ae A Phd ta. (elt At POA Mids AR dl i haat CL Aa a Ma Ah tlt Me Lb 8 hha. i Mid LS a ne AAEEAAICAMAA RED A a ef hig Pd Stott Oa EDA ELTA Ca ibe "sy btpdastthdidddlicita oe dss ts CAA Maas det cb bibl hdfield LLIL LPF IL AG PATO OL CEPOL OL Ed Aethheaihhdldchda Vath bbb Lime mob de en ee eee ee eee ee Att tb OOD FL Fada thd SS MN AY XC RSS \ SS Soo OS SRR PADS otros aah RN hepa oeeninaianneteeuibinl \ \ . AIX ents. eer ee > Pe | ce FOR JHEP EOrLe “FOR EDVCATION FOR SCIENCE LIBRARY OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Pont rivclvit ? rules 24) bo 4gm bated Pla Irontispiece Plate 1 . et ; my wed} “ee - . Relief map of the eastern Adirondacks Lepr Nh Y Of Tif hi tf : Alias University of the State of New York NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 53D ANNUAL REpoRT OF THE Robs Ge E ANG bp 13899 TRANSMITTED :TO THE LEGISLATURE 3 JANUARY 1900 ALBANY UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW OF YORK Igol LY ws i) Gl JP k uA University of the State of New York REGENTS With years of election 1874 Anson Jupp Upson L.H.D. D.D. LL.D. Chancellor, Glens Falls 1892 Wiiir1am Croswett Doane D.D. LL.D. Vice-Chancellor, Albany 1873 Martin I. ee M.A. LL.D. - — Troy 1877 Cuauncty M. Depew LL.D. _ _ New York 1877 CHarurs E. Firca LL.B. M.A. L.H.D. — Rochester 1877 Orris H. Warren D.D. - - Syracuse 1878 Wauiretaw Reip LL.D. _ _ - New York 1881 Wintit1am H. Watson M.A. M.D. _ Utica 1881 Henry E. Turner —- — Lowville 1883 St Oratr McKetway M.A. L. H. ib LL. D. D.C.L. Brooklyn 1885 Danret Brace Ph.D. LL.D. - ~ Watkins 1888 Carroti E, Smrra LL. D. - - — Syracuse 1890 Pumy T. Sexton LL.D. = © - ~ Palmyra 1890 T. Guitrorp Smira M.A. C.E. LL.D. — Buffalo 1893 Lewis A. Stiwson B.A. LL.D M.D. ~ New York 1895 Atpert VanpER VEER Ph.D. M.D. - 1895 Cuarves R. Sxrinner M.A. LL.D. Superintendent of Public Instruction, ex officio 1897 Custer 8S. Lorp M.A. LL.D. - — Brooklyn 1897 Trwotay L. Wooprurr M.A. Lieutenant-Governor, ex officio 1899 Joun T. McDonover LL.B. LL.D. Secretary of State, ex officio Albany 1900 Tuomas A. Henprick M.A.LL.D. - — Rochester 1901 Bensammy B. Overt sr. Governor, ex officio 7 1901 Rospert C. Proyn M.A. - ~ Albany SECRETARY Elected by regents 1900 James RusseLL Parsons sR M.A. DIRECTORS OF DEPARTMENTS 1888 Metvir Dewny M.A. State library and Home education 1890 James Russert Parsons gr M.A. Administrative, College and High school dep’ ts 1890 Freperick J. H. Merrit Ph.D. State museum COMMITTEE ON STATE MUSEUM 1899 T. Guitrorp Smita Chairman CarrRoutut E. Suite SUPERINTENDENT oF Postic INsTRUCTION BTATE OF NEW YORK No. 46 fo Ss ON ATE 3 JANUARY 1900 53d ANNUAL REPORT OF THE NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM To the Legislature of the State of New York I have the honor to submit herewith, pursuant to law, as the 53d annual report of the University on the New York state museum, the reports of the director of the museum and state geologist, of the paleontologist, of the botanist and of the en- tomologist, with appendix. | ANSON JuDD Upson Chancellor CONTENTS PAGE Report of the director and state geologist 1899. ................ .... r5 BRAT ODOCEION, . os ajc wives oo 0 5 dieses Sh i Maen ieee aan ce mete ee rd ST EL eR hae Pak ager PEER er re pes oe 1g? Southeastern New York . .j6-. 2% stored oo ogee tye oe Ws ae V7 ARITONGSCK 2... 4. a .- = wh «5 lbivnrele pi ae wie ele > 3s ai eee ro PCOTIOIING: 2.5 sc os ne Fan Ses ob eae eerie Ce eal See rif Geolopie’ Map .... 2s. oe. sos 5 ns eee pene ee are ee ris Topographic. sheets... ... . sss» eels oes Sie iets wont cel r14 Museum Work |... ... «+0 wes stale Mae esis ee octane r15 Pre-Cambrian formations of parts of Warren, Saratoga, Fulton and Montgomery counties. J. FP: Kemp. :.2...02...5.-..0e0 oe Flt Geology of Rand hill and vicinity, Clinton co. H. P. Cushing.. r37 Geology of crystalline rocks near the St Lawrence river. C. H. Smyth jr. os. we ba coe Sie owe MER iele eh ere ities einer eee rsg3 Oil and gas in southwestern New York. Irving P. Bishop...... 1105 Roofing slate of Washington county. J. N. Nevius............. r135. Emery mines of Westchester county. J. N. Nevius............. r151 Paleontology « « «2+ dials cs Seuwseieis pie wees UR Ree oe nie ee a r155 Mineralogy. 2 «os» 2s) dietshe. do kethat kd:thced aaa iignets «ER cha nina sae r157 FRCHMOLOZY oa s.c c's cee esnin' oe ww aloe co + ieee ve ate ete ktmtet Se eaeiaee nen ee el General ZOOlOZY «0.50 2's sie Ua be w 0c cee me eee Se il r158 PUDPLICATIONS 0.0) aio io.6 ee Shw. 0! 355 fe mle ijn: 0 ate ie wt ea ea fe ah r161 FEimtomology «2... 2 wiew's o:b0 ols a Gala ele RA ate oie oe ee ee r161 Botany 2.0. 2s ccc ee a ed ele soe © alee elastin sei ate te ke tena neen r162 PPYSIOSTAPHY «coon 2/0:50e ciel we ais jn ene ol eee ieee r163 Attendance. at the museum... a. » «,<-0siejee ees teins ee eee r163 Accessions to collections in’ Geologie’ hall .. Ubi. £54.56... 0 sen~ r163 Ecoenonmic-.geology -~... ose s Fab. Fics Vn Stine eee = oie m ae r163. Structural Peology . 6. ss sie cie 6s s'e © 0 elaine eee eee ere r164 ERIStOriIc BEQMOZY . oo oid 0 occ wre 6 oe wie ou 5 nel eee ne ee eee r164 MIBCTAIOZY «6. .00.0c ls eno o's we 'ele sw 6 & On eB) RSE tele een gaan eee r165. [ih wshits) (i) 4 mie SN GR ee r165 LOMO “ars osc nes ele vps cies ce tb aeiwie ne Cust Stee teen enn ener r166 Beliel MANS. . ove aie bine -e crs s anne wile seve 5.0 » vee niente nel oe r170: Appendix 1: Museum bulletins 26-31 26 Collection, preservation and distribution of New York in- sects... E, P, Welt:.. 5 2405 Jono ans eee pele Re eee 3 27 Shade tree pests-in New York state. H. P.Felt............ 39 28 .Plants of North Elba. » OC: Peck... .. cosas 65 29 Preliminary list of New York mammals. G. S. Miller jr... 271 30 Petroleum and natural gas in New York. Edward Orton.. 3895 31 15th report of the state entomologist on injurious and other insects of the state of New York 1899. E. P. Felt....... 531 Appendix 2 Report of the state paleontologist 1899..............cccccccncs 659 zeport of the state botanist. 1899... .....5.0 5. CDS SE cee 821 Genergl Inte. ciate on cs in une eo 0 wee eek GORE 871 VOL. 2 Appendix 3: Museum memoirs 3 Oriskany fauna of Becraft mountain. J. M. Clarke......... a. 4 BWdible fungi of New York. -C. H. Peck.......:..cssneeeeee 129: yp ct [CLE (UETUN University of the State of New York New York State Museum REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 1899 To the Regents of the University of the State of New York I have the honor to submit herewith my official reports, as director of the state museum and as state geologist, for the fiscal year ending Sep. 30, 1899. The results accomplished in fulfilment of the duties of these two offices are discussed in the following pages. The work of the state museum in its various branches has steadily developed with the increase of appropriations, so that the director is enabled to communicate more extensive and valu- able results for the past fiscal year. These results are discussed under the heads of geology, paleontology, mineralogy, ethnology, general zoology, entomology and botany. Under the statutory requirements providing for a separate edition of the report of the state geologist, that part of my communication is made distinct in order that it may, so far as necessary, be distributed in a separate binding. In order to permit of the wide distribution of separate papers, the reports are chiefly administrative. All communicated papers giving the results of completed investigation are, so far as possible, issued as bulletins which can be distributed without expense to the museum. A list of the bulletins accompanying this report will be found in the table of contents. Succeeding the administrative report is a list of accessions to the collections of the museum for the year ending Sep. 30, 1899. Respectfully yours FREDERICK J. H. MERRILL ie SRE YO Teotae.. | He tT Phe td MUSE UM UROTR EW it, os psa 7 ENAU AUS (0 =» aes Oo ehirer gate oD. si jo. ebesnnais 26 il singe, GY see vipa, BYE peel at: iM. eae hs CN ae “garidsa Tay, | Hy Ganit) Yo no try fh pal ioe ¥adit | age] asive Af Nivantt oete’ saa %G aay 6 oe y vues tt tie hegolersty: ytibae tO) ot Lold gig wt sodaer iba weve inet be ant 20% ect Lives ig i i Unovigu. . TRolesy to.# nod sdiit 4 fy xi 4 7.4% hin ve OLO inGFes (Qolaox™ pee a 5 Dad s)he ree Tee! rie titeta mp)» soba Mi re bs Sat 1a » T1091 otf ‘to goif be 4, ++) ete i “sf evi’. Bi ie eran cerrreer fine “wes [od Ac bo uditteib od. Cone ae hiw ddd oe That rant . ot t4hab vinionhe hghts ‘OTR aT: Bs Lo ay ‘gitbhas YE st OLR faneaai aide Be eae § Paoipees pale 14 aot af by Fresndd aioe et 3 stihiry 389% eg Tor fF Ie scl Tg New York State Museum GEOLOGY The work of the state geologist during the 10 months which have elapsed since his appointment Jan. 1, 1899, to succeed the late Prof. James Hall, has been prosecuted under his direction by seven field assistants. The investigations in progress are naturally grouped in three divisions, pure geology, economic geol- ogy and the preparation for the graphic expression of both in the new edition of the geologic map. Southeastern New York The work in pure geology has been chiefly devoted to the study of the crystalline rocks in New York, Westchester and Putnam counties and specially directed toward the completion of those particular studies on the crystalline rocks of southeastern New York begun by the present state geologist in 1881 and continued at intervals since that time. Some results of this work have already been published under the titles of ‘“ Metamorphic strata of southeastern New York,”’! “Geology of southeastern New York,” ete. This work has been of particular value in view of the large commercial and educational interests now centered in the enlarged area of New York city and has been carefully elaborated, with a view to the development of fuller detail and accuracy in the geologic maps of Greater New York. The investigation of the crystalline rocks of Westchester and New York counties has been carried on during the past field season by Mr Edwin C. Eckel, who deserves credit for his energy and the accuracy of his observations. Mar. 6, 1899, he commenced field work in southeastern New York. From that date till April 20 he was engaged in visiting and mapping such out- crops of the crystalline rocks as are now visible on Manhattan island. The rapid northward growth of New York city has re- sulted in the obliteration of many of the outcrops formerly noted, while excavations for streets and the foundations of buildings are continually furnishing new exposures, many of which are of con- 1Am, jour. sci. 3d ser. 39: 383-92. 750th an. rep’t N. Y. state mus. rs NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM siderable scientific interest. As very accurate, large scale topo- | graphic maps were available, the boundaries of the various form- ations were determined rather more closely than had heretofore been possible. Recent cuttings for streets in the northern part of the island showed that the crystalline (Inwood) limestone 18 injected in many places with coarse grained rocks (aplites or pegmatites), usually approaching the granites in mineral composi- tion. One well marked and somewhat extensive type, however, consists essentially of albite and quartz. Specimens were taken from all the outcrops visited. Records of borings made for wells, foundations, bridges and docks were collected. At the close of this work on New York island, Mr Eckel was instructed to commence work in Westchester county. From April 20 to September 20 he was employed in a final review of that part of Westchester county lying south of the line Dobbs Ferry-Whiteplains-Larchmont. Critical outcrops were exam- ined and specimens taken, while the boundaries of the various rock areas were carefully traced, preparatory to the publication of the final map of the region both in the New York geologic folio of the United States geological survey! and in the report of the state geologist. This final field work on the Harlem sheet, ad- visable in view of the great importance of the area mapped, both in geology and commerce, proved incidentally the great accuracy of the “ Geologic map of a part of southeastern New York” pub- lished in 1895. With the exception of one small belt of Inwood limestone, uncovered by recent excavations, no features of areal importance were developed additional to those shown on that map. Particular attention was paid to the condition of the quarry industry throughout the region covered, specially in the areas of Inwood limestone and Yonkers gneiss. Statistics regard- ing both building stone and road materials were gathered and full sets of specimens collected. Late in September the small area of crystalline rocks exposed on the western end of Long Island was examined and mapped U. 8. geological survey at Washington in the autumn of 1901 and a dupli- cate edition will be issued at the same time by the New York state printer. REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR AND STATE GEOLOGIST rg accurately. The outcrops show that most of this area consists of a highly foliated quartz diorite, intrusive in the Fordham gneiss, the latter formation being exposed at a few points only. The revision of the geology of Putnam county has been out- lined by a reconnaissance made during August, September and October by Benjamin F. Hill, fellow of Columbia university, fol- lowing on the brief study of the valley of the Hudson in Putnam and Orange counties made during the previous summer by D. H. Newland. This work, while technical in character, and chiefly a contribution to our knowledge of the crystalline rocks, is of much general interest in that it is a prerequisite to the publica- tion of the new geologic map of the state of New York. Adirondack geology Work in the great field of study of the pre-Cambrian rocks of the Adirondack area has been continued by three geologists, all well known as authorities in this branch: Prof. J. F. Kemp, of Col- umbia university, Prof. H. P. Cushing, of Adelbert college, Cleve- land (O.), and Prof. C. H. Smyth jr, of Hamilton college. The field work in charge of Prof. J. F. Kemp was chiefly done by his assistant, Benjamin F. Hill, during June and July. The main object was to cover points not reached in previous summers. Mr Hill proceeded first to Sprakers in the Mohawk valley and studied the outlier of crystalline rock brought up by a fault from beneath the Paleozoic at that point. He then moved to Glovers- ville and explored the country adjacent to it. From Gloversville he changed his base to Caldwell and mapped the crystalline rocks at the southern end of Lake George, and, going thence to North creek, gave special attention to the geology of the garnet de- posits and traversed the country just west of Thirteenth lake. Prof. Cushing’s field work commenced at Tupper lake, Franklin county, proceeding north from there along the New York and Ottawa railroad, following the boundary between the anorthosite and the adjoining rocks on the west, which consist largely of syenites, in the endeavor to determine the time relations between the two. A locality was found near Tupper lake where a rock, r10 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM believed to be augite-syenite, was plainly intrusive in the anorthosite at that point and hence younger. No other contacts could be found. Some territory, previously unvisited, was mapped. Next a section was run across the main anorthosite mass from Blue pond on the New York and Ottawa railroad to Saranac, by way of Saranac Inn. Except for frequent dikes of granite and gabbro, the anorthosite extends unbroken from one locality to the other. It had previously been assumed to do so from its occurrence at the two extreme points. Incidentally, interesting observations were made on the topography of the lake belt, and some evidence of the existence of a large glacial lake in the belt was gathered. The remaining time was utilized in detailed work in that part of Clinton county which is comprised in the southern half of the Mooers quadrangle of the topographic atlas, constituting por- tions of Chazy, Beekmantown, Altona and Dannemora towns. Formation boundaries were mapped in detail and progress made in mapping the glacial deposits of the district. A detailed report of the results obtained is given hereafter, and the economic geology of the area is also discussed. Quarries have been recently opened on Rand hill and Dannemora mountain, and a boring for oil is in progress at Morrisonville. The region studied by Prof. C. H. Smyth jr embraces the town of Alexandria and parts of Clayton and Theresa in Jefferson county, together with parts of Rossie and Hammond in St Law- rence county. Within this area are included the well known Thousand islands of the St Lawrence river. The rocks of the region consist of a continuation of the crystalline rocks of the Adirondack region together with the Potsdam sandstone in large amount. The crystalline rocks, which were the main object of study, show the various types found farther south, which have been described in previous reports. The crystalline limestone group, or Oswegatchie series, of this and previous reports is exhibited in great variety, showing many schistose members and, what is rare elsewhere, heavy masses of vitreous quartzite. This formation is ee 8 eS eee -—S REPORT OF THB DIRECTOR AND STATE GEOLOGIST rll penetrated by a complex assemblage of granites and granite- _gneisses, which, though closely related, belong to at least two different periods of intrusion. Still later dikes of diabase mark the close of igneous activity, all of which occurred during the pre-Cambrian. The results of the season’s work are perfectly in harmony with the conclusions drawn from earlier studies else- wheré in the crystalline area, and several localities were found which afford information of great value as standards of com- parison. The Potsdam was studied only in its relation to the crystallines, and the conclusion was reached that the sandstone was de- posited on an uneven surface, analogous to the present surface of the crystallines. Till four years ago comparatively little work had been done in the vast area of the Adirondack wilderness. The geologic boundaries could not be definitely drawn, and the classified state- ments were of questionable accuracy and in many cases out of date. To map this area with some degree of practical accuracy seemed one of the most pressing pieces of work and of very great value in both pure and economic geology. The study of this field was begun in 1892 at the request of the writer by Prof. J. F. Kemp and published in the 48th report of the state museum. Subsequently the field was in a measure divided between Prof. Kemp, Cushing and Smyth under the direction of Prof. James Hall. Of the particular detailed work of the past summer, the three observers in the field have prepared individual reports which are outlined above and are given in full in the following pages. The work of the three preceding years has already been published in the reports of Prof. James Hail. Economic geology In economic geology, my assistant, Dr Heinrich Ries, has com- pleted his revision! of the report on Clay industries, published in 1894, and has spent a part of the field season in preparing material for the publication of a report on lime and cement.? This report has long been needed, and will be of much value to the 1See N. Y. state museum. Bul. 35. *See N. Y. state museum. Bul. 44. r12 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM public. About four weeks altogether were spent in the field by Dr Ries, and the work during this period -was along three lines: first, a more detailed sampling of some of the quarries than was possible in 1898 with the funds then available, second, visiting some of the lime and cement quarries which had not hitherto been examined, third, the study of the marl deposits of the state. Several localities were visited between Glens Falls and Chazy, at which latter locality some new quarries are being opened that may form the basis of a portland cement industry in that region. In addition to notes on the quarries, samples were collected for analysis, and photographs made of the exposures. A number of places were also visited between Littlefalls and Buffalo, being chiefly those where the cement rocks were being worked. Along this same general belt, marl beds were visited, as at Warner, East Jordan, Caledonia, Wayland, Perkinville and Cortland. The out- crops of the Tully limestone in the Finger lake region were also examined. A reconnaissance was also made across the Great swamp from Albion to Batavia in the hope of finding marl de- posits underlying that region. Careful inquiry failed to de- velop the presence of any along that line. Large ones how- ever occur at Clarendon. Another aim has been to examine the localities mentioned by Beck in his report on the mineralogy of the state. Some of these, so far as can be determined, seem to be wrong, others are correct, and some of them have still to be in- vestigated. In addition to the work of Dr Ries, Prof. I. P. Bishop, of Buffalo, has been occupied in the collection of data regarding the development of the oil and gas territory in western New York. The investigation embraced a study of new wells bored since 1897 in northwestern New York, the collection of information regard- ing the supply and permanency of gas in the older fields and a survey of the oil and gas territory in Yates, Schuyler, Steuben and Allegany counties which were not covered by previous re- ports. As far as possible, the amount of gas and the manner of utilizing the supply have been ascertained. A surface map show- ing the extent of the oil pools and gas territory in southern Al- REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR AND STATE GEOLOGIST r13 legany county has been prepared for publication and accompanies this report. In addition to the work already outlined, records of a few wells in Chautauqua and Cattaraugus counties and of the Jordan and Memphis wells near Syracuse are included. Except- ing the developments in Chautauqua and Cattaraugus counties within two years, the work of Professors Orton? and Bishop now covers all oil and gas territory west’of the meridian of Auburn. The reports of these gentlemen together with those of J. N. Nevius on the slate and emery industries form an important con- tribution to the economic geology of the state. While New York is not rich in the precious metals, it contains mineral deposits of much commercial value, and it is the definite policy to put in popular and practical form all such results of geologic investiga- tion as will be of interest and value to the inhabitants of the state, from whose money this department of the University work receives its support. Geologic map In the preparation of a new geographic base for the new large scale geologic map, of which a preliminary edition was issued by Prof. James Hall, C. C. Vermeule has been engaged during the summer in reducing, by photography, the new topographic atlas sheets which are being prepared by cooperation between the state government and the United States geological survey, and making from them a tracing which will subsequently be reduced by photo- graphy to form a photolithographic base on the scale of five miles to the inch. In this work only the most reliable material will be used, and, while it is a somewhat slow process, the compila- tion, when completed, will be of great value to the citizens of the state, not only as a medium for communicating its geology, but for the ordinary educational and commercial uses of maps. As it appeared that the edition first issued was somewhat unmanageable in character, being supplied only as a wall map mounted on rollers, the precaution has been taken to prepare the new map in sheets of only half the size of those adopted in the first edition. These, either with or without the geology, can be bound in an atlas, and for office use or for the ordinary purposes 1See N. Y. state museum. Bul. 30. r14 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM of study will be found more convenient than a wall map. The sheets are, however, so planned in the details of border, legend, etc., that they can readily be mounted on rollers and formed into a wall map of precisely the same scale as that of the first edition. In preparation for the publication of a new edition of the economic and geologic map published in 1895, some preliminary drafts have been made to determine what amount of the avail- able geologic detail could be shown on the scale of 12 miles to the inch, which has been adopted for the new edition. Topographic sheets In view of the many inquiries received by the state geologist in reference to the topographic maps pubHshed by the United States geological survey, it has been thought desirable to pre- pare a brief statement of the conditions of publication and dis- tribution of these maps. For the past 18 years the United States geological survey has been engaged in making a topographic survey and map of the United States. In most of the older states this work has been carried on in.cooperation with the respective state governments. In New York the mapping is under the joint supervision of the United States geological survey and the state engineer and sur- veyor, the expense being equally divided between the state and the federal government. The state is entitled to gelatin trans- fers from the plates of the several atlas sheets whenever it de- sires to undertake the printing thereof; but because of the better facilities for this work at Washington, no printing has yet been done by the state. Up to the present time 106 atlas sheets covering about two fifths of New York state have been pub- lished. The accompanying index map (pl. 2) shows the name and location of each of these sheets. The unit of map publication is an atlas sheet 164 inches wide by 20 inches high. Two scales are used. One is 1:62500, or about 1 mile to 1 inch; the other 1:125000, or about 2 miles to 1 inch. Maps of all the areas, as surveyed, are published originally on the first-mentioned or mile scale. An atlas sheet Plate 2 'Yo face p. rl4 v ¢ \c non te) rae sie h Eg WEG il Ss 6 ] ~ a | Y 0S SiS < iene eee __ CRRREE | a re D ~ AN : phy 7S — KP ERIE yg olla f ‘ “\ eee bdr an kGu\s lp aL Vals la) MAP OF NEW YORK SHOWING ATLAS SHEETS SURVEYED BY THE U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 4!" IN CO-OPERATION WITH THE STATE ENGINEER and SURVEYOR. Jan.1, 1900. SCALE of MILES 2 WSheets completedandpublished. COO sheets mapped and in progress. CL Jsneets surveyed and not mapped 73° tM Ae REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR AND STATE GEOLOGIST r15 on this scale shows a tract (quadrangle) 15 minutes in extent each way, being one sixteenth of a “square degree”, or about 220 square miles, the area varying with the latitude. An atlas sheet on the second-mentioned or two mile scale is made by the reduction and combination, omitting some details, of four of the mile scale sheets, and represents a tract (quadrangle) 30 minutes in extent each way, being one fourth of a “ square de- gree”, or about 880 square miles. A few of these have been published. On the annexed map the small rectangles indicate one mile scale sheets. A sheet is designated by the name of some well known place or feature appearing on it. The names of adjoining published sheets are printed on the margins. The maps are engraved on copper and printed from stone. The cultural features, such as. roads, railroads, cities, towns, houses, etc. as well as the lettering, are in black; all water features, swamps, ete. are in blue; while the hill features are shown by brown contour lines, the contour interval being 20 feet. An act of congress prescribes that the maps shall be disposed of by sale. They are accordingly sold at the rate of 5 cents a sheet. For 100 or more in one order, whether of the same sheet or of different sheets, the price is 2 cents a sheet. All corre- spondence relative to the purchase of maps should be addressed to the Director, United States Geological Survey, Washington DD; C. Museum work im geology In economic geology important progress was made in the re- arrangement of the economic collection and the installation of a large suite of specimens representing the petroleum, salt, talc, garnet, graphite and slate industries of New York. The geographic distribution of each material was, in each exhibition case, illustrated by a small map. In historic geology the year’s work has been marked by the enlargement of the synoptic collection, among the material con- tributions to which may be enumerated the donation of a series of 19 specimens to illustrate the Carboniferous and sub-Carbon- iferous of Pennsylvania, by Prof. J. J. Stevenson of the Univer- r16 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM sity of the City of New York, and four specimens representing the upper and middle Washington limestones from Washington (Pa.), by Prof. Edwin Linton of Washington and Jefferson college, Washington (Pa.). In addition to the above, Mr Nevius has com- pleted the mounting of the large fossil plant collected at Monroe, Orange co. (N. Y.) during the previous year. In June of the present year Mr Nevius resigned his position as assistant curator to accept an appointment with the San Carlos copper co., in Mexico. In conclusion the state geologist desires to express his appre- ciation of the unusual courtesy he has experienced from the mem- bers of both houses of the legislature, to whom he has had the honor and privilege of presenting the claims and needs of the geologic work of the state in the matter of financial support, and who have received his statements with an instant apprecia- tion which has given him heart and courage quite as much as did the substantial appropriations made through their good will. PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE PRE-CAMBRIAN FOR- MATIONS IN PARTS OF WARREN, SARATOGA, FULTON AND MONTGOMERY COUNTIES BY J. F. KEMP anp B. F. HILL Pe ba He Bese i . % Rev oH ne ce 7, : fal ate in The it \he Ngee rey St a dill aannk ve Sat ar Pik Me Ta mba Sa Oe PE OH | Dr F. J. H. Merrivyu State geologist Sir: I have the honor to submit herewith a report on the pre- Oambrian formations in parts of Warren, Saratoga, Fulton and Montgomery counties. The field-work was chiefly performed by Benjamin F. Hill in 1899 acting under my direction, but the re- port has been written by myself. Respectfully J. F. Kemp 24 Dec. 1900 CON T EN ae PAGE Hiustrations ©: ..5). 6... ee r20 Warren county... ... 4 Pee r21 Oaldwell «. so .5. «4,0: gh eee eee eee r21 Queensbury .... .6dsteeseeawes Oe 2 ee r24 Warrensburg ::... 4:22 te ce oe eee r27 Saratoga county ....266 sacle send Sele r28 Day .. 22 Poe were = o'er GRR ola sare Sie heel teh alte gee an Edinburg. ....3... 0. + ghee eee-laeel sree ee Cee r28 Wilton and Greentteld 24 ine cei ee ee r29 Fulton county st 4. L550, Maes eee et ae ee r29 Bleeeke nr, nj...» 2.5.2 pesca. alee td oad oe ose r29 Garoga ws. 60. ee SRA ee r30 JOHNSTOWN 2... . S wacs mocieies aon Sie eager ee ae eee eee eee rst Mayfield) so.03 0: seen Se ee A r32 Montgomery and Fulton counties... 2... 35.5017 is! cae r32 The “Noses? 96 fi~ « <\s eieccee oe ei ae > ae ee eee r32 ILLUSTRATIONS FACING PLATE PAGE 3 Geologic map of town of Caldwell, Warren county..... r22 4 Photomicrographs .......... <.¢2245 hye es ee r24 5 Geologic map of town of Queensbury, Warren county... 126 6 Geologic map of the northern part of Saratoga county.. r28 7 Geologic map of the northern part of Fulton county... r29 s Photomicrographs ........... J60eeeeee = 6 eee r30 9 Outline map of the “ Noses,’ Montgomery and Fulton cos. 132 : New York State Museum PRE-CAMBRIAN FORMATIONS IN PARTS OF Warren, Saratoga, Fulton and Montgomery Counties Warren county A brief topographic outline of Warren county was prepared for one of our previous reports.t Complete geologic work is still handicapped by the lack of topographic maps in the southwestern part. The following quadrangles (i. e. the area embraced by a topographic sheet, being 15 minutes of latitude by 15 minutes of longitude) are wholly or in part in Warren county and have been published. Newcomb, Schroon lake, Paradox lake and Ticonderoga just cross the northern boundary. Thirteenth lake, North creek, Bolton and Whitehall form the next tier to the south. Glens Falls takes in the southeastern corner. Maps and geologic descriptions of the following towns will be found in the report of the state geologist for 1897, the same having been prepared by J. F. Kemp and D. H. Newland: Bolton, p. 538; Chester, p. 535; Hague, p. 537; Horicon, p. 541; Thurman, p. 5438; Stonycreek, p. 544; Luzerne, p. 546. There remain Johns- burg, Warrensburg, Caldwell and Queensbury. Johnsburg is de- scribed in the report of the state geologist for 1898; Cald- well and Queensbury are contained in the following pages, and some notes are appended on Warrensburg. We have no topographic maps south of the middle line of Thurman and west of Caldwell, so that in Stonycreek, Luzerne and much of War- rensburg we have been at a disadvantage. The western border of the county is a wild and inaccessible district, and our observa- tions there have been limited. Caldwell Caldwell lies at the head of Lake George, embracing the shore line on both sides. It is about 7 miles long from north to south 17th an. rep’t N. Y. state geologist. 1897. p. 532. r22 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM and 4 to 5 miles broad from east to west. On the northwestern corner its line runs along the Schroon river, and the town con- tains the watershed between the Hudson and the Lake George- Lake Champlain-St Lawrence drainage systems. This divide extends nearly but not quite the entire length of the town, in- asmuch as it veers to the southwest near the southwestern corner so that the outlet of a’small pond at this point flows into Lake George. As might be inferred from the above description, the topo- graphy of the town includes one long ridge and one large valley, the valley of Lake George. The ridge itself is cut in two by a northwest and southeast depression which is occupied by a large brook. The highest summits are on the western side of this brook, and in Prospect mountain, due west of the head of the lake, the altitude is just in excess of 2000 feet (exactly 2021) above tide. The northeastern part of the area is less rugged. On the southeast the town extends up on the slopes of French mountain, whose steep front, presumably an old fault escarp- ment, faces Lake George. This relation is coincident with others which have been noted to the eastward as far as Fort Ann. All the ridges, viz, French mountain, the ridge of Buck mountain, Pilot Knob and Sugar Loaf, Putnam mountain and the Pinnacle, present sharp fault scarps to the west and more gradual slopes to the east. There is little doubt that the large features of the topography are conditioned by these factors, and that Lake George lies in a depression primarily caused by them. The faults on each side of French mountain come together under the lake, but the eastern one is prolonged in Northwest bay and in its tributary valley. When the lake turns to the northeast at the mouth of the bay, it may lie in a Grabensenkwng, or the valley formed by a pair of faults, whereby an intervening block is dropped. Faults similar to the above have been traced in the paleozoic areas on the south by N. H. Darton, and, indeed, the two on each side of French mountain have already been noted Plate 3 To face p. r22 ‘MILES Geologic map of town of Caldwell, Warren co. N. Y., by James Furman Kemp and Benjamin F. Hill < AM Ui aes A te 0 tne . Pe = piedes Us eae ae eon wee § y ne : at MS Ave “ eae: = acs = REPORT OF THD DIRECTOR AND STATBHB GEOLOGIST r23 by him. The eastern one can be followed as far south as Saratoga. To the south of Lake George the valley is filled with sand, and every indication is afforded that the lake formerly extended much farther to the south. The divide near Bloody pond, between the Lake George drainage and the Lake Champlain drainage via Glen lake, Halfway creek and Wood creek, is almost imper- ceptible. The rock formations, or hard geology, of Caldwell embrace gneiss, gabbro, and calciferous limestone, and, if the same pro- visional arrangement in series be followed as in our previous reports, they would be described as follows. Series 1 The gneisses constitute the high ridges and adjacent foothills. The commonest variety is a light colored, rather acidic rock, of which we select specimen 30, from the crossroads on the lake shore, about 3 miles from the head of the lake, as the typical case. It is strongly foliated and has evidently been very severely squeezed in dynamic metamorphism. The foliation, which is made apparent by the dark silicates, is however due to the parallel alignment of many small, dark patches, which are not continuous. They might easily result from foliation induced by pressure in a rock originally massive and provided with a moderate percentage of dark silicates. Under the microscope it is evident that the component minerals are quartz, microperthite and hornblende, all greatly granulated. The mineralogy shows ‘some marked resemblance to the syenitic rocks, described by H. P. Cushing from Loon lake, in the northern Adirondacks, but the rock is seldom as pronounced a green, and some lesita- tion is felt by us in drawing a more emphatic parallel than the statement of this mineralogic resemblance. If it could be shown anywhere that crystalline limestones were interbedded in the gneisses, we would be compelled to pronounce them sedimentary. 1Darton, N. H. Geology of the Mohawk valley, 13th an. rep’t N. Y. state geologist. 1893. p. 409, specially 425 and 429. Preliminary description of the faulted region of Herkimer, Fulton, Montgomery and Saratoga counties, 14th an. rep’t N. Y. state geologist. 1894. -p. 30, specially p. 52. r24 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM The gneisses are often quite rusty on exposed faces, more so than one would expect from rocks that are so light colored on unweathered surfaces. The other exposures of rocks falling under the above descrip- tion are in order from north to south (see map) nos. 59, 60, 58, (30), 22, 24, 25, 26, 28, 29, 50, 45, and 65. No. 49 is decidedly more basic and is a pronounced hornblendic gneiss, with hornblende in great excess. These basic bands are occasionally noticeable. No. 57 is a case in point. The strike of the gneisses is quite uniformly n 60° w magnetic, or about n 70° w true, and this same bearing holds true over a wide area adjacent to the town. . Series 2 No crystalline limestones were observed in Caldwell, but they are known in neighboring towns. . Series 3 The eruptive gabbros are found in two places, one at no. 39 on the north and one at 23, northwest of the Prospect house, on the mountain of the same name. No. 39 is a well de- veloped dike which is cut by a pegmatite vein, 8 inches thick. No. 23 has been examined with the microscope. It is greatly granulated and consists of large crystals of plagioclase, rendered opaque in the centers by a dust, probably of spinel and pyroxene, of garnet, hypersthene, brown hornblende, and green augite. No dikes of the common basaltic kind were observed, anywhere in the town. Calciferous limestone. Two exposures of this formation have been noted, both of which already appear on the state map. One ° runs along the shore of the lake in the northeastern corner of the town and one appears at the southeastern corner of Lake George. The latter may extend farther south under the sands. The rock is a dark, gray silicious variety, devoid of fossils, and the dip is flat. Each exposure is a block dropped in by faulting. Queensbury Topography. Queensbury is a very large town of an irre- gular shape. It extends from the Hudson river on the south at Glens Falls to Lake George on the north and forms the shore of the lake itself for about 4 miles. The town is 15 miles in Plate 4 To face p. r24 Fig. a Photomicrograph of a thin section of gneiss, X 25. White light. Specimen 45, Caldwell. The clear gray mineral is quartz; the mottled mineral micro-perthite; the dark mineral, hornblende Fig. b Same as fig. a, but in polarized light, with crossed nicols ’ REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR AND STATE GEOLOGIST r25 the extreme from south to north and about 8 miles from east to west. In the southern part, except along the western edge, ‘it is a sandy plain, through which occasional ledges of Ordovician strata appears, more particularly near the Hudson. The plain is prolonged to the north in two valleys, one of which, the smaller, traverses Caldwell to the head of Lake George. The other, which is larger and more open, extends northward on the eastern side of the township and reaches Lake George some 3 miles from its head. Both these depressions are primarily due to faulting, as several observers, but more particularly N. H. Darton, who is cited under Caldwell, have already noted. From the sandy plain and in marked contrast with it, Luzerne mountain rises abruptly along the western side, and attains an altitude of 1500 feet or more. It marks the boundary between Queensbury on the east and Luzerne on the west. Farther north French mountain forms an abrupt and isolated ridge along the boundary with Caldwell and separates the two valleys, just re- ferred to, which extend to Lake George. The peaks of French mountain range from above 1400 to slightly more than 1500 at the extreme crest. Both French mountain and Luzerne moun- tain are gneiss, while the paleozoic strata lie in the valleys. The northeastern boundary of Queensbury runs along the base of a high ridge of gneiss, of which Sugar Loaf, in the town of Fort Ann, is the southern extremity, but which is almost en- tirely in the latter town. Geology. The large geologic map of the state gives the dis- tribution of the geologic formations with such correctness that it seems unnecessary to redraw it at this time. Our attention being specially directed to the old crystalline rocks, we have given but passing notice to the paleozoic strata. The latter have however been studied by several observers within the last few years, and as noted below. Mr Hill crossed Luzerne mountain on the highway due west of Glens Falls, and collected specimens 54 and 55, of the gneiss— that is the country rock. Specimen 55 is a green, granulated rock with a well developed foliation. When examined microscopi- cally, it is found to be an aggregate of microperthite, orthoclase, °6 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM quartz, dark greenish brown hornblende and biotite. It presents all the characteristics of the group of syenitic rocks from Loon lake, referred to above under Caldwell. There is so much quartz present that the rock is really a granite, but we regard it as a metamorphosed igneous rock belonging to the general group, which Prof. Cushing has identified. The gneisses at the northern end of French mountain are sim- ilar to these syenitic types, but differ enough to make one hesi- tate regarding the identity. At the south end there is a change however. Micaceous varieties with pegmatitic streaks are found, and the same is true of the southeastern corner of the town of Caldwell, but more complete observations would be necessary in order to work out the relations. Of the paleozoic strata no Potsdam sandstone has been found in the town, but it may exist beneath the later strata, having been dropped out of sight by faulting. The Calciferous appears along the east side of French mountain, as observed by Mr Darton! and on the state map the entire valley, despite the mantle of sand, is colored as Calciferous. This would seem to be an error, as Mr Hill observed gneiss in the ridge which is crossed by the first east and west road south of Brayton, and that meets French mountain near its middle point. The limita- tions of the gneiss were not fully explored, and, indeed, there is so much sand all through the valley that the hard geology is largely a matter of inference. The Trenton strata occupy the southeastern corner of the town and are well exposed in quarries at Glens Falls. Prof. Prosser records” 563 feet of undoubted Trenton in the quarries of Finch and Pruyn, with 2 additional feet of limestone cf un- certain affiliations at the base. In the south bank of the river there is about 33 feet of higher lying beds, as shown by Dr Prosser’s section below the paper mill. Mr Darton has also re- corded the presence of a small outlier of Trenton beds along the northeastern border about 2 miles south of East bay. Mr. 748th an. rep’t N. Y. state museum. 1894. 2:52. *Bul. N. Y. state museum no. 34. v.7. p. 480. p. 482. To face p. r26 Plate 5 SAND PROBABLY COVERING CALCIFEROUS CALCIFEROUS -TRENTON GNEISS —_— ie Medd ZA CA ne pe aS, a LMA ee ee 7 Cig Ag PERE en ae LOO: / Ve ALL Las Xx ‘MILES 7 Be =r L-~Ans ese oOo ee ee ee a ss eae erat 1 ace ro) (ez te ee N Lp) ¢ Ps Geologic map of the town of Queensbury, Warren co. N. Y., by James Furman Kemp and Benjamin F. Hill EEE —— REPORT OF THH DIRECTOR AND STATE GEOLOGIST r27 Hill did not happen to see this, and we have no farther details to add to the previously published description.’ The glacial and post-glacial deposits and the recent geologic history of this town are of surpassing interest, but they have not been sufficiently studied by us to be described at Jength. It is evident that Lake George once penetrated much farther up the depressed valleys than it does today, and that to it is largely due the great accumulation of sands. In the rearrange- ment of the drainage systems following the close of the glacial period some very peculiar situations have sprung up. Halfway creek, for example, has its rise in Luzerne mountain and flows eastward over the sandy plain, being at one point less than 2 miles from the Hudson. It then strikes away off to the north- _ east, crosses Fort Ann and discharges into Wood creek and Lake Champlain. To what extent the glacial and post-glacial depos- its have modified earlier relations between Lake George and the Hudson is a subject demanding very thorough study.? Warrensburg Our work in Warrensburg has only been of a very fragmentary character, and we must await the issue of the U. S. geological survey map of the quadrangle south of the Northcreek sheet to give us a satisfactory base of observations. “The town is a long and narrow one. In the extreme from north to south it is about 16 miles. As a maximum it is 6 miles from east to west, but at the village of Warrensburg it is scarcely more than 2. The town is divisible into two sharply contrasted parts. The northern lies between the valleys of the Schroon and Hudson rivers and is a blunt wedge of hilly country, whose highest summits are between 1600 and 1700 feet above tide, and about 1000 above the rivers. The wedge is about 10 miles from north to south. The southern part is not such a sharply marked topographic unit, but consists of the western slopes of the ridge which forms the divide between the Hudson and the head of 748th an. rep’t N. Y. state museum. 1894. 2:52. *The question has been briefly treated by G. F. Wright. Science, Nov. 22, 1895, p. 675. r2s8 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Lake George. D. H. Newland in 1897 traversed the country from Chestertown to Warrensburg village along the main high- way, and noted gneiss with occasional masses of gabbro. Mr Hill in 1899 crossed from Bolton to the Schroon valley and fol- lowed south through Warrensburg village along the river. He noted the usual gneiss of Caldwell but was impressed by the remarkable terraces along the Schroon river. One appears on each side about 20 feet above the stream and indicates an ap- parent rise in the land or the cutting of some barrier that has lowered the old outlet level. Saratoga county Some notes have been gathered regarding the nature cf the gneisses in Saratoga county, which, though fragmentary, will be of interest, because they were made along the southern bor- der of the pre-Cambrian areas, and, in many cases, just as the ancient crystallines disappeared under paleozoics or under drift. Unfortunately no topographic maps are as yet available in the crystalline areas of this county, and the lack of them has been a great handicap to accurate field work. Day Day is the extreme northwestern town of Saratoga county, and by mistake it and Hadley were mentioned in our report (1897) as being in Warren county.! Only the eastern part of Day was there taken up, and it was described as consisting of gneiss and glacial drift. The same is true of the western part.’ Mr Hill has made a trip to Mud lake in the northwest part of the town, and finds only gneiss. The commonest variety consists of biotite, quartz, feldspar and light pink garnets. At times the garnets disappear. Dark hornblendic varieties were much more rarely observed. The strike at Mud lake is north and south. Edinburg Edinburg lies south of Day and is gneiss and drift except for a narrow belt of Potsdam along its southwestern border. The 151st an. rep’t N. Y. state museum. 1897. p. 546. To face p. r28 Plate 6 Gress. Ordovician AY x YS ea \ RS \ ae wads SNS SN ‘ WW ANY au RRA a A \ \ VS \ \\ \ x A," AY SU - TU \ ON Cambro- ot! an uN > Wa fy 1 tk O Geologic map of the northern part of Saratoga county, N. Y., by James Furman Kemp and Benjamin F. Hill Plate 7 To face p. r29 A_Y Mr = = Spe S ao) rere oe. se tS , } —_=- (CS —eaHon AgZ = ZS Cambro-Ordovician. — Geologic map of the northern portion of Fulton county, N. Y, by James Furman Kemp and Benjamin F. Hill REPORT OF THD DIRECTOR AND STATE GEOLOGIST r29 eneiss begins near the northeast bend of the Sacondaga river, at Fish house, and extends thence, eastward and northward, across the town. To the west of Batchellorsville a very light colored, garnetiferous feldspathic variety was gathered, that has been severely granulated and sheared, but as a rule the rock appears to be the micaceous, garnetiferous variety noted under Day. The garnetiferous gneiss is extensively developed in Steele moun- tain to the southeast of Batchellorsville, and has been observed beyond Mt Pleasant in Greenfield. It seems to be quite char- acteristic of this general region, and, as will be noted later, it is very abundant at the “ Noses” in Montgomery county. It would appear to be an altered sediment. Wilton and Greenfield A large ridge of gneiss runs along the border of these two towns, which embraces Mt McGregor and thence runs northward in Luzerne mountain. It is hornblendic and varies in strike from n 40 w ton ands. Its dip is steep, and its general character is the same as has been described under Queensbury. Fulton county Fulton county lies west of Saratoga, south of Hamilton and north of Montgomery. It is roughly rectangular in shape, with its greatest dimensions extending east and west. It contains the southern limits of the old crystalline rocks in this part of the Adirondack area except for the small faulted outlier at the “Noses”. The edge of the crystallines runs in a southwest direction across the country and follows the escarpment of the “ Noses ” fault, the older rocks being brought up by it against _ the paleozoics on the east. The topographic maps thus far pre- pared only touch this county along its southern border and scarcely affect the gneisses. Bleecker Bleecker is a rectangular town in the center of the north- ern tier of Fulton county. It lies wholly within the area of gneiss and, except for the ever present glacial drift, it displays r30 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM no other formations. The northern part of the township is wild and unsettled, but the central and southern parts are well opened by roads. Our observations have been chiefly limited to the latter, but there is little doubt that the same rocks cover all the area, unless gabbro dikes give local variety. Topographically the township consists of a series of ridges with intervening val- leys. Specimen 5 from the southwestern corner is a micaceous gneiss of the general mineralogy of granite. Pegmatite lenses run par- allel with the foliation. The strike is n 20 w magnetic. No. 6, from a point 2 to 3 miles north and on the western border, is a dark, massive gneissoid rock, probably one of the syenitic series that is so largely developed in the townships just north in Ham- ilton county. Related types occur in Garoga township at 8 and 7. No. 9, from near the center of the township, is a most in- teresting rock. To the eye alone it is a very finely laminated quartzose gneiss, almost a quartzite. It has been greatly mashed and granulated. Under the microscope it is chiefly quartz, but contains in addition abundant needles of sillimanite and not a few garnets. (See pl. 8, fig. a.) It is quite certainly a metamor- phosed sandstone, which contained originally considerable alu- minous material and some lime. Its strike is n 80 w magnetic. No. 10, from the east end of Tannery pond, is a micaceous gneiss, consisting chiefly of copper colored biotite and greenish } feldspar. Its strike is e and w, magnetic, dip, 45s. No. 12, from Bleecker postoffice, is the same as 10, but strikes n and s mag- netic. No. 11 is a dark, rusty hornblendic gneiss. Garoga Garoga lies west of Bleecker. Through its center passes the meridian which marks the boundary between the area studied by Prof. C. H. Smyth and that covered by us. Like Bleecker, Garoga is wholly within the area of gneiss. Two large lakes are contained within its boundaries, viz Canada lake and Garoga lake. Plate 8 ; To face p. r30 Fig. a Photomicrograph of a thin section of sitlimanite gneiss, X 25. White light. Specimen 9, Bleecker. The rods with cross-fractures are si:limanite; the clear mineral is quartz; the angular mineral with dark edges is garnet es % % : % *% ee a hie Fig. b Photomicrograph of a thin section of gneiss with lenses of quartz, X 19. White light. Specimen 16, Garoga REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR AND STATE GEOLOGIST r31 Specimens 7 and 8, from the country just east of Canada lake, are dark syenite or dioritic gneiss. No. 7 has streaks of quartz running through it, parallel with the foliation (see pl. 8, fig. b), but no. 8 is quite massive and decidedly igneous in its appear- ance. Nos. 16 and 17, from the southern portion of the town- ship, are in strong contrast with 7 and 8. They are light col- ored feldspathic gneisses, tightly compressed and finely foliated. Streaks of biotite, apparently rubbed out by the shearing action, run through them. Under the microscope no. 16 is seen to con- sist chiefly of quartz, which is sometimes rolled out in thin lenses and sometimes gréatly granulated. Orthoclase and piagio- clase are both present, and biotite appears in important amount. Johnstown Johnstown is a large town which lies south of Bleecker and Garoga. The great fault scarp which passes northward from the “ Noses,’ crosses the town from its southwestern corner toward the northeast. About one third the area is pre- Cambrian, and the remainder consists of the paleozoics. Heavy drift lies on both and serves to conceal the outcrops. A second fault that runs off through the town of Palatine meets the “ Noses ” fault and serves to bring the paleozoics to the surface along the western border. Specimens 18 and 19, whose location is shown on the map, are porphyritic or augen-gneisses, somewhat different from any men- tioned elsewhere in this report; 18 is a light colored feldspathic variety, whose dark silicate is biotite. Quartz is fairly abundant but is inferior in amount to the feldspar. Large crystals of red orthoclase, which are in contrast with the light green of the prevalent feldspar, are distributed through the rock. No. 19isa much more micaceous variety, but it still exhibits the porphyritic crystals of feldspar. Nos. 14 and 15 were obtained from a ridge of gneiss just east of Kecks Center. They are finely lami- nated feldspathic gneiss, having apparently the general compo- sition of granite. They have been greatly compressed and have a close and extremely regular foliation. The strike is n 20 w magnetic. . r32 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM The details of local geology were taken from the state map of 1894. Till the topographic sheets from the U. 8. geological survey are available, it will hardly be feasible to perform more detailed work, but with proper maps some slight rearrangement of bound- aries may be possible. Meantime, the above notes will serve to give some idea of the character of the gneisses. Mayfield Mayfield lies east of Bleecker and is a long, narrow town, of which about half is gneiss and half paleozoics. The great fault scarp, which begins at the “ Noses ” on the Mohawk, passes across the town in a northeast direction. On the southeast the paleozoics have been dropped and preserved by the fault, while on the northwest the gneisses have alone survived. Specimens 20 and 21 from the central part of the township are hard, dark gray gneisses. When studied in their section they are not so basic as they appear to the eye. Quartz is much the most abun- dant mineral, biotite is next, and the remainder of the slide is garnet and a little orthoclase. In the ridge along the eastern border of the town the gneiss is lighter colored and is very finely laminated. It has been very greatly crushed and rubbed out into laminae, with much biotite along the surfaces of move- ment. It apparently contains more feldspar than no. 21, but both give a strong impression of being derived from altered sediments. Montgomery and Fulton counties The “* Noses” The exposures of the old crystalline rocks which are brought to the surface by the combined anticline and fault at the ‘““ Noses,’ on the Mohawk river, are of great scientific interest, be- cause, except for the similar exposures at Littlefalls, they are the last opportunities that we have to observe this formation, before it dips beneath the great area of paleozoics. The “ Noses” is the name given to the bold headlands which are situated between Fonda and Canajoharie, and which rise from the Mohawk with almost precipitous escarpments to a level of 500 feet above the UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM FREDERICK J.H.MERRILL DIRECTOR AND STATE GEOLOGIST 19T* ANNUAL REPORT LEGEND Precainbrian Grenville Gneiss JAS.B-LYON OUTLINE MAP OF THE “N OSE =” STATE PRINTER MONTGOMERY AND FULTON COUNTIES BY JAMES FURMAN KEMP AND BENJAMIN F. HILL 7 2 Seale 62500 He a A ee | Mile Contour interval 20 feet. Datumis mear sea level. mr: _ : j id te **. ATAtE REPORT OF THD DIRECTOR AND STATE GEOLOGIST P30: river. An anticline whose axis is crossed by the river is partly accountable for the exposures of the basal strata. Its axis: seems to lie along the brook which flows into the Mohawk from. the south, about a mile west of the Little Nose. The great fault, which is called by Darton the “ Noses fault,” begins south of the river and bears off to the northeast in a somewhat sinuous course, finally terminating, so far as present knowledge goes, in the Sacandaga valley, Hope town, Hamilton co. This fault and its influence on the topography of the country early attracted attention, and the subjoined references will prove of interest.’ The escarpment of Calciferous rises abruptly from the plain of _ Utica slate to the east and forms a very marked feature of the topography. It is the anticline however which specially brings the ancient crystallines into view along the river. A cross- section is given by Beecher and Hall, which is in part reprinted in Darton’s second paper. Our attention has been specially directed to the characters presented by the old crystallines. Beecher and Hall describe them as follows in their detailed section (p. 10). The Calciferous, 1) rests on a breccia 2) containing Potsdam sandstone, crystal- line limestone, quartzite, etc. Next follows ferruginous and chloritic material 3), affording traces of gold and silver and regarded as decomposition products from the gneiss, increased by some sedimentation. Lenticular masses of clay and chloritic matter, likewise containing traces of gold and silver, belong to this layer. Then follows decomposed gneiss 4), and ferruginous labradorite 5), and labradorite 6). Mr Hill has visited the locality twice and has gathered a com- *Vanuxem, Lardner. Geology of the third district of New York. 1842. p. 208. Beecher, C. E., & Hall, C. E. Sth an. rep’t N. Y. state geologist. 1886-89. Darton, N. H. Geology of the Mohawk valley in Herkimer, Fulton, Montgomery and Saratoga counties. 13th an. rep’t N. Y. state geologist. 1893. p. 415, and pl. 8. Preliminary description of the faulted region of Herkimer, Fulton, Montgomery and Saratoga counties. 16th an. rep’t N. Y. state geologist. 1896. p. 48. r34 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM plete series of specimens illustrating the gneiss. Nos. 1 to 5 in- clusive were obtained in the eastern cut of the West Shore rail- road at the Little Nose, and no. 6 came from the gneiss above the wagon road at the same point. The gneiss strikes parallel with the escarpment, viz, n 25-35 e magnetic, and dips conform- ably with the paleozoics. A quarter of a mile west the railway runs through a cut in the gneiss about 200 yards long. Nos. 7,8 and 9 were obtained in the cut. A half mile farther west, as shown by the third colored area, on the south bank of the Mo- hawk, (see pl. 9) the gneiss appears again, and from it nos. 10, 11, 12, and 13 were obtained. At this point the gneiss does not reach as high an altitude above the river as on the east, and it then dips down and disappears. If one now crosses to the north side of the river and proceeds eastward, the gneiss first appears where the colored area begins on pl. 9, and attains a hight of about 75 feet above the water, rising even higher to the eastward. Specimens 14, 15 and 16 were obtained at this point. Little variation can be noted in the rock. To the east of the ‘ Nose” and the bend of the river there is a large gravel pit of the New York Central railroad. Near the head of the pit is the last outcrop of the gneiss (no. 17) in this immediate vicinity. A heavy talus then covers the gneiss for a long distance around the foot of the escarpment, but it reappears in the town to the north. Great interest was felt by us in the petrographic characters of this gneiss, the more because Beecher and Hall had named their lowest outcrops labradorite, and it was inferred that the an- orthosites might outcrop at this remote southern point. Micro- scopic sections were therefore prepared of nos. 2, 4, 5, 6, 10, 11, 3 and 17, which were selected to represent all the outcrops and all the varieties. The specimens are practically the same rock, except no. 11, which shows some variation. All the others are garnetiferous gneiss, which under the microscope exhibits quite invariably quartz as the most abundant mineral, and reddish brown biotite as a constant associate. Plagioclase in minor amount is commonly present, and in no. 4, there is a little micro- REPORT OF THD DIRECTOR AND STATE GBOLOGIST r35 perthite. Light red garnets form a very important and a con- stant component. No. 10 has a nest of little sillimanite needles, contained in quartz. No, 11 differs from the other specimens in being a more basic rock and one that lacks quartz almost en- tirely. It is no longer fresh but now presents an aggregate of more or less kaolinized plagioclase and chlorite, the latter of which probably represents original hornblende. Biotite is pres- ent in considerable amount and is relatively unaltered. pad Bibs mod ae SS 9 ek 5 a ae} Yo ‘aaa als » In19n9g = - os hae The, it i Bastijasbi n dia add gy i. Conte al hs Be 150 ‘oth rh J GEOLOGY OF RAND HILL AND VICINITY CLINTON CO. The area comprised in the Mooers atlas sheet BY H. P. CUSHING CONTENTS PAGE MORAY soc eo Finke Sob nw ola wb. loc eee po aie tiene en r3>° Bummary of geologic history... ... vswsnisas awn eed eee r41 Mannemora TOFPMALIOH. .o 550 ciycc as ol OBE Se er er. Sry A r47 Gabbro. intrusions. 2/0... <2: .<;.-<:s1s-«'s wise kee eer Nn ee <, oo ADOFthosite-CaPbro. .0 4:s.5 ss :on:w aww nid wel ose ae ee oa go ee Mineral content: so <..’.sle y Md oe) orm Cy ast an Se Sa Se -* ~" watt, bt N OF THE New York State Museum Rennie 7. H. MERRILL, Director VOR, i. 0) No. 26 April 1899 Collection, preservation and distribution OF NEW YORK INSECTS BY EPHRAIM PORTER FELT, D. Sc. State Entomologist CONTENTS EPPIACE |. ow cocinnw tae neem ye faq see kina 2 ee eeieean Ee oe nae Oe ee Collecting dnsects., 0.5.2 Secs btwecteen van a sce 6 Oe ta ben yee tele eon Collecting ‘bottle? 2.02%. Se. -28 SLL aE See ee ee oe ee okpel ansect nets... a2. ate coe ceew eho bap a ne eee eee Collecting box. o2.2. Canis s@ikbe ss makatine oo cs ioe ae ee pee Folded papers for bpttd¥ flies c5 40.5, Moke ops ee Waals £nd smalloboxes £. -.- Rab -bo. bk fen sc~ fe ee ee oat s22. See ae Capturing inSetts 2 -2.5.2 2 =~ .ce> Se Sek Seen en oe ee Collecting at lights and.sugaring: J = <2. weiner Ses ae eee Immature forms 2.slexctSs. st i222 eh ate Cee Oe es eee eee Preserving IMSeCts co oom sos Se Sons wp Sak oe we awh eae ee oe ae eee ee AAMSEct PINS Fa. o's Dee ee cw ele ew epee i wig le ee Pinning block ';.«eskis 4s sy eat ae ah oe ee ee od ee Rules for pinning tcc c02 sw sagen oe ais eee e mae gi aie en Spreading apparatus ... 0.2. wcagsade eg sacae* $e nee. 4 nee eee Directions for ‘spreading’. ..:02.-.-c 3 Sikes eee - Soewee 2: oe eee ee Relaxing insects... osu. jie eee aoe as Bee eee ee ee ee Denton’s tablets, 2.55 . 2.2 Wace. ceca cass ee eee eee ee eek Inflating larvae 22.2 --50 -a0cisese.e aoe enna ae = oe es ie pee ee Alcoholic material... [22-62 we eos bce eee ee ee ee Vials and their Care's. cecs 2,-ucasHae see saees 8 ee ee eee PGK 2. Sanu cd geceuss so 5ecemevecres anes bows a whee oe ee ee See oe th ee en! ai yo. ate Se Pes ig a . ee oe ‘ tt pte : ; a PREFACE _ The organization. of a corps of voluntary observers makes it necessary to issue directions for collecting and shipping insects. It is believed that the chapter on the distribution of insects will be a valuable guide in directing observations along lines hitherto largely ignored. This bul- letin has also in view the guidance of pupils who, for a small compensa- tion, may undertake to collect insects for the state. It was thought best to include directions for preserving insects, in order to encourage younger students to build up collections of their own. No claim is laid to originality in the text of this bulletin, as available sources of information have been freely consulted. The illustrations are all original, having been prepared under my direction by my assistant, Mr C. S. Banks. . x EPHRAIM PORTER FELT = State entomologist < ee: COLLECTING INSECTS With a little experience it is usually easy to collect insects very successfully, provided one gets rid of the notion that the more common forms are unworthy his attention. I have repeatedly seen students who were required to make a collection, spend more time begging insects than it would take to catch them. A beginner must be content at first to take those he can see, and then as eye and muscles become trained, he will soon be able to secure those of greater value. Collecting bottle. First provide at least a collecting jar or bottle. _ For most insects, except the larger ones, a wide-mouthed vaseline bottle is very convenient, but certain butterflies, moths and other insects with _a considerable wing-spread should be put in a larger bottle or jar with a proportionately wider mouth. In order to prevent specimens from in- _juring themselves, the jar should be charged with potassium cyanide, but as this is a deadly poison it must be handled with care and the bottles might be more safely prepared by a druggist or teacher. The usual method is to put in the vaseline bottle two or three pieces of cyanide about twice the size of a pea (more if a larger jar is used), ‘pour in just enough water to cover the poison, and then add at once enough plaster of paris to take up the water. With a cloth wipe out the upper portion of the bot- le and allow it to stand uncorked till the plaster has hardened and the inside is dry. Then cork tightly, label the bottle Poison, and in a few hours it will be ready for use. Do not have the bottle open more than is necessary as the cyanide loses strength rapidly. Those afraid of this dangerous substance can add chloroform to a little cotton kept in place by a ¢ disk of blotting paper and use that in the collecting bottle. But as Elortearrs requires frequent renewal and act so deadly to insect life, the cyanide bottle is generally preferred, and with reasonable care need not be feared. With no farther outfit many in sects can be captured by advancing the open bottle and partly ushing and partly driving the specimen in with the cork. A little i, Fic. 1 Collecting bottle (original). et het ae aa Lele id a dei ie EE Bie BR a all ee ek 8 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM practice will be found necessary before the more wary species can be x taken in this manner. Insect net. Those wishing to secure butterflies, moths and other rapid flying insects will have much use for a net. This may either be bought or made at home. It consists of a stout handle, a broom handle Fic. 2 Butterfly net (original). Fig. 3 Details of net rim (original). about 1 meter (3+ ft) long will answer, to which is securely fitted a $ cm (,, inch) wire ring 30 cm (about 12 in.) in diameter, bent as indicated in figure 3 and firmly held by a ferule. The ring can easily be made and attached by a tinsmith or blacksmith. The net itself should be a little shorter than the collector’s arm, preferably of cheese cloth and firmly sewed to a thicker band around the ring. The bottom of the net may be cut square, forming two corners, or better, cut round or into four angles and brought down to a point, as represented in figure_4, thus doing away with corners which are apt to be . troublesome. ‘Those Fic. 4 Patterns for net bottoms (original). wishing a nicer article can buy of dealers in entomologic supplies various styles of nets ranging in price from $1 to $2.50. For $1.50 a very desirable net with jointed handle and folding frame can be secured. When using the net approach the insect cautiously and with a quick swing and turn of the handle it is captured. It does not pay to chase insects. Transfer captures directly from the net to the cyanide bottle, as the less insects are handled the COLLECTING INSECTS 9 + _ greater their value. Usually it is comparatively easy to place the open _ bottle over an insect in the net and induce it to enter without touching it. Those wishing to collect water insects will find a shal- low net of coarse material much Fic. 5 Dip net (original). more convenient than the ordi- _ nary butterfly net, because the mesh of the latter is too fine to permit moving it rapidly through the water. Collecting box. Those interested in butterflies and moths will find a collector’s box of great service, This is a flat box just deep enough to hold pinned specimens and having a layer of cork on the bottom. It may be made specially, or a cigar box of convenient size for carrying ? may be utilized. Some collectors merely attach a short piece of leather with a buttonhole in the free end, and when in the field the box hangs from a conveniént button. Others use a strap swung over the shoulder. Folded papers for butterflies. Butterflies may be killed in the net by _ pinching the thorax between the fingers, taking care that the wings are folded back before touch- . ‘ing the insects. They are ‘then placed in papers as represented in the accom- panying diagram, the slip being proportionate to the ‘size of the insect, and the locality and date placed onthe outside. Specimens may be sent through the ‘mails without injury in such papers. . Alba yy NY. Tally 41998, Vials and small boxes. au 8 TG § bic. 6 Method of folding butterfly papers (original). It is well to carry on a collecting trip a number of vials and small boxes in which insect eggs, larvae, etc., with a little of their food plant, can be kept for closer ex- amination later. For soft bodied insects several of the vials should con- tain 50% alcohol. _ Capturing insects. The beginner will soon learn that certain locali- ties are more productive than others and that the time of day has con- siderable influence on insect activity. It would be well, though by no means necessary, to take the first trip or two on bright warm days in = ae Av.% ae ) Re) NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM company with one who has done some collecting, and plan the course so that diversified country will be traversed. Insects may be found in almost any place, but experience will soon teach the most favorable Fig. 7 Pistol case bearer (original). localities. At first take everything, thus training eye -and muscle, and learning a little of the varied forms of life. The collector willsoon find that beetles, bugs and other insects can not be put in the same bottle with certain forms without becoming covered with scales, and if ambitious to secure nice specimens, he will have a special bottle for butterflies and moths. Dragon flies are also best kept in a large bottle by themselves. Large insects injure the smaller ones and it will be found that. numbers of water insects can not be put in with others without injury to many of the more delicate terrestrial forms. Hence, the - necessity of treating collected insects differently, and the immense number of forms to be studied, will soon compel specialization to a certain extent. That is, all those be- longing to one order, as the butterflies and moths, the beetles, etc., or those attacking a few related plants or occurring in certain localities will be collected in preference to all others, and in this way many valuable facts are ascertained, which would be impossible were general collecting continued indefinitely, and at the same time much pleasure may be derived from the pursuit, The actual method of procedure can hardly be described. In a general way walk rather slowly, pausing to examine a cluster of flowers, to look under stones, to examine the trunk and branches of trees, rotting wood, etc. After a little practice it will be surprising to see how many species on flowers can be taken with nothing but the collecting bottle. Many insects belonging to the bee and wasp family, some very handsome beetles, interesting members of the true bug family and a few flies can be captured in this manner. As some beetles and bugs drop sy. g cocoons of apple readily to the ground, the bottle should be held a Bucculatrix (original). little below the insect. Dark colored, rapid running ground beetles may be found under stones and will require quick work to catch them. Trunks and branches of trees repay a careful examination. On the j I Se aN nn detect them. Fie. 10 Egg belt _ of forest tent cat- erpillar, showing a few exposed eggs, enlarged (original). » oT various kinds may be found crawling on the trunk or resting on the smaller twigs and sometimes resembling their support so closely as to require a practised eye to bearers, the cocoons of the apple Bucculatrix, and the more concealed winter retreats of the bud worm can be found only by close inspection. Then there are the eggs of various species, some times in clusters on the bark or even in belts around the limbs, as in the case of the apple and forest tent caterpillars. Minute particles of sawdust hanging from a slender thread or lying at the COLLECTING INSECTS ; If ~ smoother bark, sometimes hardly visible, there may be scale insects sucking the vital fluids from the tissues beneath, while numerous forms take shelter under loose edges of the rougher bark. Caterpillars of In winter and early spring the peculiar case base of the trunk indicate the presence of borers. In a similar manner examine the foliage quietly and carefully: Various larvae, some moths, leaf-feeding beetles, bugs, etc. may be found ‘and by holding the net or an inverted umbrella under a Fie. 9 Egg belt of apple tent caterpil- good specimens can be obtained. When it siege (origt nal). bough and beating it with a stick other is remembered that 371 species of insects are known to attack the apple tree or its fruit in one way or another, some idea will be obtained of the possibilities in collecting. Every part of a tree— root, stem and branch, flower, leaf and fruit — will repay examination. A person- who will take one plant and study thoroughly the insects occurring thereon throughout the year can hardly avoid making a rich contribution to the world’s fund of knowl- edge. The insects inhabiting a meadow, those living in sandy places, aquatic or alpine forms, all offer inviting fields to the student of nature, and in each the collector will find much of interest. In meadows or grass land and other places where there are not too many obstructions, sweep- ing with the net results in the capture of many species. The collector _ advances across the field swinging his net vigorously to one side just above the herbage, or even hitting the taller plants, and at the end of the stroke turns the net quickly and reverses the movement, thus produc- . 12 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM ing a continuous sweep which is maintained till considerable material is taken. The desirable specimens are then removed from the net and the operation continued. In sandy places the fauna is rather scantily repre- sented by ground beetles, tiger beetles, grasshoppers, etc., requiring closer search to secure many forms. Among the more ihteresting insects are those*inhabiting water. Caddice fly larvae with their peculiar cases may be found at the bottom of streams and ponds; on the under sides of stones the curious larvae of stone flies occur; among weeds and decay- ing matter the strange water scorpion moves slowly, its long legs and slender body suggest- ing the walking stick, which is, however, a very different insect. In ascending a mountain a good idea of the effect of climate is obtained by cee aan fy luvae and 4 study of insects. As the altitude increases certain species become less abundant and forms relatively scarce in the lower regions begin to appear in numbers. A striking example of this is seen in the arthemis butterfly, Baszlarchia arthemis Drury, a northern insect with a range closely limited by the southern boundary of New York state. In the lowlands it is relatively scarce, while in the higher regions near and in the Adirondack and Catskill mountains it abounds on account of the more congenial climate. At a moderate altitude insects are numerous but they differ in species from those below, and at extreme hights the fauna becomes scanty with an increase of wingless species. ‘The latter peculiarity is also noticeable on smaller islands and may be explained by the strong winds of such places carrying away flying insects and thus favoring wingless forms. Collecting at lights and sugaring. The attraction light has for insects is well known, and is frequently taken advantage of by collectors, who secure valuable specimens in this way. In many places all that is necessary is an open window in a lighted room. Dark, warm nights accompanied by rain are usually the most productive. In cities the electric arc lights attract many insects and may be visited with good results. Examples of the family Noctuidae or owlet moths (many are known to the farmer in the larval state as destructive cutworms) can probably be secured in no better way than by sugaring. ‘This consists in smearing a mixture of sugar and vinegar on the trunks of a number of trees or on fences in a favorable locatity, -Stale beer added to a mixture of sugar or molasses and water makes a very effective preparation. The bait is i ee ie he i ee _ COLLECTING INSECTS 13 applied at dusk to a number of places, and each desirable specimen is taken with the aid of a light by placing a wide-mouthed cyanide bottle over it while feeding. The moth will. usually enter the bottle at once or can be induced to do so bya slight lateral movement of the poison jar, and then the cork can be replaced. If it is a good night, the collector will need at least two cyanide bottles in order that dead specimens may not be injured by later captures, the moths being transferred to the second jar as they become quiet. Immature forms. Collecting insects in the pupa or quiescent stage is a ready means of securing perfect adults. Aside from rearing cater- pillars, this is the only method of ob- taining the more perfect examples of butterflies and moths, and is quite extensively practised. Cocoons may be found hanging from limbs, particu- larly “on the lilac, lying on the ground enveloped in leaves, or securely tucked in many a sheltering crevice of tree, stone and fence. A large number of caterpillars enter the ground to a slight depth and transform in rude earthen cells. It is not difficult to find pupae in the soil, particularly in forests. They can be obtained in large numbers 4} fields where ot ye have been iG. 12 Promethea cocoon on lilac, slightly abundant reduced (original). Most collectors pay exclusive attention to the adult insects, and only in the exceptional cases of a few well-known forms are caterpillars considered worth bothering with. As we un- fortunately know comparatively few insects in their adolescent stages, this has stood in the way of their study, specially as larvae are rather difficult to preserve nicely and only in the hands of the skilful can be made attractive. Nevertheless the collection and study of immature forms, notably cater- pillars, offer a very inviting field to one who delights in the ¥ic.13 Pupa UNknown. ‘Their habits, adaptation to conditions, protective = agg aan coloring, etc., are very interesting and profitable lines for inquiry, and when larvae of all orders are included, the student has before him an exceedingly rich field. It is nearly impos- _ sible to find a place in nature that is not capable of supporting insect ~~ 6 =e “ae .2> ; + SNR EE r,s in several sizes, the more con- == venient being nos. 1, 3 and 5 of the Klager pins, no. 3 being Fic. 14 Block for holding pins (original). the best if but one size is used. A convenient means of keeping several sizes and kinds of pins is a light block of wood about three fourths as deep as the pins are long with a 2-centimeter (nearly } in.) hole for each size of pin. Klager pins or those of other makes may be obtained from dealers in entomologic supplies. A black japanned pin is preferable to the unprotected or white pin as there is less liability of verdigris spoiling the insect. The trouble with the black pin is found in its lack of stiffness, specially in the smaller sizes. Pinning block. For the best appearance of the collection the insects should be fixed on the pins at a “uniform hight. The beginner can accom- plish this most easily by using a pinning block, a small piece of wood with a thickness equal to one fourth the length of the pin and with a hole through it large enough Fic. 15 Pinning block (original). to admit the pin head. When mounting, thrust the pin nearly through the insect and then push it back to its proper place by reversing the specimen and sticking the head of the pin through the hole in the pinning block. If desired, labels and » 4 7 — —_— oS Os ee = 0 a oe o> * *. ee. ae 3 __ insects mounted on points can be fixed at uniform hights by using a | % pinning block composed of three pieces one fourth the length of the pin, | and with holes through the center of each step. The lower one can be | PRESERVING INSECTS 15 used for spacing insects and labels, the second one also for labels and _ the third for small insects on card points. Rules for pinning. Many entomologists prefer to have about one fourth of the pin above the specimen, and this can be secured easily _ by using the pinning block described above. Experience has taught that not all insects can be pinned alike with the best results. As a rule the pin is thrust through the middle of the thorax, care _ being taken to have the insect straight on the pin. Among beetles however this procedure would result in spread- Fic. 16 Method of pinning beetles (original). ing the elytra or wing covers and would produce very unsightly speci- mens. ‘The rule for this large family is to put the pin through the right elytron or wing cover. Examples of the suborder heteroptera, or the true bug family, are usually pinned through the scutellum, the triangular piece near the base of the wings. Spreading apparatus. Butterflies and moths re- quire some arrangement before they are fit for the Fic. 17 Method of ? 2 pinning true bugs Cabinet. As taken from the bottle or papers and pinned, oe the wings are but partially expanded and frequently. 4 so folded that but few of the markings can be seen. ‘This is remedied _ by the spreading board, composed of two boards with a crevice between _ large enough to admit the body of the insect, and having below the slit a strip of cork through which the pin holding the insect is thrust. _ The boards and cork are held in place by end and middle pieces. The points of the pins extending through the cork should be protected byalight strip underneath. Spreading boards are made in various _ styles and sizes to give sufficient room for the body and ample space for the wings. Three very convenient sizes have widths of 43, 8 and r1 } cm (14, 34 and 4} in.) with body spaces for the insects of 3, 6 and ro mm (=, + and 2 in.) and havea uniform length of 444 cm (174 in.). 4 Many prefer to have the wings spread exactly horizontal and others in- _ sist on a slight upward slant in order to counteract the natural tendency of the wings to droop after the specimens are removed from the boards. ss ge V Toa Find es 3 or 16 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM A spreading pin is a great convenience and may be made by twisting with-pliers a large beheaded insect pin tightly around and near the point | of a large mourning pin in such a manner that the two form a right angle. The mourning pin is stuck into the board at a slight angle so that the smaller pin is held down on the insect’s wings like a spring and prevents their flying back after being put in position. Narrow strips of paper held by pins at each end may be used in a similar manner. ‘Directions for spreading. The pin is pushed through the cork till Fic. 18 Portion of a spreading board (origi: the wings are on a level with the cus board and the legs are arranged: Then take a setting needle and bring the wings of one side into po- sition, holding them there either with a spreading pin or a narrow strip of paper. Ina similar manner place the wings of the other side, having the posterior margins of the fore wings as nearly as possible on the same straight line, taking special pains to have the wings of each side uniformly advanced. Secure them in place with broad strips of thin cardboard or preferably thin pieces of mica. Arrange the antennae and after the board is full pat it cathe d and allow Fig. 19 Spreading pin and method of use (original). the insects to dry for several days ora week. Another method of spreading requires still less material. The pin sustaining the insect is thrust through the pastebdard bottom of a small inverted box and squares of pasteboard or thin wood of ample size are laid on either side in such a manner as to be of the proper hight. With a needle arrange the wings on the squares of pasteboard so far as possible and hold them in place by laying on small pieces of glass. By tipping up one edge of the glass considerable rearrangement is possible, or by pushing the lower block gently,wings and all may be moved either forward or backward. ‘This method is capable of producing very good re “ , PRESERVING INSECTS 17 - results but the setting board is preferred by many. In spreading but- terflies and moths the greatest care must be exercised not to rub off their scales. Members of the bee and wasp family, dragon flies and others are more valuable after spreading and should be so treated when possi- | ble. a Relaxing insects. [From one cause or an- other it frequently occurs that insects become _ dry and brittle before they can be permanently arranged. In this condition no spreading is possible without serious breakage. If the specimens are put on paper or a piece of cork in a closed jar with moistened sand or a damp lic. 20 Moth spread on paste- sponge and allowed to remain from a day, in 5] board box (original). the case of very small insects, to several days for the larger forms, they can be spread very well. The specimens should not ke left in the jar too long or they may be spoiled by mold. A few drops of carbolic acid will aid in preventing fungus growths, Denton’s tablet. A pretty way of mounting butterflies and moths, _ specially for display, is in Denton’s tablets, which are blocks of plaster of paris with a depression for the body of the insect and with paper strips _ for hermetically sealing the glass covers. As the glass rests upon the _ wings, they are held perfectly flat and the cover affords protection from dust and museum pests. Specimens thus mounted are said to be less affected by exposure to light. The tablets are sold at a moderate price _ and directions are supplied with each lot. Treatment of small insects. Many insects are too small] to be ~ mounted, even on the most slender long pins. One of the easiest ways _ of caring for minute specimens is to mount them on card points, which are triangular pieces of card, cut either with scissors or with a punch _ designed for the purpose. An insect pin is thrust through the base of the card point and the specimen attached to its extremity with a little shellac or gum. Ora fine pin may be taken, its head removed, the pin bent to a right angle, the larger end twisted with pliers tightly around a stouter pin near its point and pushed farther up on the supporting pin, and the specimen impaled on the upturned point of the smaller pin. Another _ way of accomplishing the same ent is by cutting off the larger portion o¢ the smaller pin and thrusting the point through a piece of cardboard or “fin blotting paper, which in turn is mounted in a similar manner on a he eet) Ae 4 - 18 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM larger pin, and is then ready for the insect. Small species can also be put with labels in gelatine capsules through one end of which a pin is run. The collector fre- number of very small insects belonging to a single species. It would take much time to mount these as de- scribed above and yet they should not be thrown away, because Fi. 21 Mounts for small insects. a,oncard point; b, on pin point; such material may be c,in a gelatine capsule (original) ; desirable for later study. They may be preserved in alcohol or placed in vials and allowed to dry before corking in order to prevent mold. In a similar manner very desirable material taken at one time may be stored under a com- mon label till there is lgisure to arrange it, as the specimens have only to be relaxed before final mounting. Inflating larvae. The caterpillars of many butterflies and moths can be well preserved by inflation. The specimen is killed in a cyanide — bottle, laid on a piece of blotting paper, pressed lightly with a pencil, and the partially protruding intestine ruptured with a needle or a pair of © fine forceps. Then lay the pencil crosswise just back of the caterpillar’s head and roll it lightly toward the posterior extremity. This will force out the body contents, the process being aided somewhat by removing the intestine with forceps. The rolling must be done very carefully and jn many cases repeated once or twice. If undue pressure is used or the pencil allowed to slip, hairs may be lost, the skin bruised and the speci- men ruined. In the posterior extremity of the empty skin insert a pointed glass tube or blowpipe, to which is attached a short rubber tube, and fasten the caterpillar skin firmly with collodion, glue or a spring clip. If the blowpipe is inserted so as to distend the posterior opening, ~ withdrawn, heated and inserted again, the skin will usually adhere firmly to the blowpipe. Keep it distended by blowing and at the same time dry by holding it near a lamp chimney or other source of heat. The skin must be dried till rigid, but burning must be carefully avoided. Some caterpillars bear inflation very well, specially certain highly colored | ones, but it is exceedingly difficult to obtain nicely inflated green larvae. quently secures a large | h PRESERVING INSECTS 19 More elaborate apparatus can be employed if desired. | Some use pneu- matic bulbs for forcing the air into the larval skin, but human lungs permit a more delicate ad- justment to needs. A lamp chimney can be_ placed nearly horizontally over a source of heat and serve -as a drying oven, or one may be constructed of tin. The latter is by no means necessary and a_ busy Fia. 22 Inflated larva, showing method of mounting worker will soon depend (orisinab- only on a blowpipe and a convenient lamp. It is well for the beginner to secure a number of rather large common larvae and practise on them, After a caterpillar is well inflated, it must be removed carefully from the blowpipe and mounted. ‘Though it is desirable to have larvae ar-: ranged on their food plants, many will prefer to mount them on pins. Twist a light wire round a small cube of cork and bend as represented in the accompanying figure. The two free ends are brought together and _ gently inserted into the body cavity, their elasticity serving to hold the inflated larva in place, and a pin is thrust through the cube of cork. — Some use a straw in place of the wire, pinning through the free end. In- _ flating and mounting on pins permits the placing of the specimens in cases beside the adults. Alcoholic material. Many larvae and other soft forms can not be _ preserved by any of the preceding methods. They should be placed in small vials in 50% alcohol for a day or two, this replaced by 65% and _ that in turn by 75 to 85% alcohol. If attention is paid to changing the preservative fluid many larvae will keep well. White forms, as for _ example grubs and some caterpillars, change color lessif they are dropped _ for a moment in boiling water before being placed in the alcohol. Vials and their care. The vial should be no larger than necessary _ to hold the specimens and may have various shapes. Ordinary straight vials, preferably with no neck, should be stored in small racks in an upright position or the alcohol will escape more or less by capillary action. As it is desirable to have all the stages of an insect together, _ various plans have been devised for keeping alcoholic material in cases with the adults. For trays bent necked vials are much used. In the ‘United States national museum the ordinary round vials with bent necks 20 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM are slipped between curved wires fixed to a block, which is held firmly in the tray by forcing into the cork the two short brads in its under surface. This arrangement permits the storage of all forms to- gether without much addi- tional weight. In _ order to avoid distortion caused by the curved surface of an ordinary vial, Professor Comstock of Cornell uni- versity uses a square form made with a bent neck, but the extra expense and increased weight will tend to prevent its adoption to a great extent. Vials containing insects should be kept full of alcohol, as specimens so preserved are much less injured by jarring, and as they are always covered by the fluid, even when the vials are on their side, there is less opportunity for discoloration. Rubber stoppers are regarded as best, though first quality corks give good results. In order to have the vial full, plenty of alcohol is put in and a pin held against the upper side of the stopper as it is inserted, allows the air to escape and also the smal] amount of superfluous liquid. Cis Fic, 23 Vial mounted on block (original). Labeling insects. Now that considerable attention is being paid to the distribution and life history of insects, no specimen should be mounted without putting on the pin with it a label bearing at least the locality and date of its capture. Sine eae This record should be intelligible to all. The name and ab- Bia (origi- breviation of both town and state should appear, for if only the town is given and the specimen sent to another state in exchange, serious confusion might result. For the same reason it is better to use an abbreviation for the month, rather than a numeral, because 5, 7/99 may mean either May 7/99 or 5 July’gg, according to the custom of the reader. This label should be small, in order to economize space, and should always accompany the specimen. It costs little, is neater and Albany, N. Y. Albany, N. Y. Albany, N. Y. Albany, N. Y. Albany, N. Y. June 1899 June 1899 June 1899 June 1899 June 1899 N.Y. 8. Coll. IN.oY8., Collis N.Y: iS: Collyy WevesS. ‘Coll. We ves) Coll Fig. 25 Locality and date labels used in state etomologist’s office. saves space to have these labels printed, leaving blanks for the day of the month and the year. If these are set solid when printed, no trim- ming will be necessary as the labels have only to be cut apart. When / PRESERVING INSECTS 21 writing labels, specially for alcoholic specimens, use india or an engross- ing ink, as ordinary inks fade after a few years exposure to light. In the case of insects received from others it is well to include the name of the donor, which may either be on the same label with the locality and date or on a separate slip. When the name of the insect is known, that may be written on a larger label and put on the pin below the locality label. It is sometimes very desirable to attach other information to a specimen, but the capacity of a label is limited, and for this purpose numbers may be used. A numeral is given each insect with something worthy of note and the record entered opposite this number in a book or ona slip. In case it is desirable to make one record applying to a large number of specimens, specially if widely separated, a lot number may be given and a small label bearing it put on the pin of each. This lot number refers in a similar manner to a record book concerning the various lots of in- sécts. For example one lot has been determined by a specialist, while another may have been taken under peculiar conditions, Insect cases. A collector soon finds himself with a number of ‘specimens and no place to store them. At first they may be put in cigar boxes, or even in pasteboard boxes, but museum pests find them readily in such places and rapid ruin follows unless the most vigilant care is exercised. The destructiveness of pests renders a tight case of some form a necessity. To exclude insects, light, dust and other enemies of a collection, various cases have been designed and are for sale by dealers. The esSentials of a good case are that it shall be tight when closed, of a convenient size, durable and not too expensive. It must be well made or in the course of a few years warping and checking render it practically worthless. It will also be found economical to have the case lined with sheet or pressed cork to facilitate pinning specimens. The Schmidt case is very good and convenient in many respects and is extensively used in the United States national museum. It is made of white pine, shellacked or varnished, and has outside dimensions of 33X21.5x6.7 cm (13484x22 in.). The top and bottom are cross grain veneered, the latter lined with cork, the two halves hinged at the back and held together tightly with hooks and eyes. A good case, extensively used by Dr Lintner in his private collection, _ has outside dimensions of 29.2x36.7x6.1 cm (113x14$x2z% in.) and inside _aclear space of 4.2 cm (1? in.). The sides are 1.2 cm (7% in.) thick, of _ well-seasoned pine or whitewood, and are lined with tea lead, the lining i 3 ‘extending for a short distance over the corked bottom, which is composed PRC 2 ee ee Ve ee | oe. ie eens *22 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM ‘ of .8 cm (,% in.) stuff. The covering glass 27.7x35.5 cm (102x132 in.) fits into a rabbet .5x.8 cm (3%;xy% in.), and is held down closely on the tea lead with glazier’s triangles. The cork lining the bottom is covered with white paper and the whole out- Fie. 26 Insect case much used by Dr Lintner (original). side with manila paper. This case can be made by anyone having some skill with car- oe Oe ae PT ae ” penter’s tools, and if well constructed is very rarely troubled by pests, the lead apparently being obnoxious to them. | 4 For the display of butterflies and moths, a larger case, preferably a horizontal tray, is desirable. In adopting a large drawer it is well to select a size uniform with those used in museums and to insist on the trays being interchangeable. One of the best insect cases is the form adopted by the late Dr Riley for the United States national museum. It is 45.5 cm (18 in.) square and has an outside depth of 7.6 cm (3 in.). The sides and back are .g mm (2 in.) and the front of 1.6 cm (2 in.) stuff, while the bottom is composed of three ply cross-grained veneer in order to prevent checking. The back and side pieces are dovetailed and the bottom fitted into a groove. Inside of the outer frame is a ~ secondary box of 3 mm (2 in.) whitewood, closely fitted and held 6 mm (4 in.) from back and sides-and g mm (2 in.) from the front by blocks. The space between the two boxes is used for insecticides, usually naphtha- line, and the 6 mm (j in.) tongue of the cover,a frame 1.9 cm (#in.) © wide and g mm (2 in.) thick holding a single thick glass, fits tightly into the space between the outer and inner box. The first lot was made of Califorhia redwood with a cover frame of mahogany, but those made later are of cheaper materials; basswood or whitewood is good. ‘These trays are made to slide on a groove. The outside of the case may be left its natural color, but the inside should be lined with white paper or painted with zinc white. Professor Comstock recommends a paint formed by dissolving one part by weight of glue in five of water, thick- — ening to the consistency of paint with zinc white, and applying while — warm. For the Cornell university collection, Professor Comstock has adopted a — case with both top and bottom composed of glass. Its outside dimen- — sions are 40.6x48.2x7.6 cm (16x19x3 in.) and the covers are both dove- tailed and mitered, The top and bottom of the case are alike, except — PRESERVING INSECTS 23 that the former is not quite so deep and is grooved to fit over the tongue of the latter. The bottom is covered with a series of wooden blocks 8mm (4 in.) thick. 12 of his unit blocks just fill a box. There are various sizes adapted to different needs, the idea being to put all of one species on a single block, thus avoiding the necessity of repinning speci- mens in rearranging a case, as the blocks themselves can be moved. Where this system is used, it is found advantageous to have some of the larger blocks covered with cork. Museum pests. In spite of great care and apparently tight cases, the enemies of an insect collection are liable to work into the boxes: As a deterrent to the entrance of insect pests, many entomologists use naphthaline in some form. . Naphthaline cones mounted on pins are most convenient, but are rather costly as they retail by dealers at 75 cents a hundred, specially when naph- thaline balls can be obtained for less then 1o cents a hundred. These latter can be Fic.. 27 Naphthaline cone and ball mounted by thrusting with the aid of pliers ‘°"“"™*”” the heated headof a pin into the ball. After it has cooled the ball will be firmly attached to the pin, which may then be stuck into the cork lining of any case. The presence of museum pests is revealed by the particles of com- minuted matter under the injured specimen. Infested cases should be treated with carbon bisulfid, pouring in about a teaspoonful, closing the’ Fic. 28 Pinning forceps (original). _ case and allowing it to remain from several hours to a day. ‘This sub- _ stance evaporates readily and does not injure the specimens. As its gas is inflammable and explosive great care should be exercised to prevent its vapor coming in contact with any source of fire, as a lamp, lighted Cigar, etc. : Convenient accessories. When arranging insects in a Case, a pair of pinning forceps will be found a great convenience. The large nickel plated dental forceps are the best, but are too expensive for many. ~~.” wa ~ yas | a 24 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Some cheaper forms are sold, or a pair of ordinary pliers may be used, specially if beveled on one side by grinding. One or more small blocks covered with cork will be found exceedingly convenient for the temporary reception of pinned specimens. A small pocket lens or magnifier is another valuable aid, even in the hands of the amateur, because when collecting in the field or arrang- ing specimens, there is always some form or structure worthy of examination, and if attention is paid to any of the smaller in- sects a lens is a necessity. Very good pocket magnifiers may be bought at from $.65 to $5. One of the cheaper felding forms with two lenses will be of great service, and is in most cases the best for a beginner. Later a Coddington lens or an achromatic triplet may be purchased and employed for the more detailed examinations, but the cheap lens will also be used to a great extent. Shipping insects. Though many insects are fragile they may be sent through the mails or by express without serious injury, by taking a few necessary precautions. Be sure the package is done up strongly. Lots of insects are received frequently in a dilapidated condition because a poor box was used. Pack insects only in very stout pasteboard boxes, or in light wooden or tin boxes. If pinned specimens are to be sent, they should be put in a small box, the pins firmly set with forceps and the box placed in a larger one, the space between the two being packed firmly with some elastic material. This latter is to lessen the jar and is effective only when not packed so tightly as to destroy its elasticity, and to be of service must be on all sides of the smaller box. Unmounted dead material can be sent safely done up in cotton batting and thin paper. First lay a little batting in the bottom and along the sides of the box, then a sheet of soft paper and put on it, separated slightly from each other, a number of insects, preferably those about the same size, cover with the same paper, lay in more cotton batting and thus fill the the box, taking care to put enough batting on top so that a slight pres_ sure will be necessary to close the box. This will prevent the insects from shaking about and injuring each other. Living caterpillars or other soft forms should be sent through the mails with a little of their food plant whenever practicable. ‘There is no necessity of providing breathing holes, on the contrary larvae stand the journey better in a tight box which will not permit drying of the food — Fie. 29 Pocket lens (original). ——- DISTRIBUTION OF INSECTS 25 plant. For this purpose a strong tin box is the best. If more than one species is to be sent, it is well to divide the box and separate them be- cause some caterpillars are so pugnacious that they will destroy others and a few even those of their own kind. Some aquatic larvae will bear transportation very well if packed in damp sphagnum moss, though some of the more delicate forms would have to be put in vials containing 50% alcohol. When sending packages containing liquids through the mails, the government regulations should be observed. Insects are classed as merchandise and sent at the rate of one cent an ounce. ‘The sender’s name and address should appear on the upper left hand corner of the package in order to facilitate its identification. Dealers in entomologic supplies. For the convenience of the novice the addresses of a few dealers are given. A. Smith & Sons, 269 Pearl st. New York, N. Y. John Akhurst, 78 Ashland place. Brooklyn, N. Y. M. Abbott Frazar, 93 Sudbury st. Boston, Mass. Entomological society of Ontario, 429 Wellington st. London, Ont. DISTRIBUTION OF INSECTS The continued introduction of insect pests from other countries and their spread and destructiveness in this land have resulted in considerable attention being given to this important subject. While it is undoubtedly true that many insects can not be excluded from the United States, the rigid inspection at ports of entry by California agents has resulted in the _ stoppage and destruction of many species before they could threaten any industry by extensive ravages. Importance. ‘The importance of knowing the actual distribution of injurious insects has hardly occurred to many. Isothermal lines have been indicated over this country and present some interesting curves, but the temperature does not entirely control though it undoubtedly greatly influences the distribution of insects. Degrees of moisture, variations in soil and other features also have their effect. In deter- mining the physical limitations of one species, we gain some idea of those governing others. New York state possesses a most important port of entry, many ships unlading at New York city varied cargoes from all parts of the world. The long and low-lying Hudson river valley offers a natural pathway from this port into the state for such _ species as find our climate congenial. A number of important insect _ pests have already established themselves in this valley and are spreading 26 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM ae : = ra . over the state. As the climatic conditions limiting their existence in destructive numbers are not definitely known, it is proposed to give some attention to this important subject, at least in an incidental way, and ascertain the actual boundaries not only of the occurrence of an insect, but at what point it ceases to be a destructive pest and also any variations in the number of generations produced in different sections of the state. After several years of study of these subjects, general laws may be deduced that will be of considerable value in determining where such imported pests as the elm-leaf beetle, elm-bark louse, leopard moth, San José scale and others will be destructive. This knowledge will not only enable us to state whether an insect will be injurious in cer- tain localities, but it may also give valuable aid in our attempts to pre- vent the introduction of insect pests and their subsequent spread over the State. Life zones. A most valuable addition to our knowledge of factors governing the distribution not only of animals but also of plants, has been made by Dr Merriam and his associates in the United States department of agnculture. As a result the boundaries of certain life zones have been indicated with a considerable degree of accuracy. In New York state three life zones occur, the upper austral, the transition and the boreal. The upper austral includes the western end of Long Island, Staten Island, the Hudson river valley to near Mechanicville and an area bordering Lake Ontario and including Lakes Oneida, Cayuga, Seneca and some of the smaller bodies of water. The boreal is repre- sented by a small area in the Catskills, a much larger one im the heart of the Adirondacks, a small one near the foot of Lake Ontario, and another of about equal size in the southwestern corner of the state. The pres- ence of three life zones within our borders affords excellent facilities for studying the effect of climate upon insect life. It is believed that some attention to this line of work will prove not only of great scientific mter- est, but will also have an important practical bearmg. Dr Howard is of the opinion that the imported elm-leaf beetle, the two asparagus beetles and the San José scale will be confined to the austral life zones. So far as known at present, they are thus limited in this state, though the com- mon asparagus beetle has been taken by my assistant, Mr Banks, near Fort Ticonderoga. This means either that the asparagus beetle can exist on the border of the transition life zone or else that the upper austral extends farther up the Hudson river than at first supposed. The following are some of the native insects which Dr Howard places as austral species, that is confined to the lower and upper austral life zones: Cicada killer, ; - x b 17 ul St i DISTRIBUTION OF INSECTS 27 Megastizus speciosus Drury, bag worm, Zhyridopteryx ephemeraeformis Haw, saddle back caterpillar, Szézne stimudea Clem., nine pronged wheel bug, Prionidus cristatus \.inn., harlequin cabbage bug, Murgantia his- trionica Hahn, tulip scale, Lecanium tulipiferae Cook, and Carolina mantis, Stagmomantis carolina Linn. Exact records of the occurrence of these forms are rare, and notes in regard to them and their relative abundance will be welcomed. Imported insect pests. The formidable list of injurious insects which have invaded the United States from other countries and now cause immense annual losses, illustrate the importance of this subject. Without attempting an exhaustive compilation, the following are some of the more destructive insects. Attacking the apple, pear, cherry and peach ; codling moth, Zmetocera ocellana Schiff., apple aphis, Aphis mali Fabr., apple tree bark louse, M/ytilaspis pomorum Bouché, San José scale, Aspidiotus perniciosus Comst., pear midge, Diplosis pyrivora Riley, bark borer, Xyleborus dispar Fabr., pear psylla, Psylla pyricola Foerst, cherry aphis, AZyzus cerast Fabr., and the peach bark borer, Scolytus rugulosus Ratz. ‘These species are well known as dangerous enemies of fruit trees. Gypsy moth, /orthetria dispar Linn., elm-leaf beetle, Galerucella luteola Miill., and elm-bark louse, Gossyparia ulmi Geoff., are three bad enemies of elms. ‘The first named does not occur in this state, though it has committed extensive ravages in eastern Massachusetts. Wheat has suffered most severely from the Hessian fly, Cecidomyia destructor Say, the grain aphis, Vectarophora granaria Kirby and from the wheat midge, Diplosis tritici Kirby, while clover is frequently attacked by the clover leaf weevil, Phytonomus punctatus Fabr., or after it has been dried, by the clover hay worm, /Pyralis costalis Fabr. A few other imported pests may be named; asparagus beetles Cvioceris asparagi Linn., and C. 12-punctata Linn., onion fly, Phorbia ceparum Meigen, cow horn fly Haematobia serrata Rob.-Desv., carpet beetle, Anthrenus scrophulariae Linn., larder beetle, Dermestes lardarius Linn., red ant, Monomorium pharaonis Linn. and the croton bug, PAyllodromia germanica Fabr. There is hardly a person who cannot recognize in the above-named _ insects, one or more which has caused him considerable loss, while the farmer knows many of them from sad experience. Yet these have all been introduced from abroad and some are still spreading over the country. Of the 73 injurious species regarded by Dr Howard as of first importance, each causing annual losses running into hundreds of thous- ands of dollars, 37 have been introduced, 30 are known to be native, while the original home of 6 is open to question. An effort is being made 28 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM by the state of Massachusetts to exterminate the gypsy moth. If the | fight is given up, another pest will make its way over the land and exact a heavy tribute. It would certainly cost Massachusetts people very much less than $200,000 annually, about what is appropriated at present, to maintain a very efficient system of inspection and-treatment to pre- vent the introduction of insect pests. It is impossible to say beforehand just what insects may become acclimated and injurious, but were due attention given this subject, the danger of admitting such pests could be reduced to a minimum. Manner of spread. Scale insects as is well known to many from bitter experience are readily spread by transportation of nursery stock, but not of fruit. The young are frequently carried by birds for short distances, and it has been demonstrated that winds will do the same. The English sparrow seems to be an active agent in spreading certain scale insects, for the elm-bark louse, Gossyparia ulmi Geoff., probably owes ‘its general distribution over Albany and Troy to this bird. Some species” like the gypsy moth which has well-developed wings but does not use them to any extent, and the white-marked tussock moth, the female of which is wingless, depend very largely upon the caterpillars crawling or being carried by some agency. ‘The young larvae may be blown some distance by winds, but many are carried by animals, teams and other conveyances. Elm-leaf beetles are frequently seen resting on the cloth- ing of people and there is no reason why they should not be carried by teams. In Troy, N. Y., it seems as if the electric cars were prominent factors in distributing this pest over the city. Many insects are trans- ported in soil or rubbish accompanying their food plant. Such is prob- ably the case with both asparagus beetles, for otherwise their occurrence here and there in the state could hardly be explained. Many winged insects fly long distances, and when this is true of the females, there is little hope of restricting their spread. The presence of well-developed wings | is no proof that the insect flies great distances, though some are known to take extended flights. The monarch butterfly, Anosia plexippus Linn., is believed unable to stand our northern winters and the race is maintained here only by adults flying from the south. There are a number of records of butterflies being found at sea, in one instance rooo miles from the mainland. ‘Certain owlet moths, or Noctuidae, and the hawk moths, Sphingidae, have a strong flight and some species have been found far out at sea. Honey and bumble bees fly considerable distances and the same is true of certain beetles. In early spring it is by no means uncom- mon to see Colorado potato beetles flying over fields of considerable . DISTRIBUTION OF INSECTS 29 extent in search of their food plant, yet this insect required about 15 years to make its way from Colorado to New England. Practical application. In the case of canker worms, the white- marked tussock moth and other species with wingless females, advan- tage can be taken of their limited means of distribution to exclude them from trees once cleaned. This possibility warrants considerable expense in clearing them from a tree. ‘The introduction of scale or other insects on a farm may be prevented to a great extent by studying their means of distribution and adopting proper methods to attain the desired results. It would be much safer to buy trees that have been fumigated, or even undergo the expense of fumigating purchased stock, rather than admit a pest that can be excluded by reasonable care. There are some insects which fly relatively short distances, for example the elm-leaf beetle; the parent of the apple maggot is said to have this habit, and there are prob- ably others, but we know altogether too little regarding how far each species will fly. Those confined to relatively short aerial flights can be kept in check in one orchard with comparative ease, even though neigh- boring ones are badly affected, but such is not the case when the females habitually fly long distances before depositing eggs. It is only under exceptional circumstances that the length of flight can be determined for a species, but whenever an opportunity offers it should be seized. Study- _Ing the spread of insects is most fascinating field work, something that may be taken up by all and 1s also of great practical value, because an insect can not be controlled in the best way till its limitations in this respect are known. a = He Slee er ; ‘i LR ae ak Bris Baily : tie dies eb pages Lb in s Hees bg — z baits ee | ruiladiellea Be wah a ron a sph i | win; 1D EX The superior figures tell the exact place on the page in ninths; e. g. 228 means page 22, beginning in the third ninth of the page, i. e. abont one third of the way down. Achromatic triplet, 244. Akhurst, John, 254, Alcohol for larvae etc., 19% for small insects, 184. Alkali lakes, larvae in, 142. Altitude, effect on insects, 12°. Anosia plexippus, 288. Ant, red, 277. Anthrenus scrophulariae, 274. Aphis wali, 274. Apple, imported insects injurious to; Aphis mali, 274. Aspidiotus perniciosus, 274 Mytilaspis pomorum, 274 Tmetocera ocellana, 274. Apple Aphis, 274. Apple Buceulatrix, 109, 112, Apple maggot fly, 294. Apple-tree, number of insects attack- ing, 116. Apple-tree barklouse, 27. arthemis, Basilarchia, 125. Arthemis butterfly, 125. asparagi, Crioceris, 277. Asparagus beetles, 268, 277, 287. Aspidiotus perniciosus, 274, Bag worm, 271. Bauks, C. S., reference, 268. Bark borer, 274. Basilarchia arthemis, 125. _ Basswood for insect cases, 227. Bee family, 108, 172. Bees, bumble and honey, 289. Beetles, 102, 105, 108 ; ground, 109, 122; leaf feeding, 114; tiger 122; rules for pinning, 154, Blowpipe for inflating larvae, 194, Bucculatrix, apple, 109. Bud worm, 113. Bugs, 102, 108, 155. Butterflies, 73, 81, 93, 103, 105, 134; folded papers for, 94. Butterflies and moths, inflation of larvae of, 185; spreading, 155, 164-172; tray for, 223. Caddice fly larvae, 122, Canker worms, 292. Carbolic acid for preventing mold, 175. Carbon bisulfid for museum pests, 238. Card points for small insects, 177. Carolina mantis, 27%. carolina, Stagmomantis, 27?. Carpet beetle, 277. Case bearer, pistol, 104. Caterpillars, habits, 111; rearing, 133, 137; preservation, 197; shipping, 25%. Cecidomyia destructor, 278. eceparum, Phorbia, 277. cerasi, Myzus, 274. Cherry, the imported Myzus cerasi in- juring, 274. Cherry aphis, 274. Chloroform, 78. Cicada killer, 26%. 32 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Clover, imported insects injuring ; Phytouomus punctatus, 276 Pyralis costalis, 276, Clover hay worm, 278, Clover leaf weevil, 278. Cocoons, where found, 134. Coddington lens, 244. Codling moth, 274. Collecting bottle or jar, 73-81; box, 93. Colorado potato beetles, 289. Comstock, J. H., paint for insect cases recommended by, 228; case adopted by, 22% reference, 203. Cornell university, insect case used there, 229. costalis, Pyralis, 276. Cow horn fly, 27%. Crioceris asparagi, 277. 12-punctata, 277. cristatus, Prionidus, 271. Croton bug, 277. Dealers in entomologic supplies, 25%, Denton’s tablet, 17°. Dermestes lardarius, 277. destructor, Cecidomyia, 27°, Diplosis pyrivora, 274. tritici, 276. dispar, Porthetria, 275. Xyleborus, 274. Dragon flies, 10%, 172. duodecim-punctata, Crioceris, 277. Elm-bark louse, 263, 275, 284. Elm-leaf beetle, 263, 268, 275, 294. Elms, imported insects injurious to ; Galerucella luteola, 275 Gossyparia ulmi, 27° Porthetria dispar, 27°. Entomelogical society of Ontario, 254. ephemeraeformis, Thyridopteryx, 27}. Figures of; apple Bucculatrix, cocoons of, 10° beetles, manner of pinning, 152 block tor holding pins, 144 bugs, manner of pinning, 155 butterfly net, details of rim, 86; patterns for net bottom, 86 Figures of (continued) butterfly papers, 9°. caddice fly, larval cases, 122 easebearer, pistol, 102 collecting bottle, 7° dip net, 91 — imperial moth, pupa, 138 insect case much used by Dr Lint- ner, 221 ; larva, inflated, 192 lens, pocket, 242 locality and date labels, 208 moth spread on paste board box, 17? mounts for small insects, 181 napthaline, cone and ball, 233 pin, use of in corking vial, 204 pinning block, 147 pivning forceps, 236 promethea cocoon, 13% spreading board, portion of, 161 spreading pinand method of use, 16° tent caterpillar eggs, apple, 112; forest, 114 vial mounted on block, 201. Flies, 108. Forceps, dental, for pinning, 23%. Fort Ticonderoga, common asparagus beetle there, 268. Frazar, M. Abbott, 254. Fumigation of trees, 29°. Galerucella luteola, 275. Gelatine capsules, for small insects, 181. germanica, Phyllodromia, 277 Gossyparia ulmi, 275, 284. Grain aphis, 278. granaria, Nectarophora, 278. Grasshoppers, 122. Grubs, preservation in alcohol, 197. Gypsy moth, 275, 281, 284. Haematobia serrata, 27". Harlequin cabbage bug, 27}. Hawk moths at sea, 288. Hessian fly, 276, Heteroptera, rule for pinning, 15%. histrionica, Murgantia, 271. INDEX TO COLLECTION AND PRESERVATION OF INSECTS 33 Howard, L. O., reference, 267, 268, 279. Hudson river valley, a natural pathway for insects, 259. Ink for labels, india or engrossing, 21. Insect cases, 215-232; Sehmidt case, 217; Lintner case, 218-223. Insect net, 81-98; for water insects, 91. Insect pins, 144. Insects, capturing, 99-127; collecting, 71-132; distribution, manner of, 25°- 29°; labeling, 20°-214; preservation, 142-255; relaxing, 172; rules for pin- ning 152; small, treatment of, 177; water, 103; shipping, 244-253, Klager pins, 135, Labeling insects, 20°-214. Lamp for inflating larvae, 174. Jardarius, Dermestes, 277. Larder beetle, 277. Larvae, where found, 122, 131; infla- tion of, 18°, 196; directions for ship- ping, 252. Lecanium tulipiferae, 272. Lens, pocket, 242; Coddington, 244; achromatic triplet, 244. Leopard moth, 26°, Life zones, 264. Lights, collecting at, 127, Lilac, cocoons on, 134. Lintner, J. A., insect case used by, 218. luteola, Galerucella, 275- Magnifier, pocket, 242. mali, Aphis, 274. Megastizus speciosus, 27}. Merriam, C. H., work on life zones, 264. Monarch butterfly, 288. Monomorium pharaonis, 277. Moths, 7%, 81, 93, 103, 105, 114, 131, 134. See also. Butterflies and moths. Murgantia histrionica, 271. Museum pests, 215, 232, Mytilaspis pomorum, 274. Myzus cerasi, 274. - _ Naphthaline in insect cases, 22. Neotarophora granaria, 276. New York city, many insects brought there, 258. Z New York state, life zones in, 26°. Noctuidae, 128, 288, ocellana, Tmetocera, 274. Onion fly, 277. Owlet moths, 128, 288. Peach, imported Scolytus rugulosus injurious to, 274. Peach bark borer, 274, Pear, imported insects, injurious to; Diplosis pyrivora, 274 Psylla pyricola, 274 Xyleborus dispar, 274. Pear midge, 274. Pear psylla, 274. perniciosus, Aspidiotus, 274. Petroleum, crude, larvae in, 142. pharaonis, Monomorium, 277. Phorbia ceparum, 277, Phyllodromia germanica, 277, Phytonomus punctatus, 276. Pin points for small insects, 178-181. Pinning block, 147-152. Pinniug forceps, 239. plexippus, Anosia, 288. Pliers, for pinning forceps, 241. pomorum, Mytilaspis, 274. Porthetria dispar, 275. Potassium cyanide, 74. Preserving insects, 143. Prionidus eristatus, 27}. Psylla pyricola, 274. punctatus, Phytonomus, 27°. Pyralis costalis. 276, pyricola, Psylla, 274. pyrivora, Diplosis, 274. Redwood, California, for insect cases, 227, Riley, C. V., tray selected by, for but- terflies and moths, 224. rugulosus, Scolytus, 274. Saddle back caterpillar, 27}. San José seale, 263, 268, 274. Scale insects, 283, 292. Schwidt case, 217. 34 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Scolytus rugulosus, 274. Scorpion, water, 123. scrophulariae, Anthrenus, 277. serrata, Haematobia, 277. Sibine stimulea, 271. Smith & Sons, A., 254. Soil affecting insects, 258. Sparrow, English, disseminating Gos- syparia, 284. ; speciosus, Megastizus, 27}. Sphingidae at sea, 288. Spreading board, 158, Spreading pin, 161. Stagmomantis carolina, 27?. stimulea, Sibine, 27}. Sugaring for insects, 127-132. Tea lead for insect cases, 219, 221, Temperature controlling insects, 257. Tent caterpillar, apple, 11%; forest 113, ; Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis, 27}. Tmetocera ocellana, 274. tritici, Diplosis, 27°. Tulip scale, 272. tulipiferae, Lecanium, 272. Tussock moth, white-marked, 28°, ulmi, Gossyparia, 27°, 284, United States national museum, Sehmidt case used in, 207; tray, used for butterflies and moths, 22+. Vials, for insect collecting, 97; form preferred, 198; storage of, 198; round with bent neck, 199; square with bent neck, 208, Walking stick, 123. Wasp family, 172. Wheat, imported insects injuring; Cecidomyia-destructor, 27° ‘ Diplosis tritici, 276, Wheat midge, 27°. Wheel bug, nine pronged, 271. Whitewood for insect cases, 227. Wood, rotting, insects in, 107. Xyleborus dispar, 274. (Pages 35-6 were bulletin cover pages ) DRE etre Le re z Cale el ere t ; ‘ “ ‘ - PoP Lik TAN OF THE New York Sate. Museum. FREDERICK J. H. MERRILL, Director - VOL. 6.. No. 27 May 1899. eo PE TRE PES Ts: IN ee LA OLA PE By EPHRAIM PORTER FELT, D. Sc. State Entomologist ALBANY ide od OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK 1899 GON TENTS PAGE Tnerpaductory o< do bb P io Ach baa Fas oad 6 a ee eee 4I Pnyluiries tO Mrees. .'.'. 65% .0 cae ohn eee sita-as Vee ts Gi theo ajate aig Sm 41 Object’ ‘of “bulletins |. s 47404 ede eee eens singe ME White marked tussock moth, /Vofolophus leucostigma........ 6) velar Characteristics = 0. G8). ts bas web Eke ee ele ee 42 Efe DIStOry ec. s.ocsa ssh us pas se ae eee Eee eee 43 REMECIES..,. 200s siadhs sss OO ERE = ee ene eee 43 Elm leaf beetle, Galerucella duteolas.. CVs BP ee 44 Characteristics: so .< os x ee mhwoecs etic’ see eee eee eee a 44 Remedies. ig ass sapaig« Fane eso ta eee ee ee 45 Bim':bark lousé, Gossyfarvid WUD, . ois34's ve «av eee on ee 46 Characteristios ti) iat. (arc UG sae et ee 46 PREMIERES “134 FTE Alea. Sibi s 6 ow eee Se ee 46 Tent caterpillars, CUstocampa disstria: Clisiocampa americana..... 46 Characteristics s pia 'sdee ss Bebe ee ee 44 Piife HistOry..:. 5 :..c gas als bia ake Mee ital are eee 47 Remedies. a's. Seer ere Wie WP Bias ate Whee el oobi Wirinta aie ee eee 47 Hall web worm, Ayphaniria cunea yh. Ey foe Sua ad Ga te eee 48 RemedIes ssi Seg Seas ele ale ote eee ae Care ee nme Borers in trunk and-limbs fe... aceasta ead donia’6) 6 See etare ae 49 Tndications of attack «05. Sen 'ee25: wie wteleeieueae tae 49 Edm.and maple: Dorers........ 20%, fy Be aie eee Se 49 Pigeon Treen os. oe yes scien la rote ela a tedage hee Pe ene et ee 50 Leopard: motli .:.)'5-.iclec-< inte Qe a otete eer Seen ee ee 50 Remedies... 6208 .bh hie BO Ee ey oo Cottony maple tree scale insect, Pulvinaria innumerabilis ........ 52 Remedies: su Fie be 2 wien sherepeeeen ene negate eee eee 52 Value of our native birds... 25 032 ceisew sac Aetna 52 SOLA ying tleOs oa. .i0- » SPRAYING TREES Though it is rather costly to spray trees in a thorough manner, in the case of the elm leaf beetle at least, it is much more satisfactory than any other method of fighting the pest and possesses the additional advantage of also controlling other leaf feeding species. Rules for spraying. Apply the poisonous mixture at the time the insects begin to feed and on the part of the tree eaten. To control the elm leaf beetle it is best to spray once after the leaves have partly unfolded in order to kill the beetles before they can deposit many eggs, and a second time early in June for the purpose of destroying the grubs hatching from eggs laid by stray beetles. The second spraying must be on the under surface of the leaves because the grubs eat only the more _ tender under portions. They grow so rapidly and their development is affected to so great an extent by local conditions that the proper time for _ treatment must be determined largely by observation. If the eggs of the white marked tussock moth have not been removed, as advised on a _ preceding page, the caterpillars can be destroyed by spraying the latter 54 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM part of May or early in June, and, as in the case of the elm leaf beetle, it is advisable to throw the poison on the under surface of the leaves, since the very young caterpillars rarely break the upper epidermis. The same treatment is also very effective in the case of tent caterpillars, and in each case will be found valuable in proportion to its thoroughness. The aim of the operator should be to cover every leaf evenly with a mist like coating of the poisonous mixture. Spray till the leaves begin to drip but no more. Proper apparatus. In order to do this work successfully one must possess a force pump capable of throwing a stream some distance, a number of feet of hose and a nozzle which will discharge a rather fine spray. There must also be something to hold the poisonous mixture, while a ladder facilitates the work greatly. One of the best arrangements for hand work is most probably found in the spraying outfit mounted on wheels, so that it can be readily moved from place to place (plate 4). In most cases this takes the form of a box or barrel to which a force pump is firmly attached, and either provided with wheels or else designed to be placed in a wagon. In spraying tall trees 25 to 50 or more feet of ¢ or § inch hose should be provided, while the addition of a brass or iron and brass extension 10 to 25 feet long adds materially to the value of the apparatus. It is also necessary to have a good nozzle which will not clog, but will produce a fine spray and which can be quickly adjusted to throw a coarse spray some distance if — necessary. Such an outfit is of great service to any individual having con- siderable spraying to be done and undoubtedly it could be used to advantage by those desiring to make a business of spraying in a small way, as for example the treating of trees here and there for those in cities desiring their trees sprayed and not willing to purchase the necessary apparatus. In the extended work against this insect conducted by cities and villages, it is desirable to have apparatus that will admit of more rapid work. ‘This has led to the refitting of retired fire engines and the design- ing of more or less cumbersome outfits for this purpose. In all cases these makeshifts have been successful, though they are not so satisfactory in operation as those specially fitted for the purpose. Probably the best apparatus yet designed for spraying treés is that constructed under the direction of Dr E. B. Southwick, entomologist of the depart- ment of public parks of the city of New York, which is the form used in Albany. The whole outfit is represented in plate 5. It consists of a ‘‘ Daimler” gasoline motor operating a Gould force pump— the motor and pump weighing but 300 pounds can be placed in the ea a, a ee SHADE.TREE PESTS 55 bottom of a spring wagon along with the roo-gallon tank containing thé - poisonous mixture. This motor has the advantage of being almost noise- less in operation and is scarcely noticed by passing horses. It is very inexpensive to operate, as a gallon of gasoline is sufficient for a day and it requires little attention. ‘The smallest size Gould 3-piston pump is the one used with the motor, though Dr Southwick now recommends a larger one in order to utilize the power more fully. This apparatus, with the tank, 4oo ft. of 2 in. rubber hose and other necessary fittings, can be bought for $475. Other engines and pumps could undoubtedly be used and would give good results. This power can easily supply four lines of hose, though in Albany not more than two can be used to advantage in most places. Mr P. C. Lewis, of Catskill, N. Y., who was in charge of the spraying in Albany in 1898, had several interesting devices for saving time and increasing the efficiency of the work. He designed a modified steplad- der, about 16 feet high with platforms for two men and on two of its legs there are small wheels which permit ready removal from place to place. It is so constructed that it can be folded up and drawn behind the wagon when some distance is to be traversed. He also had in con- stant use a metal extension 25 feet long. ‘The lower portion is composed of larger tubing, thus making it stiffer and at the same time rendering it easier to handle because the greater part of the weight is near the eS a ar operator. ‘This extremely long extension is suspended by a rope from the top of the modified stepladder in such a manner that the man has only to guide the stream. ‘This arrangement does away with all climbing, as it was found impracticable to attempt to reach the tops of the taller trees. In many instances the huge steps could be placed in the middle of the _ street and the trees on both sides sprayed either from the steps or from the ground. | : Arsenical compounds. ‘These are effective against insects which devour portions of a plant and of value only when placed where they _ will be eaten. The following formulae are recommended: a el rg Sieh SSE Ip Nd?) i Ii ray a I pound ES id Baile Saadeh eae ean ae ae, a 1 pound 4 ee Me Acre a ss ks as eve tow es de cee 100-300 gallons SEIT Ene crea ene 1 pound Eh be cS aa e-p Fie a: tases Ym 2-3 pounds Na ONG oes nas cate esis Hiaie heen ee '. 100-300 gallons The more common proportion is at the rate of 1 pound of the poison to 150 gallons of water, and less should be used on the more tender foliage like that of the peach or there may be serious injury. For the é b a ; ha) we ‘ef. | : og se A . ; P > & =< } > st oe j oe PT Ole eel 56 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM aie ee ye ‘elm leaf beetle, use 1 pound of the poison to roo gallons of water, The 4 addition of lime is not necessary, specially with paris green, but is a wise _ precaution as it neutralizes any free arsenic acid and thus prevents — burning of the foliage. Another substance which has received high praise and may come into general use after its good qualities become better known, is the arsenate © of lead. The value of this compound as an insecticide has been brought out by numerous experiments, made in the extensive work against the gypsy moth. One advantage is that it can be applied in very large — quantities without injuring the foliage. When properly prepared, it — remains for some time suspended in the water, imparting a milky color, — and also adheres to the leaves much longer than either paris green or london purple, and it promises to be of special value against the elm leaf beetle on this account. Its whiteness is another advantage, because — of which, it is readily detected upon green foliage. g In order to obtain the best results, the poison should be prepared just — before using, by dissolving 11 ounces of acetate of lead (sugar of lead) in 4 quarts of water in a wooden pail, and 4 ounces of arsenate of soda (50%) in 2 quarts of water in another wooden pail. As the acetate or sugar of lead dissolves rather slowly in cold water, the process can be © hastened by using warm water. The resulting solutions should then be poured into the spraying tank containing enough water to give the desired proportions. In most cases this will mean turning them into 100 © or 150 gallons of water, or but 80 gallons of water when spraying for the : elm leaf beetles, though some recommend a larger proportion of the ~ poison, and the same amounts to 1oo gallons will kill the grubs. Contact insecticides. These are substances which kill insects by — contact and affect only those individuals touched. They are used — against the elm bark louse, the woolly scale of the maple and other suck- 4 ing insects. | f Kerosene emulsion is one of the principal contact insecticides and is prepared by dissolving } pound of hard soap in 1 gallon of boiling — water and while it is still hot add 2 gallons of kerosene and emulsify by passing it rapidly through a force pump and back into the vessel till it” assumes a creamy consistency and oil does not rise to the surface. Dilute with 9 to 15 parts of water and spray the young lice as they appear in the summer. In limestone regions where hard water is the rule, better results will probably be obtained by using the sour milk emulsion, which is composed of 2 gallons of kerosene and 1 gallon of sour milk emulsified by churning or passing through a pump. A mechanical mixture of the two may be used, if desired, with machines * J ard ee . LW hs : 4 ; De ya <7 ee, cc Tis Wes iron sane TREE PESTS 57 ; 5 — : ot Sensi on tk esate: for that purpose. Or a solution of 1 pound of whale “a p to 4 gallons of water will be found effective. In the use of any of of these compounds, thoroughness is of first importance. They may be oh sprayed on the insects, applied with brushes or in any other way that is : “convenient, provided the tree is not subjected to such drenching that the insecticide used will collect around the trunk and cause serious injury. * EXPLANATION OF PLATES Plate I 4 _ Fig. 1 Elm leaves showing eggs and work of young larvae. Fig. 2. Elm leaf beetle (x2). Fig. 3. Vertical and lateral view of eggs, very much enlarged. Fig. 4 Young larva, very much enlarged. Fig. § Full grown larva (xs). Plate 2 Fig. 1 Leaf showing holes eaten by elm leaf beetle. Fig. 2 Leaf skeletonized by elm leaf beetle grubs. _ Fig. 3. Females of elm bark louse, slightly enlarged. Plate 3 Fig. 1 Maple tree borer, Plagionotus spectosus. Fig. 2 Elm borer, Saperda tridentata. Fig. 3 Work of elm borers, Saperda and Neoclytus. Plate 4 ae spraying outfit in operation. Plate 5 Power spraying outfit in operation. Plate 1 ST at noe on eik os Fe ELM LEAF BEETLE (After Howard [Division Entomology], U. S. Department agriculture, Year book, 1895) Plate 2 ‘ig. 3 Females of elm bark louse (slightly enlarged) Fig. 1 Leaf showing holes eaten Fig. 2 Work of elm leaf beetle by elm leaf beetle larvae Plate 3 Fig. 2 Elm tree borer Fig. 1 Maple tree borer rig. 83 Work of borers we - 4 _— te i oe — ; i? < nn oe a Poe ad a SS * A A) ~ in) HH o Qy oO q _ we) C da) BS ° on A= oa) S a, MD SS q ins] ea ¢ 93¥Id uUdMRIWdO UL IYINO SULABAIdS AMO ‘ oh) —eee wmem Meroe aie @ 1 *=e; aes, a ? Ae a | . : t . be Pan LOX The superior figures tell the exact place on the page in ninths; e. g. 22° means page 22, beginning in the third ninth of the page, i. e, about one third of the way down. Apple tree tent caterpillar, 46°. americana, Clisiocampa, 46°. Bark borers, 41’. Birds, native, value of, 52°-53°. Borers in trunk and limbs, 49°. Canker worms controlled by birds, 53?. Clisiocampa americana, 46°. disstria, 46°. columba, Tremex, 50’. cunea, Hyphantria, 487-49". Curculios, grubs of, 49°, 51°. disstria, Clisiocampa, 46°. Elm, insects injuring; bark louse, 46'; borer, 49°; leaf beetle, 44°; leopard moth, 50°; pigeon Tremex, — 50'; cottony maple tree scale in- sect, 52'; white marked tussock moth, 41°. Elm bark louse, 46°. Elm borer, 49%, 51°. Elm leaf beetle, 41°, 44°-45°, 46, 537, 56°. Fall web worm, 487-49". Figures of; apple tree tent caterpillar, 47’, 48’, borers, work of, plate 3, fig. 3. elm bark louse, plate 2, fig. 3. elm leaf beetle, plate 1, plate 2, ne. 1, 2. forest tent caterpillar, 477, 487. hand spraying outfit, plate 4. Figures of, (continued) leopard moth, 507. maple tree scale, cottony, 527. pigeon 'Tremex, 49°. power spraying outfit, plate 5. white marked tussock moth, 42", Galerucella luteola, 44?-45*. xossyparia ulmi, 467. Gypsy moth, 56*. Horse chestnut, white marked tus- sock moth injuring, 41°, Hyphantria cunea, 487-49". innumerabilis, Pulvinaria, 52’. Leopard moth, 50°-51°. . leucostigma, Notolophus, 41°-44?, Linden, white marked tussock moth injuring, 41°. luteola, Galerucella, 447-455. Maple, white marked tussock moth injuring, 41°; tentcaterpillars,46°; borer, 49°; leopard moth, 50°. Maple tree borer, 49%, 51°. Maple tree scale, cottony, 41‘, 527. Notolophus leucostigma, 41°-44’. Pigeon Tremex, 50’, 51°. Plagionotus speciosus, 49°. pyrina, Zeuzera, 50°. Pulvinaria innumerabilis, 52’. Remedies and preventives; arsenical compounds, spraying with, 45’, 47°, 567. bands of cotton, 43’, 48', 60 ; INDEX Remedies and preventives (continued) brushing from tree, 48°. carbon bisulfid, 51°. destroying egg masses, 43°, 43°- 44’. destroying infested trees, 51’. digging out borers, 51°. jarring from trees, 48’. kerosene emulsion, 48°, 52*, 56°. killing borers with wire, 51°. london purple, 55%. maintaining vitality, 51?. paris green, 55’. plugging trees with sulfur, 45°. removing portions of bark, 51°. shaving bark and using kero- sene emulsion, 51°. soft soap and carbolic wash, 51*. sticky bands, 45°, 48°. torch, driving caterpillars from trees with, 48°. whale oil soap, Spraying trees. Remedies and preventives for; borers, 51’. elm bark louse, 467. elm leaf beetle, 45*, 53’, 56°. fall web worm, 49". maple tree scale, cottony, 52°. acid 57*. See also Remedies, ete. (continued) tent caterpillars, 47°, 54?. tussock moth, white marked, 43°, 48°, 53°. See also Spray- ing trees. Saperda tridentata, 49”. speciosus, Plagionotus, 49°. Spraying trees, apparatus, 54°-55'; compounds, formulas 557-56"; contact insecticides, formulas for, 56°-57°; rules for, 539-54", : arsenical for, Tent caterpillar, apple tree, 46°. Tent caterpillar, forest, 41’, 46°. Tent caterpillars, 46°-48’; controlled by birds, 537; susceptible to arsenical poisons, 54’. Tremex columba, 50’. tridentata, Saperda, 49°. Tussock moth, white marked, 41’, 41*, 41°-44*, 48°. ulmi, Gossyparia, 46°. Weevils, grubs of, 49°, 51°. White marked tussock moth, see Tussock moth. | Wood borers, 41’. Zeuzera pyrina, 50°*-51’. (Pages 61-62 were bulletin cover pages) eT Se ee ee ON eee SS ee PT ae eee ee ee Ye ’ et = en ee v. —— ee a nit ae ed) yal ey, \ | /, a aS - — 4s ———- — -|_ - Mc Kenzie Pd. 9 3S" " a7 AN " KENZIE MT i oppheras a) ( ) Pao Dp y lg ° ve < { \ Long Py >! Ower Po-~ Wile es > be ' a} Conteryd x ee ae: | PULPATEMT. ~~ ; OLX AS Tok , " , Peck Pd. fot -No - - Littlé Chegrypate, ,; od was owerV/ron Bridge | YW Spher iron Bridge Cm pveryille 26(, Mente [bade earest ha. \ Mf @ Averyville je Swamp mn ~North Elba : 2 | v\ly ~ a . . Suny ue Yountain View Ho. yy eee iiss Od Fe ad ae Hidden ts ‘ a | WW Swamp 4 AS > - WaeWs ay Rocky HILL / Works | Black Pa. \ / ‘ 4 | wt rie Ae SNe \ he EE ~ —s Sie i Soo . pak | Moose Pd. Se * 5 | z eee ee ae 5 "1 ‘ys HK jl UTI ar mld a i / . . Ai ?o/-—> Db 1 \ \ \ \ MT. STREET -= =- = -S ae Lodge » name. Lactarius aquifluus /%. Woods and swamps. Occasional. Valley of the Ausable and near Epps farm. Easily known by its scanty watery juice, It is also slightly fragrant. Lactarius deceptivus 72. Woods and groves, specially of coniferous trees. Occasional, Ray- brook. August. A large thick acrid white species with a thick but soft cottony tomentum on the margin of the young pileus. Lactarius vellerus /7. Similar to the last in habitat and general appearance, but distinguished by the close tomentose pubescence of the pileus andstem. Raybrook. Lactarius pyrgoalus (Au//.) fr. Thin woods. Occasional. Adirondack lodge road. _ Lactarius lignyotus /7. Woods and groves of coniferous trees. Common, PLANTS OF NORTH ELBA 203 Lactarius Gerardii 7%. Groves and clearings. Rare. Raybrook. August. This resembles the preceding species in color, but its stem is very short, its lamellae are wide apart and wounds do not assume a reddish hue. ‘ay Lactarius rufus (Scop.) /r. Mossy places in woods and swamps. Near Newman and east of Brewster farm. One of the most acrid species of the genus. Lactarius subdulcis (Au//.) Fr. Woods, swamps and damp places. Very common. Lactarius camphoratus (2w//.) Fr. Similar to the preceding species in size and habitat, but distinguished from it by its darker color and its agreeable odor. This persists a long time in the dried specimens. Russula nigricans (Bu//.) Fr. Woods and groves, specially of pine. Raybrook. August. Russula sordida /%.. Thin woods and groves. Rare. Raybrook. August. Russula compacta /yvos¢ Woods. Occasional. Lake Placid. Russula brevipes /%. Thin woods and open places in light soil. Rare. Raybrook. _. August. Closely allied to &. defica Fr. from which it is separated by its tardily acrid flavor and its close lamellae. Russula basifurcata Pé. Dry sandy soil in heathy bushy places. Rare. Raybrook. August. Russula foetens (/%rs.) 7. Woods and bushy places. Common. Easily known by its peculiar amygdaline odor. : Russula variata 4anning . Woods. Rare. August. 204 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Russula emetica /”. Woods and swamps. Common. Very acrid. Russula faliax (Schaef.) +r. Mossy places. Near Newman. September. Russula fragilis (fers.) Fr. Mossy ground, swamps and mountains. Mt McIntyre. Russula purpurina Q. & S. Groves of young coniferous trees. Rare. Lake Placid. A beautiful but rare species. Russula decolorans /7. Woods, groves and swamps. Common and variable. . Cantharellus brevipes 7%. Woods. Very rare. Near the road to Epps farm. August. This was originally found near Ballston lake. The North Elba station is the second one in which it has been found in the state, It was here growing in the arc of a circle. Cantharellus cibarius /7. CHANTARELLE Woods and bushy places. Common. Edible. Cantharellus umbonatus /7. 7 Mossy ground in woods and clearings. Near Newman. August and September, C. umbonatus dichotomus P42. In drier situations. In this variety the umbo is very small or wanting. Cantharellus rosellus 7%. Mossy ground and groves of young coniferous trees. Near Newman. September. Found but once. ; Cantharellus infundibuliformis (Scof.) Fr. Swamps and damp mossy places. Common.. Distinguished from all the preceding species by its slender hollow stem. PLANTS OF NORTH ELBA 205 Marasmius peronatus /”. Thin woods. Near Newman. September. Marasmius umbonatus /42. Mossy ground in woods and under coniferous trees. Common. June _ to August. Marasmius papillatus 72%. Mossy prostrate trunks of trees. Raybrook. August. Marasmius acerinus 7%. Dead trunks and branches of mountain maple. Near Adirondack lodge. August. Found but once. / Marasmius campanulatus /%. Woods and groves. Common. Marasmius Rotula (Scop.) fr. Decaying wood, bark, branches and fallen leaves in woods. Very common. Marasmius perforans /7. Fallen leaves of spruce. Common. The pileus varies in color from whitish to reddish brown. Marasmius androsaceus (Z.) /”. Fallen leaves and twigs in groves and mossy swamps. Common. The pileus varies in color as in the preceding species, from which it differs in the longer and more slender glabrous stem and in the absence of any - odor. Marasmius subvenosus 7%. Fallen leaves, specially of aspen. Lake Placid. Atkinson. Lentinus Lecomtei /”. Dead wood of deciduous trees, rarely on hemlock. Raybrook. The stem may be either central or eccentric. Lentinus lepideus /*. Dead or decaying wood of coniferous trees. Common. June to September. Its mycelium permeates the wood and hastens its decay. It is often found growing from railroad ties. Its usually white or whitish 206 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM color varied by the darker spot-like scales makes it an attractive object. The stem is often pointed at the base. This is due to the narrow chink or crevice from which it has grown. Lentinus cochleatus /”. Much decayed wood or mucky ground about stumps. Common. Well marked by its tufted mode of growth and furrowed stems. Lentinus umbilicatus 2. Decaying wood and ground. Rare. Woods east of Brewster farm. August. Resembling the preceding species in color, but much smaller, with a deeply umbilicate pileus, different mode of growth and an even stem. oa Lentinus ursinus /7. Decaying wood. Woods east of Brewster farm. August. Panus stipticus (Au//.) Fr. Dead and decaying wood. Common. A small species generally growing in tufts and easily recognized by the cinnamon colored lamellae and the short stem enlarged at the top. It has an unpleasant flavor, Trogia crispa (ers.) Zr. Decaying wood and dead shrubs. Common. Often associated with Fanus stipticus, and a favorite habitat of both is the dead trunks of alders. Lenzites betulina (Z.) 7”. Decaying wood of deciduous trees. Common. -Lenzites sepiaria 77. Dead and decaying wood of coniferous trees. Common. Lenzites vialis 7%. Decaying wood. Often on railroad ties and wooden bridges. Com- mon. Lenzites heteromorpha /”. Dead wood of spruce. Rare. Near Newman. September. Found but once. A very variable species, three of its forms representing the — three genera Lenzites, Daedalea and Trametes and obliterating the arti- ficial limitations assigned to them. The form found in North Elba is — PLANTS OF NORTH ELBA 207 referable to Daedalea but Fries has taken the form opens to Lenzites as the type of the species. Schizophyllum commune /”. Dead wood of deciduous trees and shrubs. Common. RHODOSPORAE Pluteus cervinus (Schaef.) +r. Decaying wood in woods and clearings. Common. Pluteus granularis 72. Woods. Prostrate trunks of trees. Near McKenzie pond. August. By a typographical error the name of this species was changed in Sylloge to Pluteus regularis. Pluteus admirabilis 7%. Prostrate trunks of trees in woods. Two forms occur, one having the pileus yellow, the other, brown. Entoloma Grayanum /%. Ground in woods. Raybrook. August. Entoloma strictius P2. Swamps and wet places. Wood farm. June, Entoloma salmoneum 7%. In woods and groves under spruce and balsam fir trees. Common and beautiful. Entoloma cuspidatum /%. Damp ground and mossy places in woods and swamps. Remarkable for the cusp-like point ijn the center of the pileus. Clitopilus Noveboracensis /%£. Woods. Near Newman. September. Clitopilus conissans 7%. About the base of trees in woods, Rare. Near Adirondack lodge. _ August. A singular species not agreeing well with the character of the genus, but placed here because the color of the spores indicate such a _ position. , 208 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Clitopilus albogriseus 7%. Woods. Near Adirondack lodge. August. Leptonia serrulata Pers. Shaded banks by roadside. Near upperironbridge. It was collected in this place many years ago. I have not met with it recently. Nolanea conica 2. Among mosses in woods and swamps, rarely on decaying wood. Common. Claudopus nidulans (/ers.) P2. Decaying wood. Occasional. Valley of the Ausable. This is gen- erally referred to the genus Pleurotus, but its spores have a beautiful pink — color and for this reason it is placed here though it is not otherwise closely allied to this genus. OCHROSPORAE Pholiota caperata /%rs. Ground in woods and among mosses in swamps. Near Raybrook. August. Pholiota aggerata 2. Banks by roadsides and on bare soil in’ thin woods. Adirondack ~ lodge road. August. Pholiota albocrenulata /%. At the base of standing trees of sugar maple, rarely on prostrate trunks of these trees. It is rare to find more than one or two specimens in a place. : Pholiota adiposa /. FAT PHOLIOTA Dead or decaying wood of deciduous trees. Lake Placid. Atkinson. Edible. Pholiota lutea 72. Prostrate trunk of sugar maple. Near Wood’s sap works. August, — Found but once. Pholiota flammans FY. Prostrate trunks of trees in woods. Near Lake Placid. Atkinson. — Near Freemans Home. August. This is one of the prettiest species of the genus. : “i PLANTS OF NORTH ELBA 209 Pholiota acericola 72. _ Mossy prostrate trunks of sugar maple. Raybrook and Freemans Home. August. Pholiota marginata Zatsch Dead wood in woods. Freemans Home. July. Pholiota marginella 2. Decaying wood. Near South Meadow. June. Closely related to the preceding species from which it differs in its paler color and the even margin of the pileus. Pholiota rugosa 7%. Prostrate trunks in woods. Woods south of John Brown farm. August and September. Pholiota confragosa /7. Prostrate trunks in woods. Near Connery pond. August. Hebeloma firmum (/7s.) 7. Woods. Rare. Near Newman. September. Inocybe calamistrata /7. Thin woods and along lumber roads. Common. August. Inocybe infelix F2. Pastures and clearings. Common. June and July. Inocybe subochracea /%. Thin woods and bushy places. Raybrook. August. Inocybe rimosa (u//.) Fr. Woods, clearings and pastures. Common, August. Inocybe albodisca 7%. Groves of young -coniferous trees. Woods east of Brewster farm. August. 7 Inocybe geophylla Sow. Moist ground in woods. Common. Inocybe Tricholoma (4. & S.) Fr Woods and groves. Not rare but generally only a few specimens occur ina place. August. 210 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Flammula spumosa /”. Ground and decaying wood in woods and clearings. Common — August and September. Flammula Highlandensis 72. Damp ground, specially such as has been overrun by fire. Common. July and August. Flammula viscida 7%. Dead wood of alder. Old Keene road. August. Found but once. Allied to /. alnicola Fr., from which it may be separated by its viscid pileus, adnexed lamellae and densely cespitose mode of growth. Flammula flavida 7s. Dead and decaying wood. Common. August and September. ‘ Naucoria semiorbicularis (2ud/.) /r. Pastures and manured ground. Common. June and July. Naucoria lignicola 7%. Prostrate trunks of trees in woods. Outlet of Lake Placid and Freemans Home. June. Naucoria scorpioides /7. Mossy ground in woods. Near Newman. Found but once. Naucoria curvomarginata P2. Mossy ground under young coniferous trees. Near Newman. Found but once. Galera tenera (Schaef) Fr. Dung and manured ground in fields and pastures). Common. June to September. Galera rufipes 7%. Mossy ground in woods. Near Newman. September. Found but Once, Galera Hypnorum (Batsch) Fr. Mossy ground and prostrate trunks in woods.. Common. Galera Sphagnorum (/%rs.) 77. Among peat mosses in marshes. Common. June to August. hee = * PLANTS OF NORTH ELBA 211 - Tubaria deformata 7%. Horse dung in lumber roads in woods. Connery pond. August. Found but once. Crepidotus applanatus /rs. Decaying wood. Raybrook. August. Crepidotus epibryus /7. Mosses and fallen twigs and leaves of coniferous trees. Woods north of North Elba post office. August. Crepidotus versutus /%. Dead wood and branches of balsam fir. Woods east of Brewster farm. August. C. fulvotomentosus Pk. is common on dead aspen in many parts of the Adirondacks and will probably be found here. Cortinarius luteofuscus /%. Mossy ground in woods. Valley of the Ausable. Cortinarius olivaceus /2. Mossy ground in deep woods. Slope of Mt Wright. August. This and the preceding species are closely allied to each other and to the European species C. 7zfractus (Pers.) Fr. and C. anfractus Fr. Cortinarius lanatipes P2%. Groves of young coniferous trees. Near Newman. September. Cortinarius fulgens (4. & S.) 77. Woods. Near the road to Epps farm. September. A showy species. Found but once. Cortinarius violaceus (Z.) 7”. VIOLET CORTINARIUS Damp woods. Valley of the Ausable. Edible. The young plant is ) _ dark violaceous in all its parts but in the mature plant the lamellae assume a rusty hue, being dusted by the spores. Cortinarius canescens /%. Groves of young coniferous trees. Near Newman. September. Cortinarius erraticus 72. _ With the preceding and somewhat resembling it. 212 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Cortinarius cinnamomeus (Z.) /”. CINNAMON CORTINARIUS Woods, groves and bushy places. Common. Edible. C. cinnamomeus semisanguineus /7. Woods. Raybrook. This is distinguished from the typical form by the color of the lamellae which in the young plant are dark red. Cortinarius sanguineus (Wulf) Fr. Mossy ground in woods. Valley of the Ausable. August. Cortinarius lutescens 72. Mossy placesin woods. Near Newman. September. Cortinarius armiliatus (4. & S.) /r. Woods, commonly among fallen leaves. Easily known by the red ~~ bands on the stem. . Cortinarius adustus 72. Groves of young coniferous trees. Near Newman. September. Cortinarius pallidus 72. Mossy ground in swampy woods. Near Newman. September. Paxillus involutus (Basch) Fr. INVOLUTE PAXILLUS Banks and woods among mosses or on bare ground. Common. Edible. Paxillus rhodoxanthus (Sc/w.) Thin woods. Rare. Raybrook. August. This species was placed by Schweinitz in the genus Gomphus (Gomphidius), but the color and the shape of the spores do not agree well with the characters of that genus. It is here placed in the genus Paxillus with which it agrees better in the color of its spores, but its lamellae do not anastomose behind. Per- haps it is a Flammula. PLANTS OF NORTH ELBA 213 MELANOSPORAE Agaricus silvaticus Schaef. - Naked ground under spruce trees. Near North Elba postoffice. August. Agaricus arvensis abruptus 7%. Borders of woods. Raybrook. August. I have not seen the typical form of the species in North Elba, nor any examples of the common mushroom, Agaricus campester L. Stropharia semiglobata (Latsch) Fr. Dung and manured ground. Common. Stropharia siccipes Xarsv. Horse manure in lumber roads. Connery pond. August. Hypholoma perplexum 7%. PERPLEXING HYPHOLOMA About stumps in clearings. Common. September. Edible. Hypholoma incertum 2. UNCERTAIN HYPHOLOMA Grassy places. Banks of the Ausable near Wood farm. Edible. June to August. Psilocybe foenisecii (7ers.) 7. Grassy places. Valley of the Ausable. August. Psathyra silvatica 2%. Mossy ground in woods. Near Newman. September. Coprinus stenocoleus Zindd/. Manure piles. Wood farm. August. Coprinus atramentarius silvestris 7%. Woods. Lumber road between Raybrook and McKenzie pond. _ August. I have not seen the typical form of the species in North Elba, | Coprinus fimetarius (Z.) /7, Manure heaps. Wood farm, August, 214 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Coprinus micaceus (w//.) /. Decaying wood and roots of trees. Near Mountain View house August. Coprinus plicatilis (Curt) 77. Rich soil about barns. Raybrook. August. _ Panaeolus campanulatus Z. Manure. Common. June to August. * Panaeolus solidipes 7%. Manure. Epps farm. August. POLYPORACEAE Boletinus cavipes (Ofaz.) Kalchd. Mossy ground under or near tamarack trees. Near Newman. August and September. Boletinus pictus 7%. PAINTED BOLETINUS Thin woods and swamps, specially under pine trees. Raybrook and woods east of Brewster farm. August. Edible. A pretty species but it loses color in drying. Boletinus paluster 7%. Mossy marshes. Rare. Valley of the Ausable. August. Boletus spectabilis 72. Swampy woods and marshes. Very rare. Valley of the Ausable. August. Found but once in North Elba, once in Hamilton county and once in Oswego county. Boletus Elbensis 7%. Under or near tamarck trees. July and August. Closely related to B. laricinus Berk. Boletus Clintonianus P%. CLINTON’S BOLETUS Mossy ground in thin woods, specially under or near tamarack trees. Near Newman, August and September. Edible. ‘ ee ee ne Oe ae ee ee ee ee ee ee ee a ee ee ae PLANTS OF NORTH ELBA 215 Boletus subluteus 7%. SMALL YELLOWISH BOLETUS Under or near pine trees. Valley of the Ausable near Wood farm. August. Edible. Boletus Americanus P2. With the preceding species and separable from it by the brighter yellow color of the pileus and the absence ofa collar from the stem. Boletus albus 7%. Woods and groves, usually under or near pine ‘or other coniferous trees. Raybrook and Indian pass trail. July and August. The type specimens were collected about 30 years ago a short distance north of Indian pass. Specimens were again collected in that locality the past season. ‘The species is easily recognized by its white viscid pileus. Boletus granulatus Z. _ GRANULATED BOLETUS Pine woods and groves. Raybrook. August. Edible. Boletus piperatus £u//. Woods and clearings. Common. A small species having an acrid peppery taste. Boletus Ravenelii 2. & C. Woods. Rare. Indian pass trail. August. The beautiful yellow - tomentum of the pileus and stem makes this an attractive species but it has a very disagreeable acrid flavor. Boletus auriporus 72%. Thin woods. Near Newman. August. Boletus subglabripes 72. SMOOTHISH STEM BOLETUS Woods and groves. Raybrook. August. Edible. Boletus chrysenteron /”. Woods and banks among mosses or on bare ground. Common and variable. : Boletus subtomentosus Z. Woods. Raybrook and Newman farm. August, , 216 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Boletus illudens 72. Woods and bushy places. Newman farm and woods east of Brewster farm. August. Boletus ornatipes P%. Thin woods and banks by roadsides. Raybrook and Mountain View house. August. Boletus edulis Bud/. EDIBLE BOLETUS Thin woods and banks. Valley of the Ausable. -Edible. Boletus affinis maculosus /%. RELATED BOLETUS Woods. Common. August. Edible. The typical form was not seen in North Elba. Boletus luridus Schaef. Thin woods and groves. Newman farm. August. Boletus subvelutipes 7%. Woods east of Brewster farm. August. Boletus versipellis 7”. ORANGE CAP BOLETUS Thin woods and groves. Raybrook. August. Edible. Boletus scaber /7. ROUGH STEM BOLETUS Woods and clearings. Common. Edible. Boletus nebulosus 2. Banks and groves. Rare. Raybrook and Newman farm. August. Boletus chromapes /vost Thin woods. Rare. Indian pass trail. August. Boletus felleus Au. Woods and groves. Raybrook. It hasa persistent bitter flavor which is suggestive of the specific name. > PLANTS OF NORTH ELBA 217 | Boletus gracilis 72. Woods. Indian pass trail. August. Boletus cyanescens &u//. Woods and banks. Common. August. Polyporus Schweinitzii /7. Woods and groves about stumps of pine trees. Raybrook. This sometimes appears to grow from the ground, but in such cases it - probably starts from some buried wood or root in which the mycelium develops. Polyporus hispidellus 72. Thin woods. Very rare. Wood farm. August. Like the preceding species this appears to grow from buried wood or roots. Polyporus picipes /”. Decaying wood. Common and variable in size, shape and color. Polyporus elegans (4u//.) Fr. Dead or decaying wood. Variable. The stem may be long or short, central, eccentric or lateral. The pileus varies from half an inch to two inches or more in diameter. Polyporus Anax Berd. Mossy ground in thin woods. Near Newman. September. Polyporus sulphureus (Bull.) Fr. SULPHURY POLYPORUS Decaying wood. Near Averyville. July. A beautiful species easily recognized by its orange colored pileus and bright sulphur yellow pores. When young and tender it is edible. Polyporus guttulatus /%. Decaying wood of conjferous trees. Indian pass trail. Polyporus chioneus /”. Dead wood and branches, specially of birch. Common. Polyporus adustus (Willd.) Fr. On old stumps and dead or prostrate trunks. Very common. Easily _ known by the dingy hue of the pileus and the black color of the pores. 218 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Polyporus Weinmanni /7. Decaying wood of coniferous trees). Common. Easily known by its strigose pileus and the reddish stains assumed where it is cut or bruised. Polyporus borealis (Wahil.) 7r. Dead or decaying wood of coniferous trees, specially of spruce Common. Polyporus benzoinus (Wahi) Fr. Decaying wood of coniferous trees. Vicinity of Lake Placid _ Atkinson. Polyporus pubescens (Schum.) Fr. Dead wood of deciduous trees and shrubs. Common. Fomes pinicola /7. Dead or decaying wood of coniferous trees. Very common and varying much in the color of the pileus. Fomes fomentarius (Z.) /”. Dead trunks of deciduous trees, standing or prostrate. Common. Fomes applanatus (/7s.) Wallr. Dead trunks of deciduous trees. Common. The pileus is generally broader and more flattened than in the preceding species. Its upper surface is often dusted by the ferruginous colored spores even when there is no source above from which they could have fallen. Fomes igniarius (Z.) 7. Dead places in standing trunks of deciduous trees. It is rare to find more than one or two specimens on a single trunk. Fomes salicinus (/ers.) £7. Trunks of yellow birch trees either prostrate or standing. In the latter case the fungus is usually near the base. Fomes connatus /7. Trunks and stumps of maple trees. Occasional. The upper surface of the pileus is often overrun by mosses whose green color contrasts strongly with the white color of the fungus. PLANTS OF NORTH ELBA 219 Fomes carneus /Vees Dead or decaying wood of spruce. Common. The color of the young pileus is similar to that of the pores, but it becomes darker and brownish or even blackish with age. A rare form occurs in which the pileus is zonate. Polystictus circinatus 7/7. Mossy ground and specially in groves of young coniferous trees. It is remarkable for the difference in texture between the upper stratum of the pileus and the lower. Polystictus perennis (Z.) /7. Thin woods and clearings and banks by roadsides. Common. A beautiful species when fresh and well grown, but the pileus fades with age. Polystictus hirsutus (Wudf) Fr. Dead wood of deciduous trees. Common and variable. Polystictus versicolor (Z.) /. Dead wood of trees and shrubs. Very common and also very variable. Often growing on stumps and forming large imbricated masses. Polystictus pergamenus /7. Dead wood of deciduous trees, specially of aspen. Common. Polystictus abietinus (Dicks.) 7. Dead -trunks and branches of coniferous trees. Very common. Bearing some resemblance to the preceding species and like it having the pores more or less violaceous. | \ P, abietinus irpiciformis Pé. Dead trunks of balsam fir. Near Averyville. September. Poria vaporaria /7. Dead wood and bark. Near Newman. September. Poria marginella 7%. Prostrate trunks of spruce. Near Newman. Found but once. Poria inermis Z. & &. Dead trunks of deciduous trees and shrubs. Common. 220 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Poria rhodella /7. Prostrate trunks of coniferous trees. Near Newman. Poria subacida 7%. Decaying wood of deciduous and coniferous trees. Common. A variable species. Trametes cinnabarina (/acg.) 77. This beautiful species commonly grows on birch, cherry and other deciduous trees but occasionally it occurs on hemlock. Not rare. It is sometimes placed in the genus Polystictus. Trametes Sepium er’. Dead wood and bark of spruce. Indian pass. Trametes serialis 77. Prostrate trunks ofspruce. Indian pass. T. serialis resupinata Rome// Prostrate trunks of spruce. Freemans Home. Trametes Abietis Xarsv. Dead trunks of spruce. Common. Trametes variiformis 7%. Dead trunks of spruce. Raybrook. Formerly referred to the genus Polyporus. Daedalea confragosa (Lo/t.) fers. Dead trunks of deciduous trees and shrubs, specially of birch, alder and willow. Valley of the Ausable. This species as here understood includes forms having the characters of Lenzites and Trametes as well as of Daedalea. Its variation is similar to that of Lenzites heteromorpha Fr. Daedalea unicolor (Bu//.) +y. Dead and decaying wood. Common. Favolus Canadensis Klotzsch Dead branches of beech. Valley of the Ausable. August. Merulius aureus /7. Dead trunks of balsam fir. Raybrook and Newman. August and September. PLANTS OF NORTH ELBA 221 Merulius molluscus 7. _ Dead wood and bark of spruce. Averyville. September. -Merulius fugax /”. Decaying wood. Wood farm, August. Solenia filicina /2. Dead fern stems. Near Lake Placid. Atkinson. HYDNACEAE Hydnum repandum Z. SPREADING HYDNUM Ground in woods and clearings. Raybrook. August. Edible. Hydnum zonatum. Batsch Ground in woods or bushy places. Raybrook. August. Hydnum septentrionale /”. Dead wood of sugar maple. Raybrook. August. Hydnum ochraceum 7s. Dead or decaying wood. Near Lake Placid. Atkinson. Raybrook. August. : Hydnum coralloides Sco. CoRAL-LIKE HYDNUM Prostrate trunks of trees.-in woods. Near Lake Placid. Atkinson. Raybrook. August. Edible. Hydnum viride (4. & S.) /. Decaying wood. Indian pass trail.. August. Hydnum farinaceum 7s. Dead wood of spruce and balsam fir. Wood farm. August. Astrodon setiger 2. Decaying wood of coniferous trees. Indian pass trail. August. Easily confused with Caldesiella ferruginosa (Fr.) Sacc. 222 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Tremellodon gelatinosum (Scop.) Pers. Decaying wood of coniferous trees. Wood farm. August. Some authors refer this species to the family Tremellaceae. Irpex lacteus /*. Dead trunks and branches of deciduous trees. Common. Irpex ambiguus /%. Dead wood and bark of beech. Raybrook. August. Phlebia vaga /”. Dead trunks of coniferous trees. Near Newman. September. THELEPHORACEAE Craterellus cornucopioides (Z.) fers. CORNUCOPIA CRATERELLUS Ground in woods and lumber roads. Raybrook. _ August. Edible. Thelephora Schweinitzii /2. Ground in woods and clearings. Raybrook. August. Thelephora laciniata 27s. Woods and swamps. Often growing from the base of small shrubs. Raybrook. August. Stereum fasciatum Schw. Dead wood and prostrate trunks. Common. August. Intermediate forms appear to unite this with S. versicolor Fr. Stereum hirsutum (Willd.) Fr. Dead wood of deciduous trees. Wood’s sap works. August. Stereum balsameum /2%. Dead trunks of balsam fir. Indian pass. August. Stereum rugosum /7. Dead wood in woods. Common. PLANTS OF NORTH ELBA 223 Stereum populneum 7%. Prostrate trunks of aspen. Raybrook. August. The singular S. ambiguum Pk. was found on prostrate trunks of spruce at Cascade lake, only a short distance from the east line of the town and it will probably yet be found in North Elba. Hymenochaete tabacina (Sow.) Lev. Dead trunks and branches, specially of the mountain maple. Hymenochaete corrugata (/7.) Zev. Dead trunks and branches of deciduons trees. Near Lake Placid. Atkinson. Near Adirondack lodge. Corticium amorphum (/¢rs.) 77. Dead bark of balsam fir. Northern entrance to Indian pass. Corticium sulphureum //. Prostrate trunks of balsam fir. Woods near the road to Epps farm. _ September. Corticium subincarnatum 7%. Decorticated wood of spruce. Near Newman. September. Corticium viticolum Schw. Dead trunks and branches of mountain maple. Adirondack lodge. _ August. | CLAVARIACEAE Clavaria cristata /ers. CRESTED CLAVARIA Low woods and under young coniferous trees. Brewster farm. August. Edible. Clavaria circinans 7%. Groves of young coniferous trees. Near North Elba post office. August. Clavaria rugosa Bu. Damp ground in woods or clearings. Raybrook. August. Clavaria flaccida /r. _ Woods and under coniferous trees. Common. August. 224 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Sy aay Clavaria pusilla 72. Under spruce and balsam fir trees. Near North Elba post office and Newman farm. August. Clavaria stricta 7ers. Decaying wood and prostrate trunks in woods. Common. Clavaria platyclada 72. Woods. Moose island. September. Clavaria inaequalis J7Zu//. Woods near Clear lake. August. Clavaria Ligula /7. Woods. Generally under coniferous trees. Common. Clavaria vernalis Schw. Banks by roadsides. Road to Epps farm. June. Clavaria juncea /7. Among fallen leaves. Near Newman. September. Calocera cornea /’. Decaying wood. Near North Elba post office. August. Typhula muscicola (/¢7s.) /7. Mosses. Epps farm. August. Physalacria inflata (Schw.) PR. Decaying wood. Common. August and September. * 2d REMELLACKALE Hirneola Auricula-Judae (Z.) Berk. Dead wood of spruce and balsam fir. Common. July and.August. Tremella lutescens 77s. Dead trunks and branches of beech. Near Mountain’ View house. August, : —. = se a a Oe SSS > PLANTS OF NORTH ELBA Tremella mycetophila 7%. 225 Pileus and stem of Codlybia dryophila Bull. Near Brewster farm. Nematelia encephala (W7l/d.) +r. Trunks of balsam fir. Indian pass. August. GASTEROMYCETEAE LYCOPERDACEAE Bovista pila 4. & C. Pastures and grassy places. Raybrook and Wood farm. Bovista plumbea /¢rs. Pastures. Raybrook and Wood farm. August. Lycoperdon gemmatum JSatsch Ground and decaying wood in woods and clearings. August. Lycoperdon pyriforme Schaef: Habitat same as the last. Common. - Lycoperdon subincarnatum /%, Decaying wood and old logs in woods. Common. July and August. Lycoperdon separans 7%. Grassy or bushy places. Raybrook. August. Lycoperdon furfuraceum Schaef Ground in pastures. Raybrook. August. Scleroderma vulgare /”. Ground and much decayed wood in woods and clearings. August. Common. 226 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM HYPODERMEAE USTILAGINACEAE Ustilago Avenae (/%rs.) Jens. Oat fields. Wood farm. August. This fungus is parasitic on oats. It lives in the oat plant till the panicles appear. Then the fungus makes its presence known by developing its own dusty sooty black mass of spores in the panicles where the grain or seed of the oats should appear. © It is an injurious fungus-as it destroys many bushels of oats annually. Its ravages however- can easily be prevented by treating the seed oats by the hot water process. ‘This is simply soaking the seed about ro minutes in water kept at a temperature of 132 or 133 degrees F. ‘The fungus is commonly known as oat smut. UREDINACEAE Uromyces Caladii (Schw.) Farl. Living leaves of Indian turnip. Indian pass trail. June. Only the aecidial form was found. Puccinia Prenanthis (fers) Fcki. Living leaves of rattlesnake root, Vadalus albus. Wallface mountain and Indian pass. June. Only the aecidial form was found. Puccinia Violae (Schum.) DC. Living leaves of violets. Freemans Home. June. Only the aecidial form was found. Puccinia pulchella 72. Living leaves of fetid currant. Valley of the Ausable. Near the Notch house. Puccinia Claytoniata (Schw.) Living leaves of Carolina spring beauty. Old Keene road. June. This is Puccinia Mariae-Wilsont Clinton. The aecidial form was described by Schweinitz under the name A Lcidium claytoniatum. Puccinia Asteris Duy. Living leaves and generally the basal ones only of the large leaved aster, A macrophyllus. Wood farm. August. P. Asteris purpurascens C. ee s Living leaves of mountain aster, 4. acuminatus. Indian pass. August. PLANTS OF NORTH ELBA 227 Puccinia Circaeae /¢rs. Living leaves of small enchanter’s nightshade, Czrcaca alpina, Northern entrance to Indian pass. August. Puccinia Tiarellae 2. & C. Living leaves of false mitrewort, Ziarel/a cordifolia. Wood farm. August. This is thought by some to be the same as 2. Heucherae Schw. Puccinia porphyrogenita Cuwrt. Living leaves of dwarf cornel, Cornus Canadensis. Woods east of Brewster farm. August. Puccinia mesomegala J. & C. Living leaves of northern clintonia, C/intonia borealis. Old Keene road. June and July Triphragmium clavellosum Jers. Living leaves of wild sarsaparilla, Avalia nudicaulis. Ausable valley. August. ; Peridermium balsameum 2%. Living leaves of balsam fir. Woods east of Brewster farm. August. This parasitic fungus discolors the affected leaves but they attain their usual size. Peridermium elatinum (4. & S.) K&S. Living leaves of balsam fir. July. This fungus affects both branches and leaves. It causes an abnormal development of the branch attacked, ~ increasing greatly the number of shoots and making a dense cluster commonly known as crow’s nest. All the leaves on an affected branch show the presence of the fungus and attain only about half their usual size. Generally the attack is limited on a tree to a single branch and its branchlets, but the fungus is perennial and persists till the branch dies. Peridermium decolorans /%. Living leaves of spruce trees. Top of Mt McIntyre. July and August. This was made a variety of P abietinum A. & S. by Thumen, but I see no good reason for so doing. Peridermium Engelmanni Zhum. On spruce cone scales. Rare. In thin woods southwest of North Elba post office. August. Only a few cones on a tree were affected. 228 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Caeoma nitens Schw. Living leaves of dewberry, Rubus Canadensis. Common. June. This parasitic fungus also attacks leaves of the blackberry and some- times proves to be a great pest to the cultivator of these fruits. PYRENOMYCETEAE PERISPORIACEAE. Dimerosporium Collinsii (Schw.) Thum. Living leaves of Juneberry. Raybrook. A parasitic fungus which attacks the leaves, blackens them and causes their death. It also sometimes distorts the branches. It covers the lower surface of the leaf with its perithecia. SPHAERIACEAE Diatrype Stigma (Hof/m.) Fr. Dead wood of deciduous trees. Common. Xylaria corniformis /7. Decaying wood in woods. Raybrook. August and September. Xylaria castorea Berk. Decaying wood of sugar maple. Near Mountain View house. Xylaria digitata (Z.) Grev. - Prostrate trunks of deciduous trees. Wood’s sap works. September. Ustulina vulgaris Zi. a Decaying wood of deciduous trees. Common. Hypoxylon fuscum (fers.) 77. Dead trunks and branches of deciduous trees and shrubs, specially of alder. Common. Hypoxylon cohaerens (/7s.) /7. Dead trunks and branches of beech. Common. Hypoxylon Morsei 2. & C. Dead trunks and branches of alder. Valley of the Ausable. PLANTS OF NORTH ELBA 229 Hypoxylon perforatum Sc/w. Dead trunks of mountain maple. South Meadow. Hypoxylon multiforme /7. Dead wood of yellow birch. Old Keene road. Daldinia vernicosa (Schw.) C..& D. Dead trunks of young standing deciduous trees. John Brown farm. It is very doubtful if this and D. concentrica (Bolt.) C. & D. are beg, distinct species. Connecting forms seem to occur. Nummularia repanda (/7.) /Vits. Dead trunks of American mountain ash. Near Newman. September. HYPOCREACEAE Hypomyees lateritius (/7) Zw/. On the hymenium of Lactarius uvidus. Valley of the Ausable. Hypocrea rufa (/7s.) Fr. Decaying wood of sugar maple. Raybrook. August. Nectria cinnabarina (Zode) /r. Dead branches of deciduous trees. Valley of the Ausable. The conidial state, Zudercularia vulgaris Tode, grows in company with it. Chilonectria Rosellinii (Cavest.) Sacc, Dead bark of balsam fir. Valley of the Ausable. Claviceps purpurea (/7.) Zu. ErGoT. SPURRED RYE Heads of rye. Wood farm, August. The affected grains become 4 much enlarged, elongated and changed in color and texture. | DOTHIDEACEAE Plowrightia morbosa (Schw.) Sacc. Living branches of wild red cherry. Lake Placid. Freemans Home and Indian pass. ‘his is a destructive parasitic fungus which produces unsightly black swellings or excresences onthe branches. These swell- - 230 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM ings are commonly known as dlack knot. The disease soon kills the attacked branches and generally it continues its work till it kills the tree. The spores of the fungus may spread from the wild cherry trees to cul- tivated cherry and plum trees and produce the disease in them. | HYSTERIACEAE | Dichaena faginea (/¢rs.) /7. | Bark of living beech trees. Very common. Hypoderma nervisequum (DC.) /7. Living leaves of balsam fir. Woods east of Brewster farm. DISCOMYCETEAE HELVELLACEAE Gyromitra sphaerospora (/%.) Sacce. Decaying wood. Very rare. Adirondack lodge road and Indian pass trail. June and July. Not yet known to occur out of this state. Gyromitra esculenta crispa /%. Groves of young coniferous trees. East of Brewster farm. June. The typical form usually occurs in pine groves or under or near pine trees. It was not seen in North Elba. Helvella Infula Schaef. Decaying wood and ground in woods. Near Connery pond and Averyville. ¥ Mitrula phalloides (Bu//.) Chev. , Decaying leaves and other vegetable matter lying in water. Indian pass trail and woods southeast of Wood farm. Mitrula vitellina irregularis (/%.) Sacc. IRREGULAR MITRULA Damp mossy groundin woods. Near Newman, September. Edible. This differs from the European JZ. vite/lina (Bres.) Sacc. in its-much more irregular clubs of which it is scarcely possible to find two alike. — Leptoglossum luteum (/%.) Sacc. Mossy ground and much decayed wood. Raybrook and near Clear i lake. August. PLANTS OF NORTH ELBA 231 Spathularia clavata (Schaef) Sace. Among fallen leaves or on mossy ground. Common. Spathularia rugosa 2%. Under young coniferous trees. East of Brewster farm. August. It sometimes grows in arcs of circles. Spathularia velutipes C. & &. Ground and decaying wood in woods. Near Clear lake, Cudonia circinans (/¢rs.) /7. Bare or mossy ground. Woods east of Brewster farm. Cudonia lutea (7%.) Sace. Prostrate mossy trunks of trees in woods. Near Newman. Vibrissea Truncorum (4. & S.) fr. Decaying sticks and wood lying in water, Old Keene road and northern entrance to Indian pass. August. V. Truncorum albipes P42. Decaying sticks and logs in quiet water. Clear lake. The variety differs from the type in having a whitish stem. PEZIZACEAE Rhizina inflata (Schaef.) Quel, Ground where fire has been. Valley of the Ausable. August, Geopyxis vulcanalis (7%.) Sacc. Ground where fire has been. Wood farm. August. Peziza badia rs, Ground in woods. Near Averyville. June. Peziza odorata /%. Ground overrun by fire. Brewster farm. June. Peziza vesiculosa 4u//, Manure about the barn of a lumber camp in woods east of Freemans Home, June. 232 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Lachnea scutellata (Z.) Sow. Decaying wood in damp places. Common and beautiful. Lachnea stercorea (7¢7s.) /7. Cow manure. Valley of the Ausable. August. Lachnea scubalonta (C. & G.) Sace. Cow manure. Near Newman. September. Helotium citrinum (Hedw.) fr. Decaying wood in woods and clearings. Common. Mollisia cinerea (Batsch) Karst. Damp decaying wood. Common. Pezicula acericola 7%. Trunks and branches of mountain maple. Valley of the Ausable August. . Chlorosplenium acruginosum (O£der) Del. Decaying wood. Near Lake Placid. Mrs E, G, Britton. Chlorosplenium aeruginascens.(iVy/.) Karst. Similar to the last in size, color and habitat. Near Lake Placid Mrs Britton. Dasyscypha Agassizii (2. & C.) Sace. Trunks and branches of balsam fir, Very common. DERMATEACEAE Tympanis conspersa /” Dead trunks of alder. H. Brown farm. June. Tympanis alnea (fers.) 77. Dead trunks of alder. Old Keene road. June. Tympanis laricina (7ck/.) Sace. Dead trunks and branches of tamarack and balsam fir. Near New- | man and Indian pass trail. . August and September. 7 PLANTS OF NORTH ELBA 233 BULGARIACEAE Leotia lubrica (Scop.) Pers. Mossy ground in woods. Valley of the Ausable. Ombrophila albiceps 7%. Decaying wood of deciduous trees. Near Newman. September. PHACIDIACEAE Celidium Stictarum (DeJV.) Zi/. Apothecia of lungwort lichen, Stictis pulmonaria. Woods near Wood farm. ‘The parasite blackens the disk of the apothecium. GYMNOASCACEAE Exoascus confusus 422. Fruit of choke cherry. Freemans Home. June. The fungus deforms the fruit and floral organs and prevents their proper development. Exoascus unilateralis 7%. Living leaves of choke cherry. Roadside between North Elba post office and Wood farm. June. Exoascus Insititiae Sade. Living leaves of wild red cherry. Newman and Freemans Home. June. MYXOMYCETEAE PHYSARACEAE Fuligo septica (Z2.) Gmel. Various substances and variable in external color. Craterium leucocephalum (/rs.) Rost, Fallen leaves and other decaying vegetable matter. Near Newman. Tilmadoche nutans (/rs.) Rost. Prostrate trunks of trees and other substances, Wood farm. DIDYMIACEAE Didymium flavidum 72. Bark of dead balsam fir. Valley of the Ausable. 234 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Didymium farinaceum Schrad. Various substances. Valley of the Ausable. Didymium eximium 7%. Fallen leaves and other substances. Adirondack lodge. G. A. Rex. STEMONITACEAE Stemonitis ferruginea Z/rh. Decaying wood in woods. Raybrook. RETICULARIACEAE Reticularia Lycoperdon 4u//. Decaying wood. Valley of the Ausable. Siphoptychium Casparyi /osz. Decaying wood. Lake Placid. Dr Rex. ARCYRIACEAE Arcyria punicea rs. Decaying vegetable matter. Raybrook. Lycogala epidendrum 4uxd. 7 Damp decaying wood. Common. The little globes have a beautiful pinkish red color when young and pulpy, but they become grayish brown with maturity. Lycogala flavofuscum Zvrend. Trunks of trees. Wood farm. Much larger than the last. TRICHIACEAE Hemiarcyria clavata (fers.) ost. Decaying wood and prostrate trunks. Common. SPHAEROPSIDEAE SPHAERIOIDACEAE 3 Phyllosticta limitata 72%. Living leaves of apple. Near Mountain View house. August. This parasitic fungus produces small reddish brown orbicular spots on the leaves. PLANTS OF NORTH ELBA 235 Septoria acerina /%. Living leaves of striped maple. Common. June and July. Septoria Saccharini 2. & Z£. Living leaves of sugar maple. Common. August. LEPTOSTROMACEAE Leptothyrium Periclymeni (Desm.) Sace. Living leaves of American fly honeysuckle. Wood farm. HYPHOMYCET EAE MUCEDINACEAE Oidium destruens 2. Living leaves of black cherry. Freemans Home. June. A parasitic fungus that is very destructive to the leaves it attacks. Ramularia Tulasnei Sacc. Living leaves of strawberry. Common. June to August. This fungus is a pest to cultivators of the strawberry. It produces white purplish-margined spots on the leaves and destroys the vigor of the plant. DEMATIACEAE Cercospora Caulophylli £2. Living leaves of blue cohosh. Wood’s sap works. August. Cercospora caricina 2. & D. ' Living leaves of drooping wood sedge, Carex arctata. Little Cherry- patch pond. August. STILBACEAE Sporocybe sphaerophila (/%.) Sace. Parasitic on black knot of wild red cherry. Head of Cascade lake and Indian pass. > July. Isariopsis alborosella (Desm.) Sac. Parasitic on mouse ear chickweed. Freemans Home. June. 236 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM SUMMARY SEED-BEARING PLANTS Spermatophyta Species | Spermatophyta— Continued SPECIES Rannnenlaceast... <.<.inee can ween 17 Primplaceae ...- 2 23'.2 45022 Berberidacese.< .....-- a onc sear 1*} =< Oleapene’ >. Sel. ane oo a See 2 Nymphaeaceae.......--....---- 3 Apoeynaeene .W--~..cseenaeeee 1 Sarraceniaceae. .....-..122.2.55 1 Aselepiadaceaé .... .8icesanuns 1 Fumariaeeae ...: . oer 3 Gentianaeege, nn. cauctecuneeees 1 OCrupiveraes: sabi ence apemes 2 Mrosevaceae.” -. 22 bok 2s eae il Cupuliferae Sete os plete ow aithtctatal r Halorageae Mite. a yee ee 3 Sahicaceaset. 22t 7 $2522 | BAe eee 10 Qnapracdasis.ce sve 8 Empetraceae .--....--.----.---- 1 Cneurbitaceas 22527 peice > eee 1 Coniferae..---...---.+---++---- 11 Wimhelliferae a): 3 o> cae eae 7 Orchidaceae ......--.- Soleo Eats yas 12 Te ale en EM. ipy 2 {ridacéae.:..2... 200 eeeeee eee 2 Fiilfaveae iw cocc% sce sate eee 13 CoImaetas 52 2o2 Besos 3 Shae JUMCAEERS. Dt bone 9 Caprifeliatene:t ©. 2.4 ae oe oe. “uo ; j Typhacene:..1 is cess aec sence 3 PMG OSC 222 c2 sce cook ese eS 6 , : Araceae ..2.n- sto. eee eee 2 Composifae:—.--:,--0 22-28 2 46 A Lista a CANE hoc ce 1 Loheliscese 2. 22.4 .aec nck Bia one ae 1 Maj cdcenin coe alc hy a eae 4 Campanulaceae...... .2.. .---s- 3 Rripdauloaec..2. ence 1 HTICACCAG (ot 2 2oe io ceiecbiaen le Cyperaceat. 2. és.....-2228 = ee Diapensiaceas ccc sis. send eee GramMineas.<.-22.c26.-ces. eee 40 SPORE-BEARING PLANTS Pteridophyta Bryophyta Eigtisetaeeas 222.65 cee, seal 3 Sphagnaceae .12-6.°1- 2. sae aee 10 Lycopodiacese ....... .:--<:ee-- 6 Andreasencese ..---.+--. Hck soba 1 Buliees Fas Sete ca seer 19 >|" Bryacbae s 202: lu.. beeeee 138 Ophioglossaceae ......-....-.... 3 Jungermanniaceaé .......-..--. 35 Selaginellaceae ........-.-. o00 1 Marchantiacene:. 2- Pgh ee ol ‘a, Z < mn ‘aoe = Yad é a a ‘ . Z 7 é s? ’ - ba . - . s . . . s . INDEX Names of the species are those of Britton and Brown’s Illustrated flora. Names in italics are synonyms mostly used in Gray’s Manual. The superior figures tell the exact place on the page in ninths; e. g. 85° means page 85, beginning in the third ninth of the page, i. e. about . one third of the way down. Abies balsamea, 1287, rubrum, 85’. saccharinum, 84°-85?, Saccharum, 84°-857. spicatum, 85°. Actaea alba, 74’. rubra, 74". Acer Pennsylvanicum, 85‘. Achillea Millefolium, 107°. Alectoria implexa, 181°. jubata, 181°. Alismaceae, 135’. Alnus Alnobetula, 123", incana, 122°. viridis, 123°. Alopecurus geniculatus, 147°. Alsine borealis, 81°. longifolia, 81’. spicata var. rubra, 74". Adder’s tongue, yellow, 1337. Adiantum pedatum, 153°. media, 81°. Amanita, fly, 191°. Frost’s, 191°. _ £Agaricaceae, 191'-214*. Agaricus arvensis abruptus, 2137. silvaticus, 213%. Agrimonia hirsuta, 92'. | Agrimony, tall hairy, 92%. Agropyron caninum, 151°-52'. repens, 151". Agrostis alba, 147°. alba vulgaris, 147'. canina, 147°. hyemalis, 148". perennans, 147°. rubra, 147°. scaber, 148". Alder, green, 123}. hoary, 122°. mountain, 123}, ‘speckled, 122°, poison, 1917. reddish, 192’. Amanita Frostiana, 191°. muscaria, 191°, muscaria formosa, 191’. phalloides, 1917. rubescens, 192’. Amanitopsis, sheathed, 1927. Amanitopsis vaginata, 192. Amaranthaceae, 119%. Amaranthus retroflexus, 119*. Amblystegium, 1737. Amelanchier Canadensis, 937. oligocarpa, 94’. rotundifolia, 93°. spicata, 93°-94?, Anacamptodon splachnoides, 169’. Anaphalis margaritacea, 106°. 240 Andreaea petrophila, 159”. Andreaeaceae, 1597. Andromeda Polifolia, 112°. Anemone nemorosa var. quinquefolia, fee quinquefolia, 72°. Aneura latifrons, 179". palmata, 179’. Anomodon apiculatus, 170”. attenuatus, 170%, rostratus, 169°. Antennaria margaritacea, 106°. plantaginifolia, 106°. Aplozia autumnalis, 179%. — lanceolata, 179%. Apocynaceae, 115’. Apocynum androsaemifolium, 115’. Apple, 92°. wild balsam, 98*. Aquilegia Canadensis, 74°. vulgaris, 74’. Arabis laevigata,:77°. Araceae, 185°. Aralia hispida, 99°. nudicaulis, 99°. Araliaceae, 99°. Arbor vitae, 128°. Arceuthobium, dwarf, 121°. Arceuthobium pusillum, 1218. Arctium Lappa, 108°. Arcyria punicea, 234°, Arcyriaceae, 234°, Arenaria Groenlandica, 81*. Arisaema triphyllum, 135°. Armillaria, honey colored, 193%. Armillaria mellea, 193°. Arnica, soft, 1077. Arnica Chamissonis, 107’. Aronia nigra, 931. Arrowhead, 1207. broad leaved, 135°. Arum, water, 135°. Asclepiadaceae, 115°. Asclepias Cornuti, 115°. Syriaca, 115°, Ash, black, 115°. NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM * Astrodon setiger, 221°. Ash, hoop, 115°. mountain, 92°. white, 115+. Aspen, 125+, American, 125+. large toothed, 125°. Aspidium acrostichoides, 155*. cristatum, 1557. marginale, 155%. Noveboracense, 154°. spinulosum, 154°. var. intermedium, 154°. Thelypteris, 154°. Asplenium acrostichoides, 154’. Filix-foemina, 154°. thelypteroides, 154?. Aster, :105° Adirondackensis, infundibuliformis, 195’. Clitopilus albogriseus, 208". butyracea, 196°. confiuens, 1977. dryophila, 197°. Familia, 197%. ignobilis, 197*. maculata, 196°. platyphylla, 196°. radicata, 196°. furfuracea, 196°. pusilla, 196’. rugosodisca, 197°. spinulifera, 197°. tuberosa, 197°. Columbine, European, 74°. garden, 74°. wild, 74°. Comarum palustre, 91°. Compositae, 102%-10". Comptonia peregrina, 1227. Coniferae, 126'-29°. Conotrema urceolatum, 187’. Convolvulaceae, 116+. Conyvolvulus sepium, 116*. Coolwort, 94°. Coprinus atramentarius silvestris, PABA fimetarius, 213°. ‘micaceus, 214". plicatilis, 214?. stenocoleus, 2137. Coptis trifolia, 74. Corallorhiza Corallorhiza, 1307. innata, 1307. multiflora, 130°. Coralroot, early, 1307. large, 130. Cornaceae, 997-1007. Cornel, dwarf, 70*, 997. Cornus alternifolia, 100°. Canadensis, 70*, 99%. ¢ stolonifera, 99°. Corpse plant, 114°. Corticium amorphum, 223%, subinecarnatum, 223°. 246 Corticium sulphureum, 223+. viticolum, 223°. Cortinarius adustus, 212°. armillatus, 212%, canescens, 211°. cinnamomeus, 212’. semisanguineus, 212°. erraticus, 211°. fulgens, 211". lanatipes, 211°. luteofuscus, 211%. lutescens, 212°. olivaceus, 211°. pallidus, 212°. ee sanguineus, 212°. violaceus, 211’, Corydalis, pale, 77°. ‘pink, 77’. Corydalis glauca, TT’. Corylus rostrata, 123°. Cotton grass, sheathed, 138%. Virginia, 138°. Cow parsnip, 98°. Cranberry, American, 112’. large, 1127. small, 112°. Crassulaceae, 967. Crataegus coccinea, 93%. punctata, 93°. Craterellus, cornucopia, 222%. Craterellus cornucopioides, 222%. Craterium leucocephalum, 233°. Crepidotus applanatus, 211’. epibryus, 211’. versutus, 211%. Cress, bitter, 77°. winter, 77°. Crinkle root, 78’. : Crowberry, black, 125°. Crowfoot, bristly, 73*. hooked, 73°. kidney leaved, 73°. small flowered, 73°. tall, 73°. white water, 73°. Cruciferae, 77%-79*. NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Ctenium, 174%. rom Cucumber root, Indian, 1337. Cucurbitaceae, 98°. Cudonia circinans, 231*. lutea, 231‘. Cudweed, low, 107%. Cupuliferae, 122°-23°, Currant, fetid, 95°. Cynodontium virens Wahlenbergii, 159°. Cyperaceae, 137°-46°. Cypripedium acaule, 131+. Cystopteris, bulblet, 155°. Cystopteris bulbifera, 155°. fragilis, 155°. Dactylis glomerata, 149*. Daedalea confragosa, 220". unicolor, 220°. Daisy, ox eye, 107°. white, 107°. ' Daldinia vernicosa, 2297. Dalibarda, 90°. Dalibarda repens, 90°. Dandelion, 110*. ! Danthonia spicata, 149°. Dasyscypha Agassizii, 232°. Dematiaceae, 235°. Dentaria diphylla, 78’. Dermateaceae, 2327. Deschampsia flexuosa, 148%. Dewberry, 89*. Dianthus barbatus, 81’. . Diapensia, Lapland, 114°. Diapensia Lapponica, 114°. Diapensiaceae, 114°. Diatrype Stigma, 228%. Dicentra Canadensis, 76°. Cucullaria, 76". Dichaena faginea, 230°. Dicksonia, hairy, 156’. Dicksonia pilosiuscula, 156’. punctilobula, 156. Dicranella heteromalla, 159%. orthocarpa, 159°. Dicranodontium longirostre, 1617. Dicranum congestum, 160°. Drummondi, 161°. elongatum orthocarpum, flagellare, 160*. fulvellum, 160°. fulvum, 160°. fuscescens, 160°. interruptum, 160°, longifolium, 160°. montanum, 160°. Sauteri, 160’. Schraderi, 161°. scoparium, 161’. Starkii, 161°. undulatum, 161*. viride, 1607. Didymiaceae, 233°-34?. Didymium eximium, 234?. farinaceum, 234’. flavidum, 233°. Didymodon cylindricus, 162°. Diervilla Diervilla, 101°. trifida, 101°. Dimerosporium Collinsii, 228°. Diplophyllum, taxifolium, 178°. Direa palustris, 121°. Discomyceteae, 230*-33°. Dock, bitter, 121‘. broad leaved, 121%. ; curled, 121°. Doellingeria umbellata, 106°. Dogbane, spreading, 115’, Dogberry, 957. whiteberry, 99”. Doorweed, 120°. Dothideaceae, 229°-30?. Draba incana arabisans, 78°. Drosera rotundifolia, 96°. Droseraceae, 96%. Dryopteris actostichoides, 155*. cristata, 155*. marginalis, 155°. Noveboracensis, 154°. spinulosa, 154", intermedia, 154°. INDEX 161", Dogwood, alternate leaved, 100". 247 Dryopteris Thelypteris, 154°, Dulichium, 137°. ; Dulichium arundinaceum, 137°. spathaceum, 137°. Dutchman’s breeches, 76’. Eagles eyrie, 70*. Echinocystis lobata, 98*. Elder, 1007. redberry, 100°. sweet, 1007. wild, 99°. Eleocharis ovata, 1377. palustris, 137°. Elm, American, 1225, white, 122°. Elodes campanulata, 83°. Elymus Canadensis, 1527. Virginicus, 152°. Empetraceae, 125°. Empetrum nigrum, 125°. Enchanter’s nightshade, 987. Entoloma cuspidatum, 207%. Grayanum, 207°. salmoneum, 207°. strictius, 207°. Ephebe pubescens, 185’. Epilobium adenocaulon, 97°. angustifolium, 97. lineare, 97°. Equisetaceae, 152%. Equisetum arvense, 152°. fluviatile, 152°. limosum, 152% sylvaticum, 152°. Erechtites hieracifolia, 108%. Ergot, 229". ' Hricaceae, 111*-14’. Erigeron Canadensis, 106°, ramosus, 106°. strigosus, 106°. Eriocauleae, 137°. Eriocaulon septangulare, 137°. Eriophorum cyperinum, 13887. var, laxum, 138%. vaginatum, 138*. 248 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Eriophorum Virginicum, 138°. Erythronium Americanum, 133}. EKupatorium ageratoides, 102°. Ferns, shield, spinulose, 154%. sweet, 122°. Virginia grape, 156°. purpureum, 102°. Euphorbia Cyparissias, 121°. Euphorbiaceae, 121°. Eurhynchium, 172°. HKuthamia graminifolia, 105?. Evans, A. W., acknowledgments to, 72'. Evening primrose, common, 97’. dwarf, 981. small flowered, 97°. Everlasting, pearly, 106°. plantain leaf, 106°. Evernia furfuracea, 1811. Cladonia, 1812. Prunastri, 181°. Exoascus confusus, 233%. Insititiae, 233°. unilateralis, 233°. Fagopyrum esculentum, 119°. Fagopyrum, 119’. Tataricum, 119°. Fagus Americana, 1237, ferruginea, 123". False lily-of-the-valley, 1327. Favolus Canadensis, 220°. Fennel, water, 96°, Ferns, 152*-57?. brittle, 155°. Christmas, 155*. cinnamon, 156+. Clayton’s, 156°. grape matricary, 156’. hay scented, 1567. lady, 154°. New York, 154°. oblique grape, 156°. ostrich, 155°. sensitive, 155’. Shield, crested, 1557. evergreen, 155°. marginal, 155°. marsh, 154°. Festuca ovina, 151°. Field sorrel, 121°. Vilices, 153°-56* Fiorin, 147°. Fir, balsam, 1287. Fireweed, 97, 108": Fissidens adiantoides, 161%, osmundoides, 1617. Vive finger, 91°. marsh, 91°. Flag, larger blue, 131°. Flammula flavida, 210+. Highlandensis, 2107. spumosa, 2101. viscida, 210°. Fleabane, daisy, 106°. Fly honeysuckle, 101°. mountain, 101°. Fomes applanatus, 218°. earneus, 219', connatus, 218°. fomentarius, 218°. igniarius, 218’. pinicola, 218*. salicinus, 218°. Fontinalis antipyretica gigantea, 168°. Dalecarlica, 168". Foxtail, marsh, 147°. Fragaria Americana, 91’. Virginiana, 90°. Fraxinus Americana, 115*. nigra, 115°. sambucifolia, 115°, Frullania, Asagrayana, 176’. Eboracensis, 176°. — Fuligo septica, 2837. Fumariaceae, 767-77’. « Funaria hygrometrica, 165’. Fungi, 71°, 727, 191'-235°. Gale, sweet, 122°. Galeopsis Tetrahit, 118". Galera Hypnorum, 210°. rufipes, 210°. Sphagnorum, 210°. tenera, 210°. Galium asprellum, 102°. boreale, 102°. trifidum, 102°. triflorum, 102°. Gasteromyceteae, 225°. Gaultheria procumbens, 112’. Genera, nomenclature, 71’. Gentian, narrow leaved, 1167. Gentiana linearis, 116'. Gentianaceae, 116°. Geocalyx graveolens, 178%. Geopyxis vulcanalis, 231’. Georgia pellucida, 164°. Geraniaceae, 83°-84°. Geranium Robertianum, 84". Geum album, 90*. Canadense, 90+. macrophyllum, 90°. . rivale, 90°. strictum, 90°. Gill-over-the-ground, 118°. Glechoma hederacea, 1187. Glyceria Canadensis, 150". elongata, 150°. fluitans, 151+. grandis, 151', nervata, 150°. pallida, 151%. Gnaphalium uliginosum, 107'. Goldenrod, 103°. _ alpine, 1037. broad leaved, 104%. bushy, 1057. Canadian, 104°. hairy, 104’. large leaved, 103°. puberulent, 104*. sharp toothed, 104°. willow leaved, 104?. Goldthread, 74. | Goodyera Menziesii, 129°. repens, 129%, INDEX Gooseberry, northern, 95%. round leaved, 95’. swamp, 95*. wild, 95’. Goosefoot, 119°. Gramineae, 146°-52°, Grape fern, matricary, 156". oblique, 156°. Virginia, 156°. Graphis scripta, 190", Grass, barnyard, 146°, blue, English, 149°. Kentucky, 150*. blue eyed, 181%. blue joint, 148°. Brome, fringed, 151° cock spur, 146°. cotton, 138*. couch, 151°. foxtail, green, 146". herd’s, 147+. holy, 146%. June, 150°. manna, floating, 151‘. long, 150°. nerved, 150°. pale, 151’. meadow, annual, 149°. flat-stemmed, 149°. fowl, 1507. grove, 150+. reed, 1517. millet, tall, 147%. orchard, 149°. panic, forked, 146°. pepper, 79*. quack, 151%. quick, 151°. rattlesnake, 1507. red bent, 147°. rough hair, 1487. sheep fescue, 151°. spear, low, 149°. thin, 147°. wavy hair, 148°, wheat, 151°-52%. 249 250 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Grass, white bent, 147°. whitlow, 78°. wild oat, 149°. wire, 149°. witch, 146*. wood reed, 148*. wool, 1387. Gray’s Manual, 71’. Grimmia apocarpa, 162°. gracilis, 162°. ovata, 162°. Gyalecta lutea, 187°. Pineti, 187°. Gymnoascaceae, 233%. Gyromitra esculenta crispa, 230°. sphaerospora, 230%. _Gyrostachys gracilis, 130%. Romanzoffiana, 130°. Habenaria, 130°. bracteata, 131°. dilatata, 130°. obtusata, 130°. orbiculata, 1311. psycodes, 1307. Halorageae, 96*. Hardhack, 88°. Harebell, 110°. Harpidium, 174°. Haw, red, 93+. Hawkweed, Canada, 1097. orange, 108*-9’. pilose, 109%. rough, 109°. sharp tooth, 109’. Hazelnut, beaked, 123°. Heal all, 118°. Hebeloma firmum, 209°. Hedge mustard, 77°. Hedwigia ciliata, 163%. viridis, 163°. Hellebore, American white, 133°. Helotium citrinum, 232°. Helvella Infula, 230°. Helvellaceae, 230*-31°. Hemiarcyria clavata, 234", Hemlock, 128%. ' -bulbiferous water, 99". ground, 129*. spruce, 128%. Hemp nettle, 1187. ~ Heracleum lanatum, 98°. Herb Robert, 84‘, Heterothecium pezizoideum, 190°. sanguinarium, 1907. Hidden swamp, 69°. Hieracium aurantiacum, 108°*-9'. Canadense, 1097. Pilosella, 109%. scabrum, 109°. Hierochloe alpina, 146°. Hippuris vulgaris, 69*, 96°. Hirneola Auricula-Judae, 224°. Hoarhound, water, 117°. Holly, mountain, 84°. wild, 84°. Homalia Jamesii, 169*. Honeysuckle, bush, 101'. fiy, 101°. hairy, 101°. mountain fiy, 101°. Hop hornbeam, 123°. Horseradish, 77’. Horsetail, field, 152°. swamp, 152’. wood, 152°. Horseweed, 106°. Houstonia coerulea, 101%. Hunter’s cup, 76%. Hydnaceae, 221°-22°. idydnum coral-like, 221°. ‘spreading, 221*. Hydnum, coral-like, 221°. farinaceum, 221%, ochraceum, 221°. repandum, 221%. septentrionale, 221°, viride, 221°. zonatum, 221+. Hydrocotyle Americana, 99°. -Hydrophyllacae, 116°. Hydrophyllum Virginicum, 116’. Hydrothyria venosa, 185°. Hygrophorus, meadow, 200*. vermilion, 200°, eapreolarius, 2007. chlorophanus, 201‘. congelatus, 2007. conicus, 200°. eburneus, 199°. fuscoalbus, 200°. hypothejus, 2007. immutabilis, 200°. marginatus, 201’. miniatus, 200°. nitidus, 201°. parvulus, 201?, pratensis, 200*, psittacinus, 201°. Quetetii, 2007. Hylocomium, 176%. Hymenochaete corrugata, 220°. tabacina, 2237, Hymenomyceteae, 191'-2257, Hypericaceae, 827-83°*. Hypericum Canadense, 83? ellipticum, 82’. mutilum, 83%. perforatum, 82°, Hypholoma incertum, 213°. perplexum, 213+. Hyphomyceteae, 235+. Hypnum, 174°-75°. abietinum, 170°. aduncum polycarpum, 174°. Blandovii, 170°. chrysophyllum, 174°. cordifolium, 175°. Crista-castrensis, 174’. curvifolium, 175. delicatulum, 171+. denticulatum, 173°. elegans, 173°. eugyrium, 175°. fertile, 174°. fluitans, 174°. gracile, 171°. Haldanianum, 175°. hispidulum, 174'. . Hygrophorus Cantharellus, 200’. INDEX Hypnum imponens, 175%. Jamesii, 172°. laetum, 171’. laxepatulum, 172’. montanum, 175%. Muhlenbeckii, 173°. Mullerianum, 173%. Novae-Angliae, 172°. ochraceum, 175*. proliferum, 175°-76. pulchellum nitidulum, 1737. radicale, 173°. recurvans, 172°. reptile, 174°. riparium, 173°. rivulare, 172%. rugosum, 174°. rusciforme, 173’. salebrosum, 171°. Schreberi, 175’. scitum, 171’. aestivale, 171%. serpens, 173°. splendens, 175°-76*. Starkii, 172*. stramineum, 175’. strigosum, 172°. subtile, 173%. sylvaticum, 173°. triquetrum, 176°. umbratum, 176°. uncinatum, 174+. plumulosum, 174°. velutinum, 171’. Hypocrea rufa, 229°. Hypocreaceae, 229%. Hypoderma nervisequum, 230%. Hypodermeae, 226'-287. . Hypomyces lateritius, 229%. Hypopitys Hypopitys, 114°. Hypoxylon cohaerens, 228°. fuscum, 228°, Morsei, 228°. multiforme, 2297. perforatum, 2291. Hysteriaceae, 2307. 251 252 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 8 Iceland moss, 180°. llicineae, 84°. llicioides mucronata, 84°. Impatiens biflora, 83°. fulva, 83°. Indian cucumber root, 133°. Indian pass, 70?. - Indian pipe, 114°. Indian poke, 133°. Indian tobacco, 110°. Indian turnip, 135°. Innocence, 101°. Inocybe albodisea, 209%. calamistrata, 209°. geophylla, 209°. infelix, 209°. rimosa, 2097. subochracea, 2097. Tricholoma, 209°. Iridaceae, 131°. Iris versicolor, 131°. Ironwood, 123°. Irpex ambiguus, 222°. lacteus, 2227, Isariopsis alborosella, 235°. Isnardia palustris, 97°. Isoetes echinospora Braunii, 157. Ivy, ground, 118°. Ixophorus viridis, 146°. Jack-in-the-pulpit, 135°. Joe Pye weed, 102%. Jointweed, 96°. Juncaceae, 1337-85. Juncoides campestre, 134°. parvifilorum, 134’. pilosum, 134". spicatum, 70*, 135+. Juncus, 1337. bufonius, 134+. Canadensis, 134’. brevicaudatus, 134°. var. coarctatus, 134°. longicaudatus, 134?. effusus, 133°. Juneus filiformis, 134’. tenuis, 134°. Juneberry, few fruited, 94°. low, 93°-94?. oblong fruited, 94°. round leaved, 93°. Jungermannia incisa, 178°. Kunzeana, 179°. Michauxii, 179%. minuta, 178°, Schraderi, 179%. setiformis, 178°. ventricosa, 1787. Jungermanniaceae, 176°-79". J uniper, low, 1297. | Juniperus communis, 129%. nana, 129". Kalmia angustifolia, 113°. glauca, 113%. Keene and North Elba, plants on road between, 69°. Kneiffia pumila, 98. Knotgrass, 120°. Labiatae, 117°-18°. Labrador tea, 70*, 113°. Lachnea scubalonta, 232. scutellata, 232’. stercorea, 2327. Lactarius affinis, 202. aquifiuus, 202°. ~ ecamphoratus, 203%. cinereus, 202%. deceptivus, 202%. deliciosus, 201°. Gerardii, 203". glyciosmus, 202°. griseus, 202%, hysginus, 2027. lignyotus, 202°, platyphyllus, 202°. pyrogalus, 202°. quietus, 201°. rufus, 2037. sordidus, 201°. ee Lactarius subdulcis, 203°. INDEX 253 | Lentinus lepideus, 205°-6'. theiogalus, 201’. torminosus, 201°. trivialis, 202". uvidus, 201°. vellerus, 202°. Lactueca Canadensis, 110°. leucophaea, 110°. spicata, 110°. Ladies slipper, purple, 131*. stemless, 131*. Ladies tresses, hooded, 130+. slender, 130°. Lady’s thumb, 121’. Lambkill, 113°. Lamb’s quarters, 119°. Laportea Canadensis, 122°. Larch, American, 128’. Larix Americana, 128’. laricina, 128°. Laurel, pale, 113°. sheep, 113°. swamp, 113°. Leather leaf, 1137. Leatherwood, 121°. Lecanora atra, 186’. elatine, 186’. ochrophaea, 186°. pallescens, 186°. pallida, 1867. angulosa, 186°. eancriformis, 186°. subfusca, 186%. allophana, 186+. argentata, 186°. varia, 186°. symmicta, 186°. Lecanoraceae, 186'-87*. Lecidea contigua, 190°. Lecideaceae, 189°-90*. Ledum Groenlandicum, 70*, 113°. latifolium, 113°. Leguminosae, 85°-86?. Lentibulaceae, 117°. Lentinus cochleatus, 2067. Lecomtei, 205°. umbilicatus, 206°. ursinus, 206*. , Lenzites betulina, 206”. heteromorpha, 206°-7". sepiaria, 206’. vialis, 206°. Leotia lubrica, 233'. Lepidium apetalum, 797. Virginicum, 79’. Lepidozia reptans, 177*. Lepiota, tall, 192°. Lepiota acerina, 192°. acutesquamosa, 192°. amianthina, 193'. cristata, 192", felina, 192’. granulosa, 192°, illinita, 193°. metulaespora, 192°. procera, 192°, Eeniaieeas pyriforme, 165°. Leptogium myochroum saturninum, 185°. tremelloides, 185°, Leptoglossum luteum, 230°. Leptonia serrulata, 2087. Leptostromaceae, 235°. Leptothyrium Periclymeni, 235%. Leptotrichum tortile, 162+. vaginans, 162°. Lesquereux & James. Manual of North American mosses, 71°. Lettuce, tall blue, 110°. tall white, 109°. white, 1097. wild, 110°. Leucobryum vulgare, 161°. Leucodon julaceus, 169°. Leucosporae, 1911-2077. Lichens, 71°, 727, 180-90. Liliaceae, 131°-33°. Lily-of-the-valley, false, 132°. Limnobium, 175%. Linden, American, 83". Linnaea borealis, 101’. 254 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Liochlaena lanceolata, 179*. Listera cordata, 131°. Live-for-ever, 96'. Liverworts, 70?, 71°, 72', 1765-79". Underwood’s exposition, 71°. Lobelia inflata, 110’. Lobeliaceae, 110’. Lonicera ciliata, 101°. coerulea, 101°. hirsuta, 101°.. Loosestrife, bulb bearing, 1157. racemed, 115’. Lophocolea heterophylla, 178*. Loranthaceae, 121’. Ludwigia palustris, 97’. Luzula campestris, 134°. spadicea var, melanocarpa, 134?. spicata, 135%. vernalis, 134". Lycogala epidendrum, 234°. flavofuscum, 234°. | Lycoperdaceae, 225°. Lycoperdon furfuraceum, 2257, gemmatum, 225°. pyriforme, 225°. separans, 225’. subinearnatum, 225°. Lycopodiaceae, 152%-53*. Lycopodium annotinum, 153’. pungens, 1537. clavatum, 153°. complanatum, 153°. Chamaecyparissus, 153’. lucidulum, 152°. obscurum, 153%. var. dendroideum, 153°. Selago, 69°, 152°. Lycopus sinuatus, 117°. Virginicus, 117°. Lysimachia stricta, 115’. terrestris, 115'. Maianthemum Canadense, 1327. Maidenhair, 153°. Mallows, musk, 83°. Malus Malus, 92%. Malva moschata, 83+. Malvaceae, 83+. Maple, hard, 84°-85?. mountain, 85°, red, 85°. rock, 84°-85?. soft, 85%. striped, 85°. sugar, 84°-857, Swamp, 85°. Marasmius acerinus, 205%, - androsaceus, 205°, campanulatus, 205+. papillatus, 205%. perforans, 205°. peronatus, 2051. Rotula, 205°. subvenosus, 205%. umbonatus, 2057. Marchantia polymorpha, 179°, Marchantiaceae, 179°. Mares tail, 965 Marigold, marsh, 73°. Marsh five finger, 91°. Marsh marigold, 73°. Marsh pennywort, American, 99°. Marsh pond, species near, 697, Marsupella emarginata, 179°. sphacelata, 179°. Meadow buttercup, 73°. Meadow rue, purplish, 72’. tall, 72°. . Meadow sweet, American, 88". willow leaved, 88". Medeola Virginiana, 1337. Melampyrum Americanum, 117°. lineare, 117?. Melanosporae, 213'-14°. Melilot, white, 86°. Melilotus alba, 86°. Mentha arvensis, 117° Canadensis, 117’. Merulius aureus, 220°. fugax, 221°. molluscus, 2211, Micrampelis lobata, 98*. S SS - ae Milfoil, 107°. water, 96°, Milium .effusum, 147’. Mint, Canadian, 117’. corn, 117°. wild, 117". ° Mitchella repens, 102". Mitella diphylla, 94’, nuda, 94°. Mitrewort, 94’. false, 94°. Mitrula, irregular, 230°, Mitrula phalloides, 230’. vitellina irregularis, 230°. Mnium affine, 166*, cuspidatum, 166°, Drummondii, 166°. punctatum, 166°. elatum, 166°. spinulosum, 166°, stellare, 166’. Moccasin flower, 131‘. Mollisia cinerea, 232%. . Monotropa Hypopitys, 114'. uniflora, 114°, Moosewood, 85°, 121°. Moss, club, 153°. fir club, 152°. gray, 181°. long gray, 181’. reindeer, 188°. Shining club, 152°. stiff club, 153’. tree club, 153°, Mosses, 69°, 70’, 71°, 71°, 157°-765. Mt McIntyre, species found near, 70°. Mt Wallface, species found near, 70', 70°. Mt Whiteface, 70°. Mountain ash, 92°, American, 92°, elder leaf, 92°, western, 92°. Mucedinaceae, 235+. INDEX Muhlenbergia, meadow, 1477, Mexican, 147’. Muhlenbergia Mexicana, 147’, Mullein, 116’. Mushroom, oyster, 199°. parasol, 192°. Mustard, hedge, 77’. wild, 787. Mycena cyaneobasis, 198°. epipterygia, 198°. galericulata, 1987. immaculata, 198°, ‘Leaiana, 198%. palustris, 198°, pelianthina, 197°. pura, 198". rorida, 198°. Mylia Taylori, 178°. Myrica asplenifolia, 122’. Gale, 122°. Myricaceae, 122°. Myriophyllum tenellum, 69%, 96°. Myxomyceteae, 2337-34", Nabalus albus, 1097, altissimus, 109°, nanus, 110°. trifoliatus, 109°. Naiadaceae, 136'-37'. Nasturtium Armoracia, 77°. Naucoria curvomarginata, 210", lignicola, 210°. scorpioides, 210°, semiorbicularis, 210+. Neckera oligocarpa, 169°. pennata, 1697, Nectria cinnabarina, 229°, Nematelia encephala, 2257. Nemopanthes fascicularis, 84°. Nepeta Cataria, 118. Glechoma, 118%. Nephroma arcticum, 69°, 184°, Helveticum, 184°, laevigatum, 184", parile, 184", Nettle, hemp, 1187, 255 256 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Nettle, marsh hedge, 118°. slender, 122°. stinging, 122’. wood, 122°. Nightshade, enchanter’s, 987. Nolanea conica, 208%. Nomenclature, 70°. North Elba, description, 67'-69. plants on road to Keene, 69°. Nummularia repanda, 229°, -Nuphar advena, Td*. var. minus, 75*. Nuttall’s pondweed, 186°. Nymphaea advena, 75°. hybrida, 69%, 75*.- Nymphaeaceae, 75%. Oakesia sessilifolia, 132°. Oat, narrow false, 148’. purple, 149°. Oat grass, 149° Ochrosporae, 208-12’. OEnothera biennis, 97’. var. cruciata, 97°. pumila, 98*. Oidium destruens, 235+. Oleaceae, 115%. Ombrophila albiceps, 2337. Omphalia Campanella, 199°. clavata, 199*. Fibula, 199%. lilacinifolia, 198*. Oculus 198*. Olivaria, 198’. striaepilea, 198”. Swartzii, 199°. umbellifera, 199’. Onagra biennis, 97’. cruciata, YT". Onagraceae, 97'-98'. Oncophorus Wahlenbergii, 159°. Onoclea sensibilis, 155’. Struthiopteris, 155°. Opegraphaceae, 190°. Ophioglossaceae, 156*. Orchidaceae, 129°-31°. Orchis, green flowered, 131°. large round leaved, 131’. long bracted, 131°: obtuse leaved, 130%. purple swamp, 130". small northern bog, 130’. small purple fringed, 130". tall white bog, 130*. Orpine, 96°. Orthotrichum Americanum, 164°. Braunii, 163°. obtusifolium, 164°. Ohioense, 163%. speciosum, 168°. strangulatum, 168°. Oryzopsis asperifolia, 146%. Osier, red, 99”. u Osmorrhiza brevistylis, 99. Claytoni, $9*. Osmunda cinnamomea, 156°. Claytoniana, 1567. Ostrich fern, 155*: Ostrya Virginiana, 123°. Virginica, 123°. Oxalis Acetosella, 84. cymosa, 84’. ‘ Oxyecoccus macrocarpus, 112'. Oxycoccus, 112°. Paint brush, 108*-97. Panaeolus campanulatus, 214’. solidipes, 214%. e Panicularia, 150°. Americana, 151’. Canadensis, 150". elongata, 150°. fluitans, 151°. nervata, 150°. pallida, 151”. Panicum capillare, 146+. Crus-galli, 146°. dichotomum, 146°. Pannaria leucosticta, 185°. rubiginosa, 185*, -conoplea, 185°. Pannariaceae, 185*. Panus stipticus, 206°. Papoose root, 75*. Parmelia caperata, 182’. conspersa, 183". olivacea, 182°. aspidota, 182°. perlata, 182°. pertusa, 1827. physodes, 182°. vittata, 182°. saxatilis, 182%. * tiliacea, 182*. Parmeliaceae, 182?-83". Parsnip, cow, 98°. golden meadow, 98°. wild, 98”. Partridge berry, 102’. Pastinaca sativa, 98", Paxillus involutus, 212°. rhodoxanthus, 2127. Peltigera aphthosa, 184°. canina, 185’. spuria, 185%. horizontalis, 184’. polydactyla, 185*. rufescens, 1857. Peltigeraceae, 184'-85*. Pennsylvania Persicaria, 121". Pennsylvanian bitter cress, 77°. Pennywort, American marsh, 99°. Pepper, water, 120°. Pepper grass, apetalous, 79”. wild, 79’. Peramium repens, 129%. tessellatum, 129°, Peridermium balsameum, 227°. decolorans, 227°. elatinum, 227°. Engelmanni, .227?. Perisporiaceae, 228%. Persicaria, hairy stalk, 121’. Pertusaria communis, 186°. leioplaca, 187’. velata, 187'. Pezicula acericola, 232%. Peziza badia, 231°. INDEX Peziza odorata, 231°. _ vesiculosa, 231°. Pezizaceae, 231°-32'. Phacidiaceae, 233°. Philonotis fontana, 165*. Phlebia vaga, 222°, Phleum pratense, 147+. Pholiota, fat, 2087. Pholiota acericola, 209*. adiposa, 2087. aggerata, 208°. albocrenulata, 208°. caperata, 208°. confragosa, 209*, flammans, 208°. lutea, 208°. marginata, 2097. marginella, 209°. rugosa, 209%. Phyllosticta limitata, 234°. Physalacria inflata, 224". Physaraceae, 233". Physcia, adglutinata, 183°. aquila, 183%. detonsa, 183%. obscura, 183°, setosa, 183°. speciosa, 1837. stellaris, 183*, Picea alba, 1267-277. brevitolia, 1277. semiprostrata, 127°. Canadensis, 69°, 1267-27’. Mariana, 127°. nigra, 127°. var. rubra, 127°. Pigweed, 119°. ) rough, 119°. Pilophorus cereolus Fibula, 187°. Pine, Canadian, 126°. festoon ground, 153°. ground, 153°. Norway, 126°. red 126°. running, 153°. Weymouth, 1267. 257 258 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Pine, white, 1267. Pine sap, 114’. Pinus resinosa, 126°. Strobus, 126. Pipewort, seven angled, 137°. Pitcher plant, 76*. Placodium vitellinum, 186%. Plagiochila asplenioides, 178°. Plagiothecium, 1737. nitidulum, 1737. Plantaginaceae, 119'. Plantago major, 119’. Rugelii, 119°. Plantain, common, 1197. rattlesnake, 129°. Rugel’s, 119%. Pleurotus mitis, 199’. ostreatus, 199°. petaloides, 199°. sapidus, 199°. Pleurozium, 175°-76*. Plowrightia morbosa, 229°-30*. Pluteus admirabilis, 207*. cervinus 207°. granularis, 207°. Poa, 149°. alsodes, 150*. annua, 149°, compressa, 149°. flava, 150'. pratensis, 1507. serotina, 150%. Pogonatum alpinum, 167°. brevicaule, 167°. urnigerum, 167". Poke, Indian, 133°. Polygonaceae, 1197-21°. Polygonatum bifilorum, 131°. Polygonum, 120°. fringe joint, 120%. Polygonum aviculare, 120°. cilinode, 120*. breve, 120+. Convolvulus, 120°. Hydropiper, 120°. Polygonum, Pennsylvanicum, 121’. Persicaria, 121°. sagittatum, 1207. Polypodium vulgare, 153°, Polypody, common, 153°. Polyporaceae, 214*-21°. Polyporus adustus, 217°. Anax.. 217% benzoinus, 218°. borealis, 2187. chioneus, 217°. elegans, 217°. guttulatus, 217°. hispidellus, 217°. picipes, 217%. pubescens, 218°. Schweinitzii, 217’. sulphureus, 217’. Weinmanni, 218’. Polystictus abietinus, 219°. irpiciformis, 219%. circinatus, 2197, hirsutus, 219*. perennis, 219°. pergamenus, 219°. versicolor, 219°. Polytrichum commune, 168*. juniperinum, 168". Ohioense, 168°. piliferum, 167°. strictum, 1687. tenue, 167°. Pond lily, hybrid, 75*. red disk, 75*. white, 76%. yellow, 75°. Pondweed, clasping leaved, 137°. floating, 136%. large leaved, 136°. long stemmed, 137’. northern, 136’. Nuttall’s, 136°. Oakes’s, 136°. white stemmed, 137°. Poplar, balsam, 125’. oe Populus balsamifera, 125’. | candicans, 125°. grandidentata, 125°. tremuloides, 125*. Porella platyphylla, 176°. Poria inermis, 219%. marginella, 219%, rhodella, 220°. subacida, 2207. vaporaria, 219°. Portulaca oleracea, 82°, Portulacaceae, 82°. Potamogeton, 136°. alpinus, 136". amplifolius, 136°. natans, 136+. Nuttallii, 136°. Oakesianus, 136°. Pennsylvanicus, 136°. perfoliatus, 137%. praelongus, 1377. rufescens, 136". Potentilla, 917. argentea, 91° Canadensis, 91°, ‘fruticosa, 91°. Monspeliensis, 91°. Norvegica, 91°. palustris, 91°. tridentata, 91°. Prenanthes, tall, 109°. Prenanthes alba, 109". altissima, 109°. serpentaria var. nana, 110°. Primulaceae, 115’. Prinee’s pine, 113’. Prunella vulgaris, 118°. Prunus Pennsylvanica, 87’. serotina, 87°. Virginiana, 87°. Psathyra silvatica, 2137. Psilocybe foenisecii, 213°. Pteridophyta, 152*-57?. summary, 236°. _ Pteris aquilina, 154". Ptilidium ciliare, 177°. Se. =e we Ay, Thy INDEX | Puccinia Asteris, 226°. purpurascens, 226’, Circaeae, 227°. Claytoniata, 226”. mesomegala, 227*. porphyrogenita, 227°. Prenanthis, 226°. pulchella, 226°, Tiarellae, 227°. Violae, 226°. Purslane, 82°. water, 97°. Pussley, 82°. Pylaisia intricata, 170*, Pyrenomyceteae, 228?-30°. velutina, 170°. Pyrola elliptica, 114’. rotundifolia, 114". secunda, 114°. pumila, 114*. Pyrus Americana, 92*. arbutifolia var. melanocarpa, 93". Malus, 92°. sambucifolia, 92°. Pyxine sorediata, 183". Quillwort, Braun’s, 157?. Racomitrium aciculare, 162°. Radula complanata, 176°, fasciculare, 1637. microcarpum, 1637. Sudeticum, 162°, Ragwort, golden, 107°. Robbin’s, 108%. Ramalina calicaris, 180*. Ramularia Tulasnei, 235°. Ranunculaceae, 72°-74°. Ranunculus, 72°. abortivus, 73°. acris, 73°. 259 aquatilis var. trichophyllus, 73°. Flammula var. reptans, 73". Pennsylvanicus, 73‘. recurvatus, 73°, reptans, 73’, 260 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Rape, 78%. Raphidostegium, 172°. Raspberry, dwarf, 897. red, 70*, 88%-89'. wild red, 88*-89'. Rattlesnake plantain, smaller, 129°. tessellated, 129°. Rattlesnake root, 1097, low, 1107. tall, 109°. Razoumofskya pusilla, 69*, 121°. Red robin, 84*. Red top, 147". false, 150°. Reticularia Lycoperdon, 234°. Reticulariaceae, 234°. Rhabdoweisia denticulata, 159". fugax, 159+. Rhizina inflata, 231°. Rhododendron, Lapland, 113’. Rhododendron Lapponicum, 115°. Rhodosporae, 207?-8*. Rhynchostegium, 173°. Rhytidium, 174°. Ribes, 957. Cynosbati, 95”. lacustre, 95*. oxyacanthoides, 95°. prostratum, 95°, rotundifolium, 95°. Rice, white grained mountain, 146°. Rocket, yellow, 77°. Roripa Armoracia, 77°. Rosaceae, 87*-94*. Rose, cinnamon, 92°. Rosebay, alpine, 1137. Rosemary, wild, 112°. Rubiaceae, 101°-2". Rubus, 88°. Allegheniensis, 89”. Americanus, 89. roseifiorus, &9Y*. Canadensis, 89*. Millspaughii, 897. occidentalis, 90*. odoratus, 90%, Rubus, setosus, 89°. strigosus, 70*, S8*-89". triflorus, 89°. villosus, 907. - frondosus, 907. Rudbeckia, hairy, 107°. Rumex Acetosella, 121°. crispus, 121%. obtusifolius, 121%. Rush, bog, 133%. Canada, 134’. narrow panicled, 134°. slender, 134°. ~ soft, 133”. spike, 137°. spiked wood, 70°. thread, 134’. toad, 134+. wood, 134°. yard, 134°. Russula basifureata, 203°. brevipes,.2037. compacta, 203°. decolorans, 204+, semetica, 204’. fallax, 204’. foetens, 203%. fragilis, 204°. nigricans, 203°. purpurina, 204%. sordida, 203°. variata, 203’. Rye, spurred, 229". wild, 1527. Saccardo’s Syllioge fungorum, 71*. Saggittaria latifolia, 135°. angustifolia, 135°. var. diversifolia, 135”. -vyar. obtusa, 135”. variabilis, 135°. St Johnswort, common, &2’. dwarf, 83°. elliptic leaved, 82’. marsh, &3*. Salicaceae, 124’-25°. “, 4 : * a 9) eee ee ee ee an ‘Salix, 124. balsamifera, 124". Bebbiana, 124°. | cordata, 124°. discolor, 125°. prinoides, 125°. lucida, 124*. 3 rostrata, 124°. sericea, 125%. Uva-ursi, 124°. Sambucus Canadensis, 100’. pubens, 100*. racemosa, 100*. Sandwort, Greenland, 81+. ' mountain, 81*. Sapindaceae, 84°-85". Sarracenia purpurea, 76°. Sarraceniaceae, 76*. _ Sarsaparilla, bristly, 99°. j wild, 99°. Savastaha, alpina, 146°. Saxifragaceae, 94°-95°. Saxifraga Virginiensis, 94°. Saxifrage, early, 94°. 2 golden, 95'. _ Scapania apiculata, 178°. --- nemorosa, 177°. : undulata, 177°. Schistostega osmundacea, 164°. Schizophyllum commune, 20.-. F Scirpus atrovirens, 137°. yy caespitosus, 137°. - -eyperinus, 138’. ~ econdensatus, 138%. Eriophorum, 138%. microcarpus, 138". __-sylwaticus var. digynus, 138°. - Scleroderma vulgare, 225°. Scotts ponds, 69°. -Serophulariaceae, 116°-17°. _Scutellaria galericulata, 118°. ie laterifiora, 118*. Sedge, awl fruited, 144’. -Bailey’s, 141°. -_Bigelow’s, 141°. bladder, 140°, ¥e L ~ » ~ fons ce a. ee Me an ee f INDEX 261 Sedge, blunt brown, 145°. bottle, 1407. bristle stalked, 144°. brownish, 145*. Dewey’s, 145°. drooping wood, 142°. few flowered, 144°. few seeded, 140°. fibrous rooted, 144’. fox, 144°. fringed, 1427. graceful, 142°. Hayden’s, 141’. Houghton’s, 141*. lenticular, 141°. little prickly, 145’. long stalked 143°. loose flowered, 143’. Magellan, 142%. necklace, 140". New England, 144*. nodding, 142°. northern, 143°. pale, 142°, plantain leaf, 143%. pointed brown, 146°. rough, 141°. sallow, 140°. scirpus-like, 143". sheathed, 148°. silvery, 145°. : slender, 141°. slender stalked, 142", soft leaved, 144°. three fruited, 145". tussock, 141°. twisted, 142%, Sedum Telephium, 96°. Seed-bearing plants, 72-152. summary, 236". Selaginellaceae, 157". Self heal, 118°. , Senecio aureus, 107’. Robbinsii, 108°. Septoria acerina, 235', ” 262 Septoria Saccharini, 2357. Service berry, 937. Setaria viridis, 146’. Shad bush, 93". Sheep laurel, 113°. Sheep poison, 113%. Sheep sorrel, 121°. Shellfiower, 116°. Shepherd’s purse, 78°. Shield fern, crested, 155”. evergreen, 155°. — marginal, 155°. marsh, 154°. spinulose, 154°. Shinleaf, 114’. Side saddle flower, 76+. Silene noctifiora, 81°. Silkweed, 115°. Silver leaf, 83°. Siphoptychium Casparyi, 234+‘. Sisymbrium officinale, 77°. Sisyrinchium angustifolium, 131‘. Skulleap, common, 118°. mad dog, 118*. Smartweed, 120°. Smilacina racemosa, 131°. trifolia, 182". x Snake head, 116° Snakeroot, black, 14°. white, 102°. Snowberry, creeping, 112°. Soldier’s cap, 76’. Solenia filicina, 2217. Solidago, 103%. alpestris, 1037. arguta, 104°, bicolor, 105’. caesia, 105*. Canadensis, 104°. glabrata, 104’. flexicaulis, 104’. juncea, 104°. lanceolata, 1057. latifolia, 104". macrophylla, 103°. nemoralis, 105*. NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM | Solidago, puberula, 104*. rugosa, 104’. squarrosa, 104°-5'. uliginosa, 104°. Virgaurea, 103°. var. alpina, 103’. Redfieldii, 103°. Solomon’s seal, hairy, 181°. smaller, 131°. three leaved, 182%. two leaved, 1327. Sorbus Americana, 92%. sambucifolia, 92°. Sorrel, field, 121°. sheep, 121°. wood, 84’. Sparganium androcladum fluctuans, 1354. simplex, 135*. fluitans, 135‘. Spathularia clavata, 231%. rugosa, 2317. velutipes, 231°. Spatter dock, 75°. Spearwort, creeping, 73. Species, nomenclature, 71’. Speedwell, corn, 116°. thyme leaved, 117°. Spergula arvensis, 82’. Spermatophyta, 72-152. summary, 236%. Sphaeriaceae, 228'-29*. Sphaerioidaceae, 234%-35?. Sphaeropsideae, 234°-35*. Sphagnaceae, 157°-59'. Sphagnum acutifolium, 157‘. purpureum, 157°. viride, 157‘. cymbifolium, 158*, Girgensohnii, 157°. intermedium, 158%, Lindbergii, 159. medium, 158°. purpurascens, 158’. roseum, 158°. Pylaesii, 69°, 1587. a a recurvum, 158’. Russowii, 157’. sedoides, 158°. A squarrosum, 158°. strictum, 157°. stachyodes, 157°. Wulfianum, 1587. Spike rush, 137°. creeping, 137°. ovoid, 137°. Spikenard, false, 131’. wild, 131’. Spiraea, sorb leaved, 88°. Spiraea salicifolia, 88°. sorbifolia, 88°. tomentosa, 88’. Spiranthes gracilis, 130°. Romanzoffiana, 130°. Splachnum rubrum, 69°, 164°. Spleenwort, silvery, 154°. summary, 236°-37. _ Sporocybe sphaerophila, 235%. Spring beauty, Carolina, 82°. Spruce, black, 127°. hemlock, 128". swamp, 127’ white, 69°, 126°-277. _ Spurge, cypress, irs Spurry, 82’. Squawweed, 107°. Squirrel corn, 76’. Stachys palustris, 118°. Star flower, 115°. -Starwort, water, 96°. - Steeple bush, 88°. — Stellaria borealis, 81°. 7 longifolia, 81". media, 81°. -Stemonitaceae, 234’. _ Stemonitis ferruginea, 234°. _ Stereocaulon paschale, 187’. | tomentosum, 187*. Stereum ambiguum, 223", balsameum, 222°. Sphagnum quinquefarium, 157°. Spore-bearing plants, 152*-235°. INDEX Stereum fasciatum, 222’, hirsutum, 222°, populneum, 223%, rugosum, 222’, Sticta amplissima, 184", crocata, 184°. pulmonaria, 1847. scrobiculata, 184‘. Stilbaceae, 235°. Stinging nettle, 122". Stitchwort, long leaved, 81". northern, 81°. Strawberry, 90°. American wood, 911. Virginia, 90°. Streptopus amplexifolius, 132+. roseus, 132°. Stropharia semiglobata, 213°. siccipes, 213+. Sugar maple, 84°-857, Sugarberry, 99". Sundew, round leaved, Y6*. Sundrops, small, 98". Swamp orchis, purple, 130’. Sweet cicely, 99. spurious, 99. Sweet clover, 86°. Sweet fern, 122°. Sweet gale, 122°. Sweet william, 81’. Tacamahac, 125’. . Tamarack, 128", Tanacetum vulgare, 107°. Tansy, 107°. Tararacum officinale, 110*. Taraxacum, 110%. ‘Tare, 86°. Taxus Canadensis, 129%. minor, 129%. Tea, Labrador, 70*, 113°. ‘Yearthumb, 120’. Tetraphis pellucida, 164°. Thalictrum polygamum, 72°. purpurascens, 72’, Thallophyta, 180-235". summary, 237°. 264 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Thamnolia vermicularis, 189%. Thelephora laciniata, 222°, Schweinitzii, 222°. Thelephoraceae, 222*-23°. Theloschistes parietinus, 182’. polyearpus, 182’. Thistle, awnless swamp, 108". Canada, 108°. common, 108%. Thorn, large fruited, 93°. scarlet, 93%. Thuidium, 170*-71°. microphyllum, 171’. Thuja occidentalis, 128”. Thymeleaceae, 121°. Tiarella cordifolia, 94°. Tilia Americana, 83°. Tiliaceae, 83°. Tilmadoche nutans, 233°. Timothy, 147+. ‘Tobacco, Indian, 110’. ‘Toothwort, two-leaved, 78". ‘louch-me-not, spotted, 83”. Trametes Abietis, 220°. cinnabarina, 2207. Sepium, 220%. - serialis, 220+. resupinata, 220°. variiformis, 220°. ‘Trematodon ambiguus, 159". ‘'Tremella lutescens, 224”. mycetophila, 225’. Tremellaceae, 224-257, Tremellodon gelatinosum, 2227. Triadenum Virginicum, 83°. 'Trichiaceae, 234". Trichocolea tomentella, 177’. Tricholoma, changing, 193°. Tricholoma alboflavidum, 194°. album, 193°. fallax, 194+. imbricatum, 193°. laterarium, 194’. microcephalum, 194". nobile, 194. rutilans, 1937. Tricholoma, silvaticum, 194°, subacutum, 194°. transmutans, 193°. vaccinum, 193°. variegatum, 193°. virescens, 194°. Trientalis Americana, 115%. Trifolium agrarium, 86°. hybridum, 8&6". pratense, 86°. repens, 85°. Trillium erectum, 133%. erythrocarpum, 183%. undulatum, 133% ‘Triphragmium clavellosum, 227+. Trisetum subspicatum, 148°. var. molle, 148°. 'Trogia crispa, 206°. Trumpet weed, 102°. Tsuga Canadensis, 128’. Tubaria deformata, 211’. Tuckerman’s North American lich- ens, TE. ; ‘Tumbleweed, 146%. Turnip, 78. Indian, 135°. ‘l'win flower, 101’. ‘ Twist foot, rose flowered, 1382*. Twisted stalk, clasping leaved, 182°. sessile leaved, 182%. Tympanis alnea, 232°. conspersa, 232". laricina, 232". Typha latifolia, 135°. Typhaceae, 135’. Typhula muscicola, 224". Ulmus Americana, 122°. Ulota crispa, 164%. crispula, 164". Hutchinsiae, 164’. Ludwigii, 164’. Umbelliferae, 98-99". Umbilicaria Dillenii, 183°. Muhlenbergii, 183, pustulata, 183°. papulosa, 183°, Umbilicariaceae, 183’. Unifolium Canadense, 132?. Uredinacae, 226*-28?. Uromyces Caladii, 226%. Urtica dioica, 122%. gs gracilis, 1227. Urticaceae, 122". Urtieastrum divaricatum, 122°, - Usnea barbata, 181°. dasypoga, 181°. florida, 181*, hirta, 181°. plicata, 181°. longissima, 181’. Usneaceae, 180". Ustilago Avenae, 226'. Ustulina vulgaris, 2287. Utricularia cornuta, 117%. vulgaris, 117%. Uvularia sessilifolia, 132°. macrocarpon, 112’. Oxycoccus, 112°. Pennsylvanicum, 111°. | angustifolium, 111’. = uliginosum, 70°, 111°. - Vagnera racemosa, 131°. trifolia, 132". - Veratum viride, 133°. - Verbascum Thapsus, 116’. Veronica Americana, 116°. arvensis, 116°. serpyllifolia, 117’. Vetch, blue, 86°. . common, 86%. s cow, 86°. tufted, 86°. > ibrissea Truncorum, 231‘. ee albipes, 231°. Viburnum alnifolium, 100’. _ eassinoides, 100°. a lantanoides, 100’. a Opulus, 100°-1'. , iv of a Pha} Underwood on liverworts, 71°. Ustilaginaceae, 226', > Vaccinium Canadense, 111%. INDEX 265 Vicia Cracca, 86°. sativa, 86°. Viola, 79°. arenaria, 80°. blanda, 80'. amoena, 80’. var. palustriformis, 80?. Canadensis, 80°. canina var. Muhlenbergii, 80%. cucullata, 79°. Labradorica, 80*. obliqua, 79". palmata, 79°. cucullata, 79". pubescens var. scabriuscula, 80". rotundifolia, 80°. scabriuscula, 80’. Violaceae, 79%-80°. Violet, American dog, 80°. Canada, 80°. common blue, 79". early blue, 79°. meadow, 797. palmate, 79°. round leaved, 80°. sand, 80°. smoothish yellow, 80’. sweet white, 80". Virginia virgin’s bower, 72‘. Virgin’s bower, 72%. Wake robin, false, 133%. ill scented, 133°. painted, 133%. Water arum, 135°. Water carpet, 95". Water hemlock, 99". Water lilies, 75°. white, 76". Water milfoil, 96°. Water pepper, 120°. Water purslane, 97%. Water shield, 76’. Water starwort,, 96°. Water target, 767. Waterleaf, Virginia, 116°. 266 Wayfaring tree, 100’. Webera cruda, 165°. elongata, 165°. nutans, 1657. Wheat, American cow, 117°. India, 119°. Tartary, 119°. Wheat grass, 151°-52?. Whistlewood, 85°. White hellebore, American, 183°. Whitewood, 837. Whitlow grass, twisted, 78°. Willow, balsam, 124", beaked, 124°-25', bearberry, 124°, Bebb’s, 124°. glaucous, 125°. glossy, 124+. heart leaved, 124°. pussy, 125%. shining, 124+, silky, 1257. Willow herb, great, 97°. linear leaved, 97°. northern, 97°. NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Ww ilmington notch, 70%, Wind flower, 72°. Wintergreen, 112’. chickweed, 115°. one sided, 114°. round leaved, 114’. Witch hobble, 100’. Withe rod, 100°. Wood chess, 151°. Wood rush, 134°. hairy, 134°. spiked, 1857. Wood sorrel, 84’. Woodsia, rusty, 155°, Woodsia Ilvensis, 155’. Xylaria castorea, 228°. corniformis, 228°. digitata, 228°. Yarrow, 107°. Yew, American, 129%. Zizia aurea, 98°. Zygodon viridissimus, 163%. (Pages 267-8 were bulletin cover pages) University of the State of New York Belk be EEA} N OF THE FREDERICK J. H. MERRILL, Director FOL. 6 <-No.:29 October 1899 PRELIMINARY LIST: OF THE - MAMMALS OF NEW YORK BY GERRIT S. MILLER jr ALBANY UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK 1899 CONT PNES Putroduction 23. 0 vy Sesten oo sce ee oe eee Sore eres 29% History of the list of New York mammals... . -. once on ose cee 243 Type localities in: New York 27... SOR Posteo a Lie zones.ot New York... i7. .5 32340452 ae ee eer re List of mammals... <5. 6.0. 244225 4. < See ee 292 Explanation ....... ‘ire’ & Nos 0.8.6 males Gee dm eee 292 Recent: species 0. 5b 50s staid ses a isto at 293 Fossil Species... <6 sv 2's « sven soa cn ee ee Oe 372 Bibliography ©.«...'....3++ = -@6Ra2 Sees > aa ae eee 376 Index. ..2 60... sib ase... koe 387 NOTE BY THE DIRECTOR The long period of time which has elapsed since the publication of De Kay’s report on the zoology of New ‘York in 1842 and the great pro- gress of systematic zoology during that interval have made it important for the New York state museum to issue a systematic description of the New York mammals at present known. In seeking for some one properly equipped to prepare this important contribution, the director was brought, through the courtesy of Dr C. Hart Merriam, into com- munication with Gerrit S. Miller jr, who has undertaken and com- pleted the work. As the editing rules in bibliography, adopted by the Regents of the University of the State of New York, are materially different from those which Mr Miller is in the habit of following, he has asked to be relieved of all responsibility for any errors that might be introduced in the editorial revision of this part of the work. The director takes pleasure in reliev- ing Mr Miller from this responsibility, though he believes that sufficient care has been taken to make the work entirely reliable. FREDERICK J. H. MERRILL, Director 1 Volume and page numbers are separated by a colon; e. g. 3: 150 means volume 3, page 150. i Preliminary list of the Mammals of New York INTRODUCTION At the suggestion of Dr Frederick J. H. Merrill, director of the New York state museum, I have prepared the following preliminary list of the mammals of New York. To write a preliminary paper on this subject 14 years after the appearance of Dr C. Hart Merriam’s two volumes on the mammals of the Adirondack region, and 56 years after the publica- tion of De Kay’s elaborate work on the mammals of the state at large, may at first seem paradoxical. Nevertheless one of the most important re- _ sults of the recent great increase in our knowledge of the mammalian fauna of New York is the realization that nothing more than preliminary work can be done now. The whole area of the state must receive a thorough biologic survey before final results can be expected. To aid in preparing the way for such a final investigation is the main purpose of this paper. My aim is to bring together the scattered published _ knowledge of the subject rather than to add any considerable mass of _ new facts. | HISTORY OF THE LIST OF NEW YORK MAMMALS The first important work on the mammals of New York was pub- lished by DeKay in 1842 as part one of the Zoology of New York.? In this work 70 mammals are recorded as forming part of the natural _ fauna of the state. Seven of these, Didelphis virginiana, opossum, Sorex parvus ( =Blarina parva), small shrew, Sorex carolinensis ( =Blarina brevi- cauda carolinensis), short-tailed shrew, Arvicola xanthognathus ( =Microtus xanthognathus), yellow-cheeked meadow mouse, angifer tarandus ( -Rangifer caribou), caribou, Rorgualus borealis ( =Sibbaldius borealis) silver-bottom whale, and Delphinus delphis, porpoise, are included with- _ out definite knowledge of their occurrence within the boundaries of the state. Eight others, Sorex dehayi ( =Blarina brevicauda, short-tailed _ shrew), Otisorex platyrhinus ( =Sorex personatus, masked shrew), AZustela _ fusca (=Putorius richardsoni cicognani, Bonaparte’s weasel), Sciurus niger _ {=black phase of S. carolinensis /eucotis, northern gray squirrel), Aus americanus (=M. rattus, black rat), Arvicola hirsutus (=Microtus penn- 3 1For full title see bibliography, p. 379. 274 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM sylvanicus, meadow mouse), Arvicola oneida ( =Microtus pennsylvanicus, meadow mouse), and A. alborufescens (=Evotomys gapperi, common red-backed mouse), prove to have been founded on insufficient charac- ters. One species (Microtus pinetorum scalopsoides, northern pine mouse) described by Audubon and Bachman in 1841 from specimens. © taken on Long Island, De Kay omits. ‘Therefore the total number of known New York mammals in 1842 was 56. During the 40 years immediately following the publication of De Kay’s work, the list of New York mammals received only three additions: Leotoma pennsylvanica, cave rat, recorded by Baird in 1857 under the specific name /loridana, Parascalops breweri, hairy-tailed mole, recorded by Baird in 1865 under the name Scalops breweri and Myotis subulatus, Say’s bat, recorded by H. Allen in 1863, and for the first time dis- tinguished from_M/. Zucifugus, little brown bat (=the Vespertilio subulatus of De Kay). It is possible that the supposed occurrence of the opossum was confirmed during this period; but I have been unable to determine when the first definite record of this animal as an inhabitant of New York was published. Most of the eliminations to which I have referred were, however, made during this period by Baird, Coues and J. A. Allen. From 1842 to 1882 there appeared no important paper dealing specially with the mammals of New York, a clear indication that the stability of the list during this time resulted from lack of interest in the subject rather than from fulness of knowledge. After De Kay, the first writer to deal extensively with the mammals of New York was Dr C. Hart Merriam, who issued two volumes on the mammals of the Adirondack region in 1882 and 1884. At about the same time he published several short special papers which, together with the volumes just mentioned, give the results of 15 years’ field work in northern New York. It is not surprising therefore to find recorded in this short period as many additions ‘to the mammalian fauna of the state as were made during the preceding 40 years. - The species added to the New York list by Merriam at this time are: Sciuropterus sabrinus macrotis, Canadian flying squirrel (84d, p. 108) Sorex fumeus,? smoky shrew (’84d, p. 77), and Zamias striatus lysteri, northeastern chipmunk (86, p. 242). This number appears small in view of the fact that more than twice as many species have since been added to the New York list from the Adirondack region alone. It is, however, a good illustration of the futility of even the most determined efforts, unaided by the methods of collecting afterward perfected chiefly by Dr Merriam himself. —_———_ - — 1 Recorded as S. volucella hudsonica. 2 Recorded as S. platyrhinus. RIE ik & ose 9.5 PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 275 During the past 10 years the results of these improved methods have made a strong impress on the list of New York mammals. In this com- paratively short period 18 additions have been recorded, raising the total number known to have occurred in the state within historic times to 81. These additions, arranged chronologically, are: Tursiops tursio (Fabricius), porpoise (True, ’89, p. 34). Delphinus delphis Linnaeus, porpoise (True, ’89, p. 56, 57). Napaeozapus insignis Miller, woodland jumping-mouse (Miller, ’93<, p i); Peromyscus canadensis (Miller), Canadian white-footed mouse (Miller, ’93b, p- 56). Sorex albibarbis (Cope), water shrew (Miller, ’94, p 181). Lepus floridanus transitionalis (Bangs), northeastern cottontail (Bangs, 95» D+» 405). Lepus floridanus mearnsi Allen, eastern prairie cottontail (Bangs, ’gs, Pp. 409). Sorex hoyit Baird, Hoy’s shrew (Merriam, ’95, p. 90). Sciurus hudsonicus loguax Bangs, southeastern red squirrel (Bangs, ’g6d, p. 161). Synaptomys cooperi Baird, bog lemming (Batchelder, ’96a, p. 185). Microtus chrotorrhinus Miller, rock vole (Batchelder, ’96a, p. 188). Futorius vison lutreocephalus (Harlan), southeastern mink (Bangs, ’96a, p. 4). Sorex macrurus Batchelder, big-tailed shrew (Batchelder, ’g6b, oe || «P- 33). ~Pipistrellus subflavus subflavus (F. Cuvier), Georgia bat (Fisher, ’96 p- 196). Lipistrellus subjflavus obscurus Miller, dusky bat (Miller, ’97b, p. 93). Microtus nesophilus Bailey, Gull Island mouse (Bailey, ’98a, p. 86; ’98b, p. 783). Evotomys gapperit rhoadsi Stone, New Jersey red-backed mouse (Mearns ’98a, p. 333). Synaptomys fatuus Bangs, northein bog lemming (Mearns, ’98b, p. 348). In the following table the growth of the list of New York mammals 7 is shown in parallel columns. The names used by De Kay (’42) are _ given in the left hand column,! those used by Merriam (’82, ’84 and 785) in the second, those adopted in the present paper in the third and the English names in the fourth. : 4 1 From De Kay’s list I omit the species included without definite knowledge of their occurrence NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 276 4Wi OAD OSNOUL POJOOJ-9}IGA Tetpvarg OSNOUL ULOSLvIqylou 4vi osnoy Po} OOJ-9) LMA qui you[q osnout osnoy IOAVIG UBOLLOUTY Jetarnbs Susy uvipeary [oluinbs SurA py usoqynos YOUNTOIPOOM yunwdiyo ureysBvoyyiou yunmdiypo araysvoy nos [otuinbs XoJ Urojsvoyyr0u [oattubs Avis asroqyrou [oqitnbs pot U10}Svoq NOS jotainbs por uvipearg esooul 1Z1dUM UW10}8BO IOOP VIALBILA OsIq UBoLoULy O[BYM IQSt4 e(eyM wrsods 9[VYM posou-9[}40q TOT [TH Usgyxovl[q estodiod soqaey ostodaod ostodaod wunssodo GHAVN NOWWOO (91g ‘d) sisuopvuro snosulolog (ei ¢'d) sisuvovr0qoAou sndoond] snosXuor1ag (etg¢ ‘d) snuvmnoop snjq (pTg *d) sngqgear snyy (e1g *d) snynosni snyq (11g ‘d) stsuopeuro 10}8rp (60g *d) savjoa sna9ojdountog (agg ‘d) xvuowm sdmojJOy (Log *d) 120784, SHYRITYS SVLOLBT, (10g *d) SugvLI4S SUYBLIYS SVITART, (90g ‘d) SHULOLA SnuvlolAopny snintog (pog ‘d) styoone] SisueUul[orvos SHantog (cog ‘d) xenbor snotuospuy snantog (zog *d) snoraurds snotuospng snantog (zog *d) suuvolsoule od[y (00g ‘d) stsuopvueo snares (66z ‘d) SnuBorl10Ule Sne[loDOpO (162 ‘d) uostq wostg (16Z ‘d) Votjoreslo vuoKl eg (16z ‘d) snyeydooororul r9gasAqq (96z ‘d) sngeaysor uopoorod AP] (96z “d) vo10 BIC (96z °d) svjour snyeqdoo1qopy (cgz ‘d) vuovooyd vusrooyg (cgz ‘d) siydjop snurqdjoq (q6z ‘d) o1sany sdotsany, (g6¢ “d) vurzuSaza siqdjopid|*-7>* MATT (ote ‘d) styosaovmd SnuLiqes sna9ydoiniog|Bolmospnty BlLooNpOA Susoydoantog SIJOONOT SISMOUI[OAVD SNAINLIG + (LTE ‘d) vormvadsauod BUIOJOON pease sbabeoe d6be chbdbte cebadbe shdbbdbn dbawe dbbben cahaned bodhds icdb bd sndoonoy s{moredsoyy Sudooney] sul SUUVUINIIP SNL SNUBOLIOULY SNL §N)4R1 SUI Sn[NOSNUL sny IACY. 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J PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 279 TYPE LOCALITIES IN NEW YORK Thirty one descriptions of supposed new mammals have been based on specimens from New York state. Of these zo are now regarded as applying to previously named species, but the proper arrangement of the untenable names in synonymy so largely depends on an exact knowledge of specimens taken at the orginal locality (‘topotypes’), that the matter assumes a special importance from the point of view of systematic zoology. The names based on New York specimens with the localities at which the latter were taken are as follows! : Llaphus americanus De Kay (’42,p.120) Near mouth of Raquette - river, Elephas americanus De Kay (42, p. 101) Ten miles east of Rochester. Sciuropierus sabrinus macrotis Mearns (’98 b, p. 353) Hunter mountain (Catskills). . Mus americanus De Kay (’42, p. 81) Rockland co. Mus agrarius americanus Kerr (’92, p. 231) New York state. Mus sylvaticus noveboracensis Fischer (’29, p. 318) New York state. Sitomys americanus Canadensis Miller (’93 b, p. 55) Peterboro, Madison co. Lemmus noveboracensis Rafinesque (’22, p. 3) Southern New York. Arvicola rufescens De Kay (’42,p. 85) Low grounds near Oneida lake. Arvicola oneida De Kay (’42, p. 88) Oneida lake. Arvicola scalopsoides Audubon and Bachman (’41, p.97) Long Island. Arvicola fulvus Audubon and Bachman (’41, p. 295) St Lawrence co. Microtus insularis Bailey (’98, p. 86) Great Gull Island. Lynx montanus Rafinesque ('17, p. 46) Catskill mountains. felis ruffa Gueldenstaedt (’76, p. 484) Central New York. - Mustela pusilla De Kay (’42, p. 34) New York state. Mustela fusca Bachman (’41, p. 94) Suffolk co. Putorius agilis Audubon and Bachman (’54, p. 184) Rockland co. Putorius noveboracensis Emmons (’40, p. 45) New York state. Phoca concolor De Kay (’42, p. 53) New York harbor. ; Otisorex platyrhinus De Kay (’42, p.22) Tappan, Rockland co. Sorex dekayi Bachman (’37 b, p. 377) Queens co. 1 Names now regarded as tenable printed in HEAVY TYPE 280 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Sorex fumeus Miller (’95, p. 50) Peterboro, Madison co. Sorex macrurus Batchelder (’96 b, p. 133) Keene Heights, Essex co. Pipistrellus subflavus obscurus Miller ('97 c, p. 93) Lake George. Vespertilio borealis Miiller (’76, p. 20) New York state. Vespertilio gryphus F, Cuvier (’32, p. 15) Vicinity of New York city. Vespertilio salarii F. Cuvier (’32, p. 15) Vicinity of New York city. Vespertilio crassus F. Cuvier (732, p. 18) Vicinity of New York city. Vespertilio carol Temminck (735-41, p. 237) Vicinity of New York city. Atalapha fuscata Rafinesque (’20, p. 2) Northern New York. LIFE ZONES OF NEW YORK The importance of an acquaintance with the life areas of a region as a key to the geographic distribution of its animals and plants is hardly to be overestimated. Indeed one of the most significant of recent develop- ments in faunal zoology is the growing recognition of this fact. Such knowledge furnishes a ready and exact means of defining the ranges of species without the tedious enumeration of isolated localities, and offers moreover an explanation of the principal factor governing those associations of species that constitute local faunae and florae. ? Briefly defined, a life zone is a transcontinental area bounded by certain isothermal lines and characterized by relative uniformity of fauna and flora. Together with the isotherms a life zone normally extends in an approximately east and west direction, but both are sub- ject to endless deviations. Elevations in the surface of the earth cause the life zones to bend to the southward, often many hundreds of miles beyond their normal sea-level position, while hot, dry plains have an opposite, though less, effect. Furthermore a zone is not neces- sarily continuous. It often happens that isolated hills and mountains reach a sufficient hight to have about their summits the climatic condi- tions characteristic of a more northerly zone than that at their bases. If there has ever been direct means of communication between such an isolated zonal island and the main body of the life area to which it be- longs, its fauna will more closely resemble that of the latter than that of © the immediately contiguous region.” This is however to a certain degree 1 In this connection see especially Miller, ’98. 2 On mountains situated far enough south and rising to a sufficient altitude, several successive zones will be encountered between base and summit (see Merriam, ’90). a oryer ww ew a PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 281 dependent on the extent of the “island”. Thus the Hudsonian area in northern New York, while large enough to support a characteristic flora, is apparently too small to be inhabited by any typical Hudsonian assemblage of mammals. Effects similar to those of elevation are pro- duced by isolated swamps (see Bailey ’96, p. 250-51 and Batchelder, ’96a, p- 192-93) and cold rock slides (see Batchelder, ’96a, p. 188 and Miller, 198, p. 615-18). The reverse condition of a southern island in a more northerly zone is less frequently met with though it occasionally occurs. In North America seven life zones are represented. These are (beginning at the north) the Arctic, Hudsonian, Canadian, transition, upper austral, lower austral and tropical. The temperatures limiting these life areas are tabulated as follows, by Merriam (’94, p. 237, '98, p. 55). It is to be noticed that the northern limit of each zone is determined by an isotherm representing the sum of the positive tem- peratures for the entire season of growth and reproduction, and that the southward distribution is governed by the mean temperature of a brief period during the hottest part of the year, ( Merriam, ’94, p. 237, ’98, p. 54). Governing temperatures NORTHERN LIMIT | SOUTHERN LIMIT e ee Etech» BER a Sum of normal mean | Normal mean tempera- daily temperatures| ture of six hottest above 6° c. (43° F.) consecutive weeks aA all et | a $4 = eat aaa eae Hite f dvs sop oa nds geiease= abil b osidae dh ad fl esse anna 110 | 750 iE ie ea scien 922) iatcka wedwss|, as dcawabe | laiddeg'ssn.s- 114 ia) Soto Canadian ........ OMe Rags tad esd «hetacseedid’ tras decks s 18 64.4 LS a ogee Se eee ee 5 500 10000 | 22 71.6 I Fe cs? S Gan ended canes enceawas 6 400 11500 | 26 78.8 PIMIRER GD ooo hac. aio wane eters ais fue svc e'e'ay 00's 10 000 18 000 POE eer Bette tase A SS, RR ene Pe ORION! Tor... Leo ancients Within the limits of New York state, with its north and south extent of only 260 miles, the irregularities of surface are such that no less than four life zones are represented.! The areas that they occupy within the state are briefly as follows: Hudsonian: Summits of the highest Adirondacks (and possibly of the Catskills also) above the region of perfect forest . growth. ‘Canadian: Adirondack forest region, ae many ‘islands’ on hilltops to the southward, specially in the Catskills. 1 Estimated from insufficient data. 2 It is probable that a fifth, the Arctic, should be recognized as occupying the treeless summits of some of the highest Adirondack peaks. The data are at present insufficient. - 282 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Transition: The main agricultural portion of the state Upper austral: Hudson valley, the western part of Long Island, and the lake region. While this is in general the distribution of the life zones in New York the details are very imperfectly known. A study of these details would be the first and most important step in a survey of the kind to which this paper is intended as a preliminary. The economic importance of such a survey in its bearing on the selection of crops for certain areas and the avoidance of crop parasites is very great. (See Howard ’95, Merriam ’98, and Plumb ’98.) - Throughout this paper the geographic distribution of species will be stated so far as possible in terms of life zones. The salient features of the different zones however may first be considered in some detail. Hudsonian zone. The area occupied by the Hudsonian zone in New York is too limited to support a characteristic mammalian fauna. Microtus chrotorrhinus, a typical Hudsonian mammal, probably occurs throughout the Adirondack region in favorable localities (see p. 322) in the area covered by the Canadian zone. It has also been found in the Catskills associated with Syxaptomys fatuus, another Hudsonian species. At least one Hudsonian bird (Ayplocichla aliciae bicknel) breeds.in the Catskills, while several such as Farus hudsonicus, Spinus pinus and Picoides americanus are found in the Adirondacks. Among the flowering plants a number of characteristic Hudsonian forms occur on the summits of the higher Adirondacks. Peck (’80) enu- merates the following species from the summit of Mt Marcy: Alpine golden-rod! low rattlesnake-root dwarf bilberry Solidago alpestris LNabalus nanus Vaccinium caespitosum Vaccinium uliginosum Rhododendron lapponicum Arenaria groenlandica Diapensia lapponica LEimpetrum nigrum Salix uva-ursi Juncus trifidus Scirpus caespitosus Carex bigelovit Poa laxa Savastana alpina great bilberry Lapland rose bay mountain sandwort diapensia black crowberry bearberry willow highland rush tufted club-rush Bigelow’s sedge wavy meadow-grass Alpine holy grass. 1 The English names for plants are thoseZadopted by Britton and Brown (’96, ’97 and ’98). , = et Tai f PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 283. The period of active plant growth in this zone covers slightly less than half the year. In alist of lepidoptera of the Adirondack region Lintner (’80) records 11 species of moths (Phalaenidae) all of which occur on Mt Washington, New Hampshire, and many of which are found also in Labrador, Iceland, Lapland, the Alps of central Europe, and the high mountains of western North America. It is probable that these should be regarded as Hudsonian forms, though more strictly speaking they may be members of the Arctic fauna. Canadian zone. In~.New York the characteristic mammals of the Canadian zone are: Sciurus hudsonicus gymnicus Sciuropterus sabrinus macrotis Peromyscus canadensis Evotomys gapperi gapperi Napacozapus insignis Putorius vison vison Sorex albibarbis Sorex fumeus Sorex macrurus Lasiurus cinereus Canadian red squirrel Canadian flying squirrel Canadian white-footed mouse common red-backed mouse woodland jumping-mouse northern mink water shrew smoky shrew big-tailed shrew hoary bat Many Canadian birds breed in New York, but it is necessary to mention a few of the more characteristic only. Among these Dendragapus canadensis Bonasa umbellus togata Picoides arcticus Empidonux flaviventris Contopus borealis Perisoreus canadensis Loxia leucoptera Lonotrichia albicollis Junco hyemalis Vireo philadelphicus Dendroica maculosa Dentroica coronata Dendroica blackburniae Anorthura hiemalis Regulus satrapa Lylocichla ustulata swainsoni Canada grouse ” northern ruffed grouse Arctic three-toed woodpecker yellow-bellied flycatcher olive-sided flycatcher Canada jay white-winged crossbill white-throated sparrow slate-colored junco Philadelphia vireo magnolia warbler myrtle warbler Blackburnian warbler winter wren golden-crowned kinglet . olive-backed thrush 1 This animal is so slightly known that its faunal position is still doubtful. 2 The English names for birds are those adopted by the American ornithologists union (’95). 284 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Plants have as yet been so little studied with regard to zonal distribu- tion that it is impossible to give a complete list of those whose southern limit coincides with that of the Canadian zone. The following species however belong with little doubt to this category:! Clintonia borealis Vagnera trifolia Unifolium canadense Streptopus amplextfolius Streptopus roseus Flabenaria orbiculata Habenaria obtusata Betula papyrifera Alnus alnobetula Coptis trifola Actaea rubra Actaca alba Bicuculla canadensis Mitella nuda Ribes prostratum Dalibarda repens Fragaria canadensis Potentilla fruticosa Sorbus americana Llicoides mucronata Acer spicatum Circaea alpina Panax guinguefolium Cornus canadensis Ledum palustre Ledum groenlandicum Kalmia glauca Chiogenes hispidula Gentiana linearis Sambucus pubens Viburnum alnifolium Linnaea borealis yellow clintonia three-leaved Solomon’s seal false lily-of-the-valley clasping-leaved twisted-stalk sessile-leaved twisted-stalk large round-leaved orchis small northern bog orchis paper birch green or mountain alder gold-thread _ red baneberry white baneberry squirrel corn naked bishop’s cap fetid currant dalibarda northern wild strawberry shrubby cinquefoil American mountain ash wild or mountain holly mountain maple smaller enchanter’s nightshade ginseng low or dwarf cornel narrowed-leaved Labrador tea Labrador tea pale or swamp laurel creeping snowberry narrow-leaved gentian red-berried elder hobble-bush twin-flower While it may be that a few of the species enumerated are not of them- selves sufficient to stamp a region as Canadian, no locality outside of this zone can have a fauna and a flora in which the mammals, birds and plants of these three lists predominate. The period of plant 1 These are mostly included among the plants found on the Adirondack leagueclub tract. (Smith °94 and °98). E : y ; tk ra} _~ CHa ee ee a ad . “9 PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 285 activity in the Canadian zone covers slightly more than half the year. ‘The season is therefore too short to allow this region to assume much agricultural importance. ‘In. favored spots particularly along the southern border white potatoes, turnips, beets and the more hardy Russian apples and cereals may be cultivated with moderate success.” (Merriam 98, p. 20) : Transition zone. The transition zone, which covers the greater part of New York state, is as its name suggests.a region of intergrada- tion between the boreal and austral life areas. More strictly speaking it is an area in which the extreme southern limit of a small but considerable number of boreal species overlaps the extreme northern limit of a large number of austral species. Its fauna and flora are therefore not readily susceptible of positive characterization, specially since few species are strictly confined to its limits. It may perhaps be best recognized negatively, that is by the absence of strictly boreal and strictly austral forms of life. In New York at least two mammals are peculiar to the transition zone. Theseare both races of cottontail, Zepus floridanus transitionalis in the east and Z. floridanus mearnsi in the west. Pat Sa ets CX ad PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 395 / Type locality. Region between York and Lake Simcoe, Ontario, Canada. Faunal position. Transition zone and lowermost part of Canadian zone. Habitat. “ Hardwood forests and groves of oak, chestnut and hickory” (Bangs, ’96e, p. 155). The gray squirrel is often abundant in parks, 4 cemeteries and the outskirts of towns and cities, Distribution in New York, The distribution of the gray squirrel in i New York is remarkably irregular. The animal is often abundant in i localities where it would not be expected to thrive, and as unaccountably absent from others. The cause of this irregularity is probably to be found in some variation in the food supply. That food has a very marked influence on the periodical increase and decrease of gray squirrels _ is well known. Dr Merriam writes, “This species . . . varies in abun- dance from year to year according to the conditions of the nut crop. . .. My notes show that the beechnut crop was good in the autumns of 1871, 1873, 1875, 1877, 1879, 1881, 1883—— always on the odd years —- while on the alternate seasons it failed. And strange as it may at first sight appear, squirrels are usually most numerous during the summer and early autumn of those years when there are few or no nuts. The reason is this: when the yield is large there is a noticeable influx of squirrels _ from distant parts, and they, together with those that were here at the time, winter well having an abundance of food, and breed here the follow- ing spring. During the summer and early autumn a multitude of young now nearly full grown mingle with the parent stock. Hence the species attains at this time its maximum in numbers. But this is the year when the nut crop is a failure. Therefore, as the fall advances and they find there is a scarcity of provision for the winter many of them migrate, we know not where. Then come the October “squirrel hunts ’—a disgrace _ to the state as well as to the thoughtless men and boys who participate in them—and the number left to winter is deplorably small. | “As the abundance of the gray squirrel in winter is governed by the _ supply of beechnuts so is the presence at this season of its assailant, the _ red-headed woodpecker (A@elanerpes erythrocephalus) determined by the a : same cause. I have elsewhere called attention to this fact, remarking that ‘with us a squirrel year is synonymous with a good year for Melan- __erpes, and vice versa’ [’8rb, p. 347]. Gray squirrels, red-headed wood- _peckers and beechnuts were numerous during the winters of 1871-72, _ 1873-74, 1875-76, 1877-78, 1879-80, 1881-82, 1883-84 while during the alternate years the squirrels and nuts were scarce, and the woods Principal records. De Kay: “This well known little animal is found in every forest abounding in nuts of various kinds” (’42, p. 58). Mer- riam: This record has been quoted in sufficient detail. Fisher: ‘ Period- ically common. Some years hundredsare killed during the open season, _ while on the following year not over a dozen will be secured” (96, p. 197). Mearns: ‘‘ The gray squirrel is rare in this region [the Catskills] ; but one individual was seen during our stay ” (’98b, p. 353). | I have found the gray squirrel rare at Peterboro, Madison co. | Remarks. In his revision of the squirrels of eastern North America Mr Outram Bangs says that the southeastern gray squirrel, Sc?urus caro- linensis carolinensis ranges “north about to the lower Hudson valley.” There is, however, no positive evidence as yet that this form actually occurs in New York. 306 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM : | { Sciurus ludovicianus vicinus Bangs Jortheastern fox squirrel 1842 Sciurus vulpinus De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. Pp. 59. 1884 Sciurus niger cinereus Merriam, Linn. soc. New York. Trans. 2:1 34. 1896 Sciurus niger cinereus Fisher, The Observer. May 1896. 7: 197. 1896 Sciurus ludovictanus vicinus Bangs, Biolog. soc. Washington. Proc. 28 Dec. 1896, 10: 150. —— ee ee ee a ee ee a | ee a Type locality. White Sulphur springs, West Virginia. Faunal position. ‘The northeastern fox squirrel is an inhabitant of the upper austral zone, but occasionaly it wanders into the transition zone. Flabitat. "Extensive forests. Distribution in New York. In New York the occurrence of the fox squirrel can now be regarded as ‘little more than accidental. Formerly however it was found in considerable numbers. : Principal records. De Kay: “Its habits and geographic distribution are the same as in the preceding [.S. /eucotis|” (42, p. 60). Merriam: ‘The fox squirrel can not at present be regarded as other than a rare or accidental straggler in the Adirondack region. So far as I am aware the only specimen taken here of late was killed by Oliver B. Lockhardt at” Lake George, Warren co. in 1872 or 1873” (84d, p. 134).. Fisher: “Mr Gilbert C. Merritt once informed me that he had killed several fox squirrel in the Chappaqua hills about the year 1850. Of late none have been heard of even in that wild region” (’g6, p. 197). Mr Savage writes that there is an old mounted specimen of this animal — in the museum of the Buffalo Society of natural science, labeled ‘ Erie ~ county.’ He does not consider the record as positive however, since all definite history of the specimen is lacking. Mr Helme informs me that the fox squirrel does not occur on Long Island. Te eg ee ee hows ots PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 3°07 - Tamias striatus striatus (Linnaeus) Southeastern chipmunk 1758 Sciurus striatus Linnaeus, Syst. nat. ed. ro. 1: 164. 1842 Sciurus striatus De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. p. 62 (part). | 1857 Zamias striatus Baird, 11th Smithsonian report. p. 55 (part). 1886 Zamias striatus Merriam, American naturalist. Feb. 1896. 20: 242. © 1896 Zamias striatus Fisher, The Observer. May 1896. 7: 196. 1898 Zamias striatus Mearns, Am. mus. nat. hist. Bul. g Sep. 1898. 10: 338. Type locality. Virginia and Carolina. Faunal position. Upper austral zone. Habitat. Thickets, rocky ledges and dry, open woods. Distribution in New York. The southeastern chipmunk reaches New - York, so far as at present known, in the lower Hudson valley only. I . have never seen a specimen from the upper austral area in the western part of the state, and therefore can not say positively which form occurs there. Principal records. De Kay did not distinguish between the two forms of chipmunk now known to occur in New York, but his references to the animal show that he included both under the name Sciurus striatus (’42, p. 62). Fisher: “Common [at Sing Sing]” ’96, p. 196. Mearns: ‘The southern chipmunk is by far the most abundant member of the squirrel family in the Highlands. It lives everywhere, from the islands of the _ Hudson to the highest mountain tops, though it is least common on the high ground ” (’98a, p. 338). Of the chipmunk on Long Island Mr Helme writes, ‘‘ This animal is common. A few years ago it was nearly exterminated, but now it has become plentiful again. The cause of this decrease in numbers was due _ I believe to an extremely cold winter following an autumn in which the food supply was short.” Tamias striatus lysteri (Richardson) Northeastern chipmunk 1829 Sciurus (Zamias) lysteri Richardson, Fauna Boreali-Americana. me: 182. 1842 Sciurus striatus De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. p- 62 (part). 1884 Zamias striatus Merriam, Linn. soc. New York. Trans. 2: 135. 1886 Zamias striatus lysteri Merriam, American naturalist. Feb. we 1886. 20: 242. 1898 Zamias striatus lysteri Mearns, U.S. Nat. mus. Proc. 21: 352. 308 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Type locality, Penetanguishene, Georgian Bay, Ontario, Canada. faunal position, Transition zone and warmer, more open parts of Canadian zone. Habitat. The habitat of the northeastern chipmunk is the same as that of its southern relative. Distribution in New York. The northeastern chipmunk is _ very generally distributed throughout the greater part of New York state. Specimens intermediate between the two races have been taken in the lower Hudson valley by Mearns (Miller ’97 p. 30). Principal records. De Kay: ‘It is common over all the state” (’42, p. 64). Merriam: ‘The chipmunk or ground squirrel is always present in greater or less numbers in some parts of the Adirondacks. It is a migratory animal and is exceedingly abundant some years, while during others it is scarcely seen at all, the difference being dependent on the quantity of the food supply” (84d, p. 135).. Mearuas: “ The chipmunk of the Schoharie valley is distinctly of the Jystevi type. It was common but shy, occurring from the edge of the creek (altitude 1700 feet) up to the summit of Hunter mountain (altitude 4025 feet), At Palenville, on the Hudson river side of the Catskills, intermediates between the forms striatus and Zysteri occur ;-in the Hudson highlands a few individuals from the highest elevations verge toward Js¢eri, and lower down the Hudson valley only true s¢riafus is found. No difference was detected between specimens collected in spruce forests and balsam swamps on the moun- tains and those from the fields and fences along Schoharie creek” (’98, P- 352): I have found Zamias striatus lysteri abundant at Peterboro, Madison co., and at Elizabethtown, Essex co. Arctomys monax (Linnaeus) Woodchuck 1758 Mus monax Linnaeus, Syst. nat. ed. 10. 1:60, 1780 Arctomys monax Schreber, Saugethiere. 4: pl. 208. 1842 Arctomys monax De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. p. 69. 1884 Arctomys monax Merriam, Linn. soc. New York. Trans. 2: 142. 1896 Arctomys monax Fisher, The Observer. May 1896. 7: 196. 1898 Arclomys monax Mearns, Am. mus. nat. hist. Bul. g Sep. 1898. 10: 338. 1898 Arctomys monax Mearns, U.S. Nat. mus. Proc. 21: 352. Type locality. Maryland. Faunal position, The range of the woodchuck is now supposed to extend from well within the upper austral zone through the Canadian zone. PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 3°9 Habitat. Principally meadows and cleared land, but the animal is found in almost*every variety of situation providing suitable ground for the construction of extensive burrows. Distribution in New York. The woodchuck probably occurs in every county of New York. While it is probable that the range of this animal has not been materially affected by the settlement of the country, there can be little doubt that there are more woodchucks now in the state than there were before the arrival of the white settlers. Principal records. DeKay: “The woodchuck ... is common in almost every couaty in the state” (’42, p. 69). Merriam: ‘The _woodchuck is rare ... within the proper limits of the Adirondacks, though he has been found sparingly in the remotest parts of the wilder- ness. In the cultivated area surrounding the Adirondacks he is very abundant” (’84 d, p. 142). Fisher: ‘Common [at Sing Sing]” (’96, p. 196). Mearns: “This species is... tolerably common in the Schoharie valley ” (‘98 b, p. 352). I have found the woodchuck common at Geneva, Ontario co. and Peterboro, Madison co. Mr Savage writes, “ The woodchuck is more common in the hills south and east of Buffalo than in the flat country immediately about the city. However I know of a family of ‘chucks’ in a bank less than three miles from my home.” Mr Helme writes that the woodchuck though common on Long Island is in certain localities less numerous than it was a few years ago. He attributes this fact to the effect of bounties offered by several townships for the animals’ scalps. Remarks. It is probable that the woodchuck of the Canadian forests is not true Arctomys monax. The material necessary to decide the question is lacking. For an account of the tree-climbing propensities of the woodchuck see Merriam ’8r a. Sciuropterus volans (Linnaeus) Southern flying squirrel Mus volans Linnaeus, Syst. nat. ed. 10. 1:63. fteromys volucella De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. p. 66 (part). Sciuropterus volucella Merriam, Linn. soc. New York. Trans. 2:99. Sciuropterus volans Jordan, Man, vertebr. anim. northeastern Bb: €d: 5+) p.324- Sciuropterus volucella Fisher, The Observer. May 1896. 7:197. 310 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM - 1896 Sciuropterus volans Bangs, Biolog. soc. Washington. Proc. 28 Dec. 1896. 10: 164. } 1898 Sciuropterus volans Mearns, Am. mus. nat. his. Bul. 9 Sep. 1898. 10: 341. Type locality. Virginia. faunal position. ‘The southern flying squirrel is a characteristic inhabi- tant of the austral zones and the transition zone. It barely reaches the lower edge of the Canadian zone in favorable localities. Habitat. Woodlands, orchards, parks, buildings; wherever convenient shelter can be found. Distribution in New York. The southern flying squirrel probably occurs throughout New York state except in large tracts of Canadian forest. The details of its overlapping in range with the Canadian flying squirrel remain to be worked out. Principal records, De Kay: “The flying squirrel is well known throughout state” this (’42, p 66). Merriam: ‘“ Two varieties of flying squirrel occur in the Adirondacks: the present form, confined mainly to the borders of the region, and a northern race, commonest in the elevated portions of the interior” (’84 d, p.99). Fisher: “Common [at Sing Sing]. In the daytime they remain quietly in hollow trees, bird houses, out buildings, hay lofts, or garrets of houses, and as dusk approaches come out of their hiding places and start off on foraging expeditions” (96, p. 197). : I have found the southern flying squirrel at Peterboro, Madison co., though it is apparently less numerous there than the Canadian species. I have also taken it at Geneva, Ontario county. Mr Savage writes: “The flying squirrel is seldom met with in the Vicinity of Buffalo, but it is probably more common than is generally supposed. I took a pair December 8, 1897.” According to Mr Helme the flying squirrel is common on Long Island. Sciuropterus sabrinus macrotis Mearns Canadian flying squirrel . 1842. Frteromys volucella De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. p- 66 (part). 1884 Sciuropterus volucella hudsonius Merriam,, Linn. soc. New York. Trans. 2: 108. (Not Sciurus hudsonius Gmelin). — 1896 Sciuropterus sabrinus, Bangs, Biolog. soc. Washington, Proc. 28 Dec. 1896. 10:162 (part). 1898 Sciuropterus sabrinus macrotis Mearns, U. S..Nat. mus. Proc. 2538s. if fi ? , : f : ‘ : : —— ee es ee a a ee ea ee ee PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 311 Type locality. Hunter mountain (Catskills) Greene co., New York. Fanual position, Canadian zone. Habitat. Forests. Distribution in New York. 1n New York this animal is found through- out the great boreal area in the northern part of the state, and on the numerous boreal “islands” south of this region. In many localities on the border line between the transition zone and Canadian zone it 1s found associated with the smaller species S. vo/ans but the two animals never intergrade (see AZerriam ’84d, p. 108, and Bangs, ’g6d, p. 163). Principal records. DeKay: See last species. Merriam: ‘“ The northern flying squirrel isa common inhabitant of the elevated central area of the Adirondacks and is not particularly rare about the outskirts of the region, where I have found both varieties nesting in adjoining trees” (’84d, p. 108) Mearns: “This species was found in spruce woods on the ridge of Hunter mountain [Catskills], at the altitude of 3300 feet. Flying squirrels are said to be common everywhere in the region. One seen on August 7, 1896 near the base of East Kill mountain at 1800 feet altitude may have been either the present species or Sciuropterus volans (Linn- aeus)” (’98b, p. 354). I have taken the Canadian flying squirrels at Peterboro, Madison co., and at Elizabethtown, Essex co. It is common at each locality. Castor canadensis Kuhl American beaver 1820 Castor canadensis Kuhl, Beitrage zur Zoologie und vergl, Anat. p. 64. 1842 Castor fiber De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. p. 72. 1884 Castor fiber canadensis Merriam, Linn. soc. New York. Trans. , APT 1898 Caslor canadensis Mearns, Am. mus. nat. hist. Bul. g Sep. 1898. 10: 351. Type locality. Hudson bay. Faunal position. Partly on account of the animal’s aquatic habits, and partly on account of lack of definite knowledge of its geographic varia- tions, it is impossible at present to assign the beaver a satisfactory faunal position. Beaver are known to range from the southern part of the lower austral zone in the south to the northern edge of the Hudsonian zone in the north. Surprising as it may seem there is at present no means for determining whether more than one race occurs in this area.* a Since this was written, Mr S. N. Rhoads has divided the beaver into two races, a boreal form) true Castor canadensis and an austral form, C. canadensis carolinensis. (Trans. Am. philos. soc., NS., September 1898 19: 417-23). 312 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Habitat. Borders of streams, ponds and lakes. Distribution in New York. The beaver is probably nearly exterminated if not quite extinct in New York. Concerning the animal’s status I have nothing to add to the account given by Merriam in 1884. Principal records. De Kay: ‘‘ The beaver, whose skins once formed so important an article of commerce to this state as to have been incorporated in the armorial bearings of the old colony, is now nearly extirpated within its limits . . . In the summer of 1840 we tfaversed those almost interminable forests on the highlands separating the sources of the Hudson and the St Lawrence, and included in Hamilton, Herkimer and a part of Essex counties. In the course.of our journey we saw several beaver signs as they are termed by the hunters. The beaver has been so much harassed in this state that it has ceased making dams, and contents itself in making large excavations in the banks of streams. Within the past year (1841) they have been seen on Indian and Cedar rivers, and at Pashungamah on Tupper’s lake; and although they are not numerous, yet they are still found in scattered families in the northern part of Hamilton, the southern part of St Lawrence and the western part of Essex counties. Through the considerate attention of Mr A. McIntyre those yet existing in the southern part of Franklin co. are carefully preserved from the avidity of the hunter and there probably the last of the species in the Atlantic states will be found” (’42, p. 73-74). Merriam: “ That the beaver was once abundant in all parts of the Adi- rondacks is attested by the numerous rémains and effects of their dams, but at present they are so exceedingly rare that few people know that they still exist here . . . During the fall of 1880a beaver was caught on Raquette river between the Upper Saranac and Big Tupper’s lake and about a mile below the ‘Sweeney carry’ ... Subsequent to this date saplings were cut in the neighborhood showing that another was at work there... At present there is a small colony of beavers on a stream that empties into the west branch of the St Regis river. It is probably the colony referred to by De Kay in 1842 as ‘yet existing in (84d, p. 155-58). Mearns: ‘ When I was a boy the remains of a beaver-dam were plainly visible at B»g Meadow pond, in Orange co. When this pond was raised a 7 32 the southern part of Franklin co. few years ago to supply the town waterworks at Highland falls the dam was submerged, and with it disappeared the last vestige of the beaver, long extinct in the [Hudson] highlands” (’98a, p. 351-52). PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 313 Mus musculus Linnaeus House mouse 1758 [Mus] musculus Linnaeus, Syst. nat. ed.10. 1: 62. 1842 Mus musculus De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. p. 82. 1884 Mus musculus Merriam, Linn. soc. New York. Trans. 2 :162. 1896 Mus musculus Fisher, The Observer. May 1896. 7:197. 1898 Mus musculus Mearns, Am. mus. nat. hist. Bul. g Sep. 1898. 10°" 3379- 1898 Mus musculus Mearns, U.S. Nat mus. Proc. 21 :351. Type locality. Sweden. Fuunal position, The house mouse on account of its semi-domesttca- tion can not be assigned to any definite faunal position. Habitat. Buildings, fields, and occasionally woodlands. Distribution in New York. ‘This animal is abundant throughout the settled part of New York. It is by no means strictly confined to buildings. Principal records. De Kay: “ This familar little species has also been introduced from Europe into this country since its discovery. It has _ everywhere followed the footsteps of man . . .” (’42, p. 82). Merriam; *T have observed the house mouse in many of the camps scattered through the Adirondacks and have killed it, though rarely, at a considerable dis- tance from the habitations of man. It iscommon in the fertile valleys along the outskirts of the wilderness, living in the fields during the short sum- mer season, and returning to the dwellings, barns and haystacks at the approach of winter” (’84, p. 162). Fisher: ‘‘Common in the corn and rye fields as well as around buildings” (’96, p. 197). Mearns: ‘“‘ Common in fields and houses. Several were trapped under stacks of fodder corn standing in the fields. None were caught in the woods” (’98b, p. 351). Ihave found the house mouse abundant at Geneva, Ontario co. Peterboro, Madison co. and Elizabethtown, Essex co. Mr Savage reports it abundant at Buffalo. Helme: ‘“ The house mouse is abundant on Long Island.” Mus decumanus Pallas House rat 1778 Mus decumanus Pallas, Nov. Sp. Quadr. e Glir. Ord., p. gt. 1842 Mus decumanus De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. p, 79. 1884 Mus decumanis Merriam, Linn. soc. New York. Trans. 2: 161. 1896 Mus decumanus Fisher, The Observer. May 1896. 7: 197. 1898 Mus decumanus Mearns, Am. mus. nat, hist. Bul. 9g Sep. 1898. . 10: 336. 1898 Mus decumanus Mearns, U.S. Nat. mus. Proc. 21 : 351. 314 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Type locality. Russia. | Faunal position. As with the other introduced species of old world rats it is impossible to assign this animal a definite faunal position. flabitat, Houses, outbuildings and fields. Distribution in New York. ‘The house rat occurs throughout New York, wherever there are towns or settlements. Principal records. De Kay: “In this country it was introduced with the foreign mercenaries during the revolutionary war. ‘They are now numerous in all the states, and have even extended to Canada” (42, p. 80). Merriam: ‘This ubiquitous naturalized exotic is found even within the confines of the Adirondacks. But his presence here omens no good. Like the lumberman, whose footsteps he follows, he is the personification of destruction and desecrates the soil on which he treads” (84d, p. 161).- Fisher: ‘‘ Common [at Sing Sing]’ (’86, p. 197). Mearns: ‘‘Abundant. One was trapped at the base of East Kill moun- tain at the altitude of 2000 feet” (’98b, p. 351). I have found the house rat at Geneva, Ontario co.; Peterboro, Madi- son co. and Elizabethtown, Essex co. Mr Savage reports it abundant in the neighborhood of Buffalo, and Mr Helme reports it equally numer- ous on Long Island. Mus rattus Linnaeus Slack rat 1758 |JZus| rattus Linnaeus, Syst. nat. ed. 10. 1:61. 1842 Mus rattus De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. p. 80 (part). 1842 Mus americanus De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. p. 81 (part). Type locality. Sweden. Fauunal position. Not now determinable as the animal has been too widely distributed by artificial means. Ffabitat. Houses and buildings of various kinds. Distribution in New York. It is doubtful whether the black rat still exists in New York. Principal records. De Kay: “It is now exceedingly rare” (’42, p. 81). The animal is not mentioned by Merriam, Fisher or Mearns. I have never seen the black rat in New York. Many of the older inhabitants at Peterboro, Madison co. have told me of the immense numbers in which the ‘ blue rats’ or ‘barnrats’ once occurred. To judge from these accounts, which I consider trustworthy, this animal must have been more abundant than its successor the house rat. Mr Hiram Wilson eS Se — ee ell PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 315 of Oneida, Madison co. writes me, under date of February 3, 1898, that he first saw the brown rat when his family moved to Oneida valley in 1837. Previously the Wilsons had lived near Peterboro (about 12 miles distant), where only the black rat occurred. Peromyscus leucopus noveboracensis (Fischer) Vortheastern white-footed mouse 1829 [Mus sylvaticus| 4 Noveboracensis Fischer. Synopsis mammalium. p. 318. 1830 Cricetus myoides Gapper, Zool. journ. 5: 204. 1842 Mus leucopus De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. p. 82. 1884 Hesperomys leucopus Merriam, Linn. soc. New York. ‘Trans. 2: 165 (part). 1896 Peromyscus leucopus Fisher, The Observer. May 1896. 7: 197. 1897 Peromyscus leucopus myodes (sic) Rhoads, Acad. nat. sci Phila- delphia. Proc. p. 27. 1897 Peromyscus leucopus noveboracensis Miller, Boston soc. nat. hist. Broce gBo Ap 1897s 28:22. 1898 Peromyscus leucopus Mearns, Am. mus. nat. hist. Bul. g Sep. 1898. 10: 334. 1898 Peromyscus leucopus Mearns, U.S. Nat. mus. Proc, 21: 350. Type locality. New York. Faunal position. Transition zone and lowermost edge of Canadian zone. Habitat. Dry, open woods, thickets, fields, outbuildings and occasion- ally houses. Distribution in New York. The northeastern white-footed mouse occurs throughout New York state except in the boreal area occupied by the Canadian white-footed mouse, and in a few localities where the genus Peromyscus is not found. It is possible that in the lower Hudson valley this form is replaced by the southeastern white-footed mouse as implied by Rhoads (’97a,-p. 27), but I am not satisfied that this is actually the case, Principal records. De Kay: “The jumping [=white-footed] mouse is found in every part of the state, and is said to build its nest in trees” (42, p. 83). Merriam: ‘‘ The white-footed mouse is common in all parts of the Adirondacks” (’84d, p. 165). Fisher: “Common [at Sing Sing]. This mouse is found everywhere in the woods and groves atout fence rows, and in fall and winter ventures to the stacks and out-houses” (96, p. 197-98). Mearns: “ This beautiful mouse was rather abun- 316 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM dant along Schoharie creek, especially about farms and buildings. On the right side of Schoharie creek it was found sparingly distributed around the lower third of East Kill mountain, but was nowhere abundant above the creek bottom. On the left side it was not found above 2000 feet altitude. . . . In the Highlands of the Hudson P leucopus is abundant, but in the highest parts where the black spruce and tamarack grow, no species of /evomyscus could be found. In other words where f. canadensis should have been found the genus was unrepresented ” (98b, p. 350). I have taken the northeastern white-footed mouse at Geneva, Ontario co.; Peterboro, Madison co. and Elizabethtown, Essex co. At Peterboro and Elizabethtown it occurs in association with P. canadensis, the habi- tats of the two animals overlapping at the edges of forests and wood- lands. Mr Savage reports the animal common about Buffalo. Of the white-footed mouse on Long Island Mr Helme writes: “ This is an abundant species on all parts of the island. During cold weather several will often be found occupying one nest. I have taken as many as 16 at one time in a nest under a hollow log.” Peromyscus canadensis (Miller) Canadian white-footed mouse 1842 Jus leucopus De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. p. 82 (part). c 1858 Hesperomys myoides. Baird, Mam. N. Am. p. 472 (part). 1884 HHesperomys leucopus Merriam, Linn. soc. New York. ‘Trans. 2: 165 (part). ; 1893 Sttomys americanus canadensis Miller, Biolog. soc. Washington. Proc. 20) June 15902. 14 2 95. 1896 Feromyscus canadensis Bangs, Biolog. soc. Washington. Proc. 1g Mar, 1896. 10:49. 1898 Peromyscus canadensis Mearns, U.S. Nat. mus, Proc. 21: 350. Type locality, Peterboro, Madison co., New York. Faunal position. Canadian zone. Habitat. While the Canadian white-footed mouse is primarily an in- habitant of dense, damp forests it may be found in an almost endless variety of situations. Distribution in New York, The Canadian white-footed mouse occurs throughout the extensive Canadian forests in the northern part of the state and in isolated colonies further south, where elevation or dense damp woodland gives it essentially Canadian environment. sete tnd * i PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 38) Principal records. De Kay and Merriam: The statements by these writers quoted under the northeastern white-footed mouse refer partly to the present species. Mearns: ‘“ The Canadian deer mouse though nowhere abundant was found from the margin of Schoharie creek up to the summit of Hunter mountain and in all sorts of places—sugar camps, deserted houses, deciduous woods, spruce and balsam swamps, under rocks, among the roots of old stumps, in brush heaps, and in open grassy places; in short it was found everywhere, but nowhere in abundance. It was much less common than Peromyscus leucopus along Schoharie creek, where both species were sometimes taken in the same spot. When trapped its cheek pouches are as likely to be filled with food as those of the chip- munk. I do not remember ever to have found food in those of Leromyscus leucopus” (’98b, p. 350). This species is abundant at Peterboro, Madison co. and Elizabeth- town, Essex co., but I have not met with it elsewhere in New York. In both of these localities it is chiefly a forest mouse, seldom entering the cleared land occupied by P. Zeucopus noveboracensis. In open groves and about the outskirts of heavy woods the two species meet on neutral ground, but in general their ranges are so distinct that it is possible after a little experience to predict which animal will be caught in a particular spot. Inthe original description of this mouse (Miller, ’93b, p. 62) I called attention to the fact, since verified by Dr Mearns, that the cheek pouches are much more freely used by this species than by the north- eastern white-footed mouse. Neotoma pennsylvanica Stone Cave rat 1858 iVeotoma floridana Baird, Mam. N. Am. p. 489 (part). 1893 lVeotoma pennsylvanica Stone, Acad. nat. sci. Philadelphia. Proc. 21. Heb, 1383:.: pi 16: 1894 lVeotoma magister Rhoads, Acad. nat. sci. Philadelphia. Proc. Oct. 1894. p. 213 (not of Baird). 1894 LVeotoma pennsylvanica Allen, Am. mus. nat. hist. Bul. 22 Dec. 1844. 6: 362. 1898 Meotoma pennsylvanica Mearns, Am. mus. nat. hist. Bul. 9g Sep. 1898. 10:334. Type locality. South mountain, Cumberland co. Pennsylvania. faunal position. ‘Yhe cave rat is probably an inhabitant of the transition zone, though its peculiar habits make any definite decision a matter of uncertainty. It occurs in many localities within the limits of 318 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM the upper austral zone, but such places may prove to be transition ‘islands.’ Habitat, Caves, overhanging cliffs and rocky mountain sides. Distribution in New York. The cave rat is not at present known to occur in New York outside of the lower Hudson valley, though there is reason to believe that it will be found at other localities along the southern border of the state. Principal records. Baird: “A few specimens of unusually large s‘ze were captured some years ago by Mr J.G. Bell near Pierpont on the Hudson river” (’58, p. 489). Allen: “Ihave now to record the capture of a specimen on Storm King mountain, Cornwall, Orange co. N. Y. about 50 miles north of New York city and 4o miles north of Piermont. The place of capture was at the base of a cliff 30 or 4o fect in height at an elevation of about 1000 feet. The ciiff is full of deep crevices and has a talus of loose stones at its base” (’94 b, p. 362). * Remarks. With regard to the relationship of this animal with the fossil species found in the cave deposits of Pennsylvania Dr Mearns writes: “Mr Samuel N. Rhoads in a paper entitled ‘A contribution to the life history of the Alleghany cave rat, /Veotoma magister Baird’ [’94], claims that the recent species described by Mr Witmer Stone [’93 b] under the name JVeofoma pennsylvanica is specifically identical with the subfossil cave species named JVeotoma magister by Baird [’57, p. 486]. I am unable to concur in this opinion, for the reason that a comparison of eight jaws— one upper and seven lower— belonging to Baird’s type series of his (Veotoma magister differ in important respects from a series of recent skulls . . . of Weotuma pennsylvanica Stone. . . In this comparison /Veofoma magister p:oves to have been a considerably larger and stouter animal than JV. ‘enn-— sylvanica, the skull is relatively shorter . . . the mandibles are deeper . . . the tooth row broader and longer . . . ” ('98a, Pp. 334-35). Ihave examined the specimens referred to by Dr Mearns and see no reason to question his conclusion. Remains of /Veotoma magister are to be looked for in caves and rock fissures in southern New York. Evotomys gapperi gapperi (Vigors) Common red-backed mouse 1830 Arvicola gapperi Vigors, Zool. journ., 5 : 204. 1841 Arvicola fulvus Audubon & Bachman, Acad. nat. sci. Philadel- phia. Journ. 5 Oct. 1841. Vv. 7. pt. 2: 295. 1842 Arvicola rufescens De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. p- 85. PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 319 1856 Arvicola dekayi Audubon & Bachman, Quadr. N. Am. 3 : 287. 1884 Evotomys rutilus gapperi Mertiam, Linn. soc. New York. Trans, e293: 1891 Lvotomys gapperi Merriam, North American fauna. 30 July 18g. no. 5, p. 119. 1898 Evotomys gapperi Mearns, U.S. Nat. mus. Proc. 21: 349. Type locality. Region between York and Lake Simcoe, Ontario Canada. faunal position. While the common red backed mouse is a typical Canadian animal, in sufficiently cool, damp localities it penetrates con- siderably to the south of the normal geographic limits of the boreal zone. flabitat. In the northern part of its range this mouse is found in almost every variety of surroundings, but further southits habitat becomes more limited. In the Canadian zone it is one of the most widely dis- persed mammals, in the northern part of the t:ansition zone it is restricted to damp woods, while in the lower part of the transition zone it ‘is never found far away from cold streams, wooded sphagnum bogs and cedar swamps. Mr Charles H. Batchelder has recently described the conditions under which the red-backed mouse occurs in the transition zone of eastern _ Massachusetts. He says, ‘“‘ What these favorable conditions are, is the most interesting question connected with the animal’s [local] distribution, _ but it is not one that can receive a positive and final answer. Neverthe- less there are some characteristic features that are common to almost all of the places where I have found it [in southeastern New England]. One may look for it wich some confidence in almost any large tract of _wet.ground that retains its moisture through the summer, but is not subject to serious floods, and which bears a growth of woods sufficiently heavy to 3 afford a dense shade, so that the ground beneath and the roots of the trees are covered with a deep carpet of sphagnum. If the older trees have been suffered to die a natural death, and their stumps and fallen trunks lie slowly rotting on the ground half-concealed by the sphagnum, the chance of finding it is certainly not lessened. One of the most evident _ peculiarities of such a spot as this, in southern New England, is that the dense shade and the abundant evaporation maintain a temperature dur- ing the hottest summer weather that is far below that of the surroundin g country. In these respects of coolness, moisture and shade there is a triking resemblance to the woods Evotomys gapperi inhabits in extreme northern New England and other parts of the Canadian zone. “The places where I have found it differ considerably in their appear- ance, chiefly according to the kinds of trees with which they are wooded. 320 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM In the southern counties the conditions I have named are best afforded by the ‘cedar swamps’ that once were such a characteristic feature of that part of the state. These are tracts of low ground varying in area from a few acres to sometimes several square miles densely wooded with 4 white cedar (Chamaecyparis sphaeroidea Spach). The cedars stand crowded close together each one rising from a hummock formed of its own roots and the mass of sphagnum growing on them. Between the hummocks even in summer the water lies in shallow pools, save where it is covered by a luxuriant growth of the spongy sphagnum. Sometimes here and there in spots where the cedars have opened their ranks and left room enough for cther trees to grow, there are a few red maples or white pines, and an occasional yellow birch or stunted black spruce. ‘‘ Farther north in Middlesex and Essex counties where these cedar swamps are comparatively few and seldom large, Evotomys often finds | its home in swampy woods of old red maples, where the thick foliage of the spreading branches casts a dense shade, sometimes made even darker by an undergrowth of tall shrubs, among which the high-bush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) is the chief. Here too sphagnum flourishes, and covers the roots and hummocks that rise a little above the lower levels of the wet ground” (’g6a, p. 192-93). What Mr Batchelder says about the habitat of the red-backed mouse in Massachusetts applies equally well to the animal’s haunts in New York south of the Adirondacks. Here however dense thickets of arbor vitae (Zhuja occidentalis) generally replace the ‘cedar’ swamps. Distribution in New York. In New York the common red-backed mouse occurs abundantly throughout the Canadian forests. The details of its distribution south of this region are very imperfectly known, but the animal is to be looked for in suitable localities throughout the state. Principal records. De Kay: “ We have little to add except that it was first obtained from low grounds in the neighborhood of Oneida lake. ~ I subsequently found it in great numbers in the forests of Hamilton and St Lawrence counties” (’42, p. 86). Merriam: ‘The red-backed mouse is abundant in all parts of the Adirondacks. It occurs on the summits of the tree-covered mountains — as well as in the deepest valleys. It is essentially a wood species in its local distribution, rarely frequenting the beaver meadows or the fields of the farmer. It often enters the woodman’s camp, and I have some- times caught it even in the luxurious log-houses which have, during the past few years, supplanted the old-time shanties in many parts of the Adirondacks” (’84d, p. 173). PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 321 Mearns: “This mouse was not found on the immediate banks of - Schoharie creek although such Canadian forms as Zamias striatus lysteri, Peromyscus canadensis, Sorex fumeus, and Zapus insignis were there in abundance. It was met with in woods close to Kaaterskill junction (altitude 1700 feet) and on the lower slopes of East Kill mountain, on the opposite (right) side of Schoharie creek at the level of about 2000 feet. Above these points it increased in abundance until on the summit of Hunter mountain (altitude 4025 feet) it became so numerous that it was difficult to trap any other small mammal there. In the hardwood forests at low altitudes it was usually taken about moss-covered logs and in hollow stumps in dense woods, but on higher ground it was common _ everywhere” (’98b, p. 349-50). I have found the common red-backed mouse abundant at Peterboro, Madison co. and Elizabethtown, Essex co. Mr Savage has not yet taken it in the vicinity of Buffalo. Evotomys gapperi rhoadsi Stone Mew Jersey red-backed mouse 1893 LEvotomys. gappert rhoadsi Stone, American naturalist. Jan. 1893. Ps 55> 1897 Lvotomys gappert rhoadsi Bailey, Biolog. soc. Washington. Proc. 3 ZY ta 25, 1898 Lvotomys gappert rhoadsi Mearns, Am. mus. nat. hist. Bul. 9g Seps 1898. 10: 333. 1898 Evotomys gappert rhoadsi Mearns, U. S. Nat. mus. Proc, { 21: 350. Type locality. May’s landing, New Jersey. faunal position. This animal is at present known to occur in cool, probably boreal localities in the transition zone. _ Habitat’ In New Jersey this mouse occurs in cranberry bogs near the coast (Stone, ’93, p. 55-56). In New York it has been found in a sphagnum bog overgrown with spruce and tamarack. _ Distribution in New York. At present the only known locality at which this animal occurs in New York is in the higher part of the Hudson Principal records. The only record of EZvotomys gapperi rhoadsi in New York is the following in Dr Mearns’s paper on the Mammals of the Catskills. “Farther south, in the Hudson highlands, only the subspecies rhoadsi was found. It occurred in sphagnous swamps overgrown with black spruce and tamarack in the highest part of the mountains, 322 | NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM This individual, which I have compared with topotypes of Zvotomys gapperi rhoadsi in the department of agriculture collection, appears to be of this form. The specimen (No. 82,832 U.S. N. M.) shows very little of the red dorsal area, the back being brownish gray as described by Mr Stone and quite unlike any of the Catskill specimens” (’98b, Pp. 350). Remarks. This record appears to me open to serious question, though under the circumstances I see no other course than to include it as it stands. Microtus chrotorrhinus (Miller) Rock vole 189} Arvicola chrotorrhinus Miller, Boston soc. nat. hist. Proc. 24 Mar. 1894. 21:190. 1896 Microtus chrotorrhinus Bangs, Biolog. soc. Washington. Proc. g Mar. 1896. 10:49. : ; 1898 Microtus chrotorrhinus Mearns, U.S. Nat. mus. Proc. 21: 349. Type locality. Mount Washington, New Hampshire. faunal position. The rock vole is so slightly known that its faunal position can not now be definitely stated. Apparently it is a member of the Hudsonian fauna, reaching the Canadian zone in the coldest situations only. ffabitat. Damp, heavy spruce woods in the Hudsonian zone (Allen, ’94a, p. 102, Bangs, ’96b, p. 49), cold rock cavities in the Canadian zone (Miller, ’94, p. 192-93, Batchelder, ’96a, p. 188). Batchelder thus describes the habitat of this animal at Beedes, Essex co., New York: ‘This place was a steep hillside heavily wooded with an old mixed growth. The lower slopes were made up of a talus of large angular blocks of rock piled one upon another as they had fallen from the cliffS§ above. The damp rocks were covered with sphagnum and ferns, and from the holes and spaces between them came currents of cold air, indicating the presence of masses of yet unmelted ice somewhere in the depths below. ... I trapped for two days at the foot of another talus... Here the huge rocks gave little foothold for the large trees, but the masses of ice beneath, of which glimpses could be had here and there, in the caverns between the rocks, aided by the ‘shade afforded by a wall of mountain, produced a temperature so low that spring flowers blossomed even in August among the deep beds of damp sphagnum that covered the rocks” (’g6a, p. 188). . Distribution in New York. The rock vole has been found at only two localities in New York, at Beedes, Essex co. and on Hunter mountain — in the Catskills. It probably occurs among the mountains of the PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 323 northern part of the state wherever the requirements of its Hudsonian nature are met. Principal records, Batchelder: “At Beedes, Essex co. N. Y. late in the summer of 1894... I made... the very unexpected discovery that Microtus chrotorrhinus was common there, at least in one particular locality ” (’96a, p. 188). Mearns: “One adult male was trapped ina pile of moss-covered rocks on a shoulder of Hunter mountain, at an alti- tude of about 3500 feet, August 25, 1896. Many traps were subsequently placed about this spot, but no others were caught” (’98, p. 349). Microtus pennsylvanicus (Ord) Common meadow mouse 1815 Mus pennylvanicus Ord, Guthrie's geography. Am. ed. 2 p. 292. 1825 Arvicola riparius Ord, Acad. nat. sci, Philadelphia journ. v. 4 pt. 2;-p. 305, 1825. 1842 Arvicola riparius De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. p. 84. 1842 Arvicola hirsutus De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. p. 86. 1842 Arvicola oneida De’ Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. p. 88. 1842 Arvicola xanthognathus De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. : Pp. go. 1884 Arvicola riparius Merriam, Linn. soc. New York. Trans. 2: 174. 1895 Microtus pennsylvanicus Rhoads, American naturalist. Oct. 1895. 29: 940. | 1896 MW{icrotus| pennsylvanicus Fisher, The Observer. May 1896. j grag Cg 1898 Microtus pennsylvanicus Mearns, Am. mus. nat. hist. Bul. g Sep. 1898. 10: 333. 1898 Microtus pennsylvanicus Mearns, U. S. Nat. mus. Proc. 21: 34%. Type locality. Near Philadelphia, Pa. : _ faunal position. The common meadow mouse ranges from well within the Canadian zone nearly to the northern edge of the lower - austral zone. In the Hudsonian zone it is replaced by a smaller soft- furred race Microtus pennsylvanicus fontigenus (Bangs, ’96b, p. 48, _ Miller, ’97b, p. 14), and in the upper part of the upper austral zone by a much darker form JZ. pennsylvanicus nigrans (Rhoads, ’97d, p. 307). Hfabitat. Open, grassy places both wet and dry. _ Distribution in New York, The meadow mouse is one of the most abundant mammals throughout the cleared portions of the state. Its range has undoubtedly been very much extended by the removal of the forests, and consequent increase in the area of grass lands. 324 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Principal records, DeKay: “The marsh meadow-mouse is not un- common in various parts of the state. I have seen specimens from Oneida, Seneca and Otsego counties” (’42, p. 85 under Arvicola riparius). “Tt occurs in various parts of the state” (’42, p. 88 under Arvicola hirsutus). ‘* This species is common in the western part of the state. My specimens were obtained from the neighborhood of Oneida lake” (’42, p. 89, under Arvicola oneida). ‘‘ This meadow-mouse is found in various parts of thestate”’ (’42, p. go under Arvicola xanthognathus). Merriam: ‘“‘The meadow mouse is common in the cleared lands within and around the Adirondack region. It occurs on many of the beaver meadows, but is never abundant in the coniferous forests ” (84d, p. 174). Fisher: “Very common in the low wet meadows especially near streams” (’96, p. 198). Mearns: “Specimens were taken from fields bordering Schoharie creek (altitude 1700 feet) and on the ridge of Hunter mountain at an altitude of 3900 feet” (’98, p. 348). I have found the meadow mouse abundant at Geneva, Ontario co. Peterboro, Madison co. and Elizabethtown, Essex co. Mr Savage reports the species abundant in Erieco. Mr Helme writes, ‘This animal is found quite plentifully in the upland fields of Long Island, but. is more abundant around the marshes and salt meadows.” Remarks. Although the meadow mouse is popularly considered one of the worst farm pests, Mr Samuel N. Rhoads has recently published a lengthy vindication of the animal (’98 a, p. 143-44 and ’98 b, p. 571-81). ' Microtus nesophilus Bailey Gud/ [sland mouse 1889 Arvicola riparius Dutcher, Auk. Ap. 1889. 6:125. 1898 Microtus insularis Bailey, Biolog. soc. Washington. Proc. 30 Ap. 1898. 11:86 (not Lemmus insularis Nilsson, Ofversigt af Kongl. Vetenskaps-Akademiens Forhandlingar, Arg. ry 20 Mar. 1844. 34). 1898 Microtus nesophilus Bailey. Science, N.S. 2 Dec. 1898. 8: 783. Type locality. Great Gull Island, Long Island, New York. faunal position, ‘Transition zone. Distribution in New York. This species was confined to two small islands in Long Island sound, off the extreme northeastern point of Long Island, Little Gull Island and Great Gull Island. It is now prob- ably extinct as shown by the following notes kindly furnished by Mr Arthur H. Howell: “On August 8, 1898 in company with Mr A. H. PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 325 Helme I visited Great Gull Island for the purpose of learning the con- dition of the colony of meadow mice that formerly existed there. Careful search on every part of the island for signs or runways of the mice failed to reveal any indication whatever of their presence. The natural conclusion is that the race has been nearly if not quite exter- minated. ‘The cause is not difficult to see. Within the past year the island, which contains only about 15 acres, has been occupied by the United States government as a coast defence station, and the construc- tion of forts at each end of the island has necessitated disturbances of the soil and change in the topography of practically the whole surface. The forts themselves with the shanties erected for the use of the laborers cover a considerable portion of the island, hills have been levelled, the little fresh water swamp has been filled in, and the whole surface twice burned over. ‘The destruction of all the rubbish and dead vegetation deprived the mice of any cover where they could seek shelter, and the sparseness of the new growth made it easy for us to examine every ~ available hiding place. Doubtless any of the mice which may have escaped the fires were captured by the cats which roam at will over the island. * On the same day we visited Plum island, situated between Great Gull Island and the eastern end of Long Island. Here we found Afcrotus quite abundant about the edges of the swamps on the western end of the island, and a series of 14 was secured. Comparison of these specimens with the mainland form shows that the Plum island mouse is like the latter and entirely different from Microtus nesophilus.” Principal records. The first published record of this mouse is contained in a paper by Dr Basil Hicks Dutcher on the birds of Little Gull Island (89). Dr Dutcher says, ‘Great Gull Island was purchased by the Government to serve as a garden for the keepers of the Little Gull Light, but it was so overrun with mice that it was useless for the purpose. I secured one specimen of the resident mouse, which proved to be a juvenile Arvicola riparius.” This specimen afterward became Mr Bailey’s type of Microtus insularis.. Mr J. Harris Reed has recently described in considerable detail the fortifications on Great Gull Island and their effect on the fauna of the place (’98, p. 41-43). Mr Frank M. Chapman informs me that he visited Great Gull Island during the summer of 1889. He found the mouse colony in the same flourishing condition described by Dr Dutcher. Seven speci- nens which he collected. are now in the American museum of natural listory. 326 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Microtus pinetorum scalopsoides (Audubon and Bachman) LVorthern pine mouse 1841 Arvicola scalopsoides Audubon and Bachman, Acad. nat. sci. Phila- delphia. Proc. 1:97. 1851 Arvicola pinetorum Audubon and Bachman, Quadr. N. Am. 2i'p 16, 1885 Arvicola pinetorum Merriam, American naturalist. 19: 895. 1896 Microtus pinetorum Fisher, The Observer. May 1896. 7: 108. 1896 Microtus pinetorum scalopsoides Batchelder, Boston soc. nat. hist. Proc. Oct. 1896. 27: 187. Type locality, ong Island. faunal position, Upper austral zone, and irregularly parts of transi- tion zone. ffabitat. Light dry soil in woods, thickets and fields. Distribution in New York. The pine mouse is abundant on Long Island and in the lower Hudson valley. Beyond this general region I know of but two positive records of its occurrence, at Locust Grove, Lewis co. and at Peterboro, Madison co. Principal records. Audubon and Bachman: “ This species, of which we have obtained many specimens from Long Island, and which is not rare in the vicinity of New York, is very distinct from Wilson’s meadow : mouse” (41, p.g7). Merriam: ‘‘On the 13th of June, 1884 at my home in Lewis county, New York, I caught a female pine mouse (A7vzcola pinetorum Le Conte). It was taken in a trap baited with beechnuts and set for the red-backed wood mouse (Zvotomys rutilus gapperi) at the roots of a maple in the border of a hardwood forest” (’85, p. 895). Fisher, ‘“ Until the present year [1885] we have never detected the pine mouse (47vicola pinetorum) in this locality [Sing Sing]” (85, p. 896). * “Tolerably common [at Sing Sing]. Its favorite resorts are the dry grassy hillsides more or less grown up with small bushes and briers, and old orchards containing weeds, matted grass, and young saplings” (96, p. 198). I have taken two specimens of the pine mouse at Peterboro, Madison co. One of these was caught September 15, 1892 in a cyclone trap | set without bait in a labyrinth of short-tailed shrews’ tunnels in the edge of a grove of hard wood. The other, taken September 1, 1893, was se- — cured with a cyclone trap set in a woodchuck’s burrow beneath the roots of a large elm in a low, damp wood lot. I have never seen the characteristic, mole-like tunnels of the pine mouse at Peterboro where — PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 327 the animal is probably a mere straggler. Mr Savage has not jet found the pine mouse in Erie co., where however it doubtless occurs. Mr Helme writes that it is abundant in the dry upland fields and woods of Long Island. Fiber zibethicus (Linnaeus) J/uskrat 1766 Castor zibethicus Linnaeus, Systema naturae. ed. 12. 1:79. 1817 Fiber zibethicus Cuvier, Régne animal. 1: 192. 1842 Fiber zibethicus De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. P- 75: 1884 Fiber sibethicus Merriam, Linn. soc. New York. Trans. 2: 177. 1896 Fiber zibethicus Fisher, The Observer. May 1896. 7: 198. .1898 Fiber 2ibethicus Mearns, Am. mus. nat. hist. Bul. 9g Sep. 1898. 10: 332, | 1898 fiber zibethicus Mearns, U.S. Nat. mus. Proc. 21: 348, Type locality, Eastern Canada. faunal position. As the muskrat is essentially an aquatic animal its distribution is not limited by the same climatic conditions that govern the ranges of most mammals. It is therefore at present impossible to assign the animal any definite faunal position. The difficulty is increased by the fact that little is known of the geographic variations to which the species may be subject. Muskrats range through all the life zones from Hudsonian to lower austral inclusive. ffabitat. Marshes and the borders of lakes, ponds and sluggish streams. Distribution in New York. There are probably very few square miles of the state in which the muskrat does not now occur. This is probably one of the few mammals whose range has not been sensibly increased or diminished by the clearing and settling of the state. Principal records. De Kay: “ The geographic range of the musquash is very extensive, being found from 30° to 69° north latitude” (’42, p. 76). Merriam: ‘ Colonies of muskrats may be found at suitable ponds, swamps and sluggish streams in all parts of the Adirondacks” (84d p- 177). Fisher: “Common [near Sing Sing] in the salt meadows, tide creeks and all the streams and ponds” (’96, p. 198). Mearns: ‘‘ The muskrat is abundant at Kaaterskill lake. It is also said to occur along Schoharie creek, but we saw no signs of it there” (’98, p. 348). I have found the muskrat common at Geneva, Ontario co. Peterboro, Madison co. and Elizabethtown, Essex co. Mr Savage writes, “ The muskrat is abundant locally [in Erie co.]. During a recent flood in 328 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM South Buffalo (January 6, 1898) an acquaintance of mine with two com- panions secured 54 rats along the railroad embankments within the city limits, and another person shot 18 in the same section.” Of the musk- rat on Long Island Mr Helme says, ‘It is common in all sections where there are suitable ponds, swamps or streams. It occasionally is found in the salt marshes.” Synaptomys cooperi Baird Bog /emming 1858 Synaptomys cooperi Baird, Mam. N. Am. p. 558. 1896 Synaplomys cooperi Batchelder, Boston soc. nat. hist. Proc. - 27,2 165. Type locality. Northern New Jersey? faunal position. The bog lemming is probably a Canadian mammal, but it occurs in cold situations throughout the transition zone and even in the northern edge of the upper austral zone. ffabitat. Cold bogs, either wooded or open. Distribution in New York. While Synaptomys cooperi probably occurs in nearly every county of the state, it has as yet been taken in only two localities, Beedes, Essex co. and Glenwood, Erie co. Principal records.. Batchelder: ‘‘In the summer of 1895 I was sur- prised to find this species in the Adirondack mountains at Beedes, Essex co. N. ¥. On August 16 I set 36 ‘cyclone’ traps baited with rolled oatmeal in some low ground, wooded chiefly with large yellow birches, sugar maples and beeches, with more or less thin, tall undergrowth (chiefly Acer spicatum Lam. and A. pennsylvanicum L.), and with many mossy rotten logs and stumps scattered over it. A dozen of the traps were along the edge of some wetter, almost swampy, ground where more of the larger trees had been cut and there was a thick growth of small trees, chiefly Acer spicatum. Two days later, August 18, I found an adult male Syz- aptomys cooperi caught in a trap set at the foot of a large rotten stump in the edge of the swampy ground. Three days later I caught an immature female near by, also in the edge of the swampy ground, in a trap placed under a rotten log. ‘Two days after this I got still a third, another adult male, this time in the open drier part of the woods 30 or 40 yards from the wet ground ” (’g6a, p. 185). Mr Savage has sent me for examination the skin and skull ot a Sya- aptomys cooperi that he shot at Glenwood, Erie co. December 31, 1897. When killed the animal was running in asleigh track in the woods. The specimen is not fully mature but I have little hesitation in referring it to this species. PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 329 Synaptomys fatuus Bangs JVorthern bog lemming 1896 Synaptomys fatuus Bangs, Biolog. soc. Washington. Proc. 10:47. 1898 Synaptomys fatuus Mearns, U.S. Nat. mus. Proc, 21 : 348. Type locality. Lake Edward, Quebec. Faunal position. Synaptomys fatuus appears tobe a member of the Hudsonian fauna, entering the normal area of the Canadian zone in very cold situations only. Habitat. Bogs and damp woodlands. Distribution in New York. The northern bog lemming has been taken only once in New York, near the summit of Hunter mountain in the Catskills. Principal records. Mearns: “A single specimen of this species was trapped near the summit of Hunter mountain, the locality being a marshy place strewn with fallen trees at the altitude of 3900 feet.” (98, p. 348). Remarks. The occurrence of this Hudsonian species in the Catskills is very unéxpected, and further material to verify the identification of the Catskill animal is greatly to be desired. This peculiar distribution . is however very closely paralleled by that of AZtcrotus chrotorrhinus. Zapus hudsonius (Zimmermann) J/eadow jumping-mouse 1780 Dipus hudsonius Zimmermann, Geogr. Gesch. 2: 358. 1842 Meriones americanus De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mam- malia, p. 70. 1872 Zapus hudsonius Coues, U. S. Geol. and geogr. surv. terr. Bul. ser. 2. no. 5. p. 254. 1884 Zapus hudsonius Merriam, Linn, soc. New York. Trans. 2:192 (part). 1896 Zapus hudsonicus Fisher, The Observer. May 1896. 7: 198. 1898 Zapus hudsonius Mearns, U.S. Nat. mus. Proc, 21: 347. 1898 Zapius hudsonius Mearns, Am. mus. nat. hist. Bul. g Sep. 1898. 10: 332. Type locality. Hudson bay. faunal position. Wudsonian, Canadian and transition zones. Habitat. Meadows, damp brushy fields, the edges of woodlands and marshes bordering northern lakes. Wherever the animal occurs it seeks the most open, grassy situations available. Distribution in New York. The meadow jumping-mouse occurs in favorable localities throughout New Yorkstate. Its range has doubtless been greatly extended, or rather the amount of land suited to its needs has been greatly increased by the clearing away of the forests. 330 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Principal records. De Kay: “This curious little animal although rarely seen, is not uncommon in every part of the state” (’42, p. 71). Merriam: ‘‘ The jumping-mouse is common in many parts of the Adiron- dacks as well as in the surrounding country” (’84d, p. 192). Fisher: “Tolerably common. Usually found in the tall grass of wet meadows near streams, but occasionally observed in dry pastures” (’g6, p. 198). Mearns: ‘ Abundant along Schoharie creek, but not found elsewhere in the [Catskill] region” (’98, p. 347). I have found the meadow jumping-mouse abundant at Peterboro, Madison co. where it never penetrates the dense woods inhabited by Napaeozapus insignis. The two species frequently occur together how- ever in thinly wooded places. About this animal in Erie co. Mr Savage writes as follows: “ With all my rambling about I never met with Zapus, but have heard of it from persons qualified to distinguish it from the white-footed mouse.” Mr E, M. Chamot in a letter from Ithaca March 15, 1896 writes me that he once took a specimen of Zafus in deep woods at Angola, Erie co. May it not have been Z. insignis? Mr Helme reports the meadow jumping-mouse fairly common on Long Island. Remarks. De Kay figures this species (’42, pl. 24) and his account evidently refers wholly to it. Merriam on the other hand includes both meadow and woodland animals under the name Ausdonius. I once saw a remarkable demonstration, though a negative one, of the function of the exceedingly long tailof this animal. A young individual had lost its tail by the knife of a mowing machine in a damp meadow and was rendered thereby helpless. Not that its jumping power was in any way impaired, on the contrary I have seldom seen a mouse of the size leap more energetically or to greater distances. But the animal had lost all control over its movements. When I approached, it made violent efforts to escape, but the moment it was launched in air, its body, deprived of its balancing power, turned end over end so that it was as likely as not to strike the ground facing the dire¢tion from which it had come. The next frantic leap would then carry it back to the starting point. An animal thus deprived of its tail would be an interesting subject for observation. I am inclined to believe that the lost coordina- tion of movements would eventually be restored. Napaeozapus” insignis Miller Woodland jumping-mouse 1884 Zapus hudsonius Merriam, Linn. soc. New York. Trans. 2:192(part). 1891 Zapus insignis Miller, American naturalist. Aug. 1891. 25:743. a Characterized (as a subgenus) by Preble, North American fauna No. 15, p. 33. August 8, 1899. _) | : | : : : s a ¥ “ar Steer ew) 7 Ce A er Oe et PE RO Frees ~ PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 331 1893 Zapus insignis Miller, Biolog. soc. Washington. Proc. 22) Ap, -2893.::) 8:31. 1898 Zapus insignis Mearns, U.S. Nat. mus. Proc. 21: 348. Type locality. Restigouche river, New Brunswick. Faunal position. The woodland jumping-mouse is an inhabitant of the Canadian zone, reaching the transition zone in ‘ boreal islands’ only. Habitat, Forests and woodlands, specially in the neighborhood of running water. . Distribution in New York. The woodland jumping-mouse probably occurs throughout the Adirondack wilderness and in isolated colonies in other parts of the state wherever the fauna has a distinctly Canadian tinge. At present however it has been recorded from the following localities only: Keene, Essex co. (Miller, ’93a, p. 1), Elizabethtown, Essex co. (Miller, ’93a, p. 1), Peterboro, Madison co. (Miller, ’93a. p. 1) and the Catskills (Mearns ’98, p. 348). There is a specimen in the U. S. National museum taken at Glenville, Schenectady co. by P. M. Van Epps. Settlement of the county has probably restricted the range of Napaeozapus to nearly the extent that it has increased that of true Lapus. Erethizon dorsatus (Linnaeus) Canada porcupine 1758 /Zystrix dorsatus Linnaeus, Syst. nat. ed. 10. 1:56. 1822 Erethizon dorsatus ¥, Cuvier, Mem. du mus. d’hist. nat. Paris. 9: 432. 1842 Hystrix hudsonius De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. Pp. 77: 1884 Erethizon dorsatus Merriam, Linn. soc. New York. Trans. 2: 202. 1898. Erethizon dorsatus Mearns, U.S. Nat. mus. Proc. 21: 346. Type locality. Eastern Canada. . faunal position. Boreal and transition zones. flabitat. Heavy forests. Distribution in New York. The porcupine is commen throughout the Adirondacks and in the Catskills. In other parts of the state it prob- ably occurs wherever there are sufficiently extensive tracts of unbroken forest. Principal records. De Kay: “In this state more particularly in the northern and western counties they are quite numerous” (42, p. 79). Mernam: ‘The porcupine is a common and well known resident of all the wooded parts of the Adirondacks” (’84, p. 202). Mearns: “ This 332 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM remarkable beast was formerly abundant throughout this region [the Catskills]. During recent years it has become comparatively scarce except on the mountains. The skeleton of a porcupine was found under the fallen ruins of an observatory on the summit of Hunter mountain; two other specimens were subsequently trapped there (altitude 4025 feet) ; three were taken at a spring under a shelving rock, at the altitude of 3800 feet, and a seventh was overtaken and killed in the slide rock on the side of Hunter mountain at about 3000 feet altitude” (’98, p. 346). Lucas (’82, p. 7) records a specimen taken near Rochester, Genesee co. in 1881, ? There is a porcupine in the New York state museum taken at McKownville, Albany co. Mr Savage writes as follows of the occurrence of the porcupine near Buffalo, “The porcupine is to be found in the wilder parts of the southern tier of counties. J have seen a fine big male from near Cherry. creek, Chautauqua co. My friend Roger Fitch has shot it near Westfield in the same county. In the fallof 1894 one was brought into Gowanda, Erie co. by a squirrel hunter. I also saw one in August or September, 1896, that had been killed by boys at Blasdell six miles from Buffalo.” Lepus floridanus mallurus (Thomas) Southeastern cottontaiz 1837 Lepus sylvaticus Bachman, Acad. nat. sci. Philadelphia. Journ. 7 pt. 2: 403 (part). Not ZLepus borealis sylvaticus Nilsson. 1832. 1842 Lepus nanus De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. p. 94 (part). 1895 Lepus sylvaticus Bangs, Boston soc. nat. hist. Proc. 26: 405. 1896 Lepus sylvaticus Fisher, The Observer, May 1896. 7: 108. 1898 Lepus sylvatwus Mearns, Am. mus. nat. hist. Bul. g Sep. 1898. 10-355; , 1898 Lepus nuttalli mallurus Thomas, Ann. and Mag. nat. hist. semi 7 Oct. 1898.01.28< 320. 1899 Lepus floridanus mallurus Allen, Am. mus. nat. hist. Bul. 4 Mar. 1899. 12:13. Type locality, Raleigh, North Carolina. Faunal position. Upper and lower austral zones. Habitat, “ Lepus sylvaticus lives in the open fields and broom-grass stretches, in the rank growth of weeds along ‘creeks’, and in the open southern woods, seldom if ever living in the denser parts of woods or swamps” (Bangs, ’95, Pp. 412). PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 333 Distribution in New York. The southern cottontail barely reaches the southeastern extremity of New York. Principal records, Bangs: Specimens recorded from Hastings, Os- wego co. and South Nyack, Rockland co. (’95,p.411). Fisher: ‘‘ Com- mon {at Sing Sing]. Although hundreds are killed every winter never- theless they appear to be just as common at the present time as 20 years ago” (’96, p. 198)... Mearns: ‘ Fairly common throughout the [Hud- son] highlands and found everywhere, from the brackish marshes beside the Hudson to the tops of the highest mountains. Some individuals, those from the highest localities, verge towards the subspecies ¢vansztion- alis of Bangs, which is the only form of this species found about Fort Miller 150 miles higher up the Hudson in Washington co. N. Y.” (’98a, P- 331). I have never met with this rabbit in New York, but Mr A. H. Howell and Mr A. H. Helme have shown me specimens from Long Island. Mr Helme’s specimens have been identified by Mr Outram Bangs. Lepus floridanus transitionalis (Bangs) Vortheastern cottontail 1837 Lepus americanus Bachman, Acad. nat. sci. Philadelphia. Journ, Vv. 7, pt. 2. p. 326 (part). 1837 Lepus sylvaticus Bachman, Acad. nat. sci. Philadelphia. Journ. Vv. 7, pt. 2. 7: 403 (part). 1842 Lepus nanus De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. p. 94 (part). 1884 Lepus sylvaticus Merriam, Linn. soc. New York. Tréens. 2:213 (part). 1895 Lepus sylvaticus transitionalis Bangs, Boston soc. nat. hist. Proc. 26: 405. 1898 Lepus nuttalli transitionalis Thomas, Ann, and Mag, nat. hist. Oct. 1898. ser. 7. 2:320. 1898 Lepus sylvaticus transitionalis Mearns, U. S. Nat. mus. Proc. ets OD: 1899 Lepus floridanus transitionalis Allen, Am. mus. nat. hist, Bul. 4 Mar. 1899. 12:13. | Type locality. Liberty Hill, New London co. Ct. faunal position. The northeastern cottontail appears to be strictly confined to the transition zone. Habitat. “ Lepus sylvaticus transitionalis ... is seldom found in open fields but prefers the seclusion .of the thickest swamps, green brier 334 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM patches, scruboaks and old overgrown pastures that have come up to sumacs, alders, roses and various shrubs ” (Bangs, ’95, p. 412). Distribution in New York. The distribution of this form of cottontail in New York is very imperfectly understood. The animal probably occurs throughout the area occupied by the transition zone in the eastern half of the state. Without much question it is rapidly pushing its way northward as the heavy forests are removed. Principal record. Bachman: “ About 30 years ago it was not known in the neighborhood of Troy, in the state of New York. The northern hare was then very abundant. The American hare soon after made its appearance in very small numbers and in proportion to its increase the former began to grow more scarce, Fora time they continued to be found in the same neighborhood, but whether the two species were not reconciled to each other, or what is more probable, that the northern hare was more hunted than the other, it has become comparatively scarce whilst the American hare is exceedingly numerous” (’37a, p. 328). De Kay: ‘It has not a wide geographic range. It is found from New Hampshire to Fiorida but its western limits are not yet established” (42, p. 95). Merriam: “ The gray rabbit . . . only enters the Ad ron- dack region along its southern border, in Fulton, Saratoga and Warren counties” ('84d, p. 213). Bangs: “ East side of lower Hudson river” (95, Pp. 41t). Fisher: “Common [at Sing Sing]” (’96, p. 198). Mearns: “ Curiously enough this small rabbit is generally known to the residents of the upper Schoharie valley by the name of ‘Jack rabbit’. I was informed by persons who had lived near Kaaterskill junction for many years that this rabbit had extended its range upward into the cleared lands of the Schoharie valley during recent years ” (’98b, p. 345). Lepus floridanus mearnsi Allen astern prairie cottontail 1294 Lepus sylvaticus mearnsi Allen, Am. mus. nat. hist. Bul. 31 May 1894. 6: 171. 1895 Lepus sylvaticus mearnsi Bangs, Boston soc. nat. hist. Proc. 26:406. 1898 Lepus nuttali mearnsi Thomas, Ann. and Mag. nat. hist. Oct. 1898, SEK. Je: ~2.5° 320; 1899 Lepus floridanus mearnsi Allen, Am. mus, nat. hist. Bul. 4 Mar. 1899. 2273, Type locality. Fort Snelling, Minnesota. faunal position. Transition and upper austral zone. Habitat, Prairies and open fields. PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 335 L Distribution in New York, The eastern prairie cottontail probably occurs throughout the western half of New York. The only published record of its presence in the state rests however on two specimens from Peterboro, Madison co (Bangs, ’95, p. 406). The animal has undoubt- edly extended its eastward range very rapidly during the past 50 years as the clearing away of the heavy forests has increased the area suited to its needs (Miller, ’95a, p. 410). Mr Savage writes that cottontails are common near Buffalo. From measurements which he sends me of six specimens shot at Cherry creek, Chautauqua co. in January 1898, I think there can be no doubt that the form occurring there is Lepus flort- danus mearnst. _ Lepus americanus virginianus (Harlan) Southern varying hare 1825 Lepus virginianus Harlan, Fauna Americana. p. 196. 1842 Lepus americanus De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. p. 95. 1877 [Lepus americanus| var. virgintianus Allen, Monogr. N. Am. Rodentia. p. 307. 1884 Lepus americanus Merriam, Linn. soc. New York. Trans. 2: 207. 1884 Lepus americanus virginianus Merriam, Linn. soc. New York. Trans. 2:211. 1898 Lepus americanus virginianus Bangs, Biolog. soc. Washington. Prec. d2in7o- 1898 Lepus americanus virginianus Mearns, U. S. Nat. mus. Proc. 21: 346. Type locality. Blue mountain of Pennsylvania. faunal position. The southern varying hare is an inhabitant of the boreal zone, penetrating the limits of the transition zone in specially favorable localities only. ‘‘ That it has a weak hold upon a place in the fauna of the transition z »ne is shown by the rapidity with which it dis- appears when the conditions that enabled it to exist there are slightly changed ” (Bangs, ’98, p. 81). Habitat. Damp, cool woods and forests. Distribution in New York. This animal occurs throughout the northern part of the state, and in suitable isolated localities farther south where it has not yet been exterminated. It is one of the species whose range has been greatly restricted by the clearing away of the heavy forests. Principal records. De Kay: ‘‘It occurs in most parts of the state and is often called the white rabbit. In the winter the markets of New York are abundantly supplied with this species from the Kaaterskill and Shawangunk (Shongo) mountains” (42, p. 96). Merriam: “The northern hare is found in greater or less abundance in most parts of the Adirondacks” (’84d, p. 207). Mearns: “This hare is abundant on the 336 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM | summits of East Kill, Plateau and Hunter mountains, descending at. times along belts of coniferous trees nearly to Schoharie creek. In the lowest country it is said to be almost wholly replaced by the cottontail ” ("98b, p. 346). I have found the southern varying hare locally common at Peterboro, Madison co. and abundant at Elizabethtown, Essex co. Of the occurence of this species near Buffalo, Mr Savage writes: ‘The varying hare is becoming rare or local. On December 8, 1897 I saw four on R. & P. r. r. train that were shot at West Valley, Cattaraugus co. Also heard of their being taken near Java, Wyoming co. in the autumn of 1897. On January 29, 1898, one was shot near Cherry creek, Chautauqua co. Remarks. The northern varying hare Lepus americanus americanus Erxleben was formely supposed to oceur in New York (see Merriam, ’8ad, p. 207) but Bangs has recently shown that the southern boundary of its range does not reach the northern edge of the United States (’98, p. 78). Felis oregonensis hippolestes (Merriam) JVortheastern panther 1842 +elis concolor De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. p. 47. 1882 Felis concolor Merriam, Linn. soc. New York. Trans. p. 1: 29. 1897 Felis hippolestes Merriam, Biolog. soc. Washington, Proc. 11: 219. 15 July 1897. 1899 Felis oregonensis hippolestes Stone, Science, N. S. 9:35. 6 Jan. 1899. Type locality. Wind River mountains, Wyoming. Faunal position. The northeastern panther was formerly an inhabitant of the Canadian, transition and upper austral zones. It is now exter- | minated in all but the first named. Habitat, Forests. : Distribution in New York, This animal still exists in the wilder por- tions of the Adirondacks. Elsewhere it is extinct within the limits of the state. - Principal records. DeKay: “In this state the panther is most nu- merous in the rocky northern districts and particularly in the counties of Herkimer, Hamilton and St Lawrence. They are occasionally seen among the Kaaterskill mountains, and the specimen in the New York museum . .. was obtained from this locality ” (’42, p. 48). Merriam: ‘‘It is not many years since the cougar or panther, second largest of American /elide@, was a common inhabitant of the primeval forests of the Adirondacks; but since the state offered a bounty [in 1871] for their destruction so many more have been killed than born that they are tow PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 337." well nigh exterminated. However a few still remain and some years may yet elapse before the last panther disappears from the dense ever- green swamps and high rocky ridges of this wilderness” (’82 p. 29-30). Remarks. I use the subspecific name Azppolestes for the northeastern panther as the least unsatisfactory course at present open. The data from which the following table of panther bounties has been prepared are furnished by Dr Frederick J. H. Merrill. 3 Table of bounties paid for panthers in New York under law of 1871 County Town Date By whom killed sy ae L.e80X ....----- Newcomb .......| 10N 1871 | J.C. Fanner..........|. $20 A. ye ee Be te nd 11D 1871 AP A naar tratatlars 20 > a ee sé pte eek ‘ec LO ae ft me Pare 90 4 | eee s, 7 a © bs TES Ce LA Soe iets oe 20 a See ee at 4: Par .| ae ST SSO | W. B. Calilén~.....--2u. 20 > bore Wilmington ....| 14J1 1883 | Arthur Croninshield a and J. C. Sanders... 20 4 Pe anisterat = aS ----| LL Ag 1883 he «| — 20 tt ot SEES sk ----| 14 Ag 1888 | James Jagins .......-- 20 oe Franklin ..... * Diekinson ~.- .:- £7 198724) BE Ober... 2 - 5 20 4 i pats Pec gg ecg ee oe Re’ sie |): C: :A.-Merrill --...~--.- 20 Hamilton -....| Lake Pleasant...| 29 F 1872 | A. B.Sturges& B. Page|} 20 ee “ ....| Loug Lake ...... 99 F 1878 | J. W. Sehultz......... 20 Lom “4 fed arte oe 21 Je 1882 | George Muir -.-......-.. 20 | ec is ne Gs EG 1 HP ke 5 oe - oe arn | EAL a 20 a rs Sid POISE AS: 2 22 Jl 1882 RON rae SE 20 ue Bk Epes giclee toe 24 J1 182 Pas area Snare 20 4 - fee ean 10S 1882 tess | cet e 20 Se “ wa ae ----| 280 1883 ae ieee eee 20 be ie FE ent Nae a 6c et een 5 ee eee 20 a OP ee “femme Sos 30 N 1883 whey tee oe ore 20 * Ee Pete Me Sear 3 5 F 1887 Sivrevs | cdapers cee 20 - weer saath PETRY 8F 1887 +s peg RP EY Coe eee 20 wf ei eros. --eruccut ae) > S676 7 Giles Call. .....2....-.| “20 Herkimer -...| Wilmurt..-...---- 1D. 1GiT | Ee LSheppard . ..---: 20 a = eae, end eak Pore ree 12D 1877 ie aes we s 20 ey ie here) eae eee 13D 1877 pi A hrc 20 is “4 ae wee: ar etd 3 et oe 2G F-18768 | EN. Arnold... ...-.... 20 #3 Stee se ae 8 Mar 1878 ee Se, See 20 St - xe riebite ST ee 26D 1878} A.S. Marshall ......-. 20 ‘ se ee ee OTS 3323 f- 4 “cc CE a TR ee a 20 E wd e ote tke 250 1882 | George Muir .......-.- 20 og Sera iuperads it ieee 30N 1882 | — Mg FTO ELS oe ene 20 es ee wee BS Eee 10 My 1883 ee RE Rees ee 20 “é ae EO PARA Toso «go 3 se AG ae Pete chy BB, Ys 20 “f eee Mis sotn ad ss J 2Ag 1883 oes ee Se ee 20 se a te EE On ee yt LS ce ES 9: Ce ee ee re 20 *, éa2 Me's > waster 2 2d 8 Ja 1884 cet OT cee 20 “id woes ie ee ae 19 Ja 1884 Aste Taney Oe He ae 20 ewis ...-... Oroghan ..-. .... “20 N 1882 aaa rete ee By Seer 20 REARS eauy ete ts 25 Je 1883 Fh RD gee eee 20 ee g.to2 xs Tie ea at 29 F 18x84 ig fey 2 2 20 Re sien" J ee 23 My 1*82 igee APES oe EX 20 . Eee of Rae aay pene 10 Je 1882 45 ee ee ee 20 Ee OG de ek « 2 ee ak Beans ab tha 20 Eee Soe en aretinn a] eee al eee Ses Oy were ts ance] .-. 20 ee Ab sei 2 all ee Boek Se ff veg weteans |) 20 a &4e2eaadas ¢s AAA AMAA wre j we “f Aaah ntbbon 20 338 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Table of bounties paid for panthers in New York under law of 1871, continued County Town Date Lewis: >----- Diana.........-.| 14 My 1883 By cine ere OO polis ee eed Oe RaSh, a aan ee ae oh air cient eee gk See Poets C4 “é ISTE eee ls s “ce ee Se Si chinks ee Spe eee Cee ree sé 2! ow ~~ ce ie PRES 2 e ~Seveccle| soap 21686 cc ‘é ‘ec 7 py | Seca eases ence, fe er aes Wie 2.2. Ss eS ee oe cals ees - Pee cL ussoeuecaee tee oe DT ake eee eee A it Sivek << -.-..---| 25 Ap 1886 go RE ae (t- avediec otha Jee Ge Bargboral: --2:| Day oi2. Jess, 30 1887 4 PTS ge eee es eee 6 Ja 1890 St Lawrence..| Canton......-... 15 F 1878 oe si: Colton .-a.2ti 7, © 23 N 1880 2g 7 2g ee ek eae 15 Ja 1881 se 2a) BEMBID oso feces 7TJe 1871 % a ote Wee ee OS 22 Je 1871 “ce “ Oi ee ce as A oe eueehbe ck 2h. 15 Je 1871 xg : A sya aod oe ob oh a 26 Je 1871 i : 4 sj) ciao Re 29 Je 1871 “¢ € At ight eases 230 1872 a : pf Nap SV ES 8 Je 1873 i te PPP PLDs Garbo ts: 24 Ja 1877 = 3 hy Bee ee 23 1 My 1879 a 6, 2 ea Sed eee 15 Je 1880 sis a Mf Jas = dt2 2 3-2 See Goon = SS heh BAR Sect 23 My 1881 e a gta Seale | pete Se 16 J1 1881 < es 40% Jame di ee 26 Ag 1881 Be a | ene Pekan 10S 1881 “é SS a6. 2 pA Be eae “ = 3 EERE Sat 8M 60 1881 ae paltgres ‘atte Pot 7O 1881 <4 7 e822 ARE TN 1881 " --| Hopkinton ..-.-.. 19 N 1873 = : et a 4N 1874 ¢ os 26D 1876 es oe fiche. Schumer 12 Own. 1879 “ =:| Parighyalla.< Sct. 240 1575 se .o| Piveairn.aet-243 21Je 1883 as Ls ofS Ae ee 22 Je 1883 55 ; S| hae eee 22 Jl 1883 “é a JS nae? TS ene “e ¥ - peepee | Gani E 15S = 1883 .s 35 (¢0 57%. ae eee 23D 1883 ce ‘é sé e. Pe Pa eeeere 21 Mar 1884 e sind aS Ty eseiton ses 1D _ 1884 134 ee OS) Aes CAL tae 26 Ja 1885 5d st of SUE Pees 27 Mar 1885 vad ach Rh cc panics 28 Mar 1885 - “i Se eee 15 My 1885 & i eek a ee Ter. ae 23 My 1885 cf Se i Ee 25 Ap 1886 By whom killed George Muir - “ec ce - “cc . ce 73 c <é ys L. J. De Long ==s +e ee ee A. P. Flansburgh -.... Hiram Hutebins.-.-.-.-.. “e if John Muir Beg 6c “cc Henry Marsh. Jobu Muir ..- Webster Pastlow.. -.... George Muir - 6s “ec ‘ec “ec ee ccc ee wees Peter Brosseau ..-.-..--. Michael Duffy George Muir. sé . eres eee Amount paid : . PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 339 Summary by counties County Rerahet jon tea MME . SPs so ane soln 3. ety Ho ESA 8 $160 i ii Oke sa. s ee oo PF es oclk calelek cee. ise 2 40 a a valacla aape aes 13 260 re Sie es eee eee aia ee, 15 300 NE EE Fe ep a ee ey ee ee 23 460 IGS oh Reena 25 «= 54 ek On saps owed s oo an 2 40 St Lawrence ......-... Sa a hei cios gad Deke dob ob ons odds 44 880 pee eee oe SAL OC RBVAL 2208 Ses Ree et 107 $2 140 Summary by years Number Amoun Year killed paid F Seen. 210s_ Sraec. ved 05. beac .l seavius “us.. 8 $160 en See eee re een ad am a eng 6 120 EERE SBR gt 8 ee See ee eee eee 3 60 Se Sar a a ee ees eee ee 1 20 ie Oe rae Peete de mecaicocces caus cans 1 20 Se ass Ae OS ee EL.. SILL tO. aes s.. 2 40 Sn So ete a an eee eho 4 80 Eee Eee ASE ee sae tae bolo cence ase 6 120 A A ie eth ies treed aban resrety~ a ihts i-m Sei EHS 3<> 2 40 ee RE ee oe ak dices ane 3 60 Mees 1 LG IPSS SFU fh. Ald 21829. bse k abi 10 200 ne en eee ce ace cae code 14 280 EE GES ES GD SR 5 OP Se ee a oe 21 420 Pe can Ga. -sbhale eb es LS eedaoisices2) -addbtisa-3 i) 180 NOME SR Rh SS Pd ha ed ee ae ee 7 140 oo See ere See ce ed. ee clawed ca ilals ale 5 100 ere ie ae a a cake sind scacwecnweae 3 60 ee eee es. tor re SOR Viet bP ER eee 1 20 a a nae oe ee a wan he nawt tesue ee ee oS, et cree aa Oe fou~acan ence axes 1 20 Rt Oa Ae are do ary aes ey ohare . tied. Wee Qn Pucks 2Be Te eae iy FP Pecos. Sees ee se ue eh eee) 3 al PP ess. See SRE a os ee a 0 gta ee a ee at ae wits Vince geen ans os ee Reese. repay. eee td ie ss denis. Jods eck s On bck. Ae ORI SES Oe et ae 2 eee Lynx canadensis (Kerr) Canada lynx 1792 F [elis| Lynx canadensis Kerr, Animal kingdom 1: 157. 1817 Lynx canadensis Rafinesque, Am. monthly magazine. 2: 46. 1817 Lynx montanus Rafinesque, Am. monthly magazine. 2:46. (Cats- q kill mts). 340 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 1842 Lyncus borealis De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. p. 50. 1882 Lynx canadensis Merriam, Linn. soc. New York. Trans, 1:40. 1898 Lynx canadensis Mearns, U.S. Nat. mus. Proc. 21: 359. Type locality. Canada. Faunal position. Hudsonian and Canadian zones, formerly perhaps transition zone also. fTabitat. Forests. Distribution in New York, The Canada lynx is rapidly approaching extinction in New York and in fact throughout the eastern part of its range, It still exists in the Adirondacks and probably in the Catskills also. Principal records. De Kay: “It is not uncommon in the northern districts of the state” (’42, p. 51). Merriam: ‘The lynx is and so far as I can learn has always been a rather rare inhabitant of this region. It is most often met with on the Champlain or eastern side of the woods but is nowhere common, (’82, p. 40). Mearns: ‘ Hunters told me that there are still a good many lynxes ... in the [Catskill] mountains. Very large tracks of a lynx which I suppose to have been this species . were seen almost daily on the summit of Hunter mountain during the latter part of August. . . . During the winter of 1877-78 a Canada lynx was killed near Rhinebeck on the Hudson and brought to Prof. James M. De Garmo, in whose collection I saw it soon after. This is the only record of its occurrence in the immediate vicinity of the Hud- son river, during recent years that has been brought to my attention” ('98, P- 359)- ) | Lynx ruffus (Gueldenstaedt) Wildcat 1776 Felis ruffa Gueldenstaedt, Novi comment. acad. scient. Imp. Petropolitanae. (1775), 20: 484. 1776. 1842 Lyncus rufus De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. pp. 51. 1882 Lynx rufus Merriam, Linn. soc. New York. Trans. 1:41. 1896 Lynx rufus Fisher, The Observer. May 1896. 7: 198. 1897 Lynx ruffus Rhoads, Acad. nat. sci. Philadelphia. Proc. p. 32. 1898 Lynx ruffus Mearns, Am. mus. nat. hist. Bul. 9 Sep. 1898. 10:351. 1898 Lynx ruffus Mearns, U.S. Nat. mus. Proc. 21:359. Type locality. New York. Faunal position. Canadian, transition and upper austral zones. Habitat. Forests. Distribution in New York. The wildcat, which once ranged through- out the state, appears to be now exterminated except in the wilder parts of the Adirondacks, the Catskills and the Hudson highlands. It is, however, au animal that resists the progress of forest clearing much more PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 341 successfully than the Canada lynx, and consequently may be looked for in many localities where the latter is no longer found. Principal records. De Kay: “ They are still found in the more northern and western counties in the wooded districts” (42, p. 53). Merriam: “The wildcat is for some reason an extremely rare animal in the Adiron- dacks” (’82, p. 41) Fisher: ‘‘It is probable that a few wildcats still remain in the wilder parts of the region. The last one killed in the neighborhood [of Sing Sing] as far as we know, was shot by a Mr Rey- nolds at Katonah [Westchester co.] in March, 1880” (’96, p. 198-99). Mearns: “‘On my last visit to the [Hudson] highlands in 1896 I saw no signs of the wildcat, and 1 was told that none had been killed there for several years past. During the first 25 years of my life the wildcat was at least as numerous as the red fox and more frequently killed. In the early seventies wildcats by their depredations caused so much loss to the residents of Putnam co., across the Hudson from my home, that bounties were privately subscribed by landowners amounting to $25 for every one killed in that neighborhood. Mr Henry Le Farge still a hunter of local renown killed a considerable number of them, but there were still some wildcats remaining on Sugar Loaf mountain when I left the Highlands in 1884 (’98a, p. 351). Several stuffed specimens of wildcats said to have been killed in that neighborhood are preserved in the hotels and stores of _ the Catskills. It is in fact fairly common in these mountains” (’98b, P- 359)- Urocyon cinereoargenteus (Schreber) Gray fox 1775 Cants cinereoargenteus Schreber, Saugethiere. pl. g2. 1785 Canis vulpes A pennsylvanicus Boddaert, Elenchus Animalium. 1:97. Based on the Brant Fox of Pennant. 1842 Vulpes virginianus De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. i Pp. 45. 1894 Urocyon cinereoargenteus Rhoads, American naturalist. June 1894. | 28: 524. 1896 Urocyon virginianus Fisher, The Observer. May 1896. 7: 199. 1898 Urocyon cinereoargenteus Mearns, Am. mus. nat. hist. Bul. g Sep. 1898. 10:350. 1898 Urocyon cinereoargenteus Mearns, U.S. Nat. mus. Proc. 21:360. Type locality. North America. faunal position. ‘The gray fox is a strictly austral animal. Habitat. Woods, thickets, rocky hillsides and in fact all dry situations. Distribution in New York. ‘The gray fox enters New York with the upper austral fauna at the extreme west, in the Hudson valley and on ‘Long Island. 342 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Principal records. De Kay: “This species is more common in the southern counties than farther north. On Long Island it is very abun- dant” (42, p. 46). Fisher: “ Not uncommon [at Sing Sing] but much rarer than the red fox. Judging from the number killed the red fox is five times more common than the gray ” (’96, p. 199). Mearns: “ This is the common fox of the [Hudson highlands] region, the red fox being comparatively scarce. It is very destructive to poultry” (98a, p. 350). “A few gray foxes were said to have made their appearance in the upper part of Schoharie valley during recent years” (’98b, p. 360). I have never met with the gray fox in New York. Mr Savage writes me that he has reliable evidence of the recent cap- ture of several gray foxes near Buffalo. Mr Helme writes: “ The gray fox was formerly quite common on Long Island, but now it is nearly extinct. I have heard of no specimens taken during the past four or five years.” Vulpes fulvus Desmarest ed fox 1820 Canis fulvus Desmarest, Mammalogie. p. 203. 1842 Vulpes fulvus De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia.. p. 44. 1882 Vulpes vulgaris pennsylvanicus Merriam, Linn. soc. New York. Trans. 1:45. (Not of Boddaert) 1896 Vulpes pennsylvanicus Fisher, The Observer. May 1896. 7: 109. 1898 Vulpes pennsylvanicus Mearns, U.S. Nat. mus. Proc. 21 :358. 1898 Vulpes pennsylvanicus Mearns, Am. mus nat. hist. Bul. g Sep. 1898. 10 : 350. Type locality. Virginia. Faunal position. Upper austral, transition and Canadian zones. Habitat, While its habitat is primarily forests the red fox can accom- modate itself to an almost endless variety of conditions. Distribution in New York. The red fox occurs throughout the state. Principal records. De Kay: (No details given but the inference is that the author considered the animal well known everywhere in New York). Merriam: “The common fox is a tolerably abundant resident in the north woods” (82, p. 45). Fisher: Common [in the neighborhood of Sing Sing] (’96,p. 199). Mearns: ‘‘ This splendid animal is not numerous in the [Hudson] highlands. It prefers more open country” (98a, p. 350). ‘‘ This fox is known to be tolerably common through- out the Schoharie valley ’’ (’98 b, p. 358). I have found the red fox not uncommon at Geneva, Ontario co.; Peter boro, Madison co. and Elizabethtown, Essex co. PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 343 Mr Savage reports it not uncommon in Erie co. “ The red fox is plentiful in most sections of Long Island east of the township of Oyster bay” (Helme). Canis occidentalis (Richardson) TZimber wolf 1829 Canis lupus occidentalis Richardson, Fauna Boreali-Americana. 1:60. 1842 Canis lupus De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. p. 42. 1882 Canis lupus Merriam, Linn. soc. New York. Trans. 1: 42. 1898 Canis nudilis Mearns, U.S. Nat. mus. Proc. 21: 360. 1898 Canis occidentalis Bangs, American naturalist. July 1898. 32: 505- Type locality. Northern North America. Faunal position. ‘This animal is so imperfectly known that it is impos- sible to assign it a definite faunal position. Habitat. Forests. Distribution in New York. While the wolf formerly ranged through- out the state it is now exterminated everywhere except in the wildest parts of the Adirondacks. Principal records. De Kay: “In some of the southern counties, where they were formerly so numerous as to require legislative enactments, they are now nearly extirpated . . . They are still found in the mountainous and wooded parts of the state and we believe are most numerous in St Lawrence and the adjacent counties” (’42, p. 43). Merriam: “Comparatively few wolves are now to be teas in the Adirondacks, though 12 years ago they were quite abundant and used to hunt in packs of half a.dozen or more . . . In September 1870 I saw a pack of ‘wolves drive a deer into the head of Seventh lake, Fulton chain . . . In the year 1871 the state put a bounty on their scalps, and it is a most singular coincidence that a great and sudden decrease in their number took place at about that ttme. What became of them is a great and to me inexplicable mystery, for it is known that but few were killed” (’82, p. 42-43). Mearns: “It is generally believed that the last wolf disappeared from the Catskills along with the deer many years ago though one man expressed the belief that some still remain” (’98, p. 360). In 1823 Pierce found the wolf still common in the Catskills. He believed that there were “ two varieties, . . . one called the deer wolf from his habit of pursuing deer for which his light grey hound form adapts him. The other of a more clumsy figure with short legs and large body more fre- quently depredates upon flocks under the protection of man” (’23, p. 93). 344 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM It is needless to say that there is very little probability that two forms of © wolf have occurred in New York in historic times. Nevertheless Pierce’s statement has its interest, for the prominence given it by Darwin in his Ovigin of species (p. 71) 1f for nothing else. Remarks. of wolf bounties were furnished by Dr Frederick J. H. Merrill. Table of bounties paid for wolves in New York under law of 1871 | | County Pepex?. Sota we, “é Herkimer -!.. ee eee eee eee ee we eee 2 eee eee eee --2ee twee wecee woes wees eee w-eee ee we woes ceee eee ee ee ease eeee “een re wees eee ee ee were ew eoe were meee wee ce weer toe ewes serene ee ese e wes - eee eee ese e eee Otsego .....-. Town Barker Minerva. 2.2223. ec ce Brandon se Duane Bleecker Long Lake eee er tees es eee eee eee -- yee eee -s--ee- "se eer ere ewes see ee Wilmurt)’. 2222. Batelhfordville. -. Digna’ cst 223.225 Greig ee Royd 2 eé Plainfield Date 1881 6 es 1872 1885 1875 1875 1874 10 Ap 1895 28 Mar 1882 | 1Ap 1882 27S _ 1882 25 Mar 1883 17 Ja 1887 | J. H. Higbey 16 Mar 1883 cc 28 Ja 1882 8 Jl 1883 10N_ 1881 27 Je 1882 27 Ap 1884 10 My 1895 18 My 1895 18Ap 1896 16S. 1896 220 1896 20D 1896 7 Ja 1897 31 My 1897 5 Ag 1897 23S 1897 10N 1881 40 1882 130 1882 17N_ 1882 15D _. 1882 8F 1886 14F 1882 15 Mar 1882 19 Mar 1882 2 Ap 1882 9 Ap 1882 140 1882 190 1882 18D 1882 14F 1888 Bert Wc Ww [ee eo By whom killed . H. Moak . Wesley Rice “ee wre eee es amuel Wilson Delete. > alvin Wait -s"=<+ «e868 “see ee te ee ee George Muir te Peter Decker_~-os-5 ce George Muir Frank Riley George Muir se eee ween we eee ee ere cer weeee wee ewe eee wecoeer eee eee een eee eee es ese eer em ee i eee eee we eee ee eee eee see eee ewer were ee ewer George Botchford John Camp “ oe Thomas Lee W.A. & I. E. Bennett. Henry Durrin ec sees wees “ce ~ eee ew mene eee nee Henry Durrin & §S. L. Fones Henry Durrin......-... J. D. Wilkinson. ...... eee eee er eww eee The data which form the basis of the accompanying table Amount paid PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 345 Table of bounties paid for wolves in New York under law of 1871, continued County Town Date By whom killed eae St Lawrence..! Brasher ......--- 21D 1872! Timothy Desmond ....; $30 54 RP CCMELOM./S Caen ek. 8Je 1-95 | George Muir .......... 30 ‘*: ae oh bktiee Sawn 108 1895 est paste seca lt 30 ag . ¥ .okh weds IWS = 1855 inte rs kee ntaee 30 as = “ akc mete 1S 1896 "o> hese dade 30 “ 3h eee es en 300 1896 Me emt = wed eea eee 30 of : ue tee ee | 150 1897 Mi den gaad an adas 30 es ie Oe a ariet Gomes 30 N 1897 OO buys teadesdsie 30 a i) a 5N_ 1880 | Abram Barkley.....-.. 30 AS a a a sieht O-, 2962 -|-John Muaie co 2.209221 30 5 “a hin TES es Te 26 My 1872 ee ee eee 30 oy es hy ee eae TN 1872 FS Se ee a LIN | 30 « So er eae 22 My 1875 ee ae 30 “ i. ek a eo 24 My 1875 BME ee 30 +i ‘ tet 15 My 1876 aes A eee ree 30 ‘is EO Sime aa 5 My 1877 dig ah AR CIT AERA 30 rf a pee See eS ae 14 Jl 1877 SS) . Ep ade ss 30 “ ee ee ee 8 Ap 1878 | George Muir .-.-.-...... 30 8 = A Setetne ae oom 16S = 1878 RAN; ee ale are 30 be PE, Be ee roe 29 Ap 1879 pete! soo ate ate 30 ss 24 Ege gee apa 26 Ap 1880 Oh CGE PT eS 30 5 Boke eg he ee ee 30 1880 I ls ee eee 30 $6 a Sel epee 28 Ap 1881 Sel bene ec teen 30 55 SOS age Fe 5 ar peels 23 My 1881 oy tay ee sere 30 4 2 i Paes ll Je 1881 tee Late eee 15 ‘é " A Tuts ete eS sé CET, er et be a se 30 - cet ISLE cs. 20 J1 1881 oy ks SSE ee 30 <1 aya = Py eee 24 Ag 1881 elk eligi aot ks oF 30 + igh ee ee 28S 1881 sc A Raps Ok Pp 30 f aS Te cagh eh eee rea 8N_ 1881 eee Oe dg See 30 - BE eae Tae wee Wee Clark 2. «cas sd. 30 as .-| Hopkinton ...... 17 Ag 1871 | George Speare.....---- 30 és = eee een “é ga gle SSA BOE 15 od : i 60 1871 |, Joseph Whitney. ..---- 30 - : ee eee 90 1876 | George Peck .......-... 30 g Rs Rio Sees 6N 1880 | Jonathan Baldwin ---. 30 J ars phat tiga lacey 13 N, 1860 | H.-C: Hibbard .:...-.. 30 a eg he Bee 20S 1881 cs eaters set 30 - --| Parishville ...... 13 N_ 1880 RN es ee ie 30 ¥ Bo gy 4N 1872 | Aaron Thomas .....-.. 30 fg os ae gS 12D _ 1873 eee © ee eee 30 s a pf Cape F pees.) Se00TS MT Ss nn snes 30 i" ed ah tere 26 Je 185 RE stl eG gets oe 30 — = A eae ae 4 Jl 1885 A Tees Sm ame pea | 30 as a4 de thet 10 Ap 1886 POPE) -Aszee wa aa 30 Warren .....- Thurman.=..--..-- 10 F 1883 | Roland Gamby...--..- 30 * a ft Far 14 F 1883 ae oe eee Sees 30 Washington ..|Dresden...-...... 10 Mar 1882 OGL ate 30 “ec ay SE Ne eg A as sé hi pee ee ee 30 is ‘s Gt, eRe ee 3 Ag 1882 Pee 2 as 30 ae - 1) le eee eres 3 Mar 1883 Be ee eB be a 30 ae, .-|Kingsbury....--... 17 Ja 1883 | William Casey ........ 30 ae aS > Oa 24F 1883 | Samuel Ferris.....-.... 30 346 | NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Summary by counties Numbe County sited r a Baeoome «.<. f.ssewe boon Heese ht SeeS SSE Sees eee 1 $30 Waiter joo od ae tet Heid: baie Eo Roe ae ee 3 90 Peeakta. ~:~ S, . ee eeeeeeee apie Se 45 eh arte 2 3 90 Feiton. £9.) ose) Je ae Le See ee eee 1 30 Peamiltoni).. 52 o.3 os. Jo ae SR. oe i eee 7 210 Thovkimer 2... cos Bc oe oo SR a eee - 90 LOWS }.c'2005 25 ooo eee eae ae 18 540 Omeids oc. side ce eue teh. a. ae eee 9 270 Oseego} ..... 2 .qatsheete ith PR Ete eee 1 30 SivLawrence:...... - 7 5 cates oe 455 h Oswego. 22. . a. eee sie eee 456 Sec. 2 ‘- Jefferson. county 2... i. eae eee eee 456 a’ Adams.‘ *. . 07) eet eee ee 456 b. Watertown .- (205 foc be ene 459 Sec. 3....Qnondaga county <2. 2.9 )o.22s fe ae ee 459 a Baldwinsville: 377. 33iint-oek Uta eee 459 Sec. 4. Oneida county ~ 7202. oe oe ee 476 a Wea es .. ATT b New York Mills Le SS Daa Baie anes 478 e Romie. Clic Ceo as erase ee ..2 58 Sec. 5 - Proper use wr natural-gas. - 223s ee 483 See. 6 - Stemmary: 20555 2 ee ee eee 487 Ch. 4 The Lake shore natural gas belt of Chautauqua county 492 a: Fredonia <.2.35:05 Wetec ee ee 494 b ‘Portland and Brocton. -.75..0 ess.- =a 507 oo W estiield. ncn tg !aeo sp ce eae Cee 510 d Ripley.) :.:cc.2< 5.) Se eee 516 Maps Map of Oswego and Onondaga counties (in part). facing 426 Lake shore belt of Chautauqua county........-. hee 492 Whore Sketch map of central New York (in part)....... facing 422 — EE a ae ee ae NOTE The results here given are of investigations by Prof. Orton carried on during the season of 1897 at the instance of the late Prof. James Hall, state geologist and paleontologist, and _ were communicated with the annual report of that year; but it has since been judged wise, in view of the far-reaching im- portance of this paper and in order to secure its wider diffusion, to issue it separately as a museum bulletin. The paper is there-. fore appended to the museum report for 1899. In references, volume and page numbers are separated by a colon ; e. g. 16: 467 means vol. 16, p. 467. JOHN M. CLARKB EDWARD ORTON, LL. D. 1829-99 The distinguished author of this bulletin, Edward Orton, LL.D., died at his home, Columbus, Ohio, Oct. 16, 1899 after a brief illness. He had completed the reading of the proofs of this paper but a few days before this sad event. Dr Orton was an eminent son of the state of New York and there is not a little appropriateness in the fact that this, the last of his scientific papers, is devoted to the interests of the state which.saw his birth and the beginning of his scientific activities. He was born in the village of Deposit, Broome county in 1829, his father, Rey. 8. G. Orton, being the minister of the presby- terian church in that place. In 1848 he graduated from Hamilton college and thereafter entered the Lane and Andover theological schools. Between these latter courses he studied at the Law- rence scientific school at Cambridge and here caught the inspira- tion of his future career. In 1858 he became teacher of natural sciences in the state normal school at Albany and afterward served till 1865 as prin- cipal of the academy at Chester, Orange county. Hereafter his active interest and influence in education was transferred to the state of Ohio where he became successively president of Antioch — college, president of the Ohio agricultural and mechanical college and first president of the Ohio state university. From the last — named position he retired in 1881, retaining the chair of geology q in that institution which he held till his death. In 1882 he was ~ appointed state geologist of Ohio, having already served as assis- tant to the previous state geologist, Dr Newberry. He had been ~ president of the Geological society of America and at the time of his death was president of the American association for the = advancement of science. Dr Orton was a man of many accomplishments and a wide © diversity of interests. Though his life was one of great achieve- — ment and ended only after its full fruition, his loss is a grievous _ one to all students of American geology. Along the lines to © which this bulletin specially pertains he had become the highest _ authority and most competent adviser. PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS IN NBW YORK 399 PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS IN NEW YORK CHAPTER 1 ORIGIN AND ACCUMULATION OF OIL AND GAS The state of New York is comparatively poor in the two great forms of stored power; namely, coal and petroleum. Its metes and bounds were fixed long before the real value of coal could be properly appreciated, and also long before its place in the geologic scale had been determined, while as for petroleum and its most important derivative, natural gas, both of them continued to be regarded as nuisances to be abated rather than as a possible source of wealth, till about the middle of the present century. Within the established boundaries of this state a few square miles of the rocks of the Carboniferous age are included in Chautauqua and Cattaraugus counties. These Carboniferous rocks are found as outliers on the high hills at the head of the present drainage systems and are obviously “ remnants that re- main ”’ from and represent a great sheet that originally included all the outliers that we know and extended beyond them in all directions. These outliers are all fragments of the great con- glomerate, and none of them contain coal seams of economic value. Section 1 Geologic structure, as connected with the accumulation of oil | and gas As for the accumulation of oil and gas we have learned that they follow the great structural features of the strata in which they are contained, which were established in them largely at the time of the Appalachian revolution. No more important gen- eralization has been established in this great section of economic geology and none more abundantly supported than this; namely, that oil, gas and water, the usual contents of buried porous _ Strata, have been separated from one another under the influence of gravity and have been accumulated at different levels, in the order of their specific gravities, by the same force. : 400 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM All the facts bearing on these points seem intelligible and rational. They are in accord with the teachings of physics and thus are what we should naturally expect to find in this field. The principal structural features-to which allusion has been made, are commonly known as anticlines, synclines and mono- clines. The first of these terms is applied to a roof-shaped arrangement of the strata of a district, in which they decline in opposite directions from a given line called the axis. Some- times the descent on the opposite sides is equal in amount, but more frequently it is unequal. The axis can generally be fol- lowed for a few miles in an approximately straight line, but in many cases its elevation is gradually lost. From the point where it thus disappears, it is quite likely to rise again in the same — general direction and at perhaps the same elevation that it origi- nally had. Of course, in such cases, all the fragments are counted as a single axis. Wherever a well-defined axis is found, one or more similar lines of structure are very likely to occur, approximately parallel to the first. | A syncline is a form of arrangement of the strata exactly opposite to the anticline already described. The strata are bent into a trough, instead of into a ridge. All the statements as to the amount and direction of the descent of the different sides that have just been made as to anticlines are to be applied to synclines, with the proper, i. e. reversed, qualifications. In a word, a syncline is the normal complement of an anticline, and when two parallel anticlines occur, the space intervening between them is necessarily occupied by a syncline. A monocline is in effect an incomplete anticline or syncline. A stratum descending from an approximately horizontal posi- tion at a certain level to a lower level regains the original hori- zontal position after making the descent. It is as if nature be- gan to build an anticline or syncline and was not able to finish it. Monoclines are of much less frequent occurrence than anti- clines and synclines. All these forms of structure are necessarily effected in the differentiation of the contents of a porous stratum. The water, which has been named as one of the three principal elements — es.’ 1 oe Ue f\.4aSe 2 (Rey Sag ee ROM AL 8 Oe Pa bas ah Ara Be = ati wl : eh %; PERTROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS IN NEW YORK 401 contained in such strata, is in most instances saline. With re- spect to water found at a depth of 500 feet or more, the presump- tion in many parts of the world is that it is saline. Compounds of soda and potash are widely diffused in the crust and many of them are very soluble and are gathered, accordingly, in under- ground water. Where the arrangement of the rocks is such that outflow occurs, the soluble compounds will, in the course of time, have all been carried out, and the outflowing water may at last have a high degree of purity. But, in multitudes of instances, the porous strata are so folded that the water of large portions has no access to the surface. When the drill reaches such areas, concentrated brines are often found. Saline water is al- ways heavier than fresh water. It is not uncommon to find these deep waters increased in gravity by one tenth beyond the propor- tions of pure water. It goes without saying, therefore, that the synclines of the porous-rocks, would be occupied by these heavy waters, and it is equally obvious that all the oil will rise to the sides and summits of the arches unless gas accompanies the oil, in which case, the highest level will necessarily be occupied by the latter. The great development of anticlines and synclines is to be found in mountain regions, and here they are shown in their most striking forms. Parts of the great Appalachian system afford the most complete exhibition of these types of structure that is known in the world, though the Jura mountains of western Europe also furnish admirable examples of folded rock series. It is not in mountain regions, however, where-he that runs can read the arches, the elements that constitute them, their dips and their directions, that accumulations of petroleum are to be looked for. When the rocks are folded into great arches that constitute the principal scenic features of the regions which they occupy, they have not escaped fracture at their summits. Faulting has also taken place in numerous instances along their axes, and by these two agencies, namely, fractures and faults, great accu- mulations of oil and gas have been made impossible. Such frac- tures give rise to a slow escape of oil, gas or mineral water, the latter often being characterized by temperatures above the nor- 402 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM mal. These prolonged escapes of gas and oil constitute most of the so-called ‘‘ surface indications ” of petroleum. The system of arches and folds above named, that find their chief development in mountain regions, and to which, in fact, the mountains mainly owe their origin, are the results of the contraction of the crust of the earth, apparently due to its cool- ing. In the Appalachian region of Pennsylvania, Claypole has calculated that the shortening in of the original crust has amounted to 88 miles out of 153 miles, the latter having been reduced to 65 miles. Heim has calculated that an original ex- tent of 203 miles in the Alps has been reduced by folding and crumpling to 180 miles. The arches seem to have resulted from lateral pressure exerted from the side of the ocean. Their axes are approximately parallel to the ocean boundary. Their slopes are gentle on the southeast side and much sharper on the north- west. The strongest folds, as a rule, lie farthest to the eastward. Certainly they diminish in both hight and dip as they are fol- lowed westward. In western Pennsylvania, for example, the folds are so reduced that they do not necessarily form the up- lands of the region. They can be followed only by determining the elevation of some well-marked bed or stratum, as a seam of coal or sheet of limestone, or some persistent bed of red or blue rock, the peculiarities or the composition of which are well known. By-such facts, the reality of the arch is demonstrated and their directions and angles of pitch can be determined. All the valuable accumulations of petroleum and its deriva- tive, natural gas, in Pennsylvania, are confined to these flattened and dying arches, the slopes of which seldom exceed two or three degrees, and which generally need to be read in minutes instead of degrees. No accumulations are known where the arches show angles of descent of five or 10 degrees or more. It would seem that the strata were cracked in the bending, thus allowing the egcape of all mobile substances inclosed in the porous rocks of the series. , Following the effects of the Appalachian revolution still farther westward, we come to the still feebler arches and mono- clines of Ohio. Numerous cases have been found during the last few years in which the elevations of even the summits of the Ee sen ge PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS IN NEW YORK 403 arches have not been found sufficient to effect a separation of the petroliferous substances and the salt water. In the “Big Indian” oil field of Monroe county, Ohio, many cases have occurred in which three or four barrels of salt water are raised by the pumps for every barrel of oil. The latter is, however, frequently produced in amounts of hundreds of barrels in a day. _ The best defined monocline known is the Macksburg oil field of Noble and Washington counties, Ohio. In this case it has been demonstrated that the Berea grit has been checked in its uniform descent to the southeastward, at the rate of 20’ or 30’ of a degree and that it lies nearly horizontal for the space of one mile. This horizontal portion ‘has proved available as a store- house of oil and gas, and a petroliferous production of consider- able importance is distinctly referred to this structure, with gas on its western boundary and salt water on the east. We owe the determination of this monocline and the general facts of its productive power, to F. E. Minshall, of Marietta. Coming back to New York, we find that it was invaded by the Appalachian revolution with its mountain-making forces in very much the same way that western Pennsylvania and eastern Ohio were affected. Through the southern counties of the state, low arches are produced, which lack the force necessary to make them recognizable as features of the present surface relief, but which, as exploration has proved, were ample for the separation of the oil and salt water that were tributary to its porous strata. All the extensions of the great Bradford oil fields into Catta- raugus and Allegany counties are examples. Of these the “ Rix- burg gas streak ” is one of the best. But while the eastern side of the continent owes to the Appal- achian revolution the great features of its relief, it has not been limited to the orogenic activities of this period. Contraction and necessary readjustments of the crust were certainly in operation long before the close of paleozoic time, and the earliest formed strata were left in an uneven condition. The steady growth of the continent from the Canadian protaxis southward is respon- sible for structural facts of great importance, specially for the prevailing southerly dip that affects the entire state and that 404 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM contributes so much to the completeness of the geologic column of New York. In these previous movements of the crust, more or less relief was given to the land surface or sea floors of the times in which they occurred, and many low arches and synclines resulted in this way; but no prevailing direction is thus far found in any of these ancient structures, aside from this southerly dip already named. It is not counted necessary in a paper designed specially for the general reader, to furnish proof of the statements already made as to the order of arrangement of the several substances contained in porous rocks. It is enough to say that the facts from every oil field fall into line in support of these statements. Moreover they harmonize so well with the teachings of physics that they soon come to be counted necessary truths and no grounds are apparent from which attacks can be directed against them. Even the disposition to make such attacks seems to have passed away. The Trenton limestone field or northwestern Ohio, one of the latest oil and gas fields to be exploited, furnishes the most satis- factory and conclusive proofs on all these points. Five or six feet of relief have proved ample to keep gas wells dry for days and weeks, and wells drilled solely for gas and operated as such, have been slowly turned into highly productive oil wells, and, in multitudes of cases, have, at a later date, been overrun with salt water. Section 2 Origin of petroleum, natural gas, maltha and asphalt The readers of this paper will expect some attempt to answer the questions that human curiosity everywhere raises as to the origin of the bituminous series. The series has long been known to man. We find mention of it in the oldest records and tradi- tions of the race, but its real value and importance have been mainly developed in the present century and very largely in our own_ day. The bituminous series contains at least four well-marked ele- ments; namely, natural gas, petroleum, maltha or mineral tar, eee .U _PEBTROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS IN NPW YORK 405 asphalt. The probable order of their derivation is not the order given above. From petroleum as an original center the other three substances are seen to be easily derivable by natural and familiar processes. From deep-stored oil when brought to day natural gas is always given off. By the removal of the gaseous hydrocarbons, the gravity of the petroleum is increased and the process of oxidation sets in, the effect of which is to darken the oil and still further reduce its gravity. We advance but a little way along this line before we begin to withdraw the name of petroleum from the dark and viscous liquid that we find result- ing and give the substance the more appropriate designation of mineral tar. It is also called maltha, which is an ancient and somewhat technical designation. Now, if the mineral tar is still further exposed and oxidized, it loses its liquidity altogether and hardens into a black solid, dull or shining, as the case may be, called asphalt. Further, the petroleum from which the latter products are derived has itself a wide range in gravity. Some examples of it run as light as 55° B. while in other cases heavy oils of less ' than 20° B. occur. In the latter case it is always possible to explain the facts by the loss of the volatile elements as they approach the surface. All shallow oils, under which designation are included the occurrences of petroleum within one or two hundred feet of the surface, are heavy. Some of them are too viscous to flow freely and are well adapted in the natural state to lubricating purposes. Not only does the fact that gas, maltha and asphalt are easily derived from petroleum point to the latter as the original sub- stance, but the facts as to the chemical composition of oil and gas respectively lead to the same conclusion. Natural gas con- sists essentially of light carburetted hydrogen ~ (CH,), while petroleum has a much more complex composition. The simplic- ity of the former points to it as the derived substance. It is therefore necessary to account for the origin of petroleum only. All its derivatives will be explained under the same head. The subject has proved a tempting one for consideration and as the economic importance of the series has increased it has commanded more and more attention, till there is at the pres- ent day a voluminous literature devoted to it. In regard to the 406 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM question, from what source and by what process did petroleum originate, we find many and discordant answers. A _ distin- guished German geologist, Prof. C. F. Zincken, of Leipzig, says that for this subject we can well adopt the inscription placed over a meteorite that fell, centuries ago in Germany. Multi multa; omnes aliquid; nemo satis. 'These words can be thus trans- lated: “ Many men say many things; everyone says something; nobody gives a satisfactory account.” When we come to analyze the various answers as to the origin of petroleum the case is not as discouraging as this statement would lead us to conclude. There is one point of vital importance in the discussion, and in regard to this it may now be said that there is substantially an agreement among all geologists who have earned the right to speak on the question; and, what is equally to be desired, there is a rapidly growing accord among chemists who are pre- pared to apply first-hand knowledge to the discussion of the sub- ject. The vital point above referred to is the question whether petroleum is the product of chemical affinity, exerted on inor- ganic matter, or whether it is a result of the transformation of substances that have been built up under the agency of life. It is the latter line of answers that has come to be universally ac- cepted by geologists and it now looks as if there would soon be equal unanimity among chemists in regard to the same point. Section 3 Theories of origin a Theory of morganic origin It has been claimed by a number of chemists, some of whom hold high rank in the scientific world, that the several members of the bituminous series can be referred to a purely mineral origin. There are several phases of this doctrine. One of them seems to imply that the elements, carbon and hydrogen, are combined in the interior of the earth through the agency of the high temperatures prevailing there. This phase of the doctrine matches to but few facts in nature and does not appear to be making progress. The most widely accepted theories as to the inorganic origin of petroleum are those that refer it to certain definite chemical Bee Des | PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS IN NEW YORK 407 reactions. Two among these theories have obtained .a wide circulation by reason of the high rank of their authors, but they can not be said to have gained an equally wide acceptance. In 1866 Berthelot, professor of chemistry in the college of France, and distinguished by remarkable and epoch-making dis- coveries in organic chemistry, particularly as to the composition of alcohols and sugars and by the discovery of acetylene, ad- vanced the theory that the interior of the earth contains free alkali metals (sodium and potassium) and that these elements, when acted on by carbonic acid or carbonates at a high tempera- ture would form carbids of these metals, which, by the action of water, would form hydrocarbons analagous to those found in petroleum. In short, he proposed the theory that both liquids and gaseous hydrocarbons of the bituminous series would result if meteoric water carrying carbonic acid or earthy carbonates in solution should reach by infiltration the metallic masses above named at a white heat and under high pressure. The chemical reactions invoked under the conditions named are undoubtedly sound, and the bituminous series would unquestionably result if these conditions should be met. The recent production of calcium carbid by the electric furnace on a commercial scale and its common use in the production of acetylene gas as an illuminant have made the process familiar and have given to it an air of reality that it never before possessed. The theory of Mendeljeff, the eminent Russian chemist, is founded on altogether similar lines, but is relieved from some of the glaring improbabilities of Berthelot’s hypothesis. It was first announced in 1877 and has been revamped and restated by the author during the present decade. Mendeljeff is the author of one of the most remarkable generalizations ever made in the science of chemistry. It is known as the periodic law, and has given to the science the ability of predicting future discoveries, similar to that so long, possessed by astronomy, and which is recognized by all as the crowning proof that a science has reached its perfect, though not necessarily, its completed stage. There is no higher name in chemistry today than that of Mendeljeff. His theory in regard to petroleum formation is briefly this. He supposes the interior of the earth to contain large masses of 408 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM metallic iron and counts the formation of meteorites confirma- tory of this conclusion. He also considers the specific gravity of the earth, which is 5.5 against 2.5 for its surface rocks as render- ing it certain that the interior contains substances heavier than ordinary rocks. In these interior masses of metallic iron he supposes more or less carbid of iron to exist as in meteorites. Carbids of iron would also be formed by the descent of carbon- ated water as in Berthelot’s theory. Water infiltrating through fissures In the crust would be turned into steam at the depth supposed, and attacking the carbid of iron, would give rise to the petroleum compounds. The steam already invoked exerts pressure enough to force the petroleum vapors back toward the surface till they would become condensed by cooling and would be stored in all porous rocks capable of containing them. This is by far the most widely known and powerfully supported theory of the inorganic origin of bitumens. Mendeljeff expresses him- self as satisfied with it and declares that petroleum is as truly a product of chemical affinity as a veinstone or an ore. This theory seems to promise a continual production and thus an un- failing supply of oil and gas and is sure to be welcomed in every field that is entering on its exploitation. In like manner chemists who have given but little attention to the geologic facts connected with oil and gas further than that they occur beneath the surface, finding a theory at hand explain- ing the origin of these interesting substances on sound chemical possibilities, have naturally turned to this explanation with prejudice in its favor. Occasionally, also, a geologist has been misled by it, but, little by little, as the far-fetched and highly improbable assumptions of this theory have come to be consid- ered and as a far simpler and more probable account of the origin of bitumens is at hand, Mendeljeff’s speculations have lost standing with men of a practical turn, both chemists and geolo- gists, till of late years no one has been found to champion it as if he believed it. To geologists, indeed, it sounds like an echo from the 18th century. It takes its place with the “ cloud-capped towers and gorgeous palaces” of the speculations of Werner’s time, 100 years ago. The latest vigorous defense of the theory in question was made in 1889 by Mr William Anderson, at that time president of the PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS IN NEW YORK 409 mechanical section of the British association for the advance- ment of science, but this defense revealed such profound and surprising ignorance and misconception of the geologic facts as to the occurrence of petroleum that it necessarily lost weight with all who are familiar with these facts, and must have weak- ened rather than strengthened the theory itself. [For an exami- nation of this defense see Geology of Ohio, Annual report, 1890, p. 61.] A weighty consideration in this connection is found in the geologic distribution of petroleum and its derivatives. We can roughly divide the rocks of the earth’s crust into two great series, namely, those in which organic remains are more or less abundant, and those in which no traces of life are found. Their absence in the latter case may be accounted for either be- cause life had not been introduced at the time of their forma- tion, or by reason of metamorphic changes that have supervened since their origin, by which all such traces, if ever present, have been removed. In the last named division, neither petroleum nor any of its derivatives is ever found, and all its occurrences are confined to the fossiliferous division. While Archaean rocks do not cover as large an area as the vast series formed in the ages of life, they are by no means insignificant in extent. 2,000,000 square miles in one continuous body are referred to this division in the Canadian protaxis alone, and in the other conti- nental masses a like distribution is recognized. A single exception as to the absence of the entire petroliferous series from the Archaean rocks must, however, be made. In a few localities in the uppermost division of this series in On- tario, considerable deposits of an asphalt-like material, thor- oughly compressed and hardened, are found. It can be made to burn only under the most favorable conditions. That the sub- stance originated in petroleum is highly probable, but it is to be borne in mind that the rocks in which it is contained bear un- mistakable evidences of having been originally stratified. If stratified they may have contained the remains of life. But aside from this and probably a few other exceptional cases, _ petroleum and all the substances derived from it are wholly wanting in the Archaean rocks. There is not an oil field in the world in the rocks of this age. 410 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM This fact alone constitutes a weighty argument against the ‘hypotheses already presented. If the real centers at which petroleum originated are to be found in the primeval crust, ac- cording to Berthelot and Mendeljeff, the carbonated water essen- tial to the process would certainly have a shorter course in reaching these masses of uncombined elements or metallic car- bids by descending through the uncovered Archaean than by going down through thousands of feet of the stratified and fossil- iferous rocks that overlie this formation. z Another fact that bears against the theory named above is the steady and notable increase in bituminous products that has seemed to go forward throughout geologic history. Their maximum production was apparently reached in Tertiary time. But the internal heat of the earth, which is an important factor in the theories named has been gradually reduced during these same ages. The results are thus directly contradictory to those required by Berthelot’s and Mendeljeff’s assumptions. We come, therefore, to another line of explanations. b Origin from organic sources The reference of petroleum to an organic source stands in very different relation to familiar facts from the theories already re- viewed. Petroleum is a combustible substance and every other substance that we know in nature that can be burned is of or- ganic origin. Moreover we can produce artificially from vege- | table and animal substances gaseous and liquid compounds that are closely allied to the bituminous series or even identical with them. The manufacture of illuminating gas furnishes a case in point. We obtain by this process not only the volatile combusti- ble, but the liquid coal tar as well, that is closely analogous to some of the petroleum compounds. Illuminating gas is ordi- narily manufactured from bituminous coal, but we can use all varieties of vegetable and animal substances for the same pur- pose. Even street sweepings and the ordinary refuse of a city have been by a patented process applied to the same manufac- ture. The occurrence of gas at the bottoms of ponds, produced from decaying leaves, or in boulder clay, from buried vegetation, are phenomena of common note. PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS IN NBW YORK 411 In addition to these facts it has been definitely established within the last 30 years that the genuine and unmistakable mem- bers of the petroleum group, including illuminating oil, lubricat- ing oil, benzin and paraffin, can be obtained from the distilla- tion of fish oil. The demonstration was first made by two Ameri- can chemists, Messrs Warren and Storer, in 1867-68. 20 years afterward, Dr Carl Engler, of Carlsruhe, Germany, duplicated and extended their experiments. Based on these striking re- sults, several chemists have lately advanced the claim that petro- leum is altogether restricted to this bation origin, namely, to the fatty oils of fishes. That this claim is altogether untenable may be seen, among _ other considerations, in the fact that the Trenton limestone oil field of Ohio and Indiana, at present the most important in the United States, antedates by vast periods of time the introduction of fishes into the geologic scale of the country at large. Further, during the last year (1897) Dr S. P. Sadtler of Phila- delphia; read a paper before the American philosophical society in which he announced the very interesting and important result of having obtained hydrocarbon oils of the true petroleum type by the distillation of the glycerids of oils derived from vege- table seeds, thus duplicating Dr Engler’s results and confirming the charge of overhaste on the part of those who ascribe the origin of petroleum generally to products of the vertebrate sub- kingdom. To the general statement, therefore, that the bituminous series, petroleum, gas, asphalt, etc. are all derived from organic sources, it can be safely said that at the present time all geologists sub- scribe. Prof. C. F. Zincken of Leipzig has recently said “ Not a doubt any longer prevails as to the derivation of petroleum from organic matter.” It appears also that chemists are gener- ally coming to the same conclusion despite the brilliant but fanci- ful and unverifiable theories of Berthelot and Mendeljeff. It is entirely unnecessary to descend to the region of igneous fluidity to find the genesis of these invaluable substances because there is always an organic source nearer at hand. The law of “ par- simony of force” is applicable to the case. But though geologists are agreed as to the organic source of the petroleum series, when we inquire as to the probable mode 412 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM of their origin we find at once well marked differences of opinion and belief. One school declares that petroleum is the result of the primary decomposition of organic matter contained in the rocks under certain favoring conditions, while another and larger section holds that it is always the result of the secondary decom- position of organic matter, or, in other words, that it is due to a process of destructive distillation. 1 Origin by primary decomposition. Of the first view the late Dr T. S. Hunt is the chief exponent and defender. According to this theory the decomposition of- organic matter was mainly ‘effected in situ; that is, in the strata in which the materials were stored, and the resulting product is therefore mainly indigenous to the strata in which it is found. This last feature is seized on in many popular statements and a theory of indigenous origin is made to include the various forms of theories of this class. Dr, Hunt held that there was an accumulation of organic mat- ter in oil-bearing rocks that passed by a peculiar form of decom- position or decay directly into petroleum; in other words, these substances, instead of passing into the usual products of decay, namely, carbonic acid, ammonia, water, etc. were transformed directly into the bituminous series. This author also strenu- ously urged that as limestones are essentially of organic origin it is to this form of rocks that we must look for the chief source of the production of petroleum. He insisted on this view a score of years before a barrel of oil was ever drawn from the limestone beds of the country. In the light of the remarkable stocks of oil | and gas that have been derived from the Trenton limestone with- in the last dozen years, Dr Hunt’s claims show great prescience and sagacity. He appears to very much better advantage in con- nection with this revolutionary discovery than any other geolo- gist of his generation. But does organic matter pass by primary or direct decomposi- tion into petroleum? Mave we any examples of this process in operation in the world today? This is a fair and would seem to be a crucial question. If it is an actual process in the world it ought somewhere to be found in operation. Dr Hunt seemed to see this question in its true significance and lays a great deal of emphasis on the testimony of Messrs : PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS IN NPW YORK 413 Wall and Kruger as to the asphalt lake of the island of Trinidad. | Proceedings, Geological society of London, 1860] These gentlemen declare that the organic matter contained in the shaly rocks in which the lake is included has undergone a special mineralization, producing bitumen in place of ordinary anthraciferous substances. ‘“ This operation is not attributable to heat nor to the nature of distillation, but is due to chemical reactions at the ordinary temperature and under the normal con- ditions of the climate. The proofs that this is the true mode of the generation of the asphalt, repose not only on the partial] man- ner in which it is distributed in the strata, but also on numerous specimens of the organic bodies in the process of transformation and with the organic substance more or less obliterated. After the removal by solution of the bituminous material under the microscope a remarkable alteration and corrosion of the vegeta- ble cells becomes apparent which is not presented in any other form of the mineralization of wood.” [Quwarterly journal Geolog- ical society of London, 16: 467]. .If these claims were substan- tiated the question would seem to be settled, but unfortunately for them several later observers only fail to confirm them, but report distinctly different conditions. A few years since the late Dr O. Fraas of Stuttgart, Germany, announced that petroleum is in process of formation in certain coral rocks of the Red sea, as the result of the direct transforma- tion of the organic matter of the reef. If this statement could be proved it would also meet the demands of Hunt’s theory; but geologists recognize the fact that there are other possible sources of the petroleum that appears in the reef, and Fraas’s claims can not be counted as established till all such possibilities are ex- cluded. There are other similar cases, but none of them are decisive. On the whole it must be acknowledged that the crucial experi- ment remains to be brought forward that will establish the claim ‘that petroleum is now in process of formation by the direct or _ primary decomposition of organic matter. There are multitudes of geologic facts that seem to be in harmony with this view, and it has never been definitely set aside or abandoned, but to 414 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM meet the demands of science we ought to find somewhere positive proof of its reality asa living force or process in nature. 2 Origin by secondary decomposition or distillation. That organic matter stored in the rocks can be converted by heat into the petroliferous series is amply demonstrated by the practical oper- ation of the process referred to as the manufacture of illuminat- ing gas and paraffin from coal, bituminous shale and organic waste. In the primary decomposition or decay of organic bodies no extraordinary force is needed to produce the result. The instability of the chemical elements involved is adequate. Through the agency of life these elements were temporarily com- bined into the complex atoms which constitute organic bodies, but as soon as the principle of life is withdrawn the elements tend to resume the simpler combinations out of which organic bodies were constructed. In what is called the secondary decomposition of organic bodies. the agency of unusual heat is called in. Just what the lowest temperature is at which this process goes forward has not been determined but probably no one would claim that it comes into operation below 400° F. and the usual temperature of the arti- ficial process that we employ is probably twice this or such as is represented by a low red heat. This secondary decomposition is also called dry or destructive distillation. From the organic substances to be acted on, the atmosphere is excluded, and, by the application of heat, as above indicated, the atoms of the body are rearranged in the shape of hydrocarbon compounds, gaseous. and liquid, and there is also left over from this process a carbon residue or coke. These two facts, a temperature of not less than 400° F. and a carbon residue are indispensable accompaniments or conditions of what we call dry or destructive distillation. That this process or rather some modification of it which re- | tains all its conditions is effective in nature there seems no reason to doubt. When molten rock is forced upward through a series of strata, some of which, as for example, carbonaceous. shales, are loaded with the remains of animal or vegetable organ- isms, the conditions of a gas retort are practically reproduced. The exclusion of the atmosphere, the high temperature, the organic matter, the pressure, are all here, and we can not wonder at the appearance of hydrocarbon compounds essentially like the ee — : PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS IN NEW YORK 415 products of the gas retort. The production of gas and petroleum in connection with volcanic agencies is of frequent occurrence and does not excite our wonder. It is easily explained in accord- ance with the principles above noted. In such cases the strata that are traversed by molten rock show the effect of the unusual heat to which they have been subjected by unmistakable trans- formations. There seems therefore no reason to doubt that destructive distillation gives origin to some occurrences of the substances whose origin we are considering. But there are several strenu- ously urged and widely accepted theories that put this agency in the front rank and in reality make it the great source of petroleum. Two of these theories may be named in this con- nection: those, namely, of the late Dr J. S. Newberry and of Prof. S. F. Peckham. Newberry’s theory was the first to be fully and elaborately stated and was propounded at the right time, viz, just when petroleum was coming to its first full recognition. It seemed to match well with many familiar facts of observation and was accordingly received with something like enthusiasm, as giving an intelligible and rational answer to questions that everyone was asking. It was first published in a paper on the rock oils of Ohio in the Ohio agricultural report for 1859. He says: “The precise process by which petroleum is evolved from carbonaceous matter contained in the rocks which furnish it is not yet fully known, because we can not in ordinary circumstances inspect it. We may fairly inier, however, that it is a distillation, but generally performed at a low temperature.” Again he says: “ The origin of these two hydrocarbons (petroleum and gas) is the same, and they are evolved simultaneously by the spontaneous distillation of carbonaceous rocks.” [Geology of Ohio, 1: 192] In Dr Newberry’s view the great black shale of Ohio (Hamilton, Portage, Chemung) is the main source of the petro- leum of the oil fields of western Pennsylvania, New York and eastern Ohio, which these shales underlie. Prof. S. F. Peckham has furnished another statement of the distillation theory but has recognized the necessity of higher than normal temperature and has added a source of heat to 416 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM account for at least the Pennsylvania petroleum. This source of heat he finds in the rise of temperature attending metamor- phism and developed by the elevation of the Appalachian moun- tain system. He says: “ Bitumens are not products of the high temperatures and violent action of volcanos, but of the slow and gentle changes at low temperatures, due to metamorphic action on strata buried at immense depths.” Both of these theories are open to the objection. that they use the term distillation in a different sense from that which it regularly holds. It is a technical word and has a definite meaning, but this meaning is ignored by both of the authors named. Newberry speaks of “ low temperatures”, evidently im- plying conditions either normal, or not far from normal and as still in progress. Peckham declares that “it is not likely that the usual form of destructive distillation as illustrated in a gas retort has obtained anywhere in the operations of nature.” [Proceedings, American philosophical society, 1898] To speak of distillation as going forward without a coke resi- due and at low or ordinary temperatures is pure assumption. For such a process we find no warrant in science. It is a matter of inference pure and simple. We find certain rocks with oil and gas which closely resemble the products of the dry distilla- tion of organic bodies and we infer that the latter are due to a process that we choose to call by the same name, and we talk vaguely of time being exchanged for temperature as if the main- tenance of a temperature of 100° for thousands of years could be made to do the work of a temperature of 1000° for a shorter time. All this may be true but there is no scientific demonstration of it. This distillation theory stands on very much the same basis as Hunt’s theory of the primary decompo- sition of organic matter into the petroliferous series. The sup- posed facts adduced in support of it do not appear to stand examination. The great difference between these two classes of theories seems to be that they assign very different dates for the origin of the petroleum found in the rocks. Hunt’s view would refer it to the date of the formation of the rocks, the organic matter of which would be at once transformed into the permanent shape which we find in petroleum. PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS IN NEW YORK 417 The distillation theory allows that the organic matter of the rocks passed for the time being through the anthraciferous state, in which it could remain indefinitely. Peckham’s original theory referred the oil of Pennsylvania to the close of the Appalachian revolution, but his later statements seem to imply that he no longer considers this date of special importance. Newberry held that the process of petroleum production was in constant operation, but he recognized that the world is old and that vast periods of time have been open to the action of this process. What geologists would be glad to find in nature as matching to and harmonizing with the facts with which they are obliged to reckon would,be a process in which the products of the organic world are transformed into mineral oil at ordinary temperatures and with complete consumption of the substances acted on, so that no carbon residue would be left behind. They would also expect the transformation to be accomplished while the organic matter still retained essentially its original character. The point of greatest importance is the ultimate source of the bituminous series. In regard to this, as already implied, both geologists and chemists are coming into full accord. Both find in the organic matters which the rocks contain or have contained in their past history a source at once abundant, everywhere at hand and competent to meet every demand. The oily substances escaping from the waste in gas manufacture naturally float on the surface of the water into which such waste may be conducted, but the fine particles of clay in the water unite with the oil and settle with it to the bottom. This represents a very important fact in nature and meets the objections that Mendeljeff and others have urged to the effect that petroleum, unless confined in the rocks, would rise to the surface of the sea and be at once wasted by exposure to the atmosphere. On the contrary we see that clay, the second substance in abundance in the crust of the earth, absorbs and protects the petroleum. ‘To this statement we can add another, namely, petroleum seems to be, when thus protected from the air, one of the durable forms that organic matter can assume. There seems no reason to believe that it is less permanent than coal. Stored in the rocks in the morning of the world it can apparently remain in this condition through the vast and indefinite ages of geology. 418 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM One qualification, perhaps, needs to be added; namely, that petro- leum as stored in the rocks may be transformed there into the inflammable gas that belongs in the same chemical series and which may be even more stable than the oil, by as much as it is Simpler in composition. It may even be that the oil would be entirely converted into gas in the process of the ages. It seems altogether probable that the oil and gas which we find in the rocks are of widely different ages, corresponding to the ages of the formations in which they are stored. Thus we may have Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carbonifer- ous, Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous and Tertiary petroleums. The facts of geology seem to show that it is exceedingly im- probable that gas or oil have been transferred in a large way from one formation to another in the geologic column. This statement requires qualification. That there has been some transfer of petroleum and gas in the rocks is beyond question. They are associated with water and gravitation will always raise them to the highest point in the stratum in which they happen to be. If the reservoir was fractured at the summit of an arch these mobile substances will follow the lines of escape to the surface, if the latter extend thus far, and must certainly diffuse themselves through any porous beds which the fracture crosses. With such escapes of oil and gas we are familiar. We call them ‘“ surface indications ” and they often lead us directly to the storehouse from which they have issued. In like manner a porous rock is often found stored with petro- liferous products evidently derived from a stratum or bed directly underlying it. The most common form of such occurrence is a sandstone overlying a carbonaceous shale. When such a series rises to the surface the porous rock is often charged with maltha, resulting from the oxidation of the original petroleum. If the sandstone is in demand for building purposes, the tar is often found exuding from it, even for years. Tar springs, so called, have a like origin, the escaping water of the porous rock carry- ing out some of the inspissated petroleum. eS =>. ee PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS IN NEW YORK 419 CHAPTER 2 GEOLOGIC SCALE OF NEW YORK, AND ITS RELATION TO OIL AND GAS “ The geologic scale of New York is more symmetric and complete than that of any other state of the Union. A greater number of changes in the conditions of the sea in which the suc- cessive deposits that compose the great part of the state were laid down is registered than is to be found elsewhere and many of these deposits obtained here their full development as far as both lithologic élements and fossil contents are concerned. We go to New York for the typical representation of most of the elements of the geologic scale of North America. In other words, the New York column is the typical column. When it is added that the systematic study of the geology of this country was begun by the state geological survey of New York and that the geographic names drawn from localities in that state are fixed on all the leading formations, and farther when it is remembered that the state survey has expended a large amount of money, in the description and representation of the fossils of its several divisions, it is easy to see that the geology of New York must, on all accounts, be regarded as the standard of the eastern side of the continent. In the northern prolongation of the state known as the Adi- rondack highlands a considerable area of Archaean rocks is ex- posed. This area is now being studied, subdivided and mapped, and much light is being thrown on it by the work now in prog- ress. But leaving these old bottom rocks, unmistakably a part of the protaxis of North America and representing the most ancient foundations of the continent, we come to the great column of stratified rocks which constitutes one of,the finest geologic series of the world, in which the progress of life is recorded as dis- tinctly and with as few interruptions as perhaps in any other Single section; as far, at least, as the base of the Carboniferous system. The New York column is essentially a paleozoic column. All the great divisions of the paleozoic system are displayed in it except the Carboniferous and Permian and the latter are not alto- gether without representation. 420 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Its main elements are of Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian and Devonian time, with some representation, as indicated above, of the Subcarboniferous series. The divisions are given below in descending order. l Cuceinliraahs ; Coal measures.... Millstone grit Baboarbon entre" Mauch Chunk ( { Catskill | Upper Devonian. . { Chemung | | l Portage Devonian ... ae ; Hamilton st Middie Devonian. Raa: Corniferous ..... § Corniferous | ( Schoharie | Oriskany........ Oriskany | { Lower Helderberg Lower Helderberg | Waterlime Paleozoic 4 Silurian. .... | Onondaga....... pokes | { Niagara Niagara......... { Clinton | { | Medina f ¢ Hudson river | | Frenton,, #380 { Utica | Ordovician . - < | Trenton : Chazy | CATER TP) PRS Caleiferous PU ppen ote eats Potsdam | Cambrian. , ..4:Middle) 4. . 2. 5, Acadian [ ULower » {7 tou te Georgian Of these several elements eight or 10 or more are sandstones. | The best characterized sandstones are named below in ascending order. Potsdam, Hudson, in part; Medina, Oriskany, Portage in part; Chemung in part; Catskill, Pocono, Millstone grit. Sandstones are the chief representatives of porous rocks and as such are the main repositories of underground waters, fresh or saline, and of petroleum and gas. All the strata named above serve in one or more of these several offices at some point within the limits of the state. | a i le PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS IN NEW YORK 421 There are still other strata in the column which may contain water, oil or gas. Dolomitic limestones that have had a particu- lar history are sometimes as porous as the coarsest sandstone. True limestones also in some of their phases show considerable storage capacity for gas and occasionally for water. Porous dolomites seem to have resulted from the replacement of their rock substance. The first stage is pure limestone. Then by some change in the character of the sea water, magnesia is supplied in such quantity that it replaces one half of the lime- stone atoms, transforming the rock into a true dolomite. But the atom of magnesian carbonate is demonstrably smaller than the atom of calcium carbonate which it has replaced and if the original rock volume is maintained, vacant spaces must be left in the mass. Not all dolomites are porous. It is conceivable that dolomites originating in a different manner from that men- tioned above may be compact and close grained rocks. Concerning the reservoir qualities of limestones, we have not as good means of judging as of the rocks already described in which the porosity is a natural consequence of their physical state. Where limestones act as reservoirs there must be vacant spaces between the layers or beds of the stratum. That they are not true reservoir rocks is evident from the fact that they do not as a rule contain fresh or salt water in large volume. It seems probable, however, that the structural features of the strata contribute to the storage of gas. 422 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM CHAPTER 3 PRODUCTION OF GAS FROM THE LOWER FORMATIONS ' OF THE STATE MEDINA, UTICA, TRENTON, POTSDAM The discovery of petroleum on a large scale in this country was made at Titusville, Pa. in 1859. During the next few years explorations were eagerly carried forward and the geology of petroleum began forthwith to take shape. It was soon estab- lished that the great reservoir rocks of this region were sand- stones or conglomerates that belonged to the Devonian age. The prompt but premature conclusion was at once reached by many of those interested in the subject that the natural home of petro- leum was in the upper Devonian rocks of the geologic scale. But other horizons were developed as explorations proceeded and it was found necessary to include Subcarboniferous and finally Coal Measure sandstones among the sources of oil production and also to go lower in the scale and take in the middle Devonian as well. With the geologic range as thus defined, namely from the middle Devonian through the Coal Measures, the drillers of west- ern Pennsylvania and adjacent regions in New York, Ohio and West Virginia were content. Not an oil well was known outside of these limits and it came to be everywhere recognized as en- tirely practicable to determine on such a basis the regions in which the search for petroleum could be undertaken with fair prospects for success as well as the regions into which it would be folly to introduce the drill. This limit was practically in one direction only, namely, in descending the geologic column, for in eastern North America the Coal Measures are the latest formed and so the highest strata of the scale, with a few insignifi- cant exceptions. But when Silurian or older rocks constitute the surface such territory was at once condemned, on the basis of the generalization above described. The overthrow of this premature generalization came from northwestern Ohio in 1884-85 by the discovery of gas and oil in large amounts in the Trenton limestone. An immediate exten- sion of the possible range of these substances was effected by this ~~ ‘(aed Ul) yIOX M ON [B ijuod Jo deut PO JOYS Y 14a ee) ‘XO / e HEMt06 _ rl (7 ( ontvLno IM VT | / UF \ Sh ‘ vuocg AD ges PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS IN NEW YORK 423 discovery. It is true that an oil field of somewhat doubtful horizon and of rather insignificant production had already been developed in northwestern Ontario. The productive rock had been referred by Dr T. S. Hunt to the lower Devonian, and though this determination was questioned, the doubt was directed to a lower rather than a higher horizon, but no great weight was assigned to this oil field, so that the inclusion of the Trenton limestone among the productive oil rocks of the country came with a shock of surprise to both the scientific and the practical men interested in this question. The discovery carried the pro- ductive horizons of oil down several thousands of feet in vertical descent and enlarged the superficial area of possibly productive territory many fold. In fact, it transformed almost the entire area of the eastern United States into possible oil territory, so far as its range of rocks is concerned. The only regions excluded would be the Archaean district of New England, the Adirondack highlands, and the eastern or Blue Ridge portion of the Appa- lachian mountain system. The Trenton limestone is by far the most widespread of any of the great sheets of stratified rock that make up this side of the continent and when it was recognized as a possible oil rock it carried over almost the entire country into this category. Since 1884-85, the date of the discovery above named, one of the most important gas fields of the United States has been developed in the Trenton limestone of Ohio and Indiana, in re- gions where it lies 900 to 1200 feet below the surface and in the same region at a slightly greater depth one of the most important oil fields of the world has been brought to light, a field in which scores of six inch wells have each produced more than 100,000 barrels of oil, while single wells have passed the 200,000 barrel mark. The production of flowing wells has in many cases been at a rate of 10,000 barrels a day, and gas has flowed out from wells of the same size to the measured amount of ten, twenty and even thirty million feet a day. Entire farms have yielded oil to the amount of several thousand barrels to the acre. The initial rock pressure of the gas was between 400 and 500 pounds to the square inch in certain por- tions of the field. A total production of fifteen to twenty million 424 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM barrels of oil a year has been obtained in the Ohio and Indiana fields combined, in spite of determined attempts on the part of the Standard oil company to curtail production by depressing the price of crude oil below the point at which ordinary wells could be operated. When the Ohio and Indiana fields were first studied, certain facts were brought to light in regard to the Trenton limestone that seemed greatly to restrict the promise which the announce- ment that this limestone is an oil rock would carry. It was found that the petroliferous production was entirely limited to the uppermost beds of the formation, generally to the first 50 feet and never to more than 100 feet. It was farther learned that the beds in question had suffered in their history a change from true carbonate of lime to magnesian limestones or dolomites, and that the porosity of the limestones as attested by its holding gas, oil or salt water, was altogether dependent on this chemical change, beginning where it began and ending where it ceased. In other words, the dolomite corresponded ex- actly to the “ oil sand ” or “ pay-streak ” of the great petroliferous sand rocks in which we had hitherto found the principal stocks of oil and gas. The explorers of the new field all came from the old field and the identification referred to was universal. In composition the oil rock was in many instances found almost typical dolomite. That the dolomite was not the original substance of the rock but a product of replacement was made evident from two lines of facts, namely: first, small insulated areas of true carbonate of lime that are sometimes found in the midst of dolomite districts; and, second, fragments of the oil rocks brought up by the explo- sion of torpedoes which show it to have been originally acrinoidal limestone. A stratum of this character must necessarily have been at the outset a true lime rock. Farther, it was soon found that the productiveness of any por- tion of the field could be gaged with fair accuracy by knowing the thickness of the dolomite. It was also established that the areas within which the change had been accomplished were com- paratively small and exceptional and that the great bulk of the gy Trenton limestone remained in its normal state, having a compo- Oy a ay, ee = a FP rte pie ak hee eae ee ae 0 2 roe PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS IN NEW YORK 425 sition fairly represented in the following analysis (Trenton limestone—northern Michigan). EN Sy i eG FR I BG A? BS ee A eC A 82.00 EE CP OMIM cs eS eae Ge et sce cs et ee tae 3.00 enernee Perego ee ee ee LY 14.50 The composition of the dolomite, on the other hand, is shown in the following figures (Findlay gas rock). eee ee pert. OO, PEO IO OP OI Pa 53.50 cee meer ine creenesra. 2... 22 FPR POLBOU SIS 43.05 Seer opmew wes, PPE). 221 AONL. UII 2) PPT ee Lt 2.96 Where the composition of the rock corresponded to the first table there was nothing to justify the application of the term oil rock to the Trenton limestone. It was seen that the dolomitic metamorphosis had taken place in only those portions of the lime- stone that were originally exceptionally pure in composition. The conclusion seemed therefore justifiable that the storage quality of the Trenton limestone could be safely determined from its chemical composition. This conclusion applied to its great petroleum fields, namely, Ohio and Indiana, without qualification and holds good with respect to Michigan and Illinois as far as facts from these states have come in. But subsequent observations and specially those to be recorded in the present report show that the conclusion must not be made general in its terms. It appears that the Trenton limestone holds considerable petroliferous accumulation in the form of natural gas in regions where no trace of the dolomitic replacement has occurred. In such districts it does not appear to be a true reser- voir rock. It contains but little salt water and no continuity is apparent in such occurrences of the latter as are found. Nor does the water give indication of artesian pressure as in the oil fields of Ohio and Indiana. Two principal modes in which gas is stored in rocks come into view in this connection. It is either stored in porous rocks, as sandstones, conglomerates or dolomites, in conjunction with other fluid, in which case it can be styled reservoir gas, or it is held in small spaces intervening between the leaves of shale or 426 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM limestone and then it may be designated as shale gas. The latter accumulations are quite likely to be found in pockets or distinct and unconnected areas that appear to be capriciously distributed. Reservoir rocks follow geologic horizons closely. Salt water is found in such strata at certain points. Contiguous wells gen- erally show approximate or exact equality of rock pressure and in them salt water rises to approximately the same level. The salt water is seen to be under artesian pressure. Shale gas follows geologic horizons only in a general way. That the several bodies of gas or oil in a shale rock are not directly connected is evident from the fact that adjacent wells differ widely in the matter of their rock pressure. If salt water is found in them it occurs in small quantities only. The discovery of the Findlay gas and oil seemed at first sight to turn almost the entire country into territory in which such pro- duction might reasonably enough be expected. The farther dis- covery of the dolomitic character of the really productive portion of the Trenton limestone seemed on the other hand to sharply restrict such possibilities. The last discoveries here to be de- scribed, do away to a considerable extent with the dolomitic limi- tations, and do something toward restoring the promise that the discovery in northwestern Ohio seemed at first to establish. Section 1 Oswego county Among the earlier explorations for the petroliferous series in this county are those which have been made during the last 25 years and notably within the last five years at Fulton. Search was also begun in 1888 in Sandy Creek, and in Pulaski soon after- ward. — . The experience that has been gained at these different points will be briefly described in the order named and reference will afterward be made to other localities in the county that have carried forward exploration by the drill in the search for the Same source of wealth. Geologic scale of Oswego county. The lowest rock that takes part in forming the surface of the county is the Trenton lime- stone, but its part in this office is very small. It is confined to MAP OF | | OSWEGO COUNTY i a O54 ) — * Pe See ke ae é — “a es ie ann » Qe pet niin Ce ienind na a4 \ S rr — = Sw fh: wine 4~at Giase le a , J 7 a . i : iF, i , 1 Pe ar" PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS IN NEW YORK 427 a few square miles in Sandy Creek township and belongs to the uppermost beds of this great stratum. Above the Trenton the Utica shale and the Hudson river series - appear in the regular order over which in due succession to the southward the Medina sandstone is found. The latter is perhaps the best marked element in the geology of the county. Above the Medina, the Clinton in strong force and the Niagara in feeble development, are added in ribbon-like bands around the southern edge of the Medina. But little of the surface rock of Oswego _ county is to be credited to the Niagara. The two principal formations are the Hudson river and Medina groups. Over the rock floor the glacial drift is spread in an ir-- regular sheet. Strong morainic features are shown in several parts of the county. The rocky floor is dissected by the rivers that cross the surface of the county, affording fine exposures of the geologic series. The Oswego river affords a good section of the Medina at Futon while the Salmon river gives a splendid exposure of the - Pulaski or Lorraine shales, and the Oswego sandstone is well shown near Lake Ontario. The Oswego is a fine and steady stream that carries the waters from the Finger lakes of central _ New York to Lake Ontario. It has a rapid fall but is always clear, the lakes acting as settling basins for the inflowing streams. _ afulton. Explorations of a random sort calledattention to this ; region as a possible source of gas more than twenty years ago. A well was sunk partly on such expectations, on the Van Buren farm in the valley of the Oswego river, four or five miles north of the village of Fulton, for the purpose of a test. Surface indi- - eations had long been noted here, consisting principally in the bubbling of gas through the water in boggy spots. The thin accumulations of bog iron ore that cover with an iridescent film _ the pools of standing water were possibly counted among the _ surface indications. The latter have no possible significance as 4 leading to valuable stocks of gas or oil and the bubbling referred _ to can in many instances be well enough accounted for by the ~ decomposition of vegetable matter which is always going on in such locations. But a shaft 4 feet by 4 was sunk to the rock, which was ‘reached at 18 feet, The drill then descended into the rock, 428 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM namely, the Medina sandstone, a few feet. The well filled with surface water, but gas still bubbled through it. The bubbles were caught in an inverted butter tub, the bottom of which had been provided with a jet from which the gas, in this case prob- ably derived from the Medina sandstone, was lighted and burned. The experiment stopped at this point, but it had given its testi- mony and this took effect on the minds of some of the more- observant members of the community. Eight or ten years thereafter the excitement over the nonaee ful discovery at Findlay, O., recalled this experience and led to | the formation of a company of some of the more enterprising citizens of Fulton. T. D. Lewis was president of the company and J. H. Case, secretary, and these two gentlemen took the leading part in all the subsequent development. The company proceeded to make a thorough test at the same point where the first well was sunk, availing itself of the 18- foot excayation previously made by Mr Van Buren. The drillers employed were naturally skeptic as to finding gas in this un- known series and did not use any precaution as to the exclusion of fire, such as would have been employed in a known gas dis- trict. Light flows of gas were however reached at various hori- zons and one of them was accidentally ignited from the forge in the derrick. This latter structure took fire thus and was destroyed. The derrick was rebuilt and the work resumed. The several formations of the region already noted were passed in - due order and the Trenton limestone was struck at a depth of between 1300 and 1400 feet. At 1727 feet, well down in the last named stratum, a gas vein of considerable volume and force was reached. Drilling was continued to the depth of 2020 feet, or about 650 feet below the top of the Trenton. | The company had demonstrated the presence of significant accumulations of inflammable gas in the rock foundations of Oswego county, but had found nothing thus far that could be turned to economic account in repaying them for the consider- — able outlay they had already made. . Meanwhile exploration was going forward around them. The villages of Sandy Creek and Pulaski had already found gas in the Trenton limestone and were proceeding to utilize it, — . mes PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS IN NEW YORK 429 ; The experience of these villages suggested to the Fulton com- pany a new line of action. To recover if possible the losses al- ready incurred, Messrs Lewis and Case and other members of the old company organized a new company to drill wells and supply the village with the new fuel. The necessary franchise was obtained from the village council, options were taken on 14,000 acres of land lying near the village, and new wells were at once begun. The first well was located on the Vogelsang farm about one and a half miles southeast of the village center. The section as reported was found as follows: Medina sandstone ................. PUTT OP AS 400 ft Oswego sandstone and Pulaski shale................. 880 TSI 1 C1 (a a Rae So ee Mae Si ice bask BS 120 Trenton limestone, upper surface at................. 1400 These figures are approximate but they serve well as a general statement. This record was well supported by carefully saved samples of the drillings. The latter were kindly placed at the disposal of the survey by Mr Case, secretary. Gas was struck in the red Medina and at various points in the Trenton. The largest supply was reached at about 1700 feet, the rock pressure of which was enormous. To determine this point an expert was brought on from Bradford, Pa. He found the pressure to be 1240 pounds. The well was left to blow wide open for one hour and when the valve was closed, a pressure of 500 pounds was regained almost instantly, and in 10? minutes 1075 pounds were registered. On being deepened a few feet the pressure is said to have run up to 1525 pounds temporarily. The total depth of the well was not far from 2500 feet. The cost of drilling was $1.25 a foot. The well was at first tubed with two inch pipe, but the company was advised to replace this by three inch pipe. In making the change, a considerable body of very strong salt water, which had seeped in from various horizons outside the pipe was released and lay on the gas rock for 36 hours; but _ the original pressure was practically regained. As soon as gas _ was struck the company set about piping the town. The work was done in haste and in September 1895, 164 consumers were _ put on the line, But this demand proved beyond the capacity 430 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM of the single well. The supply was short and the pressure fell rapidly away. Well no. 2 was located on the R. K. Sanford farm, which ad- joined the Vogelsang farm. This well is about 2000 feet from well no. 1, and is due east of the village center. It was drilled to a depth of 2383 feet. Gas was found as in well no. 1 through- out the Trenton limestone and its yield was steady from the first. It was at once turned into the village line and relieved the demand of the consumers for the time being. Well no. 3 was located on the Palmer farm and was due south of the Sanford well. It was drilled about 2000 feet deep and furnished a moder- ate amount of gas. aa By this time the fortunes of the company had come to be so promising in the eyes of the business world that competition was introduced. The first exhibition of it was made by a company that called itself the Oswego river gas company. A trial well was located and drilled in the river valley at the north end of the village, but it found very little gas and the company gave up the search with this one unsuccessful trial. A more important attempt to establish itself in what was com- ing to be counted a new gas field was made by a body of petro- leum producers and driliers called the Eastern oil company of Buffalo. This company secured a lease on the Hoff farm and located a well not more than 500 feet from well no. 1 of the Fulton company. The well proved successful and the Eastern oil company thereupon offered the home company one and a half dollars for every dollar it had invested in the field. The offer was declined and the Fulton company bought instead the new well and connected it with its village line. This well will be counted as no. 4. pe Well no. 5 was located on the same farm on which the first well was drilled and but 600 feet distant from it. This well proved a complete failure. It was practically a dry-hole. The company now had five wells on its village line, but it had taken on new consumers as it increased the number of its wells. — From the first it had been obliged to overtax its entire supply. — Each well had been drawn on to its full capacity, and the serv- — ice of the company had for this reason always been unsatisfac- 4 PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS IN NEW YORK 431 tory. The amount of gas steadily declined and on the whole rather rapidly, till after a few months it was no longer a safe reliance in domestic heating. Its inexpressible convenience led many to retain the use of it in cooking stoves, even though great inconvenience attended the short supply. For light also it con- tinued to be largely used. Things have gone on in about the same way from that day to this. The valves of all the wells are opened wide to the pipe line. Every foot of gas that can be se- cured has been in sharp demand from the beginning. The company has expended more than $38,000 onits plant. It lost its one opportunity, not only to recoup itself but to secure a handsome reward for its courage and enterprise, when it rejected the offer of the Eastern oil company referred to above. Its first wells cost about $3000 each, but after a little the com- pany purchased a set of drilling tools and employed its own drillers. . By this arrangement the cost of sinking wells was re- duced to 60 cents a foot, or less than one half the price first paid. The company has on hand a plant of fair equipment and char- acter for the distribution of gas. The village is enterprising and prosperousand gaseous fuel has already established its reputation there so that a large and promising market is assured if only an adequate supply can be furnished. It is refreshing to find that in the location of the wells above described there was no recognition of any “‘theories” whatever, as men engaged in this line of business love to style their crude spec- ulations and vagaries. There was no “ northeast line” on which — they depended, but they had leased a considerable acreage con- venient to the village and the wells were located on these tracts - solely as commonplace and intelligible considerations dictated. It is true that after drilling several wells the company began to consider that a line joining two of the best must be the line of promise, but nothing came from this crude conclusion. In locat- , ing well no. 5 the company, in urgent need of gas to supply its clamorous customers, thought to avoid all risk of failure by lo- - eating the new well not only close to no. 1, which was then their best well, but even between it and another producing well. No.5 was the only well of the list that was an absolutely dryhole! In the Fulton wells gas was found all through the descent, a namely, in the red Medina, in the Oswego sandstone, the Pulaski 432 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM shale and the Utica shale, and most of all in the Trenton lime- stone. In the latter formation it was confined to no particular horizon except that the greatest stock was found 200 to 300 feet below its uppermost bed. Each minor accumulation of gas seemed independent of the rest. In one well 22 distinct acces- sions were recorded in a single day. Neither sandstone nor dolomite are found in the section and salt water was struck in but a single instance in the entire ex- perience of the Fulton company. There is practically no differ- ence in the conditions of the gas, whether found in the Utica shale or in the underlying Trenton limestone. The rock pressure of the gas is, however, enormous. In shale gas this element generally ranges low, though pockets are occa- sionally found in all the shales in which high figures may be reached. 200 to 300 pounds make a limit that is not often over- rgssed. In the Fulton field the pressure ran up to the maximum ' 1525 pounds, 1200- pounds being noted for some weeks in a single well. The amount of gas from the wells of this series is compara- tively small. As is well known, there is no relation between the rock pressure and the volume of wells. Wells of very small volume may reach very high figures in pressure. None of the Fulton wells proved themselves able to withstand the steady drain of the pipe line. Volume and pressure declined at once when the draft was put on them. The question at once rises as to what use the gas discovery of Fulton could have been turned that would have brought profit to the company. As it is, a great deal of time and business energy and $40,000 in cash have been expended in the development and there is nothing whatever to show for it, so far as assets are concerned. The pipes buried in the earth could be recovered, it is true, but they could only be sold as junk. Practically the whole amount expended by the company can be counted as lost. Besides the expenditures named above a considerable amount has been expended in piping and equipping the dwellings of the town for the use of gas. Is there any possible use of the discovery © that could have given to the community good returns in money value? PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS IN NEW YORK 433 A well could have been drilled at public expense that would have furnished an ample stock of gas for lighting the streets and residences of the village for several years. So far as the streets are concerned the light would be so far inferior to the electric light in brilliancy that the change would not have been welcome to the people, even though a great saving in expenditure could be assured thereby. Furthermore the system of distribution by which gas can be used for illuminating is already established in the village under private ownership. There could be no true economy in dupli cating this system, and it would probably be impossible to secure the existing plant for the actual amount used in its establish- ment. If the coast were clear and electric light and gas com- panies were not already in the field a profitable use of the gas discovery could have been made by the village in the direction named. é For one use the way was open, namely, for domestic use, and that was naturally the line of service adopted by the new com- pany, and in which it has lost its investment. Could this loss have been avoided? In the light of present knowledge the com- pany can easily see how it might have followed a course that would have led to financial success instead of failure. If but one tenth the outlay in piping the town had been incurred and only one or two streets had been opened for this purpose and 20 or at most 40 consumers had been supplied with fuel, instead of 164 (the number on the line when the first well was finished) and if the gas had been sold by meter instead of by mixer rates, at a price commensurate with its value, the results might have been altogether different. Under these circumstances the wells | would not have been overdrawn. Opportunities for resting them _ would have been found, and Fulton would still be rejoicing in a limited supply of the best fuel of the world. ; The villages of Oswego county are not the only villages of the state to find natural gas within their precincts. Many discover- ies of this kind are likely to be made in days to come. To learn by one’s own mistakes is always hard and costly, but it seems possible so to record the facts in a case like that now under con- _ sideration that they can serve the interests of other communities that may find themselves in the same general situation. 4134 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM No disinterested person with adequate knowledge of the ex- perience that has been so abundantly accumulated within the last 15 years would advise such a course as the Fulton company ~ pursued. It is possible, to indicate a policy that would have returned the money invested and would have given to some hun- dreds of people the inexpressible advantages of gaseous fuel for several years. Still another possible use of natural gas, viz, manufacturing | use, is reserved for discussion in connection with the experience of other localities. b Sandy Creek. The village of Sandy Creek is located in the township of the same name in the northwest corner of Oswego. county. There are two sections of the village with an interval of about one mile between them. They are known as Sandy Creek and Lacona, and in earlier times went under the name of Wash- ingtonville. 2 By a disastrous fire that visited the village 10 or 12 years ago, . its one manufacturing interest, viz, a large tannery, was de- stroyed and nothing was found to take its place. The more en- terprising of its citizens felt that something must be done to arrest its discouragement and decay. The Trenton limestone excitement that began with the ex- perience at Findlay, O., in 1884; was already under way and, as surface indications, probably of the bog gas variety already referred to, were found here, and as drilling though unsuccessful had been undertaken at Watertown, in‘the county north, it was determined in 1888 that a test of the rock should be made here. A company was formed under the name of the Sandy Creek oil and gas company, limited. It comprised the best citizens of the ' village and took in also many of the more intelligent farmers of the neighborhood. The capital of the company was placed at $5000 and the stock was sold in shares of $10 each. There was a large number of subscribers and the burdens of all were light. O. R. Earl was elected president and Gilbert N. Harding sec- retary. The company bought the drilling outfit that had just been in unsuccessful operation at Watertown. It also entered on the © leasing of land on quite a large scale. At first an annual rental © of $5 an acre was paid till drilling should be undertaken on the © PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS IN NEW YORK 435 premises. For each completed well, if successful, a rental of $25 a year was to be paid. About 13,000 acres were taken up, but the rate of rental was soon reduced to $1 an acre annually and has since been cut down to still smaller figures. The first well was located in the valley of Sandy Creek between the two villages. The rock at this point is overlaid with only a very shallow covering of drift. on a large area, (15 to 20,000 acres) surrounding the village: The limit of the option was 10 years and for every well accepted, $50 a year was to be paid. Mr Tollner was a manufacturer who had established a large and successful business in Pulaski. He had accumulated a hand- some fortune for this region by his energy and sagacity and was beyond question the leading business man of the community. He had something of the idealistic temperament as well and the idea of turning to practical service a stock of power buried beneath the surface, of which he was one of the discoverers, ap- pealed strongly to his imagination. / ~ 442 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM In piping the village no expense was spared that was counted necessary to the most satisfactory service. In the size of the pipe, the quality of the connections, the regulators, etc. the best rather than the cheapest were in all cases selected. It will be remembered that though two wells had been already drilled, there was not a large quantity of gas that could be depended on. The first well was a failure and the second well imperfectly cased, but both had proved the region to be gas-producing territory. To fill the pipes now laid in the streets of Pulaski new wells must be drilled,.and Mr Tollner next set about this part of the work. He undertook it in the same spirit in which he carried on the piping of the town, paying full price for all the work, and neglecting to avail himself of the economies which competition would have insured. When his first well was completed, the gas found in it was at once turned into the village lines and utilized by householders who had prepared their dwellings for it. Mr Tollner drilled 20 wells and bought one that had been ' drilled by outside parties (the Eastern oil co. of Buffalo) within the territory which he occupied. The driller in charge of all of his later work was Mr W. O. Potter who came in from the Pennsylvania oil fields. From him and from other drillers and from the samples of drillings saved in the process of the work, the following general section can be taken as embodying the principal facts as to the Pulaski wells. The same section will serve for much of Oswego county. Pleistocene ...... Dries ee ee ee O— 96 ft (Puldski shale= OSS Heise 900-— 250 ov | Utica shale 2.0% 3) AC eae 100— 250 Ordovician .... ¢ Trenton limestone............ 600 |-Calciferone.. i weber eh 200 (Greenish sand (Potsdam?) .... 10- 40 Cambrian d Black limestone (called * black soaeies ane Og granite” bysomedrillers)....- 20- 49 ee BQNUL (ovidsis cate Rae eee 5- 10 Archaean ....... Red (orthoclase) granite struck at 1400-1500 The Trenton limestone is struck in this field at an average — depth of 550 feet. Most of the Pulaski wells are drilled to a — depth of 1000 feet, but enough have been carried to the granite ~ PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS IN NEW YORK 443 to establish the general order of the several strata that underlie the Trenton limestone. The first gas is sometimes found in the Pulaski wells only a few feet below the top of the Trenton lime- stone. Beginning at 20 feet in this formation, accessions are often found every 10 to 15 feet for the first 100 or 200 feet. This is called the first vein. Below this depth, larger and more per- sistent veins are found and they are liable to be struck through much of the remaining portion of the Trenton section. This is called the second vein. It is generally reported at about 1000 feet. The initial rock pressure of the Pulaski wells ranges between 165 and 650 pounds. But a single example has been noted in which the highest figure was reached. The pressures of the sey- eral wells when first completed were as follows: 170 lb., 250 Ib., 600 Ib., 400 lb., unproductive, 325 Ib., 400 Ib., 165 lb., 250 lb., 400 Ib., 390 Ib., 600 1b., 400 Ib., 170 1b., 650 Ib., 600 Ib., 500 Ib., 170 Ib. No figures were obtained as to the daily gas production of a new well, and no opportunities for measurement were found, but a few tens of thousands of cubic feet will cover the production of all except the very largest wells. A brief account of the Tollner wells, 20 in number, will here be given. ; Well no. 1 was located on Island grove already referred to, of — which Mr Tollner was the owner. This well was begun on July 4, 1893. The well was drilled by O’Donnell & Rick, experi- _ enced Pennsylvania drillers. The Trenton was struck at 550 feet. _ The largest gas vein was not reached till a depth of 1050 feet _ had been drilled. A rock pressure of 170 pounds was observed at this point. The well was not carried to a greater depth. Well no. 2 was located one half mile northeast of no.1. It was drilled to a depth of 1100 feet, when a pressure of 225 pounds _ was reached. Two main veins of gas were found, one at 800 feet and the other at 1000 feet. Of these veins the last was the stronger. The Trenton limestone at the point where the drill _Was stopped, was black, a phase which it takes on at the typical locality, Trenton Falls. Well no. 3 was located on North street, one half mile due north of well no.1. It proved much more productive than either of its predecessors. Its first strong vein was found at 700 feet 444 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM and its second at 1100 feet. It was drilled to 1150 feet in depth. Five hours after it- was packed it showed a rock pressure of 500 pounds, and in three days 600 pounds were registered. When the gas was turned into the village line there was some water in — the pipe which was frozen by the rapid expansion of the gas. In thawing the pipe fire was accidentally communicated to the well, and a considerable demonstration followed. It was some time before the well was again brought under control. Its rock pressure never rose above 400 pounds thereafter. In the winter _ of 1896-97 the pressure was drawn down to 35 pounds, but though subjected to a long-continued and steady draft, it did not fall below this figure. Well no. 4 is located one half mile north- west of no. 1. At 650 feet a powerful gas vein was struck. The cable was cut by flying chips and the drilling tools were lost. ‘he gas showed a rock pressure of 400 pounds and the well was not drilled deeper. In the winter of 1896-97 the pressure did not fall below 40 pounds. Well no. 5, located to the southeast of no. 1 was drilled to a depth of 1200 feet but only an insignificant amount of gas was found there. It was the first example of a dry hole in this field. Wells of this character are popularly and jocularly known here as “ post-holes.” If the well had been tubed, possibly gas enough for a single residence could have been obtained from it. Well no. 6 is located one and one half miles from no. 1, and directly north of the village center. At 700 feet, gas enough for the drilling engine was struck, and at 1150 feet a powerful vein was found. It raised the tubing, but the clamps struck the cas- ing and thus were stopped there. The tools were left in the well, which was packed at 600 feet. 300 pounds rock pressure was noted when the well was renewed. Well no. 7 is three quarters of a mile due north of no. 6. At 650 feet it found gas enough for ~ the boiler of the drilling engine. A second vein was reached at 1000 feet and this grew steadily stronger till 1150 feet was reached, when a pressure of.450 pounds was registered, Under steady use it is drawn down to 50 pounds, but the impression ~ among those who have the care of the line is that no. 7 supplies © a larger volume than any other well of the field. Its production has been estimated at 100,000 cubic feet a day, but the grounds © on which the estimate is based are not understood. PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS IN NEW YORK 445 Well no. 8 is seven eighths of a mile due north of the village. It is 1200 feet deep and has furnished but little to the pipe line. Gas was found at 650 feet, but not enough for the boiler of the drilling engine. A second vein was struck at 1100 feet, the pres- sure of which rose to 165 pounds. Well no. 9 proved the second dry hole of the series. It is located three eighths of a mile north of no. 3. Well no. 10 was drilled by the Eastern oil co. of Buffalo and was bought in by Mr Tollner. It is one half mile north of no. 4. The first important vein of gas in this well was struck at 600 feet. The well was finished at 1050 feet. It behaves differently from any other well of the series in respect to rock pressure. On one day it will show 125 pounds, and on another, perhaps but 25 pounds, and there is nothing apparent in the condition to explain this difference. Well no. 11 is three fourths of a mile north of no. 4. At 650 feet, gas enough for the boiler was found. At 1000 feet an uncommonly good vein was struck. This well showed a pressure of 400 pounds, after being shut in four hours. Well no. 12 was drilled to the granite, which was struck at 1425 feet. It also was destitute of gas, the third in the series thus far. At 180 feet in the descent a strong vein of slightly mineralized water was struck. It continues to flow from the well mouth as a spring. Well no. 13 is located on the bank of Salmon river near the lake, three fourths of a mile from no. 11, with the record of which it is in close agreement. In fact, the records of the two wells as to horizon, pressure and apparent volume are nearly identical. They rise and fall in pressure to- gether and it would appear that they have some underground connection. They are both among the good wells of the line, making an important contribution to the supply of winter gas to the town. They are rested by being shut off from the line five months in summer. ' Well no. 14 is the fourth dry hole out of the 20 wells drilled by Mr Tollner. It is 1300 feet deep and no account whatever is taken of it. Well no. 15 is three eighths of a mile west of no. 4. It lies between nos. 4 and 11. It was drilled in 1895. The first gas was struck at 600 feet and the last at 1100 feet. _It shows a pressure of 400 pounds and apparently has good vol- ume. Well no. 16 is another of the good wells of the circuit. 446 - : NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM It showed a pressure of 600 pounds when the lower gas vein™ was struck at 1175 feet. Well no. 17 is found to be affected by a considerable dip of the strata to the westward. It is a half mile west of no. 16 and is 1200 feet deep. The main gas veins were struck at 700 and 1175 feet. The lower portion of the Trenton limestone was black, as in one case previously reported. This well shows 170 pounds maximum pressure, but its mini- mum pressure thus far has been 130 pounds, even under steady use. Well no. 18 is three eighths of a mile west of no. 17. It is one of the good wells of the series, holding its pressure under severe use better than any other well of the line. Its maximum press- ure is 650 pounds, and at the end of the winter it does not fall below 260 pounds. The first gas was found at 650 feet and at 1175 feet the volume and pressure were so satisfactory that drilling was suspended there. Well no. 19 is three eighths of a mile still farther west than no. 18. It is 1150 feet deep and got its first gas at 675 feet or 25 feet lower than no. 18. Its full pressure is 600 pounds and thus far it has never been reduced below 300 pounds. Well no. 20 is still farther west three fourths of a mile beyond no. 19 and on the lake shore. The westward dip of the strata carries all the horizons a little lower. The well has good volume and good pressure. It is 1325 feet deep and obtained its last flow of gas at 1300 feet. It has a final pressure of 500 pounds and after being shut off the line continues to gain for a full — month. It is a good gas producer as compared with the other wells with which it is associated. Well no. 21 is located near the original group of wells east of the village. It is situated northeast of no. 2. The Trenton limestone was struck at 575 feet and at 650 feet a blower of great force was struck. The well — was carried to a depth of 1075 feet but all of the lower portion of the Trenton proved unproductive, no second vein of gas being reached. , a The price for drilling these wells was $1 a foot. It could have been considerably reduced by inviting competition. Of the 20° wells drilled by Mr Tollner, four were dry holes, as has been shown in the preceding records. | The wells farthest from town are four miles distant. The near- est.are just outside or even within the corporate limits. The PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS IN NEW YORK 447 plan pursued has been to keep the nearest wells for winter sup- ply, but various causes come in to modify this practice. Every well is expected to give at least one month’s service in a year. The gas is used exclusively for domestic purposes and is all sold by meter at the rate of 25 cents a thousand feet. There are approximately 250 residences depending on the line for fuel and in many cases for artificial light also. The supply has been from the first adequate and satisfactory, barring the severest mornings of the winter, when the pipes are liable to be overtaxed for a few hours. Gas has displaced other fuel in town largely. The price of wood has fallen from $2 to $1.25 a cord. 4 There are four regulators on the system, set at the four cardinal ‘ points. The north regulator receives the gas of four wells; the A south and the east regulators each receive the gas of two wells; ‘ the west regulator takes the gas from all the western wells which include the most productive of the series. The amount of gas consumed in each of the winter months is 4 about 4,000,000 cubic feet or an average of 133,333 cubic feet a ‘, day. There are about 300 meters in use. The amount of gas paid for from Aug. 1, 1895, to Aug. 1, 1896, was 25,000,000 cubic ; feet. This gas was all supplied by the first 11 wells. For the _-year 1896-97, the amount of gas used was 35,000,000 cubic feet. The price of the gas, 25 cents a thousand, is certainly much below its intrinsic value. It is cheaper, all things considered, than wood at $1.25 a cord, but the people had no reason to com- plain when they were obliged to pay $2 a cord and be at the ex- pense of cutting it besides. Counted on this basis, the price should be 35 cents a thousand. Mr Charles Tollner, the founder of the Pulaski plant, died in the summer of 1897. He has invested between $50,000 and $60,000 in this business. Some of his heirs declare that the investment from a financial point of view was a mistake. The gross income, it is true, is a little more than 10% on the money invested. But new wells are required to maintain the supply, and supervision, rentals, repairs and other necessary expenses leave nothing to be returned to the Tollner estate. If the price of the gas were increased 50% or 100% there would be a possibility of some return as interest on the money invested, but even then it would be necessary to face the fact that the cost of maintaining the plant ‘ 448 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM would be constantly increased and that at no very distant day the gas supply will be exhausted. When this time comes, the $60,000 invested in the field will be an almost total loss. As long as the supply is maintained at present prices, the Tollner estate may be considered as donating the interest of $60,000 annually toward paying the fuel bills of two or three hundred of the most prosperous citizens of Pulaski. It is deemed proper to call attention to these points, for the example and experience of Mr Tollner are often so quoted as to make his case seem wise and sagacious from a business point of view. Other deep wells have been drilled in various parts of the county, under the impulse that has already been described. No results of economic interest have been reached by any of these explorations but geology finds something of value and interest in their record. d The Stillwater well. A well was drilled in 1897 in the south- eastern part of Orwell township. It was located on the west bank of the Stillwater creek, by which name the Salmon river is known above the falls. The well site is higher than Pulaski by a little more than 500 feet. The record of the well is as follows: DEVE PIPE. i.) os . Seppe f om eee chet et ee oe Sand and shale, (cased at this depth). .......:c65:065-- 255 Opwego sandsLONe ad oicajoxs- oda obec eee te ee eee 90 Palaski\shaler. 2- i050 qollo- «noel aid eee 530 iWtice shale j. os. id: -2- hats eet} <2 eee a eee 113 Trenton limestone; Struck at... .-4o samedi ee 925 White, Trenton 2.2.) 6:25 ote ta -neh wast ail © PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS IN NEW YORK 451 - gome point been found to be a repository of oil as well. It does not, however, follow that there can be no exceptions to this general rule. The first well was located on the Carley farm, two and a half iailes southeast of the village of Parish. It was drilled to a depth of 2000 feet and but very little gas was found. The depth at which the Trenton was struck is uncertain, but at 2000 feet the company that was carrying forward the work proposed to aban- don the test, but the derrick was left standing. Meanwhile, another well had been drilled a few miles west at Central Square, in Hastings township, and the drill had been carried down to the granite, which was reached at 2450 feet. Between the Trenton limestone and the granite an interval of 150 feet was reported. The sandstone already named (Potsdam) was found in this inter- val and to-drillers familiar with the Pennsylvania oil sands, it seemed to belong to the same class. Its clean and open grain was adapted to ample storage of water, oil or gas and these facts, taken in connection with the discovery of oil in Lewis county, before described, were thought by experienced oil producers to justify a farther search in this neighborhood. This deep sand was likened to the McDonald sand of western Pennsylvania and great expectations were built on the resemblance. A few weeks after the first well at Parish was abandoned one of these sanguine operators returned to the village and offered to drill to the granite if citizens would cooperate. $400 was subscribed by the people and the drill was again set in motion. The hole was deepened 120 feet, carrying its depth to 2140-50 feet, when granite was reached. The latter was penetrated to a depth of 7 feet. In passing through the interval below the _ Trenton limestone, the same series previously reported, consist- ing mainly of Potsdam sandstone, was found. The most interesting fact in connection with this well remains to be stated. In the sandstone, which is about 50 feet thick, in the lower half of the interval, a vein of gas was struck. The gas showed considerable force and pressure.. Though the well was imperfectly packed, the gage put on it registered a pressure of 340 pounds. This gas seemed to the drillers to differ in several marked particulars from the Trenton gas, with which _ they had become familiar. It had, as they reported, a different 452 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM odor, resembling more that of Pennsylvania gas. It burned with a much redder flame and deposited carbon or lampblack more abundantly. In fact, it seemed particularly rich in this last substance. In my visit to the well in 1897, it was impossible to verify all these observations. The odor of the gas did not seem to differ in a marked way from that of Pulaski gas, and certainly did not suggest Pennsylvania gas. The redder fiame of its burning was, however, recognizable, and with this fact the greater deposition of carbon could readily be seen to agree. It was not found practi- cable to attach a pressure gage, but the testimony as to the fact of the original figure was direct, and there seemed no reason to call it in question. After the well had been drilled to its full depth, a small tor- pedo was exploded in it. It seems that the explosive was lowered a little deeper than it was intended, so that it took effect on the upper part of the granite as well as on the sand rock. The gas flow was somewhat increased and many fragments were broken from the granite. A quantity of granite chips was left lying on the ground where the sand pump was last emptied. This discovery is one of the most interesting that has recently been recorded in the history of the petroliferous series and has an important bearing on the questions pertaining to the origin of the same. Here is a considerable volume of gas lying but a few feet above the granite. It must have originated where we find it, for gas can not descend in the geologic scale. The law of gravitation forbids. Neither can it rise in the scale, for the shaly beds that form the roof of the gas rock are impervious. If they had not been the gas with its pressure of 340 pounds to the square inch, which is the same as 48,960 to the square foot, would certainly have risen to some higher level. There is no indication of temperature above the normal in connection with its formation. A temperature of even 200° F., acting on this series of rocks, with the alkaline liquids with which they are here and there charged, would inevitably have worked important changes in the rocks themselves. Silica is dissolved under such conditions and must have been reprecipitated in the rock series. Such quartzitic sheets would ~ PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS IN NEW YORK 453 be the terror of the driller and could not in any wise escape his notice, but he finds no such hardened material and moreover brings up in the sand pump good sized fragments of all the for- mations that he traverses and these in every case are entirely normal. The thin sheet of Cambrian limestone that lies just below the gas rock and just above the granite is compact and hard to drill but there is no trace about it of metamorphism by heat. Precisely the same line of facts comes to view in the deep wells of western Pennsylvania and West Virginia. A well was drilled a few years ago at Titusville to a depth of 3555 feet. It is known as the Jonathan Watson deep well. The lowest stratum that the driller reached was the well known and wide- spread red Catskill. This stratum is everywhere inherently red, throughout this part of the country, because of the peroxid of iron that it contains. The fact seems to have deceived at least one driller who is quoted by Prof. S. F. Peckham [ Proc. Am. phil. soc. 1898] as saying: “The soapstone became harder as they went down and was red in color; in fact had been burned like brick.” This statement shows complete misunderstanding of the facts and in reality contains a serious misconstruction of them. - The Catskill beds are a normal part of every section in the region, but below them there are many hundreds of feet of gray, blue and black shales, retaining their fossils and all their normal characters. The redness of the Catskill is in no wise a sign of metamorphism by heat. Prof. I. C. White, state geologist of West Virginia, who is our highest authority on all facts in this line, writes as follows: “I have personally inspected the slates in the Wheeling well, 4500 feet deep, and in the West Elizabeth well, 5500 deep, and in the latter, after the red Catskill is passed there are no red beds at all. The slates in this well for the last 3000 feet are dark gray or bluish gray, while in the Wheeling well, from which the red Catskill had disappeared to the westward, there were no red beds whatever below the Barren or Elk river series of the coal measures. The same conclusions and facts have been confirmed by hundreds of other deep borings within my knowledge.” The fact is, the deepest we have ever gone in the rocks of New York and Pennsylvania, the depth in some cases exceeding 454 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM one mile, there is no sign of metamorphism, but on the contrary, clear negative proof that the temperature of the series has never been as high as 200° F. The gas of the Potsdam must have originated in or immedi- ately below the stratum that contained it, but it could not have originated as gas, contemporaneously with the sandstone forma- tion, The Potsdam must have had an impervious cover before the gas could have been developed. If the material had been in the form of oil, the storage could well enough be accounted for. The transformation of oil into gas is a process that we know to be going on in nature and we can be sure that time enough has elapsed in this instance to provide for its completion. That the gas carries so much carbon loosely combined and ready to be de- posited as free carbon or lampblack, matches well with this view of its origin. Is there any possible source of petroleum revealed in this sec- tion? The thin streak of Cambrian limestone, with its frag- ments of the shells of Lingulella and Obolella and its hints of trilobitic crusts shows the presence of life in the seas in which it grew. Living matter, as we have seen, can be easily con- verted, at least some forms of it, into the petroliferous series by artificial processes. What man finds easy, nature, in her great laboratory is likely to find still easier. It is not necessary to hold that the limestone in its present state has yielded gas by destructive distillation of its substance. Though darkened by organic matter, there is but little in it that even under the pro- cess named would be converted into gas, oil or tar. We may be doubly sure that no limestone like the Cambrian which we find here was the source of the gas or of the oil which preceded it. In the first place, there is not organic matter enough, and in the second, there has been no abnormal temperature. If, in the early stages of its formation, the organic matter, the existence of which is attested by the fragments already re- ferred to, had been converted into oil, either by a peculiar form of decomposition according to Hunt, or by a process of dis- tillation in which “ time takes the place of temperature,” accord- - ing to Peckham and others, the presence of petroleum or gas would be satisfactorily accounted for. But it is to be borne in mind that neither of the processes named has been proved to be PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS IN NEW YORK 455 in actual operation in the world today. Both are assumptions, pure and simple, supported, however, by more or less facts that require some explanation. The presence of granite, an igneous rock, just below the gas rock, has no significance whatever as showing the probability of any unusual source of heat. The temperature of the igneous rock must have fallen to the normal temperature of the crust before the sandstone was deposited on it, for the sandstone is a marine formation and its 50 feet of thickness require a con- siderable term of years for its accumulation on the seashore. There is nothing whatever to indicate that a rock of igneous origin, after it has taken its place in the regular series of surface rocks, is any warmer than an aqueous rock. In fact, we know that there is no difference whatever in this respect. The gas from the Potsdam sandstone warrants two conclus- ions that we can not afford to miss, viz, first, the formation of the petroliferous series dates back to Cambrian time; second, it is entirely disconnected with any unusual or abnormal source of heat that could leave a record in the rocks. | A second well was drilled in Parish because of the strong per- suasion of the driller that oil must be near. The driller offered to make a new test if the people would raise $600. The amount was forthcoming and a second location was made on the Wilcox farm, six miles e. n. e. of well no. 1, near the line of Antwerp township. This well was carried to 2080 feet. The gas was even feebler than in no. 1. Salt water is now flowing from the well, probably derived from some horizon above the plug. The citizens interested in no. 2 formed a sort of association and leased a large amount of land. This association still holds about 3000 acres. The drilling in Parish cost the people about $1200. g Central Square. This village is in the town of Hastings. It is situated to the south and west of Parish. A deep well was sunk here at the time when the fever of drilling was spreading through the county. Frequent references have been made to it by drillers who were cognizant with all the facts pertaining to it, but Mr J. T. Kilham, who had charge of the work, gives the following record: IE ee Natl ka gs aha ie’ e, so a2 none = 87eidia © ° 18 ft _ Medina sandstone (and Oswego)................ seeeee 862 456 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Bastard rock (Pulaski shale)...:......... nisi = Blas Site ae 549 ft Black ;slate.(U lita), ack 2 ten BS eee . 2./.2 meeteenta estan 1609 Potsdam, sandstone, struck.ate.d . x5 soe aco ne ee mo cee 2240 ee Packed |. oie. cmos eee ee ee eee eee 1350 618 SOCK PrOsSUre | os ck cas a vie eee eee 1375 Ib. 825 lb. Gas tor hoier... 2.2... saa eee 1714 ft -— - 6591s The management of the company has been conservative and wise from the first. It has sold gas by meter only and has — refused to put on consumers beyond its ability to furnish an adequate supply. In consequence its service has been thoroughly satisfactory to its patrons, and the business promises fair finan- cial returns to the stockholders. From November 1896 to August 1897 the company supplied about 14,000,000 cubic feet of gas, all of it being furnished by wells no. 1 and 2 and mainly by the former. = _ The next step in the development of the field was taken by the firm of Pierce, Butler & Pierce, an enterprising and success- — ful business house of Syracuse. This company is interested in a steam heating plant in the city and also obtained from the PHTROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS IN NEW YORK 463 city government a franchise for the use of the streets for piping natural gas. It began operations in September 1896, under the name of the Onondaga gas co. Its first work was purchasing the leases of a considerable territory which had been taken up by Mr J. T. Kilham. Mr Kilham conveyed to the firm drilling rights on 5000 acres of land lying mainly to the south and southwest of Bald- winsville. A contract was at once entered into with the drilling firm of Stearns & Leopold to sink two wells. Drilling was begun at once. Well no. 1 was located on the Names farm, one half mile south of the Baldwinsville railroad station in the valley of the Seneca and on the north side of the river. There was noth- ing irregular or exceptional in the record of the well. The drift was shallow (20 feet) at the point where the well was located. _ The Trenton was reached at a depth of 2270 feet and at 2368 feet the first gas was struck. Drilling was continued to 2547 feet, the well being finished in November. It was tubed with three inch pipe and was packed at 1400 feet but was afterwards re- packed at 630 feet. A little salt water was struck in the Oswego sandstone at 1210 feet. The rock pressure when the well was -first shut in, was 1460 pounds, and the open pressure was 1.5 inches of. mercury, indicating a flow of about 1,500,000 cubic feet a day. Later the well filled with water to a con- siderable depth. It had not been put into use when the field was visited in the interests of the survey. _ Other items in the record of this well are the following: cased, 318 feet; white Medina (with gas), 600 feet; Oswego sandstone, 1285 feet; Pulaski shale, 1765 feet; Utica shale, 1878 feet. The Salina shale, 138 feet thick and 45 feet of Niagara limestone came in near the beginning. Well no. 2 of the Onondaga company was drilled on the Van Ness farm, three miles southeast of no. 1. This well reached the Trenton at 2280 feet and was subsequently drilled to a depth of 3035 feet, but the stratum proved entirely destitute of gas. The only useful purpose the well could be said to serve was in prov- ing territory. It has discouraged drilling to the east of Bald- winsville. q The next well to be drilled in the field was undertaken by a new interest, namely, the Trenton-rock oil & gas co. The princi- 464 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM pal interest in this company belongs to the Rose brothers. A well was located on the Waffle farm, about two miles directly west of the village. It found the Trenton limestone at 2248 feet and was drilled to a depth of 2860 feet. It was packed at 480 feet and showed a rock pressure of 450 pounds. Its volume was small, not exceeding 200,000 feet a day. This well was “ shot ” with 110 quarts of nitro-glycerin, but without bringing any im- provement. No use had been made of its gas up to the autumn of 1897. : During the summer of 1897 the Onondaga gas co. put down four wells, two located on the Talmage farm, about two miles south of the village, and two on the Spaulding farm, about four miles south of the village. The reduced record of Talmage no. 1 is given herewith. Gas was first found in the White Medina at 776 feet. The Oswego sandstone was struck at 1200 feet. The well was finished at 2020 feet. A fair volume of gas was found in the Trenton limestone, the rock pressure of which was 545 pounds when first struck, and 560 pounds in August 1897, when measured for the survey. The open pressure in the three inch tubing indicated a total output of 1,000,000 feet a day. The well was packed at 625 feet. Early in August 1897, the Spaulding well no. 2 was drilled to the Trenton limestone, which it reached at 2404 feet. At 100 feet in this stratum gas enough to fire the boiler was obtained. Of the fortunes of Talmage no. 2 and Spaulding no. 1, record has not been obtained, but if they had achieved any marked success the facts would not have escaped observation. The Binning well, so called, located on the Hickok farm, was the first venture of a new company in the field, viz, the Phoenix natural gas co., composed in part of experienced operators who had already taken part in the development of Baldwinsville gas. This well is located one fourth of a mile east of no. 1.. It was completed in July 1897. | - The Binning well was the seventh successful well of the Bald- winsville field, and being much larger than any of its predeces- sors, it attracted great attention and made a marked impression on the public mind. It was widely noticed in the newspapers of the day, mostly by reporters who had never seen a gas well except in this particular regien, and who, finding this well much © PPTROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS IN NEW YORK 465 larger than the wells that surrounded it, passed hurriedly to the conclusion that it was the greatest gas well ever found in the world. j The phenomena of a large gas well when first opened and be- fore it has been brought under control are certainly impressive and newspaper reporters may well be pardoned for exaggeration in describing them. Strong words and vivid description are needed to convey to others the impression by which those on the scene are overpowered. In reality the Binning well does not take a high rank among gas wells, so far as volume is concerned. It is credited with . 3.122,000 cubic feet a day from a three inch pipe. In other words it is a respectable, but not a great well. To warrant its being included in the latter class its volume would need to be multiplied at least threefold. Its rock pressure when first measured was, however, clearly of the first order. The gage recorded 1185 pounds and in August, when measured for the survey it had risen to 1180 pounds. It never reached the amazing figure reported for well no. 1, viz, 1540 pounds, the highest figure yet published from any gas well of the country. It will be remembered that this well, when measured in August 1897, showed a pressure of 1360 pounds. Af- ter the drilling of the Binning well the pressure of the Monroe well began to decline slowly, while the gage showed an increase in the pressure of the former. To those conversant with the facts it looked as if the wells were in some way in underground communication, and as if equalization of pressure would ulti- mately result. The longer experience to the present date will settle all questions of this kind. The next successful attempt to reach the Trenton limestone was made by the Empire Portland cement co., near its works at Warners, on the New York central railroad, about six miles due south of Baldwinsville. This well reached the Trenton at 2696 feet, but the tools: got fast soon afterward and several months _ were spent in freeing them. The well was finally completed in ; September 1897, a depth of 3526 feet having been reached. A small volume of gas was obtained but not enough, in itself con- sidered, to justify the amount expended in sinking the well. The _ abbreviated record of this well and a second well, located one 466 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM mile west of the first is as follows: Drive pipe (no. 1) 160 feet; Medina sandstone, 1050 to 1850 feet; Trenton limestone, 2700 feet; Potsdam sandstone, 3500 feet. . The most interesting fact remains to be stated. While in no. 2 a small amount of gas was furnished by the Medina and the | Trenton formations, the only important vein was found in the Potsdam sandstone. Gas was struck at 3526 feet. The amount was sufficient to run the boilers of two 125 horse-power engines for six or eight weeks. At the end of this time the volume fell, away till there was barely enough gas for one boiler. The initial yield must have exceeded 100,000 cubic feet a day. The — original rock pressure is said to have been 800 pounds. The © granite has not been reached in either well, but it does not lie far below the bottom of no. 2, viz, 3600 feet. A third well has been located one mile west of no. 2 and two miles west.of no. 1. In November of the same year another well of great force was struck on the Kendall farm in the same district with the Monroe and Binning wells. It was drilled by the Onondaga gas CO., which was also known as the Syracuse steam heating and power | co. The rock pressure of this well was reported at about 1100 | pounds. The Trenton limestone was reached at 2250 feet. At 2350 feet, or about 100 feet below the surface of the stratum, a gas vein of unusual force was reached. It drove the drilling © tools and cable out of the well, throwing the drill high above the - derrick. The cable alone weighed over 4000 pounds. It is cer- tainly remarkable that more than 2000 feet of it should be lifted © bodily and made to clear the hole, without binding anywhere. The well was “ bridged” by fragments falling from above after the tools were blown out. ! | A well known as the Toll well was drilled still later in the same neighborhood and its character was in keeping with the wells that preceded it. These four wells, the Monroe, Binning, Kendall and Toll wells, mark the center and highest development) of what may be called the Baldwinsville gas field. The Onondaga gas co. laid a pipe line in 1897 from the Bald- winsville field to its works in Syracuse. Part of the line is six inches in diameter. One of the wells, Talmage no. 1, was at- tached to the line, and was used for a time in the steam heating . plant at Syracuse, but a notable fall in the rock pressure is sai to have followed the consumption of a few hundred thousand cubic feet of gas a day. It is commonly reported that this company has recently sold its entire plant, leases, wells, pipe-lines and franchises to the Syracuse gas light co. but the fact or the terms of the sale have not been made public. The use to be made of the gas will soon be determined, but it is probable that some of it will be intro- duced into the city gas line, to be intermixed with the artificial product. During the past year the number of wells in and around Bald- winsville has been more than doubled, but no new features have heen added to the field. Those who have drilled the later wells have kept well within the boundaries already established as | covering productive territory, so that no additions to the latter . have been made. The most notable fact of the ren year is the deepening of the Monroe well by the addition of 240 feet to its depth and a con- sequent great addition to its volume and restoration of its rock pressure, which had been lowered more than 1000 pounds. The Baldwinsville wells were greatly reduced by the winter demand, and if the month of March had not been unusually mild a short- age of gas would have been experienced in the village supply. After deepening, the well showed a rock pressure of 1350 pounds, _whieh was gained in 15 minutes. Its volume, as measured by the open flow, was 3,737,000 cubic feet a day. This is the largest volume yet reported from any well in this part of the state. The specific gravity of the Trenton limestone gas from the Baldwinsville field, and, no doubt, representing the gas of all the fields, was determined for the survey by Mr W. W. Randolph of New York, who is expert in this line of investigation. He made use of the “ effusion method,” employing modern apparatus _of the most approved construction. The results of a number of observations showed the figure .551 to represent the specific grav- _ ity of the gas, but even this figure was held subject to correc- tion. . | _ The composition of the gas was determined by the Syracuse gas co., the analysis being conducted by Dr Durand Woodman . of tes York. The gas company kindly allowed the survey ig use of its results, which are given below: PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS IN NEW YORK 467 468 NEW YORK STATBH MUSEUM Composition of Baldwinsville gas POAT VION os os an ho see om ed hyn eee a eine 00 Hydrogen (by the palladium method) ee Rea egy ae eee trace MAT RE AB coins Gos Liens Sea Gig ae te en oe 98.40 Carbon MONOXIG 33.0 vic hee wa ee eee ee 95 WaT DOD, LOK oo a inl «ian bbe. &, 8 os dads ca aie e et oe ee 00 Hlyminants, diffused: .c.5 4. vats wae cape eae ce ee 25 Eee 2 engin omen cm NUnmib a PES Ae L eS Cy ares one trace Nitrogen, ‘by difference ; <..5. Soe. oe gs eee een 40) 100.00 Specific gravity, by calculation, .558 Heat units a cubic foot, 1013.5 Odor faint, resembling crude Pennsylvania petroleum. These figures may be taken with all confidence as representing the composition and specific gravity of the Trenton limestone gas of New York. | In 1886-87 Prof. C. C. Howard of Columbus, O., made a num- - ber of analyses of the gas from the new fields of Ohio and Indiana and reported 92¢ to 94¢ of marsh gas, but also reported about 53% of nitrogen, 2% of hydrogen, together with. a small amount of carbon dioxid. Prof. Howard afterward found reason to sus- pect that these latter figures were the result of erroneous meth: ods of analysis, but did not have opportunity to repeat his work and eliminate the doubtful points. He also calculated on the same basis the specific gravity of Findlay gas and-made it .566. If the corrections suggested should be found necessary, they would, when made, bring the composition and gravity of the Ohio gas to agree closely with Dr Woodman’s figures for the gas of New York from the same stratum. The only important difference between the production of the two fields would be found in the sulfur contents of the Findlay gas. This element does not occur in the gas of New York from the Trenton horizon. In Ohio and Indiana the sulfureted hydrogen of the gas is very noticeable and offensive. According ~ to Prof. Howard the sulfur of this compound amounts to 1.25 — _ grains to the cubic foot of Findlay gas. PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS IN NEW YORK 469 “The presence of the sulfureted hydrogen is not an unmixed disadvantage to the gas. By its odor it gives prompt warning of leaks in the lines of supply, and does a good deal to protect the users against danger from this source. It would seem as if its presence is to be ascribed to the sul- fureted water which is found in contact with the gas in many parts of the field. The Kingsville gas field of Ontario furnishes gas from an entirely distinct horizon, but under conditions simi- lar to those found in Findlay and its gas has the same composi- tion in all respects, including the sulfur contents. The danger in the handling of the gas of the western fields lies in this fact, i. e. that the plumbing in many towns is so poorly done that the air is constantly loaded with the odor of the leaking gas, so that even dangerous leaks may escape obser- vation. Careful and thorough work in plumbing should be in- sisted on in every town and in fact in every house in which gas is introduced. It must be added, however, that no serious accident from ex- plosions in connection with the recent discovery of gas has thus far been recorded in this state. Is Baldwinsville gas shale gas? To refer Baldwinsville gas, with its wells of large volume and of extremely high rock pressure, to the somewhat inferior _ division of shale gas as contrasted with reservoir gas; seems at first sight invidious and unjust, but the insignificant gas-flows from the rocks of Jefferson county, already described, where the Trenton limestone occurs in outcrop, admit of no other reference. They agree in all particulars with the small wells derived from shale formations of typical occurrence. But the gas at Sandy Creek and Pulaski clearly belongs to the same division as the gas of Jefferson county, being found in unmistakably the same - horizon and having the same general characters. These charac- ters can be stated as follows: 1) No two wells draw their supplies from exactly the same horizon, but the “gas is frequently dis- _ tributed through one or two hundred feet of the strata, the total flow being made up of numerous small veins. It is true, however, that gas is looked for more confidently at one particular range than another. 2) No two wells have the same rock pressure. ‘The records of the Pulaski field, for example, have shown from 470 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM the first the considerable range of 165 to 650 pounds. A differ- ence of several hundred pounds can sometimes be noted between two closely contiguous wells. 3) Salt water is not found in any considerable quantity in any of the wells and is entirely absent from most records, even of wells that are drilled to the granite. 4) No portion of the series from which the gas is derived shows porosity. There is nothing in its composition to indicate this quality. The Trenton limestone of New York makes no approach to its dolomitic phase, so far as the examination has thus far gone. Samples of the formation were taken for chemical analy- sis from various localities and particularly from representative points as Trenton Falls for the sake of comparison with the drill- ings of deep wells and as a possible aid in identification of the various elements of the sections traversed by the drill. The re- — sults did not meet anticipations but they are given below. The analyses were executed by Prof. Edward Orton jr, of Columbus, Analyses of limestones of Trenton age No. 1 Birdseye limestone from 10 ft ledge two miles below Po- © land, in bank of Canada creek. | No.2 Average of 12 ft “ velvet blue” rock at foot of stairway, © Trenton Falls. 4 No.3 Average of 20 ft uppermost section of Trenton limestone — at Prospect. No.4 Drillings from upper beds of Trenton from well no. 2, Rome, 680 ft below surface. | § 4 Silicious . YESidUe «55. J. «en 5.14 5.63 1.52 8.16 Alumina and iron oxid....... 1.59 1.40 1.39 1.87 Calcium: carbonate (0 cere ree 91.11 90.56 95.56 86.03 © Magnesium carbonate ...... 2.18 2.45 1.81 3.49 Pond cd cieiguin Wee 100.02 100.04 100.28 99.55. Analyses of Utica shale No.1 Lenticular mass of limestone in shale, Waterman’s hill, near Poland. . No.2 Average of 36 ft lowermost beds of shale, Waterman’s hill, near Poland. No.3 Drillings from well no. 2, Rome, 350 feet below the su 5: face. : PPTROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS IN NEW YORK 471 1 De romOmeru iG rah Simos idea dla lyk 16.00 IMEI LEGION aL PS ae eile ee ee 3.30 eee ee CAPIUE. ITa Se SMR TI. ONS. 74.17 Magnesium paghanatensibnds| 2i9t6 Aiotivend. vues ds 5.26 papamiownatter, by difference piri. so ee 1.27 SRS Er ho ea Se Se ey ce 100.00 2 Total ultimate corticn Teeter analysis in H,SO, & E Na,O, ia Sree ee Ty PL Soe VP. cae 34.94 91.62 Remnenmar ine ari tthe secre A St week 10 aed 67 Memete vam re de Uc. BS lisiiole Aleve: 9.0% Penne PaPhoQugie: sect jae i tw cea onl 43.80 14 Mapnesium :carbonate..:............ 4.22 16 RMON Ss ( 4: cite sti (8 Sipe sscheee dyes 2.15 1.06 0 RES ES SE ice rat 1.91 eR IGE WAL OT 55 into, bow pe seoss ence. « 5 0.47 ESE a ae a trace Plage tees oe eyerhheus 100.38 23.65 3 Total ultimate bese da ee com _ analysis in H,SO, & - Na,CO, Sere ie Ser eee PN, 51.89" 30.36 MO RUITVIN! |. A os, ETRE Ee eS: 18.84 98 MERMERIG ORIG). oa. fi ees Sensts Bi BTS et Bedme:carbonate ics. .)bu ease. bees. Prd dei . 20 Magnesium carbonate..-..........!. 2.87 28 IN ee ig is ac, 9.. 80 89 SE AIRE feo ie ee ae 2 Dak { a ae CO.) 10.39 | Loss on ignition, HO ors sa sie aber en Geren roe trace ay ee pee Tis L zie 100.00. 32.71 _ The most productive portion of the Trenton, in the judgment of drillers who have done the most work in the new fields, is _ the highly fossiliferous beds. Mr C. W. Vroman, for example, 472 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM felt quite encouraged in his Stillwater well, already described, when chips were brought up showing the presence of abundant fossils. These chips agreed perfectly in appearance with frag- ments of the Orthis testudinaria beds from Trenton Falls and other well known horizons of the limestone. ; On grounds like these it seems necessary to class the Bald- winsville gas fields with the Pulaski and Sandy Creek fields. The gas lies much deeper and there is a much larger production, but it is essentially of the same character. The difference be tween the two varieties has already been pointed out on the preceding page, but in respect both to volume and rock pressure the Baldwinsville wells are far in advance of all the rest that are referred to the same division. A few hundred thousand feet of gas a day and a few hundred pounds of rock pressure make the record of the largest shale gas wells hitherto observed and recorded. | . In regard to this last element, viz, rock pressure, the facts of the Baldwinsville field oblige us to extend the explanation that has thus far been counted sufficient for shale gas wells far beyond the limits heretofore recognized. The pressure in shale gas fields has long been counted due to the expansive force of the gas as it is generated. No other force adequate to the pro- duction of the result has been discovered. The case is entirely different in the matter of reservoir gas, i. e. of gas storéd in porous rocks that are also occupied by other fluids. The facts derived from the new fields of Ohio and Indiana brought to light another cause at once true, real and ~ efficient, that gave a rational and per eae explanation of all the phenomena involved. ; It was observed that when salt water was struck in the Tren- ton dolomite it rose throughout the field to a fairly uniform hight of 600 feet above tide. Its ascent was obviously referable to — artesian pressure. No other explanation is worth a moment’s consideration. But the artesian pressure that forces water to rise in the porous rocks, would exert an equal pressure on any — other fluid, as oil or gas, inclosed in the same porous rock. It was farther found that by taking account of the specific gravity — of the salt water, the pressure, which is apparently due to 600 — feet of the water, could be measured in pounds. The weight of 4 . Sel PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS IN NEW YORK 473 the column was found to be equal to 286 pounds to the square inch, the specific gravity of the brine being about 1.1. At Muncie, Ind., the gas rock was found to be at tide level. The gas ought, therefore, to show a pressure of 286 pounds, if this explanation is correct. The testimony of experienced oil operators who observed the facts at the time the first wells were drilled was to the effect that the rock pressure was between 280 and 300 pounds. It is to be noted that only when the first wells of a field are drilled can the facts as to the original rock pressure ~be accurately found. New adjustments of the contents of the porous rocks become necessary when the equilibrium is once interfered with, and a great many circumstances come in to - affect the rock pressure when drilling in a field has once got fairly under way. In default of exact information, therefore, it is safe to say that in this case the correspondence between the observed facts and the theoretic calculation of what the rock pressure should be is sufficiently close. . In Marion, Ind., the gas rock was found at a depth of 78 feet below tide. To the 286 pounds of pressure due at tide level there must be added the weight of the 78 feet of salt water below the level named. The amount of the true pressure was 323 pounds. Visiting the field when the first well was completed I found that the gage read 323 pounds. This fact was recorded before any theory whatever had been formed in regard to the cause of the rock pressure of gas. A well at St Henry, in Darke co., O., found the gas at 200 feet below tide. After being allowed to blow into the air for three months its pressure was found to be 375 pounds. The 800 feet of salt water found here would exert a pressure of 385- pounds. It seems altogether probable that at least 10 pounds of pressure were lost in the three months of unrestricted flow. In well no. 1, Upper Sandusky, gas was struck at 470 feet below tide, which would necessitate a rock pressure measured by a column of salt water of 1075 feet in hight. This would make the theoretic rock pressure of the gas 513 pounds. The actual pressure as reported by Dr A. Bilhardt, a careful and conscientious observer, was 515 pounds. Finally, at Tiffin, in the Loomis and Nyman well, gas was found at a depth of 747 feet below tide. The salt water column on the gas must 474 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM . then have been 1347 feet, which equals 641 pounds. The gage by which the pressure was tested was graduated only to 600 pounds, but the index traveled beyond this point and the figure at the time was reported as 650 pounds. These facts may be stated in tabular form. ; Depth LOCATION pas below sea phi Observed pressure WINGS SLT. ee ae 900 ft 0: ft. 2364, 280-300 Ib: Ar On tad ee 870 18.898. 393 St Henry,O......... 1156 900 ~—385 875 Upper Sandusky, O... 1280 478 518 + 515 Ue WO oo. seas oct eS 747 * CGAL 650 These are the best examples found that bear on this point, but the mind must be peculiarly constituted that can consider these facts as accidents. | The Kingsville gas field of Ontario is another case in point. It finds its supply in a very pure and porous dolomite of Silurian (Upper Silurian) age, and the pressure of all the wells drilled; 30 or more in number, is approximately the same, viz, 400 pounds. Where the gas is withdrawn by a pipe line, the pressure falls equally in all contiguous wells, whether connected with the line or not. The hight to which the salt water rises has not been fully determined as yet, but the highest pressure noted, namely 415 pounds, would show a water column of 850 feet, if the specific gravity of the salt water found proves to be the same as that in the porous Trenton of Ohio. As the wells are drilled about 1025 - feet to the gas vein and as the elevation of the surface is approx- imately 600 feet above tide, the salt water should be found to rise to within 175 feet of the surface. If this is hereafter found to be the case, it will complete the demonstration in the most conclusive manner. It is to be noted that observations will be valid only in wells that are cased below 500 feet, as a fresh water vein of great force is reached at about this depth. There are two distinct forces, then, that take part in the rock pressure of natural gas, viz, its expansive power, and the weight of the salt water column that compresses it. The first cause may exceed the second, and in such cases it would completely mask | the latter. Where no porous rocks are found and where a water column is therefore wanting, we are obliged to rely altogether on - j ‘ s ee A a ee ee ee eee. ee ee ee ee ee ee PPTROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS IN NEW YORK 475 the expansive power of the gas. There is a certain unexplained relation between the rock pressure and the depth at which the gas is found. To the understanding of this relation we may con- fidently expect to attain, as intelligent exploration goes for- ward. ; The conclusions, then, in regard to the rock pressure of gas are as follows: First, there is a pressure arising from the ex- pansive power of the gas itself, and this, so far as observation _ is concerned, reaches its highest mark in the Monroe well at Bald- winsville, namely, 1540 pounds to the square inch at a depth of _ 2370 feet. _Second, when the stratum that holds the gas is porous and continuous, it must contain water, fresh or salt, in some por- tion of its extent. Whenever this water shows itself under ar- tesian pressure it must of necessity exert on the oil or gas with which it is in contact the same force that causes the water itself to rise. The rock pressure of the gas can. then be measured by the weight of the salt water column. Enough observations are on record to establish this deduction on a solid foundation. But it is possible that the expansive power of the gas may exceed the pressure which the water column would put on it. In this case this element will escape observation altogether. This explana- _ tion of rock pressure imperiously requires certain conditions, : viz, a continuous porous stratum rising somewhere to day and _ thus acquiring artesian pressure. In the development of the Baldwinsville field no theory found % place in the location of the earliest wells. Convenience alone % was consulted as to where they should be placed. The northeast ! line, which is based on sound geologic observation in Pennsyl- | _ vania and western New York, but which is generally a delusion _ and superstition when applied to other territory, was introduced } by the drillers after gas was discovered. An amusing instance | occurred in connection with its application to the location of the . Binning well. | It is important to the contractor who drills a well to find gas | : as soon as possible for the boiler that supplies the drilling power. | ‘The first gas to be found in any of these wells is in the white tt Medina sandstone. The Talmage well, no. 1, found gas enough | for this service in the horizon named. The Wells well had also the same good fortune. The contractor who was to drill the : : . . . ‘ < i { A476 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Binning well had the same object in view, and for his own guid- ance drew a line through the two wells named, extending it to the farm on which the new well was to be sunk. A location on the farm had already been selected, but when the contractor came on the ground he changed the location by about 400 feet, to bring it to the line above described and spoke rather vaguely of the importance of the exact location, but without giving his rea- son for the same. Now it turned out that the Binning well found no gas whatever in the Medina but obtained a much larger flow ’ from the Trenton than any of the wells that preceded it. The interest of the contractor in a particular location and the excep- tional volume of the well were put together by those partially conversant with the facts and the success of the well was cred- ited to the exceptional prescience of the contractor, while in real- ity he had completely failed in the object for which the northeast line had been invoked. > Of course where the accumulation of gas depends largely on the structure of the strata, as has been urged in a preceding part of this report, lines will be found in such fields indicating the higher portions of the rock that contain the gas. Such lines might bear northeast and southwest, but there is no more reason why they should take this particular direction than any other. The most important structural lines in the new oil fields of | Ohio are north and south lines, or, in some instances, lines run- ning a few points west of north. In the Rocky mountains the main lines of uplift are northwest and southeast, while several of the European axes are practically east and west lines. Section 4 Oneida county A considerable amount of drilling has been done in Oneida county within the last few years. Deep wells have been sunk at — Utica, New York Mills, Rome, and in various other localities. At the two localities first named, the avowed object was not to search for gas or oil. Water was more distinctly in the minds of several of the projectors of these expensive explorations. The drilling has been carried on in several instances by manufac- turing companies and in their work they have not seemed to — count the cost very carefully. The drill has several times been \ Pe ras a en ee ee ee ee PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS IN NEW YORK 477 _ sunk for hundreds of feet into granite, where porous rocks are not _ known to exist and where no encouragement whatever is found in the results of experience. In but one of the towns named, Rome, has there been a definite search for gas and intelligent prosecution of the work. a Utica. In 1896 the Globe woolen works drilled a well in the search for water to a depth of over 1800 feet. Mr P. H. Foley of Utica was the contractor and he has furnished the following rec- ord, his nomenclature being somewhat modified. SP MIMNURE SEAL AD ians G10 isc) pin Vs-c date e's cialalé ple o.0s dive 48 ft NES Se oe eer a ee ere 447 Trenton limestone .......... he itels Se, iaes 2a ats). ape 369 I MRMNMIN OE TO PTE 2a . SS cw als dle 8 440 SS SS ee ee 551 A gas vein was struck at 225 feet of force sufficient to throw the water from the casing and to make quite an imposing blaze. _ The pressure of the gas was estimated at more than 200 pounds to _the square inch, but the vein was finally cased out of the well and drilling went forward. The contractor divided the great limestone series into two divisions, the upper one being styled a _“ fossiliferous limestone,” but the geologist can not recognize the _ grounds of this division. Both are unmistakably Trenton. The distance from the top of the Trenton to the granite is normal for this region. Through several counties the measure is about 800 feet. | The experience of this well shows that Utica has enough evi- dence of gas to justify farther exploration, if her citizens come to attach as great value to this volatile fuel as many of their neighbors do. _ The Standard harvester co. also sunk a deep well in 1897, the record of which is as follows: RAIN ERE ences ews wt is. 0( 81554 975) 910 sn Nie de praeriits die kaNa¥ 65 ft ON CERES 5 Sree IPE Re ne APY a 497 RRR TTRMCUSLOMNR TS By. cg a3 al ofelo Piniyysin > o:ase bia bres eiers oe sie 368 ESET EO a eee Oe en ee a 4 Total depth ........... Tp ath Sabie ak te oan 3 478 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM A considerable vein of gas was struck in this well at about the same horizon as the gas in the preceding well. Several other wells have been drilled within the city limits, in all of which weak veins of gas have been found in the Utica shale or in the underlying limestone. . b New York Mills. In this manufacturing village, three miles west of Utica, a deep well was drilled a year or two since by Mr Campbell, in an unsuccessful search for water. The record is in some respects a surprising one. Granite was struck at 1000 feet and the drill worked its way slowly down into these stub- born foundations for 1100 feet. This is the deepest boring in granite which the records of this country afford. So far. as our knowledge goes, there was nothing whatever to justify such an expenditure. The records of the Campbell well do not seem to have been so | - kept as to furnish any facts of scientific interest and there is no economic interest apparent in any of the history. c Rome. A resolute and intelligent search for natural gas was begun in Rome in 1896-97, and has advanced till a number of important facts have been brought to light. The distinct search for gas was preceded by the drilling of a deep well, pri- marily for water. The successful experience of Utica in the way of obtaining artesian water inspired a like attempt in Rome. In 1896 a number of the more enterprising and public spirited men of the town effected a loose organization among themselves known as the Factory building co. The object of the associa- tion is expressed in the name it took. It set before itself the distinct purpose of introducing and supporting manufacturing enterprises. In this interest it bought 18 to 20 acres of land on the east side of the town and established works for the manu- facture of tea-kettles. To farther aid this enterprise, the com- pany proceeded to drill a well on the ground of the new works for the particular purpose above named. A contract was entered — into with Rusk & Co. of Ithaca to supply an artesian well. The ~ contract covered a descent of only 300 feet. | The well head is 425 feet above tide. Work was begun in October 1896. The driller found 115 feet of drift; this fact re- vealing old conditions in the valley of the Mohawk very different from those prevailing there now. The composition of the drift — PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS IN NEW YORE 479 was as follows: soil, 3 feet; sand, 16 feet; blue clay, 20 feet; black sand, 25 feet; blue clay, 20 feet; conglomerate gravel, 31 feet. The gravel was full of water. At 116 feet the black Utica shale was struck and at 216 feet a small vein of gas was found. The discovery of gas, even in this small supply, changed the whole situation in the minds of the company. One of the most active and influential members of the organization had seen a little something of natural gas in the regions to the northward already described and he now proposed that the driller should go forward and develop the possibilities of this location in this regard. The Trenton limestone was reached at 630 feet. A second vein of gas, stronger than the first, was struck at 690 feet, and another considerable addition was made at 832 feet. The last vein was in fact decidedly the strongest of the three. Drilling was continued to 1005 feet but without any other notable accessions of gas. | The well was cased at a little over 200 feet, but the work was imperfectly done, some leakage continuing. A light vein of salt _ water came with the last supply of gas and made more or less trouble in the pipe. _ he use of the gas was however at once entered on. The rock pressure was found to be between 80 and 100 pounds. _ There was not enough gas to stpply the boiler of the works, but all that there was was turned to good account at once in this way. A meter showed ‘that the amount used ranged from 142.570 cubic feet a week in March to 51,490 cubic feet a week in June. At this time the well was retubed with some advantage to its production. This discovery led to a more definite and thorough search for gas in Rome. A second well was at once projected and work was begun on it early in the succeeding year. This well was _ located on the grounds of the Brass and copper manufacturing co., which is the most successful and important industry of the _ town. The works are centrally situated in the town. _ The record of well no. 2 as made out by Mr J. G. Bissell is in brief as follows: IE ok cnet ee Ste ON TUS Beene 126 ft Utica slate 480 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Trenton limestone, struck at 635 ft................. o) ehSon et Calciferous sandstone, struck at..............eeeeeee 1135 Granite, ‘striick ‘at! +i .'73.. 10, SUS eee 1560 Two veins of salt water, one at 1135 and a stronger one at 1175 feet, were discovered in the descent. The Potsdam sand- — stone began, accerding to the determination of the drillers at — 1290 feet. ; A full set of samples of the drillings was kept by Dr W. S. Kingsley, one of the principal stockholders of the Brass and ~ copper co. as well as of the Factory building co. Dr Kingsley kindly allowed me the full use of these samples and the careful examination of them gives warrant for the following section. { Soil and: elay..525. 6 -44..2- si Bees 16 ft 4 ' Dark, fine grained clay ......-.. 34 Dark, gravelly clay.....<....... 16 Drift, 125 feet < Dark and coarse gravel ......... 29 : Finer, eravel 2 visat- ae ae Or 12 , Fragments of Utica shale ....... . 10 | Coarse gravel ...... ee eee yee 8 ; { Upper. beds ‘atu. Spee 126 | Very dark shale. ot coed ogi 350-450 Utica shale, Hard shales< s452 7 iiese . ... 850-630 500 feet | Caleareous shale at. .........--- | 658 White flakes of lime, approaching l Trenton limestone (. Upper, beds at. 24.5: Sane 660 Pepper and salt rock (gas found here) atin. bi econis.te: oe ee 680 | Light blue limestone at’ ........ 715 | Light gray limestone......-..... 735-765 Dark blue limestone, hard, at.... 85 ie Li ctine eee Limestone, alternately gray and SP pee hae [Ble se veratrine 875-925 | Limestone, alternately gray and ae a ae eae eee 925-1000 | Limestone, black and hard ...... 1020-1025 Limestone, softer”. x5 c2.-< a4 w= sae 1025-1080 — | Limestone, shaly............... 1080-1085 — PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS IN NEW YORK 481 ( Sandstone, bluish, at ........... 1095 ft Gray eandstone at...... ...... 1106 Calciferous and ; Salt,water, weak vein, at........ 1125 Potsdam .... 4 Poet SENURLONG BG >... -.. . 0. 1135 Salt water, stronger vein, at..... 1175 Ptray sabastone at rr... — - 1295 Red granite, probably struck at .................. 1560 Micaceous band, 16 feet thick, at................. 1582 eneenD hoes My ORS Pa SPR AD iu: 1598 A flow of gas of great energy was found on April 3 at 830 feet. It held up at first in open flow a water column of six inches in the casing. This would indicate a production of about 3,500,000 cubic feet for 24 hours. In three days time, however, the open pressure was so reduced that it held up but one inch of water. Even this figure stands for a million feet a day. After the well was completed and the gas from this and all other horizons was gathered into the three inch tubing, the volume was found to be about 500,000 feet a day. The discovery of this “ blower” naturally aroused great excite- ment in town. For a few hours there was no stock of the drill- ing company in the market. Golden visions of a “ boom ” at hand led every one to revise at least mentally the selling price of his real estate, but as the gas vein exhausted its energy the town dropped back to its ordinary business level. The real features of the situation soon came to be recognized. A volume of 500,000 feet of gas a day under 100 pounds rock pressure would not make a basis for a manufacturing plant, though even for such purposes the amount of gas is too large to _ be despised, but -when applied to the lighting of a city or to a supply of domestic fuel for residents who would be glad to pay for such a luxury, this volume would make a very respectable figure. At 25 cents a thousand it would yield $125 a day. This view of the case came to be accepted by several of the leading business men of the town and several new wells were forthwith ordered. ) The first of them was one drilled by J. S. Hazelton, at his resi- dence on N. Washington st. It was finished in October 1897, | at a depth of 890 feet. A fine vein of gas was struck at this _ depth. The well was tubed with two inch pipe. The rock pres- _ sure ran up to 100 pounds in 40 seconds, 200 pounds in 3 minutes, » 482 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM =_ 250 pounds in 5 minutes. The open pressure was not recorded but the initial flow of the well was estimated at 1,000,000 feet a © day. The wastage of gas was reduced to a minimum by having everything in readiness when the main vein of gas was reached. Mr Hazelton designed to apply the gas exclusively for house- hold use, where every foot of it stands for comfort, as well as for money value and the waste of it was recognized exactly like the reckless waste of any other form of wealth. The well supplied his house with fuel and light through the winter. Salt water came in later. The tubing was drawn and the well deepened to about 1000 feet. It shows 40 to 50 pounds pressure at the pres- ent time. The second of these wells was drilled by Dr J. W. Kingsley at his residence on E. Liberty st. It was also about 1000 feet in depth. Its gas supply was small and no satisfactory service has been rendered by it. A well drilled by C. M. Humphrey in ‘he northern part of the corporation for his greenhouses proved successful, but the amount of gas furnished by it is not equal to the demands of his extensive establishment. Natural gas, is an ideal fuel for this line of business and the present supply will answer an admirable purpose for the fall and spring months. Its present pressure is 200 pounds. A fourth well was drilled near the center by Mr George Oster. Its volume is not large but it suffices for light at least in several buildings and also furnishes fuel for the boiler of a 35 horse power engine. ) The fifth of these wells was drilled on the premises of the — R. M. Wilson factory. It was finished in February of the present — year, 1898, at a depth of 1125 feet. At the time it was brought : in it gave the best promise of the entire series, showing a rock pressure of 450 pounds to the square inch. It was applied at — once to the boilers of the two 175 horse power. engines of the fac- — tory and kept them running 10 hours a day for a number of weeks. This service, however, proved too severe for the capacity | of the well, and, as the gas was specially valuable in brazing and — soldering in the factory it was withdrawn from the boilers alto- gether. 'The pressure at the present time is 350 pounds to the inch. PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS IN NEW YORK 483 Characteristics of the Rome gas field The last of the Trenton limestone gas fields of New York as at present developed has now been described. No metes or bounds can at present be assigned to it. A half dozen wells have been completed within an area of not more than one square mile and all have secured more or less gas. Most of the gas was derived from a depth between 800 and 900 feet; or in other words, from 200 to 300 feet below the uppermost beds of the Trenton lime- stone. By comparison with the preceding records it will be seen that the largest production -of all the districts comes from this central portion of the Trenton series. The highest rock pressure reported thus far is 450 pounds. The largest measured volume is 500,000 feet a day, but the esti- mates of the “ blowers ” when struck credit them with at least 1,000,000 feet a day. No advantage has thus far been found in drilling wells more:than 1000 feet in depth. As a rule the fresh water can be excluded entirely from the well by a casing of not more than 200 feet. But little salt water has thus far been en- countered. Drive pipe to the extent of nearly 150 feet is required in the old valley that passes through the town, but in the imme- diate neighborhood the Utica shale has surface outcrops and ina good deal of the surrounding territory the deposits of drift are very shallow. By competition the price of drilling wells will doubtless be brought down to 75 cents a foot or even to lower rates. No reason is apparent why the one square mile within which the drilling has been confined holds any more buried fuel than any other square mile of the vicinity. Wells, some of them better and some less productive than those described, can un- doubtedly be found throughout the region. Occasional “‘blowers”’ und occasional failures will be met. Section 5 Proper use of natural gas Natural gas is the best fuel known to man. No advance be- yond it is possible, but to secure the best results some scientific knowledge is required in regulating its combustion. Since it is the perfect fuel it admits of application to almost every purpose to which fuel can be turned. The principal exception is in the manufacture of iron from its ores and in other similar metal- lurgical processes. In the working of iron in rolling mills, forges, and foundries, and in the production of steam for all its multi- 484 . NEW YORK STATE-MUSEUM farious applications, in the direct use of heat, in the manufacture of glass and cement, in the burning of pottery, tile, and brick, it is, aS before said, the perfect fuel. It effects important econo- mies and greatly improves the quality of production at the same time. but superlatives in describing its advantages and value ought to be reserved for its use as a household fuel. It is here that it does the greatest good to the greatest number. It ligh® ens and simplifies the labors of housekeeping to a surprising ex- tent. . . The truth is that natural gas ought to be exclusively confined to domestic use. It is too good for any other line of service, too fine a product for the coarse applications already named. It is a profanation of the good gifts of nature to use gas in burning bricks and tile, in calcining limestone, in generating steam, in the manufacture of glass or cement. There is not enough of it anywhere for manufacturing purposes. The most prolific dis- tricts for its supply thus far known in the world, have been two. areas, each of which can be described with a radius of 30 or 40 miles; one, around Pittsburg, Pa., as a center, and the other around Fairmont, Ind. Though less than 20 years have passed since the first field was opened, and less than 10 years since the second entered on its course, we are already obliged to use the past tense in giving the history of both fields. Gas was applied in Pittsburg to manufacturing uses in every way that ingenuity could devise, but the life of the field could not be maintained un- der the draft imposed for more than a single decade. In other great gas fields like Findlay, O., the application to manufactures has run even a shorter race. | The amount of gas required in manufacturing necessitates the speedy decline and failure of every gas field, even the greatest. There is not a process to which it is turned, unless it be steam production, in which hundreds of thousands of feet, if not mil- lions, are demanded every day. For steam production, 50 feet an hour for each horse power is probably enough, under careful and skilful use of the gas. This would make the consumption of a 50 horse power engine working 10 hours a day, 25,000 feet. For glass manufacture, a 10 pot window glass factory would be found to require about 600,000 cubic feet a day. A 10 pot flint glass factory will use about 400,000 cubic feet a day. PPTROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS IN NBW YORK 485 Iron working demands by far the most lavish and unwarrant- able use of gas of all manufacturing industries. A rolling mill will range from 1,000,000 to 5,000,000 feet a day. How far will a million feet go in the support of household use? A house of 12 rooms, using gas in cooking range, laundry, furnace, and in six grates, uses on an average for the year, about 40,000 cubic feet a month, or 1333 feet a day. 1,000,000 feet would sup- ply 750 such establishments, or what the smallest rolling mill would use in a day would serve such a home for more than two years. But, instead of using 1333 feet a day, the average resi- dence will find all its necessities met by less than one half the amount named. 500 feet will make an ample daily supply for the majority of city or village homes. For such use the amount consumed in the smallest rolling mill in a day will serve 2000 ordinary residences for the same length of time, or would serve one such dwelling for 2000 days. A 10 pot window glass factory uses what would supply 1200 dwellings for an equal length of time. | The sacrifice of human comfort and well being to business greed finds a striking illustration here and can not be too em- phatically condemned. The application of natural gas to manu- facturing uses necessarily involves such a sacrifice. The country as distinguished from the village or the city ought not to consider itself excluded from the benefits of natural gas. It seems altogether feasible for well-to-do farmers in dis- tricts where gas is easily reached to drill wells for home supply. A well not exceeding 1000 feet in depth can be drilled and equipped for $1000 or less. If it can furnish light and heat for the home for 10 or 12 years the investment will be a safe one even from a business point of view, to say nothing of the incidental advantages that gaseous fuel brings. So also several farmers whose lands are contiguous could unite in drilling a ‘single well and share its production in common. Such a venture might be distinctly advantageous to each, from the point of view already named, viz, dollars and cents. Whoever has occupied for a year a dwelling adequately supplied with natural gas, will -recognize so many and so great additions that it makes to the comfort of life that he will not insist on a very close balance of expenditures.and credits in dealing with this subject. 486 . NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM When applied to manufactures it is doubtful whether natural gas works in the interests of the general good. It is true that the cost of manufacture is cheapened and the quality of the production is likely to be improved by its introduction. But the fortunate manufacturer who-can avail himself of it at once begins to undersell his competitors who are working under the old conditions, because his fuel, which is often the most costly element in his business, costs him nothing. In this way the most prudent manufacturer carrying on his business in the old way may find himself forced to the wall. Competition for him is simply impossible till the storm is past. Meanwhile the manufacturer who uses natural gas finds his business greatly im- - proved in volume for the time being, because of the discourage- ment and failure of his natural competitors. Such a state of things is not good for any community. It is much worse when the towns that find gas within their reach invite in manufacturers by municipal grants and the like. Fac- tories come to be established, far from all supplies of essential materials with the one exception of fuel. As soon as fuel fails, the factory is bound to disappear. In many such cases, the last state of the town is worse than the first. One of the evil results of the use of natural gas in manufac- tures is the development of the speculative fever called a “boom” in the towns that find gas at hand. Real estate feels the effect soonest. Inflated values derange legitimate prices, and the re- actions that are inevitable are always hurtful. From the temptation to the shameful abuse of applying natural gas to manufacturing purposes the newly developed gas fields of central New York are delivered. In but one of these, i. e. the Baldwinsville field, is the amount of gas large enough to make any figure in such an application and a brief experience in attempting to supply 1,000,000 or more feet a day to individual consumers will satisfy the owners of the Baldwinsville wells that this policy must be short lived and ruinous. one that can bring adequate return to the company undertaking to supply it. It is a source of satisfaction to find that the true use pays best. The proper use of natural gas, i. e. household use, is the only | PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS IN NEW YORK 487 The price of gas ought to be increased in every community that is-now using it. There is no good reason why it should be sold at any less price than the fuel which it displaces, or, in other - words, why the better article should be sold for less than the inferior; in computing the cost of the displaced fuel, account should always be taken of the various items involved, such as its storage and preparation, the cost of lighting fires and the ex- penses of removing ashes and cinders, none of which enter into the use of gaseous fuel. It may be urged that an increased price for gas would result in extravagant profit for the gas companies. . It can not be denied that there is a possibility of such a result, but as a matter of fact there are very few cases in the country in which companies have got back their original investment or see any good chance of getting it back. They are generally obliged to content themselves with generous dividends while the gas is in full flow. | The question of the municipal ownership of natural gas plants has not as yet come up in New York. Theoretically there is almost everything to be said for such a scheme, but practically it is hedged around with great difficulties, most of which can be referred to the unworthy views that prevail in all our communi- ties in regard to the public service. No examples can be brought from the many trials of the system in Ohio and Indiana within the last few years to encourage its introduction into other territory. - Section 6 Summary The natural gas fields of central New York have now been passed in brief review. A summary of the facts will be here presented. 1 Supplies of gas are found to be derived from several geo- logic formations, as the Medina sandstone, the Oswego sand- stone, the Utica shale, the Potsdam sandstone, but the main de- pendence is on the Trenton limestone. It is this formation which gives character and value to all the rest. The others would have no considerable significance without it. 2 The gas of the Trenton limestone has the characteristics of shale gas. The several fields now developed do not seem to be connected by structural lines or to be arranged in belts, after e/ , ‘ 4 \ aor 488 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM the fashion of the great fields of Pennsylvania and Ohio. The gas apparently occurs throughout the entire formation, ex- cept where the physical condition of the limestone is such that storage is wanting. While there can not be said to be any defi- nite horizons of the gas, there are two divisions of the Trenton formation that furnish the main supply. The first is found 50 to 100 feet below the surface of the limestone; the second 50 to 100 feet above its base. There is no dolomite in either of the horizons, but the drillings show the presence in abundance of characteristic Ordovician fossils. The limestone holds com- paratively little water and what water is found is generally saline, but not sulfurous. 3 The rock pressure of the gas ranges from a score or two of pounds to 1540 pounds to the square inch. The last named figure is the highest gas pressure known to be reported from any field in the world. From some unexplained cause, the depth at which the gas is struck has a general relation to the rock pres- : sure, but adjacent wells differ widely in the figures reached. The rule seems to be, the deeper the gas yein, the greater the pressure. 4 As to the volume of the gas wells, a large range is also found. The largest volume reported thus far is 3,000,000 feet a day, but the ordinary wells show only thousands or tens of thousands of cubic feet, or, in rare instances, hundreds of thou- sands. The Trenton limestone is not thus far a source of large wells nor has it proved itself a large producer of gas to the acre or square mile. 5 When wells are wisely used they show a good degree of vitality. This is also characteristic of shale gas. 6 An exact determination of the dip of the strata is not pos-. sible from the data available. In fixing the different horizons of the rocks we are obliged to depend largely on the discrimina- tions of the well drillers, and there is no certainty that they will agree as to the boundaries of the several formations that they undertake to identify. -Neither are their records of the same well in all cases entirely harmonious. There is special liability to confusion in the case of the Trenton limestone. The lower- most beds of the Utica shale are generally highly calcareous, and the highest beds of the Trenton limestone are sometimes PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS IN NEW YORK 489 shaly, so that the dividing line between the two formations is in many cases an arbitrary one. A swing of several scores of feet is possible in the fixing of these horizons as they are recog- nized by different drillers. ; The best element in the series, that as to the position of which there should be the least ambiguity, is the upper surface of the Archaean granite. By its hardness it is so sharply contrasted with all other formations that the driller always knows when he has reached it, but there is a chance for discordant measure- ments, and, as a matter of fact, many of the records are confused and uncertain as to the depth at which the granite lies. Select- ing a few records that are at least as good as the rest, we obtain data which can be used in determining the problem of the dip. In central Jefferson county there is no doubt that the granite lies about 900 feet below the surface. EN AO IVER AS oh. oii eS esle a a ba mp dnd nese 915 ft At Pulaski, oo ye ne ae eee eS Cea 1425 At Parish ‘ ET AS IED Fee» gee 2445 (?) At Central Square “ i NS Oo eee ea 2415 At Stillwater, Orwell township.................. 1697 Several of these points are on an approximately north and south line and the facts of the dip presented by them are shown in the following tables. Distances are taken from maps and from railroad measurements. The elevation of the surface necessarily comes into account. The altitude of the points named below are herewith given. The calculations were made on the true elevations, the differences of surface altitudes having been first eliminated. STAT 5 1 ARNG kT i ana oe a 599 ft above tide Pulaski, ¢ CRE a er ry Ut antks 377 “ Beemismvenineada SEPA OL SE RON SiS: 474 vs Central Square, well head (3°9.9)......... .... 400 . Runrenes Ts Oats. 7k, SRE SI CORO 24 375 - Re esEEM Hei Anil a. i abil Ras Moen) Je. 2x 3490 “ RE Ret FF HiEStIOW as). Fa silos ess else OT) 0 497 “ - Stillwater, Si. aoyte seviaie fy TS aera = LM, es FS 490 P NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM DISTANCE DESCENT RATE Adams to Pulaski .......- 22 miles 288 ft 13 ft to mile Adams to Central Square.. 41.4 “ 1699 Alina oi Pulaski to Central Square.. 20.1 “ 967 AT yf Taking the Trenton limestone asa base, we find it reported as follows: “= LAT UE. 9 eek Wide a ele IPG op dy FAA oF! 550 ft below the surface MCXICE. tht ke Soo re oe Cee ee 1027 =: Derirat Square’: oo. Leas oh eee 1609 - si Baliwitisvilie “Se ae Bee ee 9550 * Weeener © 2S ft eS SE ee eee Bere i! = Calculating on the basis of the facts above given, we obtain results consonant in a general way with those previously re- ported. They are shown in the accompanying table. DIRECTION DISTANCE DESCENT RATE Pulaski to Mexico.. Southwest 84 miles 479 ft 41 ft to mile Pulaski to Central Sa LL Lateline atin ee Bu South yp Aaieieaa ome: 1 21 rata ay 5 8 Pulaski to Baldwins- Wille fu. Joc. oe Southwest 30 “ 1687 * 56 2 Baldwinsville to Warners) & South een 8 Fhe Sy | The figures of the tables above given will allow still other cal- culations than those that have been made. The calculations establish the fact that the strongest descent is in a southwesterly . direction and that the dip increases slowly to the southward. It has been a genuine surprise to find at this late day any part of central New York in possession of a considerable stock of stored power. The form in which this stored power is found is © the most uncertain and in some ways the hardest to control of all its forms. But it is after all delightfully adapted to the service of man and can not fail to be appreciated and valued when its true character comes to be understood. For the first century of its occupation in a large way the state depended for fuel on the noble growth of forests with which its surface was originally covered. 50 years ago, its forests being no longer able to meet the ever-increasing demand, specially for power to use in locomotion and manufactures, it began to draw € — on a” ee a oe Y PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS IN NDW YORK 491 on the coal fields nearest to its limits. The coal field that it found most accessible was beyond question the noblest body of fuel known in the crust of the earth, viz, the anthracite field of northeastern Pennsylvania. By the middle of the 20th century, _ that is, in 50 years from now, if the present rate of consumption and the present rate of increase of consumption are maintained, this great treasure house of stored power will have been practi- cally exhausted. Whenever this consummation is recognized as imminent, a new appreciation of all the forms of stored power, as winds, rivers, and soils, will be sure to be developed, and then the knowledge that a tract of land contains within its boundaries all the fuel and artificial light that its owners will require for decades, generations or centuries, will certainly become a factor in the value of such property. 492 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM > CHAPTER 4 Lake shore natural gas belt of Chautauqua county The belt of country bordering Lake Erie in Chautauqua county © is a beautiful and favored tract. Its southern boundary is the © eontinuous escarpment that faces the lake, five to seven miles — back from its shore and which rises to 800 feet above its level, © within the distance named. | 4 The surface of the belt is occupied with two lines of trans- — ported material, viz, 1) the glacial drift, with its usual variety © of composition; and, 2) deposits from the lake when it held a — considerably higher level than at present. Under the first divi- sion we find wide stretches of boulder clay, giving rise to strong but heavy soils; the latter are often blackened by organic matter — due to the swampy conditions of an earlier state. Under the — second we note specially the extensive beds of sand, gravel and — loam which mark the beaches or lake ridges that were thrown down in the higher stages of the water. These last accumulations — give rise to warm and mellow soils which are also generous and productive. a To the advantage of the soil must be added that of climate. © The immediate neighborhood of Lake Erie insures late springs, — thus averting to a considerable extent the danger from spring — frosts; while the presence of the same body of water, warmed | by the heat of summer, holds off autumn frosts, thus allowing © time enough for the ripening of grapes. ; These two elements, soil and climate, have led to the recent | transformation of a considerable portion of this belt into vine — yards, orchards and gardens of small fruits. Probably this fruit j culture is more indebted to climate than to soil, for we find vine- yards as successfully established on the heavy clay lands as on the gravelly loam. On the clay lands their fruit requires a some- — . what longer time for ripening, but is counted of finer quality. : At best the surface deposits of this lake shore belt are thin. g It is rare to go down more than 20 to 30 feet without reaching | bedded rock. The largest streams of the district all occupy new 4 valleys, as is attested by thenarrowrock-walled and rock-bottomed gorges in which they flow. The altitude of the most character-— / istic portion of the belt is 650 to 750 feet above tide. The differ- FUNGI N.Y. State Mus. Mem.4. PLATEA. C.H. PECK, del, - C.FAUSEL, LITH JAMES 8.LYON, STATE PRINTER rici-5 AMANITA CALYPTRATA ALBESCENS px. Fic. 6-10 AMANITOPSIS VOLVATA ELONGATA Px. CALYPTRATE AMANITA TALL AMANITOPSIS PPTROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS IN NBW YORK 493 ence between the southern upland and the lake shore belt in both soils and climate is very marked, depending both on elevation and the presence or absence of the moderating influence of the lake. . The belt under consideration is wholly occupied by the shales of the Portage and Chemung groups of which countless outcrops appear in the valleys and gorges of the region. The Portage beds occupy the immediate shore of the lake from Cattaraugus creek, which is the eastern boundary of the county, to the northeastern corner of Ripley township, where they descend to the level of the lake and are succeeded to the westward by the lighter colored but scarcely distinguishable shales of the Che- mung group. Dark bands are frequent in the Chemung series also, but they are not as black as those found in the Portage. The most persistent element, according to Dr J. M. Clarke of the New York survey, is a sandstone bed, the place of which is near the top of the Portage. This bed is well shown in the quarries of Canadaway creek at Laona, three miles above Fredonia, and in the bed and banks of Chautauqua creek near Westfield and in many adjacent ravines. It can be distinctly traced for many miles as it affords the only building stone found in that part of the county and is accordingly opened, at least in a rough way, for neighborhood use, wherever its outcrops occur. The stone is, j however, very hard, and has a great number of what the quarry- men call “dry seams,” which give rise to frequent and irregular fractures. i The principal roadways through this belt follow in the main _ the old lake-ridges or beaches already referred to. The materials _ of these ridges are almost ideal materials for road making, and _ the roads of the region consequently have a high degree of excel- lence. There are few finer natural roads in the country than the main road from Buffalo to Cleveland and the Chautauqua section of it shows it to the best advantage. — . The views across the fruitful plain here described from the summits of the uplands which constitute its southern boundary, 800 feet above the lake, are of unsurpassed loveliness. They are worth going many miles to see. The one to be obtained from the ‘summit back of Westfield, to the west of Chautauqua creek, may be instanced as among the best. a A oe PE Pe eA TD OT a OPAL eS 1 AAP EET | RN A LO NE RD NN A A ORM 494 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM To its fine and varied soils, with all that these imply, and its admirable and well tempered climate, the lake shore belt adds another advantage that has not yet come to due recognition. It holds in the uppermost 500 to 800 feet of shales that begin its — geologic section, a stock of natural gas, not large in amount and low in pressure, but easily obtained, easily controlled and © fairly persistent, from which the artificial light and heat of the © region are already furnished to a small extent, and the supply of which can be increased and multiplied almost indefinitely. It is this last named element that is to be discussed in the present chapter. Special interest attaches to the natural gas of the county be- cause of the fact that utilization of it was begun here at an early date. The experience of Fredonia takes the foremost place in this connection. In fact, this little village, with its insignificant supply of natural gas, leads the way in the history of gas utili- zation in this country and is also widely known in the old world as well. This history will occupy the opening section of the pres- — ent chapter. a Fredonia (Pomfret township). Fredonia is a beautiful village situated immediately below the main beach or ridge which runs parallel to the present shore, separated from it by an interval of two to three miles and higher by about 200 feet. The size of this ancient beach and the amount of material composing it show — that the lake stood for a long period, as time is counted in human history, at this level. Centuries at least would be required to— account for its work. The present outlet by Niagara river had not yet been opened. Canadaway creek flows through the vil-— lage. It is a considerable stream for Chautauqua county; in fact, one of the three largest of its list. It has a drainage basin of about 50 square miles, gathering its water in Arkwright and Pomfret townships from an altitude 600 to 900 feet above the lake. This gives a rapid descent to the stream. It occupies a new valley which it has worked out of the bedded rocks already named. From Laona northward, the valley is cut entirely in the Portage shales. The valley does not follow the joint lines of the formation but cuts across them at various angles. _ ; The direction of the joint lines of the shales was measured for the survey by Ezra 8S. Ely, a civil engineer of I'redonia. There PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS IN NEW YORK 495 are two sets of the joints, one being called north and south and the other east and west. The first set, instead of running in a due north and south direction, follows nearly a northwest course. (North 47° 45’, west, magnetic; true course, north, 52° west) The joint lines vary among themselves as much as three degrees. The cross joints are more frequent than the first set and cut the latter at an angle of 48° 30’, varying to 51° 15’ by needle. This brings their direction very nearly east and west. The north and south joints are not vertical but incline to the east, the extreme deflection measuring 2} in 103 inches. The cross joints incline to the southward. The intersection of these two systems result in the formation of oblong blocks, approach- ing regularity, which appear abundantly in the waste of the stream. _ From some of these joints, gas constantly escapes. The cur- rents are much weaker, however, at the present time, than they were in earlier days. When water occupies the openings formed by the joints, the gas appears in bubbles, forcing its way through the water. Such springs were known by the early French ex- _plorers of the country as fontaines qui bouillent. . _ Several of the most notable of these gas jets were situated in the bed of the creek within the limits of the village of Fre- donia. The past tense is used in describing them for the reason that the escapes are too feeble to attract notice now, or have died out altogether. These gas springs or jets could hardly escape the attention of the earliest human occupants of the region, white or red. Tra- _ dition says that the particular gas spring that gave such celeb- | rity to the village in this connection was discovered by a traveler - who went down into the creek bed for water and shade as he . ate his midday lunch. This spring was located by the side of the | Buffalo and Cleveland road, the oldest and by all odds the most ' important of the lake shore highways, where it crosses Cana- daway creek. After the traveler had finished his meal and was striking a light for his pipe, he ignited the escaping gas. Whether the discovery was made in this way can never be deter- mined; but there is an air of verisimilitude about the story that commends it to us. Certainly thé discovery could well have been 496 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM made in some such way. Gas has no doubt been discovered scores or hundreds of times in this formation in similar ways. At any rate, it became known in the early years of the century, when the permanent occupation of the lake shore belt was taking place, that inflammable gas was found in the bed of Canadaway creek, and indeed in many similar situations in this region. The surveyors of the Holland land co. were among these early dis- coverers. Moses D. Tennant, of Westfield, found in one of their old field books mention of a spring which emitted an ~ “ odorous air.” The surveyors had traced it by the odor and had | also found that this “ odorous air” could be ignited. A score of years passed after this discovery before any new steps were taken in regard to it. It was probably in 1821 when drilling was begun in Fredonia in the smallest experimental way for natural gas. Though the exact date is uncertain, the order of events is still held distinctly in the memory of some of the oldest residents of the village, | who knew the persons concerned in the development and re- peatedly heard the account of the several steps from their lips. Two grist mills (flouring mills) had at the date named been — established in Fredonia, one, north of the “‘ Buffalo road ” in the valley of the Canadaway and in almost immediate contact with the best known gas spring of this region; the other 15 to 20 rods south of the road above named and in the same valley. A — woolen mill, in which home-made woolen cloth was manufactured — was afterward built, immediately north of the second grist mill, © by a man named Edward Howard. Mr Howard occupied for his residence a house directly across the road from the mill. The water well on his premises was unsatisfactory, being shallow in — depth and its supply failing in dry seasons. The tail race of the grist mill passed directly under Howard’s woolen mill, leay- ing the shale floor uncovered and plainly in sight below the mill floor. It occurred to Mr Howard to test the shale with refer- ence to a better water supply for his dwelling, and he accordingly — began work with an iron bar a few feet long, that was kept — about the mill. After drilling into the shale beds a few feet, he observed bubbles of gas escaping through the water. He farther found that'the gas was inflammable. Howard had a friend and companion in the person of William Aaron Hart, a gunsmith of rt PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS IN NEW YORK 497 the village. Hart visited the mill from time to time and became interested in his neighbor’s experiment and its outcome and de- termined to follow up farther the gas vein that had thus been disclosed. He continued working in the hole that Howard had begun under the mill till the extemporized drill gave way. In short, the drill broke, and the bottom of it was left fast in the shale bed, thus shutting off the principal flow of the gas already noticed. Not satisfied with this attempt, Mr Hart forthwith set about drilling for gas in the valley near by. The location was between the grist mill and the woolen mill. He went down 40 feet at this point, but found no considerable volume of gas. Still undiscouraged, he made one more effort to locate in the shale some one of the gas veins which had been escaping in the small way for centuries. He began this third trial in the valley north of the main road, and in fact just where the best-known natural flow of gas of the neighborhood had been observed. How deep he sank the drill here can not now be ascertained. Some think that he went down 70 feet into the shale. At any rate, his search was successful. He found what was counted a good vein of gas and entered at once on its utilization. He constructed a rude gasometer in which to accumulate the gas ‘and placed it under a still ruder shelter of undressed boards. He purchased light lead pipe, three quarters of an inch in diame- ter, and connected the gas with the old hotel (the Abell house) located where the Columbia hotel now stands. He also laid pipe to several of the stores on the opposite side of the street from the hotel. The natural gas supply of Fredonia was thus begun. The entire credit of its discovery and utilization belong to one man, William A. Hart. In his labors he showed both persistence and practical sagacity. We can well afford to honor his name. This brief history made a profound impression on the country, specially when the condition of the times was taken into account. Fredonia was on the most common line of travel for this part of the country in that day, viz, the stage line between Buffalo and all the west which was then occupied. Travelers passing through Fredonia would be sure to have their attention called to the fact that here was a town lighted with natural gas; the turst, certainly, in this part of the world. The phenomenon als» attracted the attention of scientific men. The elder Silliman, 498 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM the distinguished professor of Yale college, published in 1831 an account of this experience in the scientific journal which origi- nally bore his name and which afterward became the American journal of science and art. Fredonia became known even in for- eign lands, on this same account. Sir David Brewster, the emi- nent scientist of Scotland, republished this same account in the scientific journal which he edited. As to the author of the account it is to be regretted that we have no knowledge. It was evidently furnished by some eye-witness of the phenomena. There are some inaccuracies in it, geologic and otherwise, but it clearly shows the interest excited by the facts. The article was copied, during the years to come, in many of the newspapers of the country. The account is as follows: A village lighted by natural gas The village of Fredonia, in the western part of the state of New York presented this singular phenomenon. The village is 40 miles from Buffalo and about two miles from Lake Erie. A small but rapid stream called the Canadaway, passes through, and after turning several mills discharges itself into the lake below. Near the mouth is a small harbor and lighthouse. When removing an old mill which stood partly over this stream \ in Fredonia three years ago, some bubbles were observed to | break frequently from the water, and on trial were found to be inflammable. A company was formed and a hole, an inch and a half in diameter being bored through the rock, a soft fetid lime- stone, the gas left its natural channel and ascended through this. A gasometer was constructed and a small house for its protec- tion and pipes being laid, the gas was conveyed through the whole village. 100 lights are fed from it, more or less, at an expense of $1.50 each. The streets and public places are lighted with it. The flame is large but not so strong and bril- liant as that from gas in our cities; it is, however, in high favor with the inhabitants. The gasometer, I found on measurement, collected 88 cubic feet in 12 hours during the day. But the man who has charge of it told me that more might be secured with a larger apparatus. About a mile from the village and in the same stream it comes up in quantities four or five times as great. The contractor for the lighthouse purchased the right to it and jaid pipes to the lake, but found it impossible to make it descend, the difference in elevation being very great. It preferred its own channel and bubbled up beyond the reach of the gasometer. The gas is carburetted hydrogen and is supposed to come from beds of bituminous coal. The only rock visible here, however, PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS IN NEW YORK 499 and to a great extent along the shore of the lake is fetid lime- © stone.—Silliman’s journal, 17:398 Gen. LaFayette on his second and final visit to the United States in 1824-25, witnessed the unique spectacle of a_village thus illuminated, and though not of a scientific turn, he could not fail to note the great interest of the facts. One of the oldest residents of Fredonia, Mr D. A. White, has given a circum- stantial account of his visit, which was perhaps the most con- Spicuous event in the early history of the village and of which, as a lad, he was an eye-witness. The general had wintered in the southern states and coming up the Mississippi and Ohio valleys had reached the boundary between New York and Pennsylvania near Jamestown, early in June 1825. He was brought from Mayville to Fredonia by Judge William Peacock, the first agent of the Holland land co. on June 3. Delays occurred in the journey and he did not reach Fredonia till two o’clock Saturday morning, June 4. He was en route for Dunkirk, where a United States sloop of war awaited him to convey him to Buffalo. A great throng had gathered to greet his arrival at Fredonia, including the military company of the village, which was to march as a guard of honor to Dunkirk. Refreshments were served, even at this untimely hour, by the light of natural gas, and Gen. LaFayette must be credited with this early experience in the use of a substance which we commonly think of as a discovery of our own times. The well and its equipment changed hands after a little, pas- sing into the possession of Jesse H. Starr, who followed the line of policy already established in the utilization of the gas. He seems, however, to have raised the price a light to a figure more nearly commensurate with its real value. The charge be- came $1.25 a quarter, or $4 a year, but the number of lights - was insignificant. Some authorities say that 30 lights were _ Supplied by the well, but others declare that the number did not exceed 12, at most. From the account in Silliman’s journal, already quoted, it seems that the original price a light was $1.50 a year. : Jesse H. Starr died in the course of a few years, and his prop- erty, including the little gas plant, passed into the hands of his _ legal heirs. It became the duty of a brother, Joseph Starr, to 500 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM manage the gas plant for the benefit of the heirs and he con- tinued the supply till about 1858, when a new stage in the history was opened. Before entering on this second stage, several facts of interest in the same general connection will be put on r cord. The pride that Fredonia took in its unique source of artificial illumination is expressed in the village seal that was adopted in 1829. A photographic reproduction of an impression of the seal is herewith presented. Tor the copy the survey is indebted to Mr D. A. White, whose - kindly interest and service have been already noted. The size of the seal is reproduced in the engraving. It represents a gas pipe with five burning jets attached. In 1829, or thereabouts, an attempt was made by Walter Smith, to furnish gas for the government lighthouse at Dun- _iirk. It is mentioned in the account in Silliman’s journal previously quoted. In this attempt, Mr Smith was following an example already set in the lighthouse at Barcelona, 20 miles © west, which will be described on a subsequent page. Mr Smith got possession of another gas spring in the creek bed, a mile nearer the lake than those already described. So sure of his ground was he, that he proceeded to lay a pipe line from the spring to the lighthouse. The pipe line consisted of pump logs properly joined together and two miles of such material laid in PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS IN NEW YORK . 501 the ground meant a not insignificant expenditure for the time at which it was made. The projector of the gas line had, however, overlooked two important points, viz, the difference in elevation between the spring and the lighthouse and the specific gravity of the gas. The latter is only about half the gravity of air. The spring is about 150 feet higher than the lake, and when the gas was turned into the line it had force enough to send it only half the distance required. Becanse of these facts the plan fell through. The second stage of the history has already been referred to as beginning in 1858. Preston Barmore is the most conspicuous figure in the opening of the new chapter. In the year named, he began the development of a new and independent gas supply, one mile farther down the stream than the Main st. well. A notable escape of gas had been observed here from the earliest times. The boys of the village were familiar with it and had long carried on various qualitative and quantitative experiments of their own about it. The location was on the famous Risley farm where so many of the garden seeds of the early time were raised. Mr Barmore secured a quarter acre of this tract in a strip a rod or two wide, adjoining the creek, and proceeded to dig a well near the gas spring. He had evidently studied the production begun by Hart 30 years before and had drawn from this two important inferences, viz, 1) that natural gas is to be found in the strata underlying the village, and 2) that the people were glad to pay for it, wherever and in whatever quantities it could be supplied, and he saw room here for a profitable investment of . energy and capital. The handling of the gas had heretofore been conducted in the ‘village with the insignificant expenditures already reported. _ The original well had been drilled on the lands of the McPherson mill and the royalty on the gas was all embraced in the furnish- ing of two lights to the mill, the cash value of which, according to the original schedule of prices, was $3 a year. The drilling of the well had been accomplished in the same inexpensive way, the gunsmith, Hart, probably sharpening his own tools, and very likely doing the drilling himself at such times as he could obtain from his other engagements. Probably the only considerable 502 NEW YORK STATE MUSPRUM expenditure was that of purchasing the few hundred feet of lead pipe, three quarters of an inch or one inch in diameter, to convey the gas to the hotel and stores where it was burned. The gaso- meter is said to have had a capacity of 800 cubic feet, while the little shed that covered it was of rough lumber and its construc- tion of the cheapest possible description. In the autumn of 1858, Elias Forbes bought a half interest in the Barmore enterprise and a company was formed under the name of the Fredonia gas light co. This company is still in existence. The well on which the new business was to be estab- lished is said in one account to have been 30 feet in depth, with a diameter of six feet at the surface, increasing, cistern-like, to 2() feet at the bottom, where two vertical holes were drilled in the shale, one to a depth of 100 and the other to a depth of 150 feet.—Hamilton Child, Chautauqua county directory, 1874--T5. For the remainder of the year 1858 and for the next year about 2000 feet of gas were supplied to the village line every day. A _ gasometer of 12,000 cubic feet capacity was constructed and the introduction of gas into private residences for illumination was begun. In the course of aefew years from that time, three miles of mains had been laid within the corporation limits, and for the first time the early designation of ‘‘a village lighted by natural gas” could be truly made as to Fredonia. The company was soon obliged, however, to introduce manu- factured coal gas into its pipes to maintain an adequate supply. They built retorts for themselves and found that by the intro- duction of a quantity of natural gas, the service of the coal gas was greatly improved. A third stage in the history may be said to begin in 1871, when Mr Alvah Colburn drilled a deep well at his mill (the old Norton and Lester site, south of the Main st. bridge) for the purpose of obtaining fuel for the boiler of his mill. The Colburn well was drilled 1250 feet deep. A considerable supply of gas was ob- tained between 130 and 300 feet below the surface, but not enough for the boiler. Mr Colburn accordingly offered the gas to the company that supplied the village, and its service was greatly improved by the addition. This well is said to have produced about 4800 feet a day for a number of years and its rock pressure, the maximum of which it required 10 hours to accumu- PHTROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS IN NEW YORK 503 late, was 97 pounds. Mr Colburn sold the gas for $1 a thousand. This arrangement was continued for several years, till in 1875 he bought an interest in the company and finally bought out the entire plant. To keep up the gas supply he continued to drill new wells till hé had put down 12 in all. These wells were 300 to 800 feet in depth. Six of them proved to be dry, but four of the original number are still producing gas. For 10 years he maintained the supply in this way, but. with increasing difficulty. He then entered into a contract with the Gas co. of Dunkirk to undertake the supply. The Dunkirk gas co. laid a four inch line to Fredonia, which is still in use, though no longer fully adequate to the demand. In order to close out its dealings with the Colburn estate, the Dun- kirk company has recently sold the plant to Dr M. M. Fenner of Fredonia, president of the street railroad co. In the Colburn deep well no. 1, the Corniferous limestone was reached at 1079 feet below the surface. Drilling was continued in the limestone 177 feet, thus making the total depth of the well 1256 feet. Gas wells do not as a rule last more than four or five years at present, while formerly they retained vitality for at least twice that length of time. There are so many ways for water to find access now, that the wells are almost certain to be overrun with- in the limit named. Leaving out of present account the various attempts to obtain gas from shallow wells for domestic supplies, which have been made within the last 15 years, it is necessary to put on record the resolute effort to find some large supply of gas that could be turned to account for manufacturing purposes. This movement was no doubt inspired by the developments in Findlay and Lima, O., which began in 1884, and were under full Swing in the course of the next year or two. The reasoning in regard to the probable presence of high press- ure gas at Fredonia was very convincing to those that had not studied the subject. It ran on this wise: ‘‘ Gas has been seen to be escaping from the shales that underlie this region ever since it was first occupied. It was so at Findlay, O., but by boring a well there 1000 feet deep, an enormous volume of gas was brought to light, having a rock pressure of 400 pounds to the inch; why 504 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM should it not be so here?” By the autumn of 1886, this line of argument had served to convince a great many of the good people of Fredonia. It was reinforced by the appeals of a practical well driller, Mr J. W. Moore, of Warren, Pa. sen gees ee Ch. 1 Origin and accumulation of oil and gas.............. Sec. 1 Geologic structure, as connected with the aceumiulation' .. it Yousn,. tis. Se eeeeeeoe 399° 24 Sec. 2. Origin of petroleum, gas, maltha and asphalt 404 - Séen5”" "Pheortes:Of rien cy copa ee ee oie ak 406 a Kron Inorganie sourced wien. eee 406 b From organic sources, 1) by primary decomposition, 2) by neice de- 7 composition or distillation........ ... 410 3% Ch. 2 Geologic scale of New York in its relation to a andgas 419 Ch. 3 Production of gas from the lower formations of the state (Potsdam, Trenton, Utica, Medina)........ 429 Sec. 1 Oswego county. . 0... 2.50. teens tees eee 426 a Fulton’. sap eenee ee da a eee 427 b Sandy Greek -3'oy een Ss es ee 434 e. Pulaski } 4“ Rein pee eee eee 439 d: Stillwater... .. woasseet eee oe ee 448 Mexicoy. i4. @ (8+ REET EA ee 450 t-Parish 3 tai se Go Se ee 450 g Central Square... -..:: bake Suey ete 455 hy Osweeo 22.3 (865. oan 456 See: 2. Jeflerson(cotintyy A: sn eet eee eee 456 a Adame «7. ¢) 2h & ee et — 456 b Watertown. rails 40). Gaia eee 459 Sec. 3. Onondaga county *¢) 3 eo oe ee ee 459 a Baldwinsville’. 32085 3) ee 459 See, 4. Oneida: county a. 30. a oaces =e 2 476 fc iL ties ae dicate bese oe ont ae Sse ote = ee bi New York Mille 7 ooo 32-3 c ger eee 478 @ Rolin ig seve aes 2458 8 IEEE oO ee 478 See..5,., Proper suse of natural eas; 2... vane 483 Secs 63) Summary ie.) Soe, 8 ae eee ;. 458 Ch.:+ The Lake shore natural gas belt of ¢ hautanqua county 492 a Fredonia . ee tay Ss 494 b Portland and Brocton............0+00. 507 ce. Westiields. ira patos eee cele 510 d Ripley: 2). PAGES oa oe eee 516 Maps 3 1 Sketch map of central New York (in part)....... Jacing 422 — 2 Map of Oswego and Onondaga counties (in part). facing 426 — 3 ee shore belt of Chautauqua county.......... Jacing 492 ‘a FS ee eee NOTE The results here’ given are of investigations by Prof. Orton carried on during the season of 1897 at the instance of the late Prof. James Hall, state geologist and paleontologist, and were communicated with the annual report of that year; but it has since been judged wise, in view of the far-reaching im- portance of this paper and in order to secure its wider diffusion, to issue it separately as a museum bulletin. The paper is there- fore appended to the museum report for 1899. In references, volume and page numbers are separated by a colon; e. g. 16: 467 means vol. 16, p. 467. JOHN M. CLARKD 400 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM All the facts bearing on these points seem intelligible and rational. They are in accord with the teachings of physics and thus are what we should naturally expect to find in this field. The principal structural features to which allusion has been made, are commonly known as anticlines, synclines and mono- clines. The first of these terms is applied to a roof-shaped arrangement of the strata of a district, in which they decline in opposite directions from a given line called the axis. Some- times the descent on the opposite sides is equal in amount, but more frequently it is unequal. The axis can generally be fol- lowed for a few miles in an approximately straight line, but in many cases its elevation is gradually lost. From the point where it thus disappears, it is quite likely to rise again in the same general direction and at perhaps the same elevation that it origi- nally had. Of course, in such cases, all the fragments are counted as a single axis. Wherever a well-defined axis is found, one or more similar lines of structure are very likely to occur, approximately parallel to the first. A syncline is a form of arrangement of the strata exactly opposite to the anticline already described. The strata are bent into a trough, instead of into a ridge. All the statements as to the amount and direction of the descent of the different sides that have just been made as to anticlines are to be applied to synclines, with the proper, i. e. reversed, qualifications. Ina word, a syncline is the normal complement of an anticline, and when two parallel anticlines occur, the space intervening between them is necessarily occupied by a syncline. . A monocline is in effect an incomplete anticline or syncline. A stratum descending from an approximately horizontal posi- tion at a certain level to a lower level regains the original hori-° zontal position after making the descent. It is as if nature be- gan to build an anticline or syncline and was not able to finish it. Monoclines are of much less frequent occurrence than anti- clines and synclines. All these forms of structure are necessarily effected in the differentiation of the contents of a porous stratum. The water, which has been named as one of the three principal elements PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS IN NEW YORK 401 contained in such strata, is in most instances saline. With re- spect to water found at a depth of 500 feet or more, the presump- tion in many parts of the world is that it is saline. Compounds of soda and potash are widely diffused in the crust and many of them are very soluble and are gathered, accordingly, in under- ¢round water. Where the arrangement of the rocks is such that outflow occurs, the soluble compounds will, in the course of time, have all been carried out, and the outflowing water may at last have a high degree of purity. But, in multitudes of instances, the porous strata are so folded that the water of large portions has no access to the surface. When the drill reaches such areas, concentrated brines are often found. Saline water is al- ways heavier than fresh water. It is not uncommon to find these deep waters increased in gravity by one tenth beyond the propor- tions of pure water. It goes without saying, therefore, that the synclines of the porous rocks, would be occupied by these heavy waters, and it is equally obvious that all the oil will rise to the sides and summits of the arches unless gas accompanies the oil, in which case, the highest level will necessarily be occupied by the latter. The great development of anticlines and synclines is to be found in mountain regions, and here they are shown in their most striking forms. Parts of the great Appalachian system afford the most complete exhibition of these types of structure that is known in the world, though the Jura mountains of western Europe also furnish admirable examples of folded rock series. It is not in mountain regions, however, where he that runs can read the arches, the elements that constitute them, their dips and their directions, that accumulations of petroleum are to be looked for. When the rocks are folded into great arches that constitute the principal scenic features of the regions which they occupy, they have not escaped fracture at their summits. Faulting has also taken place in numerous instances along their axes, and by these two agencies, namely, fractures and faults, great accu- mulations of oil and gas have been made impossible. Such frac- tures give rise to a slow escape of oil, gas or mineral water, the latter often being characterized by temperatures above the nor- 402 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM mal. These prolonged escapes of gas and oil constitute most of the so-called “ surface indications ” of petroleum. The system of arches and folds above named, that find their chief development in mountain regions, and to which, in fact, the mountains mainly owe their origin, are the results of the . contraction of the crust of the earth, apparently due to its cool- ing. In the Appalachian region of Pennsylvania, Claypole has calculated that the shortening in of the original crust has amounted to 88 miles out of 153 miles, the latter having been reduced to 65 miles. Heim has calculated that an original ex- tent of 203 miles in the Alps has been reduced by folding and crumpling to 130 miles. The arches seem to have resulted from lateral pressure exerted from the side of the ocean. Their axes are approximately parallel to the ocean boundary. Their slopes are gentle on the southeast side and much sharper on the north- west. The strongest folds, as a rule, lie farthest to the eastward. Certainly they diminish in both hight and dip as they are fol- lowed westward. In western Pennsylvania, for example, the folds are so reduced that they do not necessarily form the up- lands of the region. They can be followed only by determining the elevation of some well-marked bed or stratum, as a seam of coal or sheet of limestone, or some persistent bed of red or blue rock, the peculiarities or the composition of which are well known. By such facts, the reality of the arch is demonstrated and their directions and angles of pitch can be determined. All the valuable accumulations of petroleum and its deriva- tive, natural gas, in Pennsylvania, are confined to these flattened and dying arches, the slopes of which seldom exceed two or three degrees, and which generally need to be read in minutes instead of degrees. No accumulations are known where the arches show angles of descent of five or 10 degrees or more. It would seem that the strata were cracked in the bending, thus allowing the escape of all mobile substances inclosed in the porous rocks of the series. ; Following the effects of the Appalachian revolution still farther westward, we come to the still feebler arches and mono- clines of Ohio. Numerous cases have been found during the last few years in which the elevations of even the summits of the a ee ee PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS IN NEW YORK 403 arches have not been found sufficient to effect a separation of the petroliferous substances and the salt water. In the “Big Indian” oil field of Monroe county, Ohio, many cases have occurred in which three or four barrels of salt water are raised by the pumps for every barrel of oil. The latter is, however, frequently produced in amounts of hundreds of barrels in a day. The best defined monocline known is the Macksburg oil field of Noble-and Washington counties, Ohio. In this case it has been demonstrated that the Berea grit has been checked in its uniform descent to the southeastward, at the rate of 20’ or 30’ of a degree and that it lies nearly horizontal for the space of one mile. This horizontal portion has proved available as a store- house of oil and gas, and a petroliferous production of consider- able importance is distinctly referred to this structure, with gas on its western boundary and salt water on the east. We owe the determination of this monocline and the general facts of its productive power, to F. E. Minshall, of Marietta. Coming back to New York, we find that it was invaded by the Appalachian revolution with its mountain-making forces in very much the same way that western Pennsylvania and eastern Ohio were affected. Through the southern counties of the state, low arches are produced, which lack the force necessary to make them recognizable as features of the present surface relief, but which, as exploration has proved, were ample for the separation of the oil and salt water that were tributary to its porous strata. All the extensions of the great Bradford oil fields into Catta- raugus and Allegany counties are examples. Of these the “ Rix- burg gas streak ” is one of the best. But while the eastern side of the continent owes to the Appal- achian revolution the great features of its relief, it has not been limited to the orogenic activities of this period. Contraction and necessary readjustments of the crust were certainly in operation long before the close of paleozoic time, and the earliest formed strata were left_in an uneven condition. The steady growth of the continent from the Canadian protaxis southward is respon- sible for structural facts of great importance, specially for the prevailing southerly dip that affects the entire state and that 404 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM ~ contributes so much to the completeness of the geologic column of New York. - In these previous movements of the crust, more or less relief ~ was given to the land surface or sea floors of the times in which they occurred, and many low arches and synclines resulted in this way; but no prevailing direction is thus far found in any of these ancient structures, aside from this southerly dip already named. ; It is not counted necessary in a paper designed specially for the general reader, to furnish proof of the statements already made as to the order of arrangement of the several substances contained in porous rocks. It is enough to say that the facts from every oil field fall into line in support of these statements. Moreover they harmonize so well with the teachings of physics 4 that they soon come to be counted necessary truths and no grounds are apparent from which attacks can be directed against them. Even the disposition to make such attacks seems to have passed away. . The Trenton limestone field or northwestern Ohio, one of the latest oil and gas fields to be exploited, furnishes the most satis- factory and conclusive proofs on all these points. Five or six feet of relief have proved ample to keep gas wells dry for days and weeks, and wells drilled solely for gas and operated as such, have been slowly turned into highly productive oil wells, and, in multitudes of cases, have, at a later date, been overrun with © salt water. Section 2 — 2a Origin of petroleum, natural gas, maltha and asphalt The readers of this paper will expect some attempt to answer . the questions that human curiosity everywhere raises as to the © origin of the bituminous series. The series has long been known to man. We find mention of it in the oldest records and tradi- — tions of the race, but its real value and importance have been mainly developed in the present century and very largely in our © own day. The bituminous series contains at least four well-marked ele- : ments; namely, natural gas, petroleum, maltha or mineral tar, fr PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS IN NEW YORK 405 asphalt. The probable order of their derivation is not the order given above. From petroleum as an original center the other three substances are seen to be easily derivable by natural and familiar processes. From deep-stored oil when brought to day natural gas is always given off. By the removal of the gaseous _ hydrocarbons, the gravity of the petroleum is increased and the process of oxidation sets in, the effect of which is to darken the oil and still further reduce its gravity. We advance but a little way along this line before we begin to withdraw the name of petroleum from the dark and viscous liquid that we find result- ing and give the substance the more appropriate designation of mineral tar. It is also called maltha, which is an ancient and somewhat technical designation. Now, if the mineral tar is still further exposed and oxidized, it loses its liquidity altogether and hardens into a black solid, dull or shining, as the case may be, called asphalt. Further, the petroleum from which the latter products are derived has itself a wide range in gravity. Some examples of it run as light as 55° B. while in other cases heavy oils of less_ than 20° B. occur. In the latter case it is always possible to explain the facts by the loss of the volatile elements as they approach the surface. A1II shallow oils, under which designation are included the occurrences of petroleum within one or two hundred feet of the surface, are heavy. Some of them are too _ viscous to flow freely and are well adapted in the natural state to lubricating purposes. Not only does the fact that gas, maltha and asphalt are easily derived from petroleum point to the latter as the original sub- stance, but the facts as to the chemical composition of oil and gas respectively lead to the same conclusion. Natural gas con- sists essentially of light carburetted hydrogen (CH ), while petroleum has a much more complex composition. The simplic- ity of the former points to it as the derived substance. It is therefore necessary to account for the origin of petroleum only. All its derivatives will be explained under the same head. The subject has proved a tempting one for consideration and as the economic importance of the series has increased it has commanded more and more attention, till there is at the pres- ent day a voluminous literature devoted to it. In regard to the 406 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM question, from what source and by what process did petroleum originate, we find many and discordant answers. A _ distin- guished German geologist, Prof. C. F. Zincken, of Leipzig, says that for this subject we can well adopt the inscription placed over a meteorite that fell, centuries ago in Germany. Multi multa; omnes aliquid; nemo satis. These words can be thus trans- lated: “Many men say many things; everyone says something; nobody gives a satisfactory account.” When we come to analyze the various answers as to the origin of petroleum the case is not as discouraging as this statement would lead us to conclude. There is one point of vital importance in the discussion, and in regard to this it may now be said that there is substantially an agreement among all geologists who have earned the right to speak on the question; and, what is equally to be desired, there is a rapidly growing accord among chemists who are pre- pared to apply first-hand knowledge to the discussion of the sub- ject. The vital point above referred to is the question whether petroleum is the product of chemical affinity, exerted on inor- ganic matter, or whether it is a result of the transformation of substances that have been built up under the agency of life. It is the latter line of answers that has come to be universally ac- cepted by geologists and it new looks as if there would soon be equal unanimity among chemists in regard to the same point. Section 3 Theories of origin a Theory of inorganic origin It has been claimed by a number of chemists, some of whom hold high rank in the scientific world, that the several members of the bituminous series can be referred to a purely mineral origin. There are several phases of this doctrine. One of them seems to imply that the elements, carbon and hydrogen, are combined in the interior of the earth through the agency of the high temperatures prevailing there. This phase of the doctrine matches to but few facts in nature and does not appear to be making progress. The most widely accepted theories as to the inorganic origin of petroleum are those that refer it to certain definite chemical PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS IN NEW YORK 407 reactions. Two among these theories have obtained a wide circulation by reason of the high rank of their authors, but they can not be said to have gained an equally wide acceptance. In 1866 Berthelot, professor of chemistry in the college of France, and distinguished by remarkable and epoch-making dis- coveries in organic chemistry, particularly as to the composition of alcohols and sugars and by the discovery of acetylene, ad- vanced the theory that the interior of the earth contains free alkali metals (sodium and potassium) and that these elements, when acted on by carbonic acid or carbonates at a high tempera- ture would form carbids of these metals, which, by the action of water, would form hydrocarbons analagous to those found in petroleum. In short, he proposed the theory that both liquids and gaseous hydrocarbons of the bituminous series would result if meteoric water carrying carbonic acid or earthy carbonates in ‘solution should reach by infiltration the metallic masses above -named at a white heat and under high pressure. The chemical reactions invoked under the conditions named are undoubtedly sound, and the bituminous series would unquestionably result if these conditions should be met. The recent production of calcium carbid by the electric furnace on a commercial scale and its common use in the production of acetylene gas as an illuminant have made the process familiar and have given to it an air of reality that it never before possessed. The theory of Mendeljeff, the eminent Russian chemist, is founded on altogether similar lines, but is relieved from some of the glaring improbabilities of Berthelot’s hypothesis. It was first announced in 1877 and has been revamped and restated by the author during the present decade. Mendeljeff is the author of one of the most remarkable generalizations ever made in the science of chemistry. It is known as the periodic law, and has given to the science the ability of predicting future discoveries, similar to that so long possessed by astronomy, and which is recognized by all as the crowning proof that a science has reached its perfect, though not necessarily, its completed stage. There is no higher name in chemistry today than that of Mendeljeff. His theory in regard to petroleum formation is briefly this. He supposes the interior of the earth to contain large masses of 408 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM metallic iron and counts the formation of meteorites confirma- tory of this conclusion. He also considers the specific gravity of the earth, which is 5.5 against 2.5 for its surface rocks as render- ing it certain that the interior contains substances heavier than ordinary rocks. In these interior masses of metallic iron he supposes more or less carbid of iron to exist as in meteorites. Carbids of iron would also be formed by the descent of carbon- ated water as in Berthelot’s theory. Water infiltrating through fissures in the crust would be turned into steam at the depth supposed, and attacking the carbid of iron, would give rise to the petroleum compounds. The steam already invoked exerts pressure enough to force the petroleum vapors back toward the surface till they would become condensed by cooling and would be stored in all porous rocks capable of containing them. This is by far the most widely known and powerfully supported theory of the inorganic origin of bitumens. Mendeljeff expresses him- self as satisfied with it and declares that petroleum is as truly a product of chemical affinity as a veinstone or an ore. This theory seems to promise a continual production and thus an un- failing supply of oil and gas and is sure to be welcomed in every field that is entering on its exploitation. In like manner chemists who have given but little attention to. the geologic facts connected with oil and gas further than that they occur beneath the surface, finding a theory at hand explain- ing the origin of these interesting substances on sound chemical possibilities, have naturally turned to this explanation with prejudice in its favor. Occasionally, also, a geologist has been misled by it, but, little by little, as the far-fetched and highly improbable assumptions of this theory have come to be consid- ered and as a far simpler and more probable account of the origin of bitumens is at hand, Mendeljeff’s speculations have lost standing with men of a practical turn, both chemists and geolo- gists, till of late years no one has been found to champion it as if he believed it. To geologists, indeed, it sounds like an echo from the 18th century. It takes its place with the “ cloud-capped towers and gorgeous palaces ” of the speculations of Werner’s - time, 100 years ago. The latest vigorous defense of the theory in question was made in 1889 by Mr William Anderson, at that time president of the a a ey ey ee Pee SI Oy rk ee Te Ty Oe NEN ot oe et MEY Sy PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS IN NEW YORK 409 mechanical section of the British association for the advance- ment of science, but this defense revealed such profound and surprising ignorance and misconception of the geologic facts as to the occurrence of petroleum that it necessarily lost weight with all who are familiar with these facts, and must have weak- ened rather than strengthened the theory itself. [For an exami- nation of this defense see Geology of Ohio, Annual report, 1890, p. 61.] A weighty consideration in this connection is found in the geologic distribution of petroleum and its derivatives. We can roughly divide the rocks of the earth’s crust into two great series, namely, those in which organic remains are more or less abundant, and those in which no traces of life are found. Their absence in the latter case may be accounted for either be- cause life had not been introduced at the time of their forma- tion, or by reason of metamorphic changes that have supervened since their origin, by which all such traces, if ever present, have been removed. In the last named division, neither petroleum nor any of its derivatives is ever found, and all its occurrences are confined to the fossiliferous division. While Archaean rocks do not cover as large an area as the vast series formed in the ages of life, they are by no means insignificant in extent. 2,000,000 square miles in one continuous body are referred to this division in the Canadian protaxis alone; and in the other conti- nental masses a like distribution is recognized. A single exception as to the absence of the entire petroliferous series from. the Archaean rocks must, however, be made. In a few localities in the uppermost division of this series in On- tario, considerable deposits of an asphalt-like material, thor- oughly compressed and hardened, are found. It can be made to burn only under the most favorable conditions. That the sub- Stance originated in petroleum is highly probable, but it is to be borne in mind that the rocks in which it is contained bear un- mistakable evidences of having been originally stratified. If stratified they may have contained the remains of life. But aside from this and probably a few other exceptional cases, petroleum and all the substances derived from it are wholly wanting in the Archaean rocks. There is not an oil field in the ~world in the rocks of this age. 410 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM This fact alone constitutes a weighty argument against the hypotheses already presented. If the real centers at which petroleum originated are to. be found in the primeyal crust, ac- cording to Berthelot and Mendeljeff, the carbonated water essen- tial to the process would certainly have a shorter course in reaching these masses of uncombined elements or-metallic car- bids by descending through the uncovered Archaean than by going down through thousands of feet of the stratified and fossil- iferous rocks that overlie this formation. Another fact that bears against the theory named above is the steady and notable increase in bituminous products that has seemed to go forward throughout geologic history. Their maximum production was apparently reached in Tertiary time. But the internal heat of the earth, which is an important factor in the theories named has been gradually reduced during these same ages. The results are thus directly contradictory to those required by Berthelot’s and Mendeljeff’s assumptions. We come, therefore, to another line of explanations. b Origin from organic sources The reference of petroleum to an organic source stands in very different relation to familiar facts from the theories already re- viewed. Petroleum is a combustible substance and every other substance that we know in nature that can be burned is of or- ganic origin. Moreover we can produce artificially from vege- table and animal substances gaseous and liquid compounds that are closely allied to the bituminous series or even identical with them. The manufacture of illuminating gas furnishes a case in point. We obtain by this process not only the volatile combusti- ble, but the liquid coal tar as well, that is closely analogous to some of the petroleum compounds. Illuminating gas is ordi- narily manufactured from bituminous coal, but we can use all varieties of vegetable and animal substances for the same pur- pose. Even street sweepings and the ordinary refuse of a city have been by a patented process applied to the same manufac- ture. The occurrence of gas at the bottoms of ponds, produced from decaying leaves, or in boulder clay, from buried vegetation, are phenomena of common note. University of the State of New York Bk LEWIN OF THE New York State Museum FREDERICK J. H. MERRILL Director Vol.6 No. 31 June 1900 eS 15th Report of the State Entomologist ON INJURIOUS AND OTHER INSECTS OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK 1899 BY EPHRAIM PORTER FELT D. Sc. State entomologist ALBANY UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK Ig0o0 CONTENTS PAGE THtrodactory 2.25 eo saos cso St ong eeeen ¢ tae eae ates coe Se ee 533 Transmittal 2... 02). SoS 0 te SRA eee ome oe Ses on Cc General.entomologic features 4.<< uz: 0 - bodys pba to so Ree eae eee 533 Elm leaf beetle . 2202. -.085 sae, seeee ees Geers eee ae eee 534 Office Work . ...sc0 go> san msiee bon da cuae Beene ee wnpee ee eeee 534 Pablications ..2.-<. conde venctocee eee eee cee nae eee ee ee ee 535 Collection ‘Of imsects Pi. 24.°c 5-5 Tes dieine tees tees ee eee 535 Division ‘libratyj2. =+ eo aakee ay 331 | Blaphidion villosum Transmittal .....<+ or-nesa-ncees 158 Fabr. oak pruner........-... 359 J16h FOpotts 5. <-. -ceens nner eee 331 : nae Cyllene pictus _ Drury, Publications of the office ....... 331 TON 360 State collection... 6c. -ases0nce- 331 Saag OO ad mae Correspondence..---.-----+--+- 339 Galerucella luteola Miill., General entomologic features... 332 elm leaf beetle..---...---.-.- 360 Losses caused by insects ...--.- 333 Blissus leucopterusSay, Injurious insects! ......-....---.. 335 chineh bug). .wew'sit-.s2be). geet 361 Tenthredo rufopectus Plant lice or Aphididae.... 361 Norton, red-breasted saw fly.. 335 Pemphigus populi- Urocerus albicoruis Fabr. transversus Riley..... 361 white-horned Urocerus...-.-. -, a08 Urocerus cressoni Nor- ton? velar. eee... eee. 340 Eacles [Basilona] imper- ialis Drury, imperial moth.. 342 Lygus pratensis Linn. tarnished plant bug .......-.-.- 351 Notes on various insects.......... 358 Pyralis costalis Fabr. clover hay caterpillar ....-... 358 Cecidomyia leguminice- ola Lintn. clover seed midge 359 Anthrenus tiae Fabr. carpet beetle... 359 scrophula- Chaitophorus species... 362 Callipterus ulmifolii Mall non, attends see Fae 362 Drepanosiphum aceri- foliip, Thos, .-s—«54

Melanoxanthus salicis Linn, on Russian willows, 6 Sep.; from T. Guilford Smith, Buffalo N. Y. Aphis rumicis Linn.on Euonymus europaeus, 15 May; from Gertrude Kellogg, Port Kent N. Y. Aphis viburni Scop., 25 May; from Rhoda Thompson, Balls- ton Spa N. Y. Apple aphis, Aphis mali Fabr. on apple, 1: May; from W. A. Lafler, Albion N. Y. Same, 20 May, from Ruth Sherwood, Fish- kill N. ¥. Same, 4 June; from C. L. Allen, Floral Park N. Y. Nectarophora destructor Johns. injuring peas, 7 July; from C. L. Allen, Floral Park N. Y. Pseudaonidia species on Camellia japonica, 5 Jan. from New York, through state department of agriculture. Gossyparia ulmi Geoff.on Ulmus campestris, 6 June, from Flushing L. I., through state department of agriculture. Maple leaf scale insect, Pse udococcus aceris Geoff. on maple leaves with active young, 20 Sep.; from O. Q. Flint, Athens N. Y. REPORT OF STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1899 617 Asterolecanium quercicola Bouché on English oak, 25 Feb. from G. G. Atwood, Geneva N. Y. Same on oak, 15 May; from M. F. Cleary, Cortland N. Y. Lecanium pruinosum Comst. MS. Coq. on grape vines, 31 Oct. from Brighton N. Y. through state department of agriculture. Twigs of Magnolia soulangea badly infested with Leca- nium tulipiferae Cook, tg Oct.; from Fishkill on the Hudson; from Leonard Barron, New York. Lecanium armeniacum Craw. on English gooseberry, 12 Ap; from G. G. Atwood, Geneva N. Y. Same, 3 May; from Brighton N. Y. through state department of agriculture. Lecanium cerasifex Fitch on peach, 6 Ap; from G. G. Atwood, Geneva N. Y. English ivy badly infested with the white scale, Aspidiotus nerii Bouché, 29 Dec. from W. S. Eager, Berlin Mass. San José scale, Aspidiotus perniciosus Comst. on willow and several shrubs, 28 Ap.; from Mrs E. H. Mairs, Irvington on the Hudson N. Y. Same on apple, 17 Aug.; from W.B. Dupree, Center- port N. Y. Aspidiotus ancylus Putnam, 3 May, from Brighton N. Y.; on Prunus, 19 May from New York; on Betula alba and on Ilex verticillata at Flushing L. I. 26 May; on hemlock, 1 Aug.; on apple twigs, 4 Jan. and 15 Mar. from Brighton N, Y; on currant, 30 Aug. from Geneva N. Y.; all through state department of agriculture. Same on mountain ash, 28 Aug.; from H. C. Peck, Brighton N. Y. Same on currant, 22 Aug.; from P. L. Huested, Blauvelt N. Y.; 3 Mar; from J. Jay Barden, Stanley N. Y.; 27 Aug.; at Lodi N. Y.; from same. English oyster shell bark louse, Aspidiotus ostreaeformis Curtis, on apple, 3 Dec. and 3 Feb. from Geneva N. Y. through state department of agriculture ; 23 Feb.; from H. C. Peck, Brighton N. Y.; 6 Mar.; from J. Thompson, Brighton N, Y.; 10 Ap. and 27 Aug.; from J. Jay Barden, Stanley N. Y.; 10 Aug.; from near Kinderhook N. Y. through P. L. Huested; on dwarf apple, 24 Feb.; from H. C. Peck, Brighton N. Y. Probably same on plum, 25 Feb.; from G. G. Atwood, Geneva N. Y. and z Mar.; from C. H. Darrow, Geneva N. Y. Same on plum, 22 May, from James Buckley, Lewiston N. Y. through Henry Lutts, Youngstown N. Y.; on European plum, 15 Mar.; from Geneva N, Y. through state department of agri- culture. Same on cherry, 25 Mar.; from Geneva N. Y. through same, 618 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM and 27 Aug. from J. Jay Barden, Stanley N. Y. Same on pear from Brighton N. Y. 22 June, through state department of agriculture; ro Aug.; from near Kinderhook N. Y. through P. L. Huested; 28 Aug,; from H, C. Peck. Same on elm and on purple leaved plum 22 Aug,; from P. L. Huested, Blauvelt N. Y. Probably same, 4 Ap.; from T. C. Maxwell Bros. Geneva N. Y. through G. G. Atwood. Peach scale, Diaspis amygdali Tryon, 23 Jan.; from L. O. Howard, Washington D. C. Rose scale, Aulacaspis rosae Sandberg on rose twigs from Baltimore Md. 5 Dec.; from Leonard Barron, New York. Parlatoria viridis Ckll. on recently imported Japanese maples; stock seized by state department of agriculture, 28 Mar. Same on Japanese maples 29 June; from Brighton, through state department of agriculture. Parlatoria pergandii Comst, on tangerine, 5 Jan.; from New York, through state department of agriculture. Apple tree bark louse, Mytilaspis pomorum Bouché, 5 Dec.; from Dr J. B. Washburne, Delmar N. Y. Same on apple, 25 Feb.; from G. G. Atwood, Geneva N. Y. Same, 3 Mar.; from J. Jay Barden, Stanley N. Y. Same, 15 Mar.; from Brighton N. Y. through state department of agriculture. Same, 11 May; from H. C. Peck, Brighton N. Y. Same on apple and willow, 5 Aug.; from Dr S. A. Russell, Poughkeepsie N. Y. Same, on ash, 7 Mar.; from Isaac Hicks & Son, Westbury Station N. Y. Same, 28 Ap.; from Mrs E. H. Mairs, Irvington on the Hudson N. Y. and 23 May; from W.B. Diamond, Montgomery co. Md. Chionaspis pinifoliae Fitch on pine, 25 Feb.; from G. G. Atwood, Geneva N.Y. Same 31 May; from E, T. Schoonmaker, Albany N. Y. Scurfy bark louse, Chionaspis furfurus Fitch, on pear, 25 Feb: from G. G. Atwood, Geneva N. Y.; 11 May; from H. C. Peck, Brighton N. Y. 1 Sep.; from J. O. Carleton, New York. Same on Pyrus japonica, Ap. from Hingham Mass. through Leonard Barron, New York. Same on crimson thorn, 7 Mar.; from Isaac Hicks & Son, Westbury Station N. Y. . Branches of Euonymus europaeus nearly covered with Chi- onaspis euonymi Comst. 19 Oct.; from Fishkill on the Hudson, from Leonard Barron, New York. Same on lilac, 19 Ap.; from E. C. Powell, Greatneck N. Y. Same on Prunus pissardi and other shrubs, Ap.; from Mrs E. H. Mairs, Irvington on the Hudson N.Y, REPORT OF STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1899 619 Physopoda Onion thrips, Thrips tabaci Lind. on lettuce, 15 June; from W. R. Houston, Geneseo N. Y.; 1 July; from G. S. Graves, New- port N. Y. Orthoptera White flower cricket, Oecanthus nivyeus DeGeer, 17 Aug.; from Mrs E. B. Smith, Coeymans N. Y. Small, striped, ground cricket, Nemobius fasciatus DeGeer, 8 Aug.; from Rev. W. H. Roberts, Utica N. Y. Eggs of katydid, Microcentrum retinervis Burm. on grape; 25 Sep.; from F, H. Hein, Philadelphia co. Pa. Ceuthophilus maculatus Say, male, 17 Aug.; from Mrs E. B. Smith, Coeymans N. Y. Orchelimum vulgare Harr., 17 July; from F. J. Riggs, Albany N. Y. Schistocerca rubiginosa Harr, az May; from. W.. C,; Hitchcock, Cropseyville N. Y. Periplaneta orientalis Linn, 21 July; from Albert Kelly and Frank Riordan, Albany N. Y. Isoptera White ant, Termes flavipes Kollar, infesting dwelling house, 30 Mar.; from W. G. Lewis, Trinity place, Albany N. Y. Plecoptera Leuctra species, 14 Ap.; from Franklin Sherman jr, Foresthome Tompkins co. N. Y. Perla tristis Hagen, 21 June; from W. C. Hitchcock, Crop- seyville N. Y. Odonata Anax junius Drury, male, 17 Aug.; from Mrs E. B. Smith, Coeymans N. Y. Epiaeschna heros Fabr. female, 9 June; from Miss B. E., Riggs, Albany N. Y. Plathemis trimaculata DeGeer, male, 12 June; from Herman Sellnow, Albany N. Y. Thysanura Thermobia furnorum Prov. 29 May; from Mrs E. L. Strong, Ogdensburg N. Y. ' 620 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Arachnida Nest of trap door spider, 25 Mar.; from Eliza B. Torrey, San Diego Cal. Red spider, Tetranychus telarius Linn. on apple, 3 Feb.; from Geneva N. Y. through state department of agriculture. Eggs of clover mite, Bryobia pratensis Garm. on appletwigs, 14 Jan. and 15 Mar.; from Brighton N. Y. through state department of agriculture. Tyroglyphus ?siro Linn. abundant in wheat bran, 17 Aug.; from M. Albert Morris, Oneonta N. Y. through W. C. Franklin. Phytoptus quadripes Shim., 23 May; from W.B. Diamond, Montgomery co. Md. Myriapoda Young of Julus caeruleocinctus Wood, injuring squashes, 6 July; from C.C. Merriam, Lyon Falls N. Y. INDEX References are given under preferred scientific names. The synonyms used in the text of the publications cited are placed in curves after the name, and the synonomy given applies only to these citations. The superior figure points to the exact place on the page in ninths: e. g. 608? means page 608 beginning in the second ninth of the page, i. e. about two ninths of the way down. abbotii, Thyreus, 608’. abdominalis, Deltocephalus, 615°. abietis, Chermes, 6167. Acanthia lectularia, 585°. Acanthosoma haemorrhoidale, 613°. aceriella, Lithocolletis, 564°, 613°. acerifolii, Pemphigus, 616°. aceris, Pseudococcus, 560°, 616°. Acholla multispinosa, 614’. Acknowledgments, 537°. acraea, Estigmene, 608’. Acronycta dactylina, 611‘. oblinita, 611°. Adalia bipunctata, 556°, 5957, 605°. Adams, M. F., insects from, 603°, 6037, 603°, 605°, 616°; summary of voluntary reports of, 555°-58*. Agonoderus pallipes, 606°. Agricultural fairs, exhibition of in- sects at, advocated, 575°. Agricultural papers, voluntary ob- server reports summarized for, 550%. Agrilus anxius, 556*, 556°, 557°, 557°, 563°, 5697, 582°, 590*, 6057. betuleti, 590*. ruficollis, 579°. Alaus oculatus, 605%. Albany county, summary of volun- tary reports from, 552’, Albany (N. Y.) evening journal cited, 590°. Albany institute, address before, cited, 593°. albicornis, Urocerus, 592°, 601*. albifrons, Symmerista, 6097, albovenosa, Arsilonche, 611°. Alexander, Harry, insects from, 6157. Allen, C. L., insects from, 603', 611°, 616%; summary of voluntary re- ports of, 5677-687, Allorhina nitida, 585‘. Alsophila pometaria, 612‘. Alypia octomaculata, 565°, 580, 609°. Ambler, H. S., insects from, 607°. American agriculturist cited, 595*. American gardening cited, 588’, 590?, 593‘, 593°. americana, Clisiocampa, see Clisio- campa americana, Notonecta, 615‘. Schizoneura, 569%, 616°. Silpha, 6067. americanum, Belostoma, 615’. Ampelophaga myron, 608°. ampelopsidis, Telamona, 616’, Amphipyra pyramidoides, 611’. amygdali, Diaspis, 6187. 622 Anasa tristis, 553‘, 554’, 559°, 583%, 5917, 598", 614". Anax junius, 619". ancylus, Aspidiotus, 579, 617°. Anderson, G. H., insects from, 600%. Angell, G. W. J., quoted, 576*. Anisota senatoria, 610*. Anomala lucicola, 5707, 579", 604°. Anosia plexippus, 5387, 565°, 569°, 607°. Ant, 593°. red, 586°, 6007. antennata, Xylina (syn. X. cinerea or X. laticinerea), 589°, 591°. Anthocoris nemoralis, 614*. sylvestris, 614°. Anthony, Mrs E. C., insects from, 6051, 606°, 609*, 612°, 614°. Anthrenus scrophulariae, 586°, 592°, 605°. verbasci, 605°, antiopa, Euvanessa, see Euvanessa antiopa. antiqua, Notolophus, 609%. anxius, Agrilus, see Agrilus anxius. Apanteles congregatus, 608°. Aphididae, 592°. Aphids, 5557, 555°, of*; 572. Aphis, green, 567’, 567°. Aphis on pea, 567’. Aphis gossypii, 591°. mali, 55o', 555°, 562°, 567, 572’, 592*, 616". rumicis, 595°, 616°. viburni, 616°. Apis mellifica, 600°. Apocynum androsaemifolium, see Dogbane. Apple aphis, 553’, 553°, 554*, 554°, 554°, 5554, 555°, 562°, 567°, 568", 572", 572°, 616". woolly, 566%, 616%. Apple leaf Bucculatrix, 577’, 613%. Apple tree, bumblebees abundant on, 558°; 5567, 5627, 563°, NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Apple tree, insects etc. injurious to: Aphis, 562’, 5677, 5718, 6167. apple tree borer, 554°. Aspidiotus ancylus, 617°. ostreaeformis, 617’, 617%. perniciosus, 617°. Bryobia pratensis, 6207, canker worms, 564’. Chionaspis furfurus, 599. Cicada septendecim, 574°. Clisiocampa americana, N62, DOO, DIT. disstria, 553°, 568", 572°, 610", 610°. Coleophora fletcherella, 577°. malivorella, 577°, 6137, Dolerus arvensis, 601°. grape vine flea beetles, 555°. Hyphantria cunea, 571°. Micropteryx pomivorella, 613°. Mytilaspis pomorum, 618+. Notolophus leucostigma, 609°. Schizoneura lanigera, 616*. Schizura concinna, 609°. tent caterpillars, 561%. Tmetocera ocellana, 570°. Tetranychus telarius, 620°. Xylina species, 563°. Apple tree bark louse, 556%, 578°, 595°, 618°. Apple tree borer, 574°, 577°. Apple tree caterpillar, red humped, 609%. yellow necked, 562*, 6097. Apple tree tent caterpillar, 5337,552’, 553°, 5534, 5537, 5557, 555”, 556’, 558%, 559%, 558%, 5587, 558°, 559°, 559°, 560%, 562', 562°, 563°, 563%, 564°, 564’, 5652, 565°, 565’, 566°, 566°, 568%, 5697, 5697, 570*, 5717, 571°, 571°, 572°, 5734, 574, 577%, 589%, 591?, 611’. Apricots, Conotrachelus nenuphar injuring, 570°, 570’. Arachnida, contributions of, 620°. arctica, Xylophasia, 611’. ] INDEX TO REPORT OF STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1899 arge, Euprepia, 609°. argus, Chelymorpha, 602*. Argus (Albany, N. Y.) cited, 590%, 501°, 592°, 598°, 598°, 593’, 595%, 597°, 600°. Argynnis cybele, 607°. armeniacum, Lecanium, 589%, 617°. armicollis, Magdalis, 556°. Armstrong, A. M., insects from, 603°, 6047, 604°, 606°, 607’, 607°, 6097, 610°, 611°, 611’, 614°, 615°, 615’; referred to, 543°; summary of voluntary reports of, 564°-65’. Army worm, 585°, 588°. Arsenical poisons,experiments with, 545°-48?. Arsenical poisons cited, 591°. Arsilonche albovenosa, 611°. arvensis, Dolerus, 601°. Ash, insects injurious to: Clisiocampa disstria, 553°. Mytilaspis pomorum, 618°. Podosesia syringae, 555’. asparagi, Crioceris, see Crioceris as- paragi. Asparagus, insects injurious to: Crioceris asparagi, 583°. 12-punctata, 583’. Asparagus beetles, 540°-41%, 573°, 588*, 599°. common, 540°, 541%, 559°, 562°, 5637, 567°, 567°, 5835, 599%, 6037. 12-spotted, 533°, 540°, 541°, 573’, 574’, 5837, 602°-3'. Aspidiotus ancylus, 5797, 617°. nerii, 617+. ostreaeformis, 579’; tions of, 6177-187. perniciosus, 5667, 578°, 589°, 590°, 617*. Assistants in office, 5357. Association of economic entomolo- gists referred to, 599°. asteroides, Cucullia, 612*. Asterolecanium quercicola, 6177. Asters, Diabrotica vittata on, 569°. 558%, contribu- es ——..é”—_]}—REOEOWDO mm 623 astyanax, Basilarchia, 607+. ater, Capsus, see Rhopalotomus. Rhopalotomus (syn. Capsus), 614°. atratus, Tabanus, 565’, 6067. atropunctata, Eupteryx, 615°. Attacus promethea, see Callosamia. Attagenus piceus, 586*, 594°, 605’. Atwood, G. G., insects from, 602%, OF, Gia, 61T, GIT, 61, GIP, 618°, 618°, 6187, 618°. Aulacaspis rosae, 618°. Automeris io, 559, 571°, 610°. Azelina peplaria, 612’. Bacon, James, insects from, 6027. Bacon, Dermestes lardarius infest- ing, 586”. Bacon beetle, 5867, 605". Bag worm, 582+, 609°. Balaninus species, 601’. Ballston (N. Y.) daily journal cited, 5937. Banks, C. S., appointed assistant, 5357. barbita, Magdalis, 556°, 5827, 589°. Barden, J. J., insects from, 605°, 609%, 6117, 613°, 614°, 617', 617°, 618’, 618°; referred to, 545’, 553°; sum- mary of voluntary reports of, 565'-66°. Bark louse, scurfy, 563°, 5737, 5787, 593%, 5997, 618". Barnet, Jesse, insects from, 603’, 6137. Barron, Leonard, insects from, 617°, 618°, 618°, 618°. Basilarchia astyanax, 607+. ° Basilona imperialis (syn. Eacles), 592*, 610°. Basselin, T. B., insects from, 607°. Basswood, Clisiocampa disstria on, S72?) STZ. Baxter, M. S., insects from, 615°; re- ferred to, 545°. Beadle, H. L., summary of volun- tary reports of, 572°-73°. 624 Bean weevil, 587°, 590', 602°. Beans, Bruchus obtectus injuring, 587°. Bed bug hunter, masked (kissing bug), 5347, 538°, 557°, 562°, 585°, 588°, 597°, 614°. Bed bugs, 585°, 5867. Beech tree, Neoclytus erythrocepha- lus reared from, 556°. Bees, 588’. bumble, 558°, 566°, 588", 600°. honey, 566°, 587°, 600°. humble, see Bees, bumble. large carpenter, 600°. Beets, Mamestra picta injurious to, 584°. sugar, insects injurious to: Chelymorpha argus, 602%. Systena frontalis, 538’, 602°. bellona, Brenthis, 607°. Belostoma americanum, 6157. Benacus griseus, 615°. Beneficial insects, 587°-88°, 588°, 598". Berberick, J., insects from, 615’. Betula alba, see Birch, white. lenta, see Birch, black. lutea, see Birch, yellow. betulaecolens, Callipterus, 556’, 616°. betuleti, Agrilus, 590*. bicolor, Sehirus, 613’. bifurcus, Boletotherus, 6027. Bigsbee, John, report from, 570°. bilinearia, Endropia, 612’. bimaculata, Oberea, 563°, 569*, 603’. binotata, Enchenopa, 569°, 615°. Biologie collection, exhibition of, ad- vocated, 575°. bipunctata, Adalia, 556°, 595’, 605°. Birch aphis, 556*. Birch borer, bronze, 582°, 6057. Birch tree, insects injurious to: Agrilus anxius, 556’, 582’, 590*, 6057. Callipterus betulaecolens, 556’, 616°. 583", NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Birch tree, black, Agrilus anxius in- festing, 557°-58?. cut leaved, insects injurious to: borer (? Agrilus anxius), 563°. unknown insect (possibly Agri- lus anxius), 5697. white, insects injurious to: Agrilus anxius, 5587, 5827. Aspidiotus ancylus, 617°. yellow, Agrilus anxius infesting, 5d7°-58. Birds in relation to insect abund- ance, 544’, 553%, 561°, 564°, 566%, 568°, 596. Bittersweet, Enchenopa binotata de- stroying, 569°, 615°. Black fiy, large (Tabanus atratus), 565°. Black 552". Blackberry bushes, Oberea bimacu- lata injuring, 563°, 603°. Blissus leucopterus, 592%, 6147. Blister beetles, 583°, 5977. ash gray, 597’, 602’. black, 571°. striped, 5977, 597°, 6027. Bloodgood, Tremain, referred to, 560°. Blue jay, feeding on forest tent cat- erpillar, 544°. Bogue, Virgil, insects from, 616°; summary of voluntary reports of, 566". Boletotherus bifurcus, 6027. Bombus fervidus, 600°. virginicus, 600°. Bombyx mori, 587°. Bordeaux mixture cited, 596°. borealis, Epilachna, 591’. Borers, 554°, 558", 590%, 596°. round headed, 574°, 577°. Bot fly, 606°. boucheanus, Dibrachys, 600°. Boutwell, L. E., insects from, 601°. walnut caterpillar, striped, INDEX TO REPORT OF STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1899 Box elder plant bug, 593°. Boynton, M. F., appointed assistant, 535*. brassicae, Plusia, 567°. Brenthis bellona, 607°. Briggs, F. L., insects from, 608°, 609°. Briggs, J. B., insects from, 603”. Bristle tail, 591*, 594°. Broome county, summary of volun- tary reports from, 552°-53°. Brotolomia iris, 611°. Brown tail moth, 609%. Bruchus obtectus, 587°, 602°, pisorum, 587". brunneum, Orthosoma, 603°. Bryobia pratensis, 620°. Bucculatrix pomifoliella, 577’, 613%. Buckley, James, insects from, 617°. Bud moth, 553’, 562°, 563*, 565’, 565°, 566°, 570%, 5951, 6137. Buprestid, divaricated, 605°. Burns, J. A., insects from, 600’. Burrell, D. H., insects from, 604’, _ 605°. Byturus, pale brown, 590’. Byturus unicolor, 589*, 590”. Cabbage, insects injurious to: Carneades tessellata, 568’, 611°. Mamestra picta, 584°. Pieris rapae, 584". Thrips tabaci, 584°. wire worms, 554’. Cabbage butterfly or worm, 552’, 5o3*, 561°, 565%, 566°, 5675, 567’, 569°, 584°, 607°. Cabbage looper, 567°. Cacoecia cerasivorana, 564°, 612°, rosaceana, 5957. Caddice flies, 556°, 5907. Cadelle, 605°. caementarius, Pelopoeus, 600". caeruleocinctus, Julus, 620, Calandra granaria, 574‘, 601°. calearata, Saperda, 557’, 603+. 625 calearatus, Miris, 614°. Caledonia (N. Y.) advertiser cited, 596". caliginosus, Harpalus, 6067. Callipterus betulaecolens, 556’, 616°. ulmifolii, 592+. Callosamia promethea (syn. Atta- cus), 598’, 6107, Calocoris 6-guttatus, 614°. Calosoma scrutator, 606‘. Camellia japonica, Pseudaonidia species on, 616°. Canada fly, 556°. canadensis, Leptura, 603°. Trypeta, 591’. candida, Saperda, 554°, 557°, 574°, 577’. Canker worm, 559?, 559°, 562’, 562°, 5637, 563°, 564’, 564°, 565°, 566’, 572°, 589°; fall, 612+. Capsus ater, see Rhopalotomus. Caraway, Papilio polyxenes on, 570°. Carbon bisulfid cited, 590*. Carleton, J. O., insects from, 618°. Carnations, insects injurious to: Peridroma saucia, 5844, 594’, 611*. white grubs, 569”. Carneades messoria, 611°. tessellata, 568', 611°. carnifex, Cosmopepla, 613°. carolinus, Telephorus, 605%. Carpet beetle, black, 586‘, 594°, 605". Buffalo, 5867, 592°, 605° Carpocapsa pomonella, 555°, 560%, 561°, 563‘, 565°, 567*, 571°, 613°. Carpocoris fuscispinus, see Penta- toma. Carrion beetle, 606%. Carrots, Papilio polyxenes on, 570°. Carty, Amos, insects from, 603°, 607°. Carty, Arthur, insects from, 600°. caryae, Halisidota, 608°. Case bearers, 563%. 626 Catalogue of insects exhibited at New York state fair cited, 599". Catalogues of exhibition collection distributed, 575°, 576°, 576°, 577°. Cat birds feeding on forest tent caterpillars, 544’, catenaria, Cingilia, 612°. Catocala unijuga, 612°. Cauliflower, insects injurious to: Carneades tessellata, 5687. white grubs, 569°. wire worms, 554’. cavicollis, Galerucella, 589°. Cayuga county, summary of volun- tary reports from, 553°. Cazenovia (N. Y.) republican, 596". Cecidomyia destructor, 558*, 565’, 570°, 573°, 589*, 598", 606". leguminicola, 573°, 592°. species, 607°. cecropia, Samia, 609°. Cecropia moth, 609%. Cedar birds feeding on forest tent caterpillars, 544’. Celastrus scandens, Enchenopa bi- notata on, 615°. Celery, Papilio polyxenes larvae eating, 575’. celeus, Phlegethontius, 5637, 567°, 569°, 608°. cerasi, Myzus, see Myzus cerasi. cerasifex, Lecanium, 589°, 617°. cerasivorana, Cacoecia, 564°, 612°. cerealella, Sitotroga, 587°. Cereals, insects in: Plodia interpunctella, 587*. Silvanus surinamensis, 587°. Ceresa diceros, 616°. cerintha, Chamyris, 612. Ceuthophilus maculatus, 619%. Chaitophorus species, 592%. Chalcis ovata, 557°. Chalcophora liberta, 605+. chalybea, Haltica, see chalybea. Champris cerintha, 6127. Haltica NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Chapman, C. E., insects from, 605*; summary of voluntary reports of, STi Chauliognathus species, 588%. Chautauqua county, observer failed to report, 552°. Chelymorpha argus, 602%. Chermes abietis, 616°. Cherry Tortrix, 564°, 612°. Cherry tree, insects injurious to: aphids, 571°, 572%. Aspidiotus ostreaeformis, 617’. Clisiocampa americana, 577*. disstria, 570°, 610’. Hyphantria cunea, 564°. wild, tent caterpillars breeding on, 559°. Cherry tree aphis, 553°, 566%, 568°, 571°, 595". Cherry tree slug, 589. Chestnut trees, insects injurious to: Clisiocampa disstria, 563°. Hyphantria cunea, 571°. Macrodactylus subspinosus, 571". Chestnut weevil, 601’. Chestnuts, Balaninus species injur- ing, 601’. Chewink feeding on forest tent caterpillar, 544°. Chickadee, black capped, feeding on forest tent caterpillar eggs, 544’. Childs, C. E., insects from, 603°, 604°, 608°, 610*; summary of vol- untary reports of, 558°-59?. Chinch bug, 592°, 614’. 550°, 562’, Chionaspis euonymi, 588°, 618°. furfurus, 563°, 5737, 5787, 593%, 59%, 6187. pinifoliae, 618°. Chippies, see Sparrows, chipping. Chittenden, F. H., referred to, 573%. Chrysomela multiguttata, 602°. Chrysops niger, 606°. chrysorrhoea, Euproctis, 609. INDEX TO REPORT OF STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1899 Cieada, or harvest fly, 538’, 552°, 565, 565°, 565°. 17-year, 533°, 535’, 544°-45°, 553°, 562°, 562", 563", 5648, 566", 566°, 574", 574°-75*, STS, 596%, 599°, 615°. Cicada septendecim, 533°, 5357, 544°- 45°, 553°, 562°, 5637, 564°, 566’, 574", 578, 596%, 590%, chambers of, 574’. tibicen, 538°, 552’, 552°, 558°, 565°, 565°, 615°. Cicindela 6-guttata, 606°. purpurea, 606°, Cigar case bearer, 565°, 566°, 577°. Cigarette beetle, 594°, 605". cimicoides, Ilyocoris, see Naucoris. Naucoris (syn. Ilyocoris), 615°. cinerea, Nepa, 615%. Xylina, see X. antennata. Cingilia catenaria, 612°. Circular to those interested in ento- mology cited, 591°, City pests, article on, cited, 590°. Clark, J. H., insects from, 613°. Clarke, G. S., summary of voluntary reports of, 571°-72°. Clarke, J. M., insects from, 605’. clayata, Coptocycla, 602°. Cleary, M. F., insects from, 617. Clematis paniculata, Epicauta cin- erea on, 602°. Cleveland, H. F., insects from, 6017. Click beetles, 574°. Clisiocampa americana, 533’, 552’, 558", 555’, 555", 5567, 558%, 559°, 560°, 562', 562°, 563°, 564°, 564°, 565", 566°, 566°, 568*, 5697, 570*, S71’, 571°, 571°, 572°, 5734, 574’, 577°, 589%, 5917, 5947, 595°, 6117. disstria, 533°, 535%, 541°-44°, 553’, 558°, 554°, 554", 555°, 556%, 558*, 508", 559°, 560°, 561’, 561°, 562’, 562’, 5631, 563°, 564°, 565°, 566°, ' 567°, 568%, 5687, 569°, 570', 570°, 671*, S71’, 571°, 572°, 573", 573°, 615°; | 627 574*, 580°, 589°, 591°, 594°, 5947, 595°, 595°, 596*, 596°, 599°, 600°, 610°. See also Forest tent caterpillar. Clover, crimson, good for bumble bees, 566°. Clover hay caterpillar, 592’, Clover midge, 573°, 592°. Clover mite, 6207. Clydonopteron tecomae, 612°. c-nigrum, Noctua, 611°. coccinea, Fulgora, 615°. Cockroach, 586°. Cocoons collected at public expense, 5431, 561°, 572°. Codling moth, 555°, 560°, 561°, 563%, 567%, 567°, 571°, 588*, 6137. Coe, C. C., insects from, 616%. cognataria, Lycia, 612°. Coleman, W. H., insects from, 610*. Coleophora fletcherella, 565°, 566°, 577°. malivorella, 577*, 6137. Coleoptera, contributions of, 601°-6°. Collection of insects, state, 535°-36°. Lintner’s 536’. Collection, preservation and distribu- tion of New York insects cited, 593°; contents, 59-4° Colopha ulmicola, 597%, 616%. Columbia county, first observer failed to report, 552°; summary of voluntary reports for, 553°-54°. comes, Typhlocyba, 589”. confusa, Haploa, 608’. confusum, Tribolium, 587°. congregatus, Apanteles, 608°. Conotrachelus crataegi, 5637. nenuphar, 562°, 563°, 567°, 570°, oi". conquisitor, Pimpla, 557°, 600°. Contributions to the collection, 600*- 20%. Controlling city pests cited, 590°. Controlling insect pests cited, 599°. 628 Cook, C. B., insects from, 602°; sum- mary of voluntary reports of, 566’- 67°. Cooperation of public invited, 591°. Copper, American, 607°. Coptocycla clavata, 602°. Cordyceps ravenelii infesting May beetle, 604°, Corixa mercenaria, 615°. praeusta, 615%. Corn, insects injurious to: Crambus species, 571°. Euphoria inda, 584°. Hydroecia nitela, 572’, 572°. cornuta, Corydalis, 613°. . Correspondence of office, 535°; in- ereased through voluntary ento- mologic service, 551°-52?. Corsair, black, 597°. Corydalis, horned, 613°. Corydalis cornuta, 613°. Cosmopepla carnifex, 613°. costalis, Pyralis, 592°. Cotalpa lanigera, 604°. Cottonwood, Saperda calearata in- festing, 557’, 603%. Country gentleman cited, 588°, 589°, 5897, 589°, 589%, 589°, 589%, 590%, 5907, 5904, 590°, 590°, 591% 5918, 592°, 593°, 5945, 594°, 5947, 595%, 595", 595%, 595*, 595°, 596%, 596+, 596°, 596°, 596%, 5971, 597%, 5973, 597, 597°, 5977, 597%, 597°, 598}, 5982, 598°, 598‘, 598°, 598%, 598°, 598°, 5997, 599°, 5994, 599°, 599’, 599%, 599°, 600’, 600°; insects re- ceived through, 612°; quoted, 576*- Xe Cows, Tabanidae (horse flies) annoy- ing, 555°. Cox, W. T., insects from, 602". Cox, Mrs. W. T., insects from, 609°. Crab apple, Clisiocampa americana One OGe'. Crambids, 574°. Crambus species, 571°. NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM crataegi, Conotrachelus, 563%. Crataegus oxyacantha var. paulil, see Paul’s thorn. Cratotechus species, 600°. Creeper, black and white, feeding on forest tent caterpillar, 544°. ) eressoni, Urocerus, 592’. Crimson thorn, Chionaspis furfurus on, 618". . Crioceris asparagi, 540°, 541°, 558°, 559", 562°, 563", 5675, 567, 573°, 583°, 599°, 603°. 12-punctata, 533°, 540°, 541°, 558*, 573°, 574", 583", 599°, 602”.. cristatus, Prionidus, 588°, 614°. cristifera, Mamestra, 611°. crocataria, Xanthotype, 612’, Crosby, C. R., insects from, 601’, 601°, 6037, 605°, 608°, 612’, 614%, 614°; referred to, 541°, 545°; sum- mary of voluntary reports of, 573°- 15%. Croton bug, 586°. Crow, feeding on forest tent cater- pillar, 5448. Cruger, C., insects from, 613%. Cryptorhynchus lapathi, 557*, 557°. Cuckoos feeding on forest tent cat-— erpillar, 544°; black billed, 544°; yellow billed, 544°. Cucullia asteroides, 612'. Cucumber or potato or black flea beetles, 555’, 563°, 566°, 566°, 567°, 567°, 568°, 571%) 571, 58a ees 602°. Cucumber or squash beetle, striped, 553¢, 553°, . 560", 560°, 564°, 566°, 567%, 569°, 5837, 591’, 602°. Cucumbers, insects injurious to: Diabrotica vittata, 553°, 564%, 583°. Epitrix cucumeris, 566°. cucumeris, Epitrix, see Epitrix cu- cumeris. cucurbitae, Melittia, see M. satyrini- formis. INDEX TO REPORT OF STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1899 cunea, Hyphantria, see Hyphantria cunea. cupripennis, Platynus, 606%. Curious insect tastes cited, 594°. Currant, insects injurious to: aphids, 5537, 562’, 5718, 572’. Aspidiotus ancylus, 617°. Diastictis ribearia, 579*, 612°. Janus integer, 579°. Myzus ribis, 553°, 563°, 566*, 574°. Ormenis pruinosa, 615°. Poecilocapsus lineatus, 554°. Polygonia interrogationis, 607°. Pteronus ribesii, 579°, 6017. Sesia tipuliformis, 579°. Tenthredo rufopectus, 579°. Currant aphis, 568°, 571°, 574°. _ Currant borers, 579°, 601°. Currant span worm, 568°, 579%, 612°. Currant stem girdler, 566°, 566°. Currant worm, 554’, 555°, 555’, 559°, | 563°, 5644, 567°, 568°, 569°, 569°, 6717, 571°, 572", 574°, 579°. Cut worms, 594". dark sided, 611°. striped, 568", 611°. variegated, 584*, 611%. cybele, Argynnis, 607°. Cyllene pictus, 592’. robiniae, 539", 557°, 6037. dactylina, Acronycta, 611*. Dahlias, Diabrotica vittata injuring, D6. Daily Saratogian (Saratoga Springs, N. Y.) cited, 594’, 594°. dama, Lucanus, 570’, 604’, Darrow, C. H., insects from, 610’, 617°. Datana ministra, 554°, 562*, 609’. species, 552°. Davenport, N., insects from, 602°. Dawley, F. E., insects from, 605°; referred to, 577°. decemlineata, Doryphora, see Dory- phora 10-lineata. 629 DeGroot, John, insects from, 604+. DeGroot, Richard, insects from, 611°. Deilephila lineata, 600*, 60S*. Delaware county, summary of vol- untary reports from, 554". Deltocephalus abdominalis, 615’. Dennison, E. P., insects from, 601’, 615°. Dermestes lardarius, 586", 605". Desmocerus palliatus, 603°. destructor, Cecidomyia, see Cecido- myia destructor. Nectarophora, 538°, 567°, 616°. devastatrix, Xylophasia, 611’. Diabrotieca vittata, 553*, 553°, 564°, 566°, 567°, 569°, 5837, 602°. Diamond, W. B., insects from, 618°, 620°. Diaspis amygdali, 618°. Diastictis ribearia, 568°, 579*, 612°. Dibrachys boucheanus, 600°. Dicerca divaricata, 605’. diceros, Ceresa, 616%. diphteroides, Microcoelia, 611+. Diplosis pyrivora, 553°, 568*, 5787. tritici, 564°, 573°, 606°. Diptera, contributions of, 606°-7’. Dipterygia‘scabriuscula, 611°. Disonycha triangularis, 561°, 602". dispar, Xyleborus, 578+. disstria, Clisiocampa, see. Clisio- campa disstria. Distribution of insects, 533°. divaricata, Dicerca, 605%. Dogbane, Pyrausta futilalis on,574°, 612’. Dolerus: arvensis, 601°. : dolobrata, Leptoterna, 574°, 614°. Dolph, J. M., referred to, 541°; sum- mary of voluntary reports of, 566%. domestica, Lepisma, see Thermobia furnorum, Musca, 585°. 560%, 591’, 561’, 630 Doryphora 10-lineata, 552°, 553%, bdo’, 555", 558°, 508°, 559", 561", 562", 563°, 564°, 565, 567", 567", 568°, 570°, 571°, 5737, 582°, Downer, H. S., insects from, 608°. Dragon flies, 590°. Drepanosiphum acerifolii, 545*, 592*. Dresser, Herrman, insects from, 615°. | drummondi, Melanophila, 605°. duodecim-punctata, Crioceris, see Crioceris 12-punctata. Dupree, W. B., insects from, 607°, 609", 610°, 614°, 617°; summary of voluntary reports of, 571°. Durkee, J. H., insects from, 607’, 610°, 6115. Dutchess county, summary of vol- untary reports from, 554°-55°. Dwelling, infested with Termes flavipes, 619°. Eacles imperialis, see Basilona. Eager, W. S., insects from, 617%. Eastern New York horticultural society, address before, cited, 592°, 5931. Eastern New York _ horticulturist cited, 593°. ’ Economic entomology, interest in, stimulated, 550°. egle, Euchaetes, 608’. Elaphidion villosum, 581°, 589°, 592°, | 603°. Ellsworth, Addison, insects from, 608", 608°, 609°, 609°, 611%, 611’, G11", GLI, 612', 612, 6124, 612’, 612". Elm, insects injurious to: ' Aspidiotus ostreaeformis, 6187. Clisiocampa disstria, 553°, 572%. Disonycha triangularis, 561°, | 5061", 602'. Euvanessa antiopa, 553°, 570’, 574°, GOT. NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Elm, insects injurious to: Galerucella luteola, 560*, 560%, 560°, 581°. Haltica chalybea, 602°. Magdalis armicollis, 556°. barbita, 556°, 582?, 589°, Neoclytus erythrocephalus, 589. Notolophus leucostigma, 580°. plant lice, 552°.. Saperda tridentata, 556°, 589°, 589%. Schizoneura americana, 616°. American, Disonycha triangularis injuring, 538%. 569°, European, Gossyparia ulmi in- festing, 581°. slippery, Pemphigus ulmifusus on, 616°. white, Clisioeampa disstria on, 572°. Elm bark louse, 581%, 592°, 5957. Elm borer, 581°, 589, 589%, 592°, 5967. . Elm gall, cockscomb, 597°, 616%. Elm leaf beetle, 534°, 535°, 538%, 539°-40°, 555°, 555*, 560%, 560°, 560°, 560°, 560°, 568°, 568°, 581°, 588%, 589°, 590°, 5927, 592%, 592°, 593%, 593", 595°, 595°, 596°, 597, 598", ' §98*, 599°; experiments with arsenical poisons, 545°-48°. Elm leaf miner, 589°. Elm snout beetle, 582°. Enchenopa binotata, 569°, 615°. Endropia bilinearia, 612’. Entomologic features of the year, =995 vod. Entomological society of Albany, 5ot'. ephemeraeformis, © Thyridopteryx, 582+, 609°. Epiaeschna heros, 619%. Epicauta cinerea, 583°, 602'. pennsylvanica, 571°. vittata, 583°, 5977, 597°, 6027. Epilachna borealis, 591°. Etat INDEX TO REPORT OF STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1899 Epitrix cucumeris, 555’, 563°, 566°, 5677, 567°, 568°, 571°, 571", 583", 591", 602°. equi, Gastrophilus, 606°. Erannis tiliaria, 562°, 589°, 612°. erichsonii, Lygaeonematus, 574°, 601%. Erie county, summary of voluntary reports from, 555°-58°. Eriocampoides limacina, 589°. Eristalis tenax, 606°. erythrocephalus, Neoclytus, 5577, 5897, 603°. Essex county, observer failed to re- port, 552°, Estigmene acraea, 608’. Euchaetes egle, 608". Euchlaena serrata, 612". euonymi, Chionaspis, 588°, 618%. Euonymus, insects injurious to: Aphis rumicis, 595°, 6167. Chionaspis euonymi, 588", 618°. Euphoria inda, 584’, 604°. Euprepia arge, 609°. parthenice, 609°. 556°" Euproctis chrysorrhoea, 609*.. Eupteryx atropunctata, 615°. Eurymus philodice, 607°. Eurypelma hentzii, 591°. Euvanessa antiopa, 541°, 553°, 566°, 5707, 572°, 574°, 599°, 599°, 607°. Evenitiy Herald (Syracuse, N. Y.) quoted 576°. Evergreens, Thyridopteryx ephem- eraeformis on, 582%. Exhibitions of insects, 536°-377; at agricultural gatherings, 575°-88°. exitiosa, Sanninoidea, 567°. Exochilum mundum, 601’. Experiments with arsenical poisons, 545°-48", Farmers’ institutes, exhibition of insects at, 575°, 577°. Farrell, J. H., insects from, 608%. fasciatus, Nemobius, 619°. 631 Feathers, Attagenus piceus feeding on, 586". Feltia subgothica, 611°, femoratus, Haplandrus, 602°. Pelocoris, 615°. fervidus, Bombus, 600°. Finder, A. P., insects from, 607°, 610%. Fish fly, 568°. Fish moth, 591+. Fisher, Mrs A. G.,, 616°. Fisheries, forest, and game com- missioners, article in report of, 535%. Fishkill (N. Y.) standard cited, 598". Fivey, Catherine, insects from, 608°, Flanders, Lillian, insects from, 604‘. Flanders, Mrs G. L., insects from, 607°. Flashover, G. A., insects from, 610’. flavipes, Termes, 619°, Flea beetle, black, see Cucumber flea beetle. red-headed, 538°, 583°, 599°, 602°. Fletcher, James, referred to, 540’. fletcherella, Coleophora, 565°, 566%, Ott: Flicker feeding on forest tent cater- pillar, 544*. Flint, O. Q., insects from, 603%, 603’, 605°, 606", 608%, 608°, 609", 609%, 611’, 614°, 616°; summary of volun- tary reports of, 560°. Flour, Tribolium confusum ing, 587°. Flour beetie, confused, 587°. Flower beetle, bumble, 584", 604°. rough, 604'. Flower cricket, white, 580°, 619°. Flower flies, 588°. Food products, dried, Silvanus suri- namensis infesting, 587°. Foord, Joseph, referred to, 5457. Foord, Joseph, & Sons, insects from, 609; summary of yoluntary re- ports of, 553°. insects from, infest- 632 Forbush, E. H., observations on in- sectivorous birds, 544°. Forest tent caterpillar, abundance and destructiveness of, 541°-43, 5617, 564°, 572°; contributions of, 610°-11'; experiments with, 548'; fought at public expense, 533’, D425, 5431, 561°, 572°; reference, hae, 535%, 5531, 558%, 553° 5pt’, 545, 554’, 555%, 555*, 556°, 5658’, 5dS, DOS, 559, 559%, 5d9*, 560%, 560*, -560°, 560°, 561°, 561°; 561°, Doz, Oo2, D0o, Jue, OGD, JUU, 567°, 568°, 568", 5691, 569*, 569%, Jog ,. Jue, O10, NO, OL, DIL, wl, tic, ole, sis, Dis, ola. 580°, 589°, 591°, 594°, 5945, 595°, 596%, 596°, 599°; remedies and pre ventives for, 5437-44", 580°. Forest worm, see Forest tent cater- pillar. Forester, eight spotted, 565°, 580, 609%. Formulas for insecticides and fungi- cides cited, 598". Franklin, W. C., referred to, 620°. Frey, S. L., insects from, 607°, 608’, 616°. Fritillary, great spangled, 607°. meadow, 607°. frontalis, Systena, 538°, 583°, 599°, 602°. Fruit trees, insects injurious to, 5TT*-T3: Aphis, green, 567”. Aspidiotus ancylus, 579. ostreaeformis, 579". perniciosus, 578°. Bucculatrix pomifoliella, 577’. Cacoecia rosaceana, 595’. Chionaspis furfurus, 578". Cicada septendecim, 578°. Clisiocampa disstria, 567°, 570%, 571", 580°. Diplosis pyrivora, 578°. Hyphantria cunea, 554°. | | NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Fruit trees, insects injurious to: Macrodactylus subspinosus,577*. Mytilaspis pomorum, 578°. Myzus cerasi, 5957. Saperda candida, 577°. Scolytus rugulosus, 578°. Tmetocera ocellana, 595". Xyleborus dispar, 578%. Fruits, small, and vines, insects in- jurious to, 579°-80*. fucosa, Hypoprepia, 608". Fulgora coccinea, 615°. Fulton county, summary of volun- tary reports from, 558°-59". Fungus beetle, forked, 6027. furfurus, Chionaspis, see Chionaspis furfurus. furnorum, Thermobia, 591%, 594°, 619°. fusca, Lachnosterna, 585*, 604°. fuscispinus, Carpocoris, see Penta- toma. Pentatoma (syn. Carpocoris), 613°. futilalis, Pyrausta, 574°, 612%. Galerucella cavicollis, 589°. luteola, 534°, 535°, 538%, 539°-40?, - 5457, 5557, 560°, 560*, 568°, 568°, 581°, 589°, 5927, 592°, 593°, 595°, 596°, 597°, 598°, 599°, 6027. Galls, 596°. Gamble, George, insects from, 609°, 610°, 612°. Garden crops, 582'-85?: Anasa tristis, 583%. Diabrotica vittata, 566°. Epitrix cucumeris, 566°, 583°. Hydroecia nitela, 584°’. Lygus pratensis, 584°. Mamestra picta, 584°. Peridroma saucia, 584*. Poecilocapsus lineatus, 585°. Gardens, milkweed butterflies abun- dant in, 569°. insects injurious to, INDEX TO REPORT OF STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1899 Gardner, Levi, summary of volun- tary reports of, 571. Gastrophilus equi, 606°. Gehring, Mrs B., insects from, 604*. Genesee county, summary of volun- tary reports from, 559*-60’. germanica, Phyllodromia, 586°. gibbosa, Nadata, 609%. glauca, Notonecta, 615*. glaucaria, Synchlora, 612%. glaucus, Jasoniades, 608°. globulus, Holeaspis, 601%. Golden rod, Epicauta pennsylvanica on, 571°. Goldfish food, corne in, 6057. Goldman, M., insects from, 602’, 608*, 615°. Goldsmith beetle, 604°. goniphorus, Poecilocapsus, 614°. Gooseberries, insects injurious to: Lecanium armeniacum, 617°. Pteronus ribesii, 563°-64', 574°. Gooseberry fruit fly, 591. Gordinier, H. W., insects from, 614"; spraying in Troy, 534. Gossyparia ulmi, 581°, 592°, 616°. gossypii, Aphis, 591°. graefiana, Scopelosoma, 612’, Grain beetle, saw toothed, 587%, 605°. Grain moth, 587°. Grain weevil, 574‘, 601°. Grains, Sitotroga cerealella working in, 587°. Grains and leguminous seeds, in- sects affecting, 587". granaria, Calandra, 574*, 601°. grandis, Lebia, 580°. Grange meetings, exhibition of in- sects at, advocated, 575°. Grape, wild, Pelidnota punctata on, 571°. Grape vine, insects injurious to: Alypia octomaculata, 565°-66’, 5807, 609°. Lasioderma § serri- 595’, €33 Grape vine, insects injurious to: Anomala lucicola, 579". Haltica chalybea, 564°, 602°. Lecanium pruinosum, 617°. 563", 555°, Lygus pratensis, 574*, 614". Macrodactylus subspinosus, 570°. Microcentrum retinervis, 619%. Oxyptilus periscelidactylus,612’. Pelidnota punctata, 579. Grape vine beetle, light loving, 570°, 579", 604°. spotted. 571°, 579°, 604*. Grape vine flea beetle, 555°, ddD*, 563", 564°, 565°, 570*, 573%, 5744, 579°, 602°. Grape vine hog caterpillar, 608°. Grape vine leaf hopper, 565’, 589°. Grape vine plume moth, 569°, 574’, 580", 612°. Grasses, insects injurious to, 585°: Allorhina nitida, 585+ Lachnosterna fusca, 585*. Leptoterna dolobrata, 574°, 614%. Leucania unipuncta, 585°. Grasshoppers, 558°, 559’, 560°, 562%, 564’, 5645. 568°, 5737, 584, 585°. grataria, Haematopis, 612+. Graves, G. S., insects from, 602’, 604°, 604°, 605°, 6G07*, 609", 610°, Git, 611°; . 612*;-'613',' 616, GLH summary of voluntary reports of, 561’. Green fruit worms, 563°, 566", 567°. Greene county, summary of volun- tary reports from, 560°. griseus, Benacus, 615°. Ground birds, see Sparrows, chip- ping. Ground cricket, small, striped, 619%. Haematobia serrata, 562°, 573’. Haematopinus urius, 615°, Haematopis grataria, 612°. haemorrhoidale, Acanthosoma, 613°. 034 Halisidota caryae, 608°. tessellaris, 608°. Haltica chalybea, 555°, 55d°, 564°, 570*, 573°, 579°, 602°. hamadryadella, Lithocolletis, 613°. Hanks, M. E., insects from, 614°. Haplandrus femoratus, 602°, Haploa confusa, 607’. Harpalus caliginosus, 606’. pennsylvanicus, 606%. Harlequin caterpillar, 608". Harvest fly (Cicada tibicen), 5387, 552", 5528, 565', 565°, 565°. Haston, Calvin, referred to, 574’. Hein, F. H., insects from, 619°. 563'," Hemiptera, contributions of, 6137- 18°. Hemlock, Aspidiotus ancylus on, 617°. Hendricks, James, insects from, 6108. hentzii, Eurypelma, 591°. Heodes hypophleas, 607°. Herkimer county, summary of vol- untary reports from, 561%. heros, Epiaeschna, 619°. Hessian fly, 558*, 558°, 565+, 565’, 565°).15708.8. 570%. 573%, S73", Has*, 598", 606°. | Hickory, Elaphidion villosum work- ing in, 603°. Hickory borer, 592°. Hickory tussock moth, 608°. Hicks, Isaac, & Son, insects from, 618°, 618°. High schools, student collectors in, 6007. hilaris, Nezara, 613°. Hitchcock, W. C., insects from, 600°, 601’, 601’, 603°, 604°, 6057, 605°, 605’, 605°, 606', 606%, 606°, 606%, 607°, 607’, 607°, 608', 6087, 608°, 609°, 611°, 612‘, 619*, 619°; summary of voluntary reports of, 568%. Hog louse, 615°. Holcaspis globulus, 601°. NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Holroyd, Mrs James, insects from, 604°. Homoptera lunata, 598°, 612°, Honey locust, insects injurious to: - Cyllene robiniae, 5577. Prionoxystus robiniae, 557?. Hooker, Lewis, insects from, 603%; referred to, 545°; summary of vol- | untary reports of, 563°-64°. Hop vines, Polygonia interroga- tionis feeding on, 571*, 607°. Hoplia trifasciata, 604°. Horn tails, 580°. Horse chestnut, Notolophus leuco- stigma feeding on, 565*, 580°. Horse flies, 555°, 565°. green headed, 565°. large black, 606’. House flies, 565°, 585°. Household insects, 585°-86°. Houston, W. R., insects from, 601°, 603°, 6057, 615°, 619°; referred to, 5457; summary of voluntary re- ports of, 562°. Howard, L. O., insects from, 618°; referred to, 541%. Howe, H. N., insects from, 614+. Hudson river as_ transportation agent for insects, 592’. Hudson river valley, injurious in- sects of, 5937. Huested, P. L., insects from, 617°, 6175, 618', 618°. Huested, S. B., insects from, 609°; summary of voluntary reports of, 568". . Hunt, J. F., summary of voluntary reports of, 570%. Hurd, L. H., insects from, 605°. Hurley, Mrs, insects.from, 610%. hyalinata, Margaronia, 591‘. Hydrangeas, Macrodactylus_ sub- spinosus injuring, 561%, 604°. Hydroecia nitela, 567*, 572°, 584°, G11", velata,, 6125, INDEX TO REPORT OF STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1899 Hymenoptera, contributions of, 600°-1°. Hyperplatys maculatus, 603°. Hyphantria cunea, 552°, 554°, 559°, 560°, 562*, 564°, 565°, 567°, 568’, 571°, 572%, 582°, 595°, 597", 609". hypophlaeas, Heodes, 607°. Hypoprepia fucosa, 608’. Ichneumon flies, 572*. Ichneumon seminiger, 601%. ichneumonea, Sphex, 600’. Ilex verticillata, Aspidiotus ancylus on, 617°. Ilyocoris cimicoides, see Naucoris. Imperial moth, 592‘, 610°. imperialis, Basilona (syn. Eacles), 592', 610°. Eacles, see Basilona. inda, Euphoria, 584’, 604°. Index to Reports 1-13 referred to, 534’. Indian meal, Plodia interpunctella in, 587?. Indian meal moth, 587'. indigenella, Mineola, 612°. . Ingalsbe, G. M., insects from, 607°. innumerabilis, Pulvinaria, 581’, 589”, 596°. inquisitor, Pimpla, 557°. Insecticides, hints about, cited, 591. insulata, Notonecta, 615*. integer, Janus, 5667, 579°, 601°. interpunctella, Plodia, 587‘. interrogationis, Polygonia, 5744, 697°, io, Automeris, 559°, 571°, 610*. Io caterpillar, 5597, 571°, 610%. Ips quadriguttatus, 605°. iris, Brotolomia, 611°. isabella, Pyrrharctia, 609. Isoptera, contributions of, 619°. Ivy, English, Aspidiotus nerii on, 617+. Jackson, G. A., insects from, 616°. Jackson, John, insects from, 608*. Janus integer, 566°, 579°, 601°. 635 Jasoniades glaucus, 6087. Jefferson county, summary of vol- untary reports from, 562'. Johnson, F., failure to report as yol- untary observer, 552°. Johnson, Theresa, insects from, 610°. Joutel, L. H., referred to, 541°. Julus caeruleocinctus, 620. June beetles, 574°. junius, Anax, 619%. Katydids, 552’, 600°, 619. Kellogg, Gertrude, insects from, 616". Kelly, Albert, insects from, 606’, 619°. King bird feeding on forest tent caterpillars, 561°. Kirkaldy, G. W., insects from, 613°, 613°, 614°, 614', 614% 615', 615*, 615°, 615°, 615°, 615°. Kirkland, A. H., insects from, 609%. Kissing bug, or masked bed bug hunter, 534, 538°, 557°, 562°, 585°, 588", 597°, 614°. Knotty horn, cloaked, 603°. Lachnosterna fusca, 585*, 604°. Lady bugs, 554*, 5887. northern, 591’. two spotted, 556°, 605°. Laertias philenor, 607°. Lafler, W. A., insects from, 6167. Lamson, E. S., insects from, 610°. Landers, Jack, insects from, 603%. lanigera, Cotalpa, 604°. Schizoneura, 566°, 616%. lapathi, Cryptorhynchus, 557*, 557°. Lappet moth, 611°. Larch, insects injurious to: Clisiocampa disstria, 553°. Lygaeonematus erichsonii, 574°, 6017. Larch saw fly, 574°. lardarius, Dermestes, 586’, 605’. Lasioderma serricorne, 594°, 605°. 636 laticinerea, Xylina, nata. Lead acetate, in composition of ar- senate, 547*, 548°. Lead arsenate, experiments with, 5477, 5487. Lead bored by insects, 594°. Leaf bug, four lined, 554°, 565°, 585’, 614°. Leaf crumpler, 612°, Leaf roller, oblique banded, 595*. red banded, 578°. Lebia grandis, 589". Lecanium armeniacum, 589°, 617°. cerasifex, 589°, 617°. pruinosum, 617°. prunastri, 563°, 564". tulipiferae, 588°, 591*, 617°. lectularia, Acanthia, 585°. Lee, V. P. D., insects from, 608°. leguminicola, Cecidomyia, 573°, 592°. Leguminous seeds, and grains, in- sects affecting, 587°. Leopard moth, 582°, 596°. Lepidoptera, contributions of, 607°- 13. Lepisma domestica, see Thermobia furnorum. Leptocoris trivittatus, 593°. Leptoterna dolobrata, 574°, 614°. Leptura canadensis, 603°. Leroy (N. Y.) gazette cited, 599%. Léster, F. B., failed to report’ as voluntary observer, 552°. Lettuce, Thrips tabaci on, 561°, 562°, 584°, 619". Leucania multilinea, 611°. unipuncta, 585°, leucopterus, Blissus, 592°, 614°. leucostigma, Notolophus, see Notolo- phus leucostigma. Leuctra species, 619°. Lewis, H. D., summary of volun- tary reports of, 554°-55°. Lewis, W. G., insects from, 619*. liberta, Chalcophora, 605*. See X. anten- | | Ee ee ee em NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Library, Lintner’s, 5367. of division, 536°. Lilac, insects injurious to: Callosamia promethea, 6107. Chionaspis euonymi, 618°. Lilac caterpillars, 5987. Lily buds, caddice fly injuring, 590”. limacina, Eriocampoides, 589%. Limmer, Charles, insects from, 611+. Lime tree winter moth, 562°, 589%, . 612°. lineata, Deilephila, 600%, 608*. lineatus, Poecilocapsus, 554’, 565°, 5857, 614°. Linsley, J. G., insects from, 614°. Lintner, J. A., referred to, 590°. Lithocolletis aceriella, 564°, 613°. hamadryadella, 613°. Livingston, R. R., failure to report as voluntary observer, 552°. Livingston county, summary of vol- untary reports from, 562°. Locust borer, 539’, 603". Locust trees, insects injurious to: Automeris io, 571°. Cyllene robiniae, 5389, 603%. Locusts (Cicada tibicen), 558°. London purple, experiments with, 546. Long sting, lunate, 580°, 601°. Lophoderus triferana, 573°. Lowe, V. H., observations on insec- _tivorous birds, 544°. Lueanus dama, 570°, 604°. lucicola, Anomala, 570°, 579%, 604°. Luna moth, 610°. lunata, Homoptera, 598°, 612% _ lunator, Thalessa, 580°, 599*, 601°. luteola, Galerucella, see Galerucella luteola. Lutts, Henry, insects from, 617°. Lycia cognataria, 612°. Lyctus unipunctatus, 604°. Lygaeonematus erichsonii, 574°, 601". Lygus pratensis, 574%, 584°, 592°, 614%. Lyman, Charles, insects from, 607°. INDEX TO REPORT OF STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1899 McCulloch, Miss, insects from, 610’. McLaughlin, W. H., insects from, 603', 603°. Macrobasis unicolor, 597°. Macrodactylus subspinosus, 555%, 561*; 563°, 568°, 570, 571‘, 577°, 604", maculatus, Ceuthophilus, 619%. Hyperplatys, 603°. Madison county, summary of volun- tary reports from, 562°-63*. Magdalis armicollis, 556°. barbita, 556°, 5827, 589°. Magnolia soulangea infested with Lecanium tulipiferae, 588’, 617°. Mairs, Mrs E. H., insects from, 617', 618°, 618°. mali, Aphis, see Aphis mali, malifoliella, Tischeria, 613%. malivorella, Coleophora, 577°, 6137. Mamestra cristifera, 611°. picta, 584°, 589°, 591°, 616°, purpurissata, 6117. renigera, 611°. subjuncta, 611°. Maple, decaying stump of, Lucanus dama and Pelidnota punctata in, 570°. Maple leaf scale insect, 616°. Maple tree, insects injurious to: Clisiocampa disstria, 533°, 542°, 553°, 562°, 5631, 568°, 571°, 572°, 572%, 580°, 595°, 610’, 610°. Elaphidion villosum, 581°. Euvanessa antiopa, 607°. Hyphantria cunea, 564°. Lithocolletis aceriella, 564°, 613°, Phytoptus quadripes, 596°. Plagionotus speciosus, 564°, 574+, Pseudococcus aceris, 616°. Japanese, Parlatoria viridis on, 618°. Silver, insects injurious to: Mytilaspis pomorum, 595°. Phytoptus quadripes, 557°, 595°. 637 Maple tree, sugar, insects injurious | to: Clisiocampa disstria, 542°, 554’, 564°, 565°. Plagionotus speciosus, 533°, 6037, Maple tree borer, 533°, 564°, 574', 581°, 5967, 599*, 603°. Maple tree pruner (or oak pruner), 581°, 589°, 592*, 603°. Maple tree scale insect, 5817, 589°, 596°. Maple worm, see Forest tent cater- pillar. Margaronia hyalinata, 591’. nitidalis, 591'. mauritanica, Tenebriodes, 605°. Maxwell, T. C., Bros., insects from, 6187. May beetles, 562°, 566’, 604°. May flies, 556°, 568°. Meadows, insects injurious to: grasshoppers, 559%. white grubs, 573°. Meal worm, 602’. cottony, Measuring worms, 564’. Meats, Dermestes lardarius in, 586’, 605°. Melanolestes picipes, 597°. Melanophila drummondi, 605°. Melanoxanthus salicis, 616°, Melittia cucurbitae, see M. satyrini- formis. satyriniformis (syn. M. cucur- bitae), 582°, 591’. mellifica, Apis, 600°. Melon plant louse, 591°. Melon worm, 591’. Melons, Diabrotica vittata injuring, 553°, 5645, 569°. Melophagus ovinus, 606°. mercenaria, Corixa, 615°. Merriam, C. C., insects from, 601%, 610°, 610°, 611°, 612°, 620*; referred to, 542’. messoria, Carneades, 611°, 638 Metz, J. U., insects from, 602°, 6037, 605*, 605°, 606°; summary of volun- tary reports of, 558°. Microcentrum retinervis, 600%, 619°. Microcoelia diphteroides, 611+. Micropteryx pomivorella, 613°. Milkweed butterfly, 538°, 565%, 569°; contributions of, 607°. Miller, J. C., insects from, 612°, 613°; summary of voluntary reports of, 564°. . Miller, M. M., insects from, 602%. Millington, Mrs L. A., insects from, 601’, 608%. Mineola indigenella, 612°. ministra, Datana, 554°, 562‘, 609". Miris calcaratus, 614°. misella, Pentilia, 605°. Mites, 593°. moesta, Saperda, 556°. molitor, Tenebrio, 602°. Monahan, Helen, insects from, 607°. Monomorium pharaonis, 586°, 600’. Monophadnoides rubi, 538%, 570°, 573°, 601°. Monostegia rosae, 5628, 601°. Monroe county, summary of yvolun- tary reports from, 5637-64’. mori, Bombyx, 587°. Morning glory vines, golden tortoise beetles on, 565%. Morris, M. A., insects from, 620. Mountain ash, insects injurious to: Aspidiotus ancylus, 617°. Saperda candida, 557°. multiguttata, Chrysomela, 602°. multilinea, Leucania, 611°. multispinosa, Acholla, 614’. mundum, Exochilum, 601°. Musca domestica, 585°. Mushroom bed, Sciara species in, 598°. Myers, F. W., insects from, 609°. Myriapods, 593°, 599°; contributions of, 620+. NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM myron, Ampelophaga, 608°. Mytilaspis pomorum, 556°, 566°, 578°, 595°, 618". Myzus cerasi, 553°, 571°, 592°, 595". ribis, 563°, 566%, 568°, 571°, 574°, 592°, 555°, 5627, 566+, Nadata gibbosa, 609°. Naucoris cimicoides (syn. Ilyocoris), 615°. Nectarophora destructor,’ 538°, 567’, 616°. Nemobius fasciatus, 619°. nemoralis, Anthocoris, 614°. nenuphar, Conotrachelus, see Cono- trachelus nenuphar. Neoclytus erythrocephalus, 5d7T*, 589°, 603° Nepa cinerea, 615+. nerii, Aspidiotus, 617%. Neuroptera, contributions of, 613°. New England farmer cited, 5897. New York farmer cited, 593°, 594°, 5957, 595*,. 596°, 596°, 596°). 597; HOT?, 597*, 597%, 59T". New York state museum, Bulletin 26 cited, 593°; contents of, 597'; Bulletin 27 cited, 595"; contents of, 595'-96°; Folder cited, 599°; 51st Re- port cited, 591°; 52d Report cited, 590". Newburgh (N. Y.) journal cited, 593%. Nezara hilaris, 613°. Nicholl, Frank, insects from, 615". niger, Chrysops, 606°. nitela, Hydroecia, 567%, 572°, 611°. nitida, Allorhina, 585*. nitidalis, Margaronia, 591%. niveus, Oecanthus,, 580°, 619°. Noctua ¢-nigrum, 611°. Notes of the year for New York cited, 599%. Notes on injurious insects for 1899, 538-48", 556%, 584%, INDEX TO REPORT OF STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1899 Notolophus leucostigma, 535°, 556°, 557°, 557°, 565*, 580*, 589%, 590%, 5917, 593°, 595°, 609. antiqua, 609*. Notonecta americana, 615*. glauca, 615°. insulata, 615%. undulata, 615%. undulata var., 615°. Nott, P. K., insects from, 611°. Nuthatches feeding on forest tent eaterpillars, 544’, 344°. Oak pruner, see Maple tree pruner. Oaks, insects injurious to: Anisota senatoria, 610*. Clisiocampa disstria, 553°. Elaphidion villosum, 581°. Hyphantria cunea, 571°. Prionoxystus robiniae, 557° Telea polyphemus, 610°. chestnut, Lithocolletis hamadrya- della on, 613°. English, Asterolecanium querci- cola on, 617°. white, Symmerista albifrons on, 609". Oats, grasshoppers injuring, 5737. Oberea bimaculata, 563°, 569*, 603°. oblinita, Acronycta, 611°. obtectus, Bruchus, 602°. ocellana, Tmetocera, see Tmetocera ocellana. octomaculata, Alypia, 609°. oculatus, Alaus, 605%. Odonata, contributions of, 619". Oecanthus niveus, 580°, 6197. Office work, 534’-35*. Oneida county, summary of volun- tary reports from, 564°. Onion thrips, 573’, 584°, 619%. Onondaga county, summary of vol- untary reports from, 564°-65'. Ontario county, summary of volun- tary reports from, 565’-66°*. Ophion tityri, 601°. 565°, 580%, 556°, 639 Opsicoetus personatus, 534’, 538°, 557°, 5577, 585°, 588°, 597°, 614°. Orange county, summary of volun- tary reports from, 566‘, fp OReharee insects injurious to: Aphis mali, 567° bud moth, 565°. canker worm, 559", 563°, 565°. Chionaspis furfurus, 5737. Clisiocampa americana, 570%. disstria, 610°. Datana ministra, 562+. Erannis tiliaria, 562°, Hyphantria cunea, 562'. Psylla pyricola, 553°, 559°. Schizoneura lanigera, 566°. Orchelimrm yulgare, 619. orientalis, Periplameta, 586°, 619°. Oriole feeding on elm leaf beetle, 568°; on tent caterpillars, 44’, 5H. Orleans county, summary of yvolun- tary reports from, 566". Ormenis pruinosa, 615°, Orthoptera, contributions of, 619°. Orthosoma brunneum, 603°. Osborn, William, insects from, 610%. Osmoderma scabra, 604*. ostreaeformis, Aspidiotus, 579%. Oswego county, summary of yolun- tary reports from, 566°-67°. Oewres sialadacgok fair, exhibition of dard aed 563°, Senate pire 601". Otterson, H. N., insects from, 616%. Otterson, J. toa insects from, 601°, 602’, 604°, 604%, 608*, 6157. ovata, Chalcis, 557° ovatus, Pileedry nese 601°, ovinus, Melophagus, 606°. Owen, C. A., Summary of voluntary reports of, 562°-637. Owl beetle, 605+. Oxyptilus periscelidactylus, 574°, 580", 612°. 569°, 640 ’ Oyster shell bark louse, English, 579°; contributions of, 6177-18". Painted footman, 608’. palliatus, Desmocerus, 603°, pallipes, Agonoderus, 606°. Polistes, 600°. pandorus, Philampelus, 608°. panicea, Sitodrepa, 594°. Papers, injured by Thermobia fur- norum, 594°, Papilio polyxenes, 570°, 5757, 608%. Paragrene, experiments with, 546°. Parasitism in relation to insect abundance, 544°, 553%, 557°, 560°, 561°, 561°, 572’, 5817, 588°, 599%. Paris green, experiments with, 546’, 548°. ‘ Parlatoria pergandii, 618*. viridis, 618°. parthenice, Euprepia, 609%. Pastures, Grasshoppers 559. Paul’s thorn, Saperda candida on, BOT. Pea crop, Nectarophora destructor injuring, 538°, 567°, 616°. Pea weevil, 587°. Peach bark borer, 578°. Peach scale, 618°. Peach tree, insects injurious to: aphids, 562, 571°; Clisiocampa americana, 574. disstria, 574’. Euphoria inda, 584’. Lecanium cerasifex, 617°. Peach tree borer, 567°. Pear blight beetle, 578%. Pear midge, 553°, 568*, 5787. Pear psylla, 553°, 5547, 554°, 554+, 559*, 559°, 560°, 5637, 563*, 564’, 567?. Pear tree, insects injurious to: Aspidiotus ostreaeformis, 618. bud worms, 562*. Chionaspis furfurus, 618". injuring, NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Pear tree, insects injurious to: Clisiocampa disstria, 553°, 6107. Conotrachelus nenuphar, 562°. Hyphantria cunea, 560°, 560°. Psylla pyricola, 554°, 560°. Xylina species, 563°, 7 Bartlett, Carpocapsa pomonella on, 560°. Duchess, Psylla pyricola on, 563”. Kieffer, Chionaspis furfurus on, 563°. Lawrence, Diplosis pyrivora on, 563°. Pear tree slug, see Cherry tree slug. Pearl crescent, 607°. Peck, C. H., insects from, 603', 6037, 605°, 609", 610°, 610°, 612°, 615°. Peck, H. C., insects from, 604°, 607?, G13*,.. 617°, GIT’, Gi. Gis Gis 618°. Pelecinus polyturator, 600%. Pelidnota punctata, 570°, 571°, 579%, 604+. Pelocoris femoratus, 615°. Pelopoeus caementarius, 600". Pemphigus acerifolii, 616°. populi-transversus, 592°. ulmifusus, 616°. pennsylvanica, Epicauta, 571° | pennsylvanicus, Harpalus, 606°. Pentatoma fuscispinus (syn. Car- pocoris), 613%. rufipes. see Tropicoris. Pentilia misella, 605°. peplaria, Azelina, 612’, pergandii, Parlatoria, 618+. Peridroma saucia, 584*, 5947, 611+. Periplaneta orientalis, 586°, 619°. | periscelidactylus, Oxyptilus, 569%, | 5747, 580%, 612°. Perla tristis, 6197. perniciosus, Aspidiotus, see Aspidio- tus perniciosus. | personatus, Opsicoetus, see Opsicoe- tus personatus. | pharaonis, Monomorium, 586°, 600°. INDEX TO REPORT OF STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1899 Phelps, Edith, inseets from, 604*. Philampelus pandorus, 608°. philenor, Laertias, 607°. philodice, Eurymus, 607°. Phlegethontius celeus, 569°, 608*. Phyciodes tharos, 607°. Phyllodromia germanica, 586°. phymata wolffii, 614’. Physopoda, contributions of, 619*. Phytoptus quadripes, 557°, 595°, 596°, 620°. | piceus, Attagenus, 586*, 594°, 605’. picipes, Melanolestes, 597°. Pickle worm, 591’. picta, Mamestra, 584°, 616°. ‘ pictus, Cyllene, 592°. Pieris rapae, 5527, 553°, 561°, 565°, 566°, 5677, 569°, 584°, 607°. Pimpla conquisitor, 557°, 600°. inquisitor, 557°. Pine, Chionaspis pinifoliae on, 618°. Pine floor, Dermestes. lardarius working in, 605°. pinifoliae, Chionaspis, 618°. pisorum, Bruchus, 587". Pistol case bearer, 577°, 6137. Plagionotus speciosus, 533%, 564°, 574%, 581°, 599°, 603°. Plant bug, tarnished, 584°, 592°, 614+. Plant lice, 538°,.545°, 552°, 555°, 566+, 566°, 588", 588*, 592°, 595*, 605°. Plathemis trimaculata, 619%. Platynus cupripennis, 606+. Plecoptera, contributions of, 619°. plexippus, Anosia, 538’, 565°, 569°, 607°. Plodia interpunctella, 587%. Plum curculio, 562°, 563°, 567°, 567°, 570°, 570°, 570", 5717. Plum scale, New York, 563°, 564’, 564. Plum tree, insects injurious to: Aspidiotus ostreaeformis, 617°. Conotrachelus nenuphar, 570’. 5637, 567°, 589°, 591%, 558", 641 Plum tree, insects injurious to: Notolophus leucostigma, 609. Sehizura unicornis, 553°. Bradshaw, on, 563°. European, Aspidiotus ostreaefor- mis on, 617°. Japanese, Lygus pratensis on, 614+, purple leaved, Aspidiotus ostreae- formis on, 618°. Plume moth, gartered, see Grape vine plume moth. Plusia brassicae, 567°, precationis, 612°. simplex, 612’. Podisus spinosus, 613°. Podosesia syringae, 555°. Poecilocapsus goniphorus, 614°. lineatus, 554°, 565°, 585’, 614°. Polistes pallipes, 600°. Pollen carriers, 587°, 588. Pollock, H. M., insects from, 608". Polygonia interrogationis, 571‘, 607°. polyphemus, Telea, 610°. Polyphemus moth, 610°. Polyphylla variolosa, 604°. Polystoechotes punctatus, 6137. polyturator, Pelecinus, 600°, polyxenes, Papilio, 5707, 575°, 608. pometaria, Alsophila, 612*. pomifoliella, Bucculatrix, 577’, pomivorella, Micropteryx, 613°. pomcnella, Carpocapsa, see Carpo- capsa pomonella. pomorum, Mytilaspis, see Mytilaspis pomorum., Pop corn, green, Lophoderus trifer- ana in, 573°. Poplar, Saperda Calcarata injuring, 557". Carolina, insects injurious to: Cryptorhynchus lapathi, 557', 5D. Euyanessa antiopa, 566°. Lecanium prunastri 572’, 588*, 598’, 613%. 642 populi-transversus, Pemphigus, 592°. Populus balsamifera, Saperda moes- ta bred from, 556°. monilifera, see Cottonwood. Potato beetle, Colorado, 552°, 553%, 555°, 505’, 555°, 558°, 558°, 558°, 558°, 559°, 559°,, 560’, -560*,: 5615, 561°, 15627); 5624+) *562°,9 63% 0563", 564°, 564*, 564°, 565°, 565*, 565°, 565°, 567, 5674, 5678, 567’, 567°, 5681, 568°, 568°, 570°, 570’, 570°, SEE, OTL) Sit OTL post 2yuaTs, 582°, 588*, 589°. Potato flea beetle, see Cucumber flea beetle. Potato scab, 599%. Potatoes, insects ete. injurious to: Doryphora 10-lineata, 582°. Epicauta cinerea, 582°, vittata, 582°, 602’, Hpitrix cucumeris, 555’, 563°, 5677, 567°, 5715, 571", 602°. Hydroecia nitela, 567*, 584°, 611’. Lygus pratensis, 614°. Myriapods, 599°. unknown insect, 555°. Poughkeepsie (N. Y.) daily eagle cited, 593°. Poultry mite, 569%. Powder post beetle, 604°. Powell, E. C., insects from, 618’. Powell, G. T., insects from, 610%, 611°; summary of voluntary re- ports of, 553°-54°. praeusta, Corixa, 615%. prasinus, Thamnotettix, 615°. pratensis, Bryobia, 620’, Lygus, 574*, 584°, 592°, 614+. Pratt, F. C., insects from, 612°. precationis, Plusia, 612’. ) Predaceous insects in relation to pest abundance, 584', 5861, 5887, 588*, 588*, 589", 613°. Press, use of, 534', 534*, 534°, 535°, 550%. NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Press and Knickerbocker (Albany N. Y.) cited, 593°. Preston, E. J., insects from, 607°. Preventives, see Remedies and pre- ventives. Prionidus cristatus, 588°, 614°. Prionoxystus robiniae, 5577, 557°. promethea, Attacus, see Callosamia. Callosamia (syn. Attacus), 598’, 610°. Promethea moth, 598", 6107. pruinosa, Ormenis, 615°. pruinosum, Lecanium, 617’. prunastri, Lecanium, 563°, 564. Prune, German, Lecanium pru- nastri on, 563°, Prunus, Aspidiotus ancylus on, 617°. pissardi, Chionaspis euonymi on, 618°. Pseudaonidia species, 616%. Pseudococcus aceris, 560°, 616°. Psylla pyricola, 553°, 559*, 560°, 5637, 567". . Pteronus ribesii, 554’, 555°, 5557, 559°, 564%, 567, 568'569)} pa oaTl, 574°, 57S): 6017: Publications of the entomologist, list of, 588°-600*; referred to, 535°. Pulvinaria innumerabilis, 581’, 589°, 596°. Pumpkin vines. Diabrotica vittata on, 564°. punctata, Pelidnota, 570°, 571°, 579°, 604". punctatus, Polystoechotes, 6137, Purple, red spotted, 607+. purpurea, Cicindela, 606°. purpurissata, Mamestra, 611’. Putnam’s scale, 579°. Pyralis costalis, 592°. pyramidoides, Amphipyra, 611’. Pyrausta futifalis, 574°, 612°. pyricola, Psylla, see Psylla pyricola. pyrina, Zeuzera, 582°. pyrivora, Diplosis, 553°, 568*, 5787. Pyrrharctia isabella, 609°. INDEX TO REPORT OF STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1899 Pyrus japonica, see Quince tree, Japan, sorbus, see Mountain ash. quadriguttatus, Ips, 605°. quadripes, Phytoptus, 557°, 596°, 620%. quadripustulata, Winthemia, 588°. Queens county, summary of volun- tary reports from, 5677-68’. quercicola, Asterolecanium, 617°. Quince blossoms, click beetles in, 574’, Quince curculio, 5637. Quince tree, insects injurious to: borers, 554°, Lygus pratensis, 614'*. Japan (Pyrus japonica), Chion- aspis furfurus on, 593*, 618°. 595°, rapae, Pieris, see Pieris rapae. Raspberries, insects injurious to: Agrilus ruficollis, 579°. Monophadnoides rubi, 538", 601°. Oberea bimaculata, 569*, 603°. Podisus spinosus, 613°, red, Epitrix cucumeris on, 571’. Raspberry cane girdler, 563°; 569, 603°. Raspberry gouty gall beetle, 579°. - Raspberry saw fly, 538’, 570°, 570’, 573°. Red spider, 6207. Redstart feeding on forest tent eaterpillar, 544°. Regents, appointing voluntary ob- servers, 5497; support of, acknow- ledged, 537°. Regents high schools, referred to, 600°. Remedies and preventives for: Acanthia lectularia, 585°. Agrilus anxius, 556°, 5567, 582’. -ruficollis, 5797. Allorhina nitida, 585*. Alypia octomaculata, 580’. Anasa tristis, 583*. 643 Remedies and preventives (cont'd) Anomala lucicola, 579°. Anthrenus scrophulariae, 586°. ants, 586°, 598°. Aphis mali, 5537. apple aphis, 5587. apple leaf Bucculatrix, 577’. apple tree bark louse, 578". apple tree borer, 578’. apple tree tent caterpillar, 553’, 562°, 573‘, 577. army worm, 585*. asparagus beetle, common, 583°, twelve spotted, 5837. Aspidiotus ancylus, 579%, ostreaeformis, 5797. perniciosus, 578%. Attagenus piceus, 586’. bacon beetle, 5867. bag worm, 582°, bark louse, scurfy, 578°. bean weevil, 587%, 590°. bed bug hunter, masked, 586’. bed bugs, 585°. bireh aphis, 556°. birch borer, bronze, 556°, 5567, - 582". blister beetle, ash grey, 584*. striped, 584". box elder plant bug, 593°. Bruchus obtectus, 5877, 590°. pisorum, 587". Bucculatrix pomifoliella, 577’. ~ bud moth, 565°. cabbage butterfly, 584". cabbage thrips, 584*. Callipterus betulaecolens, 556°. Canker worm, 559*, 559°, 5667. carpet veetle, black, 586°. Buffalo, 586°. Carpocapsa pomonella, 555°. Chionaspis furfurus, 578°. Cicada, seventeen year, 578". Cicada septendecim, 564°, 578°. cigar case bearey, 577°. 564°, 644 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Remedies and preventives (cont'd) Remedies and preventives (cont'd) Clisiocampa americana, 553’, 562°, 573*, 577°. disstria, 543*-44°, 548*, 554°, 5807, 594°, 596°. cockroach, 586°. ecodling moth, 555°. Coleophora fletcherella, 577°. malivorella, 577°. Crioceris asparagi, 583°. 12-punctata, 583’. croton bug, 586°. cucumber beetle, striped, 553°- 547, 583. cucumber flea beetle, 583°. currant span worm, 579’. currant stem borers, 579°. currant worm, 554°, 559°, 579%. cut worms, 584°, 594°. Dermestes lardarius, 586’. Diabrotica vittata, 553°-54', 583°. Diastictis ribearia, 579°. Diplosis pyrivora, 553’, 5787. Doryphora 10-lineata, 582°. Elaphidion villosum, 581°. elm bark louse, 581°. elm borer, 582’. elm leaf beetle, 534°, 539°, 5815, 592°, 593°, 596°, 597°, 598°. elm snout beetle, 556°, 582°. Epicauta cinerea, 584’. vittata, 584. Epitrix cucumeris, 583°. Euphoria inda, 584. fall web worm, 582%. fiea beetle, red headed, 538*, 583%. flour beetle, confused, 587°. flower beetle, bumble, 584°. forest tent caterpillar, 543'-44’, 548*, 5546, 5807, 594°, 596°. forester, eight spotted, 5807. Galerucella luteola, 534°, 539%, 581%, 592°, 593°, 596°, 597°, 598°. Gossyparia ulmi, 581’. grape vine beetle, light loving, 579°. spotted, 579°. grape vine flea beetle, 579°. grape vine plume moth, 580". grain beetle, saw toothed, 587%. grain insects, 590°. grain moth, 5877. grasshoppers, 585°. — Haltica chalybea, 579°. house fly, 585". Hydroecia nitela, 584+. Hyphantria cunea, 582%. Indian meal moth, 587°. Janus integer, 579°. kissing bug, 586". Lachnosterna fusca, 585°. leaf bug, four lined, 5857. leopard moth, 582°. Leptocoris trivittatus, 593°. Leucania unipuncta, 585*. Lygus pratensis, 585°. Macrodactylus subspinosus, 5685, 577*. Magdalis armicollis, 556°. barbita, 556°, 582°. Mamestra picta, 584°.” maple tree borer, 581°. maple tree scale insect, cottony, 5815, - Melittia satyriniformis, 583*.* mites, 593°. Monomorium pharaonis, 586°. Musca domestica, 585". Myriapods, 593°. ? Mytilaspis pomorum, 578". Notolophus leucostigma, 590*, 593°. Oberea bimaculata, 569%. Opsicoetus personatus, 586’. Oxyptilus periscelidactylus,580". oyster scale, English, 5797. pea weevil, 587°. peach bark borer, 578*. pear blight beetle, 578*. 580%, INDEX TO REPORT OF STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1899 645 Remedies and preventives (cont'd) pear midge, 553°, 5787. Pear psylla, 554*. Pelidnota punctata, 579°. Peridroma saucia, 584°, 594". Periplaneta orientalis, 586°. Phyllodromia germanica, 586°. Pieris rapae, 584". pistol case bearer, 577°. Plagionotus speciosus, 581*. plant bug, tarnished, 585". Plodia interpunctella, 587°. Podosesia syringae, 556". Poecilocapsus lineatus, 585’. potato beetle, 571*, 582°. Psylla pyricola, 554*. Pteronus ribesii, 554°, 559°, 579*. Pulvinaria innumerabilis, 581°. Putnam’s scale, 579°. raspberry cane girdler, 569*. rose beetle, 568°, 5707, 577°. San José scale, 578°. Saperda candida, 578. tridentata, 556°, 582*. Scolytus rugulosus, 578°. Sesia tipuliformis, 579°. Silvanus surinamensis, 587°. Sitotroga cerealella, 587*. squash bug, 583*. squash vine borer, 583". stalk borer, 584+, syringa borer, 556°. Systena frontalis, 538%, 583°. tent caterpillars, 596°. Tenthredo rufopectus, 579°. Thrips tabaci, 584°. Thyridopteryx ephemeraefor- mis, 582°. Tmetocera ocellana, 565°. Tremex, pigeon, 580°. Tremex columba, 580°. Tribolium confusum, 587°. tussock moth, white marked, 580°, 590%, 593°. web caterpillar, 598*. white grubs, 585°. Remedies and preventives (cont'd) Xyleborus dispar, 578%. zebra caterpillar, 584°. Zeuzera pyrina, 582°. Remedies and preventives for insect depredations: arsenic, white, 5547. See also poison under this heading. arsenites, 545°-48°; green, 559°; of lime, 559°. See also poison under this heading. ashes, dusting with, 5837, 585’, 585°. baits, poisoned, 584°, 585*, 585°, 594". bands, 543’, 548°, 543°, 594°. benzine, 585°, 586°. birds protected, 544°, 596°. boiling water, 544’. bordeaux mixture, 583', 583°, 598*; with arsenite of lime, 509°; with green arsenite, 559*. brushing from trees, 543°, 581°, 594°. burning, see destruction of in- fested plant parts, under this heading. carbolic soap wash, 578°, 581', 582’. carbon bisulfid, 556', 582°, 586°, 5877, 587°, 587, 587%, 587’, 590", 590°. cleanliness in localities liable to infection, 585’, 585", 586’, 587°. collection and destruction of eggs, cocoons, adults, ete. 543%, 5437, 5444, 577*, 5798, 580°, 580", 582+, 582°, 584", 590*, 593°. corrosive sublimate, 585°. cottolene, bands of, 543°. cotton batting bands, 543’, 594°. crushing eggs or larvae, 543°, 5447, 544’, 573%, 580", 5818, 583°. culture, clean, 585*. . 646 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Remedies and preventives for insect | Remedies and preventives for insect depredations (continued) cyanide of potassium, 556°. destruction of infested plant parts, 553°, 555°, 556°, 556’, 569%, 578", 578°, 578°, 578*, 578’, 579°, 579", 580", 580°, 5814, 581°, 5827, 582°, 582°, 582’, 584*, 5857. destruction of pests, direct, 543’, 5437, 548°, 5441, 544°, 544°, 573%, 577*, 579°, 580°, 5807, 581°, 581°, 582%, 582°, 583*, 584", 590*, 593°, 594°. digging out borers, 556’, 578’, 581*, 582°, 5837. ditching, 585*. dusting with ashes, 577°, 58387, 585, 585°; with lime, 579, 584°; with plaster of paris, 5837. exclusion, 5867, 593°. fly paper, sticky, 543°. fumigation with carbon bisul- fid, 587°, 587°, 587°, 587°, 5877; with hydrocyanie acid gas, 578°, 579°, 579°; with sulfur, 585°, 586°. hand picking, 570’, 577°, 579°, 379°, 580°, 582°, 5845, 5857. hellebore, 569", 579*, 584°, 584". Hooper’s fatal food, 586°. jarring with padded mallets, 5437, 543°. kerosene, 585°; and water, 5537, 504%, 559", 5841. kerosene emulsion, 544, 554*, 578", 578°, 578°, 5797, 5813, 581°, 584°, 585°, 585°, 593°. lard and sulfur, bands of, 548°. lead arsenate, 547%, 548". See also poison under this heading. lime, dusting with, 579%, 584". lime and arsenic, 553°. linseed oil with resin, 5567. london purple, 546%. See also poison under this heading. depredations (continued) netting, 578’, 583', 5837. paragrene, 546'. See also poison under this heading. parasites protected, 544°, 581". paris green, 538°, 546', 548', 554°, 562°, 571‘, 598*; with sugar, 586°. See also poison under this heading. petroleum oil, 585°. plaster of paris, 5837, 586°. poison, for spraying, 538°, 539*- 40°, 544%, 545°-48°, 553", 554’, 554%, 559°, 559%, 562%, 5714, 577, 511, ST7°, BIT, BTS, 5TH, 579°, 580°, 5815, 582*, 582°, 582°, 583°, 583’, 583°, 5841, 584°, 584’, 592”, 596°, 598*; in baits, 584°, 585%, 585°, 586°, 594°; in trap crop, 5837. potassium cyanide, 556°. predaceous insects protected, 584’, 586+, 5887, 588*, 588*, 5897. pyrethrum water, 584°, 584°. replanting, 590°. resin and linseed oil, 556’, roach poisons, 586°. sereens, 585’, 586°. shaking off, 5437, 554°, 594°. soap solution, 5845, spraying, 5344, 559*, 565°, 566’, 579%, 580°, 5807, 583°, 583°, 586%, 593°, 595°, 597°, 598°; with con- tact. insecticides, 544’, 554‘, 577, 578’, 578°, 578°, 5797, 581°, 581°, 584°, 5847, 584°, 5857, 585°, 598°; with poison, 538°, 539°- 407, 5443, 545°-489, 558", 554?, 555°, 559°, 559°, 562°, 5774, 577, 5TT*, 5TT, 5794, 57H, 579°, 5807, 581’, 582%, 582°, 582°, 583°, 583’, 5835, 5841, 584°, 584’, 592°, 596°. sulfur fumigation, 585°, 586°. tar paper, 543°. trap crop, 583%. “99 4 . @ INDEX TO REPORT OF STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1899 Remedies and preventives for insect depredations (continued) trap litter, 583*. trapping with stale beer, with sweetened sponge, tulip trees, attractive to beetles, 568°. whale oil soap solution, 544’, 577°, 578", 578°, 578°, 5797, 581°, 581’. wire netting, 578’. wire traps, 559%. renigera, Mamestra, 611°. Rensselaer county, summary of -voluntary reports from, 568’. retinervis, Microcentrum, 600*, 619°. Rhaphidodemas titea, 612°. Rhinebeck (N. Y.) gazette cited, 593°. Rhopalosiphum species, 592°. Rhopalotomus ater (syn. Capsus), 614°. , ribearia, Diastictis, 568°, 579*, 612°. ribesii, Pteronus, see Pteronus ri- besii. ribis, Myzus, see Myzus ribis. Riggs, B. E., insects from, 619°. Riggs, F. J., insects from, 601*, 601’, 6047, 606°, 6067, 608°, 609°, 614%, 586°; 586". rose 616°, 619%. Riggs, H. W., insects from, 602’, 614°, 616°. Riggs, Marguerite, insects from, 607*, 612°. Riggs, Mrs EF. J., insects from, 605°, 605*. Riordan, Frank, insects from, 606’, _ 619°. Roach, Paul, insects from, 601°, 6144. Roberts, W. H., insects from, 615’, 619°. robiniae, Cyllene, 539", 5577, 6037. Prionoxystus, 557°, 557°. Robins feeding on tent caterpillars and moths, 544’, 544°; scarcity of, 568°. 647 Robinson, Mrs H. E., insects from, 613°; referred to, 538°. Rockland county, summary of vol- untary reports from, 568%. rosaceana, Cacoecia, 595*. rosae, Aulacaspis, 618%. Monostegia, 562°, GOL’. Typhlocyba, 562*, 569°. Rose, J. F., insects from, 603°, 612°; summary of voluntary reports of, 509°-60". Rose beetle, 555°, 561%, 561°, 563°, 568°, 570', 5707, S5T1*, STT®, G04". Rose bug, see Rose beetle. Rose bush, insects injurious to: aphids, 562’. Aulacaspis rosae, 618°. Homoptera lunata, 598°, 612°. Macrodactylus subspinosus,561*, 561°, 563°, 570*, 570*, 604°. Monostegia rosae, 601°. Rose leaf hopper, 562*. Rose pest, 598°. Rose scale, 618°. Rose slugs, 570°. Rose worm, 562°, Rough notes (Valatie N. Y.) cited, 593". rubi, Monophadnoides, phadnoides rubi. rubiginosa, Schistocerca, 568*, 619°. ruficollis, Agrilus, 579°. rufipes, Pentatoma, see Tropicoris. Tropicoris (syn. Pentatoma), 613". rufopectus, Tenthredo, 579°, 592°. rugulosus, Scolytus, 578*. rumicis, Aphis, 595°, 616°. Rural New Yorker cited, 593*, 597°. Russell, S. A., insects from, 603°, 618°. see Mono- Saddle back caterpillar, 609*. St Lawrence county, summary of voluntary reports from, 568’-69". salicis, Melanoxanthus, 616°, 648 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Salix alba, Cryptorhynchus lapathi | Scurfy bark louse, see Bark louse, on, 557*. babylonica, Cryptorhynechus lap- athi on, 557*. Samia cecropia, 609°. San José scale, 566°, 578°, 589°, 590°, 590°, 592", 617%. Sand fly, 556°. Sanninoidea exitiosa, 567°. Saperda calcarata, 557‘, 603%. candida, 554°, 557°, 574°, 577°. moesta, 556°. tridentata, 556°, 581°, 5897, 589%, 592°, Saratoga county, summary of vol- untary reports from, 5697-70*. Saratoga Springs, circular issued by street commissioners cited, 594’. satyriniformis, Melittia (syn. M. cucurbitae), 582°, 591°. saucia, Peridroma, 584*, 594’, 611%. Saw fly, red-breasted, 592°. Saw fly larvae, 579°. scabra, Osmoderma,’ 604". scabriuscula, Dipterygia, 611°. Searcity of insects, 555’, 555°, 555°, 566*, 566%. Searlet tanager feeding on forest tent caterpillar, 544°. Schenectady county, voluniary re port from, 570*. Schistocerca rubiginosa, 568°, 619%. Schizoneura americana, 569°, 616°. lanigera, 566°, 616+. Schizura concinna, 553°, 6095. unicornis, 554°, 609°. Schoonmaker, E. T., insects from, 607%, 618°; summary of voluntary reports of, 5527. Sciara species, 598°, 606°. Scolytus rugulosus, 578. Scoons, Alfred, insects from, 601*. Scopelosoma graefiana, 612. scrophulariae, Anthrenus, 586°, 592°, 605°. scrutator, Calosoma, 606*. seurfy. Sehirus bicolor, 6137, Sellnow, Herman, insects from, 606', - 619%. seminiger, Ichneumon, 601°. Seneca county, summary of volun- tary reports from, 570*. senatoria, Anisota, 610*. septendecim, Cicada, see Cicada sep- tendecim. serrata, Euchlaena, 612’. Haematobia, 5627, 573’. serricorne, Lasioderma, 594°, 605". Sesia tipuliformis, 579°. sexguttata, Cicindela, 606°. sexguttatus, Calocoris, 614°. Shad fly, 568°, 568°, 569°. Shade tree pests, detailed list of, 580*-82'; publications on, cited, 592°, 593°, 595°, 595°; referred to, 534°, 535’, 585°. Shade tree pests in New York state cited, 595’. Shade trees, insects.injurious to: Clisiocampa disstria, 542', 542’, 572', 596+. Elaphidion villosum, 581°, Hyphantria cunea, 582°. Notolophus leucostigma, 580°. Plagionotus speciosus, 581°. Pulvinaria innumerabilis, 581°. Saperda tridentata, 581°. Tremex columba, 580°. Zeuzera pyrina, 582°. Shanks, S. G., insects from, 614”. Sheep tick, 606° Sherman, Franklin, 601°, 606*, 614°, 619°. Sherman, M. B., insects from, 603%, 603°, 604’, 610°, 610°, 610°, 612°, 613°, 614, 616°; summary of vol- untary reports of, 568'-69". Sherwood, Ruth, insects from, 6167; summary of voluntary reports of, 565°. insects from, INDEX TO REPORT OF STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1899 Sibine stimulea, 609°. Sickinger, Gustav, 610°. Silk worm, 587°. Silpha americana, 606°. Silvanus surinamensis, 587°, 605°. simplex, Plusia, 612". insects from, Simpson, F. M., summary of yvolun- | tary reports of, 554’. siro, Tyroglyphus, 620°. Sitodrepa panicea, 594°. Sitotroga cerealella, 587°. Slingerland, M. V., insects from, 613%. ~ Smith, B. W., insects from, 608°. Smith, J. M., summary of voluntary reports of, 552°-53°. Smith, Mrs E. B., insects from, 600°, 601’, 60z°, 602°, 603°, 604’, 605‘, 6057, 606°, 606°, 607°, 608*, 608°, 608°, 608°, 6097, 610*, 610", 613%, 615°, 614°, 614°, 614’, 614°, 615’, 6197, 619%, 619”. Smith, T. G., insects from, 616°. Snout beetle, ovate, 601°. Society of agriculturists of France referred to, 590°. Soda arsenate, in preparation of lead arsenate, 547', 548°. Soldier beetles, 5887. Soldier bugs, spined, 565°, 588*, 598’, 613%. Soule, C. G., observations on insec- tivorous birds, 5447, Sparrows, feeding on 17-year Ci- cadas, 564°. chipping (or ground birds) feed- ing on tent caterpillars and moths, 544’, 544°, 561°. English, feeding on forest tent caterpillar moths, 544°. speciosus, Plagionotus, see Plagio- notus speciosus. Sphex ichneumonea, 600’. Sphinx, white lined, 600°, 6O8*. 649 Spider, trap door, 620’. Spilosoma virginica, 609°. spinosus, Podisus, 572’, 588', 598?, 6138. Spiraeas, Macrodactylus nosus on, 570*. Spittle insects, 562*. Spray barrel on wheels cited, 590°. Spraying, value of, cited, 595°. subspi- _ Spruce, Chermes abietis on, 616°, Squash beetles, 574°. striped, see Cucumber beetle, striped. Squash bug, 553*, 554’, 559°, 583%, 591", 5981, 614". Squash vine, insects, etc. injurious to: Anasa tristis, 614’. Diabrotica vittata, 558°, 564°, 569°, 5837. Julus caeruleocinctus, 620*. Melittia satyriniformis, 582’. Squash vine borer, 582’, 5917. Stag beetle, 604°. | Stalk borer, 567*, 572", 572%, 584°. Staplin, George, jr, summary of voluntary reports of, 562%. State department of agriculture, fol- der of, cited, 598°; insects received through, 602*, 609°, 610°, 6137, 613%, GIG UGIYC, GiT?)) Bt7, GETS G17’, 618', 618°, 618*, 618°, 6207. State entomologist, 13th Report cited, 591°; contents of, 592’; 14th Report cited, 590°; contents of, 590*-91°. State fair, exhibition of insects at, , 5386, 575"-T7’. Steuben county, summary of volun- tary reports from, 571’. stimulea, Sibine, 609°. Sting of larva (Automeris io), 559°; of adult insect (kissing bug), 562°. Stock, horse flies annoying, 565°. Stone flies, 556°. 650 Strawberry vines, insects injurious to: Mamestra picta, 611°. white grubs, 567*, 567°, 569’, 599", 604". Strong, Mrs E. L., insects from, 610°, 619°. Stuart, C. H., insects from, 601°, 602%, 602°, 602°, 6037, 603°, 604’, 607‘; quoted, 538’; summary of voluntary reports of , 573°. Stuart, C. W., & Co., insects from, 6077. Student collectors of insects cited, 600°, subfusculus, Thamnotettix, 615°. subgothica, Feltia, 611°. subjuncta, Mamesira, 611". subspinosus, Macrodactylus, see Macrodactylus subspinosus. Suffolk county, summary of volun- tary reports from, 571%. Sugar bush, stripped by Clisiocampa disstria, 564°. Sulfur, clouded, 607°. Sunday press (Albany 590°, 593°, 593°. surinamensis, Silvanus, 587*, 605°. Swallow tail, black, 570°, 575°, 608. blue, 607°. tiger, 608°. Sweeney, J.-A., insects from, 615°. Sweet peas, Sibine stimulea on, 609°. Swift, W. H., & Co’s prepared arse- nate of lead, 539%, 548°. Swinnerton, H. U., insects from, 608*; quoted, 542%, sylvestris, Anthocoris, 614°. “. Symmerista albifrons, 609°. Synchlora glaucaria, 612+. yringa borer, 555°. syringae, Podosesia, 555°. Syrphid larvae, 545°. Syrphus flies, 588', 588°. Systena frontalis, 5387, 583°, 599°, 602°. N.Y.) cited, Th a NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Tabanidae, 555°. Tabanus atratus, 565°, 6067. Taber, F. A., insects from, 602°; summary of voluntary reports of, 555°. . Tachina fly, 557°. red. tailed, 588°. Tangerine, Parlatoria pergandii on, 618%. Tarantula, 591°. i Tecoma radicans, Clydonopteron te- coimae in pods of, 612°. tecomae, Clydonopteron, 612°. Telamona ampelopsidis, 6167. telarius, Tetranychus, 620°. Telea polyphemus, 610%. Telephorus carolinus, 6057. tenax, Eristalis, 606". Tenebrio molitor, 6027. Tenebriodes mauritanica, 605°. Tent caterpillars, 560*, 5885, 5M", 594°, 5955, 596°. See also Apple tree tent caterpillar; a Forest tent caterpillar. Tenthredo rufopectus, 579°, 592°. Termes flavipes, 619°. tessellaris, Halisidota, 608°. Tetranychus telarius, 6207. Texas horn fly, 5627, 562*, 5731. Thalessa lunator, 580°, 599*, 6017. Thamnotettix prasinus, 615°. subfusculus, 615%. tharos, Phyciodes, 607°. Thermobia furnorum (syn. Lepisma domestica), 591*, 594°, 619°. Thompson, J. T., referred to, 538°. Thompson, Rhoda, insects from, 600°, 6017, 602%, 6047, 604‘, 604°, 604", 604°, 604°, 606°, 607°, 607", 608", 610°, 610*, 610°, 610°, 611’, 612°, 615°, 616°; referred to, 541°; summary of voluntary reports of, 569"-70*. Thomson, J., insects from, 610’, 611’, 612*, 614", 614°, 617°. . INDEX TO REPORT OF STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1899 Thrips tabaci, 561°, 562°, 5737, 584°, 592°, 619°. Thyreus abbotii, 608’, Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis, 582*, 609°. Thysanura, contributions of, 619’. Tiger beetle, purple, 606°. six spotted, 606°. Tiger moth, Isabella, 609”. Tilia americana, Neoclytus erythro- cephalus ovipositing on, 557°. tiliaria, Erannis, 562°, 589°, 612°. Times-Union (Albany, N. Y.) cited, 593", 600°. tipuliformis, Sesia, 579°. Tischeria malifoliella, 613*. titea, Rhaphidodemas, 612’. tityri, Ophion, 601’. dmetocera ocellana, 553’, 563*, 565’, 566°, 570°, 595', 613°. Toads feeding on moths, 561’. Tobin, C. J., insects from, 601’. Tolype velleda, 611°. Tomato worm, 563’, 567°, 569°, 608°. Tomatoes, insects injurious to: Epitrix cucumeris, 566°, 602°. white grubs, 569°. Tompkins county, summary of vol- untary reports from, 571°. Torrey, E. B., insects from, 620°. Tortoise beetle, argus, 602°. clubbed, 602°. golden, 565%. Tree hopper, two spotted, 569°, 615°. Tremex, pigeon, 580°, 581’, 596’, 601°. Tremex columba, 580°, 599%, 601°. triangularis, Disonycha, 561°, 561’, 602". Tribolium confusum, 587°. trifasciata, Hoplia, 604°. triferana, Lophoderus, 573°. trimaculata, Plathemis, 619%. tristis, Anasa, see Anasa tristis. Perla, 619%. tritici, Diplosis, 564°, 573°, 606°. trivittatus, Leptocoris, 593°. 567°, 651 Tropicoris rufipes (syn. Pentatoma), 613%. Troy (N. Y.) budget cited, 590%, 595°. Troy (N. Y.) daily press cited, 593%. Troy (N. Y.) daily times cited, 590%, 592°, 5937, 597°, 598°. Troy (N. Y¥.) record, 597°. Troy scientific association, address before, cited, 592%; referred to, 534°, 593°. Trypeta canadensis, 591%. Tulip tree, Macrodactylus subspi- nosus feeding on, 568°. Tulip tree scale, 591*. tulipiferae, Lecanium, 617°. Tupper, Thomas, insects from, 601’, 611°. Turnip pest, 598*. Tussock moth, white marked, 535°, 556°, 556°, 557°, 557°, 565*, 565°, 580°, 589°, 590*, 5917, 593°, 595°, 609°. Typhlocyba comes, 589°. rosae, 562*, 569%. vitis, 565°. Tyroglyphus siro, 620°, 5888, 5914, ulmi, Gossyparia, 581°, 592°, 595’, 616°. ulnmicola, Colopha, 597*, 616*. ulmifolii, Callipterus, 592", ulmifusus, Pemphigus, 616°, Ulmus campestris, Gossyparia ulmi on, 616°. Ulster county, summary of volun- tary reports from, 571'-72°. undulata, Notonecta, 615%. undulata var., Notonecta, 615°. unicolor, Byturus, 589°, 590°. Macrobasis, 597’. unijuga, Catocala, 612°. Union Springs (N. Y.) advertiser, 596". unipuncta, Leucania, 585%. unipunctatus, Lyctus, 604°. United States department of agri- culture, division of entomology, courtesies acknowledged, 537°; Bulletin cited, 589". 652 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM University of the State of New York referred to, 576*; regents of, re- ferred to, 537%, 549". Upper austral life zone, 533°, 539", 541°, 592’. urius, Haematopinus, 615°. Urocerus, white horned, 592°. Urocerus albicornis, 592’, 601%. cressoni, 592*. variolosa, Polyphylla, 604°. velata, Hydroecia, 611%. velleda, Tolype, 611%. verbasci, Anthrenus, 605°. viburni, Aphis, 616’. villosum, Elaphidion, 581°, 589%, 592’, 6085. Vines and small fruits, insects in- jurious to, 579°-80*: Haltica chalybea, 579”. Oxyptilus periscelidactylus, 580°. Vineyards, Cicada septendecim in- juring, 574°. Violet tip, 607°. Vireos feeding on forest tent cater- pillars, red eyed, 544’, 544°; warb- ling, 544°; white eyed, 544’. Virginia creeper, Alypia octomacu- lata injuring, 580. / virginica, Spilosoma, 609”. Xylocopa, 600°. virginicus, Bombus, 600°. viridis, Parlatoria, 618°. vitis, Typhlocyba, 565’. vittata, Diabrotica, see Diabrotica vittata. Voluntary entomologic service of New York state, 549'-75*; appoint- ment to, 549’; circular letters, 549°- 50°, 550°-51'; credit for observa- tions, 549°, 5507; directions for re- ports, 549°, 550°, 550°-51'; effect and value, 551°-52*; inquiries ans- wered, 549°, 550°; object, 549°; re- ports summarized for agricultural papers, 550’, 551°; press summa- ries cited, 595’, 595‘, 596°, 596°, 596°, 5977, 507°, 5074, BOT’, (507, 597’, 598%, 598°, 598°, 599", 5997, 600’; publications of office distributed, 549°; stationery for, 549°, 550°; sta- tistics of, 550°, 551°; summaries of reports, 552°-75*. Voluntary observers, 537. vulgare, Orchelimum, 619*. | Warner, G. Van V., insects from, 604°. Warren county, summary of volun- tary reports from, 572°. Washburne, J. B., insects from, 604°, 604°, 6067, 608°, 609°, 611°, 6137, 618°. Washington county, summary of voluntary reports from, 572°-73*.* Wasps, 588', 600°. Water bug, giant, 6157. Watrous, C.S., insects from, 6027, 606", 606*, 606°. Wax wing feeding on apple tree tent caterpillars, 553°. Wayne county, summary of volun- tary reports from, 573°. Web caterpillar, 598*. Web worn, fall, 552°, 554°, 559°, 560’, 560°, 560°, 560°, 562%, 562°, 564°, 565°, 567°, 568. 611, O12. aeen 595°,. 597", 600%. ‘ Weed, C. M., observations on in- sectivorous birds, 544°. West, J. E., insects from, 603%; re- ferred to, 539%. Whalebone cane, destroyed by At- tagenus piceus, 594°, 605’. Wheat, insects injurious to: Cecidomyia destructor, 558°, 5651, 5657, 565°, 570°, 570°, 573°, 589%, 606°, 607". Diplosis tritici, 565', 565°, 565’, 606°. Wheat bran, Tyroglyphus siro in, 620%. ; INDEX TO REPORT OF STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1899 Wheat midge, 564°, 565°, 565°, 573°, 573°, 606°. Wheel bug, nine pronged, 588’, 614°. White ant, 619°. White grubs, 5627, 566’, 567‘, 567°, 569°, 569°, 573°, 585‘, 5997. White scale, 617*. Wilford, H. E., quoted, 542°. Williams, A. P., insects from, 601*. Williams, C. L., insects from, 600°, 611°; referred to, 541°; summary of voluntary reports of, 572°. Willis, M. T., insects from, 616'. Willow, insects injurious to: Aspidiotus perniciosus, 617%, Mytilaspis pomorum, 618’. Russian, Melanoxanthus salicis on, 616°. Willow butterfly, larvae of, 541’, Hoe’, 570', 572, 574°, 599°, 590°; contributions of, 607°. Winthemia 4-pustulata, 588°. Wire worms, 554’, 566’, 599°. Witch hazel, Cicada septendecim on, 574°. | Witherell, Mrs M. B., insects from, 613°. wolffii, Phymata, 614". 653 Woodman, W. J., insects from, 615°, Wood thrush feeding on forest tent caterpillar, 544°. Wright, A. H., insects from, 614°. Wright, J. N., referred to, 542° Xanthotype crocataria, 612’. Xyleborus dispar, 578*. Xylina antennata (syn. X. cinerea or X. laticinerea), 589°, 591%. cinerea, see X. antennata. laticinerea, see X. antennata. species, 563%, 567°. Xylocopa virginica, 600°. Xylophasia arctica, 611’. devastatrix, 611’. Yates county, summary of volun- tary reports from, 573°-75’. Yellow bird feeding on forest tent caterpillar and moths, 544’, 561°. Young, A. M., insects from, 615°. Young, Alice, insects from, 602’, 606°. Young, Mrs Glode, insects from, 602°, 607". Zebra caterpillar, 584°, 589°, 591°, 611°. | Zeuzera pyrina, 5825, ERRATA | Page 534, line 17, for W. H. Gordinier, read H. W. Gordinier. Page 539, line 4, for J. H. West, read J. E. West. Page 611, line 6, page 614, lines 12 and 10 from bottom and page 617, line 9 from bottom, for J. Thompson, read J. Thomson. (Pages 655-56 were bulletin cover pages) Appendix 2 (a A a OF THE STATE PALEONTOLOGIST 1899 CON Tents PAGE GNtFOUNCHION 2... 2 cas seed Soe ct ess bd ceeee uence eee aes Ces ee eee 661 AGGOSRIONS =... 2. scccks dons cand won ME. BN oc ee eee 679 General record of localities of American paleozoic fossils belonging to state mugeuml.)...32. 5.--24- 50h ooh §. bi beheodenf pees soc 5-banp ces > eee 683 Alphabetic lst of localities <....cs. -cccnc Cowan weaaee eee wees ae 683 New York localities according to counties. ...... ..-2.- eo00 -2-050 eecees 704 Index to formations ....2.... 226+ pee bd 25-22 cee ee eee ea ee 712 Copy of old list of localities outside state of New York.-.-..-....---.---- 716 Reeord ‘of localitiwas:. .= 20-60 oss cee eee eee ee See e eee eee eee wees 717 Record of foreign localities. ....2<< s.ss.'nseeun bau cet eee se oe eee eee 813 New York State Museum REPORT OF THE orm ke PALCLEONTOLOGIST To the Regents of the University of the State of New York The paleontologist has to report a satisfactory, active and har- monious period of service dating from the commencement of his duties in this capacity Jan. 1, 1899. Reorganization and appointments In reconstructing the geologic and paleontologic work of the state museum at their meeting on Dec. 15, 1898, and in making the appointment of state paleontologist, the regents specified the work of this official in the following terms: The state paleontologist shall be charged with the collection and study of the fossils of New York and the classification of the rock strata containing them and shall conduct all necessary investigations pertaining to these subjects. To illustrate his publications he may issue any necessary maps of the areas of fossiliferous rocks and shall be responsible for and accredited with the delineation on any geologic maps to be hereafter issued, of such geologic boundaries as have been determined by him. At the same time your board provided for the continuation of the services of the staff of the late state geologist and paleon- tologist, Dr James Hall, to be under the supervision of the pres- ent state paleontologist; viz, George B. Simpson, draftsman, Philip Ast, lithographer, Jacob Van Deloo, clerk and stenogra- pher, Martin Sheehy, helper; and also made provision for the appointment of a scientific assistant to the paleontologist. The position last named has been filled by the appointment of Rudolf Ruedemann Ph.D. of Dolgeville (N. Y.) a graduate of the Univer- sity of Jena and former assistant to the professor of geology at 662 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM the University of Strasburg. Dr Ruedemann began his term of service Mar. 1 of this year. Throughout the entire staff there has been a marked feeling of harmony and earnest cooperation to advance the interests of the department. Unfinished work of the old department The death of Prof. James Hall on Aug. 7, 1898, at the great age of 87 years, left a large amount of work begun and brought to various degrees of progression. As his years increased, this remarkable man took no thought to bring his life’s work to a close but continued to make plans, as had been his lifelong habit, on an elaborate scale, courageously taking little account of the time necessary for their completion, and not always cal- culating the expense involved in their execution. The lamented event of his death left in an incomplete condition the following reports: the 15th annual report (for 1895), the 16th annual re- port (for 1896), both of which were in press, the 17th (for 1897), which had been transmitted, and the 18th, or that for the year in which he died, which had not yet been rendered. These re- ports were all compendious documents, embracing the individual reports of various members of his staff, both permanent and temporary, and more or less elaborate contributions on paleon- tologic subjects requiring extensive illustration. Besides these was the Memoir on the paleozoic reticulate sponges, for the special edition of .which provision had been made, and also a Memoir on the genera of the paleozoic corals. . By the direction of your board the completion of all this unfin- ished work of the old department of the state geologist and paleontologist was placed in charge of the paleontologist; and 1 have to report with regard to the progress of this work as fol- lows: Of the 15th report, volume 1 had been delivered previous to the death of Prof. Hall. Volume 2 has been completed and dis- tributed, and the single volume of the 16th report is also com- pleted, and is now in bindery. The 17th report is in press and the 18th is awaiting its turn. ae - REPORT OF THE STATE PALEONTOLOGIST 1899 663 The Memoir on the paleozoic reticulate sponges, which carries with it 70 lithographic plates of large quarto size, and is published in parts in the 15th and 16th annual reports, has been prepared for its special edition, which has required repaging, and is also ready for delivery. Under the special provision just referred to we are to receive 1100 separate copies of this memoir. The memoir on the fossil corals was not far advanced at the time of Prof. Hall’s death. The determinations of generic struc- ture and the preparation of the illustrations had been largely left in the charge of Mr George B. Simpson, draftsman. The original scope of this work was far reaching and it was designed by Prof. Hall to be an analysis of all the paleozoic fossil corals occurring in the state of New York and the allied faunas out- side the limits of the state. The group of organisms with which this important work has to deal is widespread throughout our older rocks and, on account of their abundance and somewhat complicated structure, they have never been exhaustively studied and are not well known. To carry out the original plan of this work would, in my judgment, require continued and close application for many years, and the illustration necessary to give the work its true value should be profuse. It will require the services of a student who has familiarized himself fully with all the literature in various languages on this subject if it is to take its place as a scientific work of genuine merit. As I have felt that the present equipment of this department would not permit the immediate execution of this scheme as originally planned, I proposed to your board that the work be continued along its present lines to the close of one of its natural divisions, leaving the other divisions of the subject untouched for the present. That is to say, that the work be continued to the com- pletion of the division of the rugose corals. This proposition has been approved, and I have to report that the work has been carried forward in this way as rapidly as circum- stances would permit. Some delay in its prosecution was caused by the fact that the material on which the study of these fossils was being made, largely belonged to the estate of the late Prof. 664 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Hall and the executors could not for some time see their way to permit additional material to be lent from that collection. This matter was however eventually arranged with the executors, and I am pleased to report that the work in this form is well progressed. Transactions with the executors of the James Hall estate During the life of Prof. Hall and while paleontologic investi- gations were in active progress, there was always a considerable amount of material belonging to his private collection in the rooms of the state geologist and paleontologist, and on the other hand considerable property of the state museum in his possession at his private laboratory. I am pleased to report that the claims of the state museum on the one hand and of the Hall estate on the other have been in the main now satisfactorily adjusted. I have delivered to the executors of that estate all of the material in my charge that belonged to Prof. Hall and for which we had no farther use, and I have retained with their consent a limited amount of material pertaining to problems under study now and before the death of Prof. Hall. On the other hand I have re- ceived from the executors of that estate all the material in their possession to which it seemed possible to establish an undoubted claim and have signed in receipt the accompanying statement: 16 Ap. 1899 The articles herewith specified, the property of the New York state museum, have been this day delivered by the executors of the estate of Prof. James Hall, deceased, to the custody of the state paleontologist and receipt thereof is hereby acknowledged. 1 drawer of type specimens of fossils 1 drawer miscellaneous specimens of fossils 4 boxes unopened, marked as containing specimens exhibited at the New Orleans exposition | 2 boxes unopened, marked as containing material for school collections 5618 original drawings, sketches and outlines of fossils The material above specified is in full satisfaction of all claims yet made on behalf of the New York state museum against said estate. REPORT OF THE STATE PALEONTOLOGIST 1899 665 Office work Catalogue of type specimens. The type specimens, or those which have served the purpose of description and illustration, constitute a very important part of the wealth of any collection in natural history. It is to such material that scientific students must always have reference in establishing the value of identifications and comparisons, and it therefore has a value never equaled by that of other specimens even though the latter be of superior quality. It has been a matter of frequent statement that many of the original specimens described in the various volumes of the Paleontology of New York are absent from the state museum collections, that such types have gone to other institutions, or that the original material has been lent by various institutions and individuals for the purpose of illustration. These statements are to a certain extent true, and the loaning of specimens must often be the pro- cedure in the execution of any thoroughgoing and complete series of investigations. The paleontologic collections of the museum however contain far more of these types than has been generally supposed or conceded; and, as a careful record of these important specimens has never been kept, I have made it a part of my first work to prepare a complete catalogue of them, in continuation of partial lists prepared by the writer some years ago. This cataloguing, which involves a record of the place in which each type specimen has been described and illustrated, has gone for- ward with reasonable rapidity, and is already sufficiently ad- vanced to show that within the organic groups, crustaceans, annelids, cephalopods and brachiopods, the collections contain about 2300 types. On the completion and perfection of this cata- logue, it is my purpose to offer it for publication as a permanent record, as has been done in other scientific museums. Electrotyping. In addition to the original specimens them- selves, the collections contain a considerable number of replicas of type specimens in plaster of paris and gutta-percha. Exper- ience has shown that such replicas become injured or destroyed in course of time, and it has therefore seemed wise to adopt means 666 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM for preserving these in more permanent form. Dr Ruedemann has taken charge of the electrotyping of such material, and we are now getting copper replicas of these types which will withstand destructive agencies. Preservation of plaster casts. Many of our plaster replicas of type specimens are too large for satisfactory electrotyping. These are being hardened and rendered more durable by treatment with ammonium borate. Record of localities. No systematic record of localities of col- lections of fossils made previous to the year 1857 exists. All specimens of fossils added to the state museum from Amefican localities have since that date been marked by tickets of orange paper attached to them and bearing numbers referring to locali- ties as entered on the record. With very few exceptions no foreign localities have been entered on previous records. In the copy of the first book of record made about 1873 is the following memorandum: ‘“ This book contains a record of the collections of fossils made for the paleontology of the state and for the state museum of natural history either by myself or by persons em- ployed by me; and all collections made with means or money in any way provided by the state, so far as yet arranged, are here recorded. Every specimen is marked with an orange colored ticket on which is written or printed a number after the manner of those appended below. These numbers refer to localities which are described under the corresponding numbers on the pages of this record. An alphabetical index of localities with reference to the numbers is likewise added, occupying pages 1-26 inclusive. James Hall.” The locality numbers of this early record were consecutive from no. 1 upward and the localities were entered without special regard to geologic sequence. This record closed with the number 900. The continuation of the record thereafter began with the number 1001; and, with the purpose of entering localities accord- ing to geologic sequence, an assignment was made of definite local- ity numbers to each geologic formation. Thus 100 numbers were REPORT OF THP STATE PALEONTOLOGIST 1899 667 allowed to the Primordial, 150 to the Upper Silurian, 150 to the Lower Devonian (to Hamilton group) 200 to the Middle Devonian (Hamilton group), 200 to the Chemung group and 50 to the Cats- kill group. These apportionments provided for consecutive num- bering up to the number of 2000. This provision has not proved sufficiently elastic. Some of the apportionments of numbers have long been entirely filled, and a duplication of the localities by the addition of letters (a, b, c, etc.) has been necessary. In continu- ing this record, it is purposed to add localities irrespective of stratigraphic sequence and to assign to new localities of whatever stratigraphic age numbers above 2000. In order to bring together in one place all numbers pertaining to a given formation, a cata- logue of such formations has been here prepared. This with the completed catalogue of localities alphabetically arranged precedes the record proper. In 1878 Prof. Hall instituted a separate record of American localities of fossils outside the state of New York, using to desig- nate such specimens a circular orange ticket. Only about 20 such entries were made, and, as many of such extralimital local- ities had already been entered on both earlier and later records, I have abandoned this record by assigning to each entry a num- ber in the general record and have appended a list of these old numbers with their new equivalents. The actual number on the tickets has not been changed. This list also precedes the general record. All previous locality records had been carried in various books, ‘and they have now been transcribed to one volume with the changes above suggested, and the list indexed both for the localities and formations. This work has been very care- fully executed by Mr Van Deloo. It has been also necessary in transcribing this record to revise it, as many changes have been found necessary both in the sames of localities and characteriza- tion of formations. Every entry has therefore been carefully con- sidered and corrected or verified as far as possible. Taken as a whole, this catalogue affords the most complete list extant of the fossiliferous localities in the state of New York and with its 668 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM locality and formation indexes will prove very serviceable to students of New York paleontology everywhere. For this reason I communicate herewith a copy of this catalogue for publication as a part of this report. General paleontologic collection in the state hall. This collec- tion consists of a very large amount of material’'contained in 3547 drawers and eight large table cases, with an overflow packed in 444 large boxes of various sizes, and one stack holding a ton or more of slabs. The material in boxes is that for which no drawer space can be found or which has been put aside because of inferior quality. When this collection was installed in its present quarters in 1886, a systematic arrangement of the princi- pal part was then initiated and in part carried out. Since that time however very little labor has been expended on the careful selection of material from this immense store, which should serve the ultimate purpose of a reserve for the exhibition collections of the museum. These drawers contain good and bad alike. From this supply collections of fossils were for many years made up for the use of schools, and, as a natural consequence, specimens of fair and good quality being always taken for this purpose, the general collections now contain a large residuum of inferior and to some exient worthless material commingled with that of better quality. It has been my desire to have all of this material care- fully and systematically studied for the purpose of setting aside a permanent reserve of superior specimens to illustrate the fossil faunas of the state, a reserve which shall be kept absolutely free from farther encroachment; and at the same time to eliminate from this disordered mass all material of lower grade which may be assigned to purposes of exchange or to meet other demands. This is a work requiring much time but one which I regard of first importance to the quality of our collections. It will serve to show not only the points in which the collection is strong and well represented but also the respects in which our representation is weak and in need of addition. It will furthermore contract the space occupied by the collection and afford much needed room for the constant accessions. In this work of revision of the gen- REPORT OF THE STATE PALEONTOLOGIST 1899 669 eral collection it is intended that all material now scattered through other drawers and special collections shall be distributed in its proper place and the disorder which has increased with years be done away with. With the assistance of Dr Ruedemann an excellent beginning has been made of this work. A permanent, carefully identified and labeled reserve is being set aside, which will be ready for prompt installation in the exhibition collection whenever the opportunity arrives. Of the large number of boxes, all are labeled and systematically arranged. By means of the record kept of them any one can be found without trouble. Accessions. Reference to the detailed list of accessions during the past eight months will serve to indicate the great demand on the department for space. All drawer space is now taken and, with the addition of new material pertaining to some subject under study or requiring immediate investigation, accommodation can be found only by emptying some of the drawers already filled and packing their contents into boxes. The recording and ticketing of this new material, of which the department has received since Jan. 1 several thousand specimens, is essentially completed. Lack of space. This is a constantly growing embarrassment, as must be evident from the foregoing statements. All the rooms occupied by the department on the third floor of the State hall are filled to overflowing and boxes are stored wherever space can be found, in the offices, corridors, but principally in the two rooms controlled by us in the basement of this building. This choked condition ought to constitute a strong argument for quarters which will do better justice to the state and this science. De- spite the actual riches of our museum, we shall be at a disad- vantage in reaching either the scientific student or the general public as long as we are compelled to remain in insufficient, ob- scure and unattractive quarters. : Publication. The completion of the 15th and 16th annual re- ports of the state geologist and paleontologist and the Memoir on the paleozoic reticulate sponges has required a large expenditure 670 NEW YORK STATD MUSEUM of time in careful and oft repeated proof-reading. It has already been stated that the 17th annual report is now printing and the 18th or final report awaiting printing. In addition to these publi- cations the paleontologist has issued the following: University handbook 13, Paleontology | University handbook 15, Guide to excursions in the fossiliferous rocks of New York state There is now in press a bulletin containing these papers: The Lower Silurian system of eastern Montgomery co.; Notes on the stratigraphy of the Mohawk valley and Saratoga co., by E. R. Cumings and C. 8. Prosser, and I communicate herewith the manuscript of an additional bulletin covering the following sub- jects: A remarkable occurrence of Orthoceras in the Oneonta sand- stone of Chenango co. i The water biscuit of Squaw island, Canandaigua lake Paropsonema, a peculiar echinoderm from the In- tumescens-zone of western New York Dictyonine hexactinellid sponges from the Upper Devonic Also the manuscript of a memoir by the paleontologist; entitled the Fauna of the Oriskany formation in the state of New York, and that of a General record of the localities of American paleozoic fos- sils belonging to the state museum. The paleontologist also has in course of preparation a hand- book of the paleontology of New York. This, which. it is hoped may prove a useful publication, is one requiring much careful thought and labor and its progress must be cautious and conse- quently slow. Investigations Among the subjects which have received protracted study are the following: The hydraulic limestones of western and central New York The extensive series of hydraulic limestones which lie above the gypsum of the Salina beds have in times past been va- riously referred either to the Salina below or to the Helder- bergian above. With the purpose of ascertaining all organic or REPORT OF THD STATE PALEONTOLOGIST 1899 671 stratigraphic evidence pertaining to the proper age of these rocks, careful investigations have been made through the central and western counties. The problem is by no means a simple one, as fossil remains are for the most part meager and the succession of the beds has been generally regarded as gradual and uninterrupted. Otr recent investigations have shown that the deposition of these hydraulic limestones was continued without interruption upward through what has commonly been regarded as the lower term of Helderbergian time, 1. e. the Tentaculite limestone. The fauna of the Tentaculite lime- stone makes its first appearance not far above the gypsum beds, and in its most perfect development it is clearly an uppermost Siluric fauna, having only very remote relations with the fauna of the remaining divisions of the Helderbergian group in eastern New York. The inference that the upper limit of the Siluric system is properly to be placed at the top of the Tentacu- lite limestone is corroborated by stratigraphic structure which shows in places distinct unconformity between the Tentaculite limestone and the overlying strata. I regard the result of these investigations as of much importance in indicating the proper line of division between the Siluric and Devonic systems in the state of New York and as corroborating the views ex- pressed by the writer at various times during the last 10 years. One outcome of these investigations is to establish the profuse fauna of the Helderbergian of eastern New York as an earliest Devonic rather than a latest Siluric fauna. Oriskany fauna of Becraft mountain, Columbia co. This fauna is one of the more recent discoveries among our paleozoic rocks and presents a number of problems of special interest. The fauna itself is a noteworthy combination of species, many of its elements being heretofore unknown. Its character and composi- tion show that it constitutes the deep water or calcareous facies of the fauna of Oriskany time, the common Oriskany species be- ing in great part shoreward migrants which became involved in more sandy sediment. The relation of this subject to the problem just stated is intimate, as the character of the fauna 672 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM shows its close affiliation with that of the Helderbergian, as well as with those of later Devonic age. For this reason it has seemed important to present in detail an account of this fauna at its best development, as has been done in the memoir herewith submitted. Fauna of the Portage beds. Investigations carried on for a number of years past have shown that the organic constitutents of the Portage beds are very imperfectly known. The group of strata deposited in Portage time has been shown to represent at least three distinct faunal provinces and presents problems in the geographic distribution and dispersion and in the evolution of ancient faunas unexampled in our paleozoic rocks. The western Portage province, or that developed through the counties of the state from Seneca to Chautauqua, has proven of exceptional in- terest, as it carries a very large number of forms, heretofore un- described, which bring it into close relationship with faunas of like geologic age in Germany and Russia. It is probably the most complete and unmodified reproduction of a European fauna yet observed in the paleozoic rocks of America. In the 16th annual report of the state geologist (1896) the writer published a first instalment of the results of these investigations, entitled “ The Naples fauna (fauna with Manticoceras intumescens) in Western New York,” prefaced by a geologic introduction and covering the Goniatitinae, (165 pages and nine plates). The investigation of this problem has been continued, analyses of a considerable number of other species have been prepared and a substantial number of drawings illustrating the species have been completed. Faunal colonies in the Clinton beds. In western New York, through Orleans and Niagara counties, occur lenticular masses of limestone from 10 to 80 feet in diameter and entirely discon- nected, these in one place lying embedded in the midst of the Clinton limestone, though of wholly different texture and com- position therefrom; in another, resting on the top of the Clinton limestone; and in still another, lying in the shales above the limestone and displacing or being surrounded by the REPORT OF THE STATE PALEONTOLOGIST 1899 673 lower shaly beds of the Niagara group (Rochester shales). These lenses retain, frequently in fine preservation, a fauna in marked distinction to the fauna of the Clinton beds. The fossils are as- sociated species from the Clinton fauna below and the Niagara fauna above, with a considerable number of species not before known in the state of New York but represented heretofore only in the Niagara fauna of the interior states. The problem pre- sented by this very peculiar occurrence is one which requires care- ful consideration and will doubtless prove of much interest in elucidating the origin and mode of distribution of our fossil faunas. The subject was first brought to public notice some 10 years ago by Dr E. N. S. Ringueberg of Lockport, who deserves the credit for recording this interesting occurrence at some of the localities observed and for the identification of a considerable number of the species. Though Dr Ringueberg discontinued his study of the problem with a single publication, I have the hope of reenlisting his interest in the topic. The graptolite faunas of the lower rocks. In Great Britain and Scandinavia, the variations in the succession and composition of the graptolites in the older faunas have served as a basis of classi- fication of the rock strata. The graptolite faunas of New York have never been fully studied from the point of view of their stratigraphic importance. Dr Ruedemann, who before his con- nection with the museum staff had devoted much time to the careful investigation of the structure of the graptolites and is the author of some important papers bearing on these fossils, has taken up for special investigation the study of the graptolites of New York, their anatomy and geographic and vertical distribu- tion through the rocks. It is a problem of far reaching import- ance and one that will require time and patience for its elucida- tion. Dr Ruedemann’s statement concerning his field work on this subject during the past season is given on a following page. Areal work and the coloring of topographic sheets. I have com- municated for publication one of the topographic quadrangles colored to represent the distribution of the fossiliferous rocks. This is the Amsterdam sheet prepared by Professors Prosser and 674 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Cumings. We are also prepared to color with very little additional work, the quadrangles of Phelps, Canandaigua and Naples as soon as these topographic sheets are issued. So long as the paleon- tologist is dependent on his small appropriations for the prosecu- tion of this work of coloration on the scale used in the United States atlas sheets, progress in this regard toward the perfection of the general geologic map of the state will be very slow. He must either look to the legislature for a more generous provision for field work or to cooperation with the director of the United States geological survey. In addition to the subjects mentioned above, the necessary in- vestigations have been carried on for the preparation of the shorter papers communicated in the bulletin of the state museum as above mentioned, and which were in part presented by the paleontologist as subjects for discussion at the Columbus meeting of the American association for the advancement of science, in August. Field work of the paleontologist and assistants Vertical Orthoceras at Oxford. Visits have been made to the F. G. Clarke Co.’s quarries at Oxford and South Oxford for the purpose of studying the remarkable occurrence of the cephalopod Orthoceras in the strata there. These shells, as I have described in an accompanying paper, occur by thousands in a vertical position in the strata, where they represent the only truly marine fossil in these sediments on the Oneonta formation. The mode of occurrence is unique, ne other such instance having, to my knowledge, been before observed. This vast army of these ancient nautiloids was apparently destroyed by being driven into the Oneonta area of fresh or brackish water. ; Nematophytum at Monroe. Two or three years ago the writer urged on the late state geologist and paleontologist the importance of securing for the museum a specimen of so-called “fossil tree” from the Hamilton rocks at Monroe, Orange co. The fossil had been found on the farm of O. H. Cooley, whose father had years ago sent specimens to Prof. Hall for exami- nation. It represents a great trunk-like seaweed of the genus REPORT OF THD STATE PALEONTOLOGIST 1899 675 Nematophytum, which has, by the favor of Prof. D. P. Pen- hallow of McGill university, been identified with his Nemato- phytum logani. When originally found, the length of this alga was 24 feet. Visitors during a number of years carried away parts of the trunk, till at the date referred to only about 12 or 14 feet remained. Asa result of the writer’s sugges- tion, the specimen was obtained by the director of the state mus- eum and now makes a striking specimen in its collection. Subse- quently Mr Cooley uncovered several more such great trunks, and the writer has visited the locality to see if any of them would bea material addition to that which we already have. The other specimens however are much shorter and less perfectly preserved, and it has therefore seemed unnecessary to incur expense in order to acquire additional examples of this great seaweed. Oriskany section at Schoharie. Investigations have been made at Schoharie to elucidate the detailed succession of the rock strata above the top of the Helderbergian formation. Hydraulic limestones. In company of D. D. Luther, special field assistant, some time has been spent in studying the character of the hydraulic limestones and the beds above them in the vicinity of Union Springs, Cayuga co., where important collections and interesting results were obtained. Investigations were also made in Erie co., with results which have an interesting bearing on the problem of the dividing line between the Siluric and Devonic systems. Hydraulic and Marcellus limestones in Onondaga co. D. D. Luther, special assistant, has continued his investigations of the hydraulic limestones and their fauna eastward into Onondaga co., and in connection therewith has made observations on and collec- tions from the Agoniatites limestone of the Marcellus beds. The latter investigations have been for the purpose of determining whether or not this remarkable limestone is continuous with the Stafford limestone of the Marcellus beds, which appears at its best development at localities in western New York where the Agoniatites limestone has lost its characteristic features. The 676 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM result of the work has been to demonstrate that the two beds are altogether distinct, the Agoniatites limestone passing downward and, in the neighborhood of Flint creek in Ontario co. becoming complicated with the upper layers of the Corniferous limestone, while the Stafford limestone, which appears not farther east than Ontario co. and continues westward to Lake Erie, occupies a higher position in the strata. The faunas of the two strata are remarkably dissimilar. Clinton colonies in Orleans and Niagara co. As already observed the colonies contained in the lenticular limestones of the Clinton beds through Orleans and Niagara co., have been studied. Here also quite extensive collections were made, particularly from the Clinton shales in the vicinity of Gasport and in the Niagara shales near Middleport. Newburgh mastodon. About the middle of August notice was received of the discovery of a mastodon on the farm of F. W. Schaeffer, three miles west of Newburgh. The spot was visited at once and an option obtained from the owner on behalf of the state museum which would secure first consideration at the sale of the skeleton. At the present writing the specimen appears to be fairly complete in excellent preservation and negotiations are now under way to secure it in case it proves a desirable acquisi- tion. | Graptolites in Colonie. The writer may also report the interest- ing discovery of graptolites in remarkably fine preservation in the Hudson river shales at the Albany rural cemetery, not far from the grave of Prof. James Hall. With the consent of the superin- tendent of the cemetery, a very considerable amount of this ex- ceptionally fine material has been secured. Graptolites in Columbia, Albany and Rensselaer co. Dr Ruede- mann, assistant in paleontology. has carried on field investiga- tions bearing on the distribution of the graptolites, first at Mt Moreno, south of the city of Hudson, where with Mr Sheehy very considerable collections were made, and subsequently at various localities between Albany and Schenectady and in the vicinity of Troy. REPORT OF THD STATE PALEONTOLOGIST 1899 677 Dr Ruedemann has prepared the following statement of his work: A large amount of graptolite-bearing shales was at the begin- ning of June collected at Mt Moreno near Hudson. The fauna is nearly related to that made known by Prof. Hall from Norman- skill. The latter locality is, however, concealed while the ma- terial from Mt Moreno not only contains several new forms and many forms not observed at Normanskill, but also the Norman- skill graptolites in such a good state of preservation that the true character of forms left in doubt by the Normanskill material, such as Lasiograptus, can be elucidated and certain doubt- ful features, as the appendages of Diplograptus whit- fieldi, described as “ gonangia,” can be studied to greater ad- vantage. | The finding of this fauna suggested a new inquiry into the age of these shales regarding which widely differing opinions are held by paleontologists. With a view to gathering new information on this problem, the writer has begun to visit all outcrops of shales in the region along the Hudson river where this shale occurs. The outcrops along the Normanskill and its branches have been studied as far as French’s mills and graptolites and other fossils found in several localities. The graptolites in the quarry in the Rural cemetery near Albany have been collected and the outcrops around Cohoes, Waterford, Lansingburg and Troy have been visited. The study of the faunas of these different localities will allow a conclusion, it is hoped, as to the age of the shales in question. It will be further necessary to investigate the stratigraphic relation of the Normanskill shales to the so-called “Hudson river shales” of the Mohawk valley along the creeks emptying into the Hudson river from the west, notably along the Coeymanskill, the Viaumanskill and the lower Mohawk river. Oriskany section at Kingston. Gilbert Van Ingen, of Columbia university,accompanied by Dr Ruedemann, has made a careful and very detailed record of the succession of the strata from the top of the Helderbergian formation through the Oriskany in the vicinity of Kingston and Rondout. This work has an important bearing on investigations pertaining to the line of divison between the Siluric and Devonic systems and has also resulted in the acquisition of a large number of superior specimens of Oriskany fossils, comparable to the celebrated fossils of this age at Cumber- land (Md.) 678 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Lower Siluric faunas of the Lake Champlain basin. Mr Van Ingen for a number of years past has been carrying on investiga- tions relating to the succession of faunas in the Calciferous, Chazy and Trenton limestones of the Lake Champlain basin. This is an area of these early rocks which has heretofore received comparatively little attention, where the faunas are profuse and the fossils fairly well preserved. On account of the fact that, when Prof. Hall’s original descriptions of these faunas were pub- lished, he was obliged to depend very largely on his private re- sources for the material on which his investigations were based, the state museum has an insufficient representation of these im- portant early faunas, and Mr Van Ingen has consented to carry on his investigations under the auspices of this department with the understanding that the museum shall become the owner of all the material collected. With Dr Ruedemann, Mr Van Ingen has worked in this territory, and we have the assurance of very profitable material returns from this work as well as important contributions to the knowledge of the older rocks when the re- sults of these investigations shall have been published. 1 Oct.-1899 Respectfully submitted JoHN M. CLARKE - State paleontologist REPORT OF THE STATE PALEONTOLOGIST 1899 679 APPENDIX 1 ACCESSIONS The additions to the paleontologic collections have been by donation, purchase, exchange and collection. I submit herewith a detailed statement of these acquisitions. Donations Carll, John F., Pleasantville, Pa. Fossils from the Waverly beds, Pleasantville Calathiospongia carlli H.&C. 2 (types) Other specimens 10 Bennett, Lewis J., president Buffalo cement co., Buffalo, N. Y. Waterlime crustacea from cement company’s quarries at Buffalo | 38 White, David, Washington, D. C. From the Catskill beds, Coxton, Pa. Fossil ? bodies of unknown nature 13 Rominger, C., Ann Arbor, Mich. Romingerina julia Winchell, Pointe aux Barques, Mich. 12 (1 type) Syringothyris texta, Keokuk beds, Ind. 2 Tetradium barrandii, Konieprus, Bohemia 1 Stromatocerium = sp. Ann Arbor, Mich. . 1 Billings, Walter R., Dep’t public works, Ottawa, Can. Camarella panderi, Black river, Pauquette’s rapids 9 (2 types) C. volborthi, Black river, Pauquette’s rapids 10 (1 type) Other Siluric brachiopods from Canadian localities 238 680 NPW YORK STATE MUSEUM Perkins, G. H., Burlington, Vt. Specimens. from the Chazy limestone, Phillipsburg, Quebec and Fort Cassin, Vt. 20 Safford, James M., Nashville, Tenn. Siluric brachiopods from east Tennessee 183 (8 types) The types donated by Prof. Safford are of the following species: Scenidium halli Safford Orthis holstoni Safford O. saffordi H. & C. O. arquaria H. &T. O. stonensis Safford Hall, E. B., Wellsville, N. Y. Specimens from the Chemung beds of western New York, mostly crinoidal 52 Dawson, J. William, Montreal, Can. Specimens from the upper Siluric, Anticosti island, the Niagara at Hamilton, Ontario, the Clinton of Ontario, the Helder- bergian of Cape Breton and the Quebec beds of Point Levis 23 F. G. Clarke bluestone co., Oxford, N. Y. Large blocks of Oneonta sandstone with vertical Orthoceras 2 Jones, Robert W., Catskill, No Dictyonema and other Helderbergian fossils from Catskill 3 Oriskany fossils, Catskill ~ 6 Lincoln, D. F., Geneva, N. Y. Rare species from the Onondaga limestone, Waterloo, N. Y. 7 Total by donation 417 REPORT OF THE STATE PALEONTOLOGIST 1899 681 Purchase Bishop, I. P., Buffalo, N. Y. Arthrophycus harlani, Medina sandstone, Lewiston 5 Tiffany, A. S., Davenport, Ia. Type specimens of the following species of Dictyospongidae: Lebedictya crinita H. & C. 2 = (types) Acloeodictya marsipus H. & C. 6 Calathiospongia carceralis H. & C. 1 = (type) Clathrospongia tiffanyi H.&C. 1 . Also specimens and fragments of Physospongia dawsoni Whitt. P. colletti Hall Dictyospongia magnifica H.&C. Cleodictya mobri Hall ete. 27 all from Crawfordsville, Ind. with the excep- tion of Clathrospongia tiffanyi, Waverly beds, O. Sarle, Clifton J., Rochester, N. Y. A collection of crustacea from the base of the Salina beds in the town of Pitts- ford, Monroe co., about 900 This important acquisition contains materi- al whic: is entirely new to science and represents a remarkable contribution to the fossil faunas of New York state. Mr Sarle has made this material the basis of a careful study and description of these fossils, and therefore it includes all of the original specimens of the various species which he proposes to describe from the fauna. It is an acquisition of great scien- tific interest. Total by purchase 942 682 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Exchanges Randall, F. A., Warren, Pa. Crustacea from the Chemung beds, Warren Lepidechinus, Spiraxis Nylander, Olaf 0., Caribou, Me. Fossils from the Utica slate, Chapman plan- tation, Aroostook co., Me. Clinton group, Castlehill, Aroostook co. Me. Helderbergian beds, Square lake, Me. Helderbergian beds, Ashland, Me. Devonic, Chapman plantation, Aroostook co. Me. Devonic, Chapman plantation, Me. Devonic, Mapleton, Aroostook co. Me. Bennett, John, Pittsburg, Kan. Carbonic fossils from Kansas City, Mo. and Lecompton, Kan. Total by exchange Collection The paleontologist. Fossils from the Oriskany, West mountain, Shoharie The paleontologist and R. Ruedemann. Graptolites from Hudson river slates in the Rural cemetery The paleontologist and D. D. Luther. Fossils from the waterlimes and uppermost Siluric, Union Springs Oriskany fossils, Yawger’s woods, Union Springs Fossils from the Clinton shales and limestones, Gasport | Fossils from the limestone lenticles at top of Clin- ton, Gasport Fossils from the limestone lenticles in Clinton lime- stone, Lewiston Fossils from Niagara shale, Middleport The paleontologist. Fossils from Genesee shale and lime- stone, Canandaigua lake 14 272 20 200 168 68 189 208 30 225 20 REPORT OF THE STATE PALEONTOLOGIST 1899 Ruedemann, R. Graptolites from the various localities in Albany and Rensselaer co. Van Ingen, G. and Ruedemann, R. Oriskany rocks and fossils near Kingston Fossils from the Chazy, Calciferous and Trenton limestones at Valcour, Grand isle and other points on Lake Champlain, 9 bbl. Luther, D. D. Fossils from the Agoniatites limestone, Manlius, N. Y. Specimens of Paropsonema from the Por- tage sandstones, Naples Ruedemann, R. and Sheehy, M. Graptolites from Hudson river shales at Mt Moreno near Hudson, N. Y. Prosser, ©C.S. Specimens from the Devonic of eastern- central New York. Mostly Ithaca beds. Col- lected while in service of the department 1895-— 97. Delivered June 1899 Total by collection Total accessions APPENDIX 2 683 100 1 500* 9 234 10 865 GENERAL RECORD OF LOCALITIES OF AMERICAN PALEOZOIC FOSSILS BELONGING TO STATE MUSEUM ALPHABETIC LIST OF LOCALITIES Abbeyville, O., 120 Adams hollow (Schoharie co.), 319 Addison (Steuben co.), 566 Adrian (Steuben co.), 567 Agrippa hill (Albany co.), 2075 Akron, O., 121, 148 Albany (Albany co.), 1242, 1243 Albany rural cemetery (Albany co.), 2047 Alden (Erie co.), 89, 379, 1558, 1601, 1602, 1700 684 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Alder creek (Oneida co.), 1162 Alexander (Genesee co.), 93 Allegany (Cattaraugus co.), 261, 266, 567a Allegheny springs, Pa., 1761 Almond (Allegany co.), 1784, 1785 Alpena, Mich., 1571 Amsterdam (Montgomery co.), 651 Andover (Allegany co.), 1780, 1791 Angelica (Allegany co.), 337, 338 Angola (Erie co.) 1708, 1709, 1733 Appletree point (Skaneateles lake), 243 Appletree point, Vt., 1107 Apulia (Onondaga co.), 197, 235 Arnold’s lake (Otsego co.), 2120, 2132 Ashland, Me., 1262 Attica (Wyoming co.), 1711 Auburn (Cayuga co.), 177, 350 Aurora (Cayuga co.), 245, 246, 344, 345 Ausable Chasm (Clinton co.), 1096 Austinville, Pa., 581, 1753 Avoca (Steuben co.), 1765, 1793, 1797, 1798 Avon (Livingston co.), 88, 421, 505, 1458, 1552, 1562 Babcock hill (Oneida co.), 139, 154, 156, 159 Bagdad, O., 117 Bakers Bridge (Allegany co.), 569 Bakers falls (Washington co.), 1228 Ballston (Saratoga co.), 296 Bartlett’s rocks (Chenango co.), 1745 Basin Harbor, Vt., 1112 Batavia (Genesee co.), 140, 1468 Bath (Steuben co.), 566, 570b, 570c, 1762, 1763, 1764 Bay Quinta, Can., 710 Bear gulf (Schoharie co.), 196 Becraft mountain (Columbia co.), 346, 1371 Beekmantown (Clinton co.), 1123c, 1169 Bell creek (Chautauqua co.), 1801 REPORT OF THE STATE PALBONTOLOGIST 1899 Bell’s gully (Canandaigua lake), 17038 Bellona (Yates co.), 95, 96, 98, 100, 101, 352, 384, 387 Belmont (Allegany co.), 417, 518, 567c, 568a Belvidere (Allegany co.), 334, 519, 2037 Bennett’s creek (Chenango co.), 2100 Bennettsville (Chenango co.), 2100, 2158 Benton run (Yates co.), 96, 101 Bethany (Genesee co.), 85, 302, 362 Big Buffalo creek (Erie co.), 1715 Big Sister creek (Erie co.), 1709 Black creek (Jefferson co.), 1097 Black point (Canandaigua lake), 71, 73 Black Rock (Erie co.), 132 Blacksmith’s gully (Ontario co.), 1701 Black stream landing (Seneca lake), 356 Blenheim (Schoharie co.), 322, 323, 324, 405a, 405b Bloomfield, West (Ontario co.), 103 Blossburg, Pa., 539 Bluff point (Lake Champlain), 1121 Boonville (Oneida co.), 1162 Borodino (Onondaga co.), 49, 59, 242, 247, 248, 252, 497, 499 Boucks falls, 2073 Bowe hill (Otsego co.), 2132 Bradford, Pa., 475, 570a Braydt hill (Albany co.), 2102 Breakabeen (Schoharie co), 325, 326, 2085, 2089, 2141 Bridgeport, O., 3 Bridgewater (Oneida co.), 2, 21, 139, 154 Brighton (Monroe co.), 2068 Bristol (Ontario co.), 1701 Bristol Center (Ontario co.), 193, 194, 195 Bristol Hill church (Ulster co.), 2155 Brockton (Chautauqua co.), 1734 Brown hill (Steuben co.), 1767, 2041 Buck run (Genesee co.), 1727 Buffalo (Erie co.), 170, 1381, 1882 686 NEW YORK STATE MUSBUM Burlington, Ia., 1975, 1976, 1977 Burlington, Vt., 1092, 1122 Button bay, Vt., 1094 Button island, Vt., 1094, 1109, 1241 Byersville (Livingston co.), 1742a Caledonia (Livingston co.), 135, 649, 1450, 1451 Canadaway creek (Chautauqua co.), 1800 Canadice (Ontario co.), 1770 Canandaigua (Ontario co.), 1474, 1481, 1577 Canandaigua lake, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 78, 76, 91, 178, 190, 191, 1564, 1565, 1566, 1572, 1573, 1666, 1701, 1702, 1703, 2058 Caiion City, Col., 1170 Canton, Pa., 518, 546, 546a Cardiff (Onondaga co.), 237, 238 Carlisle (Schoharie co.), 1266 Carlton island (Lake Ontario), 1146 Carrollton (Cattaraugus co.), 266 Carrollton, O., 2000 Carter’s mills (Cayuga co.), 246 Cascadilla creek (Tompkins co.), 391 Cashaqua creek (Livingston co.), 1736, 1736a Cashong creek (Yates co.), 95, 100, 384 Cassville (Oneida co.), 150 Castlehill, Me., 1256a Catskill (Greene co.), 2044, 2045 Catskill creek (Greene co.), 1364 Cattaraugus creek (Cattaraugus co.), 1727*, 1727a Cayuga (Cayuga co.), 166, 167, 172 Cayuga, Can., 281, 1390, 1461 Cayuga creek (Wyoming co.), 1714, 1716, 1720 Cayuga junction (Cayuga co.), 2056 Cayuga lake, 175, 176, 345, 357, 358, 383, 385, 390, 428, 429, 430, 431, 432, 438, 434, 486, 487, 488, 489, 440, 441, 443, 444, 445, 446, 447, 448, 449, 462, 463, 464, 465, 466, 467, 468, 537, 550, 551, 552, 567f Cayuta creek (Tompkins co.), 394 REPORT OF THE STATE PALEONTOLOGIST 1899 687 Cazenovia (Madison co.), 399 Cedar river, Ia., 403 Centerfield (Ontario co.), 1567, 1574, 1578 Charlestown, Ind., 2017, 2021 Charlotteville (Schoharie co.), 528 Chapman plantation, Me., 1227, 1898, 2067 Chatham Center, O., 115 Chazy (Clinton, co.), 290, 295, 701, 1117a, 1150, 1152 Chelmsford, Mass., 652 Chemung narrows (Chemung co.), 397 Chenango Forks (Broome co.), 599 Chenango river (Chenango co.), 1746 Cherrycreek (Chautauqua co.), 220, 221, 222 Cherry Valley (Otsego co.), 129, 136, 164, 165, 168, 169, 877, 878 Cheshire, Ct., 673 Chimney Point gulf (Lewis co.), 1252 ' Chittenango (Madison co.), 663 Cincinnati, O., 469, 503, 508, 643, 720 Clarence (Erie co.), 1478 Clarence hollow (Erie co.), 104, 105, 106, 144, 1454 Clarksville (Albany co.), 182, 1838, 185, 561, 562, 563, 1263, 1265, 1365, 1366, 1370, 1412, 1415, 1466, 1605 Clifton Springs (Ontario co.), 173, 181, 1476 Clinton (Oneida co.), 1253 Clockville (Madison co.), 509, 510 Cobleskill (Schoharie co.), 667, 882 Coeymans Hollow (Albany co.), 1467 Cohocton (Steuben co.), 1734a, 1743a, 2041 Cold Spring (Cattaraugus co.), 207, 211, 213, 215 Cold spring (Fulton ? co.), 1239 Cold Spring creek (Cattaraugus co.), 210, 211 Colliersville (Otsego co.), 2071, 2142, 2144, 2160, 2165 Columbia Crossroads, Pa., 582¢ Columbus, O., 272, 273 Conesville (Schoharie co.), 2092, 2108 ° Conewango (Cattaraugus co.), 206, 208, 212 688 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Cooksburg (Albany co.), 21638 Cook’s creek (Steuben co.), 542, 585 Cooperstown (Otsego co.), 269, 890, 1604 Cornell’s storehouse (Cayuga lake), 383 Corning (Steuben co.), 473, 488, 578, 574, 591, 592, 1802 Correll’s point (Lake Erie), 1734 Cortland (Cortland ¢o.), 1759 Cotton hill (Steuben co.), 1793, 1797, 1798 Coventry [South Oxford] (Chenango co.), 2049 Cowlesville (Wyoming co.), 1716 Cox’s falls (Otsego co.), 877 Coxton, Pa., 1947 Crawfordsville, Ind., 410, 411, 412, 418, 414, 2035 Cromwell’s creek (Ontario co.), 97 Crooked creek (Genesee co.), 187 Cuba (Allegany co.), 567c, 1789 Cumberland, Md., 60, 61 Cumberland head (Clinton co.), 1173 Cuyahoga Falls, O., 122 Dansville (Livingston co.), 1730a, 1771 Darien (Genesee co.), 92, 187, 360, 376, 679 Darien Center (Genesee co.), 94, 1601 Dayton, O., 502 , Delaware river (Schoharie co.), 405b Delaware, O., 271 Delphi (Onondaga co.), 227, 229, 409, 554, 554a, 895 Delphi, Ind., 1261 Delphi falls (Onondaga co.), 228, 409 Dormansville (Albany co.), 2098, 2099 Dresden (Yates co.), 94, 99, 102, 366 Dry creek (Cattaraugus co.), 212 Dryden (Tompkins co.), 393 Dry lots (Herkimer co.), 153 Dunkirk (Chautauqua co.), 1712 Dunks hill (Onondaga co.), 2062 REPORT OF THE STATE PALEONTOLOGIST 1899 Earlville (Madison co.), 371, 1611 East Albany [Rensselaer] (Rensselaer co.), 1172 - Kast Beekmantown (Clinton co.), 1120 East Bloomfield (Ontario co.), 1558 East Davenport (Delaware co.), 2082 East Elma (Erie co.), 1715 East Koy creek (Wyoming co.), 1742 East Randolph (Cattaraugus co.), 204, 205, 207, 218 East Worcester (Otsego co.), 1551, 2126, 2127, 2157 Eaton (Madison co.), 1612 Edmunds hill, Me., 1410 Edson Corners (Otsego co.), 2119 Kighteen Mile creek (Erie co.), 86, 1710 Ellington (Chautauqua co.), 219, 220 Elm creek (Cattaraugus co.), 208 Elm Valley (Allegany co.), 567b 689 Elmira (Chemung co.), 396, 473, 486, 487, 489, 490, 573, 575, 1768 Elora, Ont., 822 Eminence (Schoharie co.), 2145 Emmons (Otsego co.), 305 Erie canal (Monroe co.) Erwin Center (Steuben co.), 471, 572 Essex (Essex co.), 1108, 1110 Fabius (Onondaga co.), 249, 250 Falkirk (Erie co.), 1453, 1462 Fall brook (Cortland co.), 240 Fall brook (Livingston co.), 75, 268, 341 Fall brook (Ontario co.), 1566, 1575 Fall brook ravine (Wyoming co.), 1723 Fall creek gorge (Otsego co.), 2105 Falls of the Ohio, 274, 664, 1262, 2023, 2024, 2030 Farmers Valley, Pa., 475, 570a Farnham creek (Erie co.), 1708 Ferrisburg, Vt., 1115 Fillmore (Allegany co.), 1743 Flat brook (Schoharie co.), 2093 690 NEW YORK STATR MUSRUM Flatrock creek (Shelby co.), Ind., 2011 Flint creek (Ontario co.), 128, 173, 180, 1380, 1475, 1557, 1569, 1637 Folsomdale (Wyoming co.), 1714 Fonda (Montgomery co.), 622 Forestville (Chautauqua co.), 1782, 1782a Fort Cassin, Vt., 1111, 1112a, 1186, 1137, 1166 Fort Plain (Montgomery co.), 621 Yortville (Cattaraugus co.), 270 Fox’s point (Lake Erie), 1733 Franklin (Delaware co.), 405, 1608, 1754, 2081, 2104 Franklin, Pa., 123 Franklinton (Schoharie co.), 2094, 2146 Friendship (Allegany co.), 1781, 1782, 1783 Frontenac island (Cayuga lake), 2055 Fultonham (Schoharie co.), 28, 29, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 48, 301, 314, 315, 316, 317, 318, 319, 320, 559, 2156 | Gasport (Niagara co.), 2051, 2052, 2053, 2060 Gayhead (Greene co.), 2107 yenegantslet creek (Chenango co.), 1745, 1747 Genesee river, 1726, 1729, 1743, 1744, Genesee valley, 1725, 1727, 1728, 1742 Geneseo (Livingston co.), 75, 77, 80, 268, 341, 342, 348, 421, 1562 Geneva (Ontario co.), 97, 127 Gibson’s glen (Wyoming co.), 1731 Gilberts lake (Otsego co.), 2131 Gilbertsville (Otsego co.), 598 Gilboa (Schoharie co.), 370, 640, 1599, 1600, 1751, 2090, 2093 Gowanda (Cattaraugus co.), 1727b Gowey pond (Otsego co.), 2112 Grant Station (Chautauqua co.), 481 Gravesville (Herkimer co.), 718 Great Bend, Pa., 5294 Great Valley (Cattaraugus co.), 258 Greene (Chenango co.), 1745, 1746, 1747, 1749 Griswold (Genesee co.), 1719 REPORT OF THE STATE PALEONTOLOGIST 1899 691 Hackberry, Ia., 402 Hait’s gorge (Cortland co.), 1759 Half Acre [Devil’s half acre] (Cayuga co.), 350 Hamburg-on-the-lake (Erie co.), 87, 348, 349 Hamilton (Madison co.), 300, 398, 476, Hamilton, Ont., 1254, 1255, 1256, 1257, 1258, 1259, 2015, 2019 Hancock (Delaware co.), 545 Hanford brook, N. B., 1101 Harford (Cortland co.), 536 Harpursville (Broome co.), 2087, 2164 Hartwick (Otsego co.), 890, 1604, 2120, 2132 Hartwick Seminary (Otsego co.), 2112 Haskinville (Steuben co.), 1772, 1776 Hemlock creek (Ontario co.), 90 Hemlock run (Bradford co.), Pa., 584a Highgate Springs, Vt., 1147, 1148 High point (Ontario co.), 1777 Hills Branch (Cayuga co.), 2056 Hill’s gulch (Genesee co.), 1560, 1603 Hinman hollow brook (Otsego co.), 2135 Hobbieville (Allegany co.), 331, 332, 333 Holland (Erie co.), 1741 Holland Patent (Oneida co.), 1165, 1231, 1246, 1248, 1249 Hopewell (Ontario co.), 1575 Horn rock (Skaneateles lake), 496 Horse Corners (Cattaraugus co.), 223, 224 Horseheads (Chemung co.), 487 . Houston Corners (Schoharie co.), 2885 Howard (Steuben co.), 567g Hubbard’s creek (Lewis co.), 1143 Hudson (Columbia co.), 346, 1229, 1371, 2046 Hull’s mills (Allegany co.), 337, 338 Independence, Ia., 404 Indian Falls (Genesee co.), 1459 Ingleside (Ontario co.), 1775, 1778 Iowa City, Ia., 1667 §92 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Iron bridge mills (Cayuga creek), 1720 Irving (Chautauqua co.), 1712 Ischua (Cattaraugus co.), 1786 Isle Lamotte, Vt., 1149, 1151 Ithaca (Tompkins co.), 339, 347, 383, 391, 392, 395, 425, 511, 534, 551, 552, 567f, 1740 Jamesville (Onondaga co.), 151 Java Village (Wyoming co.), 1722 Jaycox run (Livingston co.), 421, 1562 Jefferson (Schoharie co.), 306, 307, 308, 309, 310, 311, 1551, 1607, 1751, 2149 Jerusalem hill (Herkimer co.), 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 512, 1368, 1369 Johnsons falls (Wyoming co.), 1721 Johnsville, Ind., 412 Kansas City, Mo., 2007 Kelly’s creek (Tioga co.), Pa., 457, 458, 544 Kelly’s Island, O., 1469, 2029 Kenhanagara creek (Schoharie co.), 320, 326 Kenwood (Albany co.), 1238 Keeseville (Essex co.), 336, 1118, 1114 Keokuk, Ia., 1974 Keyser, W. Va., 63 Kidder (Cayuga lake), 176, 358 Kingston (Ulster co.), 2083 Knox (Albany co.), 184, 388, 880, 1394 Knoxville, Tenn., 2009. Laceyville, Pa., 569a Lafayette (Onondaga co.), 239 Lake brook (Schoharie co.), 2088, 2148 : Lake Champlain, 1093, 1094, 1104, 1105, 1107, 1108, 1109, 1110, 1111, 1112, 1112a,, 1121, 1153, 1241 Lake Erie, 348, 349, 679, 1708, 1712, 1712a, 1733 Lamb’s Creek (Tioga co.), Pa., 450, 451, 452, 461, 547, 1949, 1950 Laona (Chantauqua co.), 1800 REPORT OF THE STATE PALEONTOLOGIST 1899 693 Laurens (Otsego co.), 2097, 2140 Lawrenceburg, Pa., 527 ’ Lawrenceville, Pa., 564, 589, 590, 593, 596 Lawyer’s creek (Schoharie co.), 315, 316 Lawyersville (Schoharie co.), 889 Lecompton, Kan., 2007 Leesville (Schoharie co.), 163 Leicester, Vt., 1117 Lent hill (Steuben co.), 1734a, 1748a Leon (Cattaraugus co.), 217 ; Leonardsville (Madison co.), 1, 6, 64, 10, 12, 18, 14, 15, 16, 17, 173, 18, 19, 20 Leraysville, Pa., 5294 Leroy (Genesee co.), 133, 184, 506, 1442, 1452, 1455, 1487, 1554, 1603, 2070 Leroy, Pa., 5314 Lewiston (Niagara co.), 2043, 2057, 2059 Lexington, Ind., 2022, 2081, 2032, 2033, 2034 Leyden (Lewis co.), 1140, 1142, 1148, 1245 Lighthouse point (Lake Champlain), 1153 Lime Creek, Ia., 401, 402 . Lime Rock (Genesee co.), 1477, 1480, 1487 Lindley (Steuben co.), 570 Litchfield (Herkimer co.), 512 Litchfield, O., 124 Little Canadaway creek (Chautauqua co.), 1712a Littlefalls (Herkimer co.), 711, 1001, 1134, 1239 Little Genesee (Allegany co.), 264 Little Métis, Can., 1082 Littleville (Livingston co.), 88, 1458, 1552 Liverpool, O., 125 Livingstonville (Schoharie co.), 2088, 2148 Livonia salt shaft, 1274, 1275, 1276, 1277, 1278, 1279, 1280, 1281, 1282, 1283, 1284, 1285, 1286, 1287, 1288, 1289, 1290, 1291, 1292, 1574, 1375, 1876, 1377, 1378, 1379, 1896, 1397, 1484, 1485, 1486, 1613, 1614, 1616, 1617, 1618, 1619, 1620, 1621, 1622, 1623, 1624, 694 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 1625, 1626, 1627, 1628, 1629, 1630, 1631, 1632, 1633, 1634, 1635, 1636, 1637, 1638, 1639, 1640, 1641, 1642, 1643, 1644, 1645, 1646, 1647, 1648, 1649, 1650, 1651, 1652, 1653, 1654, 1655, 1656, 1704, 1705. Lockport (Niagara co.), 294, 625, 668, 730 Lodi, O., 114 Lodi landing (Seneca lake), 353, 354, 355 Lone rock point, Vt., 1092 Long Beards riffs (Genesee river), 1744 Long Lake, Mich., 1571d Louisville, Ind., 1972 Lower basin gulf (Skaneateles lake), 231 Ludlowville (Tompkins co.), 174, 359, 485, 442, 557, 567f Ludlowville creek (Tompkins co.), 485 Madison, Ind., 720 McHenry valley (Allegany co.), 1792 Mackey (Schoharie co.), 2106 Mallet Creek, O., 112 Manlius (Onondaga co.), 553, 660, 666, 1473, 2069 Manlius square (Onondaga co.), 131, 145, 152 Mansfield, Pa., 450, 451, 452, 453, 454, 455, 456, 457, 458, 460, 461, ; 470, 472, 520, 521, 525, 533, 538, 540, 544, 549, 579, 580, 586, 1752, 1755 Mapleton, Me., 1411 Marathon (Cortland co.), 536 Marbletown (Ulster co.), 1483 Marcellus (Onondaga co.), 52, 58, 130, 149, 2062, 2065 Martinsburg (Lewis co.), 1141, 1244, 1252 Maryland (Otsego co.), 2114, 2117, 2118, 2121 Meadville, Pa., 119, 226 Medina, O., 113, 126 Mehoopany, Pa., 568 Menteth’s point (Canandaigua lake), 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 76, 91 Mertensia (Ontario co.), 1568 Middle brook (Schoharie co.), 2149 REPORT OF THE STATE PALEONTOLOGIST 1899 695 Middleburg (Schoharie co.), 26, 27, 32, 2072, 2128, 2147, 2151 Middleport (Niagara co.), 2054 Middleville (Herkimer co.), 291, 712, 713, 714 Milford (Otsego co.), 2119, 2122, 2133, 2135, 2139 Milford Center (Otsego co.), 2115 Mill brook (Schoharie co.), 2079, 2111, 2153 Miller’s mill (Chautauqua co.), 1732a Mills Mills (Allegany co.), 1739 Mill valley (Schoharie co.), 2147 Minoa (Onondaga co.), 131, 145, 152 Mitchell’s, Pa., 582¢ Monroe (Orange co.), 476 Monroe Corners, Pa., 529, 531 Montrose, Pa., 530. Moose creek (Lewis co.), 1142 Moravia (Cayuga co.), 200, 201 Morehouse brook (Otsego co.), 2113 Morgan’s creek (Steuben co.), 594 Morris (Otsego co.), 532 Morrisville (Madison co.), 1610 Moscow (Livingston co.), 81, 361, 364 Moss creek (Allegany co.), 1782 Mt Lebanon, Syria, 845 Mt Marion station (Ulster co.), 2109 Mt Moreno (Columbia co.), 1129, 2046 Mount Morris (Livingston co.), 363, 407, 1706, 1725 Mount Upton (Chenango co.), 374, 375 Mount Vision (Otsego co.), 2096, 2105, 2129, 2132 Mud creek (Ontario co.), 79, 1558 Mud hollow (Albany co.), 1605 Mumford (Monroe co.), 1465 Murder creek (Chautauqua co.), 1719 Muttonville, see Vincent Naples (Ontario co.), 1735, 1737, 1777, 2042, 2042a Napoli (Cattaraugus co.), 206, 213 Napoli Center (Cattaraugus co.), 210 696 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Nashville, Tenn., 2008 Nearpass quarry (Orange co.), 893, 894 New Albion (Cattaraugus co.), 209 New Berlin (Chenango co.), 373 Newcreek, W. Va., see Keyser New Hartford (Oneida co.), 298 New Hudson (Allegany co.), 1788 _ New Lisbon (Otsego co.), 2116, 2180, 2131, 2137 Newport (Herkimer co.), 719, 722 New Providence, Ind., 276 é Nichols (Tioga co.), 578 Nile (Allegany co.), 1783 Noblesville (Otsego co.), 2116, 2150, 2131 North Blenheim (Schoharie co.), 2079, 2091, 2106, 2111, 2158 North Bristol, see Vincent North Evans (Erie co.), 1710 North Java (Wyoming co.), 1740a North Lima (Livingston co.), 179 North New Berlin (Chenango co.), 578¢ North Walpole, Ont., 2026 Norton’s landing (Cayuga lake), 385, 428, 429, 430, 481, 482, 433, 434, 436, 437, 438, 4839, 440, 441, 445, 444, 445, 446, 447, 448, 449, 462, 463, 464, 465, 466, 467, 468, 537, 550 Norway ridge (Steuben co.), 597 Norwich (Chenango co.), 424, 535, 558 Nunda (Livingston co.), 1741b Offiel creek, Ind., 412 Ogdens Corners, Pa., 541 Ogdens ferry (Cayuga lake), 175, 176, 357 Oil City, Pa., 482 Olean (Cattaraugus co.), 259, 260, 261, 262, 263, 265, 267, 1794, 1795, 1796, 2040 Oneonta (Otsego co.), 304, 578a, 2148 Onondaga creek (Onondaga co.), 237, 238 Onondaga Valley (Onondaga co.), 141 Orleans (Ontario co.), 128, 1657 REPORT OF THH STATH PALEONTOLOGIST 1899 697 Otego (Otsego co.), 1750 Otego creek (Otsego co.), 2129 Otisco lake (Onondaga co.), 233, 234, 498 Ottawa, Ont., 1174, 1230 Owasco lake (Cayuga co.), 232, 251 Owego (Tioga co.), 2038 Oxford (Chenango co.), 2048 Painted Post (Steuben co.), 574 Panama (Chautauqua co.), 426, 427, 481, 484, 485, 491, 492, 493, 494, 495, 543 Panther creek (Schoharie co.), 2076, 2152 Paris hill (Oneida co.), 162 Partridge point, Mich., 1571b Paterson’s creek station, Va., 62 Pattersonville (Schenectady co.), 1133 Pavilion (Genesee co.), 85, 84, 676, 1560 Pavilion Center (Genesee co.), 84 Pendleton, Ind., 2020 Penfield, O., 124 Penn Yan (Yates co.), 367 Peoria (Albany co.), 1464, 2102 Peoria (Wyoming co.), 1464 Petosky, Mich., 1571c, 1571le Phelps (Ontario co.), 1380 Phelps junction (Ontario co.), 1475 Phillipsburg [Belmont], (Allegany co.), 417 Phillips Creek (Allegany co.), 568a Piedmont, W. Va., 63 Pike (Wyoming co.), 1744a Pine Valley, Pa., 484 Plainfield Center (Otsego co.), 5 Plaaie kill (Ulster co.), 2109 Plattsburg (Clinton co.), 1123d, 1247a Pleasantville, Pa., 1961 Point Colborne, Ont., 1460, 2028 Point Marblehead, O., 2029 7 698 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Poland (Herkimer co.), 717, 1161 Pompey Hill (Onondaga co.), 202, 203, 372, 408 Pontiac (Erie co.), 1724 Portage falls, lower (Genesee river), 1729b Portage falls, middle (Genesee river), 1729a Portage falls, upper (Genesee river), 1729 Portageville (Wyoming co.), 1730 Port Crane (Broome co.), 2095, 2103 Port Henry (Essex co.), 1153, 1158 Port Jervis (Orange co.), 891, 892, 898, 894, 1389 Portville (Cattaraugus co.), 328, 329, 330 Potsdam (St Lawrence co.), 1095 Potter hill (Steuben co.), 1769 Potuck creek (Greene co.), 2107 Prattsburg (Steuben co.), 1774 Pratts falls (Onondaga co.), 202, 372, 386, 408, 500, 556, 1563 Pray’s point (Skaneateles lake), 244 Presque Isle creek (Aroostook co.), Me., 1898, 2067 Prospect hill (Orange co.), 2154 Providence island, Vt., 1167 Randolph (Cattaraugus co.), 214 Ratcliff’s Mills, N. B., 1101 Rathbun’s creek (Herkimer co.), 719 Rawlin’s mills, Vt., 1154 Redhouse bridge (Cattaraugus co.), 257 Redrock, Pa., 522, 539 Reidville (Albany co.), 1605 Rensselaer (Rensselaer co.), 1172 Richfield, O., 110 Richfield Springs (Otsego co.), 888 Richmond’s quarry (Yates co.), 374, 469, 1758 Richmondville (Schoharie co.), 653 Riker hollow [Ingleside] (Ontario co.), 1775, 1778 River Valley, Pa., 484 Rochester (Monroe co.), 645, 646, 1253a RPPORT OF THE STATE PALEONTOLOGIST 1899 699 Rock City (Cattaraugus co.), 312, 422 Rockford, Ia., 401 Rock landing (Seneca lake), 368, 369 Rock Stream (Yates co.), 365, 368, 369 Rockville (Allegany co.), 161, 415, 416, 418 Rome (Oneida co.), 1232 Rose point (Orange co.), 2154 Roseville, Pa., 584 Rossie (St Lawrence co.), 669 Round top hill (Delaware co.), 2104 Rouse Point (Clinton co.), 11388, 1247b Rummerfield Creek (Bradford co.), Pa., 568b, 568¢ Rutland, Vt., 698, 1156 Rysedorf hill, (Rensselaer co.), 1172 St Croix falls, Minn., 700 Salamanca (Cattaraugus co.), 312, 313, 422 Sandyhill (Washington co.), 1171, 1228 Saratoga Springs (Saratoga co.), 1088, 1106, 1118, 1131, 1135, 1139, 1154 Saratoga lake, 1251 Sawyer’s bay, Vt., 1116 Schenectady (Schenectady co.), 1250 Schenevus (Otsego co.), 2078, 2123 Schoharie (Schoharie co.), 22, 23, 24, 25, 186, 188, 189, 286, 287, 288, 299, 303, 600, 632, 633, 634, 635, 636, 670, 835, 881, 900, 1267, 1268, 1872, 1393, 1413, 1413a, 1470, 1609 Schoharie creek (Schoharie co.), 322, 323, 324, 325, 2072, 2128 Scio (Allegany co.), 2039 Scott’s ravine (Allegany co.), 1743 Sedalia, Mo., 1969 Seeley creek (Tioga co.), Pa., 450, 451, 461, 540, 1949, 1950 Seneca Castle (Ontario co.), 127, 180 Seneca lake, 353, 354, 355, 356, 365, 368, 369, 677 Seneca point gully (Canandaigua lake), 2058 Sennett station (Cayuga co.), 160 T00 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Sharon (Schoharie co.), 883, 884, 1266 Sharon Springs (Schoharie co.), 885, 1103 Shed brook (Herkimer co.), 722 Shelburne point, Vt., 1092, 1105 Sherburne creek (Chenango co.), 423 Shoreham, Vt., 1168 Shortville (Ontario co.), 147 Shurger’s glen (Cayuga lake), 428, 430, 431, 433, 434, 436, 487, 4389, 440), 441, 444, 446, 447, 449, 467, 468 Sierks station, 1718a Silvercreek (Chautauqua Co.), 1723a Skaneateles (Onondaga co.), 46, 55 Skaneateles Junction (Onondaga co.), 50, 51, 53, 54 Skaneateles lake, 44, 45, 47, 48, 49, 56, 57, 230, 231, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244, 247, 252, 258, 496, 497, 499 Skeen mountain (Washington co.), 1155 Smethport, Pa., 477, 4774, 478, 479, 480, 480+ Smithfield, Pa., 575a, 582, 582a Smiths (Washington co.), 721 Smiths Basin (Washington co.), 1157 Smoky hollow (Genesee river), 1726 South Cairo (Greene co.), 2084 South Cayuga, Ont., 2027 South New Berlin (Chenango co.), 532 South Walpole, Ont., 1891, 2025 es: Spafford Corners (Onondaga co.), 44, 45, 47, 48, 56 Spergen hill, Ind., 1970, 1971 Split Rock point, Vt., 1093 Spragueville, Pa., 2074 Sprakers Basin (Montgomery co.), 708, 1144, 1247 Springfield (Otsego co.), 887 Springport (Cayuga co.), 168 Springville (Erie co.), 351, 1741a | Square lake, Me., 1363, 1873 Stafford (Genesee co.), 146, 1479, 1555, 1556 Stamford (Delaware co.), 514 \ REPORT OF THE STATE PALEONTOLOGIST 1899 TUL Steamburg (Cattaraugus co.), 215 : Sterlingville (Jefferson co.), 1097 : Stissing mountain (Dutchess co.), 1100 Stony brook (Herkimer co.), 713 : Stony brook (Wyoming co.), 1718 | Stony Post, Mich., 1571 Strykersville (Wyoming co.), 1721 Sugar creek, Ind., 411, 414 Sugar loaf hill (Rensselaer co.), 1172 Sugar river (Lewis co.), 1140, 1245 Summit (Schoharie co.), 302, 308, 309, 310, 559, 674, 1551, 2110, 2145 Summit Corners (Schoharie co.), 196 Susquehanna river (Otsego co.), 2139 Susquehanna river, Pa., 474 Swanton, Vt., 1234 Swanton Falls, Vt., 1102 Tannery gully, Naples (Ontario co.), 1737 Tassel hill (Oneida co.), 148 Ten mile point gulf (Skaneateles lake), 230 Terry’s ravine (Chautauqua co.), 1732, 1732a Thedford [Widder], Ont., 275, 280 Thompson lake (Albany co.), 879, 1367, 1892, 1414, 1457, 1471 Thunder Bay, Mich., 1576 Thunder Bay river, Mich., 1571a Tichenor’s gully (Canandaigua lake), 1564, 1565, 1573 Tinker’s falls (Onondaga co.), 199, 285, 236 Tioga, Pa., 459, 548, 570d, 571a, 1757 Tioga river, Pa., 452, 453, 454, 456, 460 Titusville, Pa., 118 ‘Tivoli lake (Albany co.), 1243 Towanda, Pa., 474, 529 Towanda creek (Bradford co.), Pa., 518, 546 Trenton Falls (Oneida co.), 623, 1164 Tribeshill (Montgomery co.), 292 Troy (Rensselaer co.), 1080, 1081 Tully (Onondaga co.), 198, 254, 255, 256, 675 702 NEW YORK STATE MUSBUM Ulster, Pa., 575¢ Unadilla Forks (Otsego co.), 3, 4, 6, 64, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 21 Union Springs (Cayuga co.), 351, 2050, 2055, 2061 Upper Corners (Chenango co.), 1745 Urlton (Greene co.), 2080 Utica (Oneida co.), 1253 Valcour, 2065, 2066 Valcour island (Clinton co.), 1119 Vandemarks creek (Allegany co.), 331, 332, 333, 334, 335 Van Wie’s point (Albany co.), 1237 Varysburg (Wyoming co.), 1717, 1718 Versailles (Cattaraugus co.), 1727a Vespertine, Pa., 567d Vestal (Brooke co.), 577 Vincent (Ontario co.), 74, 79, 192 Vinegar brook glen (Cayuga lake) 429, 482, 438, 445, 448, 463 Wainfleet, Ont., 2028 Waldron, Ind., 2016 Wallace (Steuben co.), 1766, 1767 Walnut creek (Chautauqua co.), 1732, 1732a_ Walpole, Ont., 1463 Warren, O., 116 Warren, Pa., 1760, 1773, 1799, 1960 Warsaw (Wyoming co.), 1723, 1731 Waterloo (Seneca co.), 171 Waterloo, Ia., 400 Watertown (Jefferson co.), 293, 297 Waterville (Oneida co.), 187, 138, 148, 1472 Watkins (Schuyler co.), 486 Watson (Lewis co.), 317, 318 Waverly (Tioga co.), 575 Waverly, Ind., 1547 Waverly, Ia., 403 Waverly, Pa., 1606 Wawarsing (Ulster co.), 2101 Waynesville, O., 507 Wellsville (Allegany co.), 1779, 1787, 2086 REPORT OF THE STATE PALEBONTOLOGIST 1899 West Avon (Livingston co.), 419, 420 West Berne (Albany co.), 1464 West Bloomfield (Ontario co.), 103 West Canada creek (Herkimer co.), 717 West Durham (Greene co.), 2077 West Falls (Erie co.), 1713 Westford (Otsego co.), 2136 West Fulton (Schoharie co.), 321, 2076, 2152, 2156, 2159, 2161 West Gilboa (Schoharie co.), 2150 West Hurley (Ulster co.), 2155 West kill (Schoharie co.), 306, 2079, 2091 West Oneonta (Otsego co.), 2064 Westpark (Ulster co.), 1236 Westport (Essex co.), 1094, 1109 Westport, Ky., 277, 278 Westside ravine (Wyoming co.), 1717 Westville (Otsego co.), 2136, 2138 West Williams, Ont., 275, 279 Whetstone creek (Lewis co.), 1141, 1244 Whetstone creek, 0O., 3 White creek (Herkimer co.), 721 Whitehall (Washington co.), 1155, 1156, 1159, 1160 White Store (Chenango co.), 375 Whitesville (Allegany co.), 1790 Whitney brook (Otsego co.), 2114, 2117, 2118, 2121, 2134 Wilbur tunnel (Ulster co.), 2083 Williamsville (Erie co.), 107, 108, 109, 142, 659, 1456 Wings point, Vt., 1110 Wiscoy (Allegany co.), 1738 ’ Wiscoy creek (Allegany co.), 1738, 1739, 1744a Wolf creek (Wyoming co.), 1728 Wolf run (Cattaraugus co.), 216 Worcester (Otsego co.), 2086, 2162 Wysox creek, Pa., 576 Yellowsprings, O., 504 York (Livingston co.), 78, 82, 340, 377, 680, 1561 York Center, O., 112 ‘Zoar (Erie co.), 1742b 708 704 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM NEW YORK LOCALITIES AGCORDING TO COUNTIES Albany co. Allegany co. (continued) Albany Phillips Creek Albany rural cemetery | Rockville Clarksville Scio Coeymans Hollow Scott’s ravine Cooksburg | Vandermarks creek Dormansville Wellsville Kenwood W hitesyville Knox Wiscoy Mud hollow Wiscoy creek Peoria Broome co. Reidville Chenango Forks Thompson lake Harpursville Tivoli lake Port Crane Van Wie’s point Vestal West Berne | Cattaraugus co. Allegany co. Allegany Almond | Carrollton Andover | Cattaraugus creek Angelica Cold spring Bakers Bridge Cold spring creek Belmont Conewango Belvidere Dry creek Elm Valley East Randolph Fillmore Elm creek Friendship Fortville Hull’s mills Gowanda Little Genesee Great Valley McHenry valley Horse Corners Mills Mills Ischua Moss creek | Leon New Hudson | Napoli Nile | Napoli Center Phillipsburg [Belmont] | New Albion Cattaraugus co. (continucd) Chautauqua co. REPORT OF THE STATE PALEONTOLOGIST 1899 705 Olean Portville Randolph Redhouse bridge Rock City Salamanca Steamburg Versailles Wolf run Cayuga co. Auburn Aurora Carter’s mills Cayuga Cayuga junction | Half Acre [Devil’s half | acre | Hills Branch Moravia Sennett station Springport Union Springs Bell creek Brockton Canadaway creek | Cherrycreek Dunkirk Ellington Forestville Grant Station Irving Laona | Little Canadaway creek | Chautauqua co. (continued) Miller’s mill Murder creek Panama Silvercreek Terry’s ravine Walnut creek Chemung co. Chemung narrows Elmira Horseheads Chenango co. Bartlett’s rocks Bennett’s creek Bennettsville Chenango river Coventry [South Oxford ] Genegantslet creek Greene Mount Upton New Berlin North New Berlin Norwich ~ Oxford Sherburne creek South New Berlin Upper Corners White Store Clinton co. Ausable Chasm Beekmantown Bluff point Chazy Cumberland head Kast Beekmantown NEW Clinton co. (continued) Plattsburg Rouse Point Valcour Valcour island Columbia co. Becraft mountain Hudson YORK STATE MUSEUM Erie co. (continued) Hamburg-on theleke Holland North Evans Pontiac Springville West Falls Williamsville Mount Moreno Zoar Cortland co. Essex co. Cortland Essex Fall brook Keeseville Hait’s gorge Port Henry Harford | Westport Marathon Fulton (7?) co. Delaware co. Cold spring East Davenport _ Genesee co. Franklin Alexander Hancock Batavia Stamford Bethany Dutchess co. Buck run Stissing mountain Crooked creek Erie co. Darien Aiden Darien Center Angola Griswold Hill’s gulch Indian Falls Big Buffalo creek Big Sister creek Black Rock Leroy Buffalo Lime Rock Clarence Pavilion Clarence hollow Pavilion Center East Elma | Stafford Eighteen Mile creek | Greene co. Falkirk | Catskill Farnham creek Catskill creek REPORT OF THB STATE PALEONTOLOGIST 1899 Greene co. (continued) Gayhead Potuck creek South Cairo Urlton West Durham Herkimer co. Dry lots Gravesville Jerusalem hill Litchfield Littlefalls Middleville Newport Poland Rathbun’s creek Shed brook Stony brook West Canada creek White creek Jefferson co. Black creek Sterlingville Watertown Lewis Co. Chimney point gulf Hubbard’s creek Leyden Martinsburg Moose creek Sugar river Watson Whetstone creek Livingston co, Ayon Livingston co. (continued) Byersville Caledonia Cashaqua creek Dansville Fall brook Geneseo Jaycox run Littleville Livonia salt shaft Moscow Mount Morris North Lima Nunda West Avon . York Madison co. Cazenovia Chittenango Clockville Earlville Eaton Hamilton Leonardsville Morrisville Monroe co. Erie canal Mumford Rochester Montgomery co. Amsterdam Fonda Fort Plain Sprakers Basin Tribeshill 707 708 NEW YORK STATE Niagara co. Gasport Lewiston Lockport Middleport Oneida co. Alder creek Babcockhill Booneville Bridgewater Cassville Clinton Holland Patent New Hartford Paris hill Rome Tassel hill Trenton Falls Utica Waterville Onondaga co. Appletree point Apulia Borodino Cardiff - Delphi Delphi falls Dunks hill Fabius Jamesville Lafayette Manlius Malius square Marcellus Minoa Onondaga creek MUSEUM Onondaga co. (continued) Onondaga Valley Pompey Hill Pratts falls Skaneateles Skaneateles Junction Spattord Corners Tinker’s falls Tully Ontario co. Bells gully Black point Blacksmith’s gully Bristol Bristol Center Canadice Canandaigua Canandaigua lake Centerfield Clifton Springs Cromwell’s creek East Bloomfield Fall brook Flint creek Geneva Hemlock creek High point Hopewell Ingleside Mertensia Mud creek Naples Orleans Phelps Phelps junction Riker hollow [Ingleside] REPORT OF THE STATE PALEONTOLOGIST 1899 Ontario co. (continued) Seneca Castle Shortville Tannery gully Vincent West Bloomfield Orange co. > Monroe Nearpass quarry Port Jervis Prospect hill Rose point Otsego co. Arnold’s lake Bowe hill Cherry Valley Colliersville Cooperstown Coxs falls East Worcester Edson Corners Emmons Fall creek gorge Gilberts lake Gilbertsville Gowey pond Hartwick Hartwick Seminary Hinman hollow brook Laurens Maryland Milford Milford Center Morehouse brook Morris ses . Otsego co. (continued) Mount Vision New Lisbon Noblesville Oneonta Otego Otego creek Plainfield Center Richfield Springs Schenevus Springfield Susquehanna river Unadilla Forks Westford West Oneonta Westville Whitney brook Worcester Rensselaer co. East Albany Rensselaer Rysedorf hill Sugar Loaf hill Troy St Lawrence co. Potsdam Rossie Saratoga co. Ballston Saratoga lake Saratoga Springs Schenectady co. Pattersonville Schenectady 709 ’ 710 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Schoharie co. Adams hollow Bear gulf Blenheim Breakabeen Carlisle Charlotteville Cobleskill Conesville Delaware river Eminence Flat brook Franklinton Fultonham Gilboa Houston Corners Jefferson Kenhanagara creek Lake brook Lawyer’s creek Lawyersville Leesville Livingstonville Mackey Middle brook Middleburg Mill brook North Blenheim Panther creek Richmondville Schoharie Schoharie creek Sharon Sharon Springs Summit Schoharie co. (continued) Summit Corners West Fulton West Gilboa West kill Schuyler co. Watkins Seneca co. Waterloo Steuben co. Addison Adrian Avoca Bath Brown hill Cohocton Cook’s creek Corning Cotton hill Erwin Center Haskinville Howard Lent hill Lindley Morgan’s creek Norway ridge Painted Post Potter hill Prattsburg Wallace | Tioga co. Nichols Owego Waverly REPORT OF THE STATH PALEONTOLOGIST 1899 71il Tompkins co. Cascadilla creek Cayuta creek Dryden Ithaca Ludlowville Ludlowville creek Ulster co. Bristol hill church Kingston Marbletown Mt Marion station Plaate kill Wawarsing West Hurley Westpark Wilbur tunnel Washington co. Bakers falls Sandyhill Skeen mountain Smiths Smiths Basin Whitehall Wyoming co. Attica Cayuga creek, Wyoming co. (continued) Cowlesville East Koy creek Fall brook ravine Folsomdale Gibson’s glen Java Village Johnsons falls North Java Peoria Pike Portageville Stony brook Strykersville Varysburg Warsaw Westside ravine Wolf creek Yates co. Bellona Benton run Cashong creek Dresden Penn Yan Richmond’s quarry Rock Stream 712 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM INDEX TO FORMATIONS Laurentian gneiss, 652, 669, 1001, 1092, 1093, 1094 Cambric (Taconic), 1080, 1081, 1082, 1100, 1101, 1102 Potsdam sandstone, 336, 700, 1083, 1095, 1096, 1097 Calciferous sandstone [Beekmantown limestone], 1105, 1106, 1107, 1108, 1112a, 1118, 1119, 1120, 1121, 1123, 1131, 1132, 1133, 1134, 1166, 1167, 1168, 1169, 2042, 2065 Chazy limestone, 290, 701, 1103, 1111, 1112, 1113, 1114, 1115, 1116, 1117, 1117a, 1122, 1123, 1158, 2066 Birdseye [Lowville] limestone, 661, 1135, 1136, 1137, 1138, 1149?, 1152 Black river limestone, 295, 297, 1104, 1109, 1152, 1161, 1162, 1174 Trenton limestone, 291, 292, 293, 619, 620, 621, 622, 623, 626, 654, 690,710, Tid,8Gb2n 713, 714, 715, 7167s" TS) 119, ot aes 1110, 1112, 1123, 1189, 1140, 1141, 1142, 1143, 1144, 1145, 1146, 1147, 1148?, 1150, 1151, 1153, 1154, 1164, 1165, 1170, 1171, 1172, 1173, 1174, 2008, 2009, 2011 | Utica slate, 624, 691, 1227?, 1228, 1230, 1231, 1239, 1242, 1243?, 1244, 1245, 1246, 1247, 1247a, 1247b, 1248, 1249, 1250 Hudson river group, 277, 278, 296, 365, 469, 503, 507, 508, 600, 627, 628, 648, 644, 651, 655, 720, 1229, 1232, 1238, 1234, 1235, 1236, 1237, 1238, 1240, 1241, 1251, 1252, 2010, 2046, 2047 Medina sandstone, 629, 656, 1259, 2048, 2060 Clinton beds, 298, 502, 630, 645, 657, 835, 1253, 1253a, 1255, 1256, 1256a?, 1258, 2015, 2051, 2052, 2053, 2057 . Niagara beds, 294, 299, 504, 601, 625, 6381, 632, 646, 658, 668, 730, 1254, 1257, 1260, 1261, 1262, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2052, 2054, 2059 Guelph formation, 822 Salina beds, including [Rondout] waterlime, 58, 59, 109, 166, 172, 510, 512, 601A, 633, 666, 667, 696, 1274, 1275, 1276, 1277, 1278, 1279, 1280, 1281, 1282, 1288, 1284, 1285, 1286, 1287, 1288, 1289, 1290, 1290a, 1291, 1291a, 1291b, 1292, 1293, 1369, 1374, REPORT OF THE STATE PALEON’COLOGIST 1899 713 1375, 1376, 1377, 1378, 1879, 1880, 1881, 1382, 1442, 2056, 2063, 2068 Lower Helderberg group [Helderbergian], 22, 23, 24, 51, 52?, 53?, 54?, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 167, 189, 283, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288, 289, 346, 509, 512, 560, 563, 602, 603, 604, 605, 614, 616, 634, 635, 636, 637, 881, 882, 885, 892, 893, 894, 1263, 1265, 1266, 1267, 1268, 1362, 1363, 1364, 1365, 1366, 1867, 1368, 1370, 1371, 1872, 1373, 1389, 2044, 2045 Oriskany sandstone, 25, 50, 168?, 177, 281, 344, 350, 351, 388, 606, 615, 638, 880, 1390, 1391, 1893, 1894, 1395, 1396, 1397, 1398, 2050 Upper Helderberg group [Ulsterian], 400?, 617, 639, 664, 881 Cauda-galli [Esopus] grit, 1413a, 2083 Schoharie grit, 27, 182, 183, 184, 186, 562, 607, 1412, 1413, 1414, 1415, 2020 Corniferous [Onondaga] limestone, 21, 88, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 132, 133, 1384, 185, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 150, 151, 153, 154, 168, 170, 171, 178, 179, 181, 185, 271, 272, 273, 274, 282, 348, 389, 561, 608, 609, 649, 659, 878, 879, 880, 883, 884, 888, 1442, 1450, 1451, 1452, 1453, 1454, 1455, 1456, 1457, 1458, 1459, 1460, 1461, 1462, 1463, 1464, 1465, 1466, 1467, 1468, 1469, 1470, 1471, 1472, 1473, 1474, 1475, 1476, 1477, 1478, 1479, 1480, 1481, 1482, 1483, 1484, 1485, 1486, 1487, 1546, 1547, 1548, 1549, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025, 2026, 2027, 2028, 2029, 2030, 2061, 2070 Marcellus shale, 2, 46, 88, 89, 127, 128, 149, 152, 169, 173, 355, 419, 505, 506, 610, 660, 877, 1552, 1553, 1554, 1555, 1556, 1557, 1558, 1641, 1642, 1643, 1644, 1645, 1646, 1647, 1648, 1649, 1650, 1651, 1652, 1653, 1654, 1655, 1656, 1657, 2062, 2147 Agoniatites limestone, 129, 553, 2062, 2069 Hamilton beds, 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 63, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 174, 18, 19, 20, 21, 26, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 47, 48, 49, 55, 56, 57, 60, 61, 62, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 714 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 82, 88, 84, 85, 86, 87, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 100, 101, 102, 103, 148, 174, 175, 176, 180, 188, 190, 191, 192, 196, 197, 198, 200, 201, 202, 203, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 256, 268, 269, 275, 279, 280, 300, 301, 302, 303, 314, 315, 316, 317, 318, 319, 320, 321, 325, 326, 327, 340, 341, 342, 343, 345, 349, 352, 353, 357, 359, 360, 361, 362, 366, 370, 371, 372, 376, 377, 379, 383, 384, 385, 398, 399, 402, 4032, 404?, 408, 409, 421, 423, 428, 429, 430, 431, 452, 433, 434, 435, 436, 437, 438, 439, 440, 441, 442, 443, 444, 445, 446, 447, 448, 449, 462, 463, 464, 465, 466, 467, 468, 476, 496, 497, 498, 499, 500, 537, 550, 551, 554, 554a, 556, 557, 559, 611, 618, 640, 648, 653, 674, 676, 677, 678, 679, 680, 887, 889, 890, 891, 895, 1551, 1560, 1561, 1562, 1563, 1564, 1565, 1566, 1567, 1571,.1572, 1573, 1574, 1575, 1576, 1577, 1578, 1601, 1602, 1603, 1604, 1605, 1607, 1609, 1611, 1612, 1613, 1614, 1616, 1617, 1618, 1619, 1620, 1621, 1622, 1623, 1624, 1625, 1626, 1627, 1628, 1629, 1630, 1631, 1632, 1633, 1634, 1635, 1636, 1637, 1638, 1639, 1640, 1664, 1665, 1666, 1667, 2030, 2031, 2032, 2033, 2072, 2073, 2075, 2076, 2080, 2084, 2085?, 20902, 2094, 2096, 2098, 2099, 2101, 2102?, 2105, 2107, 2108, 2109, 2110, 2111, 2112, 2113, 2121, 2122, 2126, 2127, 2128, 2129?, 2130?, 2131, 2133, 2136, 21372, 2138, 2139, 2141, 21452, 2146, 2151, 2152, 2153?, 2155, 2156, 2162 | Tully limestone, 98, 99, 199, 236, 254, 255, 354, 387, 675, 2116 Genesee shales, 187, 194, 356, 358, 363, 364, 369, 1700, 1701, 1702, 1703, 1704, 1705, 1706, 2058 Portage group, 193, 195, 367, 368, 407, 552, 612, 641, 1708, 1709, 1710, 1711, 1712, 1712a, 1713, 1716, 1718, 1718a, 1719, 1720, 1721, 1722, 1723, 1723a, 1724, 1725, 1726, 1727, 1727a, 1728, 1729, 1729a, 1729b, 1730, 1730a, 1731, 1732, 1733, 17338a, 1734, 1734a, 1737, 1740 Naples shales, 1735, 1736, 1736a Ithaca beds, 304, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310, 311, 312, 322, 323, 324, 339, 390, 391, 392, 395, 405a, 405b, 424, 425, 511, 514, 528, 5382, 534, 585, 536, 558, 578a, 578c, 598, 599, 1599, REPORT OF THE STATE PALEUNTOLOGIST 1899 715 1600, 1608, 1610, 2064, 2071, 2074, 2078, 2079, 2082, 2086, 2088, 2089, 2091?, 2092?, 2097, 2106, 2114, 2115, 2117, 2118 2119, 2120, 2123, 2124?, 2125, 2132, 2134?, 2135, 2140, 2142, 2143, 2144, 2148 2149?, 2154?, 2157, 2158, 2159, 2160, 2161, 2163 ?, 2165 Oneonta sandstone, 469, 1750, 1751, 2048, 2049, 2077, 2081, 2093, 2150 Chemung beds, '63?, 204, 205, 206,,207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 2138, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 226, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267, 270, 318, 328, 329, 330, 331, 332, 333, 334, 335, 337, 338, 347, 393, 394, 396, 397, 401, 405, 415, 416, 417, 418, 422, 426, 427, 455, 457, 458, 459, 460, 461, 470, 471, 472, 473, 477?, 4774?, 478?, 479?, 480?, 480+, 481?, 484?, 485?, 486, 487, 488, 489, 490, 491, 492, 493, 494, 495, 516, 518, 519, 520, 521, 523, 524, 526, 527, 529, 52947, 5294, 5294, 530, 531, 5314, 533, 538, 542, 548, 544, 545?, 546?, 546a?, 549, 564, 565, 566, 567, 567a, 567b, 567c, 567d, 567e, 567g, 568, 568a, 568b, 568c, 568d, 569, 569a, 570, 5T0a, STOW, STOc, 5TOd, 571, 572, 573, 574, 575, 575a, 575c, 575d, 576, STT, 578, ST8d, 578e, 580, 581, 582, 582a, 582¢, 583, 584, 584a, 585, 586, 587, 588, 589, 590, 591, 592, 593, 594, 595, 596, 597, 599a, 613, 642, 1606, 1746, 1747, 1752, 1754, 1755, 1756, 1757, 1758, 1759, 1760, 1761, 1762, 1763, 1764, 1765, 1766, 1767, 1768, 1770, 1771, 1772, 1773, 1774, 1775, 1776, 1777, 1778, 1779, 1780, 1781, 1782, 1783, 1784, 1785, 1786, i787, 1788, 1789, 1790, 1791, 1792, 1793, 1794, 1795, 1796, 1797, 1798, 1799, 1800, 1801, 1802, 2036, 2037, 2038, 2039, 2040, 2041, 2087 ?, 2095, 2100, 2103, 2104, 2158?, 2164 Catskill beds, 374, 450, 451, 452, 453, 454, 456, 461, 474, 539, 540, 541, 547, 548, 571a, 579, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1950 Carbonic, 650, 2001, 2002 Lower Carbonic, 475, 513, 522?, 1970 Waverly beds, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117; 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 482, 483, 1960, 1961 Keokuk beds, 276, 410, 411, 412, 413, 414, 1973, 1974 Burlington limestone, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978 Choteau limestone, 1969 716 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Warsaw limestone, 1971 St Louis beds, 1972 Barren coal-measures, 2000 Coal-measures, 665, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2012 Cretaceous, 845 COPY OF OLD LIST OF LOCALITIES OUTSIDE STATE OF NEW YORK Specimens bearing round tickets These localities have been incorporated in the general catalogue without removal of ticket. 157 Clinton beds. Hamilton, Ontario, Can. C. D. Walcott, collector. 1878. 180 Niagara shale. Waldron, Shelby co., Ind. C. D. Walcott and C. Van Deloo, collectors. 1878. 181 Niagara limestone. Charlestown, Clarke co., Ind. C. D. Walcott, collector. 1878. 182 Niagara limestone. Flatrock creek, Shelby co., Ind. C.D. Walcott, collector. 1878. 183 Niagara limestone. Hamilton, Ontario, Can. C. D. Wal- cott, collector. 1878. 255 Schoharie grit. Pendleton, Madison co., Ind. C. D. Wal- cott and C. Van Deloo, collectors. 1878. 278 Onondaga limestone. Charlestown, Clark co., Ind. C. D. Walcott and C. Van Deloo, collectors. 278a Onondaga limestone. Lexington, Scott co., Ind. ©. D. Walcott and C. Van Deloo, collectors. | 279 Onondaga limestone. Falls of the Ohio. From Sidney Lyon. 279a Onondaga limestone. Falls of the Ohio. C. D. Walcott, collector. 1877. 280 Onondaga limestone. South Walpole, 4th con., lot 14, On- tario, Can. C. D. Walcott, collector. 1878. 281 Onondaga limestone. North Walpole, 13th con., lot 5, Ontario, Can. C.D. Walcott, collector. 1878. 282 Onondaga limestone. South Cayuga, 4th con., lots 30 and 32, Ontario, Can. C. D. Walcott, collector. 1878. 350 REPORT OF THE STATE PALEONTOLOGIST 1899 717 Onondaga limestone. Pt Colborne and Wainfleet, 1st and 2d con., Ontario, Can. C. D. Walcott, collector. 1878. Onondaga limestone. Kelly’s Island and on Pt Marble- head opposite, O. C. D. Walcott, collector. 1878. Hamilton beds. Falls of the Ohio and southern Ind. Sidney Lyon. Hamilton beds. Lexington, Scott co., Ind. C.D. Walcott and C. Van Deloo, collectors. 1878. Hamilton beds. Just beneath the black slate (Genesee) Lexington, Scott co., Ind. C. D. Walcott, collector. Hamilton beds? Beneath the waterlime. Lexington, Scott co., Ind. C. D. Walcott, coilector. New Albany black slate (=Genesee slate of New York) Lexington, Scott co., Int. C. D. Walcott and C. Van Deloo, collectors. Lower Carbonic. Crawfordsville, Ind. C. D. Walcott, collector. 1877. RECORD OF LOCALITIES Hamilton beds. One mile south of Leonardsville, Madison co., in bluff on the west side of the plank road, 370 to 400 feet above the Marcellus shale. F. B. Meek, R. P. Whitfield and C. Van Deloo, collectors. 1857. Marcellus shale. One and a half miles south of Bridge- water, at the side of plank road and in bed of brook. F. B. Meek, R. P. Whitfield and C. Van Deloo, collectors. 1857. Hamilton beds. Top of the bluff east of Unadilla Forks, Otsego co., about 320 feet above Marcellus shale. F. B. Meek, R. P. Whitfield and C. Van Deloo, collectors. 1857. P Hamilton beds. In the bluff east of Unadilla Forks. Otsego co., 250 to 330 feet above Marcellus shale. F. B. Meek, R. P. Whitfield and C. Van Deloo, collectors. 1857. 718 for) hoje 10 11 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Hamilton beds. Bluff one mile south of Plainfield Center, Otsego co., 300 to 320 feet above Marcellus shale. F. B. Meek, R. P. Whitfield and C. Van Deloo, collectors. 1857. means 555, which see. Hamilton beds. Quarry up the ravine, west of Leonards- ville, Madison co., about 320 feet above the Marcellus shale near the top of no. 3 of section at Unadilla Forks. F. B. Meek, R. P. Whitfield and C. Van Deloo, collectors. 1857. $ Hamilton beds. Locality same as number 6. Position, -_ blue shales, no. 5 of section at Unadilla Forks (resting on no. 3). F. B. Meek, R. P. Whitfield and C. Van Deloo, collectors. 1857. Hamilton beds. Found loose in the neighborhood of Unadilla Forks, Otsego co., on the Madison co. side of the river. F. B. Meek, R. P. Whitfield and C. Van Deloo, collectors. 1857. Hamilton beds. Three miles south of Unadilla Forks. Position lower Hamilton. (Found loose and in detached masses.) F. B. Meek, R. P. Whitfield and C. Van Deloo, collectors. 1857. Hamilton beds. Presented in part by John B. Wells and others; collected in the neighborhood of Unadilla Forks, Otsego co. F. B. Meek, R. P. Whitfield and C. Van Deloo, collectors. 1857. Hamilton beds. From a ledge one half mile south of Leonardsville, Madison co., 370 to 480 feet above the Marcellus shale; no. 6 of section at Unadilla Forks. F. B. Meek, R. P. Whitfield and C. Van Deloo, collectors. 1857. : Hamilton beds. From bank of brook one mile south of Unadilla Forks, on east side of river. Blue shale, no. 2 of section at Unadilla Forks (resting on Marcellus shale ?). F. B. Meek, R. P. Whitfield and C. Van Deloo, collectors. 1857. 12 13 14 15 16 17 REPORT OF THE STATE PALEONTOLOGIST 1899 719 Hamilton beds. One mile south of Leonardsville, Madi- son co. In quarry on west side of the plank road; no, 4 of section at Unadilla Forks, about 320 feet above the Marcellus shale. F. B. Meek, R. P. Whitfield and C. Van Deloo, collectors. 1857, Hamilton beds. Opposite Leonardsville, Madison co., on east side of Unadilla river. Position, lower part of no. 3 of section at Unadilla Forks; about 250 feet above the Marcellus shale. F. B. Meek, R. P. Whitfield and C. Van Deloo, collectors. 1857. Hamilton beds. From the top of the falls three miles southwest of Leonardsville, Madison co., about 430 feet above the Marcellus shale; no. 7 of section at Unadilla Forks, F. B. Meek, R. P. Whitfield and C. Van Deloo, collectors. 1857. Hamilton beds. In the bed of the stream about 100 yards below the falls, three miles southwest of Leonards- ville, Madison co., no. 5 of section; about 370 feet above the Marcellus shale. F.B. Meek, R. P. Whitfield and C. — Van Deloo, coilectors. 1857. Hamilton beds. From a ledge one and one half miles southwest of Leonardsville. Position about 540 feet above the Marcellus shale; no. 10 of section at Unadilla Forks. F. B. Meek, R. P. Whitfield and C. Van Deloo, collectors. 1857. Hamilton beds. From two to two and one half miles southwest of Leonardsville, Madison co. Position no. 8 of section at Unadilla Forks; about 434 feet above the Marcellus shale. F. B. Meek, R. P. Whitfield and C. Van Deloo, collectors. 1857. 174 Position same as17. Locality, upper part of ravine, top of cliff (below the falls), three miles southwest of Leonards- ville, Madison co. F. B. Meek, R. P. Whitfield and C. Van Deloo, collectors. 1857. Hamilton beds. Found loose about two and one half miles southwest of Leonardsville, Madison co. F. B. Meek, R. P. Whitfield and C. Van Deloo, collectors. 1857. 20 21 22 23 26 27 28 29 30 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Hamilton beds. One and one half miles southwest of Leonardsville, Madison co. Position no. 6 of section; about 420 feet above the Marcellus shale. F. B. Meek, R. P. Whitfield and C. Van Deloo, collectors. 1857. Hamilton beds. Presented by Dr Crandall of Leonards- ville, Madison co. Other specimens with the same num- ber were collected in the neighborhood by F. B. Meek, R. P. Whitfield and C. Van Deloo. 1857. Fragments collected on the road between Bridgewater and Unadilla Forks. Some Hamilton and some Onondaga fossils. F. B. Meek, R. P. Whitfield and C. Van Deloo, collectors. 1857. Pentamerus (Coeymans) limestone. Schoharie. F. B. Meek, R. P. Whitfield and C. Van Deloo, collectors. 1857. Delthyris shaly (New Scotland) limestone. Schoharie. F. B. Meek, R. P. Whitfield and C. Van Deloo, collectors. 1857. Tentaculite (Manlius) limestone. Schoharie. F. B. Meek, R. P. Whitfield and C. Van Deloo, collectors. 1857. Oriskany sandstone; loose mass. Schoharie. F. B. Meek, R. P. Whitfield and C. Van Deloo, collectors. 1857. Hamilton beds. Near the top of a cliff, east of Middle- burg, Schoharie co. Estimated hight about 300 feet above Schoharie creek. W.M.Gabb, collector. 1857. Schoharie grit. From a stone wall one half mile east of Middleburg, Schoharie co. W.M.Gabb, collector. 1857. From a boulder in Schoharie creek, three fourths of a mile east of Fultonham, Schoharie co. W.M. Gabb, collector. 1857. Hamilton beds. One and one half miles southwest of Fultonham, Schoharie co., about 250 feet above the level of Schoharie creek. W. M. Gabb, collector. 1857. Hamilton beds. One and one half miles southwest of Fultonham; about 270 feet above the level of Schoharie creek. W.M. Gabb, collector. 1857. ol 32 33 o4 39 4() 41 42 43 t4 REPORT OF THE STATE PALEONTOLOGIST 1899 ” (ee Hamilton beds. One mile east of Fultonham. From loose masses which had fallen from the ledge above. W. M. Gabb, collector. 1857. Hamilton beds. Four miles northeast of Middleburg; loose masses on the hill. W.M. Gabb, collector. 1857. Hamilton beds. Base of hill two miles south of Fulton- ham; in bank of small stream. W. M. Gabb, collector. 1857. Hamilton beds. One mile south of Fultonham, about 25 feet above level of Schoharie creek, east side. W. M. Gabb, collector. 1857. Hamilton beds. Boulders from a small stream one mile south of Fultonham. W. M. Gabb, collector. 1857. From boulders in Schoharie creek. One mile south of Fultonham. W. M. Gabb, collector. 1857. Hamilton beds. Found loose in a branch of Schoharie creek, two and one half miles south of Fultonham. W. M. Gabb, collector. 1857. Hamilton beds. From above the falls one and one half miles west of Fultonham. W. M. Gabb, collector. 1857. Hamilton beds. From below the falls one and one half miles west of Fultonham. W. M. Gabb, collector. 1857. Hamilton beds. One half mile west of Fultonham; about €0 feet above the level of Schoharie creek. W.M. Gabb, collector. 1857. Hamilton beds. One mile south of Fultonham; about 10 feet above the water level on west side of creek. W. M. Gabb, collector. 1857. Hamilton beds. Boulder, one half-mile south of Fulton- ham, in Schoharie creek. W. M. Gabb, collector. 1857. Hamilton beds. Two and one half miles south of Ful- tonham; 100 feet west of the falls. W. M. Gabb, collector. 1857. Hamilton beds. On Skaneateles lake, near Spafford Cor- ners, at the level of the lake. W. M. Gabb, collector. 1857. =~] LS) 46 47 48 ol 52 59 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Hamilton beds. Skaneateles lake, one mile north of Spatford Corners. Elevation from 40 to 50 feet above the level of the lake. W.M. Gabb, collector. 1857. Marcellus shale. Three miles southeast of Skaneateles village, at water level. W.-M. Gabb, collector. 1857. Hamilton beds. Ravine at Spafford Corners; 300 feet above the level of Skaneateles lake. W. M. Gabb, col- lector. 1857. Hamilton beds. Skaneateles lake, one mile north of Spaf- ford Corners. Elevation varying from 10 to 40 feet. W. M. Gabb, collector. 1857. Hamilton beds. Loose mass, one mile south of Borodino, near Skaneateles lake. W. M. Gabb, collector. 1857. Oriskany sandstone. Quarry one half mile southeast of Skaneateles Junction. W. M. Gabb, collector. 1857. Limestone underlying Oriskany sandstone at quarry one half mile southeast of Skaneateles Junction. W. M. Gabb, collector. 1857. Limestone. About 15 feet above the level of creek; one half mile north of Marcellus village. W. M. Gabb, col- lector. 1857. Limestone. Found loose one half mile south of Skan- eateles Junction. W. M. Gabb, collector. 1857. Limestone. Quarry one mile south of Skaneateles Junc- tion. W. M. Gabb, collector. 1857. Hamilton beds. Found loose four miles south of Skan- eateles village. W.M. Gabb, collector. 1857. Hamilton beds. Ravine one mile north of Spafford Cor- ners, Skaneateles lake. W. M. Gabb, collector. 1857. Hamilton beds. Loose rocks from various localities. W. - M. Gabb, collector. 1857. . Salina beds. Gypsum. One and one half miles north of Marcellus village. Onondagaco. W. M. Gabb, collector. 1857. Salina beds. Presented by W. Emmons of Borodino, On- ondaga co. Others having the same number collected by W. M. Gabb. 1857. 60 61 63 64 66 67 68 REPORT OF THE STATE PALEONTOLOGIST 1899 723 Hamilton beds. From the base of the hill composed of this group at the north side of Cumberland, Md. R. P. Whitfield and C. Van Deloo, collectors. 1858. Hamilton beds. Mostly loose fragments which have been plowed up from the underlying rocks at the summit of the hill north of Cumberland, Md. R. P. Whitfield and C. Van Deloo, collectors. 1858. Hamilton beds. From the shales of this group exposed a few rods north of the dwelling-house on Mr Howe’s farm, three miles south of Paterson’s creek station, which is eight miles east of Cumberland, Md. This lo- cality is in Virginia, three miles from the Potomac river. R. P. Whitfield and C. Van Deloo, collectors. 1858. 2(Probably Chemung). These fossils are from the rocks about halfway between Newcreek (=Keyser and Pied- mont stations), W. Va., close to the railroad, or 26 miles west of Cumberland, Md., and are known as “ Old red sandstone.” R. P. Whitfield and C. Van Deloo, collectors. 1858. Hamilton beds. Canandaigua lake shore, from one to one and a half miles below Menteth’s point landing. R. P. Whitfield and J. W. Hall, collectors. 1858. Hamilton beds. Specimens from the rocks about half a mile below the landing at Menteth’s point, Canandaigua lake shore. R. P. Whitfield and J. W. Hall, collectors. 1858. Hamilton beds. Specimens from the rocks between half a mile and a mile below the landing at Menteth’s point, Canandaigua lake shore. R. P. Whitfield and J. W. Hall, collectors. 1858. Hamilton beds. Specimens collected in the ravine, near Menteth’s house, at and above the dam. Menteth’s point, Canandaigua lake. R. P. Whitfield and J, W. Hall, col- lectors. 1858. Hamilton beds. Specimens collected in the ravine, near Menteth’s house, Menteth’s point, Canandaigua lake, R, P. Whitfield and J, W, Hall, collectors, 1858, 724 69 70 73 “I ont 76 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Hamilton beds. Specimens collected from the rocks form- ing the falls in the ravine above Menteth’s house, about one and a half miles back from the lake shore, Canan- daigua lake. R. P. Whitfield and J. W. Hall, collectors. 1858. Hamilton beds. Specimens collected from the Chonetes- bed, at or near the level of the lake, in front of Mr Gel- der’s house, one mile above Menteth’s, Canandaigua lake shore. R. P. Whitfield and J. W. Hall, collectors. 1858. Hamilton beds. Specimens collected a little below Black point, three miles above Menteth’s point, Canandaigua lake. A few of the specimens marked with this number are from the east side of the lake, opposite Black point, in a similar position. R. P. Whitfield and J. W. Hall, collectors. 1858. Hamilton beds. Specimens collected in the small ravine which passes from Mr Gelder’s house to the lake shore, from 10 to 15 feet above the water level. Canandaigua lake. R. P. Whitfield and J. W. Hall, collectors. 1858. Hamilton beds. Specimens collected half a mile below Black point, Canandaigua lake. R. P. Whitfield and J. W. Hall, collectors. 1858. Hamilton beds. Crinoids from North Bristol, Ontario co., on land of Mr Sisson; found in the bed of the stream. Cc. A. White and C. Van Deloo, collectors. 1860. Hamilton beds. Crinoids from Fall brook, one and one half miles north of Geneseo, Livingston co., in the bed of the stream on the north side of the ravine, and on the same level as the track of the Genesee valley railroad. C. A. White and C. Van Deloo, collectors. 1860. Hamilton beds. Crinoids from the west shore of Canan- ° daigua lake. All the specimens (with two or three ex- ceptions) were collected along the lake shore where the shale is exposed, from below the water level to 6 or 8 feet above it, and north of Menteth’s point. The ex- ceptions are from a similar position above the lake, south 77 78 81 CO bo 83 84 85 86 REPORT OF THE STATE PALEONTOLOGIST 1899 725 of Menteth’s point. C. A. White and C. Van Deloo, col- lectors. 1860. Hamilton beds. Crinoids from calcareous shales near the railroad station, Geneseo. C. A. White and C. Van Deloo, collectors. 1860. Hamilton beds. Crinoids from York, Livingston co., and its vicinity. C. A. White and C. Van Deloo, collectors. 1860. Hamilton beds. Specimens collected from ravines coming into Mud creek in the vicinity of Muttonville (~Vincent), North Bristol township, Ontario co. C. A. White and C. Van Deloo, collectors. 1860. Hamilton beds. Specimens collected at and in the vicinity of Geneseo. C. A. White and C. Van Deloo, col- lectors. 1860. Hamilton beds. Specimens collected near Moscow, Liv- ingston co. C. A. White and C. Van Deloo, collectors. 1860. Hamilton beds. Specimens collected at and in the vicinity of York. C. A. White and C. Van Deloo, collec- tors. 1860. Hamilton beds. Specimens collected from a bank of shale on the east side of the creek above the mill, about two miles south of Pavilion, Genesee co. C. A. White and C. Van Deloo, collectors. 1860. ‘Hamilton beds. Specimens collected from a shallow ravine on the east side of the road between Pavilion vil- lage and Pavilion Center, about one mile north of Pavilion village. C. A. White and C. Van Deloo, col- lectors. 1860. Hamilton beds. Specimens collected at and in the vicinity of Bethany, Genesee co. C. A. White and C. Van Deloo, collectors. 1860. Hamilton beds. Specimens collected at Eighteen Mile creek, Erie co. C. A. White, collector, 1860; and C. Van Deloo, collector, 1864. 726 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98. NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Hamilton beds. Specimens collected at and in the vicinity of ““Hamburg-on-the-lake”, Erie co. C. A. White, collector, 1860; and C. Van Deloo, collector, 1864. Marcellus shale. (Some specimens of Corniferous lime- stone.) Specimens collected at Littleville near West Avon. C. A. White and C. Van Deloo, collectors. 1860. Marcellus shale. Specimens collected in a ravine about two miles west of Alden, Erie co. C. A. White and C. Van Deloo, collectors. 1860. Hamilton beds. Specimens collected on Hemlock creek, Richmond township, Ontario co. C. A. White and C. Van Deloo, collectors. 1860. Hamilton beds. Specimens collected at and ‘in the vicinity of Menteth’s point, along the west shore of Can- andaigua lake, Ontario co. C. A. White and C. Van Deloo, collectors. 1860. Hamilton beds. Specimens collected in the vicinity of Darien Center and Darien, Genesee co. C. A. White, collector, 1860; and C. Van Deloo, collector, 1864. Hamilton beds. Specimens collected in a ravine about three fourths of a mile south of Alexander, Genesee co. C. A. White and C. Van Deloo, collectors. 1860. Hamilton beds. Specimens collected in the vicinity of Dresden, Yates co. C. A. White and C. Van Deloo, col- lectors. 1860. Hamilton beds. Spectmens collected on Cashong creek, near Bellona, Yates co. C. A. White and C. Van Deloo, collectors. 1860. Hamilton beds. Specimens collected on Benton run, three miles north of Bellona: CC. A. White and C. Van Deloo, collectors. 1860. Hamilton beds. Specimens collected on Cromwell’s creek, four miles south of Geneva. C. A. White and C. Van Deloo, collectors, 1860. Tully limestone. Specimens collected at Bellona, C. A, White and C, Yan Deloo, collectors. 1860, 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 110 REPORT OF THE STATE PALEONTOLOGIST 1899 927 Tully limestone. Specimens collected near Dresden. C. A. White and C. Van Deloo, collectors. 1860. Hamilton beds. Crinoids. Specimens collected at Cashong creek, near Bellona. C. A. White and C. Van Deloo, collectors. 1860. Hamilton beds. Crinoids. Specimens collected at Benton run, three miles north of Bellont. C. A. White and C. Van Deloo, collectors. 1860. Hamilton beds. Crinoids. Collected near Dresden. C. A. White and C. Van Deloo, collectors. 1860. Hamilton beds. Specimens found in the road in the ex- treme southern part of, and at Gates mill in West Bloom- field. ©. A. White and C. Van Deloo, collectors. 1860. Onondaga limestone. Clarence hollow. R. P. Whitfield, C. A. White and C. Van Deloo, collectors. 1860. Onondaga limestone. From loose pieces of rock on Schultz’s farm, three miles west of Clarence hollow. R. P. Whitfield, C. A. White and C. Van Deloo, collectors. 1860. Onondaga limestone. Specimens from a limestone quarry and limekiln, one mile west of Clarence hollow. R. P. Whitfield, C. A. White and C. Van Deloo, collectors. 1860. Onondaga limestone. From guarries on Mr Young’s farm near Williamsville. R. P. Whitfield, C. A. White and ©. Van Deloo, collectors. 1860. Onondaga limestone. Beds near plaster mill, Williams- ville. R. P. Whitfield, C. A. White and C. Van Deloo, collectors. 1860. Waterlime beds at Williamsville. R. P. Whitfield, C. A. White and C. Van Deloo, collectors. 1860. Waverly beds (Chemung group, old record). Specimens from Richfield, Summit co., O. Go north from Richfield center (east village), about half a mile, turn to the left, cross the fields a few hundred yards into the bed of a small stream. C. A. White, collector. 1861. 728 1il 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Waverly beds (Chemung group, old record). Specimens from Whetstone creek, near the village of Bridgeport, town of Canaan, Wayne co., O. C. A. White, collector. 1861. | Waverly beds (Chemung group, old record). Specimens from Mallets creek, about two miles north of the village of York Center, Medina co., O. C. A. White, collector. 1861. Waverly beds (Chemung group, old record). Specimens from Medina, Medina co., O. Go down the creek about half a mile southeast of village. C. A. White, collector. 1861. | Waverly beds (Chemung group, old record). Specimens collected at Lodi, town of Harrisville, Medina co.,O. Go up the creek from the village and examine the shales and flagstones for the distance of a mile and a half. C. A. White, collector. 1861. Waverly beds (Chemung group, old record). Specimens collected at Chatham Center, Medina co., O., along the bed of the creek, about a quarter of a mile southeast of village. C. A. White, collector. 1861. Waverly beds (Chemung group, old record). Specimens from the east bank of the creek, near the water’s edge, about a mile northwest of the village of Warren, Trum- bull co., O. OC. A. White, collector. 1861. Waverly beds (Chemung group, old record). Specimens collected at Bagdad, one and one half miles southwest- ward from Weymouth, Medina co., O. C. A. White, col- lector. 1861. Waverly beds (Chemung group, old record). Specimens collected near Titusville, from loose masses in the valley of Oil creek, Venango co., Pa. C. A. White, collector. 1861. Waverly beds (Chemung group, old record). Specimens collected at Meadville, Crawford co., Pa., about a mile westward from the center of the village, about halfway 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 REPORT OF THE STATE PALEONTOLOGIST 1899 729 up the hill on the north side of the creek. C. A. White, collector. 1861. Waverly beds (Chemung group, old record). Specimens collected at Abbeyville, Medina co.,O. CC. A. White, col- lector. 1861. Waverly beds (Chemung group, old record). Specimens - collected at Akron, Summit co., O. C. A. White, col- lector. 1861. Waverly beds (Chemung group, old record). Specimens from Cuyahoga Falls, Summit co., 0. C. A. White, col- lector. 1861. Waverly beds (Chemung group, old record). Specimens found loose at Franklin, Venango co., Pa. C. A. White, collector. 1861. Waverly beds (Chemung. group, old record). Specimens from the town of Penfield, three miles west of Litchfield, in Lorain co.,O. OC. A. White, collector. 1861. Waverly beds (Chemung group, old record). Specimens from the Cauda-galli bed, one and one half miles south of Liverpool, Medina co., O. C. A. White, collector. 1861. 7 Waverly beds. Found in the drift at Medina, O. C. A. White, collector. 1861. Marcellus shale. Castleton, Ontario co., five miles west of Geneva. C. A. White, collector. 1861. Marcellus shale. Specimens from Flint creek, a little below Orleans, in the town of Phelps, Ontario co. C. A. White, collector. 1861. a Agoniatites limestone (Goniatite limestone, old record). Cherry Valley. C. A. White, collector. 1860 and 1861. Agoniatites limestone (Goniatite limestone, old record). Marcellus. C. A. White, collector. 1860 and 1861. Agoniatites limestone (Goniatite limestone, old record). Two miles west of Manlius square, Onondaga co. C. A. White, collector. 1860 and 1861. Onondaga limestone. Black Rock. C. A. White, collector. 1860 and 1861. 730 133 134 135 136 138 139 140 141 142 143 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Onondaga limestone (Upper Helderberg limestone, old record). Specimens collected at Warner’s quarry, four miles northwest of LeRoy. C. A. White, collector. 1860 and 1861. Onondaga limestone (Upper Helderberg limestone, old record). Specimens collected near (north of) LeRoy. C. A. White, collector. 1860 and 1861. Onondaga limestone (Upper Helderberg limestone, old record). Specimens collected near Caledonia. C. A. White, collector. 1860 and 1861. Onondaga limestone (Upper Helderberg limestone, old record). Specimens collected at Cherry Valley. C. A. White, collector. 1860 and 1861. Onondaga limestone (Upper Helderberg limestone, old record). Specimens from Eastman’s quarry, three miles north of Waterville. C. A, White, collector. 1860 and 1861. Onondaga limestone (Upper Helderberg limestone, old record). Specimens from an exposure near the road, in a small creek, two miles northeast from Waterville. C. A. White, collector. 1860 and 1861. Onondaga limestone (Upper Helderberg limestone, old record). Specimens collected from Babcock hill, Bridge- water, Oneida co. C. A. White, collector. 1860 and 1861. Onondaga limestone (Upper Helderberg limestone, old record). Specimens from north of Batavia. C. A. White, collector. 1860 and 1861. Onondaga limestone (Upper Helderberg limestone, old record). Specimens collected at Onondaga Valley. C. A. White, collector. 1860 and 1861. Onondaga limestone (Upper Helderberg limestone, old record). Specimens collected at Williamsville. C. A. White, collector. 1860 and 1861. Onondaga limestone (Upper Helderberg limestone, old record). Akron. C. A. White, collector. 1860 and 1861. 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 “151 152 153 154 155 156 * REPORT OF THE STATE PALEONTOLOGIST 1899 731 Onondaga limestone (Upper Helderberg limestone, old record). Clarence hollow. C. A. White, collector. 1860 and 1861. Onondaga limestone (Upper Helderberg limestone, old record). Two miles west of Manlius square. OC. A. White, collector. 1860 and 1861. Onondaga limestone (Upper Helderberg limestone, old record). Stafford. C. A. White, collector. 1860 and 1861. Onondaga limestone (Upper Helderberg limestone, old record). Shortsville near Manchester, and seven miles northward from Canandaigua. C. A. White, collector. 1860 and 1861. Hamilton beds. Specimens from Tassel hill, three miles east of Waterville. C. A. White, collector. 1860 and 1861. Lower Marcellus shale. Marcellus. C. A. White, collector. 1860 and 1861. Onondaga limestone (Upper Helderberg limestone, old record). Cassville, Oneida co. C. A. White, collector. 1860 and 1861. Onondaga limestone (Upper Helderberg limestone, old record). Specimens from one mile east of Jamesville, Onondaga co. C. A. White, collector. 1860 and 1861. Lower Marcellus shale. Two and a half miles west of Manlius square. C. A. White, collector. 1860 and 1861. Onondaga limestone (Upper Helderberg, etc., old record). Specimens collected from walls at “ Dry lots,” Herkimer co. C. A. White, collector. 1860 and 1861. Onondaga limestone (Upper Helderberg limestone, old record). Specimens from one mile east of Babcock hill, Bridgewater. C. A. White, collector. 1860 and 1861. Helderbergian. Specimens from the upper beds at Jeru- salem hill. No. 5 of section no. 1 of Jerusalem hill. C. A. White, collector. 1860 and 1861. Helderbergian. Jerusalem hill. From no. 3 of section no. 1. C. A. White, collector. 1860 and 1861. 164 165 166 167 168 168 169 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Helderbergian. Jerusalem hill. From no. 5 of section no. 2. C, A. White, collector. 1860 and 1861. Helderbergian. Jerusalem hill. From no. 7 of section no. 2. ©. A. White, collector. 1860 and 1861. Helderbergian. Jerusalem hill. From no. 9 of section no. 2. C. A. White, collector. 1860 and 1861. Helderbergian. One mile east of Sennett station, N. Y. C. railroad. C. A. White, collector. 1860 and 1861. Helderbergian. From Rockville near Sharon Springs. C. A. White, collector. 1860 and 1861. Helderbergian. Paris hill, Oneida co. C. A. White, col- lector. 1860 and 1861. Helderbergian. From Leesville, three miles west of Sharon Springs. C.A. White, collector. 1860 and 1861. Helderbergian. Cherry Valley. From the upper part of no. 3 of Cherry Valley section. C. A. White, collector. 1860 and 1861. Helderbergian. Cherry Valley. From the lower part of no. 3 of Cherry Valley section. C. A. White, col- lector. 1860 and 1861. Waterlime? From no. 1 of section. Four miles south of Cayuga village. C. A. White, collector. 1860 and 1861. Helderbergian. From no, 2 of section. Four miles south of Cayuga village. C. A. White, collector. 1860 and 1861. | Oriskany sandstone? Cherry Valley. No. 4 of Cherry Valley section. C. A. White, collector. 1860 and 1861. Onondaga limestone (Upper Helderberg limestone, old record). Springport on Cayuga lake. C. A. White, col-_ lector. 1860 and 1861. No. 168 is repeated by an oversight. The character of the fossils however is such that they can be readily distinguished. Lower Marcellus shale. Cherry valley. C. A. White, col- lector. 1860 and 1861. (Specimens with number doubly underscored collected in 1864 by C. Van Deloo) 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 REPORT OF THE STATE PALEONTOLOGIST 1899 733 Onondaga limestone (Upper Helderberg limestone, old record). Specimens from quarries about three miles northeast of Buffalo. OC. A. White, collector. 1860 and 1861. ; Onondaga limestone (Upper Helderberg limestone, old record). Waterloo. C. A. White, collector. 1860 and 1861. Waterlime. Two and one half miles southeast of Cayuga village. ©. A. White, collector. 1860 and 1861. Marcellus shale. From the bed of Flint creek, four and one half miles southeast from Clifton Springs. C. A. White, collector. 1860 and 1861. Hamilton shale. Near Ludlowville. C. A. White, col- lector. 1860 and 1861. Hamilton shale. From the east bank of Cayuga lake, three miles south of Ogdens ferry. C. A. White, collector. 1860 and 1861. Hamilton shale. From the east landing of Ogdens or Kid- ders ferry, Cayuga lake. C. A. White, collector. 1860 and 1861. Oriskany sandstone. Four miles southwest of Auburn on land of Mr Baker. Including specimens of Favosites which are from the Onondaga limestone. C. A. White, collector. 1860 and 1861. Onondaga limestone (Upper Helderberg limestone, old record). From Gidding’s quarries, three miles north of Canandaigua. C. A. White, collector. 1860 and 1861. Onondaga limestone (Upper Helderberg limestone, old record). From North Lima, two miles westward from Honeoye Falls. C. A. White, collector. 1860 and 1861. Hamilton shale. Three and a half miles south of Castle ton, on Flint creek. Ontario co. James Hall and others, collectors. 1860 and 1861. Onondaga limestone (Upper Helderberg limestone, old record). Fish remains, etc., near Clifton Springs. C. A. White, collector. 1861. 734 182 183° 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Schoharie grit. Specimens collected in the neighborhood of Clarksville, Albany co. R. P. Whitfield and C. Van Deloo, collectors. 1861. Schoharie grit. Near Clarksville. C. Van Deloo, collector. 1862. Schoharie grit. Collected in the town of Knox, Albany co. C. Van Deloo, collector. 1862. Onondaga limestone. Collected at the patent limekiln near Clarksville. C. Van Deloo, collector. 1862. Schoharie grit. Schoharie. C. Van Deloo, collector. 1862. Genesee slate. From Crooked creek near Darien. C. Van Deloo, collector. 1864. Hamilton beds. Hill southwest of Schoharie. C. Van Deloo, collector. 1862. Helderbergian. Schoharie. C. Van Deloo, collector. 1862. Hamilton beds. Specimens collected from a thin band of dark shale just at the base of the falls in the ravine at the south line of Mr Gelder’s farm, Canandaigua lake. R. P. Whitfield and C. Van Deloo, collectors. 1862. Hamilton beds. Specimens collected along the west shore of Canandaigua lake and in the adjacent ravines. R. P. Whitfield and C. Van Deloo, collectors. 1862. Hamilton beds. Collected in the ravines in the neighbor- hood of Vincent {Muttonville). R. P. Whitfield and C. Van Deloo, collectors. 1862. Portage beds. From a ravine terminating at the village of Bristol Center, Ontario co. Specimens collected near the base of the group. R. P. Whitfield and C. Van Deloo, collectors. 1862. Genesee slate. From the ravine at Bristol Center. Within a few feet of the top of the group. R. P. Whitfield and C. Van Deloo, collectors. 1862. Portage beds. Fossil plants from the black bands of shale in ravine at Bristol Center. The bands possessing the character of Genesee slate. R. P. Whitfield and C. Van Deloo, collectors. 1862. 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 REPORT OF THE STATE PALEONTOLOGIST 1899 735 Hamilton beds. From a ravine bearing the name of “Bear gulf,” about two and a half miles north of Sum- mit Corners, Schoharie co. C. Van Deloo, collector. 1862. Hamilton beds. Collected from loose masses in the vicinity of Apulia, Onondaga co. R. P. Whitfield and George B. Simpson, collectors. 1863. _ Hamilton beds. Specimens collected at the base of a small waterfall on the creek at the crossing of the road running north from Tully village (two miles). The Tully limestone forms the top of the falls, the Hamilton shales the base. R. P. Whitfield and George B. Simpson, col- lectors. 1863. Tully limestone. From the limestone layers at the top of the formation as seen at Tinkers falls, Onondaga co. R. P. Whitfield and George B. Simpson, collectors. 1863. Hamilton beds. Specimens collected from stream one quarter mile east of the village of Moravia. George B. Simpson, collector. 1863. Hamilton beds. Specimens collected from Dry creek, three quarters of a mile south of village of Moravia. George B. Simpson, collector. 1863. Hamilton beds. Specimens collected from masses of rock at base of Pratts falls, Pompey Hill. George B. Simp- son, collector. 1863. Hamilton beds. Specimens collected from loose pieces one mile north of village of Pompey Hill. George B. Simpson, collector. 1868. Chemung beds. Three miles west of East Randolph, township of Conewango, Cattaraugus co. C. Van Deloo, collector. 1863. Chemung beds. Specimens collected near East Randolph, Cattaraugus co. C. Van Deloo, collector. 1863. Chemung beds. Near town line, between Napoli and Conewango, C, Van Deloo, collector, 1863, NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Chemung beds. Town line between Napoli and Cold Spring, near East Randolph. C. Van Deloo, collector. 1863. Chemung beds. Elm creek, town of Conewango, Cattar- augus co. C. Van Deloo, collector. 1863. Chemung beds. New Albion, Cattaraugus co. C. Van Deloo, collector. 1863. Chemung beds. Cold Spring creek at Napoli Center. C. Van Deloo, collector. 1863. Chemung beds. Cold Spring creek, town of Napoli, three quarters of a mile north of Cold Spring, Cattaraugus co. C. Van Deloo, collector. 1863. Chemung beds. Dry creek, Conewango, Cattaraugus co. C. Van Deloo, collector. 1863. Chemung beds. Cold Spring, Cattaraugus co. OC. Van Deloo, collector. 1863. Chemung beds. Randolph, Cattaraugus co. C. Van Deloo, collector. 1863. Chemung beds. Collected two miles southwest of Steam- burg station, Cold Spring, Cattaraugus co. C. Van Deloo, collector. 1863. Chemung beds. Specimens collected at Wolf run, town of Elko, Cattaraugus co. C. Van Deloo, collector. 1863. Chemung beds. Leon village, Cattaraugus co. C. Van Deloo, collector. 1863. Chemung beds. Specimens collected one and a half miles southeast of East Randolph, in the town of Cold Spring. C. Van Deloo, collector. 1863. Chemung beds. Specimens collected at Ellington, Chau- tauqua co. C. Van Deloo, collector. 1863. : Chemung beds. Loose specimens collected along the hill road from Ellington to Cherrycreek. C. Van Deloo, col- lector. 1863. : Chemung beds. Specimens collected on Mr Gardner’s farm near Cherrycreek, Chautauqua co. C. Van Deloo, collector. 1863. 222 223 224 226 227 228 229 230 231 233 234 REPORT OF THE STATE PALEONTOLOGIST 1899 737 Chemung beds. Loose specimens collected in the village of Cherrycreek. C. Van Deloo, collector. 1863. Chemung beds. Specimens collected near Horse Corners, township of New Albion, Cattaraugus co. C. Van Deloo, collector. 1863. Chemung beds. Specimens collected at Bear’s gulf, one and a half miles west of Horse Corners, New Albion, Cattaraugus co. C. Van Deloo, collector. 1863. Chemung beds. Specimens collected at Meadville, Pa. C. Van Deloo, collector. 1863. Hamilton beds. Specimens collected from ravine, three fourths of a mile northwest of Delphi village. George B. Simpson, collector. 1863. Hamilton beds. Specimens collected from Delphi falls, one mile southeast of village. George B. Simpson, col- lector. 1863. Hamilton beds. Specimens collected from quarry, two miles southeast of Delphi village. George B. Simpson, collector. 1863. Hamilton beds. Specimens collected from Ten mile point gulf, Skaneateles lake, six miles from the head, east side. George B. Simpson, collector. 1863. Hamilton beds. Specimens collected from the Lower basin gulf, Skaneateles lake, five miles from head of lake, east side. George B. Simpson, collector. 1863. Hamilton beds. Specimens collected from ravines run- ning into Owasco lake, east side, from the head to four miles down. George B. Simpson, collector. 1863. Hamilton beds. Specimens collected from ravines run- ning into Otisco lake, west side. George B. Simpson, collector. 1863. Hamilton beds. Specimens collected from ravines run- ning into Otisco lake, east side. George B. Simpson, col- lector. 1863. Hamilton beds. Specimens collected from Tinkers falls, four miles from Apulia. R. P, Whitfield and George B. Simpson, collectors. 1863. 738 236 237 238 239 240 241 243 244 245 246 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Tully limestone. Specimens collected from Rhyncho- nella bed, Tinkers falls. R. P. Whitfield and George B. Simpson, collectors. 1863. Hamilton beds. Specimens collected from ravines run- ning into west side of Onondaga creek, four miles south of Cardiff. George B. Simpson, collector. 1863. Hamilton beds. Specimens collected from ravine run- ning into east side of Onondaga creek, four miles south of Cardiff. George B. Simpson, collector. 1863. Hamilton shales. Specimens collected from loose pieces, half a mile west of village of Lafayette, Onondaga co. George B. Simpson, collector. 1863. Hamilton shales. Specimens collected from Fall brook, one mile below and opposite Skaneateles lake. George B. Simpson, collector. 1863. Hamilton shales. Cyathophylloid corals, from east shore of Skaneateles lake, three miles from head. George B. Simpson, collector. 1868. Hamilton shales. Specimens collected from ravine run- ning into Skaneateles lake, one and a half miles south of Borodino. George B. Simpson, collector. 1863. Hamilton shales. Specimens collected from stream run- ning into Skaneateles lake at Appletree point, west side, four miles from head. George B. Simpson, collector. 1863. 2 | Hamilton shales. Specimens collected from stream running into Skaneateles lake at Pray’s point, three miles from head, and between that and a point one mile above; west side. George B. Simpson, collector. 1868. Hamilton shales. Specimens collected from ravine, one and a half miles north of Aurora, Cayuga co. George B. Simpson, collector. 1863. Hamilton shales. Specimens collected from falls at Car- ter’s mills, four miles north of Aurora; from top of falls, George B, Simpson, collector. 1863, 247 249 250 251 253 254 255 256 257 258 REPORT OF THE STATE PALEONTOLOGIST 1899 739 Hamilton shales. Specimens collected from ravine running into Skaneateles lake, one and a quarter miles south of Borodino. George B. Simpson, collector. 1863. Hamilton shales. Specimens collected from ravine, one and three quarters miles south of Borodino; east side. George B. Simpson, collector. 1863. Hamilton shales. Specimens collected from stream, three fourths of a mile south of Fabius village. George B. Simpson, collector. 1863. Hamilton shales. Specimens collected from a ravine, two miles south of Fabius village. George B. Simpson, col- lector. 1863. Hamilton shales. Specimens collected from ravines run- ning into Owasco lake, from the head to four miles down, west side. George B. Simpson, collector. 1863. Hamilton shales. Specimens collected from a ravine run- ning into Skaneateles lake, three and a half miles below Borodino. George B. Simpson, collector. 1863. Hamilton shales. Specimens collected from ravine running into Skaneateles lake, three miles from the head, east side. George B. Simpson, collector. 1868. Tully limestone. From a quarry northwest of the village of Tully. R. P. Whitfield and George B. Simpson, collec- tors. 1863. Tully limestone. From a quarry and ravine south of the railroad station at Tully. R. P. Whitfield and George B. Simpson, collectors. 1863. Hamilton beds. Collected from loose pieces in the vicinity of Tully. R. P. Whitfield and George B. Simpson, col- lectors. 1863. Chemung beds. Redhouse bridge, on the Atlantic and great western railroad, in the town of Salamanca. C. Van Deloo, collector. 18638. Chemung beds. From Great Valley, Cattaraugus co. C. Van Deloo, collector. 1863. bo NEW YORK STATBH MUSEUM Chemung beds. Three miles north of Olean station, near Erie railroad. C. Van Deloo, collector. 1863. Chemung beds. One and a half miles west of Olean sta- tion, Erie railroad. C. Van Deloo, collector. 1863. Chemung beds. Between Olean and Allegany stations, New York and Erie railroad. C. Van Deloo, collector. 1863. Chemung beds. Three miles north of Olean station, New York and Erie railroad. C. Van Deloo, collecter. 1863. Chemung beds. Three miles west of Olean station, New York and Erie railroad, in the town of Humphrey. C. Van Deloo, collector. 1863. Chemung beds. Near Little Genesee, Allegany co. C. Van Deloo, collector. 1863. Chemung beds. Three miles south of Olean, Cattaraugus co. C. Van Deloo, collector. 1863. Chemung beds. Carrollton and Allegany stations, New York and Erie railroad. C. Van Deloo, collector. 18653. Chemung beds. Conglomerate. One and a half miles north of Olean village. C. Van Deloo, collector. 1863. Hamilton shales. Fall brook near Geneseo, Livingston co. C. Van Deloo, collector. 1864. Hamilton shales. Mostly from loose masses in the vicinity of Cooperstown. C. Van Deloo, collector. 1864. Chemung group. Conglomerate. From Fortville, eight miles south of Olean. ©. Van Deloo, collector. 1864. Onondaga limestone (Upper Helderberg limestone, old record). Specimens collected or purchased at Dela- ware, O., from the quarries at that place. The beds are in the lower part of the group. R. P. Whitfield, collec- tor. 1865. Onondaga limestone (Upper Helderberg limestone, old record). Specimens collected at the state quarries, Columbus, O., and other quarries near there. R. P. Whit- field, collector. 1865. 273 276 217 278 279 280 REPORT OF THE STATE PALEONTOLOGIST 1899 T41 Onondaga limestone (Upper Helderberg limestone, old record). Specimens collected from a stone heap near Columbus, O., brought from quarries along the railroad. R. P. Whitfield, collector. 1865. Onondaga limestone (Upper Helderberg limestone, old record). Specimens, mostly corals, collected at the falls of the Ohio, on the Jeffersonville side. R. P. Whitfield, collector. 1865. Hamilton shales. The corals are mostly from West Wil- liams and the mollusks from Thedford (Widder), Ontario. John DeCew, collector. 1865. Keokuk group. Specimens collected in the failroad cuts from two to three miles west of New Providence, Ind. R. P. Whitfield, collector. 1865. Hudson river beds. Specimens collected about two miles below Westport, Ky., Ohio river, near the bed of a small stream. R. P. Whitfield, collector. 1865. Hudson river beds. Collected opposite Westport, Ky., on the Indiana side, 15 feet above the water level. R. P. Whitfield, collector. 1865. Hamilton beds. Specimens of mollusca which were among the corals from West Williams, Ontario. J. De Cew, collector. 1865. Hamilton beds. Spirifer mucronatus; mostly from Thedford (Widder), Ontario. J. Hall, J. DeCew and others, collectors. 1865. Oriskany sandstone. Cayuga township, Ontario. John De Cew, collector. 1866. Onondaga limestone (Upper Helderberg limestone, old record). Ontario. J. DeCew, collector. 1866. Helderbergian. Albany co. Helderbergian. Scutella limestone. Albany co. Helderbergian. Pentamerus limestone. Albany co. Tentaculite limestone. Schoharie. Helderbergian. Upper Pentamerus. Schoharie. Helderbergian. Shaly limestone. Schoharie. 307 308 309 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Helderbergian. Shaly limestone. Herkimer co. Chazy limestone. Chazy. Trenton limestone. Middleville. Trenton limestone. Tribeshill. Trenton limestone. Watertown. Niagara beds. Lockport. Black river limestone. Chazy. Hudson river beds. Ballston. Black river limestone. Watertown. Clinton beds. New Hartford. Niagara beds. Coralline limestone. Schoharie. Speci- mens numbered 283 to 299 collected by James Hall previous to 1855. Hamilton beds. From Hamilton and vicinity. Madison co. James Hall, collector. 1844. Hamilton beds. Fultonham and vicinity. James Hall, collector. 1844, Hamilton beds. Summit, Schoharie co. James Hall, col- lector. 1844. | Hamilton beds. Schoharie. James Hall, collector. 1844. Ithaca beds (Hamilton group, old record). Oneonta (loose). J. W. Hall, collector. 1869. Ithaca beds (Hamilton group, old record). Bed of rock at Emmons, Otsego co. J. W. Hall, collector. 1869. Ithaca beds (Hamilton group, old record). From cliff on Westkill, two and a half miles northeast of Jefferson, Schoharie co. J. W. Hall and George B. Simpson, col- lectors. 1869. Ithaca beds (Hamilton group, old record). One quarter of a mile west of Jefferson, Schoharie co. J. W. Hall and George B. Simpson, collectors. 1869. Ithaca beds (Hamilton group, old record). One mile north of Jefferson, on the road to Summit. J. W. Hall and George B. Simpson, collectors. 1869. Ithaca beds (Hamilton group, old record). Collected from a layer of rock about three or four feet above num- 310 oll 312 313 314 316 318 320) REPORT OF THE STATE PALEONTOLOGIST 1899 743 ber 308 and at the same place. J. W. Hall, collector. 1869. Ithaca beds (Hamilton group, old record). From loose pieces collected one mile north of Jefferson, on the road to Summit, Schoharie co. J. W. Hall, collector. 1869. Ithaca beds (Hamilton group, old record). From near Dr Haven’s, Jefferson, Schoharie co. Loose pieces. J. W. Hall and George B. Simpson, collectors. 1869. Chemung beds. Loose pieces collected on road, about three miles north of Salamanca, Cattaraugus co., on road to Rock City, half a mile from Rock City. R. P. Whit- field, collector. 1869. Chemung beds. Conglomerate. Salamanca. Collected from the layer in which is found the Hippodophy- cus cowlesi. R. P. Whitfield, collector. 1869. Hamilton beds. Falls on the stream north of the village of Fultonham, Schoharie co. J. W. Hall and George B. Simpson, collectors. 1869. Hamilton beds. Collected at about the middle of the falls on Lawyer’s creek, near Fultonham. J. W. Hall and George B. Simpson, collectors. 1869. Hamilton beds. From the top of the falls on Lawyer’s creek, near Fultonham. J. W. Hall and George B. Simp- son, collectors. 1869. Hamilton beds. From loose pieces on road running near stream at Watsonville, Schoharie co. J. W. Hall and George B. Simpson, collectors. 1869. Hamilton beds. From loose pieces on creek at Watson- ville, Schoharie co. J. W. Hall and George B. Simpson, collectors. 1869. Hamilton beds. Collected from creek in Adam/’s hollow, Fultonham, Schoharie co. J. W. Hall and George B. Simpson, collectors. 1869. Hamilton beds. Collected from Kenhanagara creek near Fultonham, Schoharie co. J. W. Hall and George B. Simpson, collectors. 1869. 744 O21 322 323 326 330 ool NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Hamilton beds. Collected at West Fulton, on Fulton- ham road, Schoharie co. J. W. Hall and George B. Simpson, collectors. 1869. Ithaca beds (Hamilton group, old record). Loose pieces collected from bed of small creek, west side of Schoharie creek, two and a half miles north of Blenheim, Schoharie co. J. W. Hall and George B. Simpson, collectors. 1869. Ithaca beds (Hamilton group, old record). Cliff, west side of Schoharie creek, one mile north of Blenheim. J. W. Hall and George B. Simpson, collectors. 1869. Ithaca beds (Hamilton group old record). Collected at side of road, west side of Schoharie creek, two and a half miles north of Blenheim. J. W. Hall and George B. Simpson, collectors. 1869. Hamilton beds. Collected from bottom of high cliff on east side of Schoharie creek, one mile below Breakabeen, Schoharie co. J. W. Hall and George B. Simpson, col- lectors. 1869. Hamilton beds. From near mouth of Kenhanagara creek, west side of Schoharie creek, between Fultonham and Breakabeen. J. W. Hall and George B. Simpson, collectors. 1869. Hamilton beds. Collection of 1844. James Hall, col- lector. Chemung beds. Collected at the sawmill one and a half miles east of Portville village. R. P. Whitfield, collector. 1869. Chemung beds. Loose pieces plowed up on hillside north- east of Portville village. R. P. Whitfield, collector. 1869. Chemung beds. Conglomerate. Loose at base of hill back of village of Portville, on opposite side of river. R. P. Whitfield, collector. 1869. Chemung beds. Specimens collected from a hard band of sandstone in the bed of Van Campen’s creek, at the 333 ba4 336 Bot 338 309 340 d41 342 343 o44 345 REPORT OF THE STATE PALEONTOLOGIST 1899 745 railroad bridge, Hobbieville, Allegany co. R. P. Whit- field, collector. 1869. Chemung beds. Collected from blocks brought to build bridge piers at Hobbieville. R. P. Whitfield, collector. 1869. Chemung beds. Collected from the shales above the gray band at Hobbieville, and along the creek above that place. R. P. Whitfield, collector. 1869. Chemung beds. Shale above gray band on Van Campen’s creek, bed nearly opposite Belvidere station, in bottom of stream. R. P. Whitfield, collector. 1869. Chemung beds. From a gray band found loose in bot- tom of Van Campen’s creek. The bed recognized farther north at Angelica. R.P. Whitfield, collector. 1869. Potsdam sandstone. Lingula, Obolella and trilo- bites, Keeseville. R.P. Whitfield, collector. 1867. Chemung beds. From a gray band in bed of stream under dam at Hull’s mills near Angelica = gray band at Hobbieville). R. P. Whitfield, collector. 1869. Chemung beds. Shales above gray band at Hull’s mills, Angelica. R. P. Whitfield, collector. 1869. Ithaca beds (Portage group, old record). Collected near Ithaca, and north of Ithaca, near lake shore. James Hall, collector. 1865. Hamilton shales. Collected at York, Livingston co. C. Van Deloo, collector. 1865. Hamilton shales. Collected at Fall brook, near Geneseo. C. Van Deloo, collector. 1865. Hamilton shales. Two miles east of Geneseo. C. Van Deloo, collector. 1865. Hamilton shales. Railroad depot at Geneseo. OC. Van Deloo, collector. 1865. Oriskany sandstone. Drift specimens collected at Aurora. J. W. Hall and C. Van Deloo, collectors. 1867. Hamilton shales. Collected on the shore of Cayuga lake, south of Aurora. J. W. Hall and C. Van Deloo, col- lectors. 1867. 7 349 300 352 353 NEW YORK STATB MUSEUM Helderbergian group. Becraft mountain, Hudson. R. P. Whitfield, collector. 1865 or 1866. Chemung beds. Upper part of the series exposed at Ithaca. James Hall, collector. 1868. Onondaga limestone (Upper Helderberg limestone, old record). Loose pieces near Hamburg, shore of Lake Erie. C. Van Deloo, collector. 1865. . Hamilton shales. Collected at Hamburg on the shore of Lake Erie and vicinity. J. W. Hall and C. Van Delvo, collectors. 1865. Oriskany sandstone. Collected at Devil’s Half Acre, eight miles southwest of Auburn. J. W. Hall and C. Van Deloo, collectors. 1866. Oriskany sandstone. Collected at a locality five miles east of Union Springs (Springville). J. W. Hall and C. Van Deloo, collectors. 1866. Hamilton shales. Collected at Bellona. J. W. Hall and C. Van Deloo, collectors. 1866. Hamilton shales. Collected near Lodi landing, Seneca lake. J. W. Hall and C. Van Deloo, collectors. 1866. Tully limestone. Collected below Lodi landing, Seneca lake. J. W. Hall and C. Van Deloo, collectors. 1866. Marcellus shale. Collected two miles below Lodi landing, Seneca lake. J. W. Hall and C. Van Deloo, collectors. 1866. Genesee shales. Black stream landing, Seneca lake. J. W. Hall and C. Van Deloo, collectors. 1866, Hamilton shales. Ogdens ferry, Cayuga lake. J. W. Hall and C. Van Deloo, collectors. 1866. Genesee shales. Near Kidders landing, Cayuga lake. J. W. Hall and C. Van Deloo, collectors. 1866. | Hamilton shales. Ludlowville. J. W. Hall and C. Van Deloo, collectors. 1866. Hamilton shales. Collected at Darien, Genesee co. C. Van Deloo, collector. 1865. - 365 366 367 368 p69 REPORT OF THE STATE PALEONTOLOGIST 1899 TAT Hamilton shales. Collected at Moscow, Livingston co. C. Van Deloo, collector. 1865. Hamilton shales. Collected at Bethany, Genesee co. @. Van Deloo, collector. 1865. Genesee shales. Three miles south of Mount Morris. C. Van Deloo, collector. 1865. Genesee shales. Collected at Moscow. C. Van Deloo, col- lector. 1865. Hudson river beds, etc. Drift. Rock Stream, west shore of Seneca lake. J. W. Hall and C. Van Deloo, collectors. 1866. Hamilton shales. Near Dresden. J. W. Hall and C. Van Deloo, collectors. 1866. Portage beds. Four miles south of Penn Yan. J. W. Hall and C. Van Deloo, collectors. 1866. Portage beds. Between Rock landing and Rock Stream, west shore of Seneca lake. J. W. Hall and C. Van Deloo, collectors. 1866. Genesee shales. Between Rock Stream and Rock landing, west shore of Seneca lake. J. W. Hall and C. Van Deloo, collectors. 1866. Hamilton beds. Loose pieces. Gilboa, Schoharie co. J. W. Hall and George B. Simpson, collectors. 1869. Hamilton beds. Earlville, Madison co. George B. Simp- son, collector. 1871. Hamilton beds. Pratts falls (top of falls), Pompey, On- ondaga co. George B. Simpson, collector. 1871. Ithaca beds. Ravine running through village of New Berlin. J. W. Hall and George B. Simpson, collectors. 1870. Catskill beds. Richmond quarries. Mount Upton. J. W. Hall and George B. Simpson, collectors. 1870. Ithaca beds. Mount Upton and White Store. J. W. Hall and George B. Simpson, collectors. 1870. Hamilton shales. Darien. C. Van Deloo, collector. 1874. Hamilton shales. York, Livingston co. 748 319 383 o84 085 389 390 392 393 394 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Hamilton shales. Collected in railroad cut two and a half miles east of Alden station. C. Van Deloo, collector. 1874. Hamilton shales. Collected at Cornell’s storehouse, west side of Cayuga lake, about eight miles north of Ithaca. J. W. Hall, collector. 1866. Hamilton shales. Fossils collected on Cashong creek, Bel- lona, Yates co. J. W. Hall and C. Van Deloo, collectors. 1866. Hamilton shales. Fossils collected at Norton’s landing, east side of Cayuga lake, eight miles north of Ithaca. J. W. Hall, collector. 1866. Hamilton shales. Specimens collected at Pratts falls, On- ondaga co. C. Van Deloo and H. H. Smith, collectors. 1874. Tully limestone. Fossils collected at Bellona. J. W. Hall and C. Van Deloo, collectors. 1866. Oriskany sandstone. Knox, Albany co. James Hall, col- lector. ‘ Onondaga limestone. Specimens of Amphigenia elongata from old collection of 1844. Ithaca beds (Chemung group, old record). Fossil plants collected on the west side of Cayuga lake inlet, about one quarter of a mile below the railroad depot on opposite side. J. W. Hall and C. Van Deloo, collectors. 1866. Ithaca beds (Chemung group, old record). Fossils col- lected at Mr Cornell’s quarry, one mile northeast of Ithaca; also from cemetery quarry and Cascadilla creek. J. W. Hall and C. Van Deloo, collectors. 1866. Ithaca beds (Chemung group, old record). Fossils col- lected at the old inclined plane, one mile southeast of Ithaca. J. W. Hall and C. Van Deloo, collectors. 1866. Chemung beds. Fossils collected at Dryden. J. W. Hall and C. Van Deloo, collectors. 1866. Chemung beds. Fossils collected at Cayuta creek, Tomp- kins co. J. W. Halland C. Van Deloo, collectors. 1866. 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 REPORT OF THE STATE PALEONTOLOGIST 1899 749 Ithaca beds (Portage group, old record). Fossils col- lected mostly on the lighthouse pier, Ithaca. J. W. Hall and C. Van Deloo, collectors. 1866. Chemung beds. Fossils collected at Elmira. J. W. Hall and C. Van Deloo, collectors. 1866. Chemung beds. Fossils collected at Chemung narrows. J. W. Hall and C. Van Deloo, collectors. 1866. Hamilton beds. Hamilton, Madison co. J. Hall, collec- tor. 1862. Hamilton beds. Lamellibranchs. Cazenovia. J. Hall, collector. 1862. Onondaga stage? (Hamilton group? old record). Speci- mens collected at and in the vicinity of Waterloo, Ia. R. P. Whitfield, collector. 1866. Chemung stage. Specimens collected at a locality one and a half miles above Rockford, Ia., on Lime creek, except the unweathered specimens of Stromatopora, which were from the ledges along the creek above the mill. R. P. Whitfield, collector. 1866. Upper Devonic (Chemung group? old record). Specimens collected at Hackberry, eight miles above Rockford, Ia., on Lime creek, in a bed having the same position as that one and a half miles above Rockford. R. P. Whitfield, collector. 1866. Upper Devonic (Hamilton group? old record). Specimens collected at Waverly, Ia., on the bank of the Cedar river, above and below the village. R. P. Whitfield, collector. 1866. Upper Devonic (Hamilton group? old record). Specimens collected at Independence, Ia. R. P. Whitfield, collec- tor. 1866. Chemung beds. Franklin, Delaware co. James Hall, col- lector. 1862. 405a Ithaca beds (Hamilton group? old record). Near Blen- heim, below high hill and south of village. - James Hall, collector. 1862. T50 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 405b Ithaca beds (Chemung group? old record). Near the sum- 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 416 418 mit going from head of Delaware river to Blenheim. James Hall, collector. 1862. Portage beds. Three miles south of Mount Morris. C. Van Deloo, collector. Hamilton beds. From Pratts falls, same side as mills, 100 feet from base, Pompey, Onondaga co. George B. Simpson, collector. 1871. Hamilton beds. From Delphi falls, Delphi, Onondaga co. George B. Simpson, collector. 1871. Keokuk beds. Crawfordsville, Ind. C. Van Deloo, collec- tor. 1867. Keokuk beds. Four miles south of Crawfordsville, Ind., at Sugar creek. C. Van Deloo, collector. 1867. Keokuk beds. Specimens collected at Johnsville, one mile southwest on Offiel’s creek, near Crawfordsville, Ind. C. Van Deloo, collector. 1867. Keokuk beds. Specimens collected at Black creek, near Crawfordsville, Ind. C. Van Deloo, collector. 1867. Keokuk beds. Specimens collected at the Walnut fork of Sugar creek, four miles from Crawfordsville, Ind. C. Van Deloo, collector. 1867. Chemung beds. Rockville, Allegany co. Collected at Lock number? from layers of sandstone at the top of the bank, and above the green shales. R. P. Whitfield and C. Van Deloo, collectors. 1869. Chemung beds. Rockville, Allegany co. at Lock number? from the green shales near the level of canal. R. P. Whitfield and C. Van Deloo, collectors. 1869. Chemung beds. Collected at Phillipsburg, Allegany co., just below the dam at mill. R. P. Whitfield and C. Van Deloo, collectors. 1869. Chemung beds. Rockville, Allegany co., from a quarry of gray sandstone used for building, situated on the side of a hill, on the opposite side of the creek from the canal, representing the same layer as that found at Hobbie- 419 420 421 422 423 424 426 427 428 429 REPORT OF THE STATE PALEONTOLOGIST 1899 751 ville and Angelica, and below the green shales. R. P. Whitfield and C. Van Deloo, collectors. 1869. Marcellus shale. Creek at West Avon. C. Van Deloo, col- lector. 1865. Onondaga limestone. Below mills at West Avon. (Some specimens are from the Marcellus shale.) C. Van Deloo, collector. 1865. Hamilton shales. Jaycox run, between Geneseo and Avon. ©. Van Deloo, collector. 1865. Chemung beds. Loose specimens overlying the conglom- erate at Rock City, three and a half miles north of Salamanca. R. P. Whitfield, collector. 1869. Hamilton beds. Fossils collected from Sherburne creek,. below falls, Chenango co. J. W. Hall and George B. Simpson, collectors. Ithaca beds (Hamilton group, old record). From creek one mile below Norwich, Chenango co. J. W. Hall and George B. Simpson, collectors. Ithaca beds (Chemung group, old record). Lower part of formation, Ithaca. J. W. Hall and George B. Simp- son, collectors. 1870. Chemung beds. Specimens collected from a bed of con- glomerate at Clark’s farm near Panama, Chautauqua co. James Hall, collector. 1870. Chemung beds. Specimens collected from above the con- glomerate at Clark’s farm near Panama. James Hall, collector. 1870. Hamilton shales. Specimens collected at Shurger’s glen, near Norton’s landing, Cayuga lake, half way up the side of the third fall (going up from the lake), 114 feet below the Tully limestone (division 2, stratum 10 of section). Herbert H. Smith, collector. 1871. Hamilton shales. Specimens collected at Vinegar brook glen, near Norton’s landing, Cayuga lake, near the top of the lower fall, about 150 feet below Tully limestone. Herbert H. Smith, collector. 1871. 432 433 434 436 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Hamilton shales. Specimens collected at Shurger’s glen, near Norton’s landing, Cayuga lake, from loose frag- ments fallen from about 15 feet below the Tully lime- stone (division 3 of section). Herbert H. Smith, col- lector. 1871. Hamilton shales. Specimens collected at Shurger’s glen, near Norton’s landing, Cayuga lake, from loose frag- ments fallen from about 15 feet below the Tully lime- stone (division 3 of section). Herbert H. Smith, collector. 1871. Hamilton shales. Specimens collected at Vinegar brook glen, Norton’s landing, Cayuga lake, from hard shales, half way up the lower fall. Herbert H. Smith, collector. 1871. Hamilton shales. Specimens collected at Shurger’s glen, Norton’s landing, Cayuga lake, in a layer of hard cal- careous rock (about eight inches) and in the fine shale immediately above and below this layer, about 25 feet below the Tully limestone and 20 rods below where the stream falls over it. Herbert H. Smith, collector. 1871. Hamilton shales. Specimens collected at Shurger’s glen, Norton’s landing, Cayuga lake, in the shale about 18 feet below the Tully limestone, and immediately below the fall formed by that rock (12th layer, 3d division, be- low Tully limestone). Herbert H. Smith, collector. 1871. Hamilton shales. Specimens collected at Ludlowville, Tompkins co., in the shale, about 20 feet below the Tully limestone. In a glen formed by a small brook which flows into Ludlowville creek on the south side, nearly opposite the village, about half way up the glen. Her- bert H. Smith, collector. 1871. Hamilton shales. Specimens collected in the fine trilobite shales about 25 feet above the Encrinal limestone. Shur- ger’s glen, Norton’s landing, Cayuga lake. Herbert H. Smith, collector. 1871. ee 437 439 440 441 442 dad 445 446 REPORT OF THE STATE PALEONTOLOGIST 1899 753 Hamilton shales. Specimens collected from loose frag- ments fallen from about 15 feet below the Tully lime- stone. Shurger’s glen, Norton’s landing, Cayuga lake. Herbert H. Smith, collector. 1871. Hamilton shales. Specimens collected at the lower fall, Vinegar brook glen, Norton’s landing, Cayuga lake. Herbert H. Smith, collector. 1871. Hamilton shales. Specimens collected at Shurger’s glen, Norton’s landing, Cayuga lake, in the hard shale about 12 feet below the Tully limestone (Division 2, stratum 10 of section). Herbert H. Smith, collector. 1871. Hamilton shales. Specimens collected at the middle fall, Shurger’s glen, Norton’s landing, Cayuga lake. Herbert H. Smith, collector. 1871. Hamilton shales. Specimens collected at Shurger’s glen, Norton’s landing, Cayuga lake, in loose fragments fallen from strata lying 20 to 30 feet below the Tully lime- stone. Herbert H. Smith, collector. 1871. Hamilton shales. Specimens collected at lLudlowville, Tompkins co., in a mass of rock, fallen from about 30 feet below the Tully limestone, below the lower bridge. Herbert H. Smith, collector. 1871. Hamilton shales. Specimens collected on the east shore of Cayuga lake, two miles south of Norton’s landing, in the fine shale immediately below the Tully limestone. Herbert H. Smith, collector. 1871. Hamilton shales. Specimens collected at Shurger’s glen, Norton’s landing, Cayuga lake, in the coarse shales about 12 feet below the Tully limestone, and just below the falls formed by that rock. Herbert H. Smith, collector. 1871. Hamilton shales. Specimens collected at Vinegar brook glen, Norton’s landing, Cayuga lake; in a loose fragment of rock probably fallen from about 100 feet below the Tully limestone. Herbert H. Smith, collector. 1871. Hamilton shales. Specimens collected at Shurger’s glen, Norton’s landing, Cayuga lake, in the shale about 15 feet 754 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM below the Tully limestone, and at the foot of the fall, over that rock. Herbert H. Smith, collector. 1871. Hamilton shales. Specimens collected from a loose frag- ment, fallen from about five feet below the Tully lime- stone, near the falls over that rock. Shurger’s glen, Norton’s landing, Cayuga lake. Herbert H. Smith, col- lector. 187PL: Hamilton shales. Specimens collected at the lower fall, Vinegar brook glen, Norton’s landing, Cayuga lake. Herbert H. Smith, collector. 1871. Hamilton shales. Specimens collected at Shurger’s glen, Norton’s landing, Cayuga lake. In the shale immediately below the Tully limestone at the fall over that rock. Herbert H. Smith, collector. 1871. Catskill beds. Specimens collected from a thin bed of caleareous rock in the Catskill group on Seeley creek (branch of Lamb’s creek), four miles northwest of Mans- field, Tioga co., Pa. They occur in bed 11, section 1. An- drew Sherwood, collector, 1871. Catskill beds. Specimens from a fish-bed on Seeley creek (branch of Lamb’s creek), four miles northwest of Mans- field, Tioga co., Pa. They occur in bed 19, section 1. Andrew Sherwood, collector. 1871. Catskill beds. Specimens from the west bank of the Tioga river, near the mouth of Lamb’s creek, three miles north of Mansfield, Tioga co., Pa. They occur in bed 5, section 3. Andrew Sherwood, colleetor. 1871. Catskill beds. West bank of the Tioga river, three miles. north of Mansfield, Tioga co., Pa. Bed 4, section 3. An- drew Sherwood, collector. 1871. Catskill beds. West bank of Tioga river, three miles north of Mansfield, Pa. Bed 14, section 3. Andrew Sherwood, collector. 1871. Chemung beds. Specimens from bed 1, section 1, four miles northwest of Mansfield, Pa. Andrew Sherwood,. collector. 1871. 456 458 459 460 461 462 464 465 REPORT OF THR STATE PALEONTOLOGIST 1899 755 Catskill beds. West bank of Tioga river, three miles north of Mansfield, Pa. Bed 3, section 3. Andrew Sher- wood, collector. 1871. Chemung beds. Specimens from Kelly creek, two miles northeast of Mansfield, Pa. From bed 9, section 4. An- drew Sherwood, collector. 1871. Chemung beds. Specimens from Kelly creek, two miles northeast of Mansfield, Pa. Found in bed 5, section 4. Andrew Sherwood, collector. 1871. Chemung beds. Specimens from railroad cut, east of Tioga village, Tioga co., Pa. Andrew Sherwood, collec- tor. 1871. Chemung beds. Specimens from a small stream coming into Tioga river from the west, two miles north of Mans- field, Pa. Andrew Sherwood, collector. 1871. Chemung and Catskill beds. Lithologic specimens from Seeley creek (branch of Lamb’s creek), four miles north- west of Mansfield, Pa. (The numbers in ink on the speci- mens correspond to the number on section 1.) Andrew Sherwood, collector. 1871. Hamilton shales. Specimens collected in the fine shale, immediately below the Tully limestone, two miles south of Norton’s landing, Cayuga lake; near where the Tully limestone runs down into the lake. Herbert H. Smith, collector. 1871. Hamilton shales. Specimens collected at Vinegar brook glen, Norton’s landing, Cayuga lake, in the dark shales about 100 feet below the Tully limestone. Herbert H. Smith, collector. 1871. Hamilton shales. Specimens collected on the shore of Cayuga lake, in the shale immediately below the Tully limestone, two miles south of Norton’s landing. Herbert H. Smith, collector. 1871. Hamilton shales. Specimens collected on the east shore of Cayuga lake, at various points, from half a mile to two miles south of Norton’s landing. Herbert H. Smith, collector. 1871. 466 468 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Hamilton shales. Specimens collected on the west shore of Cayuga lake, opposite Norton’s landing. Herbert H. Smith, collector. 1871. Hamilton shales. Specimens collected at Shurger’s glen, Norton’s landing, Cayuga lake; in the dark shale about 120 feet below the Tully limestone (Trilobite shales). Herbert H. Smith, collector. 1871. Hamilton shales. Specimens collected at Shurgers glen, Norton’s landing, Cayuga lake, in the shale about 100 feet below the Tully limestone. Herbert H. Smith, col- lector. 1871. 469a Hudson river beds. Specimens collected near Cincinnati, O. Herbert H. Smith, collector. 469b Oneonta sandstone. Specimens collected at Richmond’s 470 476 ww T7 2 quarry, near Mount Upton. Andrew Sherwood, col- lector. 1871. Chemung sandstone. Neighborhood of Mansfield, Pa. An- drew Sherwood, collector. 1871. Chemung sandstone. Specimens collected at Erwin Cen- ter, Steuben co. Andrew Sherwood, collector. 1871. Chemung sandstone. Specimens collected at Mansfield, Pa. Andrew Sherwood, collector. 1871. Chemung sandstone. Collected between Corning and Elmira. Andrew Sherwood, collector. 1871. Catskill sandstone. Specimens collected on the east bank of the Susquehanna river, above and near Towanda, Bradford co., Pa. Andrew Sherwood, collector. 1871. Lower Carbonic. Conglomerate. Below Millstone grit, halfway between Bradford and Farmers Valley, McKean co., Pa. Andrew Sherwood, collector. 1871. Hamilton beds. Near Monroe, Orange co. C. Van Deloo, collector. 1870. Chemung beds? Conglomerate. South of Smethport, Pa. C. Van Deloo, collector. 1870. Chemung beds? Conglomerate, higher bed. South of Smethport, Pa. C. Wan Deloo, collector. 1870. 478 479 480 480+ 481 482 483 484 485 486 487 488 489 490 491 REPORT OF THE STATE PALEONTOLOGIST 1899 757 Chemung beds? Conglomerate. West of Smethport, Pa. Olean road; Alton road. C. Van Deloo, collector. 1870. Chemung beds? Conglomerate. Southeast of Smeth- port, Pa. C. Van Deloo, collector. 1870. Chemung beds. East of Smethport, Pa. C. Van Deloo, collector. 1870. Chemung beds? Conglomerate. Higher bed, west of Smethport, Pa.; Olean road. C. Van Deloo, collector. 1870. Chemung beds? Conglomerate. South of Grant Station and Panama. C. Van Deloo, collector. 1870. Waverly group. Oil City, Pa. C. Van Deloo, collector. 1870. Waverly group. Between Millers and Shafers, Pa. C. Van Deloo, collector. 1870. Chemung beds? Shales and sandstone above conglomer- ate, south of Panama, N. Y., and north of Pine Valley, James Hall, collector. 1870. Chemung beds? Immediately above the conglomerate. Roadside southwest of Panama. James Hall, collector. 1870. Chemung beds. Road from Watkins to Elmira and neigh- borhood of Elmira, etc. C. Van Deloo, collector. 1870. Chemung beds. North of Elmira and at Horseheads. C. Van Deloo, collector. 1870. Chemung beds. Corning. C. Van _ Deloo, collector. 1870. Chemung beds. North of, and near Elmira. C. Van Deloo, collector. 1870. Chemung beds. Near Elmira? C. Van Deloo, collector. 1870. Some marked 490 have been identified as Hamil- ton and those recognized are marked 490a. These are probably from drift specimens of the Hamilton rock. Chemung beds. Loose fragments at Clark’s farm, two miles southeast of Panama. James Hall, collector. 1870. 493 498 499 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Chemung beds. Loose fragments at Clark’s farm, near Panama. Specimens evidently from layer near by. James Hall, collector. 1870. Chemung beds. Clark’s farm, near Panama; loose in creek on east side of valley. James Hall, collector. 1870. Chemung beds. From boulder, on road to Clark’s farm, east side of Panama. James Hall, collector. 1870. Chemung beds. Roadside south of Panama (above con- glomerate). James Hall, collector. 1870. Hamilton shales. From the ‘Horn rock,’ Skaneateles lake, three miles from head of lake. J. W. Hall and George B. Simpson, collectors. 1872. Hamilton shales. From falls opposite Borodino, Skane- ateles lake. J. W. Hall and George B. Simpson, col- lectors. 1872. Hamilton shales. From Otisco lake, three miles east of Borodino. J. W. Hall and George B. Simpson, col- lectors. 1872. Hamilton shales. From bed of creek entering Skaneateles lake at Borodino. J. W. Hall and George B. Simpson, collectors. 1872. Hamilton shales. Pratts falls, Onondaga co. J. W. Hall and George B. Simpson, collectors. 1872. Clinton beds. Specimens collected at Soldiers home quarries, Dayton, O. R. P. Whitfield, collector. 1873. Hudson river beds. Specimens collected on Vine street hill, Cincinnati, O. R. P. Whitfield, collector. 1873. Niagara beds. Fossils collected at Yellowsprings, O. (Mostly Pentamerus oblongus). R. P. Whitfield, collector. 1873. Marcellus shale. Avon. James Hall, collector. Marcellus shale. Le Roy. James Hall, collector. Hudson river beds. Collected at and in the vicinity of Waynesville, O. (Part of them obtained from Jesse Van- duser of Waynesville.) R. P. Whitfield, collector. 1873. 511 513 516 518 519 520 REPORT OF THE STATE PALEONTOLOGIST 1899 759 Hudson river beds. Collected at Cincinnati, O. Herbert H. Smith, collector. 1871. Tentaculite limestone. From stone wall, one mile west of Clockville, Madison co. George B. Simpson, collector. 1873. Salina beds. Hopper-shaped crystals and other geologic specimens, from three fourths of a mile southeast of Clockville. George B. Simpson, collector. 1873. Ithaca beds. (Chemung group, old record.) Fossils col- lected at the old inclined plane, one mile southeast of Ithaca. C. Van Deloo, collector. 1874. Helderbergian group and waterlime. Crinoids and Eurypterus; Jerusalem hill, Litchfield. George B. Simpson, collector. 1878. Lower Carbonic. Fossils from a small stream coming into Towanda creek from the west, one mile south of Canton, Bradford co., Pa. The shaly specimens came from the solid rocks above the Mansfield iron ore to less than 40 feet from the bottom of the old bed. All are supposed to have come from above the conglomerate. A. Sherwood, collector. 1871. Ithaca beds (Hamilton group, old record). Specimens from two large loose rocks on the Catskill turnpike, two or three miles east of Stamford, Delaware co. A. Sher- wood, collector. 1871. Chemung sandstone. Specimens from Sullivan township, Tiago co., Pa. Supposed to have come from below the conglomerate. A. Sherwood, collector. 1871. Chemung sandstone. Specimens from Belmont, Allegany co. Horizon below the conglomerate. A. Sherwood, collector. 1871. Chemung sandstone. Specimens from Belvidere, Allegany co. Horizon below the conglomerate. A. Sherwood, col- lector. 1871. Chemung sandstone. Specimens from Mansfield, Pa. An- drew Sherwood, collector. 1871. 760 521 522 523 524 525 526 527 528 529 5294 5294 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Chemung sandstone. Specimens from Mansfield, Pa. Supposed to have come from below the conglomerate. A. Sherwood, collector. 1871. Lower Carbonic? Specimens from loose stones on the side of the America mountains above the fish-bed at Red- rock, ‘Pa. Have come from above the Old red, or are drifted specimens. A. Sherwood, collector. 1871. Chemung sandstone. Specimens from Sullivan township, Tioga co., Pa. Supposed to have come from below the conglomerate. Andrew Sherwood, collector. 1871. Upper Chemung sandstone. Specimens from Sullivan township, Tioga co., Pa. Andrew Sherwood, collector. 1871. Chemung sandstone. Specimens from the upper Chemung at Mansfield, Pa. A. Sherwood, collector. 1871. Chemung sandstone. Specimens from Sullivan township, Tioga co., Pa. Supposed to have come from below the conglomerate. Andrew Sherwood, collector. 1871. Chemung sandstone. Specimens from Lawrenceburg, Tioga co., Pa. Supposed to be from below the conglom- erate. Andrew Sherwood, collector. 1871. Ithaca beds (Chemung group, old record). Specimens from the top of the hill, one mile east of Charlotteville, Schoharie co. Horizon supposed to be above the con- glomerate, or about the same as Mount Upton. A. Sher- wood, collector. 1871. | Chemung beds. Between Monroeton and Towanda, Brad- ford co., Pa. Supposed to be below the conglomerate. Among these are specimens of Spirifer mesas- trialis, which is restricted to lower beds of Chemung. Andrew Sherwood, collector. 1871. ) Chemung beds. Specimens from Great Bend, Susque- hanna co., Pa. Supposed to be above conglomerate. Andrew Sherwood, collector. 1871. Chemung beds. Orwell township, Bradford co., Pa. Be- low conglomerate. Andrew Sherwood, collector. 1871. REPORT OF THE STATE PALEONTOLOGIST 1899 761 52923 Chemung group. LeRaysyille, Pike township, Bradford co., Pa. Transition rocks between Chemung and Cats- kill. Above conglomerate. Andrew Sherwood, collector. 1871. 530 Chemung beds. Ferns and fucoids from Montrose, Sus- quehanna co., Pa. From above the conglomerate. Andrew Sherwood, collector. 1871. 531 Chemung beds. Two miles southwest of Monroeton, Brad- ford co., Pa. Near the conglomerate. Andrew Sher- wood, collector. 1871. 5314 Chemung beds. Near LeRoy, Bradford co., Pa. Horizon of the conglomerate. Andrew Sherwood, collector. 1871. 532 Ithaca beds (Chemung group, old record). Two miles west of Morris, Otsego co.; top of hill on road to South New Berlin. Andrew Sherwood, collector. 1871. 533. Chemung beds. Mansfield, Pa. Below the conglomerate. Andrew Sherwood, collector. 1871. 5384 Ithaca beds (Chemung group, old record). Ithaca. An- drew Sherwood, collector. 1871. 535 Ithaca beds (Chemung and Hamilton groups, old record). Specimens from Norwich. Andrew Sherwood, collector. 1871. 536 ©Ithaca beds (Chemung group, old record). Between Mara- 'tthon and Harford, Cortland co. Andrew Sherwood, col- lector. 1871. mae 537 Hamilton shales. Norton’s landing, Cayuga lake. Andrew Sherwood, collector. 1871. 538 Chemung beds. From Mansfield, Pa. Specimens mostly small Pterinea; below conglomerate. Andrew Sher- wood, collector. 1871. 539 Catskill beds. Redrock near Blossburg, Tioga co., Pa. Andrew Sherwood, collector. 1871. 540 Catskill beds. Old red. Fish remains, Seeley’s creek, three miles northwest of Mansfield, Pa. Andrew Sher- wood, collector. 1871. -~] oO bo 544 545 546 346a NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Catskill beds. At Ogdens Corners, Union township, Tioga co. Supposed to be below the conglomerate. Andrew collector. 1871. Chemung beds. Cook’s creek, Lindley township, Steuben co. Supposed to be below the conglomerate. Andrew Sherwood, collector. 1871. Chemung beds. Conglomerate near base; mill stream north and west of Panama, Chautauqua co., at base of 80 foot exposure. James Hall, collector. 1871. Chemung beds. Kelley’s creek near Mansfield, Pa. Be- low the conglomerate. Andrew Sherwood, collector. 1871. Upper Chemung beds. From tunnel on Midland railroad, two miles east of Hancock, Delaware co. Andrew Sher- wood, collector. 1871. Chemung beds? Fish remains, shells, etc., from the Mans- field iron ore bed, two and a half miles south of Canton, Bradford co., Pa., on Towanda creek and on land of Mr Sullard. They are supposed to have come from above the conglomerate. Andrew Sherwood, collector. 1871. Chemung beds. The iron ore and fish remains are marked 546. The Grammysia and Productus, not in iron, are marked 546a. A. Sherwood, collector. 1871. Catskill beds. Specimens from Lamb’s creek, Tioga co., Pa. Andrew Sherwood, collector. 1871. Catskill beds. Specimens from Tioga, Tioga co., Pa. Andrew Sherwood, collector. 1871. Chemung beds. Specimens from Mansfield, Pa. Below the conglomerate. Andrew Sherwood, collector. 1871. Hamilton shales. Specimens collected at Norton’s landing, Cayuga lake. C. Van Deloo, collector. 1874. Hamilton shales. Specimens collected one and a half miles north of the railroad station, west side of Cayuga lake, near Ithaca. C. Van Deloo, collector. 1874. Portage beds. East side of Cayuga lake, near Ithaca. C. Van Deloo, collector. 1874. | REPORT OF THE STATE PALEONTOLOGIST 1899 763 553 Rian he by on hee i tne ot he " % Bi » he : eee, x Poet ane t ! * y : 7 vi) Teh ato ee hh ‘ ; i ! + i 2, a 7 ahead ‘ 4 a 7 7 : P . , J rh a a le ‘ i ti Fe ey eo eee. wil [ a7 aii Peed xs . ‘ . ‘ imi r ae 4 7 : 2 . @ 4 ia iz + : ’ 7) ee F f P - . ; q ; ~ Se LS eS Ta «4 dt (oe . re A —_ a . p ; Hise 1 r a) Lif ied Sed: +) iY, Lh rifle ae rr bi feeble aaide i wr vada ye ' ‘ i 5" oe - - t) A] \ ef a iff ee. a ie es . : ; ? ; ' / ; . af oc £91 si. a daily Nao Fabs end sige OO a ey iE v4] brittle J yo OY Ya tae wap chi amy pid fs An Oo = n & F c - x . ’ Cia: : ; : f Lee uy mr re oh ti Leds 4 % - hy 4 ’ » 1 ’ v4 7 7) aD Fi i a 7 x Fel > . * ; aw Lik J )* ist ts ‘ TY : [| a i } ore J , rewyiy a ‘i SS 4 + ‘ — x Or t... SePtumens zt whee ut t a ; 2TH ‘+ - Prive f¢ a a | VAL TIG A, alton kalo (* 3 ge res pvt i “yaaa eartay ip 7 Ant ae ‘ - ' : io i) (tt6 ana ! ei t Rs , » |e val 5 4 ‘ wl ne 5 5 4 eT ai — i i fej yey le ° . r a © ie ‘ ‘ ib : ate pth! i" iA} 7 e* ae ¥ +, Ie . ) , " »¥% ud } . ithe ee ee | Aah : jim i £ - i Y een ane Dingts r INDEX The superior figures tell the exact place on the page in ninths; e, g. 321° means page 321, beginning in the third ninth of the page, i. e. about one third of the way down. Accessions to paleontologic collec- tions, 669*, 679°-83°. Agoniatites limestone, tions on, 675°. Albany county, graptolites, 676°. Areal work, 673°-74*. investiga- Becraft mountain, Oriskany fauna, 671'-72’. Bennett, L. J., gift, 679*. Billings, W. R., gift, 679°. Bulletins in press, 670%. Carll, J. F., gift, 679°. Catalogue, of type specimens, 665*; of locality numbers, 666°-68’, 683- 813. Clarke, F. G., bluestone co., gift, 680", Clinton beds, faunal colonies, 672°- 73*. Clinton colonies in Orleans Niagara counties, 676°. Colonie, graptolites, 676’. Columbia county, graptolites, 676°. Corals, memoir on, 6637-647. and Dawson, J. W., gift, 680°. Devonic and Siluric systems, line of division, 671°, 675", 677°. Electrotyping, 665°-66'. Field work, 674°-78°, Foreign localities, record of, 813°. Formations, index to, 712-162. Fossil tree at Monroe, 674°-75*, Fossils, see Paleontologic collection. Geologic map, progress of work on, 674’, Geologist, unfinished work of James Hall, 662?-64?. Gifts, 679*-80°. Goniatitinae, investigations on, 672°, Graptolites, of the lower rocks, 673°; in Colonie, 6767; in Columbia, Albany and Rensselaer counties, 676°-77°. Hall, E. B., gift, 680°. Hall, James, unfinished work, 662?- 64°; transactions with executors of estate, 664. Handbook of paleontology of New York, preparation, 670°. Hydraulic limestones, investiga- tions on age of, 670°-71', 675°; in Onondaga county, 675’-76". Investigations, 670°-74*. Jones, R. W., gift, 680". Kingston, Oriskany section, 677’. 14 | pra, - Lake Champlain basin, lower Siluric faunas, 678". Lincoln, D. F., gift, 680°. Loans of specimens, 665¢. Localities, record of, 666*-68', 717°- 813°; alphabetic list, 683°-703°; New York, by counties, 704'-11°; index to formations, 712'-16’; 816 copy of old list outside New York state, 7167-17°; record of foreign localities, 813°. Lower Siluric faunas of the Lake Champlain basin, 6781. Luther, D. D., paleontologic inves- tigations, 675°. Maps, issued bystate paleontologist, 661°. Marcellus limestones, in Onondaga county, 675'-76?. Memoirs, publication, 6631-64", 670°. Naples fauna, investigations, 672°. Nematophytum at Monroe, 674%-75*. New York localities, by counties, . 704*-11°, Newburgh mastodon, 676°. Niagara county, Clinton colonies, 676°. Office work, 6657-70". Oneonta formation, Orthoceras in, 6745. Onondaga county, Hydraulic and Marcellus limestones, 675'-76°. Oriskany fauna of Becraft moun- tain, 671°-727. Oriskany section, at Schoharie, 675*; at Kingston, 677’. Orleans county, Clinton colonies, 676°, Orthoceras at Oxford, 674°. Paleontologic collection, additions, 6694, 679'-83°; alphabetic list of localities, 683°-703°; index to for- mations, 7124-167; New York lo- calities, by counties, 7041-11; copy of old list of localities out- side New York state, 7167-17"; record of localities, 666°-68', 717°5- 813°; revision of general collec- tion in state hall, 668’-69*; lack of space, 669°; type specimens, 6651-667, NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM . Paleontologist, duties, 661°; staff 6618; scientific assistant, 661°-627. Perkins, G. H., gift, 680%. Plaster casts of type specimens, preservation, 6667. Portage beds, fauna, 6727. Publications, unfinished, 6627-64’; during year, 669°-70". Regents, reorganization of geologic and paleontologic work, 661+. Rensselaer county, graptolites, 6768. Reorganization of geologic and paleontologiec work, 6614-627. Reports, unfinished, 662°, 669°-70°. Ringueberg, E. N. S., paleontologic investigations, 673°. Rominger, C., gift, 679°. Ruedemann, Rudolf, appointment as scientific assistant, 661°-62?; study of graptolites, 673°, 676°-77°. Safford, J. M., gift, 680°. Schoharie, Oriskany section, 675%. Scientific assistant, see Ruedemann, Rudolf. Siluriec faunas of Lake Champlain basin, 6781. Silurie system, upper limit, 671‘, 675", 677°. | Staff, 661°. Tentaculite limestone, upper limit of Siluric system, 6714. Topographic sheets, coloring, 673°- 744, Type specimens, catalogue, 665’; copper replicas, 665°-66'; preser- vation of plaster casts, 6667. Yan Ingen, Gilbert, paleontologic investigations, 6777, 678". | | White, David, gift, 679°. idee O) Red OF THE eet AE vb On bsAN1S.L 1899 CONTENTS ¢ St yh ee PAGE ERITOAUCTION 5. 2 «.\s.0.0ks nuprpewemcinins Lae cvs aren ee cee EEE ee 823 A Plants added to the herbarium..............- ha sbw nip I Au W wn II I2 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM EXPLANATION OF PLATES PLATE A Amanita calyptrata albescens PA. CALYPTRATE AMANITA 4 Plant with cap partly expanded Plant with cap fully expanded Vertical section of the upper part of a plant Transverse section of a stem Four spores X 400 Amanitopsis volvata elongata P%. TALL AMANITOPSIS Plant with cap partly expanded Plant with cap fully expanded Vertical section of the upper part of an immature plant Vertical section of the upper part of a mature plant Four spores X 400 | PLATE B Amanita multisquamosa P%. VERY SCALY AMANITA Plants with caps partly expanded Plant with cap fully expanded Plants with caps wholly white Vertical section of the upper part of a mature plant Four spores X 400 Scleroderma verrucosum maculatum P42. SPOTTED SCLERODERMA Small plant Larger plants, showing small pale spots on the upper part of the peridium Vertical section of a plant Four spores X 400 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1899 863 PLATE C Russula granulata P2. GRANULATED RUSSULA FIGURE 1,2 Plants with caps partly expanded 3. Plant with cap fully expanded 4 Vertical section of the upper part of a plant 5 Four spores X 400 Russula flaviceps P2. YELLOW CAP RUSSULA Plants with caps partly expanded Plant with cap fully expanded Vertical section of the upper part of a mature plant oOo wom to Four spores X 400 Hygrophorus subviolaceus P2£. VIOLACEOUS HYGROPHORUS tr Young, moist plant 12 Mature, moist plant 13 Mature plant with cap destitute of moisture 14 Vertical section of the upper part of a plant 15 Four spores X 400 Clitocybe centralis P2. CENTRAL CLITOCYBE 16,17 Plants with moist caps 18 Plant with cap destitute of moisture 1g Vertical section of the upper part of a plant 20 Four spores X 400 Hebeloma pascuense P42. PASTURE HEBELOMA 21,22 Two immature plants 23,24 Two mature plants, one with a colored band near margin of cap 25 Vertical section of the upper part of an immature plant 26 Vertical section of the upper part of a mature plant 27 Four spores X 400 864 10, II NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM PLATE D Entoloma graveolens P%. STRONG SMELLING ENTOLOMA Two young plants Young plant with cap violet tinted Cluster of three plants, the central one mature Vertical section of the upper part of an immature plant Vertical section of the upper part of a mature plant Four spores X 400 Entoloma strictius irregulare PA. IRREGULAR ENTOLOMA Two plants with moist caps Two plants with caps not moist, one mature and its cap umbonate ; Vertical section of the upper part of an immature plant Vertical section of the upper part of a mature plant Transverse section of a stem Four spores X 400 N.Y. Stare Mus. Mem. 4, NUK pw UAWIES By LYON, BYATE PRINTER. ; rots AMANITA CALYPTRATA ALBESCENS px. Fo. 6:10 AMANITOPSIS VOLVATA ELONGATA Px. CALYPTRATE AMANITA TALL AMANITOPSIS FUNGI N. Y. STATE Mus. Mem. 4. PLaTe B A SSANAMILULL S79 x aT ] f C.H. PECK, del. C.FAUSEL, LITH. Fic. 1 to 7 AMANITA MULTISQUMOSA px. Fia 810 12 SCLERODERMA VERRUCOSUM MACULATUM px. VERY SCALY AMANITA SPOTTED SCLERODERMA FUNGI N.Y. State Mus. Mem.4 21 ©. FAUSEL,LITH. C.H. PECK, del. GAMES B.LYON. STATE PRINTS Fic. 1-5 RUSSULA CRANULATA px. Fic, 6-10 RUSSULA FLAVICEPS px. GRANULATED RUSSULA YELLOW CAP RUSSULA Fic 11-15 HYCROPHORUS SUBVIOLACEUS px. Fic. 16-20 CLITOCYBE CENTRALIS px. VIOLACEOUS HYGROPHORUS CENTRAL CLITOCYBE Fic. 21-27 HEBELOMA PASCUENSE px. PASTURE HEBELOMA FUNGI N.Y. State Mus. Mem.4 PLATE D C.FAUSEL,LITH C.H. PECK, del. Fic. 1107 ENTOLOMA GRAVEOLENS px. Fic. 8 ro 15 ENTOLOMA STRICTIUS IRRECULARE ex. STRONG SMELLING ENTOLOMA IRREGULAR ENTOLOMA DATOS Ea at EGP AR ie gS RO as ai) AU aang ge - errr tl aim ia Dh = x ie bh Sol ern i whi, +. ante n a ie eo a oe ee ay Oe P : i? 7 ¥ - = ~ hays > 7 = a { - h te - ah sts “> y > i a) és a : oe or - “ .y : fos . , A INDEX The superior figures tell the exact place on the page in ninths; e. g. 836° means page 836, beginning in the third ninth of the page, i. e. about one third of the way down. Aconitum noveboracense, 849° Chenopodium anthelminticum, 852° Acrostalagmus cinnabarinus, 848° . glaucum, 852° Agrostis hyemalis, 853° Cladonia bellidiflora, 8387 Amanita calyptrata albescens, 840! digitata, 838°-39! explanation of plate, 862? floerkeana, 8387 frostiana pallidipes, 855° macilenta, 855 multisquamosa, 840° mitrula, 855? explanation of plate, 862° papillaria, 8553 onusta, 839? Clarke, J. M., gift, 831 rubescens, 855+ Clavaria pistillaris umbonata, 858! Amanitopsis volvata elongata, 856! Clitocybe centralis, 841! explanation of plate, 862 explanation of plate, 863° Anderson, H. C., gift, 829° Collomia linearis, 837! Anemoneriparia, 835? Conger, E. B., gift, 832° Anthony, Mrs E. C., gift, 8298 Conklin, Mrs G. W., gift, 830% Aster concinnus, 835% Convolvulus japonicus, 837% lowrieanus bicknellii, 8508 Cortinarius sphagnophilus, 857° nobilis, 8357 Craig, M., gift, 8327 novi-belgii elodes, 8505 Crouse, C. M., gift, 832° Atriplex hastata, 8527 Cyperus diandrus, 853° Azalea canescens, 8365 rivularis, 837° Baker, G. W., gift, 832° Day, D. F., gift, 831% Banks, C. S., gift, 832° Detwiller, L., gift, 839% Bartlett, E. A., gift, 832% Dicranella subulata, 854° Bartonia virginica, 8517 Dicranum sauteri, 838° Beardslee, H. C., gift, $32? Diplodia conigena, 848° Bethel, E., gift, 8329 Drosera intermedia, 849°-50? Bidens a? 836° Edible fungi, added to collection, 824% laevis, 850° . Eleocharis acuminatus, 853° mElatocarpa, 836! Entoloma graveolens, 844° Bishop, Mrs T. B., gift, 830! explanation of plate, 864! Blackford, Mrs E. B., gift, 830? strictius irregulare, 856%-573 Boletus mutabilis, 8457 explanation of plate, 864% Bonaparte swamp, plants, 824°, 858°-61° Euphorbia nicaeensis, 837? 4 Calostoma cinnabarinum, 858? peplus, 852 Cantharellus cibarius multiramis, 856° | Fenno, F. E., gift, 8343 Carex pauciflora, 853° Fox, C. L., gift, 831* $66 Fragaria americana, 835° Fungi, added to collection, 8237, 824° Gentiana crinita, 851° Gifts, 829'-34° Gloeosporium melanconioides, 848° Goodrich, Mrs L. L., gift, 8305 Grandinia burtii, 847? Hadley, Mrs A. M., gift, 8307 Hebeloma pascuense, 8447-45? explanation of plate, 863° Heteranthera dubia, 837° Hordeum jubatum, 838? Hydnum chrysocomum, 8577 combinans, 846°-47! populinum, 8463 Hygrophorus miniatus sphagnophilus, 8564 subviolaceus, 842? explanation of plate, 8634 Hypnum blandovii, 854° Hypomyces lactifluorum, 858° Inocybe geophylla, 857? Jungermannia inflata, 8548 Lake Bonaparte, flora, 824°, 858°-61? Lecanora hageni, 855? Lentinus cochleatus, 8567 Lewis county, flora, 824°, 8588-613 Lloyd, C. G., gift, 8315 Lycopodium chamaecyparissus, 8384 Lysimachia polyantha, 836’ producta, 836° ; McIlvaine, C., gift, 8328 Merrill, E. D., gift, 8308-313 Mertensia virginica, 8515 Millington, Mrs L. A., gift, 830° Monilia sitophila, 848° Morris, G. E., gift, 831° Nabalus trifoliatus, 850%s5r! Naucoria pennsylvanica, 845? Noyes, H. M., gift, 8304 Odontia acerina, 8474 Onoclea sensibilis, 854° Overacker, M. L., gift, 830* NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Paddcck, W., gift, 831° Pammel, L. H., gift, 833°-34? Panicum capillare soboliferum, 854? linearifolium, 8378 mimis, 838! walteri, 8377 Paxillus involutus simplex, 8575 Peet, L. FH. eift) Sar" Peltigera canina spongiosa, 854° Peter, J., gift, 8318-32! Physcia tribacia, 838° Picea mariana, 853! Plants, species not before reported, 823°, 835°-49° species added to collection, 823°, 826!—20° remarks on previously reported species, 824”, 849°-58" of Bonaparte swamp, 824’, 858°-61% list of contributions, 829°-34° Pleurotus candidissimus, 842? cornucopioides, 841° similis, 841742? Polygonum careyi, 852? cilinode breve, 852? lapathifolium, 852! Populus tremuloides, 8521 Potentilla pumila, 835° Psilocybe dichroa, 845? unicolor, 8454 Puccinia asparagi, 848! graminis, 8584 Ricker, P. L., gift, 834° Russula aeruginascens, 8434 flaviceps, 843! - explanation of plate, 863% granulata, 843’-44° explanation of plate, 863! palustris, 842° Scirpus lacustris condensatus, 853° microcarpus, 853° Scleroderma verrucosum maculatum, 8477-49° explanation of plate, 862° Scrophularia leporella, 836° Sieglingia seslerioides, 854" INDEX TO REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1899 Sisymbrium altissimum, 849" Solidago macrophylla, 850° odora, 8507 Sporobolus longifolius, 8537 neglectus, 838? Sterling, E. B., gift, 832° Stewart, F. C., gift, 8317 ‘Taraxacum taraxacum, 851? Thelephora palmata americana, 857° Trametes ohiensis, 846! Tucker, W. G., gift, 8317 | Utricularia clandestina, 8517 cornuta, 8518 Vaccinium nigrum, 8364 Valerianella locusta, 850? Viola arenaria, 8354 communis, 849° Welch, Rev. R. L., gift, 833' Whetstone, M. E., gift, 830° Williams, Mrs E. M., gift, 8308 Woodwardia virginica, 8544 867 phe bone Dita" ny 708 pea ' PaCS | rep ef ult as rae ib ma ibs tals hnipd ten ye PE ; 7 Sade ‘ felon tage ied é, isan nisi a maiaiagey Baie’ he S38 ,alagook afianalsetay, ; plank 7 Sik stiehein afotv iis ‘al : : > “vas 7 » : ; "eee 4:enirmgy . ‘4 o. basintag ve ; y ia Wile wf wy Baird . rf + Peal ‘3 ; a on A ; , 2 oe \ ok! Or whee “ee ‘ wi Pah” gees | part . . p Hy a te &3 ¢ ms § ; fe, ie ; = 7 a a3 } ae { i av ‘ 4 - i of ee j 7 : a oa ’ i foes..4h) — if L a emai (fi ° J . Fe. 7 _ $ : ‘ny 29 5 'y38 ayiginwiv diiriawhoove Re ’ { > . \ 3 > " * ad hes 8 = “. + a , a meet = i Lee te “Ss a v4 P<4F. rd td r Pp ee ba ap ie my * wf 1 4 ny a y, a 7 i ak ™* noms \ "re rt a ‘ei ay GENERAL INDEX r prefixed to page numbers refers to the director’s report; other page numbers refer to the appendixes. The superior figures tell the exact place on the page in ninths; e. g. 8 means page 8, beginning in the third ninth of the page, i, e. about one third of the way down. For fuller indexes to museum bulletins, see index printed witb each bulletin. Accessions to collections in geolog- | ical hall, r163’-70*. Adirondacks, geology, r9*-115; parts ‘of Warren, Saratoga, Fulton and | Montgomery counties, r1T-35; county, r37-82; crystalline rocks Rand hill and vicinity, Clinton near the St Lawrence river, r&3- 104; relief map, frontispiece, r170*. Allegany county, oil and gas, r13', r107*-13"; consumption of natural gas, r113°-15°; map facing p. r107. Altona, ridges, r78*; flat rock dis- trict, r78"-80". Analysis of anorthosite gabbro, r58’. Andover gas and oil field, r111°-13". Anorthosite-gabbro of Rand hill, rd2*-54, r81*; analysis, r5&. Apatite, r54*, rd5*, r60°. Archean rocks, see Pre-Cambrian rocks. Ashburner, cited, r129". Attendance at museum, r163?. Augen-gneisses, r31’. Augite, rd4?, r54’, r60". Augite-syenite of Rand hill, 60°, r82*. Avery, Dudley, gifts, r165*. r59"- Baldwin, cited, r75*, r77*. Bean, T. H., collection of fishes, r158°. Beck, L. C., examination of locali- ties mentioned by, r12‘. Becker, F. S., gifts, r165°. Beecher, C. E., cited, r33°*. Beekmantown, gneisses, r42'. © Beekmantown limestone, r66°-67°. Belfast, oil and gas, r109?, r109°- 10%, Bell, F. H., gift, r165°. Biotite, r54*. Birds, collection, r158°-59*; added to eollection, r167*. Birds eggs, collection, r159*; added to collection, r1677-68°. Birdsall, oil and gas, r107’. Bishop, Irving P., oil and gas in southwestern New York, r12*, r105-34. Bleecker, geologic description, r29°- 30’. . Botarist, work of, 1r162*; report, $21-67; report on edible fungi, v. 2, p. 129-234. Brainard and Seeley cited, r68'. Bronzite, r60". Building stones, r81*. Byington, Mrs W. W., gifts, r167?. Calciferous limestone, r24*, r66°-67*. Caldwell, geologic description, r21’- 24°; geologic map facing p. r22. Canaseraga, oil and gas, rl07*. Carne’s quarry, analysis of anor- _ thosite gabbro, r58’. Cattaraugus county, oil and gas, r13*, r115*-20?. Chautauqua county, r13', r120°. Chazy limestone, r67°-68". Cheney, A. A., gift, r167°. Clarke, J. M., cited, r66°; report as paleontologist, 659-816; Oriskany fauna of Becraft mountain, v. 2, p. 1-128. Clay industries, report on, r11’. oil and gas, 658 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Clinton county, geology of Rand hill | Ethnology, work in, r158'; additions and vicinity, facing p. r89g. Coleman, cited, r92?. Com, GAL, gift ria. Crosby, cited, r101°. Crystalline rocks,/of Adirondacks, r9*-11°; on Long Island, r8°-9': in New York, Westchester and Put- r10*, r87-82; map nam counties, r7*-8°; of Orange and Putnam counties, r9*; of Rand hill and vicinity, Clinton county, r87-82; near St Lawrence river, r83-104; in parts of War- ren, Saratoga, Fulton and Mont- gomery counties, r17-35. Cushing, H. P., field work, r9°, r9*- 10°; Geology of Rand hill and vicinity, Clinton county, r37-S82; cited, r57*, rd59°, r62°, r99*, r101‘. Dale, T. Nelson, cited, r148’. Dannemora formation, r42?, ral®, TL: Darton, N. H., cited, r22*, r26°, r26°, 133". Day, geologic description, r28°. Dempsey, Bridget, gift, r167*. Depth. of rocks below surface, ™2*. Diabase dikes, r62?. Dikes, r43', r61°-62". Diorite, r55*. r47’- Eckel, Edwin E., investigation of crystalline rocks of Westchester and New York counties, r7‘-8*. Eeonomie and geologic map, new edition, r14?. Economic geology, work in, r1l’- 13*; museum work in, r15‘; acces- sions to collection, r163'-64°. Edible fungi, report on, v. 2, p. 129- 234. Edinburg, geologic description, r28°- 29%. Emery mines of Westchester to collection, r165°-66°. Farr, M. S., work of, r158‘; gifts, r166*, r1677-684, Fault, how produced, r44’. » Faults in Mooers sheet region, r715- 73°. Feldspar, r54?, rd4°, r60. Irelt, E. P., Collection, preservation and distribution of New York in- sects, 1-34; Shade tree pests in , New York state, 39-60; report as entomologist, 531-653. Wishes, collection, r158*, 1159", Flat rock district in Altona, r78'- 80". FYoliation in Mooers sheet region, r69*-714. Fossils, catalogue of type speci- mens, r156*. Fulton county, pre-Cambrian forma- tions, r17-35; geologic map facing p. r29; the Noses, r327-354; out- line map of the Noses facing p. rS2. Gabbro, in Caldwell, r24*; in War- rensburg, r28'; and gneiss, con- tact, rd50°. xabbro intrusions of Rand _ hill, r52'-54'. Garnet, r54°, r56*, r60%. Garoga, geologic description, r30*- 315, ; Gas in southwestern New York, r12', 1105-34. ; Genesee county, oil and gas, r123°-24?, Geologic map, r9*, r13°-14*. Geological collection, accessions to, r1637-70*. Geologist, report, r5-154. Geology, work in, r7’-16°; museum work in, r15’-16°; economic, work in, r11°-13*. Gifts to collections, r163°-70. Gilbert, G. K., quoted, r78*. Glacial striae, r77. county, r13°, r151-54. | Entomologist, work of, r161*-62; re- | Gneiss, in Fulton county, r30*, r30’- port, 531-653. | 815, 181°, 1828; of the Noses, r341- Erie county, oil and gas, r121'-25°. 35°; of Rand hill and vicinity, GENERAL INDEX Clinton county, r37-82; near St Lawrence river, r86°-98'; in Sara- toga county, r28*-29°; of Warren | county, r23*, r25°, r28’. Gowanda, oil and gas, r115*-17°. Greenfield, geologic description, r29%*. Grenville, term, r48*. Grenville series, r48’, r50*. Grindstone island, geology, r91*-92’. Hall, C. E., cited, r33*. Hall, R. A., gifts, r163°. Harlem sheet, r8s°. Hill, Benjamin F., study of geolog of Putnam county, r9*; field work, ro’; Preliminary report on the of Warren, Saratoga, Fulton and Montgomery counties, r17-35. Hornblende, r54*, r55', r60". Howell, KE. E., relief map modelea by, r170*. Howell, G. R., gifts, r170*. Hume, oil and gas, r108*. Hyperite, r52*, r97°*. Hypersthene, rd4’, rd54’. Igneous origin of Adirondack rocks, r41°, r97’. llmenite, r54°, rd5d°. Indian relics, rearrangement, rls’. lusects, collection, preservation and distribution, 1-384. Jefferson county, geology, r10', r83- 104. ‘Johnstown, r31*-32?. Joints in Mooers sheet region, r73*- 73*. geologic Kemp, J. F., field work, r9; Pre- liminary report on the pre-Cam- brian formations in parts of Warren, Saratoga, Fulton and Montgomery counties, 117-85; cited, r63', r65°, r101*. Kolderup, C. F., cited, r57°*, description, | Labradorite, rd4’. Lawson, cited, r101°. Lime and cement. report on, r1l’- 12’. Linton, Edwin, gift, ri6’, 1r164°. Livingston county, oil and 1124-257. Long Island, crystalline rocks, r8°’-9'" gas, Magnetite, r60*. Mammals, colleetion, r159°. Mammals of New York, list, 271- 390, | Maps, relief, r163', r170°*. Marl deposits, r12?. Mayfield, geologic description, r32°. Mayville, oil and gas, r120°*. pre-Cambrian formations in parts | Merrill, F. J. H., report as state geologist, 15-154; report as dl- rector, 15-169. Merrill, G. P., cited, r102*. Miller, G. 8S. Preliminary list of New York mammals, 271-390. Mineralogy, work in, r157%; addi- tions to collection, r165%. Minerals of Rand hill gabbro, r54'- 59’. Montgomery county, pre-Cambrian formations, rl17-35; the Noses, 132'-35'; outline map of the Noses facing p. r32. Mooers atlas sheet, geology of area comprised in, 137-82; economic geology in area of, r80*-82°*. Moraines, r75°-76". Morje, Joseph, gift, r166°. Morley, E. W., analysis of anortho- site gabbro, r58?. Morrisonville well, r68’-69°*. Mulcahy, W. L., assistance, r160*. Museum work in geology, r15’-16°. Mushrooms, r162°. Natural gas in New York, 395-526. Natural gas in southwestern New York, r12', r105-34. Nevius, J. N., work in mineralogy, rl57; rearrangement of Indian relics, r158’; Emery mines of Westchester county, r13*, ri51-54; 660 Roofing slate quarries of Wash- ington county, ri3*, 1135-50; mounting fossil plant, r16°; resig- nation, r16*. New Liudson, oil and gas, r108*-9, r109°-10*. New York rocks, r7*-8*. Newland, D. H., geologic investiga- tions, rd’. Niagara Falls, relief map, r163°, Noses, the, r32'-35*; map of, facing p. r32. county, crystalline Oil and gas in southwestern New York, r12", r105-34. Oliver, S. H., gift, r166°. Onondaga county, oil and gas, r125?- 26°. : Ontario county, oil and gas, r127'. Oramel, oil and gas, r109°-10*. Orange county, geology, rg. Oriskany fauna of Becraft moun- tain, v. 2, p. 1-128. Orton. Edward. Petroleum and natural gas in New York, 395- 526. Oswegatchie series, r48°, Ottawa gneiss, r48*, Paleontologic colleetion, additions to, r155°-56*; revision, r156°. Paleontologist, work of, r155*-57'; report, 659-816. Paleczoic rocks of Mooers sheet, r63°-69". Peck, C. H., Plants of North Elba, 65-266; report as botanist, 821-67; report on edible fungi, v. 2, p. 129-234. Petroleum and natural gas in New York, 395-526, Petroleum in southwestern New York, r12’, r105-34. Physiography, r163'. Plants of North Elba, 65-266. Pleistocene deposits, r75?-78*. Porphyritic gneisses, r31’. Portland cement industry, r12’. Potsdam sandstone, ril*, 163°-66°, r98*-104*. 7 eee EEE NEW YORK STATE-MUSEUM Pre-Cambrian rocks of Adiron- dacks, r9*-11°; in parts of War- ren, Saratoga, Fulton and Mont- gomery counties, r17-35; of Rand hill and vicinity, Clinton county, r37-82; near St Lawrence river, r83-104; structural features, r69*- 75°; sedimentary origin, r88’. Prosser, C. S., cited, r26". Publications, on paleontology, r155*; on zoology, r161*; of entomologist, r162°. Putnam county, crystalline rocks, r7®; geology, rQ. Pyrite, 154°, rdd*. Pyrrhotite, rd4*, rd5*. Quartz, rd4, rd7’, r60'. Quartzite, white vitreous, r87°-88*. Queensbury, geologic description, r24°-27°; geologic map facing p.r26. Rand hill and vicinity, geology, r37-82. Relief maps, r163', r170*. Ries, Heinrich, work in economie geology, r11°-12°, Roofing slate quarries of Washing- ton county, r13*, r135-50. Ruedemann, Rudolf, assistant to paleontologist, r156*, St Lawrence county, geology, r10’, r83-104. St Lawrence river, crystalline rocks in vicinity of, r&83-104. St Patrick’s academy, Troy N. Y., gift, r165°. Saratoga county, pre-Cambrian for- mations, r17-35; geologic map fac- ing p. r28. Schists near St Lawrence river, r86"-98*. Schuyler county, oil and gas, r127°. Scio, oil and gas, r110*-117. Seneca county, oil and gas, r128'. Shade tree pests in New York state, 39-60. Slate and emery r135-50. industries, r13', GPNERAL INDEX Smith, Homer, gift, r164". Smock, J. C., cited, r108°, r150°. Smyth, C. H. jr, field work, r9, r10"; Geology of crystalline rocks in vicinity of St Lawrence river, r83-104. Steuben county, oil and gas, r128?- 32°; consumption of natural gas, r113°-157. Stevenson, J. J., gift, r15°, r164°-65'. Syenite, r81°, r82'. Syenite dikes, r62'. Synoptic collection of rocks, r15*-16?. Syracuse, oil and gas wells near, r125°-26°; relief map, r170*. Thousand 183-104. Tioga county, oil and gas, r133'. Titaniferous magnetite, r54*, rd5*. Titanite, r54*. Topographic sheets, r14*-15°. Tourmalin, r90*. Tracy brook fault, r71°. islands, geology, r10’, Vanuxem, Lardner, cited, r33*. 661 | Vermeule, C. C., work on geologic map, r13*. Warren county, pre-Cambrian for- mations, rl17-35; geologic map facing p. r22. _ Warrensburg, geologic description, r27*-28'. Washington county, quarries, r135-50. Water levels, r77°-78°*. Wayne county, oil and gas, r133?. Wells island, geology, r87'-91‘; Pots- dam sandstone, r99?. Wellsville, oil and gas, r111'. Westchester county, crystalline rocks, r7°-8°; emery mines, r151- 54. Wilton, geologic description, r29*. Wright, G. F., cited, r76’. Wyoming county, oil and gas, r133°. roofing slate Yates county, oil and gas, r134’. Zircon, r54*, rdd5*, r60'. Zoology, work in, r158°-60°; addi- tions to collection, r165°-66*. f Pd in | \