os i.) = < a esky (on scale 3 a -O O kx LL THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ze = A. O as) ae ea) ae be a4 O Li _s : . ’ Mi a iy Te a, OM a ae. 3 tf Sn Page nr s - Jie 240 Mimi eg con Cie 8 Goan OTE He = yi be: ——— rN ACURA cI TOCy 1 REPORT . ym 6 | ‘ ‘ bhtMtelhas | ; REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY, | fap * OF THE oY THE Condition of the State Cabinet wa _" ht ns “ es hs mh = -<——- — Senile yr .e oe oe “iy Ate Pa @ ¥ aiid ie INATURAL HIST RY, AND THE —e i 7m Th i, Pe Biwis. HS TORICAL AND ANTIQUARIAN COLLECTI -ANNEXED THERETO, A Made. to the Senate January 11, 1850. or ALBANY: 7 ‘ih " WEED, PARSONS & co. PUBLIC ¥RINTERS. . Nees 4 - > - ly = £2 = se ~ “ Ze: mad 3 ee i? . ae eT : s ne? Lee Phe De. x e a = she ay eed ~ . Swale) ese =. ae 3 4 “= A ets ; << a Ke; mew te = "a 0 tO ares > hep lA THIRD ANNUAL REPORT OF THE REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY, ON THE Condition of the State Cabinet OF NATURAL HISTORY, AND THE HISTORICAL AND ANTIQUARIAN COLLECTION, ANNEXED THERETO. ALBANY: WEED, PARSONS & CO., PUBLIC PRINTERS. see eee f. ™ cht ae ‘ ‘2 Th a ay a - re iu wf rEg | ‘ 4 piste is a oe eek $ os os nie A. La cs > ; ; es a eee el ae 09 eDov. 28 Se Bs a A es Ne MEARS i “1 epee RA oe Ss te pa - 7 - 5 os. ; POLY SA . i , :. 0 £ . As ne ‘a TGR Cote haf State of NeweMork. No. 75. IN SENATE, JAN. Il, 1850. THIRD ANNUAL REPORT Of the Regents of the University, on the condition of the State Cabinet of Natural History, and the Histori- cal and Antiquarian Collection annexed thereto. To tHE Hon. Grorce W. Parrerson, President of the Senate: Str—I have the honor to transmit the Annual Report of the Re- gents of the University, on the condition of the State Cabinet of Natural History, and the historical and antiquarian collection annexed thereto. I am, very respectfully, Yours, &c., G. Y. LANSING, Chancellor. [Senate, No.75.| 1 [u.n.5t.&1000R. } ; (acid Cadkalih LEER of Rall vat iby Spe o bai si Ak rm GS af ee stig: irk Das ie. Dy Syl ott ted ite oe Bhs Petnii nit ha 8 Dr CORA ae S965 erate sii, ode é Fgh ivi ph: i alt Foot te MT Gare p OB ada: Be nf ray “ats * aebaeaes aang ee nee ar a ae a Te ae ‘A Fe ee SHRES tras F EON b, we aed ith 9h Soa iy ue , ne eet sib a wef is oa te at a ae EEN et tes. a iuad hs: Wie) . se ‘ae é ig 4 — iy « 4 Malt REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY. Hamitton Fisn, Governor, ex officio. Grorce W. Parrerson, Lieut. Governor, ex officio. CuristopHeR Morean, Secretary of State, ex officio. Gerrit Y. Lansinc, Chancellor. Joun Grete, Vice Chancellor. Guiian C. Verprancx, LL. D. Joun K. Paice. Erastus Cornine. Prosper M. Wermore. Joun L. Grauam. Joun McLean. Gipron Haw ey, LL. D. Davin Buen. James 8S. Wapsworrtu. Joun V. L. Pruyn. Jasez D. Hammonp, LL. D. Joun L. O’Suttivan. Ropert CAMPBELL. Rey. Samueut Luckey, D. D. Rozert G. Ranxry. Puinie S. Van RenssELAER. (One vacancy.) T. Romeyn Beck, Secretary. Joun Gepuarp, Jr., Curator of the “State Cabinet of Natural History.” +4 : * + : i hae oe a . i ° . \ ar 5 . sit . ‘ 7 3 € j | — -~ FRO lena ts Rit scm iy geen: 5) ee Bru | ritial OR he, 4 i} Tehernnyy eb uc ¥¥ eu “Ww \wiee “. riper ame 5 ty ANE Mg STANDING COMMITTEE OF THE REGENTS, Specially charged with the care of the State Cabinet. 1849. THE GOVERNOR. THE SECRETARY OF STATE, Mr. LANSING. Mr. CORNING. Mr. WADSWORTH. i GOKMIVOD A ae “Yaa Ts) Lae SHE: e a —— - ? ‘aed? ann pn: is ae , —— ache pale REPORT. TO THE LEGISLATURE OF THE STATE OF NEW-YORK. The Regents of the University RespecrFuLLty Report: That during the past year, many and various additions have been made to the Cabinet. For the Zoological department, there have been procured a number of specimens of animals native to the State, and which were not previously in the collection. A list of those presented and purchased accompanies this report. The engagements of Dr. Fitch, during the last season, have pre- vented him from increasing the collection of Insects, but the matter is still left in his charge, and he will doubtless, ere long, forward additional specimens. . The Regents have to state with regret, that some of the preserved animals have recently been found to be injured by the moth. An examination of them is now making by a competent person, who is directed to destroy such as may be too far affected, and also to take every means to prevent future loss through this cause. The Botanical Collection continues in excellent order, and is care- fully preserved. Valuable donations have been received from various personsy for the Mineralogical and Geological Museum. These are particularly specified in the accompanying documents, but the Regents deem it proper to add, that a few months since, Dr. Nathaniel F. Moore, late President of Columbia College, tendered to them a collection of 10 [Senate roinerals, fossils and shells, made by his deceased nephew, Casimir — De Rham, Jr. Although the State Cabinet is peculiarly appropriated to our native productions, still the interest attached to these memo- rials of a young and successful student of Natural History, required that the offer should be cheerfully accepted. Any anticipations that were entertained as to their value, have been greatly exceeded on their examination and arrangement. The collection includes many rare minerals, and highly prized fossils and shells. The curator has pre- pared a catalogue of them, which will give some idea of the industry and discrimination of one who was too early lost to science. The Historical and Antiquarian collection continues to increase and flourish, beyond the most sanguine hopes of its projectors. Nu- merous and valuable presents have been made, and more are promised. Among these are some precious relics from the battle grounds of Saratoga, and a memorial of the victory of Commodore Perry on Lake Ene. Donations also continue to be received of Indian relics, and in the spirit of the views expressed to the Legislature in their last annual report, the Regents deemed themselves justified in purchasing from Mr. E. G. Squire a number of aboriginal remains, which he had obtained in western New-York, and elsewhere. A few months since, Mr. Lewis H. Morgan, of Rochester, whose liberal gifts have been enumerated in a former report, and who has continued them during the present year, suggested the propriety of endeavoring to bring together a full exhibition of the manufactures of the Indian tribes still remaining within our State, and thus to show, as it were, their transition condition, in the union of their ancient and rude constructions, with the improvements received through the whites. Mr. Morgan added, that he would with pleasure superin- tend the disposition of any appropriation that might be resolved upon. The Regents could not hesitate to agree to his offer. So rapid, in- deed, is the progress of change, with the ancient lords of the soil, that what is to be done must be done quickly. Asum of money was accordingly placed at the disposal of Mr. Morgan, and the result has been the beautiful and interesting collection which now adorns the rooms. It is intended shortly to label each article with its*English and Indian name, and the whole will be perfectly illustrated by the sketches accompanying the memoir which forms part of this report. No. 75. | 11 Dr. Franklin B. Hough, of St. Lawrence county, a contributor to the Mineralogical and the Antiquarian Collection, has also forwarded a “notice of several ancient remains of art in St. Lawrence and Jefferson counties,” accompanied with sketches of the same, and the Regents transmit them as worthy of publication. Our country presents many examples of the rapid progress from rude art to the most striking exhibitions of human kill, and the State Cabinet would scarcely be complete, without containing specimens of each. Through the liberality of Mr. McAlpine, engineer of the United States Dry Dock, at Brooklyn, there is now to be seen a plaster model of that great work ; various specimens of granite employed in its construction, and a collection of soils, through which the neces- sary excavations for this purpose were made. Several years have now elapsed since the publication of most of the volumes of the “ Natural History of New-York,’ and it occurred to the Regents that means should be taken to ascertain, and as it were, post up, the progress of discovery and science in each of the depart- ments to the present time. The suggestion was communicated to several of the persons formerly engaged in the State Survey, and the Regents have now the pleasure to present, as its first fruits, a report from Dr. Lewis C. Beck, the author of the Mineralogy of New-York, comprising notices of the additions made since 1842. Its intrinsic merits, and the labor evidently bestowed upon it, are its best recom- mendations. The Regents, on the resignation of the curator, appointed John Gebhard, Jr., of Schoharie county, to that place, and he accordingly entered on its duties on the Ist of November last. Great reliance is placed on his well known devotion to, and his knowledge of, Natural History ; and he has already given an abundant earnest, in the indus- try and zeal with which he has entered on the engagements of his office. As to the pecuniary affairs of the Institution, the Regents beg leave to refer to the accompanying account current of receipts and expenditures. They have every assurance, that through a clerical error, the appropriation made last year for 1849 and 1850, was reduced one- half, through the omission of the words “tor each of the years.” Had it not been discovered that a small balance in the treasury de- 12 [Senate voted to this purpose, remained uncalled for, the committee acting under the direction of the Regents would have been altogether pre- cluded from carrying out their views, and as they were well assured, those also of the Legislature. They therefore solicit that the present appropriation for 1850, viz: two hundred and fifty dollars, may be increased to five hundred dollars, and the last amount also granted for 1851. Should this request be complied with, it is intended to order pre- served specimens of the larger animals, still indigenous to our State. The Beaver, it is said, can still be obtained, but it may be extinct ere another year elapses; the Moose is rapidly diminishing ; the Bear, the Wolf, and the Panther, should all be represented. But they must be captured at particular times and seasons; the hunter must be as- sured that he will be rewarded for his hazardous labors; and the taxidermist has too little of general encouragement, to attend to their proper preservation, unless he can rely on a sure and liberal patron. It is principally for these reasons, that the Regents solicit an early and kind attention to the wishes now expressed. By order of the Regents of the University. G. Y, LANSING, Chancellor. T. Romeyn Bec, Secretary. No. 7. | 13 aml Papers accompanying the Report. Account current of receipts and expenditures during 1849. Catalogue of Quadrupeds, Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians, Fishes, and Crustaceans, added from January 1, 1849, to January 1, 1850. Catalogue of Minerals, Geological specimens and Fossils, (in- cluding the Cabinet of the late Mr. De Rham,) added from January 1, 1849, to January 1, 1850. Catalogue of additions (by donation and purchase) to the His- torical and Antiquarian collection, from January 1, 1849, to January 1, 1850. Catalogue of Reptiles and Amphibians, native to the State, and contained in the Cabinet, January 1, 1850. Report to the Regents of the University upon the articles fur- nished to the Indian collection, by Lewis H. Morgan, of Rochester. Notice of several ancient remains of art in Jefferson and St. Lawrence counties, by Franklin B. Hough, M. D., of Som- erville, St. Lawrence county. Report on the Mineralogy of New-York, comprising notices of the additions which have been made since the year 1842, by Lewis C. Beck, M. D., late Mineralogist of the Survey of New-York. References to various essays and writings on the Natura His- tory of New-York, mostly published subsequent to the re- spective volumes on that subject. Index to the volumes in the State Cabinet of Natural History, containing the Plants of the State of New-York. Description of new species of Fossils, from the Trenton lime- stone, by James Hall. (This paper was received immediately after the adoption of the annual report, but in compliance with a promise made early in the year.) a) The Regents of the Unwersity, in account current with the appropria- tions towards preserving and increasing the “ State Cabinet of Natural History, and the Historical and Antiquarian collection an- nexed thereto, and for defraying the incidental expenses of the same.” By balance remaining in the State Treasury, from the ap- propriations for 1847 and 1848, as per annual report, made January 12, 1849. (See Senate document No. 20, Of 1849.) i» «a aasinwe on ars. olgaie gins thle tawlejo(utald bie ee By balance remaining in ties State Treasury, on an appro- priation made for the same purpose, and of which there has been drawn,........ Maa ies Sieh iee pele 0 i Oiw Sain See 1849. April 14. By the annual appropriation for 1849, deposit- ed this day in the Albany City Bank,...... 250 00 ee $651 93 1849. ———_—_—_— Jan’y 18. By cash paid John G. Bell, for preserved ani- mals and birds; settled as follows : By a draft on the Comptroller,..... $88 93 BY YOURMEE ONG. Ep aves bacca ek oa nee $94 00 April 17. By cash paid Wells & Co., and (receipt left with the Comptroller) freight of boxes con- taining the above animals and birds, voucher No.2. ch¥vawebeeceaes hai i gr, Yop! eee 2 50 By cash paid J. Gladding, for glazing, No. 2, 1 38 By cash paid J. T. Robinson, by Dr. Torrey, for printing 1,674 labels for the State Her- barium, and for other expenses in arranging and re-examining the same, No. 3,.....+. 62 78 RE ee Amount carried forward,«..sascerseeecess $160 66 No. 75.] January. 15 Amount brought forward, .......e.seeeeee $160 66 By cash paid E. G. Squire, for his collection of Indian relics, from western New-York, No. 4. By cash paid J. A. Hurst, for sundry preserved animals and birds, No. 5,...... Lt weamae ; By cash paid T. R. Beck, for the shell of a tortoise, purchased, No. 6,.......... eae _ By cash paid for contingent expenses, viz : No. 7 Tozzoni, for repairing model of the Dry De ocins wravtsaie wit e tie wisio. acer ears . $1 50 Freight and cartage of State Herbarium, 1 25 Hoffman’s City Directory,.......... 1 00 By cash paid Mrs. Carroll, for cleaning rooms, ay Addicts op 'claieclanmel wales #0 val nabs By cash paid for various contingent expenses, on the 24th of Oct., 1849, 7 vouchers, No. 9, By cash paid Lewis H. Morgan, of Rochester, by a draft on the Comptroller, for procuring a collection of Indian manufactures, &c., (voucher left with the Comptroller,) ...... By cash paid J. A. Hurst, for collection of pre- served animals, birds, and fishes,.. $88 50 To Wells & Co., for freight of Mr. Morgan’s Indian collection, from PNT glace sists aint id t¥'e vie » 7 87 Wm. Wall, for cleaning rooms in October, .. Disteavel bieteia: ota's « 1 00 Cartage of indian collection to the CAMINO 5 aio caeiee's cc eses 0 63 (Paid by a draft on the Comptroller, and vouch- ers left with him.) 50 00 10 50 2 00 215 00 98 00 $553 80 By balance to new account,.....ssevesesece 98 13 $651 93 i. oeieneEeeeiieatiaesianmnnenaeeeatn re eT 16 [SenaTE (Copy.) Albany City Bank, 1st Jan’y, 1850. I certify that there is a balance of ninety-eight dollars and thirteen cents, standing to the credit of the “ State Cabinet of Natural His- tory,” in the books of this bank. (Signed) WATTS SHERMAN, Cashier. Albany, January 8, 1850. We have examined the foregoing account, and believe it to be correct, having compared the same with the vouchers. HAMILTON FISH, G. Y. LANSING, CHRISTOPHER MORGAN. CATALOGUE OF THE QUADRUPEDS, BIRDS, REPTILES, AMPHIBIANS, FISHES, &e., ADDED TO THE State Cabinet of Natural History, FROM JANUARY 1, 1849, TO JANUARY 1, 1850. [Senate, No. 75.] 2 Medd TH i > i wit ON ee ot BT par aa: ag AGAR 3 His Gut aos ere oe, dagets MAMMALIA. ORDER CARNIVORA. FAMILY VESPERTILIONIDA. ZooLocy—Part I. VESPERTILIO NOVEBORACENSIS, New-York Bat, (male.) - - p. 6 VESPERTILIO SUBULATUS, Little Brown Bat, (male.)- - - 8 VESPERTILIO NOCTIVAGANS, Silver-haired Bat, (male & fem.) 9 VESPERTILIO CAROLINENSIS, Carolina Bat,(male.) - - - - 10 FAMILY SORECIDZ. ConDYLURA CRISTATA, The Common Starnose, (male.) - 12 FAMILY MUSTELIDE. PuToRIUS NOVEBORACENSIS, New-York Ermine, (male, sum- , mer dress.) - + - - = + 36 Purorius VIsoN, The Mink, (male.) - - - - - 37 FAMILY FELIDA. Lyncus BOREALIS, Northern Lyng. - - - - = - 6&0 ORDER RODENTIA. FAMILY SCIURIDZ. Sciurvs vULPINUS, The Fox Squirre’, (male & fem.) - 59 FAMILY ARCTOMID. . ARcTOMYS MONAX, Woodchuck, (male & female.) - - 68 FAMILY GERBILLIDA. MERIONES AMERICANUS, Deer Mouse, (female.) - - - - 70 20 _ [Senate FAMILY CASTORIDA. FIBER ZIBETHICUS, Muskrat, or Musquash, (male & f.) 75 FAMILY MURIDZ. Mus DECUMANUs, Brown Rat, (male & female.) - - 79 Mus MuscuULUs, Common Mouse, (male & female.) 82 Mus LEvcorvs, Jumping Mouse, (female.) - - - 82 ARVICOLA RUFESCENS, Tawny Meadow Mouse, (male.) - 85 ARVICOLA HIRSUTUS, Beuver Field Mouse, (male.) - - 86 BIRDS. ORDER ACCIPITRES. FAMILY FALCONIDZ ZooLocy—Part II. BuTEo HARLANI,t Harlan’s Buzzard, (female.) - p. 11 FAMILY STRIGIDA. STRIX PRATINCOLA, American Barn Owl. - - - - 31 ORDER PASSERES. FAMILY HIRUNDINID. Hirvundo RIpaRia, Bank Swallow, (male.) - - - - 39 FAMILY AMPELID. BomBYcILLA GARRULA, Black-throated Waxwing. - - - 43 FAMILY CERTHID. TROGLODYTES AMERICANUS, Wood Wren. - - - - = = = 64 FAMILY SYLVIADZ. SIALIA WILSONI, Bluebird, (female.) - - ~ - - 68 FAMILY MOTACILLIDA. ANTHUS LUDOVICIANUS, American Titlark, (female.) - - 76 t Presented by A. F. Hotmes, of Washington county, and mounted by T. C. Henry, gratuitously. 22 ' (Senate FAMILY SYLVICOLIDZ. ZooLtocy—Part II. VERMIVORA CELATA, Orange-crowned Warbler, (female.) 87 SYLVICOLA RUFICAPILLA, Red-poll Warbler. - - - - - 89 SyLVICOLA STIVA, Summer Yellowbird, (male.) - - 99 SYLVICOLA VIRENS, Black-throated Green Warbler, (male & female.) - - - - 100 SYLVICOLA MARITIMA, Cape May Warbler, (male.) - - 104 CuLcivoRA C@RULEA, Blue-grey Gnatcatcher. - - - - 109 FAMILY MUSCICAPIDZ. Muscicapa ACADICA, Small Green-crested Flycatcher. - 112 FAMILY VIREONIDZ. VIREO OLIVACEUS, Red-eyed Greenlet, (male.) - - - 124 FAMILY FRINGILLIDZ. EMBERIZA AMERICANA, Black-throated Bunting, (m. & f.) 155 *SpizaA CYANEA, Indigobird, (male.) - - - - - 178 *PYRANGA RUBRA, Black-winged Redbird, (male.) - 176 ORDER GRALLA. FAMILY GRUIDZ. ABDEA HERODIAS, Great Blue Heron, (female.) - - 219 ARDEA EXILIS, Small Bittern, (male.) - - - + 225 ARDEA MINOR, American Bittern, (female.) - + 226 FAMILY TANTALIDA. Igis MEXICANUS, Glossy Ibis, (male.) - - - - - 281 This beautiful specimen was shot on Grand island, in the Niagara river, by J. A. Hurst, in the month of August, 1844. FAMILY SCOLOPACIDZ. Hereropopa semipaLmata,t Semipalmated Sandpiper. - - - 236 TRINGA PUSILLA,t Wilson’s Sandpiper, (2 specimens.) 244 * To replace imperfect speeimens. t Presented by Wizt1am GaxprairH, of New-Jersey. No. 75.] 23 ORDER NATATORES. FAMILY ALCIDZ. Zoo.tocy—Part fH. URIA GRYLLE, ! Black Guillemot, (male.) - + - 278 FAMILY PROCELLARIDS. THALASSIDROMA WILSONI, Wilson’s Petrel. : FAMILY PELECANIDA. PHALACRACORAX CARBO, Cormorant.- - - + + = = + 292 PELECANUS FUSCUS, Brown Pelican. - - - = - 294 FAMILY ANATIDA. ANSER CANADENSIS, Wild Goose. - - - = = = * 348 CYGNUS AMERICANUS, American Swan. - - = - + - 353 / Ve Diai- oan ee. rou vn nant j Sareea Sy aca ‘ Bis a a ANE: ng \ y 1 OMT AR? ae. ciage eh ie aha’ es Mh: ' onthe se deat * bois eh £ REPTILES. eee ORDER TESTUDINATA. FAMILY CHELONIDZ. Genus CHELONIA. Zootocy—Part III. CHELONURA SERPENTINA, Snapping Turtle - - - - -p. 8 AMPHIBIA, FAMILY SALAMANDRID. ZooLocy—Part IV. SALAMANDRA SUBVIOLACEA,* Violet-colored Salamander. »= = "V4 FISHES. Sus-Crass I. Bony Fish OrveR II. Abdominal. FAMILY SALMONID. Zoo.ocy—Part V. SaLMo coNrFINIs, Lake Trout. - + - - - -p. 238 * Presented by Georce Topp, of Waterford. 26 [SenatTz OrpeER VI. Plectognathi. FAMILY GYMNODONTIDZ. TETRAODON : This fish, which belongs to the genus Tetraodon, and appa- rently not described or figured in Dz Kay’s Natural History, was taken in the Hudson river in 1848, off Sing-Sing, Westchester county, and presented by Joakim Urmey, of Sing-Sing. Sus-Cxuass II. Cartilaginous Fishes. OrveER I. L£leutheropomi. FAMILY STURIONIDA. : 'ZooLocy—Part V. AcIPENSER OXYRIINCUS, Sharp-nosed Slurgeon. - = - - 346 CRUSTACEA. ORDER DECAPODA. ZooLocy—Part vw ASTACUS BARTONII,* Freshwater Lobster, or Craufish, p. 23 From West river, Warren county. CRANGON SEPTEMSPINOSUS,t Bait Shrimp. - - + + - - = 25 From Haverstraw bay. * Presented by Pierre Van ConrLanpr. t Presented by Jonn Hoxmes. Lis Tt or MINERALS, GEOLOGICAL SPECIMENS AND FOSSILS, ADDED TO THE State Cabinet of Natural History, (Including the collection of the late Mr. Dz Rxam.) FROM JANUARY 1, 1849, TO JANUARY 1, 1950. tee Megas \ whe my i anes y 1 hey: ae bis. sui ‘ion i? ee Ie 33) ‘ ? ee 44 ag Fi ci pita ;' a Paves ‘one anise pays Aion i ce MINERALS. DONATIONS. From James H. Ball. SULPHURET oF IRON, in limestone. From Stephentown, Rensselaer. county. SreatiteE, or soapstone. Locality unknown. From C. F. Emery. CaRBONATE OF LIME, or calcareous deposit, enclosing pebbles. From the town of Ithaca. From N. S. Collier. LimonitE. From Hillsdale. BLAckK OXIDE OF MANGANESE. Hillsdale. From John Fitch, Esq. of Troy. CatcareEous spar. From Mount Ida, Rensselaer county. From Herr Driesbach. Sutpuvret or ron. From St. Johnsville, Montgomery county. GEOLOGICAL, INCLUDING FOSSILS. DONATIONS. From Ledyard Lincklean, Esq. A large mass of Limestone, taken from the Marcellus shales of Manlius, Onondaga county, in which are imbedded four beautiful GontatiTEs, the largest of which measures one foot in diameter. Also a lesser mass, from the same locality, split apart longitudinally, exhibiting on one inner surface a Gontatire and an Ortuocera, and on the other the matrices of the same fossils. From Jonathan B Hart. | Seven specimens of Oriskany Sanpstons, containing fossils. Found in Condor, Tioga county. Also one specimen, with fossils, from the Hamilton Group. Found in the same county. These specimens have been placed in the case containing the mine- rals, &c., of Tioga county, by the request of the donor. CATALOGUE OF MINERAL AND GEOLOGICAL SPECIMENS, RECEIVED FROM FRANKLIN B. HOUGH, A. M., M. D., OF SOMERVILLE, ST. LAWRENCE COUNTY, N. Y. The following is Dr. Hoven’s description of the specimens : 1,2. SutpHate or BaryTes. From the farm of V. Phelps, Gouver- neur, St. Lawrence county. 3,4,5. Suzpuare or sarytes. Farm of R. Dean, Antwerp, (near Ox Bow) Jefferson county. 6, 7,8. Satin spar. Banks of Oswegatchie river, Rossie, St. Law- rence county. 9,10. Scapouire. Gouverneur, St. Lawrence county. 11, Gerapnitre. Rossie, near Indian river, one mile south of vil- lage, St. Lawrence county. 12, Specunar tron one. Bank of Vrooman’s lake, Antwerp, Jef- ferson county. 13, Tremouite. Near Church’s mills, Rossie, St. Lawrence co. 14,15. Sutpuare or parytes. (Locality of Nos. 1,2.) Found be- tween the Parish and Kearney ore beds, Rossie, St. Law- rence county, and referred to in the Geological Report of the third district, page 267. 16. BrecciateD BLACK SERPENTINE. Keene iron mine, Antwerp, Jefferson county. 32 [Senate 17. PorspDAM SANDSTONE; WITH SPHERICAL CONCRETIONS. Vicinity of the Caledonia or old Parish iron mine, Rossie, St. Law- rence county. 18. SERPENTINE AND STEATITIC PYROXENE. Village of Gouverneur, St. Lawrence county. 19. Spuene (black) in crystals, imbedded in Gnetss. Near Gouv- erneur village, St. Lawrence county. 20. Cancarzous spar. Banks of Vrooman’s lake, Antwerp, Jef- ferson county. 21. Iron sanp, (magnetic.) Shore of Buonaparte’s lake, Diana, Lewis county. 22. Cast oF THE LABRUM OF AN IsoTELUs. Found in Ohio. 23. DoDECAHEDRAL CRYSTALS OF SULPHURET OF IRoN. Farm of John Robinson, Gouverneur, St. Lawrence county. 24, CuBIC CRYSTALS OF SULPHURET OF IRON. Same locality. 25. SPINELLE, (pale red.) Farm of Mr. Ayers, Gouverneur, near Somerville, St. Lawrence county. 26. Caucareous Tura. Martinsburgh, Lewis county. 27. CRYSTALIZED MICA. (5 specimens.) Vrooman’s lake, Antwerp, Jefferson county. 28. MINUTE CAPILLARY CRYSTALS OF SULPHURETOF NICKEL? Found on ANKERITE, and associated with CacoxeniTE. Sterling iron mine, Antwerp, Jefferson county. 29. PorspDaM saNDsTONE, (cylindrical structure.) Rossie, St. Law- rence county. This curious structure is frequently observed in this section of the country, and I do not recollect of having seen a satisfactory theory to account for its formation. These cylindrical masses are of all sizes, from three inches, to fifteen or twenty feet in diameter; and their azes are always nearly, if not exactly vertical. At times, two or more en- croach on each other. The large circle represented in the following figure, is about twelve feet in diameter, at the locality in Somerville, and the whole is nearly of the same level. The concentric lines of stratification are sometimes obscure, but the cylindrical structure is always sufficiently apparent. To no active agent can we attribute these interesting appearances with more plausibility, than that of water, revolving in the little vortices or eddies, and causing the sand, which is the principal constituent in the No. 75.] | 33 rock, to be deposited in circular layers; or entirely excavating a cylin- drical cavity in the sand, before it had assumed the consistence of rock, and leaving it to be filled subsequently. The following sketch is from the surface of the rock, in a field adjoin- ay Ht ; { |!) ) ih A tlil- | al | I j 1} ’ | Hit In _ The existence of smaller circular masses in the border of, or entirely within a larger one, without in the least interfering with the stratifica- tion of it, shows that the causes which produced them operated at dis- tinct intervals of time, although their ages appear to be very nearly the same. } t rift t This must, upon the whole, be considered a very interesting problem in Geology. F. B. H. N. B. Mr. McAurrne’s donation will be found in the additions to the ‘‘ Historical and Antiquarian Collection.” [Senate, No. 75.] 3 COLLECTION OF THE LATE H. CASIMIR DE RHAM, JR. Extract of a letter from Natuanret F. Moore, LL. D., to the Secretary. ““T have taken the liberty to address to you, and have franked by Livingston & Wells’ express a box, containing fossils, mineralogical specimens and shells, for the State Cabinet of Natural History. ‘I did not know to whom these things ought to be consigned, but I felt sure that you would not decline the trouble of placing them in pro- per hands, if I have been mistaken in sending them to you. They be- ionged to a much regretted youth, my nephew, H. Casimir De Ruan, Jr., who was passionately fond of Ornithology, and though cut off in early life, had collected a fine cabinet of birds. Some of the fossils in this box (which were obtained, I think, at Lyme Regis, and from Mary An- ning herself,) may be found not unworthy of a place in the State Col- lection. Whether any of the shells (received, I believe, in exchange for birds,) are of value or not, I am wholly unqualified to judge. But whatever value they and the rest of the things may have once possessed, has, no doubt, been much impaired by the loss or transfer of labels, jostling about, and the various accidents to which they have been ex- posed during the last nine years. *“¢ My sister, Mrs. De Ruam, contemplating now a removal from her present residence, and at a loss in which way suitably to dispose of objects with which in some sort is connected the memory of her son, has thought she could not better show her respect therefor, than by sending them where, if they possess any intrinsic value, they will be rightly cared for. If any thing should be found among them worth inserting in the Annual Catalogue, and it should be thought necessary to give credit to the donor, it will be proper to name as such, H. C. De Ruan, Esq.” No. 75.] 35 CATALOGUE. GEOLOGICAL. 4 to 50, inclusive. Rock specimens, from Cumberland. There is no catalogue accompanying these geological specimens, and the late day at which they were received, has not afforded sufficient time to determine and name them. It is hoped, however, that the next Annual Report will contain the name of each specimen, \ MINERALOGICAL. CARBONATE OF BARYTES, incrusted with copper pyrites and car- bonate of lime. CRYSTALIZED SULPHATE OF BARYTES. Crystals in the form of épointée, of Haiiy. From Devonshire, England. CALCAREOUS CONCRETION. From the Lago de Tartarz, near Rome. CARBONATE OF LIME, in botryoidal concretions. BotRYOIDAL MAGNESIAN LIMESTONE. From Durham. Fiprovs LIMESTONE, edges polished. Fiprovs SULPHATE OF LIME, Derbyshire, England. Fisrous eypsum. Nova Scotia. CoMPACcT FLUOR SPAR. CRYSTALIZED FLUOR SPAR, polished. CRYSTALIZED FLUOR, on blende. Matlock. England. WHITE CRYSTALIZED FLUOR, upon zinc ore. Derbyshire, England. Friuor spar, crystalized in cubes, of a beautiful bluish tint. Cumberland, England. Fivor spar, crystalized in cubes, of a beautiful green. From Cumberland. F'ivor spar, crystalized in cubes; colorless. Fxvor spar, incrusted with crystals of carbonate of lime. VEINED FLUOR, polished. Derbyshire. 36 [Senats 68. Vetnep Fiuor, called by the miners, Blue John. : 69. Group OF QUARTZ CRYSTALS, incrusted with transparent, termi-’ nated, six-sided prisms of heavy spar. 70, 71. Two six-sided prisms of quartz, with six-sided pyramids, 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. ‘100. 101. 102. 103. of a beautiful brownish tint. PsEvDOMoRPHOUS QUARTZ, sprinkled with blende. From Alston, England. TALc. GREEN TALC. BLAcK SPINELLE. Brown GaRnet. Crystals with twenty trapezoidal faces. GREEN FELDSPAR. Siberia. Guassy FELDSPAR. Near Bonn. CurysoperyL. Near Saratoga Springs. Beryut. Acworth, N. H. Beryvt, (imbedded.) Acworth, N. H. StravroTipE. Litchfield, Massachusetts. StavroTIpE. Franconia. BruciteE, in carbonate of lime. Warwick, New-York. Onyx aGaiE. Siberia. CurysoprasE. Baumgarten. Outvine. Habichtwald. CyaniTE. Chesterfield. . Aspestus. Greenwood furnace, Orange county, New-York. Gop orzE. Charlotte, North Carolina. SILVER oRE. Siberia. MovriATE OF SILVER. Siberia. Copper orE. Franklin, New-Jersey. ARSENIATE OF COPPER, on arsenical iron. Amity, New-York. RED OXIDE OF CopPER. Siberia. RED OXIDE OF COPPER, incrusted with green carbonate of copper and quartz. Siberia. ~ ) BLUE CARBONATE OF COPPER. Siberia. Matacuire. Siberia. VEINS OF LEAD oRE. From the Odin mine. SLICKEN SIDE GALENA. From the Odin mine. ARSENIATE OF LEAD. From Caldbeck Fells, Cumberland. ARSENICAL PYRITES ? incrusting quartz crystals. Caldbeck Fells, Cumberland. Motygpena. Caldbeck Fells. No. 75.] 37 104. 105. 106. 107. 108. 109. 110. 111. 112. 113. 114. 115. 116. ‘117. 118. 119. Uranite. Cornwall, England, OxivE oF 11N. Cornwall, England. AxiniTtE. Cornwall, England. Axinite. Cornwall, England. VoLcanic BASALT. Cassel. Mrinerat caoutcHouc. England. ELASTIC BITUMEN. CARBONATE OF LEAD. SULPHURET OF ZINC AND TIN. Hartz, Germany. CRYSTALIZED BROWN OXIDE OF IRON. Cornwall. MAssIVE GARNET. SEMI OPAL, PorpuHyry, containing bronzite, LepIpoLitE and RvBELLITE. Paris, Maine. Drusy QUARTZ. AURIFEROUS PYRITES. North Carolina. FOSSILS. CaLYMENE sENnaRIA, (folded.) Hall.) Trenton limestone. Heap and post aBpomEN of Calymene senaria. (Hall.) Trenton limestone. CEPHALIC SHIELD, of Trinucleus concentricus. (Hall.) Trenton limestone. Matrix OF CALYMENE SENARIA. (Hall.) Trenton limestone ? BELLEROPHON BILOBATUS, variety, conRUGATUS. (Hall.) Trenton limestone. 125, 126, 127. CH#eTETES LYCoPERDON. (Hall.) Trenton limestone. 128. 129. 130. 181, 132. 133. 134, CaLYMENE BLUMENBACHII, (in two positions.) (Brongniart.) From Dudley, England. A staB, covered with small bivalves, fragments of crustaceans, corallines, &c. From Dudley, England. Post aBpoMEN of an asaph. (Not described in Murchinson.) From Dudley, England. EVoMPHALUS PENTANGULARIS. From the mountain lime of Sam- plough, Cumberland, England. SPIRIFER optusis. From Egalsfield, Cumberland, England. Srrirer ATTENvATUs. From Samplough, Cumberland, England. BivaLve, (genus Attorisma, of King.) From Parkhead, Cum- berland, England. 135. 136. 137. 138, 140. 141. 142. 143, 145, 146. 147. 148. 149. 150. 151, 153. 154. 155. 156. 157. 158. 159. 160. 161, 163. 164. 165, 167. 168. 169, 171. 172. 173. (174, 38 [Senarz BrvatveE, (genus Attorisma, of King.) Parkhead, Cumberland. SPIRIFER GLABER. Mountain limestone, of England. SpiniFER LyNx. Mountain limestone. England. 139. Orruts resurinatus. Mountain limestone. England. Favosites, (polished.) Mountain limestone. England. Sprzircr. Mountain limestone. England. Acrocutia. From Oriskany sandstone. 144, Cornvtires arcuatus. Niagara limestone. Cast oF LEPTZNA. From Schoharie grit. CrinoipaL cotumn. Mountain limestone. England. CorALLine, (silicified.) Corniferous limestone. ENCRINAL MARBLE, (polished.) Derbyshire, England. ENCRINAL MARBLE, (polished.) Peak Castle, England. Pecten? From the top of one of the mountains of the Jura: chain, Switzerland. 152. Caxamites. Cumberland, England. CaLAMITLS ¢ Workington, Cumberland, CALAMITES ? Parton, Cumberland. STIGMARIA Cumberland, England. LEPIDODENDRON Cumberland, England.. LEPIDODENDRON Cumberland, England. LEPIDODENDRON Cumberland, England. OpDoNTOPTERIS Parton, Cumberland. NEUROPTERIS Somerset, England. 162. PrcorreRIs MANTELLI. Near White Haven, Cumberland: From White Haven, England. SPHENOPTERIS AFFINIS? White Haven, England, 166. SPHENOPTERIS White Haven, England. ASTEROPHYLLITES PARKINSONI, Parton, Cumberland. OpoNTOPTERIS ASTEROPHYLLITES . Parton, Cumberland. 170. VeErtesra of the Icuruyosaurus. Lyme, in Dorsetshire, England. LEFT HIND PADDLE of the IcHTHYOSAURUS PLATYODON. From the Lias, England. RIGHT FORE PADDLE of IcHTHYosAURUS PLATYODON. From the Lias, England. Corrouite. One of the sides is polished, exhibiting a fish scale, and the ename:led portions of fishes that remained undi- gested by the IcurHyosaurus. From the Lias, England. Fosstz Fish. Scotland. No. 75] 39 175, 177. 178. 179, 181. 182. 183. 184. 185, 187. 188, 189. 190. 191, 193. 194. 195. 196. 197. 198, 201. 202. 203. 204. 205. 206. 207. 208. 209. 210, 176. Fossit TEetH oF Icutuyosaurus. From the Blue Lias of Lyme, Dorset, England. Ammonites ostusus. From the Lias, England. Ammonites Noposus? From the Lias, England. 180. Ammonites. Matlock, England. AmmonitE. From the Lias, England. Ammonite. From the Lias, England. AmmonitE. From the Lias, England. AmmoniTeE. From Whitby, England. 186. GrypHza Incurva. Clifton, Somerset, England. GrypH#za cotumBA. Beds of the Tiverlane. AmmonitE. From Oolite, England. GrypHzA? 13 specimens. Lias? England. SHarx’s TooTH. From the Oolite, England. 192. TzrepratuLa. From the Oolite, England. IcuTHYoDoRULITE, (mineralized by sulphuret of iron.) From the Lias, England. ‘ SHark’s TooTH, imbedded in chalk. From the cretaceous for- mation, England, TurRELiTEs costatus. Chalk marl, England. BELEMNITEs MucRoNaTUS. Cretaceous formation, Yorkshire, Eng. Exocyra costaTa. Green sand, New-Jersey. 199, 200. GrypH#a murABILIs. Green sand, New-Jersey. GateritEs. From the cretaceous formation, Yorkshire, England. ANANCHYTES ovatus. From the cretaceous formation, Yorkshire, England. Scuretta. From the cretaceous formation, England. “ Murex (Fusus) conrrarivs. (Sowerby.) Given to me by Prof. SEpGwIck, at the Woodwardian Museum, Cambridge, March 6th, 1837. H.C. De Ruam Jr.” From the Red crag, Eng. Fusus, covered with Bartana. From the Red crag, England. Fossiz woop. From Alabama. PETRIFIED woop. From near Utica. Navtitus truncatus. Lias, England. Cast oF Prevrotomaria. Lias, England. 211. Casts oF A unIvALvE. Lias, England. 40 | Sena TE MAMMALIA. —— 212, 213. Sxuxt of the Sxunx, (Mephites americana.) 214. Sxuu of the Fisner, (Mustela canadensis.) 215, 216. Sxuui of the American Sasre, (Mustela martes.) 217. Sxuut of the Nort American Orrer, (Zutra canadensis.) ~ ORNITHOLOGICAL, 218. Upper MANDIBLE of the ALBatross. From South America. ICHTHY OLOGICAL. ee ORDER PLECTOGNATHI. ' FAMILY GYMNODONTIDZ. 219. Duiopon pitosus, Hairy Balloonfish. New-York bay. FAMILY OSTRACIONIDZ:. 220. Lacropurys DE RHAMII? ‘Taken on the shore of Long Island. Not described in De Kay’s Zoology. Cuaracteristics. No orbital spines; back elevated in the form of a crescent, longitudinally, with two spines, centrally situated on the pe- riphery of the crescent, and distant one-third of an inch from each other; three spines on each side of the abdomen; length four inches. Should this prove to be an undescribed species, it is proposed to name it De Rhamiz, in honor of the late Henry C. De Ruan, Jr. No. 75.] 41 221, 224, CONCHOLOGICAL. Specimens arranged and named according to Lamarck. CLASS ANNELIDES. ORDER SEDENTARIA FAMILY SERPULACEA. 222, 223. SeRPULA VERMICULARIS, CLASS CIRRIPEDES. ORDER SESSILE CIRRIPEDES. TUBICINELLA BALENARUM. The Tubicinelle are found with nearly the whole shell buried in the thick skin of the Whale. CoroNULA BALENARIS. CoroNULA BALENARIS. 6 specimens, on a piece of Whale skin. CLASS CONCHIFERA. ORDER C. DIMYARIA. FAMILY CONCHACEA. (Marine.) CYTHEREA MACULATA. CYTHEREA DIONE. CyTHEREA ' CYTHEREA FAMILY CARDIACEA. CarpDIUM CarDIumM Carpium IsocaARDIA MOLTKIANA. FAMILY ARCACEA. ARcA 42 [Sexars FAMILY NAYADES. 236. Unio ORDER MONOMYARIA. FAMILY MYTILACEA. 237. Pinna squamosa ? FAMILY PECTINIDES. 938. PEcTEN 939. PrEcrEN ——. CLASS MOLLUSCA. ORDER GASTEROPODA. FAMILY PHYLLIDINA. 240. Curton 5 specimens. 241. Cuiron 242. CuitTon FAMILY BULLZANA. 243. BuLiA AMPULLA. ORDER TRACHELIPODA. FAMILY COLIMACEA. 244. Hexix pomatia. England. 245. Hexrx aspersa. England. 3 specimens. 246. Heiix mevanotrracus. Africa. 247. Hexix nemorais. England. | 248. HeErix England. 2 specimens. 249. Hertix ——. West Indies. 250. Herix ——. West Indies. 251. HeE.ix West Indies. 202. CAROCOLLA West Indies. 253, 254. Buiinus rosaceus. West Indies 255. BuLinus rosacevs, (young.) 256, 257. Pura West Indies, 258. AvRICULA West Indies. No. 75.] 43 FAMILY LIMNEANA. LIMNZA STAGNALIs. PLANORBIS CORNEUS, FAMILY PERISTOMATA. AMPULLARIA FASCIATA. 3 specimens. AMPULLARIA GUINAICA. West Indies. PALUDINA 2 specimens. FAMILY NERITACEA. NERITINA SPINOSA. NERITINA . NaTIcA MAMILLA. 2 specimens. Natica x Natica Natica . 2 specimens. NERITA PELORONTA. 2 specimens. NERiTA VERSICOLOR. NERITA FAMILY MACROSTOMATA. SIGARETUS CONCAVUS. HALIOTIS TUBERCULATA. HALIoTIS CANALICULATA. Ha.iotis 5 specimens. FAMILY TURBINACEA. SoLARIUM GRANULATUM. Roretuta. Not figured or described by Kiener. Seas of Tropi- cal climates. Rotetia. Not figured or described by Kiener. Rotetua. Not figured or described by Kiener. The three pre- ceding species would be considered by Kiener as varietzes. of RoTELLA LINEOLATA. TROCHUS MACULATUS, TRocuus . 2specimens. Trocuus . Manrearita 2 specimens. MarearitTa : PLaNaxIs ——. TuRrsBo é Turzo ——. 44 | Senate 289. TurrirELLA DupLicata. Ceylon. 290. TurriTELLA cincuLaTAa. (Sow.) Pacific ocean. FAMILY CANALIFERA. 291. CeERITHIUM TUBCRCULATUM. 292. TuRBINELLA CORNIGER. 293. 'TuRBINELLA POLYGONA. 294. FascloLARIA AURANTIACA ? 295. Fusus moro. (Varietas.) 296. PyruLA MELONGENA, 297. PyRuULA CARICA. 298. PyruLa MELoNGENA. (Varietas.) 299. Raneia BECKI. (Kiener.) 300. Murex reEGius. 4 specimens. 301. Murex srassica. 2 specimens. 302. Murex rapix. 3 specimens. 503. Murex BRANDARIS. 2 specimens. 304. Murex pinnatus. (Swains.) 305. Murex ELONGATUs. 306. Murex ERINACEUS. 307. Murex catcar. (Kiener.) 308. Murex crassitaBrum? (Gray.) 309. TRITON VARIEGATUM. 310. Triton succINCTUM. 311. Triton succinctum. (Young shell.) FAMILY ALATZ. 312. RosTELLARIA PES-PELICANI. 2 specimens. 313. SrroMBus LENTIGINOsuS. 2 specimens. 314, SrromMBus CANARIUM. 315. Stromsus PuciLis. 2 specimens. 316. Srrompus GranuLatus. (Sow.) Indian ocean. 317. Srrompus cracitio. (Sow.) Pacific ocean. 318. Srromsvus eipperutus. Moluccas. 319. Srromsus FLoripus. Moluccas. 020. SrromsBus virtatus. (Linn.) Moluccas. FAMILY PURPURIFERA. 321. CaAssIDARIA . 322. Cassis TESTICULUs. 3 specimens. 323. Cassis ERINACEUS. 324. RicINULA HORRIDA. 325. Purpura HEMAsToMA. 2 specimens. 326. Purpura MarGINALBA. (De Blainv.) (Varietas, Kiener.) | No. %5.] 45 327. 328. 329. 330. 331. 332. 333. PuRPURA INTERMEDIA. (Kiener.) PurRPURA DELTOIDEA. PuRPURA PATULA. Purpura TExTILosa. (Young shell.) Purpura costata. (De Blainv.) Purpura cuocotatum. (Duclos.) PuRPURA SERTUM. 2 specimens. MonocEkos CRASSILABRUM. MonoceEros Dotium variecaTum. (Young shell.) DoLiuM VARIEGATUM. DoLIuM PERDIX. BuccinuM PAPILLosuM. 7 specimens. BucciINuM UNDATUM. 3 specimens. BucciINuM RETICULATUM. Buccinum quoyi. (Kiener.) TEREBRA CCERULESCENS. 2 specimens. FAMILY COLUMELLATA. CoLUMBELLA MELEAGRIS. (Duclos.) MITRA MELONGENA. VoLuTa MuUsIcA. FAMILY CONVOLUTZ. Ovutvm ovum. From the hole pierced in the outer lip of this shell, it was undoubtedly worn by a native female of one of the South Sea islands, as an ear ornament. Cyprm@aA NUCLEUS. Pacific ocean. Cypr2#£a TIGRIs. 3 specimens. CyPRHA MAURITIANA. Cypr#A HISTRIO. 2 specimens. CypR#A TALPA. CyprR#A ADUSTA. Cypr#a AcHATINA. New-Holland. CypR#A LURIDA. CyprzA Lynx. 3 specimens. CyYpRHA CAPUT-SERPENTIS. CYPREA ZIGZAG. CyprzA caurica. 4 specimens. CyPREA VITELLUsS. Cyprza CARNEOLA. East Indies. 2 specimens. Cyprza ERosA. Indian ocean, 363. 364. 365. 366. 367. 368. 369. 370. 371. 372. 373. O74, 375. O76. 377. 378. 379. 380. 381. 382. 383. 384, 380. 386. 387. 46 Cyprea (Young shell.) Cyprza RUVEI. New-Holland. 3 specimens. CyPR#A XANTHODON. OLIVA PORPHYRIA. OLiva INFLATA. 2 specimens. OLIVA ANGULATA. Outva say. 3 specimens. OLIVA EPISCOPALIS. OLIVA PERUVIANA. Ourva uTRicuLus. (Varietas.) OLIVA DACTYLEA. 3 specimens. OLIVA sSUBULATA. OLIVA RETICULARIA. OLIVA UTRICULUS. 2 specimens. Oxtva Outva Ouiva Conus NEBULOSUS. Conus MusTELINUS. (Brug.) Conus acHaTinus. (Brug.) Conus coLumBa. (Brug.) Conus MoNILE. (Brug.) Conus TEREBRA. (Brug.) CoNnuUS VERRICULUM. RADIATA. CLASS ECHINODERMATA. ASTERIAS ACULEATA. ASTERIAS (GontasTER of Agassiz.) EcHINUS SPHERA. CLASS POLYPI. FUNGIA AGARICIFORMIS. Funeia OcULINA RAMEA. OcuULINA MADREPORA MURICATA. MAapDREPORA NULLOPORA Sponea ——. Attached to an Arca | SznaTE ORE ADDITIONS TO THE — HISTORICAL AND ANTIQUARIAN COLLECTION ‘IN THE State Cabinet of Natural History, (By Donation and Purchase.) FROM JANUARY 1, 1849, TO JANUARY 1, 1850. - mr hid by 4 « 4 , m: ’ i" e tes | “ene x ‘aye ; - an ee Seems vate, ‘41 are ate P : = | “4% 4 ve sages wee fi A : a OE AMR og cde, hate i : i : ‘ie 1) on eM Ane 4 ' + b s myey 2 tial da ' “ ” a x sib i #} v7 vat 34 ae i C8 a ae , bia . yt aaah th ' 7s is . ih nctepeerrre mee ‘ent Hew ise ax: rf Bat ross oe ate «apg we 4 rc , ; * i a ¢ . * ‘ vr oh tok he aaegteel > p ; “f saliieslh he uw 2 eat t oe ; - he : ‘ ne pa j eet aa " a ¢ : : % *s 2 ee p x) Cotes df Fog f day ¥ mabliy Bey M = a Poe P > f. pe J phen sey Sa? : DONATIONS. From Samuet G. Evpy, Esq., of Stillwater, N. Y. The following description, drawn up by Mr. Eppy, accompanies the Relies. 1. Carp or InpIAN AaRRow HEADS, (17) found in the immediate vicinity of the battle ground at Bemis’ Heights, Arrow heads of similar materials and construction, are to be found, after the spring rains, on all the plowed lands between Stillwater village and Wilber’s basin, a distance equal to five miles. 2. CaANNoN BALLS, (2) found on the battle ground at Bemis’ Heights. 3. Carp oF MILITARY BUTTONS, (5) with the-Roman numerals XX, distinctly visible on the faces. These buttons were worn by a soldier or soldiers of the 20th regiment of Hamilton’s brigade, in Burgoyne’s army. The 9th, 20th, 21st, and 62d regiments, were that portion of Burgoyne’s army which was engaged in the bloody conflict at ‘‘ Freeman’s Cottage,” Bemis’ Heights, on the 19th day of September, 1777. These buttons, together with human bones, a large pocket knife, belt buckle, pewter spoon, and a stick of healing salve, were plowed up in the month of October, 1849, within the grounds enclosed by the British entrenchments. 4. Leap BALLs and IgoN GRAPE sHoT, (13 in all) found on the ‘‘ Free- man Farm,” in the year 1848. 5. A SpanisH sILVER coin, (Péstareen) dated 1721. This coin, to- gether with two others of the same date and denomination, three Spanish milled quarter dollars, twelve guineas and two half joes, (in all about eighty dollars) were plowed up by Mr. Ebenezer Leggett, in the fall of 1849, within the British entrenchments, and near the celebrated “ Freeman Cottage.” A portion of this coin is now in my possession. [Senate, No. 75. | A 50 [Sexats 6. Pisce of the prank. on which Gen. Frazer piep. This gallant officer was mortally wounded on the 7th of October, 1777, about two miles west of the Hudson river, by a rifleman of Col. Morgan’s company. He was brought from the field of battle and taken to the ‘‘ Smith house,” (then used as a British hospital) which was situated on the Whitehall turn- pike, some six miles north of the present village of Still- water, and expired about eight o’clock A. M., the following day. By his own request, he was buried in the great re- doubt on the hill, at six o’clock in the evening of the same day on which he expired. The “ Smith house” was taken down in the year 1844, and the plank on which General Frazer died, and of which the piece presented to the State Cabinet is a portion, was preserved by the proprietor for the Antiquarians of his country. 7. PiccE OF A SOLDIER’S BLANKET, dug up with human bones, near the camp of Lord Balcarras, (who was one of the com- manding officers in Burgoyne’s army) at Bemis’ Heights, seventy-one years after the battle of October 7, 1777. 8. A BomMB SHELL. This was one of the trophies taken at Bemis’ Heights in October, 1777. The following spring several bateaux were loaded with shells, cannon balls, &c., for shipment to Albany, one of which sunk at Stillwater village, a short distance above the falls, in the Hudson river. During the season of low water the past summer, many of these shells and balls were dug from the bed of the river, one of which is the one now presented to the State Collection. The greater part of them I have in my collection of revolu- tionary relics. From E. A. Batpwin, of Lysander, January 15, 1849. STONE SKINNING CHISEL. Found in Lysander, Oswego county. From A, C. Hascy, of Albany. IxpIAN ARROW HEAD. Found in Watervliet, Albany county. _ From Davip Emery, Esq. SToNE PESTLE, used in pounding maize. Found at the head of Cayuga lake, Tompkins county, by Henry Hungerford. No. 75.] 51 From Joun DeaFie.p, of Oaklands, near Geneva. A copy of an “Inquiry into the origin of the Antiquities of America, by John Delafield, Jr. ;. with an appendix by James Lakey, M. D.” 4to. Cincinnati, 1839. From CuristopxHer Morean, Secretary of State. SPECIMENS OF SHELL CONCRETIONS, forming the surface rock on which the city of St. Augustine, in Florida, is built. From Natuaniet Mitier, M.D., member of Assembly from the county of Suffolk, 1849. A PLATE oF Mica, turned up by the plow several years since, in the town of Brookhaven, at a depth of about two feet below the ground. On one side of this plate, are several engrav- ings of geometrical and other figures. From Asa Fircu, M. D., of Salem, Washington county, Dec. 6, 1849. 1, Sworp, which belonged to Burgoyne’s army. 2. Bayonet, do do Thomas Whiteside, one of the Cambridge (Washington county) militiamen, in service at Saratoga at the time of Burgoyne’s surrender, on his return home, brought the above articles. They have been preserved in his family ever since, and are now given to the State Collection by his son, Thomas C. Whiteside. 3. Inpran axe, found at Fort Miller. From John Pattison. 4, Part of an INDIAN sPEARHEAD, made of subhyaline quartz. Found at Fort Miller. From John Pattison. INDIAN SPEARHEAD. Salem. INDIAN SPEARHEAD. Salem. INDIAN ARROWHEAD. Salem. INDIAN ARROWHEAD. Salem. © sk o& or From SteEPHEN VAN RENSSELAER. A part of the stem of the Acave americana, (Century Plant) which flowered in his greenhouse some years since. From Franxuin B. Hoven, M. D. Two pieces of woop, from the hull of Commodore Perry’s flag-ship, the Lawrence. Obtained at Erie, Pennsylvania. From Henry Van RENSSELAER, of Ogdensburgh. Coprer pickaxe. Found on his farm. 52 [SznavTe From Wi.uam J. McAtrine, Engineer. A Puaster MovDEt of the Unitep States Dry Dock, at Brooklyn. Fourteen specimens of GRANITE, viz: 6 from Staten Island quarry, New-York ; 6 from Quincy quarry, Massachusetts; and 2 from Blue Hill quarry, Maine ; being samples of the granite used in the construction of the Dry Dock. 3. A GLAss TUBE, hermetically sealed, containing specimens of the various sotts through which the excavations were made, stratigraphically arranged ; with figures on the tube, indi- cating the aggregate depth of the excavations, and the pro- portional thickness of the different strata of earth excavated. 4. A viAL, containing EARTH, excavated at the depth of sixty-eight and a half feet. The Dry Dock at Brooklyn, taking into consideration the strength, accuracy and beauty of workmanship, has been pronounced, by competent judges, to be the finest piece of masonry in the world. And the Engineers, not only of this country, but of Europe, have justly denominated it THE GREAT WORK OF THE AGE. i Additional donations from Lewis H. Morean, Esq., of Rochester. 50. Srone skuti cracker. From Aurora, Cayugacounty. This is the vulgar name. It was fastened in the head of a club, and thus made a formidable weapon. 51. Necxiace BEaD. From Scipio, Cayuga county. 52. UNFINISHED ARROWHEAD. From Cayuga county. 53. WHITE CHERT ARROWHEAD. From Ledyard, Cayuga county. 54. Fracment of the sown of an Ah-so-qui-ta, or pipe. From Scipio, Cayuga county. 55. Six arrowHeEaDs, or Gi-nuh-yé. From Ledyard and Scipio, Cay- uga county. 56. Fracment of a WHITE CHERT ARROWHEAD. 07. Two TWIsT ARROWHEADS. From Ontario county. 58. Fraement of a Ga-jih, or EARTHEN BASIN. From Cayuga county. 59. Ga-ne-ga-ta, seEnEcA Mortar, for pounding corn. 60. Gi-nih-gii-di, pounper. (Same name as mortar.) Two specimens. 61. Ga-ne-ah, BALL Bat. Two specimens. 62. Wi-a-no, Inp1aAn Bow. Two specimens. 63. Gia-no, FEATHERED ARRow. Six specimens. 64. Ga-wi-si, Snow snake. Two specimens. 65. Bark TRAY, or PLATTER. No. 75.] 53 66. Spiint Basket. Two varicties. 67. A quantity of wHirE corn. The New-York Indians cultivate this variety of corn principally; which is known, I believe, as the Tuscarora. They put it up and preserve it in bunches. From the Rev. Duncan Kennepy, D.D., Albany. 1. Pequop stone natcuet. From New-England. £2. Psquop srone watcueT. From New-England. This relic differs from No. 1 in its form, and in the material from which it is constructed, 3. Srone axe. From Westmoreland, Oneida county, New-York. 4, Srone cuiset. From Westmoreland, Oneida county, New-York. Additional articles constituting the Collection of Indian Relics purchased from Wittiam H. C. Hosmer, of Avon, Livingston county, and as described by him. 34. Sronez, of octagonal shape, hollowed out. Supposed to have been used by Indian jugglers. Paint stone ? Found on the Street farm, (so called) which is situated three miles from Avon, in a northwest direction, on the west side of the river, in Livingston county. 30. STONE CHISEL, (in two pieces) used in excavating canoes. Found near Spanish hill, a few miles from Athens, in Tioga county, New-York. The place has been occupied, for purposes.of fortification, and Indian traces abound. 36. STONE DEERSKIN DRESSER; and 37. A Fracment of a PIPE, (so supposed by Squire.) These imple- ments were found near Fowlerville bridge, in the town of Avon, on a farm of W. W. Wadsworth, (leased by Hamil- ton, a Scotchman) after the first plowing of a new field, about one mile from the river bed, and three and a half miles, in a southwestern direction, from Avon Springs. They refute the position of O. H. Marshall, that the valley was more recently occupied by the Red man, than the higher ground, or upper terrace. 88. Asone Fish spear. Found on the Hurlburt farm, in Avon, four miles from the springs, in a northeast direction. The place where it was found, is known to the inhabitants as Fort Hill. It was unquestionably a Jesuit station. Corn, in a charred state, is found commingled with the subsoil. This place was destroyed by De Nonville, in 1687. Bone crosses have been discovered, and rosaries; also many articles used by the French traders in Indian traffic. 54 [Senate 39. A STONE IMPLEMENT, With a handle like a mason’s smoothing trowel. This implement was found near a spring, on the farm of Ira Pierson, in Avon, about two miles from the village of West Avon, in a southeast direction, while ,the proprietor was ditching near the spring. Two miles south of the place, on the Conesus outlet, was a Jesuit station. 40. Various BEADS. These beads were found in various places in the valley of the Genesee—at the Jesuit stations previously referred to—the old Indian burial place, near the Red bridge, that crosses the river one mile west of West Avon village, and a few were found near Fort Niagara, gpd 2 in the valley of the Susquehannah. 41. SroNE DEERSKIN DRESSER. Found on the farm of Francis Marion Cutler, (brother-in-law of the late Samuel Ward) in West Avon. 42. Sronz DEERSKIN DRESSER. Found on the Wilbur farm. Note ro No. 39. This unique relic is made of the STEATITIC PYROXENE, of Prof. Lewis C. Beck, (RENssELAERITE, of Dr. Emmons,) and from its strong resemblance to the specimens of that mineral from Edwards, St. Lawrence county, the material from which it is constructed is undoubtedly from that locality. It was probably used in dressing deerskins, and for smoothing and softening the seams in manufacturing moccasins and other artieles made from skins. It evidently belongs to the ante Columbian period. JoHN GEBHARD, Jr. I. AP WS 13. 14. CATALOGUE OF INDIAN RELICS, Obtained principally from various paris of Western New-York, bo E. G. Squizr. Purchased May, 1849. Fiint ARROWHEADS. From Cayuga county, 7 specimens ; Monroe county, Livingston county, 2 specimens; Livonia, Living- ston county, 2 specimens; vicinity of Buffalo, 1; Ellisburgh, Jefferson county, 1; and 4 from localities not named. FRENCH Axes, (2.) From Cayuga village, Cayuga county. INDIAN PEsTLE. From Cayuga county. New-York. Copper KETTLE. From an Indian grave. Scipio, Cayuga county. Senecas, (1687) near Victor, Ontario county. Cayuga county. Srone axes, (4.) From Springport, Cayuga county; Adams, Jef- ferson county ; Ellisburgh, Jefferson county; and one locality not named. FraGMENTs oF poTTERY. From the site of a Seneca village, Li- vonia, Livingston county. FRAGMENTS OF PoTTERY. From the site of an old Seneca village, in Mendon, Monroe county. Pires, POTTERY. From an ancient enclosure, town of Ellisburgh, Jefferson county. 5 boxes. Pires, pottery, &c., as No. 10. 4 boxes. Terra cottas. From Le Roy, Genesee county, 2 specimens; Ellisburgh, Jefferson county, 7 specimens; Scipio, Cayuga, 1; and locality not named, 1. Porrery. From Ellisburgh, Jefferson county, 3 specimens; and from an ancient village of the Senecas, Livonia, Livingston county, 1 specimen. village, Livonia, Livingston county. GuNBARREL. From the site of De Nonville’s battle with the Scatpinc KNIFE. From the grave of a Cayuga warrior. Scipio, Copper KNIVES, and other metallic articles. From an old Seneca 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. S85 ~ 66 [Sexats Porrery. From an ancient enclosure, Jefferson county, 2 speci- mens; from Scipio, Cayuga county, 2 specimens ; and from Livonia, Livingston county, 2 specimens. Various articles of pottery. From an enclosure or mound near Buffalo. 2 boxes. Various articles of porrery. From a large mound on Tonawanda island, in Nizgara river. Excavated by E. G. Squier, No- vember, 1848. Human remains. From the great mound on Tonawanda island. Bone IMPLEMENTS. From Ellisburgh, Jefferson county, 3 speci- mens ; from Dekay, Jefferson county, 1. Stone axes. From Buffalo, 1; Livonia, Livingston county, 1; Ellisburgh, Jefferson county, 1. Derosits. From altar mounds of the Mississippi valley. Derosirs. From sepulchral mounds of the Mississippi. Mortar. From the old tower at Newport, Rhode Island. SCHEDULE OF ARTICLES Obtained from Indians residing in western New-York, being the pro- duct of their own handicraft and manufacture, for the New-York Historical and Antiquarian Collection, under the direction of Lewis H. Morean, of Rochester. Mr. Morgan has furnished the following, and adds, that the name of each article is in the Seneca dialect of the Iroquois language. (a, is sounded as in arm —4, as in-at—~a, as in ale. ) 1. Gii-no-jo-o. Indian drum, used in dances. 3 varieties. 2. Gus-di-wa-si. Turtle-shell Rattle, used in dances. 2 specimens. 3. Gus-di-wa-sa. Squash-shell Rattle, used in dances. 4 varieties, 4. Gus-di-wa-sa Yen-che-no-hos-ta. Knee Rattle, of deer hoofs, Used in dances. 1 pair. 5. Gii-geh-tii Yen-nis-ha-hos-ta. Arm Bands. 1 pair. 6. Yen-nis-ho-qua-hos-ta. Wrist Bands. 1 pair. 7. Ga-geh-ta Yen-che-no-hos-ta-ta. Knee Bands. 1 pair. 8. Géa-geh-téi. Indian Belt. 3 varieties. 9. Ah-ti-qui-o-weh. Moccasin, for male. 1 pair. 10. Thesame. Mocassin, for female. 1 pair. 11. Géa-ké-ah. Kilt or Skirt, worn in war dance. 12. Ga-ki-ah. Kilt or Skirt, worn by Indian women, 13. Gise-ha. Leggin, for male. 1 pair. 14. Gise-ha. Leggin, female. 1 pair. 15. Ga-swhen-ta. ‘Necklace. 16. Ya-wa-o-di-qua. Pin Cushion. 3 varieties. 17, Gi-yd-ah. Work Bag. 64 varietics. 18. Got-gwen-di. Pocket Book. 6 varieties. 19. Gi-ki. Breech cloth. Used in Ball game, foot race, &&c. 20. Gii-de-us-ha. Wampum Necklace. Da-yu-ya-sont. Name of a cross. 21. Ya-wa-o-di-qui. Needle Book. 5 varieties. 22. Ga-on-seh. Baby Frame. 23. Gi-o-wa. Bark Tray. 3 specimens. 58 [Sexate Ah-de-gwas-ha. Hominy Blade, or Soup Stick. 4 specimens. Ah-was-ha. Ear Ring. 1 pair. Gii-jih. Bowl, for a game with peach stones. Gus-ka-eh. Peach Stones. 6 specimens. Gus-ga-e-sa-ta. Deer Buttons, foran Indian game. 8 specimens, or one set. Gi-geh-da. Javelin or Shooting Stick, for an Indian game. 18 specimens. : Yun-ga-sa. Tobacco Pouch. 4 specimens. Gi-ne-gi-ti. Mortar, for pounding corn. 2 specimens. Ga-nih-gii-di. Mortar Pounder. 2 specimens. Gi-ne-ah. Ball Bat, used in playing an Indian game. 4 specimens. Gi-wii-si. Snow Snake. 4 specimens. Ga-je-wi. War Club, with ball head. 4 specimens. Gi-ne-u-ga-o-dus-ha. War Club, with deer-horn tooth. 2 specimens O-sque-sont. Tomahawk. | Ah-so-quii-téa. Pipe, (made from a Cyathophyllum.) Wi-a-no. Indian Bow. 6 specimens. Gi-no. Arrow. 450 specimens. Ga-go-sha. False Face. Gi-weh-ga-8. Snow Shoe. 3 pairs. O-ti-qui-osh-ha. Snow Shoe, of splint. 1 pair. Gi-sken-di. Bark Rope, made of Slippery Elm. Gus-hi-ah. Burden Strap, made of Slippery Elm. Gus-hi-ah. Burden Strap, made of Basswood. Ose-gi. Skein of Slippery Elm strings. Ose-hi. Skein of Basswood-bar% strings. Ah-da-di-qua. Indian Saddle. Ga-na-qua. Bark Barrel. Used for beans, dried corn, &c. Gi-oo-wi. Bark Sap Tub. 3 specimens. O-nus-quéa Ah-hose-hi. Knot Ball. Used in playing a game 2 specimens. O-no-ne-d Gos-ha-di. Husk Salt Bottle. 2 specimens, O-je-she-wa-ti. Cake of deers’ brains and moss, for tanning deerskins. } Gi-nuh-si. Breast-plate of sea shells. Got-kase-ha. Axe-helve. Ga-ga-an-di. Air Gun. . Da-ya-ya-da-gi-ne-at-hi. Bow and wheel fcr striking fire. Gi-gis-di. Steel, Flint and Punk, for striking fire. 74. 75. 1] 59 Gis-tak-he-4. Skin Bag. (Speckled Faun.) Gis-tak-he-4. Skin Bag. (Bearskin.) Tuesh-ta-ga-tas-ta. Tin Breast-plate. Ské-wa-ka. Splint Broom. Ya-o-di-was-ti. Indian Flute. Ne-us-tase-ah. Basket Sieve. Used for sifting white corn. O-ne-ose-to-wa-nes. Basket Sieve; coarser. For White Flint corn. - ‘Ta-gase-ha. Market Basket. Gase-ha. Covered Basket. O-ga-ki-ah. Open-work Basket. 3 specimens. Ga-yuh. Splint Cradle. Ga-nose-hi. Husk and Flag Basket. 4 specimens. Ya-nuh-ta-di-qua. Toilet Basket. O-gus-ha-ote. Small square Basket. 17 specimens. These bas- kets are numbered from 1 to 17, inclusive, and contain specimens of the several varieties of corn, beans, squashes, tobacco, dried corn, &c., raised and prepared by the Senecas, Viz: 1. O-na-o-ga-ant. White corn. 2. Tic-ne. Red corn. 3. Ha-go-wai. White Flint corn. 4. O-na-dai. Charred, or roasted corn. 5. O-go-ou-sa. Baked corn. 6. O-si-da. Long-vine bean. 7. Gweh-da-4- O-si-di. Red bean. 8. Te-o-gi-ga-wa O-si-dé. Speckled bean. 9. Ta-gi-gi-hat. Short-vine bean. 10. Ah-wa-own-di-go. Red-flower pole-bean. 11. Ha-yoke. Cranberry pole-bean. 12. O-ga-ga-ind. Gray squash. 13. Ga-je-ote. Big-handle squash. 14. Sko-ak. Toad squash. 15. O-ne-i-sd-i-weh. Small squash. 16. O-yeh-quia-a-weh. Indian tobacco. 17. O-so-wa. Parched corn, pounded into flour, with maple sugar. Ga-no. Arrow for air-gun. 2 specimens. O-sque-sont. Tomahawk. Used in the Bear hunt. 76. Da-ya-no-a-qua-ta Ga-ga-neé-sé. Scalping knife. 2 specimens. 77. Q-na-o-ga-ant. Two ears of White corn. 60 | [Surare Tic-ne. Two ears of Red corn, Ho-go-wa. Two ears of White Flint corn. Gus-to-weh. Head Dress. Ga-ger-we-si Dun-daque-qua-do-qua. New Year’s Shovel. To-do-war-she-do-wa. Ribbon for hair. Ga-de-us-ha. Necklace. De-con-dea-da-hust-ta Belt for female costume. Ah-de-a-di-we-sa. Female upper dress, with silver broaches, &e. Da-yase-ta-hos-ta. Silver Hat Band. Yen-nis-ho-qua-hos-ta. Silver Wrist Bands. 1 pair. To-an-jer-go-o O-no-no-do. Ground-nuts, (Aptos tuberosa) from Tonawanda. Ce) CATALOGUE Or THE REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS IN THE State Cabinet of Natural History, JANUARY 1, 1850, > es se si i “) i “s fe SE ybo Ser ie " al A hoch #4 cata 4 int Lanai TES ms iviie = maa a eit ie nen coal or AT e i "7 wi Te? .- m pSe apie es Bpgine GE i. i > : May Was ak? pel he Hy Pega, — st aadamaall “ 24 wan tH) we) Ye REPTILES. ORDER TESTUDINATA. FAMILY CHELONIDE. ZooLocy—Part ITL CHELONURA SERPENTINA, Snapping Turtle. - - + - = p. Emys PIcTa, Painted Tortoise. - - = = = STERNOTHERUS ODORATUS, Musk Tortoise. - - - = = = ORDER SAURIA. FAMILY IGUANID. ANOLIUS CAROLINENSIS, (Extra limital.) - - - = + = . FAMILY AGAMIDZ. PHEYNOSOMA CORNUTUM, Texan Toad, (extra limital.) TROPIDOLEPIS UNDULATUS, Brown Swift.- - - - + - = ORDER OPHIDIA. FAMILY ANGUIDE. OpHisauRuUS , Not described in De Kay’s Zoology. FAMILY COLUBERIDE. CoLUBER CONSTRICTOR, Biecksnake, - - ‘+ =) seco CoLUBER VERNALIs, Grass-snake. = = - = *- = = Cotuser occipitomacuLatus, (Eztralimital.) - - - - - > TROPIDONOTUS SIPEDON, Water-snake. - - = - = = = TROPIDONOTUS TENIA, Striped-snake. “ip igo a TROPIDONOTUS LEBERIS, Yellow-bellied snake. += - = = TROPIDONOTUS DE KAYI, Small Brownsnake. - - - - - LEPTOPHIS SAURITA, Ribbon-snake. - - + + - + = FAMILY CROTALIDZ. CRoTaLus DuRIssUus, Northern Rattlesnake. - - = = 8 12 22 31 31 AMPHIBIANS. FAMILY RANIDZE. ZooLtoey—Part IV. RANA PALUSTRIS, Marsh Frog. - - - - + + ps 62 Rana HELECINA, Shad Frog. - + - = + © + 63 FAMILY SALVAMANDRIDE. SALAMANDRA SUBVIOLACEA, Violet-colored Salamander. + = V4 SALAMANDRA ERYTHRONOTA, MRed-backed Salamander. - - - 78 SALAMANDRA GRANULATA, Granulated Salamander. - + + "8 SALAMANDRA RUBRA, Red Salamander. - - - - - 80 SALAMANDRA GLUTINOSA, Blue-spotted Salamander. - - + 81 TRITON TIGRINUS, Tiger Triton - - - - - = 88 TRITON MILLEPUNCTATUS, Crimson-spotted Triton. - - - 84 TRITON NIGER, Dusky Triton - - + - = = 85 TRITON PORPHYRITICUS, = Gray-spotied Triton, - - - - 85 REPORT TO THE REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY, UPON THE ARTICLES FURNISHED THE THE INDIAN COLLECTION: BY L. H. MORGAN. DECEMBER 31, 1849. (Senate, No. '75.] 5 rT * “On a} “pn . x , ; + "fi. : sie Serer ey , ’ a ha t seh aie . ‘ 3 du shi sano sais Pais Sesaadies i ve ihe ‘hie anes i ws REPORT. The Regents of the University having made an appropriation for the enlargement of the Indian Collection, and having entrusted the execution of their resolution with the undersigned, he asks leave to submit the following report. Within the past century great changes have been wrought among the descendants of the ancient Iroquois. Their primitive fabrics have mostly passed away, and with them many of their original inventions. The substitution of the fabrics of more skillful hands, has led to the gradual disuse of many of their simple arts. At the present moment, therefore, much of the fruit of their inventive capacity is entirely lost. Fragments, indeed, are frequently disentombed from the resting places to which they had been consigned by filial or parental affection ; but they are mere vestiges of the past, and afford but a slight indication of their social condition, or.of the range of their artisan intellect. It is impos- sible, therefore, at the present day, to make a full collection of the implements, domestic utensils, and miscellaneous fabrics of our Indian predecessors. Many of their inventions are still preserved among their descendants, who yet reside within our limits; but that portion of them which would especially serve to illustrate the condition of the hunter life, have passed beyond our reach. In the present advanced condition of our Indian population, a large proportion of their articles are of a mixed character. They rather ex- hibit the application of Indian ingenuity to fabrics of foreign manufac- ture, as shown in their reduction into use, than originality of invention. But this class of articles are not without a peculiar interest. They furnish no slight indication of artisan capacity, and will make a species _ of substitute for those articles which they have displaced, and those in- _ ventions which they have hurried into forgetfulness. 68 [SznarE The specimens collected, are as diversified as the shortness of the time and the means appropriated would permit. In the accompanying schedule they are classified, under their aboriginal names, into eighty- three distinct classes, and number in all about three hundred. They were obtained among the Senecas, in the western part of the State. It is hoped that they will prove an acceptable addition to the State Col- lection, and will induce its further enlargement. After the lapse of a few more years, it will be impossible to bring together these silent memorials of our primitive inhabitants. Their social condition has changed greatly, and is changing from day to day; while their simple arts are dropping from their hands one after the other, as they gradually take up agricultural pursuits. It is but just to them, to save from oblivion the fruits of their inventive intellect, however rude and simple they may be, that they themselves may be at least correctly judged. Succeeding generations, also, have a right to require of us these me- morials of a departed race; of that race who christened our rivers, lakes, and hills; who maintained them against hostile bands, with a patriotism as glowing as such a fair domain could inspire in the heart of man, but to surrender them at last, and without an equivalent, to a more fortunate possessor. | It is not deemed necessary to describe the articles in detail. A few of the leading specimens will be selected, and some notice given of their origin, manufacture, and uses. Their names are in the Seneca dialect. In their pronunciation the following signs will indicate the several sounds of the vowal a, upon which the greatest variations are made. (a, as in arm—A4, as in at—a, as in ale.) Ah-ti-qua-o-weh, or Moccasin, (for male.) See plate 1. Moccasin, (for female.) See plate 2. The moccasin is preéminently an Indian invention, and one of the highest antiquity. It is true to nature in its adjustment to the foot, beautiful in its materials and finish, and durable as an article of apparel. It will compare favorably with the best single article for the protection and adornment of the foot ever invented, either in ancient or modern times. With the sanction of fashion, it would supersede among us a long list of similar inventions. Other nations have fallen behind the Indian, in this one particular at least. The masses of the Romans wore the Calceus Ligneus, or wooden shoe; the masses of Germany and Ireland, and many of the nations of Europe, formerly wore the same. . No. 75.] 69 With the cothurnus, and sandal of the ancients, and the boot of the moderns, the perfection of pedal inventions, the moccasin admits of no unfavorable comparison. It deserves to be classed among the highest articles of apparel ever invented, both in usefulness, durability and beauty. The mocassin is made of one piece of deerskin. It is seamed up at the heel, and also in front, above the foot, leaving the bottom of the moc- casin without a seam. In front the deerskin is gathered, in place of being crimped ; over this part porcupine quills or beads are worked, in various patterns. The plain moccasin rises several inches above the ankle, like the Roman cothurnus, and is fastened above the ankle with deer strings; but usually this part is turned down, so as to expose a part of the instep, and is ornamented with bead work, as represented in the plate. A small bone near the ankle joint of the deer, has fur- nished the moccasin needle fromm time immemorial ; and the sinews of the animal, the thread. These bone needles are found in the mounds of the West, and beside the skeletons of the Iroquois, where they were deposited with religious care. This isolated fact would seem to indi- cate an affinity, in one act at least, between the Iroquois and the mound builders, whose name, and era of occupation and destiny, are entirely lost. In ancient times the Iroquois used another shee, made of the skin of the elk. They cut the skin above and below the gambrel joint, and then took it off entire. As the hind leg of the elk inclines at this joint nearly at a right angle, it was naturally adapted to the foot. The lower end was sewed firmly with sinew, and the upper part secured above the ankle with deer strings. In connection with this subject is the art of tanning deer skins, as they still tan them after the ancient method. It is done with the brain of the deer, the tanning properties of which, according to a tradition, were discovered by accident. The brain is mingled with moss, to make it adhere sufficiently to be formed into a cake, after which it is hung up by the fire to dry. It is thus preserved for years. When the deerskin is fresh, the hair, and also the grain of the skin are taken off, over a cylindrical beam, with a wooden blade or stone scraper. A solu- tion is then made by boiling a cake of the brain in water, and the moss, which is of no use, being removed, the skin is soaked a few hours in the solution. It is then wrung out and stretched, until it becomes dry and pliable. Should it be a thick one, it would be necessary to repeat the process until it becomes thoroughly penetrated by the solution. The 7 [Senate skin is still porous and easily torn. To correct both, a smoke is made, and the skin placed over it in such a manner as to enclose it entirely. Each side is smoked in this way until the pores are closed, and the skin has become thoroughly toughened, with its color changed from white to a kind of brown. It is then ready for use. They also use the brain of other animals, and sometimes the back bone of the eel, which, pounded up and boiled, possesses nearly the same properties for tanning. Bear skins were never tanned. They were scraped until softened, after which they were dried, and used without removing the hair, either as an article of apparel, or as a mat- tress to sleep upon. Ga-je-wa, or War Cxus. 2 feet 2 inches. War Cuvp, smaller size. Before the tomahawk came into use among the Iroquois, their prin- cipal weapons were the bow, the stone tomahawk, and the war club. The Ga-je-wa was a heavy weapon, usually made of ironwood, with a large ball of knot at the head. It was usually about two feet in length, and the base five or six inches in diameter. In close combat it would prove a formidable weapon. They wore it in the belt, in front. Gi-ne-u-ga-o-dus-ha, or DEER-Horn War Cuvs.' 2 feet 4 inches. This species of war club was also much used. It was made of hard wood, elaborately carved, painted, and ornamented with feathers at the ends. In the lower edge, a sharp-pointed deer’s horn, about four inches in length, was inserted. It was thus rendered a dangerous weapon in close combat, and would inflict a deeper wound than the former. They wore it in the girdle. In the collection are six war clubs, of the two kinds above described. One of them is a light article, designed for the war dance. O-sque-sont, or ToMAHAWE. The tomahawk succeeded the war club, as the rifle did the bow. With the invention of this terrible implement of warfare the Red man had nothing to do, except in having it so fashioned as to be adapted to his taste and usage. The tomahawk is known as widely as the Indian, and the two names have become apparently inseparable. They are made of steel, brass, or iron. The choicer articles are surmounted by a pipe-bowl, and have a perforated handle, that they may answer the double purpose of ornament and use. In such the handle, and often the blade itself, are richly inlaid with silver. It is worn in the girdle, and behind the back, except when in actual battle. They used it in 72 [Saxarz close combat with terrible effect, and also threw it with unerring cer- tainty at distant objects, making it revolve in the air in its flight. With the Indian, the tomahawk is the emblem of war itself. To bury it, is peace ; to raise, is to declare the most deadly warfare. Wa-a-no, or Bow. Gi-no, or Argow. —————————————— a —————————————— SS ——— SSS eee 3 feet. In archery, the Indian has scarcely been excelled. With a quick eye and a,powerful muscle, he could send the arrow as unerringly as the archers of Robin Hood. It may be claimed as an Indian invention, although the bow and the arrow have been used by all nations in their primitive state. The Indian bow is usually from three and a half to four and a half feet in length, and so difficult to spring, that an inex- perienced person could scarcely bend it sufficiently to set the string. To draw the string back an arrow’s length when set, could only be done by practice, superadded to the most powerful muscular strength. An arrow thus sent would strike its object with fearful velocity. The arrow is feathered at the small end with a twist, to make it revolve in its flight. It gives to its motion uniformity and quickness, and, doubt- less, suggested the idea of the twist in the rifle barrel, by which the ball is made to revolve inthe same manner. The English and Scottish archer feathered his arrow, but without this peculiarity. Three feathers were also used, which were set parallel with each other, and with the arrow, but upon one side. Originally the Indian arrow was pointed with a flint or chert head, which would make it penetrate deeply any object at which it was directed. With such an arrow it was an easy No. %5.] 73 matter to bring down the deer, the wild fowl, or the warrior himself. Skeletons have been disentombed having the skull penetrated by an arrowhead of this description, with the flint head itself still in the frac- ture, or entirely within the skull. In Oregon, and on the upper Missis- sippi, the Indian arrow is still pointed with flint. Thus it was with the Iroquois, until the bow was laid aside for the rifle. Arrow heads of this description are still scattered over the whole surface of the State. Six bows, of different sizes, and some bundles of feathered arrows, will be found in the collection. With Indian youth, the bow and arrow is still a favorite source of amusement. Gus-ha-ah, or Burpen Srrap. Rope-making, from filaments of bark, is also an Indian art. The deer string answers a multitude of purposes in their domestic economy ; but it could not supply all necessities. The bark rope (Gi-sken da) has been fabricated among them from time immemorial. In its manufac- ture they use the bark of the slippery elm and the basswood. Having removed the outer surface of the bark, they divide it into narrow strips, and then boil it in ashes and water. After it is dried it is easily sepa- rated into small filaments, the strings running with the grain several feet without breaking. These filaments are then put up in skeins (specimens of which are furnished) and laid aside for use. Basswood makes the most pliable rope; it is soft to the touch, can be closely braided, and is very durable. The burden strap is worn around the forehead and lashed to a litter, which is borne by Indian women on their back. It is usually about fifteen feet in length, and braided into a belt in the centre, three or four inches wide. Several specimens are furnished, one of which is new, and neatly manufactured. A clothes line, of three-strands bark rope, about forty-feet in length, is also among the articles. This art, like many others, is falling into disuse. But few Indian families now provide themselves with skeins of bark thread, or make any use of ropes of this description. 74 |Sznate A bark barrel, (Gi-na-qua) which has been used about thirty years, will also be found with the other specimens. It is stitched up the side, has a bottom and lid, and shows no signs of decay. Such barrels are used to store dried corn, fruit, beans, &c. Ga-o-wa, or Bark Tray. Trays of this description are found in every Indian family. They serve a variety of purposes, but are chiefly used for kneading, or rather preparing corn bread. A strip of elm bark, of the requisite dimensions, is rounded and turned up on the sides and at the ends, so as to forma shallow concavity; around the rim, both outside and in, splints of hickory are adjusted, and stitched through and through with the bark. It thus makes a durable and convenient article for holding corn meal, for preparing corn bread, and for many other purposes. Ga-oo-wa, or Bark Sap Tus. Warring ——— Our Indian population have been long in the habit of manufacturing sugar from the maple. Whether they learned the art from us, or we received it from them, is uncertain. One evidence, at least, of its an- tiquity among them, is to be found in one of their 1¢ ‘ ‘ No. 75. | 75 festivals, instituted to the maple. It is called the Maple Dance, (O-ti-de- none-neo-wa-tii) which signifies ‘‘ Thanks to the Maple.” In the spring season, when the sap begins to flow, it is still regularly observed by the present Iroquois. The sap tub is a very neat contrivance, and surpasses all articles of this description. Our farmers may safely borrow, in this one particular, and with profit substitute this Indian invention for the rough and wasteful trough of their own contrivance. A strip of bark about three feet in length, by two in width, makes the tub. The rough bark is left upon the bottom and sides. At the point where the bark is to be turned up to form the ends, the outer bark is removed ; the inner rind is then turned up, gathered together in small folds at the top, and tied around witha splint. It is then ready for use, and will last several seasons. Aside from the natural fact that the sap would be quite at home in the bark tub, and its flavor preserved untainted, it is more durable and capacious than the wooden one, and more readily made. Gii-ne-ga-ta, Gi-nih-gi-da, or Corn Mortar and Pounper. The Senecas use three varieties of corn: the White, (O-na-o-ga-ant) the Red, (Tic-ne) and the White Flint, (Ha-go-wi.) Corn is, and always has been, their staple article of food. When ready to be har- vested, they pick the ears, strip down the husks, and braid them to- gether in bunches, with about twenty ears in each. They are then hung up ready for use. The white flint ripens first, and is the favorite corn for hominy; the red next, and is used principally for charring and drying; the white last, and is the favorite corn of the Indians; it is used for bread, and supplies the same place with them that wheat does with us. They shell their corn by hand, and pound it into flour in wooden mortars. In two hours from the time the corn is taken from the ear it is ready to eat, in the form of unleavened bread. It is hulled in the first instance, by boiling in ashes and water ; after the outer skin is thus removed from each kernel, it is thoroughly washed, and pounded into flour or meal in a mortar, of which a representation will be found on the next page, (76.) Having been passed through a sieve basket, to remove the chit and coarser grains, it is made into loaves or cakes about an inch in thickness, and six inches in diameter; after which they are cooked by boiling them in water. Upon bread of this description, and upon the fruits of the chase, the Indian has principally subsisted from time immemorial. / 76 [Senars Mortar AND PounpeER. Mortar, 2 feet. Pounder, 4 feet. The practice of charring corn is of great antiquity among the, Red race. In this condition it is preserved for years without injury. Caches or pits of charred corn, have been found in the vicinity of ancient No. %.] 77 works and deserted settlements, in various parts of the country. Many of these are supposed to reach back to the period of the Mound builders, How far this custom prevailed among the Iroquois, cannot with certainty be determined ; neither do we know whether those caches, which are still discovered in various parts of the State, are to be ascribed to them. It is certain, however, that they were in the habit of charring corn, to pteserve it for domestic use. The Senecas stilldothe same. For this use the red corn is preferred. When green the corn is picked, and roasted in the field before a long fire, the ears being set up on end in a row. It is not charred or blackened entirely, but roasted sufficiently to dry up the moisture in each kernel. The corn is then shelled, and dried inthe sun. In this state it is chiefly used by hunting parties, and for subsistence on distant excursions. Its bulk and weight having been diminished about half by the two processes, its transportation became less burdensome. The Red races seldom formed magazines of grain, to guard against distant wants. It is probable, therefore, that these pits of charred corn owe their origin to the sudden flight of the inhabi- tants, who buried their dried corn because they could not remove it, rather than to a desire to provide against a failure of the harvest. There is another method of curing corn in its green state, quite as prevalent as the former. The corn is shaved off into small particles, and having been baked over the fire in pans or earthen dishes, it is then dried in the sun. In this condition it is preserved for winter use. A favorite article of subsistence is prepared from the charred corn. It is parched a second time, after which, having been mixed with about a third part of maple sugar, it is pounded into a fine flour. This is carried in the bearskin pocket of the hunter, and upon it alone he sub- sists for days together. It was also the principal subsistence of the war party on distant expeditions. Its bulk is reduced to the smallest possible compass, and it is so light that the Indian could carry, without inconvenience, sufficient for a long adventure. When we consider the rapidity of their journeys, and their powers of enduring abstinence, it becomes easy to understand how the war party could leave the valley of the Genesee, make an inroad upon the Cherokees of the south, and return, relying almost entirely upon this species of subsistence. A basket of each of the three varieties of corn, of the two species of dried corn, and of this flour, will be found among the specimens. This noble grain, one of the gifts of the Indian to the world, is des- tined eventually to become one of the staple articles of human con- sumption. Over half of our republic lies within the embrace of the - 78 [Senate tributaries.of the Mississippi. Upon their banks are the corn-growing districts of the country; and there, also, at no distant day, will be seated the millions of our race. Experience demonstrates that no peo- ple can rely wholly upon exchanges for the substance of their bread- stuffs, but that they must look chiefly to the soil they cultivate. This law of production and consumption, is destined to introduce the gradual use of corn flour, as a partial substitute at least, for its superior rival, in those districts where it is the natural product of the soil. In the southern portions of the country this principle is already attested, by the fact that corn bread enters as largely into human consumption as wheaten. Next to wheat, this grain, perhaps, contains the largest amount of nutriment. It is the cheapest and surest of all the grains to cultivate ; and is, also, the cheapest article of subsistence known among men. Although wheat can be cultivated in nearly all sections of the country; although its production can be increased to an unlimited de- gree by a higher agriculture; we have yet great reason to be thankful for this secondary grain, whose reproductive energy is so unmeasured as to secure the millions of our race, through all coming time, against the dangers of scarcity or the pressure of want. O-yeh-qui-d-weh, or Inp1an Topacco. Tobacco is another gift of the Indian to the world; but a gift, it must be admitted, of questionable utility. We call both corn and to- bacco the legacy of the Red man; as these indigenous plants, but for his nurture and culture through so many ages, might have perished, like other varieties of the fruits of the earth. Many of our choicest fruits owe their origin to vegetable combinations entirely fortuitous. They spring up spontaneously, flourish for a season and become extinct, but for the watchful care of man. Nature literally pours forth her vegetable wealth, and buties beneath her advancing exuberance the products of the past. But few of the fruits and plants, and flowers of the ancient world, have come down to us unchanged ; and still other plants, perhaps, have perished unknown in the openings of the past, which contained within their shrivelled and stinted foliage, the germ of some fruit, or grain, or plant, which might have nourished or clothed the whole human family. We may therefore, perchance, owe a debt | to the Indian, in these particulars, beyond our utmost acknowledgments. The Senecas still cultivate tobacco. Their name signifies ‘‘ The only Tobacco,” because they considered this variety superior to all others. A specimen is furnished. It is raised from the seed, which is sown or No. 75.] 79 planted in the spring, and requires but little cultivation. The leaves are picked early in the fall, when their color first begins to change, and when dried are ready for use. After the first year it grows spontane- ously, from the seed shed by the plant when fully ripened. If the plants become too thick, which is frequently the case, from their vigor- ous growth, it becomes necessary to thin them out, as the leaves dimin- ish in size with their increase in number. This tobacco is used exclu- sively for smoking. The custom of chewing the cud, appears to have been derived from us. Although this tobacco is exceedingly mild, they mingle with it the leaves of the sumac, to diminish its stimulating pro- perties. The sumac has been used by the Indian to temper tobacco from time immemorial. Until within a few years, the Iroquois used the wild potato as an article of food. It still grows spontaneously upon the western reserva- tions, and is usually about the size of a hen’s egg. They never culti- vated this potato, but gathered it in its wild state. Six varieties of the bean, and four of the squash, are also furnished. Which varieties were of original cultivation and indigenous, the writer cannot state. Ga-weh-ga-d, or Snow Suoe. Tj ~ ParpesPoye nO e Sh 2. 4e pe LT Pe BE BEECD ph. Oh. Gp a>, ap.< \
ar ap eas esen<: year ‘<2 ~@r
» 48. O-, a, a>
FOIL PEPER
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p= <> ie Se ab
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PEPER PY he
Ke petoey 1
2 feet 10 inches.
The snow shoe is an Indian invention. Upon the deep snows which
accumulate in the forest, it would be nearly impossible to travel with-
out them. They were used in the hunt, and in warlike expeditions
undertaken in the season of winter.
The snow shoe is nearly three feet in length, by about sixteen inches
in width. Arim of hickory, bent round with an arching front, and
brought to a point at the heel, constitutes the frame, with the additio
80 [Senate
of cross pieces to determine its spread. Within the area, with the
exception of an opening for the toe, is woven a net work of deer
strings, with interstices about an inch square. The base of the foot is
lashed at the edge of this opening with thongs, which pass around the
heel for the support of the foot. The heel is left free to work up and
down, and the opening is designed to allow the toe of the boot to de-
scend below the surface of the shoe, as the heel is raised in the act of
walking. It is a very simple invention, but exactly adapted for its uses.
A person familiar with the snow shoe can walk as rapidly upon the
snow, as without it upon the ground. The Senecas affirm that they
can walk fifty miles per day upon the snow shoe, and with much greater
rapidity than without it, in consequence of the length and uniformity
of the step. In the bear hunt, especially, it is of the greatest service,
as the hunter can speedily overtake the bear, who, breaking through
the crust, is enabled to move but slowly.
Ga-wi-sé, or Snow Snake.
Side section 6 feet, 4 inch in thickness; bottom section 3 to 4 inch in width.
Among the amusements of the winter season, in Indian life, is the
game with Snow Snakes. The snakes are made of hickory, and with
the most perfect precision and finish. They are from five to seven feet
in length, about a fourth of an inch in thickness, and gradually dimin-
ishing from about an inch in width at the head, to about half an inch
at the foot. The head is round, turned up slightly, and pointed with
lead. They are thrown with the hand, by placing the fore finger
against the foot, and skim along upon the snow crust nearly with the
speed of an arrow, and to a much greater distance. The game itself is
rendered exciting by the numbers engaged, and the amount wagered
upon the result. As in all Indian games, the people divide by tribes,
certain tribes playing against the others. A limited number are chosen
to play the game from each side. The snake which runs the farthest
wins, and a count is made by each snake which leads all upon the op-
posite side. A minute description is necessary, to a full understanding
of the game, but enough has been said to designate the uses of the
article. Specimens are furnished.
No. 75.] 81
Gii-geh-di, or JavELIN.
Javelin 54 feet, 4 inch in diameter. Ring 6 inches in diameter.
The game of Javelins, or shooting sticks, is also of Indian invention.
It is a simple game, depending upon the dexterity with which the
javelin is thrown at the ring, as it rolls upon the ground. The javelin
itself is the forfeit, and the game is lost when all the javelins upon one
side are won. As in other Indian games, the people array themselves
according to their tribal divisions ; the Wolf, Bear, Turtle, and Beaver
tribes, playing against the Deer, Snipe, Heron, and Hawk. From
fifteen to thirty on a side are chosen, each taking from three to six
javelins. The parties having stationed themselves several rods apart,
upon opposite sides of a given line, a hoop or ring is rolled by one party
in front of the other, who throw their javelins at the ring as it passes.
If the hoop is struck by one of them, the other party are required to
stand in the place of the successful person and throw all their javelins
in succession at the ring. Those which hit are saved, and those which
fail are handed over to the other party, who in turn throw them at the
ring. Of this number, those which hit the hoop are won finally, and
laid out of the play; the balance are returned to their original owners.
The successful party then rolls back the ring, and the game is thus
continued until all the javelins upon one side are forfeited.
Ga-ne-d, or Batt Bar.
54 feet.
This is the great game of the Indians. It is also of the highest an-
tiquity, universal among the Red races, and played with a zeal and
enthusiasm which would scarcely be credited. In playing it they
[Senate, No. 75. | 6
82 [Senate
denude themselves entirely, with the exception of the Gi-ka, or waist
cloth, each one holding a bat, of the species represented in the figure.
Gates are erected about sixty rods apart, upon opposite sides of a
field, and the point in the game is, for each party to carry the ball
through their own gate. Usually they have from six to eight on a side
to play the game, who are surrounded by a concourse of spectators.
Commencing at the centre, each party strives to direct the ball towards
their own gate, knocking it upon the ground or through the air; but
more frequently taking it up upon the deerskin net-work of the ball bat,
and carrying it in a race towards the gate. When an opposite player
strikes it ahead of the runner, the latter throws the ball over the head
of the former towards the gate. Oftentimes the play is contested with
so much animation, that the ball is recovered at the edge of the gate;
and finally, after many shifts in the tide of success, is carried to the
opposite side. The game is usually from five to seven, and requires
from noon until evening to determine it, each trial is conducted with so
much ardor and diversity of success. Specimens of the ball bat are
furnished.
Gus-ga-e-sa-ti, or Derr Buttons.
Wi \v, ,
aN Ree
ahh HANS
AS Sy x PI wiry)
Sie
A set of deer buttons will also be found among the articles. This is
a fireside game. Eight buttons, an inch in diameter, are made of deer
bone, and blackened upon one side. They are thrown with the hand,
the count depending upon the number of faces which turn up of one
color. If they all come up white, for instance, it counts twenty; if
seven of the eight, it counts four; if six, two. These are the only
counts. Fifty beans make the bank, and the game continues until one
party has won them. .
No 75.) 83
Gus-ka-eh, or Peacu Srones.
Another favorite game of the Iroquois is played with a bowl and peach
stones. A dish, about a foot in diameter, is carved out of a knot, or
made of earthen. Six peach stones are then filed or cut down into an
oval form, reducing them about half in size ; after which they are burned
slightly upon one side, to blacken them. These are shook in the bowl,
and the count depends upon the number which turn up of the same color.
This game is one of their amusements after holding a council. They
divide by tribes, as in other games, and bet largely upon the result. It
is played by persons selected on each side, who are skilled in the game.
The Iroquoisascribe its invention to To-do-di-ho, the renowned sachem of
the Onondagas, who flourished at the time of the formation of the league.
‘Betting upon all Indian games, when played by tribe against tribe,
was as common among the Iroquois, as betting at races by the whites.
No restraint whatever was laid upon this practice, and from their fond-
ness for excitement, it frequently led to the most reckless indulgence.
It not unfrequently happened that the Indian gambled away every
hing which he possessed, his rifle, his tomahawk, and even his blanket.
84 [SanaTE
Ah-da-da-qua, or Inp1an Sappie.
This is an Indian invention, but came originally from the west. It
closely resembles the saddle of the native Mexicans in its general plan,
but its pommel is not as high, and its side pieces are longer. It is still
used among the Iroquois, and among the Indian tribes of the west.
The frame is made of four pieces of wood, firmly set together, over
which is a covering of raw hide. The side pieces are about eighteen
inches in length, six mm width, and about an inch in thickness at the
centre, but terminating in a sharp edge above and below, In front —
the pommel rises about five inches above the side pieces. It is made of
a stick having a natural fork, which is so adjusted as to embrace the
side pieces, and determine the spread of the saddle. Another piece, in
the same manner, embraced the side pieces at the opposite end, rising
several inches above, and descending nearly to their lower edges. These
side pieces at the top, are about three inches apart, leaving a space for
the back-bone of the horse. The fastenings of the saddle, including
No. 75.] 85
those of the stirrup, were originally of ropes, made of Buffalo’s hair.
Triangular stirrups, of wood, completed the trappings of the saddle. As
the Iroquois seldom made use of the Indian horse, the saddle with
them was rather an accidental, than a usual article. A specimen, of
Seneca manufacture, will be found among the articles.
Gi-ga-an-di, or Arr Gun; and Ga-no, or Arrow.
Air gun, 6 feet. Arrow, 24 feet.
The air gun isclaimed as an Indian invention, but with what correct-
ness the writer cannot state. It is a simple tube or barrel, about six
feet in length, above an inch in diameter, and having a uniform bore,
about half an inch in diameter. It is made of alder, and also of other
wood, which is bored by some artificial contrivance. A very slender
arrow, about two and a half feet in length, with a sharp point, is the
missile. Upon the foot of the arrow, the down or floss of the thistle is
fastened on entire, with sinew. ‘This down is soft and yielding, and
when the arrow is placed in the barrel, it fills it air tight. The arrow
is then discharged by the lungs. It is used for bird shooting.
Ya-o-da-was-ti, or Inp1an FLvure.
14 feet.
_ This instrument is unlike any known among us, but it clearly resem-
bles the clarionet. Its name signifies “a blow pipe.” It is usually made
of red cedar, is about eighteen inches in length, and above an inch in
diameter. The finger holes, six in number, are equidistant. Between
them and the mouth-piece, which is at the end, is the whistle, contrived
much upon the same principle as the common whistle. It makes six
consecutive notes, from the lowest, on a rising scale. The seventh note
is wanting, but the three or four next above are regularly made. This
is the whole compass of the instrument. As played by the Indians, it
affords a species of wild and plaintive music. It is claimed as an
Indian invention.
86 | Senate
Gus-da-wa-sa, or Ratrie.
Turtle-shell Rattle.
The turtle-shell rattle is used in the dance, both as an accompanie
ment to the singing, and to mark the time. In all of their dances, except
the war dance, the singers are seated in the centre of the room, and
the dancers pass around them in an elliptical line. They strike the
rattle upon the bench, in beating time, as frequently as thrice ina
second, and accompany it with singing. After removing the animal
from the shell, a handful of flint corn is placed within it, and the skin
sewed up. The neck of the turtle is stretched over a wooden handle.
Squash-shell Rattle.
As an accompaniment for singing, the squash-shell rattle is also used.
Corn is placed within the hollow shell, and the sound of the rattie
varies with its size. In their songs for the dead, it is chiefly used.
Frequently twenty of these rattles are heard im one song, each one
giving a different note, and the whole together making a very strange
substitute for music.
The Iroquois have about twenty distinct dances, a few of them, as
the war dance, are performed by select dancers, who dress in full costume
and paint for the occasion. A few, also, are exclusively for the females,
but in the most of them all participate. The thanksgiving, or religious
dance, (O-sto-weh-go-wi) is the most spirited and striking in the list;
but the war dance (Wa-sis-seh) is the greatest favorite. In this dance
the drum is chiefly used.
No. 75.] 87
Gia-no-jo-o, or Inpran Drum.
1 foot.
Over one head of the drum the skin of some animal is stretched to
its utmost tension, and held firmly by a hoop. Vocal music is essential
to every Indian dance; the drum being used to mark time, and as an
accompaniment. These primitive amusements are still maintained by
a certain portion of the present Iroquois, with undiminished interest.
Their social intercourse still takes on this form, and scarcely a week
passes, in the winter season, without a dance. They are eminently
calculated to keep alive their Indian sympathies and notions; and for
this reason, the first efforts of their missionaries are, with great pro-
priety, directed to their suppression. There is a wildness in the music
and excitement of the dance, exactly attuned to the nature of the
Indian ; and when he loses his relish for the dance, he has ceased to
be an Indian.
Yun-ga-sa, or Tozpacco Powcn.
_ The tobacco pouch is made of the skin of some small animal, which
is taken off entire. It was anciently an indispensable article, and was
88 [Senare -
worn in the girdle. Four specimens are furnished, one of white weasel,
one of squirrel, one of mink, and one of fisher skin. The latter was
worn many years by Johnson, (Sose-ha-wii) a nephew of Red Jacket,
and now one of the most distmguished living chiefs of the Senecas.
Da-ya-ya-di-gi-ne-at-hi, or Bow anv Snart, for striking fire.
This is an Indian invention, and of great antiquity. Its rudeness
may excite a smile, in this day of lucifer matches, but yet the step
backward to the steel and flint is about the same, as from the latter to
the contrivance in question. Not knowing the use of metals or of chemi-
cals, it was the only method of creating fire known to the Red man.
It consisted of an upright shaft, about four feet in length and an inch
in diameter, with a small wheel set upon the lower part, to give it mo-
mentum. In a notch at the top of the shaft was set a strmg, attached
to a bow about three feet in length. The lower point rested upon a
block of dry wood, near which are placed small pieces of punk. When
ready to use, the string is first coiled around the shaft, by turning it
with the hand. The bow is then pulled downward, thus uncoiling the
string, and revolving the shaft towards the left. By the momentum
given to the wheel, the string is again coiled up in a reverse manner
No. 75] 89
and the bow again drawn up. The bow is again pulled downward,
and the revolution of the shaft reversed, uncoiling the string, and re-
coiling it in reverse as before. This alternate revolution of the shaft
is continued, until sparks are emitted from the point where it rests upon
the piece of dry wood below. In a moment's time sparks are produced
by the intensity of the friction, and ignite the punk, which speedily
furnishes a fire.
aN :
Q-no-ne-4 Gos-ha-di, or Corn-nusx Satr Borttte.
Several varieties of basket work will be found among the articles.
In this useful art the Indian women excel. They are made with a
neatness, ingenuity and simplicity, which deserve the highest praise.
Among the number are two sieve baskets, used for sifting corn meal.
Another variety is made of corn-husks and flags, an ingeniously man-
ufactured basket, which is seldom met with. Two corn-husk bottles
for salt, are also furnished.
Gi-de-us-ha, or Necxiace. See plate 3, fig. 2.
This necklace is made of silver and wampum beads. The latter
are of a dark color, and are cut from a species of sea shell. Beads of
this description are held in the highest estimation. In strings of wam-
pum beads, the laws of the ancient confederacy of the Iroquois were
recorded. According to their method of expressing the idea, the law
was “talked into the string of wampum,” and it became ever after-
wards the visible record of the law itself. By an original law of the
league, a sachem of the Onondagas (Ho-no-we-na-to) was made the
90 [Senate
hereditary keeper and interpreter of these strings; and to this day, the
Onondaga sachem who holds this title, performs this duty.
A silver cross is also attached to this necklace. The Indian women
wear a profusion of silver ornaments, and among them the cross is fre«
quently conspicuous.
In their costumes for the war dance, the Iroquois indulged their taste
for finery and ornament to its fullest extent. Some of them would ex-
cite admiration by the exactness of their finish and adjustment, the
neatness of the materials, and the striking appearance of the whole,
as seen in the graceful movements of the dance. They are diversified
in their materials and ornaments, but yet consist of the same articles
of apparel. Two costumes are furnished. One is that of a warrior,
and was designed for the dance. ‘The other is the ordinary dress of
the Indian female. If the fabrics of which they are composed were of
their own manufacture exclusively, it would add much to their interest ;
but since the intercourse of the Iroquois commenced with the whites,
they have laid aside their deerskin apparel, and substituted materials,
in fact, of cur own manufacture. Since we have known them, however,
their costumes have been of this description. No change has been
made of the articles of apparel themselves, but the deerskin has been
laid aside for the broadcloth, the bearskin blanket for the woolen, and
the porcupine quill for the bead.
Much taste is exhibited in the bead work, which is so conspicuous in
the-female costume. The colors are blended harmoniously, and the
patterns are ingeniously devised and skilfully executed. It sufficiently
appears, from the furnished specimens of their handywork, that the
Indian female can be taught to excel with the needle. It remains to
notice briefly the several articles of apparel, of which these costumes
are composed ; and first, of the female.
Ah-tii-quii-o-weh, or Moccasin.
This has been sufficiently described elsewhere in this report.
Gise-ha, or PanTateTTeE. Pilate 4,
The Gise-ha is usually made of red broadcloth, and ornamented with
a border of bead work around the lower edge, and also up the side. It
is secured above the knee, and falls down upon the moccasin. Theone
furnished is beautifully made, and a fine specimen of bead work.
No. 75.] 91
Gia-kii-ah, or Sxmt. Plate 4.
The skirt is secured around the waist, and descends about half way
to the bottom of the pantalette. It is usually of blue broadcloth, and is
more elaborately embroidered with bead work than any other portion of
the dress. A heavy border is worked around the lower edge. Up the
centre, in front, it is also embroidered. At the angle upon the right
side, a figure is worked representing a tree or flower. This part of the
costume furnished, is a rare specimen of Indian needle work.
Ah-de-a-di-we-si, or Over Dress. Plate 6, and 6a.
The over dress is generally of calico, of the highest colors. It is
loosely adjusted to the person, and falls below the waist. Around the
lower edge is a narrow border of bead work. In front they wear a
profusion of silver broaches, of various sizes and patterns, and arranged
agreeably to the taste of the wearer.
E-yose, or BLanxet.
This indispensable and graceful garment is of blue or green broad-
cloth, of which it requires two yards. It falis from the head or neck
in natural folds, the width of the cloth, and is gathered around the
person like a shawl. It is worn very gracefully, and makes a becoming
article of apparel. Other ornameuvts are worn, but the costume has
been described with sufficient minuteness to give a general idea of its
character.
Gus-to-weh, or Heap Dress, Plate 3, fig, 1.
Upon the head dress, the most conspicuous part of the male costtme,
much attention was bestowed. The frame consists of a band of splint,
adjusted around the head, with a cross band arching over the top, from
side to side. A cap of net work, or silk, is then made to enclose the
frame. Around the splint a silver band is fastened, which completes
the lower part. From the top, a cluster of white feathers depends.
Besides this a single feather, of the largest size, is set in the crown of
the head dress, inclining backwards from the head. It is secured in a
small tube, which is fastened to the cross splint, and in such a manner
as to allow the feather to revolve in the tube. This feather, which is
usually the plume of the Eagle, is the characteristic of the Iroquois
92 [Senate
head dress. The {feather, in the specimen furnished, has been worn
for many years by Sose-ha-wa, (above referred to) and has been con-
spicuous at many of the councils of the Senecas.
Gai-ka-ah, or Kitt. Plate 7.
The kilt is sécured around the waist by a belt, and descends nearly
to the knee. It is fringed around the lower edge, and covered with
various ornaments. ‘This article of Indian apparel is not much unlike
the kilt of the Highlander.
Gise-ha, or Lecatn. Plate 8,
The leggin is usually made of red broadcloth. It is embroidered
around the lower edge and up the side, with bead work. ‘Two narrow
bands depend from the knee in front. It is secured above the knee,
and descends to the moccasin.
Gus-da-wi-sa Yen-che-no-hos-ta, or KNEE Rattye oF Deer’s Hoors.
—— eer
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In the dance, rattles were worn around the knee. They are usually
made of the hoofs of the deer, which are strung in two or three rows
upon a belt, and the belt itself then tied around the knee.
Gi-geh-ta, or Bezr. Plate 9.
The belt is of Indian manufacture. It is braided by hand, the beads
being interwoven in the process of braiding. They are worn around the
waist, and over the left shoulder. No part of the costume is prized
so highly as the belt.
No: 75.] 93
Ga-nuh-sd, or Sea-sHett Mepat.
The government have long been in the habit of presenting silver
medals to the chiefs of the various Indian tribes, at the formation of
treaties, and on the occasion of their visit to the seat of government.
These medals are held in the highest estimation. Red Jacket received
one from Washington, in 1792, which is now worn by the Seneca chief
Sose-ha-wi. It is an elliptical plate of silver, surrounded by a rim,
and is about six inches in its greatest diameter. On each side it is
engraved with various devices. Medals of sea shell, inlaid with silver,
are also worn suspended from the neck, as personal ornaments. A
specimen of the latter description is furnished.
Tuesh-ta-ga-tas-té, or Tin Breast-PLAte.
The above is a representation of a species of tin breast-plate, worn by
the Seneca Indians.
94 | SznaTE
Arm Banps, Knee Banps, anD Wrist Banps. Plate 10.
These, also, form a part of the costume. They are usually of bead
work, but often of silver. The war club, tomahawk, and moccasin,
complete the costume.
Gi-yi-ah, or Worx Pocket. Plate 11.
Ya-wa-o-di-qui, or Neepte Boox. Plate 12.
Ya-wa-o-di-qua, or Pin Cusnion. Plate 13.
Got-gwen-da, or Pocxet Boor. Plate 14.
These are furnished as further specimens of the handiwork of the
Indian female in bead work. The figures themselves will dispense with
the necessity of any description. The patient industry of the Indian
female is quite remarkable, when seen in contrast with the impatience
of labor in the Indian himself. In the work of their reclamation and
gradual induction into industrial pursuits, this fact furnishes no small
degree of encouragement.
.
Ga-ka, or Breeco Cioru. Plate 16.
In the ball game the players denude themselves entirely, with the
exception of a belt, which is secured below the waist, and the Ga-ka,
which passes under it before and behind. It is usually of broadcloth,
and ornamented with bead work.
Several articles of silver ware will also be found in the collection.
They consist of hat bands, arm and wrist bands, ear rings and broaches,
of various patterns and sizes. They are principally of Indian manu-
facture. The following cuts represent a pair of ear rings worn by
Ho-ho-e-yu, in 1849.
Ah-was-ha, or Ear Rive.
Plate No. 17 is an engraving of Pipes, in use among the Indians.
No. 75.] 95
Ga-on-seh, or Basy Frame, Plate 16.
This is likewise an Indian invention. It appears to have been design-
ed rather as a convenience to the Indian mother, for the transportation
of her infant, than, as has generally been supposed, to secure an erect
figure. The frame is about two feet in length, by about fourteen inches
in width, with a carved foot-board at the small end, and a hoop or bow
at the head, arching over at right angles. After being enclosed in a
blanket, the infant is lashed upon the frame with belts of bead work,
which firmly secure and cover its person, with the exception of the
face. A separate article for covering the face, is then drawn over the
bow, and the child is wholly protected. When carried, the burden
strap attached to the frame is placed around the forehead of the mother,
and the Ga-on-seh upon her back. This frame is often elaborately
carved, and its ornaments are of the choicest description. When cul-
tivating the maize, or engaged in any out-door occupation, the Ga-on-
seh is hung upon a limb of the nearest tree, and left to swing in the
breeze. The patience and quiet of the Indian child, in this close con-
finement, are quite remarkable. It will hang thus suspended for hours,
without uttering a complaint.
With the Ga-on-seh, closes the enumeration of articles. Several
have been necessarily omitted, and others noticed but slightly. Suffi-
cient, however, has been written, to illustrate the general character of
our Indian fabrics, implements and utensils. Some of them have been
noticed minutely, as they appeared calculated to exhibit the artisan
intellect of our primitive inhabitants. It is in this view taat they are
chiefly interesting. Some general observations naturally present them-
selves upon this branch of the subject, but the prescribed limits of this
report will not permit their introduction.
Such is the diffusion of Indian arts and Indian inventions among the
Red races, that it is impossible to ascertain with what nation or tribe
they in fact originated. Many of them were common to all, from
Maine to Oregon, and from the St. Lawrence to the peninsula of Flo-
rida. To this day Indian life is about the same over the whole republic.
If we wished to discover the inventions of the Iroquois, we might ex-
pect to find them as well among the Sioux of the upper Mississippi, as
among the descendants of the Iroquois themselves. It is for this reason,
that in forming an Indian collection, we should take in the whole range
of Indian life; from the wild tribes dwelling in the seclusions of Oregon,
to the semi-agricultural Cherokees of the south, and the present Iroquois
96 | [SENATE
who reside among ourselves. They have passed through all the inter-
mediate stages, from extreme rudeness to comparative civilization. If
we wished to connect the fabrics of the former with those of our own
primitive inhabitants, we may find that connection in the fact, that
similar implements and similar fabrics, at no remote period, were in
the hands, and of the manufacture, of the Iroquois themselves. Many
of the relics disentombed from the soil of New-York, relate back to the.
period of the Mound builders of the west; and belong to a race of men
and an age which have passed beyond the ken of even Indian tradition.
Our first Indian epoch is thus connected with that of the Mound builders,
In the same manner, the fabrics of the Iroquois are intimately connected
with those of all the tribes now resident within the republic. One sys-
tem of trails belted the whole face of the territory, from the Atlantic to
the Pacific; and the intercourse between the multitude of nations who
dwelt within these boundless domains was constant, and much more
extensive than has ever been supposed. If any one, therefore, desired
a picture of Iroquois life before Hendrick Hudson sailed up the river
upon whose banks rested the eastern end of their ‘‘ Long House,”’* he
should look for it in Catlin’s Scenes at the skirts of the Rocky Moun-
tains. There are diversities, it is true, but Indian life is essentially the
same.
A collection, therefore, which embraced within its range the utensils,
implements, and miscellaneous fabrics of the whole Indian family,
would best illustrate the era of Indian occupation within our own State.
Such a collection can, and ought to be made. It would be doing, in
our republic, what European nations have taken unwearied pains to ac-
complish within their own territories. They have treasured up, with
watchful care, the memorials of their own territorial history. These
memorials unlock the social history of the past; and although silent,
they speak more eloquently than all human description. Our own are
essentially Indian. An Indian collection is all that we can offer to the
European, in acknowledgment of the gratification and instruction we
have derived from theirs. While every petty State abroad has its His-
torical Cabinet, the visitation of which furnishes the chief pleasure of
the traveler, our own States, one of which numbers three millions of
people, have nothing of the kind for the entertainment of the foreign
traveler. The custom among all civilized nations, of making such col-
* Ho-de-no-sau-ne, the name of the Iroquois as one people, signifies ‘* The
People of the Long House.” They symbolized the League by a house, which
reached from the Hudson to the Genesee; and afterwards to Niagara, on the ex-
pulsion of the Eries and Neuter Nation, about the year 1650.
No. 75.] 97
lections, rests upon sound considerations of public utility; and the rea-
sons which induce them are just as applicable here, as elewhere; and
just as appropriate to each single State, as to the National Government.
This enterprise has been fairly entered upon, under the fostering care
of the Regents of the University. The foundation, at least, of an In-
dian Collection, has been established. Were it enlarged, upon the
principles suggested in this report, it would soon become one of the
most interesting of all Historical Cabinets. It would grow in public
value, as the people whose social condition it reveals, recede from pub-
lic observation ; and in after years it would become inestimable. But
such are the changes, and causes of change at work among our Indian
races, that the present moment should be improved with diligence.
Time buries every thing in a common tomb.
‘The Red races are passing away before the silent, but irresistible
spread of civilization. The tenure of Indian sovereignty is as precarious
as the habitation of the deer, his co-tenant of the forest. Their gradual
displacement is as inevitable as the progress of events. A portion,
indeed, of the Indian family, if present indications are to be trusted, is
destined eventually to be reclaimed, and raised to a citizenship among
ourselves. But this can only be accomplished by their adoption of
agricultural pursuits, and the diffusion of knowledge among them.
When this change is effected, they will cease to be Indians. A different
destiny awaits the residue. At no distant day the war shout of the
Red man will fall away into eternal silence, upon the shores of the dis-
tant Pacific. Industry will then have taken up her abode in the seclu-
sions of the forest, the church will rise upon the ruins of the council-
house, the railway pursue the distant trail, the ploughshare turn the sod
of the hunting ground ; and the pursuits of peace having diffused them-
selves over the whole republic, one universal and continuous hum of
industry will rise from ocean to ocean. When the destiny of the Indian
is thus fulfilled, the words of the great Seneca orator will rise up in
perpetual remembrance :
‘““Who then lives to mourn us? None. What marks our extermi-
nation? Nothing.”
All which is respectfully submitted.
LEWIS H. MORGAN.
[Senate, No. '75.] 7
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