taking leaf by leaf from the branches where he flies. Sweetly streams the sunshine this third day of November, Through the golden haze of the quiet autumn skies.” In conclusion, let me say that nature study is not merely an aid in other school work, but it is a preparation for practical life. Our success in life as individuals depends to a very large extent on our knowledge of and power over our physical environment. Our dependence on physical forces and agencies becomes greater as civilization advances, and man learns to better control nature. The child of to-day must know more about steam and electricity than did the wise man of a hundred years ago. Our development as a race is very largely due to the fact that we have learned to harness natural forces, and make them do a great part of our work. Let us make a special effort to develop the power of observation and appreciation in our pupils, that they may not only use and hear but also understand the true, the beautiful and the good in nature. THE FARMER BOY, HIS ENVIRONMENT, TRAINING AND CHANCES OF SUCCESS. BY F. S. DOAK, Frankfort Springs, Pa. READ AT FRANKFORT SPRINGS INSTITUTE, BEAVER CO., DEC. 19, 1900. By the farmer boy, I mean the boy who, as the offspring of farmer parents, is born and reared on the farm and who thus spends his boyhood and, perhaps, young manhood amidst the moulding influ- ences of farm life. The farmer boy is, in many-respects, just like other boys—he would not be a boy if he were not. However, there are some ways in which 316 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. he differs and these differences are due mainly to his environment and to the nature of the training he receives. What may be said of the farmer boy will apply equally well, in many cases, to the farmer girl, but as the girl usually receives the greater share of care and attention, it is but just and fair to consider for a little time the oft-neglected, commonplace boy. While he may not be as interesting a subject to many of you, he nevertheless needs and is worthy of, our most thoughtful consideration. My own experience and intimate association with boys of all ages for a number of years, has taught me some things about boys in gen- eral and the farmer boy in particular. I know something of his sur- roundings, his temptations and of the difficulties he must meet and overcome if he would succeed. His childhood and early boyhood Gays with their associations have a marked influence on the life and character of the boy. How often have we all seen him, as a rol- licking little fellow of six or eight summers, as he comes through the doorway of the old farm house on a bright June morning. He is a quaint and original specimen of young America as, with patched trousers and old straw hat, minus its brim, and with a hole in the crown through which his long hair protrudes, he rushes off bare- footed to have a romp with the dog or calf, with the ruddy flush of health upon his cheeks and a merry whistle on his lips. He never seems to get tired in doing the things which suit his fancy. It is not wise to let him always do just the things that he likes but his perseverance in so doing is an indication even here that when he finds his proper work in life there will be some stability in him. Don’t let him do as he pleases, but give him a reasonable amount of work to do and see that he does it well. Give him, how- ever, plenty of time for play. Let him romp and play in the orchard, the meadow, and gather pebbles by the brook or wild flowers from the woodland hillside, as free from care as the bird that sings in the tree above him, and both you and the boy will be gainers in the end. He may, perhaps, fall asleep beneath the shade of a friendly tree in the orchard and spend an hour or two in boyhood dreams. You find him with his hatless head pillowed in a tangled mass of clover blossoms, blissfully unconscious of his surroundings. Don’t rudely awaken him with a gruff command to do some unpleasant task, you may injure him more than you know. This free, happy life is one of the greatest blessings of the farmer boy and one which no other boy can obtain in like measure. Its in- fluence on his life and character makes one of the chief differences be- tween him and other boys. The condition of many rural districts and the appearance of many farms indicate the need of better farmers to-day; but if we would have better farmers we need to look well to the material of which No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 317 farmers are made. ‘Take the man and make the best you can out of bim, but much of your effort will be expended in teaching him to undo the mistakes he has been making; and while it may help him in the future yet will never make it possible for him to regain the op- portunities he has lost. Begin now with the boy; start him right and keep him right and his chances will be very much superior. Surround the boy with the best influences in the home and if he does not love it, it will be because he is not capable. Give him as good a room as you give his sister and one, if possible, that he can call his own. Hang as attractive pictures on the wall of his room as you hang on the walls of her’s. The boy loves the beautiful as well as the girl does if his sensibilites are not thus rudely blunted and trampled upon. Make his room attractive. Make it possible for his table to be supplied with the best books and magazines suited to his age, and his ability to read intelligently, and he will more often learn to love to spend his evenings and spare moments there in self- improvement and culture rather than in loafing for hours at a time in places where the conversation and other influences are not always such as would tend to elevate the boy either mentally, morally or spiritually. “But,” you say, “Farmer boys do not always care to read,” ‘True enough, but this lack of interest or even dislike to reading could gen- erally be overcome by a little care and thoughtfulness. Too many farm houses contain but little with which the boy can spend his evenings with the greatest profit. Many are without good papers and have no books, perhaps, except a few old musty ones that have been handed down by preceding generations. Out of these worn and faded relics of antiquity the average boy will not love to read. But boys, as well as girls, will generally read what interests them and if their appetite is not satisfied with that which is whole- some they have no difficulty in supplying it with other kinds with which the markets are flooded to-day. I knew a farmer a few years ago in whose house there were, per- haps, no books except a few school text-books and an unused bible, and, I believe, no papers at all;yet he had a large family of boys and girls. When talking on this subject of books and reading, he said: “T want my boys to learn to read and when they get older I will get them a book.” Two of them were about fourteen and sixteen years of age, respectively, then. When they get older he would get them a book! Such book, when purchased, would as likely be a “History of the Protestant Reformation” or a copy of “Baron Munchausen’s Adventures;” whatever the book agent prevailed on him to buy. The first, the average boy would not read and the second were better let alone. 318 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. I admit that this is an extreme case but there are others like it and very many homes in which but little reading matter could be found suitable for the boys. ‘There can be no reasonable excuse for this. At the very time of life when a boy needs most attention is the time when, in the home, he generally gets the least. He may some- times be coarse and often rude and noisy but it is not always his fault; he is often treated as if that were expected of him. Teach the boy to make good and profitable use of spare moments, but see to it that he has something with which to spend them. In seeking a place to invest a few dollars the farmer cannot find a better one than in his boys, or one from which he will be likely to get larger returns on the amount invested. Money wisely spent in this way is capital invested for the future and, while the returns may not always be immediate, they will be certain. A few dollars spent yearly for choice literature or something else that the boys could use profitably would often awaken them to a true sense of the im- portance of life and of their responsibility for filling or failing to fili their proper place in it. This would often save years, if not a whole lifetime to greater usefulness and nobler manhood. When spending money for fertilizers for his fields and orchards, let the farmer not forget that a littie more time and money spent in enriching the minds and hearts of the boys will help them to yield and infinitely more abundant harvest and fruitage of noble thoughts and manly deeds. Such enriching substance will not be of the ordinary commercial kind which fails with one crop, often leaving the soil poorer than before, but will put into the soil of boyhood mind and heart that which will give it the power to further enrich itself constantly, and its power will not only be felt in one life but will enrich other lives, not only for time but for eternity. I emphasize the matter of literature in the home thus strongly because it is one of the most powerful influeaces with which the farmer boy can be surrounded. You dare not leave all of this work to the school. The home must supplement the work of the school— they are complements of each other in the training and development of the child. The educational advantages of the farmer boy are not to be de- spised; help him to see their value and his opportunities and give him all possible encouragement in his school work. See to it that he attends school regularly and punctually. Neither keep him at home nor permit him to remain away from school except when very necessary; even the fact that it is necessary for him to be absent will never make up to him what he loses by his absence. Remember that in case he fails to get a start now, he probably will never get it. Demand good teaching but place yourself in a position to demand it by co-operating with the schools in every way that will tend to make them more efficient in their work. No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 319 First. The farmer boy must be educated, because to do successful farming requires trained intelligence. Comparatively few farmers are college graduates but farming would be more generally successful and would be a more highly honored business if more were. How- ever, aS the majority of farmers will never complete college courses it is important that the boy be given as complete and thorough a train- ing as the farmer can command. The courses of study in the com- mon, ungraded schools of the country are not sufficient and more extended courses of study should be provided by the establishment of a higher grade of schools in which should be taught higher branches. In these schools special attention should be given to literature, history, mathematics, chemistry and botany. The course of study may contain as many others as can be studied to an advantage but the farmer boy who intends to go no further should, I believe, pay particular attention to these branches. Literature will help him to be a more intelligent, discriminating reader; history will enable him to appreciate more fully the blessings ef our present civilization by showing through what toil and tears and sacrifice it has been bought; a knowledge of soils and of plants and plant growth would enable him to see everywhere about him things of wondrous beauty which but few farmers: ever see, or in- deed, even know of their existence. If the farmer boy is taught to know these things he will love them and, I assure you, will seldom leave the farm because he does not love il, or because he thinks its menial tasks beneath him, but because necessity, opportunity or duty calls him elsewhere. Even then he will go with a feeling of sadness that he must lose the blessed in- fluences of the old farm life. Teach him as he should be taught and he will not feel, as some do, that to be a farmer is to be a nothing; he will, on the contrary, feel proud, even in the presence of a king, to say: “I am a farmer.” God has never given a more honorable or useful work unto men than that which the farmer is engaged. Second. The farmer boy should be educated because of the par- ticular kind of knowledge required to successfully manage his farm: Therefore if he intends to spend his life on the farm, he should be trained in the science and best approved methods of farming. His work is work that cannot be dispensed with; the world will always lave need of the farmer and is constantly demanding better ones. Third. The farmer boy should be educated because many farmer boys will and must leave the farm in young manhood and engage in other pursuits which require skill and ability. The past half céntury has been one of great progress and achievement. Many startling and revolutionary changes have been made; changes which, if we consider them from an economic standpoint alone, will make it necessary for many boys to leave the farm. 320 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. Machinery is rapidly taking the place of men on the farm as well as in the factory. However, farm products will be in demand only according to the physical needs of the people while the increasing de- mand for the products of the factory is limited only by the fancy and the purse of the people. Therefore, there is, and will continue to be a continual increase in the population of cities and, within certain limits, a corresponding depletion of rural districts. The farmer boys may not form a large, but they will form a very important part of this increase. Those who have given the subject long and careful study, tell us that the city would actually degenerate and die within a com- paratively short time if it were not for the fact that it is constantly being recruited with strong and vigorous life from the country. Not only for this but also for other reasons there is a demand for the farmer boy in the city. Though he were able to get along with- out the city, yet the city could not so well get along without him. The farmer boy is eminently fitted to adapt himself to city life. His “oreeness” vanishes in a few days and he is then able not only to compete with but to distance his city-bred rival on his own ground. With these advantages there comes also responsibilities which must be met. He must become a mighty factor in municipal life and gov- ernment, if not always in official position, at least in example and influence. His chances of success in the city are superior to those of the city boy, but he should not forget that much if not all of this advantage is due to the strong physical constitution, vigorous muscles and good habits developed in boyhood and young-manhood on the old farm. New fields of opportunity are daily being opened up to the farmer boy who proves himself equal to the occasion. The profes- sions are always open to those who are prepared to enter them and those who are best prepared stand the best chances of succeeding. Last, but not necessarily least, the boy who remains on the farm may be as successful as the one who chooses his field of labor else- where. He may not amass so large a fortune; indeed, he may be in but ordinary circumstances and yet be, in the truest sense of the word, a success. True success is not to be estimated in dollars and cents but in the development ef character within himself and in his service to his fellow man. All things considered, the chances of the farmer boy for success are better than those of any other boy if he will but make the most of the opportunities within his grasp. We are standing to-day on the threshold of the twentieth century; iis portals are about to swing wide open to us. True, we have no way of judging the future but by the past, but judging by the pas what may we not hope for. Much, as we have seen, depends on the farmer boy; may he not No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 321 be found wanting, whatever his position. Rather, may we seize these opportunities and by our charity, loyalty and devotion prove Gurselves true to our neighbor, our flag and our God. HOME INFLUENCE. BY ALMA CALHOUN, Parkwood, Pa. READ AT PARKWOOD INSTITUTE, INDIANA CO., DEC. 4, 1900. Home is the corner-stone of all civilization. Influence is the moral power moved by physical power operating by unseen law, or force to act on, and affect the mind or will. These directors of our lives turn us either in the right channel or in the wrong. The influence of our home is often thought to be a trivial part. But take if you will the gulf stream as it sweeps through the great Atlantic and see its influence on the surrounding lands. So is the stream, called influence, which sweeps through our home, with its many branches, and winds which waft the impres- sions on its inmates. Influence is the prerogative of home to make the first impression upon our nature. It uncovers the moral fountain, chooses the chan- nel, gives the first impulse, sets the first seal, gives the first tone to our desires, and furnishes the first ingredients that will either sweeten or embitter the whole cup of life. Impressions made by the influence are like boring into flinty rock, to erase them we must remove every strata of our being. Near Saratoga stands a square marble block on which is engraved the form of three heroes of the American Revolution. The fourth side, a plain Why! That place once held by the traitor was lost and stands as a lesson to us to keep burning in our homes the pure, calm, deep and noble stream of light, which shall strike its roots deep in the human heart and spread its branches wide over our whole be- ing that it may be exerted amid the most trying storms of life, and restrain the wayward passions and check us in the mad career of ruin. Our habits too, are formed under the moulding power of home. “As the twig inclines so is the tree.” The tender twig is here bent, the spirit shaped, principles implanted, in fact, the whole character is formed until it becomes a habit. Ask the strong man in the prime of life whether the most firm and reliable principles of his character were not the inheritance of the parental home. 21—6—1901 322 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. The most illustrious statesmen, the most distinguished warriors, the most eloquent ministers, owe their greatness to the fostering in- fluence of home. Napoleon knew and felt this when he said, “What France wants is good mothers and you may be sure then that France will have good sons.” Did not the homes of the American Reyolu- tion make the men of the revolution? The Spartan mother an] her home gave character to the Spartan nation. But alas! The home of an Aspasia had not the heart and ornaments of the Christian family. Had the central heart of the Spartan home been that of the Christian mother the Spartan nation would perhaps adorn the brightest page of history. Home in all well constituted minds is always associated with moral and social excellence. The higher men rise in the scale of being, the more important and interesting is home. The Arab or forest- man may care little for his home, but the Christian man of cultured heart and developed mind will love his home, and generally love it in proportion to its moral worth. Our life abroad is but a reflex of what it is at home. If we use a loud boisterous language and allow the temper its sway in every turn of affairs be sure these threads are woven in life to appear when we least expect them. We should remember that just what we are at Lome so we will be abroad. If we attempt to appear otherwise, every body will soon see through the attempt. We cannot cheat the world long about our real characters. The thickest and most opaque mask we can put on will soon become transparent. Deception most often deceives itself. The deceiver is most often deceived. The parents who pretend to be what they are not soon leave a false impression on the olive plants of the home, and they soon see through these foolish pretensions. Here is where the chil- dren get an idea of a true home. They should not get in mind an ideal of a place, but of the character of a true home. Place does not constitute home. Many a guilded palace and sea of luxury is not home. Many a mansion lacks all the essentials of home, for often a hovel is more of home than a palace. If the spirit of congenial friendship link not the hearts of the inmates and love binds together all the dwellers, itis not home. We are fond of having ideal homes but we too often frame them of out- ward things—such as a house, a garden, a carriage and other lux- uries. Make right the inside and the outward things will care for themselves. In nature everything grows from the heart, so in life influence. A grand idea of home is a quiet, secluded spot, where loving hearts dwell, set apart and dedicated to improvement, intellectually and morally. It should not be a formal school of staid solemnity and rigid discipline, virtue a task and progress a sharp necessity; but a No, 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 323 free, easy exercise of all our faculties, in which obedience is a pleas- ure, discipline a joy, improvement a self-wrought delight. AJ] duties of the home when rightly understood are only means of improvement. As we see the pictures developed in the story of, The Great Stone Face, have we not an illustration of what quiet home influences wrought. Just as Earnest grew, like the feature of that face in the White Mountains, so we are growing like the character which sur- round us. Let us pattern after that most noble face, the face of Christ Jesus, and grow more and more like him, day by day and we will have a brighter, a purer and a model home. Let us see what some of the essentials are which tend toward a right or wrong in- fluence: First. That of cheerfulness. It is not only a blessing to ourselves but one of the gems of the home. It argues no talent and beauty, but is a gem that will enrich talent and beauty, supply the loss of either, by no other charm and it is the chief beauty of hospitality. Second. Patience is another jewel which should deck the home. Look into the home where all are impatient and you see a continual turmoil. Look into the home where patience is a virtue and see the marked change, a blessing to parents and children, a conqueror of all difficulties, a support in afflictions, teaching us resignation and re- quires the exercise of Christian principle. Third, Fault finding. This is a habit easily acquired and hard to shake off. The fauitfinder is dreaded, feared, and is a disagreeable companion. Better correct our own faults before we constitute our- selves judges of the defects of others. Avoid, therefore, the begin- ning of a habit that becomes, only too soon completely our master, and try to be blind to evils that cannot be remedied. Fourth. Co-operation is essential in all departments of the home. If co-operatien does not exist between husband and wife they fail to reflect an influence either morally or financially for, do not actions speak louder than words? Fifth. Negligence may be a barrier in the home. For as soon as cne begins to neglect his duty then he has started on a downward course. Sixth, Courtesy. The foundation of courtesy is unselfishness and a desire to please. What charms would be diffused in our homes, if every member made it a rule to observe all the kindly courtesies of life, making the same effort to be agreeable to each other, as they would feel bound to make in a social circle of friends or acquaint- ances. Many persons who are the very pink of politeness in com- pany, at home are petulant, rude and tyrannical, keeping the atmos phere that should be most serene, clouded and dull; carrying the face that beams with smiles outside, gloomy or indifferent inside, giving 324 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. abroad smiles and courtesy, and carrying gloom and rudeness home to greet those who are dearest to them. It is not enough to refrain from actual unkindness or gloom; real kindness and cheerfulness must be exerted, to make our homes what they should be—the brightest spot on earth. The man who will carry a costly boquet to a mere acquaintance, and allow his sister to move a heavy piece of furniture unaided is not a true gentleman, nor is a woman a true lady who follows a like practice, if his or her manners abroad are the most polished in the world. The talents and accomplishments that will charm a circle of friends, will surely make home happier if displayed there. Happy is the home where selfishness is not allowed to enter, and where gentle, forbearing courtesy is the rule of all, where the happiness of all is the con- sideration of each one. Seventh, And last, is the responsibility of the parent. There is but one necessity in life and that is goodness, and after this place the de- sirable things of this life. Therefore parents are called upon to study their children, and surround them with influences that will ap- peal to the best that is them. If the virtues are fostered the vices will require little attention. Life is a duel between good and eyil. These two elements in man are naturally antagonistic. They are continually at war and one or the other must dominate. Strengthen the good and it will be victorious, while the evil will grow weaker and weaker through constant defeat. Children can, in a measure, be touched by precept. But most of all are they influenced by example. If you have ever been out on a snowy morning when the ground was covered with a deep snow, and have seen a child stretching his legs to walk in the footprints that his father ahead of him had made, then you have a picture of life as the child through his faith in parents, takes it up and follows it as long as that faith remains unshaken. How great then is the responsibility of them that are so looked to. Some time that child will know whether or not the example which he followed was worthy or unworthy. And how bitter a disappoint- ment it is to find a parent unworthy is known only to the child. How great the havoc is which that parent has wrought in the child’s life is known only to God. a No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 325 HOME. BY MISS ANNA B. RODGERS, Mewico, Pa. READ AT PORT ROYAL INSTITUTE, JUNIATA CO., Feb. 6, 1901. It has been said that Mother, Home and Heaven are the three sweetest words in the English language. 3e that as it may, the world is full of precious words, grand thoughts and noble deeds. Life is broad, comprehensive and complex, yet all the interests of human life centers in the home. It is the centre and circumference of our existence. It is for the betterment of our country homes that all these ques- tions of dairying and farming are being discussed here, and every question of public or private policy should be weighed as to its re- iation to the country home. Every advantage within reach of the fiome must be laid hold of. First of all, the home must be worthy of its sacred name. The memories of home are never forgotten. No after-separation can de- stroy the love of brother or sister. The prayer learned at the mother’s knee is never forgotten in manhood or old age, and the memories of home come to the soldier in his dreary night watch on the battlefield, in the hospital, or dying at his post. A lost home can never be replaced. No public halls, no scenes of pleasure can ever fill that gap, and so we should all try to be cheerful and kind in our homes. We know that cheerfulness is not only a blessing to ourselves and others, a valuable social quality, but a posi- tive duty we owe to our family, our friends and acquaintances. All nay possess it. It is the germ that will enrich talent and beauty. Cheerfulness brightens the home. The gloom and shadows that pass over the mind makes us miserable, but the influence of cheerful- ness in the home passes over it like pleasant summer breezes, making creation glad. Our homes would be cold and desolate were they not warmed by the genial, sunny rays of cheerfulness. Kindness in the home is another important thing. It will go fur- ther and yield more happiness in this world than all the haughtiness we can assume. A kind, sympathizing word falls like oil upon the ruffled waters of the human breast. Every kind act we bestow will have its influence, and eternity will reveal it. Let us cherish then the kind heart, full of love for our 326 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. fellow creatures and kind words will spring to our lips, to bless and comfort all around us. Its home influence can be equalled by no other charm. Our hope rests in the possibilities of the country home, in the pa- triotic spirit of her sons, when in voice of government, a disposition cf trust, like the soldier of the present time, they stand patriotic to the homes that reared them and to the valleys that gave free range to childhood. In the country home man finds an elevating sense of freedom in the open air. The soul feels unfettered when no walls surround him and no ceiling covers. Devotion seems to rise to the very gates of Heaven. The thought expands as if the world attended and the im- agination wondered forth exulting like an eagle. We are surround- ed with nature’s beauties; can inhale the air laden with perfume of blooming roses, and if time permitted, the enjoyment while dreamily resting in a hammock under a shade tree, where the bees hum, the butterfly in gaudy attire flits to and fro, sipping the nectar cf the sweetest flowers, with the birds busy building nests about us and singing songs of love and cheer. Our city cousins, with no care or labor to dull the imagination, like to ramble in the cool and shady woods, beside refreshing foun- tains, murmering brooks; they can appreciate and enjoy themselves in full measure in our country homes. The advantages of country life are so great and apply with so much force to all the members of the home, that it would make this paper too long to treat of them fully. These country home influ- ences have for years filled the cities with new blood, pure from the country families, and has filled the places of trust and honor in the State and Nation with men whose boyhood days were spent on the farm. There are many who wax eloquent in the great duties of life. But let us try to be kind and courteous that we may strew life’s paths with a few of Heaven’s scented flowers. TO HAVE ‘AND TO HOLD. BY LAWRENCE RUBLE, McVeytown, Pa. To be in possession of a thing, and to hold it after it is in one’s possession, is the question we wish to consider. You always see the farmer who succeeds busy with his brain as well as fingers. How many of the farmers try to give their boys and girls something to start on, as they say, it is given to them, therefore, they think it came easy, and alas, it goes too easy. No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 327 The thing is to hold to what you have and make it improve and not lose what you already have. The hard working farmer (in fair circumstances; not poor, not rich), has a boy he thinks is fairly good. He wants to go to college or start in business; the father has not enough money past him to do this. In consequence, he mort- gages his farm, borrows the money, not for a moment doubting but what his son will pay it back in the near future. The boy gets through, graduates with honor and stands in high society. He falls in love with a beautiful society lady, gets married. He needs more inoney. Where does he send for or get it? He sends back to the farm. In consequence the farm is mortgaged, and the rest of the family drudge the rest of their lives to pay off the mortgage. Better a thousand times let the boy make his own way, and hold to what you have. Many a hard working man earns his dollar a day and gets his check for it every month, but how often does it go for some- thing that is of no good. Better get something useful, that which you can hold on to. Benjamin Franklin gives some good advice when he says: “if you would have your business done, go; if not, send.” Again, “If you would know the value of money go and try to borrow some; for he who goes a borrowing goes a sorrowing.” A great many farmers are not satisfied with a few conveniences; but must have all the latest inventions and contrivances used on a farm. Now, this is very good and all right if you have the money, but a man, even in fair circumstances, will find “Sheriff’s Sale” notice tacked upon his barn door if he does not watch his pocket book. He had better hold on to what he has and gather up gradually. A farmer may have a good cow, one that pays well for her keeping. Some man comes along that wants a good cow; he offers him a good price for her; he sells and deprives himself of one of the best money makers he has. If you have a good cow, why not hold on to her. The same is true of a good, faithful horse. Too many people are willing to get along with most anything. The farmer has a right to some of the best he can produce. If you have good animals and iinplements, don’t sell, merely because you are offered a fair price, but hold on to them, unless you do not need them. But there are somethings that we do not want to hold. For in- stance, that old sheep that has been on the place since before the hard times. The sheep has been offered for sale about 99 times, but as soon as the buyer mounts the pasture fence and alights on the other side, he soon sees his necessity of being on the safe side of the fence, and proceeds to do so with alacrity, telling the farmer he will look elsewhere to purchase. It is known of a man who had several hundred bushels of wheat to sell. When wheat was high he was offered $1.30 a bushel. Would not take that, but later took less 328 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. than a dollar for some. That kind of having and holding does not pay. I would like to say a few words about keeping the boys and girls on the farm. We know of instances where it is the parent’s fault directly that they do not stay longer at home than they do. The farmer boy is too often made to drudge and work without any vaca- tion or holidays or any other time. A boy should have something to call his own; a calf or a pig each year will keep him in spirits; but too often, if an animal is given, when it is grown up it belongs to the old “gent,” and will make him a little extra money. Farmers, give your boys the best you have; don’t think you did not have it better, and it will do your children also. If you want to keep the boys and girls on the farm give them a chance. A few old Plow-Point Proverbs: “A mortgage on the farm is harder to dig out than a sod of wire grass.” “Not every egg is sound that seems so; and a lame horse makes a lame farmer.” “Waste leads to want, want leads to woe, before you start con- sider which way you go.” “A weak fence makes a weak farmer; don’t let the noon-hour eat up the other ten.” “If you have a jumping cow, fix a pickle barrel for her to jump into, and she won’t jump long.” “Rats in the crib gives the team pain in the ribs.” “Little seeds make tall weeds; but tall weeds make short corn.” “Elbow grease and self-denial will make a farmer rich on trial.” “Keep a cat for a rat and the pig will get fat.” KNOWING; FOR WHAT PURPOSE? BY HOWARD ROBBINS, Pottsgrove, Pa. READ AT POTTSGROVE INSTITUTE, NORTHUMBERLAND CO., FEB. 8, 1901. I am a believer in the possibility of attainment in the human race. If a busy blacksmith can make himself the master of many ancient and modern languages; if a poor farmer-grocer-rail splitter can become, without going to school, a lawyer, congressman and President of the United States; if a man seventy years of age, by using spare moments can become a noted lawyer; if a young man with a dollar for capital can become one of the great merchants of No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 329 the world; if a poor young man back in the sixties can become the owner of a dozen or more valuable farms, of bank stock, bonds, first mortgages, etc., to the value of several hundred thousand dollars; if, by careful study and application, Mr. A can become an authority on bees; if Mr. X can give us a piece of machinery that will do the work of a hundred men better than they could do it; if you and I, by using spare moments could fit ourselves to enjoy life more, to . elevate ourselves and our calling, to be more of a success, to help to master and subdue nature, then would it not be incumbent upon us to do our utmost to make these possibilities realities? But you say, “The cases mentioned are exceptions.” Very well; since I belong to the very questionable class which is the cause of so much trouble to some people, because the old-fashioned idea that industry and the performance of duty ought to characterize us is still thought to be correct, rather than the up-to-date idea, with seme people, that idleness, and a careless, irresponsible mode of life is to be preferred, I'll tell you of my experience in noting what people may learn. While at school, I observed young men and women pursuing special lines of study outside the regular course, and doing everything well. I saw young men and women studying almost all subjects from the commonest branches to the highest forms of mental and moral science. To me the interesting part is that they were persons of average intelligence. Yes, and in some instances, they were posi- tively dull in nearly every respect. While on the other hand, here and there was a fine intellect running wild. Pity the possessor of it. Some day he will wake, as from a dream, and then in all likelihood it will be too late. From my observation I am convinced that, bar- ring a few people whom nature has slighted, any person can learn anything; that you and I may think the same thoughts that the truly great men and women of the world have thought. But this is only a fragment of knowledge. Let me know a little about mathematics, reading and penmanship, and Iwould rather know all there is yet to be learned about things in general than what has already been dis- covered. Here then is our central thought—/nowing. Why de we want to know? Obviously because of use; and ornamental, progres- sive and necessary are the words I have selected to qualify the word use as applied to knowledge. Now ornament of any kind will do one of three things; it will captivate the eye; conceal a defect; or sway the mind. An example of the first may be discovered in the case of a beautiful woman, clegantly dressed. Natural attractiveness is enhanced by a use of knowledge of the ornamental in dress. The second case may be illustrated by the use of cosmetics; or by what we term a plain or deformed person’s dressing so as to have the plainness or deformity concealed. The cultured Greeks hated ugliness, and so do we. 22 330 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. Let us now look to the forensic world for an example of the third use of ornament. Used very largely by lawyers and_poli- ticians to conceal the wrong idea, by decking it out in gorgeous plu- luage, it thus becomes a cloak, and too frequently leads to decisions and acts in which judgment has no part. If you do not believe this, note the decision of juries, and see how frequently a verdict is out of accord with the facts in the case. Then if this is not sufficient to convince you, follow some strenuous orator several thousand m‘les as he seeks the support of his “fellow-citizens,”’ and hear the shouts cf the people as the heroic speaker hurls at them with unerring logic his garbled thunderbolts. I tell you many a man has gone from a political meeting ashamed of himself, because on a calm, second thought he sees he has acted as one bereft of reason. But there is another slightly different side to this question. It is worth our while to bear in mind that ornament may be inseparably connected with use. Why are buildings painted? Why are certain kinds of fence more desirable than others? Obviously for the two- fold reason that fine appearance and usefulness here go together. Do we not also prefer good horses and cattle that present a fine ap- pearance, to those merely good or fine? And, by the way, have you ever stopped to calculate how much more it would cost the other fellow to keep really good stock about him than some he now has? After all, do we not allow ourselves to be influenced at times by these same considerations in our relation to other people? Isn’t it casier for the natural man to learn to regard a fellow-being more highly if the latter be virtuous and of fine appearance? I once heard a young lady say of another who had an unsightly scar on one side of her face, “I always like Miss Blank a great deal better from the one side than from the other.” The ancient Greeks thought beauty and virtue inseparable. They couldn’t understand how the homely Soc- rates could be virtuous. Next, we shall consider the progressive use of knowledge. Little space will suffice for this point, which might also be termed know- ing in cireles. In general, we may say people of like occupation or profession are given to exchanging accounts of experience with a view to entertainment, instruction, or personal satisfaction. We all know that drummers relate, practically, the same yarns. Physi- cians keep one another posted—in fact, have some knowledge that is almost, if not quite, exclusive. Scientists and inventors are watch- ing one another, eager for something new. Witness Edison and Tesla, and note what fun the incredulous are having at their expense. Then there are those in every community whose delight, and it seems sometimes whose sole business, is to do as the Athenians did in Paul’s time. In Acts XVII, 21, the writer says, “All the Athenians and strangers who were there spent their time in nothing else but either No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 331 to tell or to hear some new thing.” This kind of knowledge some- times grows or increases as it passes around the circle, hence my term, progressive. May I inflict a few lines of rhyme upon you to illustrate the point? “Said Mr. A to Mr. B, While stopping in the town; ‘One Mr. X to me remarked, Smith bought his goods from Brown.’ “Said Mr. B to Mr. C, Who cast his eyelids down; ‘T’ve heard it said to-day, my friend, Smith got his goods from Brown.’ “Said Mr. C to Mr. D, With something of a frown; ‘T’ve heard it said to-day, my friend, Smith, took his goods from Brown.’ “Said Mr. D to Mr. BH, Who blazed it round the town; ‘lve heard to-day such shocking news— Smith stole his goods from Brown.’ ”’ We come now to consider necessary knowledge. I use the term advisedly, because the suggestions that shall be made under this head are concerning necessities. I claim that a knowledge of litera- ture, mathematics and some of the sciences is absolutely necessary in order for man to enjoy the companionship of his fellows, to be suc- cessful in his vocation, and above all, to be content. Literature is helpful to these ends in two ways: A man knowing nothing about authors and their works is placed at a decided disadvantage if brought into the society of those possessing this knowledge. If he knows, and knows that he knows, se'f-confidence is his. But you say that he need not commit himself, and fling at me the quotation, “A close mouth makes a wise head.” Very well; suppose he is asked to express his opinion. Verily at such a time when he opens his mouth he is likely to “put his foot in it.” Again, in these days of cheap literature we can purchase for a small outlay sufficient books for a year’s reading. How will they help in this matter? If we are feeling discouraged we may read something from Burns, or Riley, or Carleton, or any of the host of writers who make us forget our trials. If we feel like tackling something difficult, yet entertaining withal, we may read Shakes- peare. If our spirits are too lively and free, we may read something from Lotze or Kant to steady ourselves. Authors are otr best friends, and will stand by us at all times, to cheer us, to enlighten us, 332 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. and to comfort us. And why should a person know mathematics? Without going into particulars it may be said that after the mechani- cal stage has been passed there is a positive pleasure in the solution of a problem. Now as to the Natural Sciences. Few persons have better oppor- tunities to study geology than farmers have. They owe it to them- selves, to their families, and to the community to study this subject. It opens up a new world to the keen and thoughtful observer. Every reck contains a record of the past. Will you read it? Again, rocks disintegrating and combining with decayed animal and vegetable matter produce soil, which suggests the analysis of the same. Here we are in the chemist’s province. He must tell us what elements are in the soil, and what is lacking to produce a good crop. Unfortu- nately chemistry is a subject the great body of our farmers cannot familiarize themselves with, on account of the cost of chemicals and the necessary apparatus; but if they are anxious they may have their soil analyzed, and thus learn to use fertilizers intelligently. It is the consensus of opinion, I think, that farmers have been guessing at this fertilizer problem long enough. It must be admitted that botany has a place here also. Geology gives us the ground, and botany must cover it with vegetation. In this as in all other lines of thought, a little careful reading will enable the most ordinary to become interested, and when once in- terested there is no end to the pursuit. On the average farm there are sufficient plants to keep one learning for years. With such a knowledge there is indeed ‘a pleasure in the pathless wood, a rap- ture on the lonely shore, and society where none intrude.” But the insect is a foe to vegetation. Every farmer ought to familiarize himself with a good work on entomology. If he were to do this, and then use the information thus obtained, many a crop, and especially fruit might be saved. Hand in hand with this subject goes ornithology. Of what use are birds on the farm? Do they de- stroy your crops? Do not certain ones live almost entirely on ver- min? Are you not taking the life of a friend when you kill an owl, or a hawk? If the truth were known it would be found that they repay you several fold for the occasional change of diet which they obtain from your poultry yard. What then is my message to you? Ina sense, I have attempted to clear out the undergrowth, in order that these gentlemen from a dis- tance may be the better able to do effective work. I have talked of possibilities. |. You have it in your power to make these possibilities realities. Know all you can about things in general, and a great deal about your own profession or occupation. See to the applica- tion of knowledge to its rightful use. If you have occasion to apply No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 333 knowledge to improve the appearance of things, ornament. If you possess knowledge that will be helpful to another, and on which you have no patent, pass it along and be thankful that you can help an- other. And lastly, resolve to master a few of the sciences. THE PROBLEM OF THE BOY. BY EDMUND 8S. FRITZ, Boyertown, Pa. READ AT BOYERTOWN INSTITUTE, BERKS CoO., FEB. 11, 1901. Somebody has said, “that the greatest problem of the twentieth century is the boy, with one exception, namely, the girl.” I shall not attempt to discuss the problem in all its length and breadth, but shall confine myself to that portion of it which confronts the rural districts of Pennsylvania. It is a trite saying that “The child is the father of the man;” but it is equally true that the boy of to-day is the controlling citizen of to-morrow. Society is crying for men and women of broad culture, having a greater zeal in their endeavors toward perfection in public and private life, there is not, and never has been, a greater question than the one that is presented to us in the boy. His successful train- ing at present solves all questions, political, social and moral cf the future. The child, as the nucleus of the man, is laid at the gate ofa new world. A noted authority says: “That between the ages of eighteen and thirty months, a child learns more of the material world, of his own powers, of the nature of other bodies and other minds, then he ac- quires in all the rest of his life.’ The impressions thus made on the plastic mind or the associations once formed in childhood can never be erased. It is for this reason that George Herbert says that “A good mother is worth a hundred schoolmasters.’ For the boy there are three worlds: The world of home, the world ef school, and the world at large. Every boy as he attains manhood, must take his place and act his part in the great theatre of human affairs, whether this part be prominent or obscure depends chiefly upon the individual; but the nature of such prominence or obscurity is largely decided by his early training at home. Dr. E. Higbee said: “No worthier subject can engage the attention of the State than the proper education of the children thereof.” In the last century Alex- ander Hamilten lamented the reluctance of our people on the subject of education. He predicted that our nation could not attain great- 334 : ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. ness until there was a change in public education. Had he lived until the closing decade of the last century, his most ardent wish would have been more than gratified. It has been said in time gone by, “that education was all well enough in itself, but a man could get along on a farm and elsewhere very well without education.” Education does not make the man, nor would education solve the problem of the boys, but that schooling often spoils him, and they point to Abraham Lincoln as one of the best Presidents of the United States, one who they say had no edu- cation. But, I reply, if ignorance produced Lincoln, why have we not more like him? The truth is, that all growth is cultivated growth in the man, cultivated by his surroundings in which he is placed, and is therefore education. It is true that there are men and women with natures so rich that no education except such as God and nature gives, is necessary. John Milton, the sublime poet, said: “I call, therefore, a complete and generous education that which fits man to perform justly, skill- fully and magnanimously all the offices, both private and public, of peace and war.” It is just along this line that the problem, “What is te. become of the boy,” is to be solved. ‘Are we to keep them at home, will we try to stem the current which is carrying so many boys from tke country home and farm to the cities, where so many of them eke iniserable lives. Here is, possibly, a solution to the problem. Let us create in our own communities the means by which our boys can secure better educational advantages, without direct cost to them, and without having to leave their homes, and with the free, public high schools, there should be public libraries, containing good sub- stantial literature, free to all. The day may be near at hand when the microscope will be as in- dispensable to the farmer as the plow; when he will harness the lightning to his machinery as he now does the horse. When that day comes, the farmer will not be satisfied with mere instruction in the three R’s, but will demand that his children be taught the use of the microscope and the application of electricity. Stranger things have happened in the industries of modern life. It is not chimerical to hope that agriculture, which in every land has been at the root of advanced civilization, will, in the progress of the twentieth century, be the crowning glory of the most progressive people on the face of the earth. To this end let the township high school be established in every township of Pennsylvania. Somebody said, “Why do you suggest that all the sciences and agriculture be taught in our public schools in the rural districts?” It may be impossible at present. In many of our schools there are forty or fifty pupils from the a b c’s up to geometry, all for one teacher. I heard once a city teacher remark that any body could No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 335 teach school in the rural districts; but be that as it may, it will not solve the problem of the boy; but if in this twentieth century we are able to have the township high school and all the sciences taught in a practical way. The problem will possibly have a solution; but somebody may say, “I have had very little schooling, and have lived a successful life.’ With the environments of this century, friends, there is and will be more education demanded in all spheres of human life. Some one remarked that the sciences had nothing to do with agriculture, and especially astronomy; but it teaches the change of seasons, causes and time of tides and other things which relate te commerce. Isaac Newton said: “Teach your sons and daughters in ithe country and cities the grand laws of nature; it will lift them one step nearer to the Creator.” Botany.—How and what has that to do with your pursuit? How many of us are familiar with the two departments of botanical life? I shall use no scientific terms. The flowering plants and the non- flowering plants, knowing the means by which they propagate them- selves. In the study of this subject you will also gain a knowledge of those mysterious fungous diseases. Take the science of chemistry. A great many of the things with which a farmer has to deal or contend with, depends upon laws that are as strict and immutable as the laws of God. I do not mean the higher realms of chemistry; but that chemistry that we come in con- tact with every day in life. Entomology.—A knowledge of insect life. We don’t want any ex- pensive apparatus to gather these things, and investigate them in the public schools, and discover the various stages through which they pass; but to show the boy the two classes of insects. Those who have gnawing jaws and those that are called suctorial insects. Show the boy the class that are beneficial to the farmer and those that are enemies to the farmer. Geology.—F rom what sources soils come, and whether they were formed through the agencies of heat or cold, and transported to the other portions of the earth. Some one has said, and and I myself firmly believe and repeat the declaration again, and [ will stand by it, “that if the money that is uselessly and ignorantly expended for commercial fertilizers in Pennsylvania, by farmers applying to their soils that which their soils do not need, that this amount not only would establish the township high schools in every county of the State, but pay their teachers also. There are persons who are using potash when their soil contain an abundance of it. There are persons using nitrogen when their soil has an abundance of it.” Teach Zoology.—The science by which your boy can investigate 336 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. the forms of domestic animals, and wild animals that prey upon the domestic animals. In this problem of the boy, parents, if I had any word to suggest I would say, give your children a good education, an education that lifts them above the lower planes of humanity, and draw them nearer to the One who controls all things. You can give them no safer heritage. The girl and the boy of the future will need more education than of the past. In the future even more so than at the present, the person without a proper mental culture, will be obliged to stay in the rear, or even to be a stranger in the world’s onward march through life. HOW TO LIGHTEN THE LABOR OF THE FARMER’S WIFE. BY MRS. MANETTA BINGHAM, Clearview, Pa. READ AT PLAINGROVE INSTITUTE, LAWRENCE CO., JAN. 3, 1901. There are only two ways of making any labor more light: One, is to lessen the number of tasks performed; the other is to discover, adopt, or obtain easier ways or better methods for doing the work. No class of women in our knowledge are expected to labor so hard, nor so long as the wife of the average farmer—oft-times is com- pelled to do—by sheer force of her circumstances and surroundings. The store, the grocery, the butcher and baker shop are far removed, therefore, the meals on her table, must at all times, be largely. the production of her own hands, even to the smaliest detail. She must be prepared to entertain unexpected company on short notice, and with a good, square meal, or she is considered, to say the least of it —not a fit fore-handed, and this is a small part of her work, when we some to think carefully. Woman’s labor is supposed to consist of washing, ironing, baking, ooking, dish-washing, scrubbing, sewing (including mending and darning), and then, that endless cleaning, cleaning, cleaning, ever- more, which as we ask, when ’twill be finished, comes the answer, like Poe’s Raven, “Nevermore.” A formidable array, truly, and enough to appal the heart of any one except the wife of a Western Pennsylvania Farmer. Many of us would feel we had struck “an haven of rest,” could we but know that this were all. When added, thereto, we have milk- ing, churning, care of calves and poultry, advising about this, pre- scribing for that, caring for the sick and waiting upon the well. Attempting to lighten any of these labors by lessening their num- ber, is a rather delicate matter, requiring great tact, skill and shrewd- No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 337 ness. Each woman must determine for herself, just how far she dare venture, and then move with caution. We have known serious trouble in families by a little rashness along this very line. For be it remembered in the labor-lightening process, it is well to obey the scriptural injunction and put not our confidence in the “sons of men.” Woman, don’t you know, was given to man “for an help-mate.” We presume Father Adam pronounced it /elp mate, with strong accent on the first syllable, and all mankind “descending from him by or- dinary generation” have learned to do likewise. To the general ex- isting conditions in the great human family known as “tillers of the soil,” there are, however, exceptional features, these in justice to all concerned, must receive due notice and consideration. ac ke ee eee eee eee 1 Lise ob eDepartiment Publicationsteee ...; ... cesses oie eee oer nee 9 fist, Of MepartnventeBullecins apse «.« sissies cuca eres or eis enero ee ne eee 10 ASE FOL CLARIMETS” (CLUD Sree ere oo Soe icici sa ows voters) to ae Tene <= ee 89 Listvor local acnriculturalesocieties, semece ac... eee cee ees. dee 90 List of local agricultural societies holding fall exhibitions, ............. 92 Liver: Stocksoanitary. Boand OnicersvOf. emrjcoecme icc se cic serene eae 56 iver stock Sanitary. Boards ack eEStablishinen mai seme cele ienenenerereat 56 Live Stock Sanitary Board, rutes for enforcing act, ..................... 64 Live lock sanitary boards extraciiot rules Olea. areete cee eee eee 64 hive Stock, Breeder's Association. oficers Ofs.s ces cee see eees olen 67 M. Milk and veream tests) wits they “Vary SO; Selec cc ccitie me cic ic eiesc oe cere einen 216 Milkand cream) tests) varlationsyGl, a. .1- -eateciien cicicinn a 2. oe eee 212 Milk and cream tests, apparaews LOR sei cscs seicis citeteieis too. e< cicy aus io) enerelenereceneee 222 Milk: and’ cream: tests, errors (Ob SmOramGes eae cic sec exe © «ts elcteye oye) eee erence 223 Mitk and: cream tests) errors Of antiemt, %. noe cc. s> « ce cei clots armen 224 Millkvandacreama tests samp linen mtaci cas ciicmiceeieieiers. «cis 1s iole rarer erent 225 Milke future’ of COnGdeENSed, cls J Soeciclere «sre akefete en eneie).<1s ss «at eteneltans| Come 176 Milk making in thesewentiethicentuny, acs occseeeeee- - . «cee eee 192 Milk making in the twentieth century, changes anticipated, ............. 193 O. @OMcials, Department, Uist Of.) 3ic..< wn... c/atectas ~\s ceKehehaa el eca)e ates eee 1 Ofiicersuon Lernsylvaniau stave: Nericultural SOCUCUY. senriie clei ire teienenenne 16 Officersior State: Board: of Acricwlitime ss oscil rerierseisieiiciaielsiene oieieie aaa 25 Giicers of State luive Stock Sanitary Boards... a-yerr) Pennsylvania Farmers’ Alliance, constitution and by-laws of, Penusylvania State College Agricultural Experiment Station, officers and Pennsylvania Forestry Association, officers and council of, Pennsylvania State Poultry Association, officers of, Pennsylvania State Poultry Association, constitution of, Pennsylvania Dairy Union, papers read at annual meeting of, wijevie' wee’ © ‘p's alle, 01 e/a) 6jae be ekw en nahi > Gime a lsvela le sis 153 269 > bo } =) ~ te als 308 267 298 298 464 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. Sony GlieansiG) Whigepeon conan ucoeods casnuGdeooDod Hoo ODoSODaDoGDdosCda ssc StorliGy “SUiGh 7 (Olea eareaonackoot ooacseannseunenc > oaemoUCuOSoDGdcchoc dso: Soils, 1S AMUN ASSO RON ho orenddhc ch bowdaddoodunnbncn coop OOsoomADoO gods On ‘Syonlliuaves GimGl foyllimokers Cio Seaecoscns socnobus GodguouocuacGuObdCobOnOEDOCS Selline a ciczhteen years CXPELieM Ce MM. sr ers aie leis alohesel==lole) eter! otetaim ofeleictsiol+ietene Suravine + uses and abuses: Of... cemsemers: ..0> »-Mae ce Soe eee sea eens ee State Agricultural Society of Pennsylvania, act incorporating, ............ State Agricultural Society of Pennsylvania, officers of, ............. aoio6 State Agricultural Society of Pennsylvania, constitution and by-laws of, State: Board of Agriculture: members: Ole ©. < o.jce ajee etelelele sie oelete ecient eine ee State Board of Agriculture, officers and committees of, ................... State: Board of Agriculture, act establishing, - > snc... =e - se relent State Board of Agriculture, certificate of membership, State Board of Agriculture, minutes of annual meeting, .................. State Board of Agriculture, minutes of meeting held at State College, Statewbive: Stock Sanitary, Board: Gilicers! OL, Ses aeiise ee cle) cleo olen State Live Stock sanitary (Board, act establishing. oan. o-oo lntetreere State Live Stock Sanitary Board, act protecting health of domestic ani- TINA Sor Ws: shore elec esate aie epckettoteasue siahe sate oNchs hotessayere rors sharaicfieveltho cater ce RoR Rmanenas State Live Stock Sanitary Board, rules for enforcement of act, State Live Stock Sanitary Board, act for taxation of dogs, ............... State Live Stock Sanitary Board, act for prevention and spread of dis- CaASeninomeCarcasses: Of AMMMIAIS sc cussin=<4 cleyepae ore suet netoetateienere State Live Steck Sanitary Board, extracts rules of, Stater Grance: OfiGenrsmOtsyc 65.00. s.4 wees sro redo ool eo eee ners») ate cosa fansro, area State: Marmers Adliameces Oficens® Of, 2%. eects «ils eteeyuelntel = 9 1s ieiclenctes cteeen State Farmers’ Alliance, constitution and by-laws of, ................... State College; faculty of; «2. 252.2 atin. nents cueninge ae ears los eee eee State: Poultry Association. omicersiotie-. 5 seins a. oie eee State Poultry Association, constitution and by-laws of, ................. State: Elorticulturall Association somicers) OL meee «- 2 oe eee State Horticultural Association, constitution and by-laws of, ............. State Horticuliural Association, programme of annual meeting, .......... Stare Horticultural Association, membership Of aeeas...... eee State Horticultural Association, report of annual meeting, ............. State Horticultural Association, report of general fruit committee, State Horticultural Association, observations of correspondents, 101 103 106 107 112 3 5185 00258 ssi y at iY Yi % 4 i BAS Sih veh BIS wh Tay 1 a iN x ees neh “ ty SOREN Byes RRS RE