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FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT

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SECRETARY

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STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

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MICHIGAN

FOR THE YEAR 1910

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WYNKOOP HALLENBECK CRAWFORD CO., STATEFPRINTERS
1911

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REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE MICHIGAN STATE
HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

FENNVILLE, MICHIGAN,
January 1, 1911.

To Hon. Cuase 8. Osporn, Governor of the State of Michigan:
I have the honor to submit herewith, in compliance with legal require-
ments, the accompanying report of 1910, with supplementary papers.
Respectfully yours,
CHARLES E. BASSETT,
Secretary Michigan State Horticultural Society.

OFFICERS OF THE STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY FOR 1911.

Presipent—T. A. FARRAND, Eaton Rapids.
Vicre-Presipent—O. 8S. BRISTOL, Almont.
SrcreTary—CHARLES E. BASSETT, Fennville.
TREASURER—JAMES A. SATTERLEE, Lansing.
LiprartAN—H. CHAMBERS, Lansing.

EXECUTIVE BOARD.

CHAS. F. HALE, Grand Rapids, 1 vear.

H. J. KUSTACE, Agricultural College, 1 year.
EDWARD HUTCHINS, Fennville, 2 years.
CHAS. A. PRATT, Benton Harbor, 2 years.

O. S. BRISTOL, Almont, 3 years.

J. POMEROY MUNSON, Grand Rapids, 5 years.

STANDING COMMITTEES.

Fruir CaraLtoGuE—President T. A. FARRAND, Eaton Rapids.
New Fruirs—H. J. EUSTACE, Agricultural Colege.

EDWARD HUTCHINS, Fennville.
Frnance—CHAS. F. HALE, Grand Rapids.

O. 8S. BRISTOL, Almont.

Entromotocy—R. H. PETTIT, Agricultural College.
VEGETABLE PHys1oLtogy—THOMAS GUNSON, Agricultural College.
LanpscaPeE GARDENING—J. POMEROY: MUNSON, Grand Rapids.
Forestry—CHAS. W. GARFIELD, Grand Rapids.
LecisLaTion—President T. A. FARRAND; Secretary C. E. BASSETT.

FORTIETH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE MICHIGAN STATE HOR-
TICULTURAL, SOCIETY, HELD AT BENTON HARBOR,
MICHIGAN, DECEMBER 6-8, 1910.

The fortieth annual meeting proved to be, without doubt, the best in
the history of the State Society. Not only was the attendance better
from all over the State, but the local members turned out in force
and from the moment when President Smythe called the first session
to order until the last event of the last day the opera house was well
filled, there being over 1,000 interested listeners present at most of
the sessions. The Berrien County local society had done their best to
have every comfort attended to and their numerous committees are
deserving of great praise.

Much of the success of this annual meeting is also due to the manner
in which President Smythe presided—calling the sessions promptly on
the moment scheduled and conducting the program and discussions with-
out delay or allowing the discussions to get away from the question then
being considered.

The fruit display was arranged on the large stage of the opera house
and, considering the poor fruit year just experienced in Michigan, was
a very creditable showing. George Chatfield of South Haven won the
silver cup, offered by the B. G. Pratt Co. of New York for the best three
boxes of apples, but will have to win it two more times to make it his
own.

LIME-SULPHUR VERSUS BORDEAUX.

Perhaps the most interesting exhibit at the meeting was the collection
of fruit from the various growers in the State, showing a comparison
of fruit from the same orchards sprayed with Bordeaux and with lime-
sulphur. The exhibit was collected by the horticultural department of
the Agricultural College, from growers about the State who had made a
comparative test of Bordeaux and lime-sulphur for their own enlighten-
ment. The samples comprised a half bushel or more of each variety, and
the spray formulas used were placed with the exhibit, making it a very
instructive comparison. We give below particulars concerning these
exhibits, with a few notes on each:

1. Wagner and Baldwin varieties from L. H. Stoddard, Kalamazoo Co.
Those sprayed with lime-sulphur, 3:2:50, with arsenate of lead, after
blossoming, had little russeting and very little scab. Those sprayed with
3ordeaux, three sprays, 3:4:50, and lime-sulphur last spray, 3:2:50,

had much russeting and the fruit was rather small, and dull in color.

2. Mr. Alwin Coith, Van Buren Co., showed Wagners sprayed with

8 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

commercial lime-sulphur, 1:40 arsenate of lead, 2 Ibs. The fruit showed
very little russeting and the color was fair to good. The sample sprayed,
with bordeaux, 2:5:50, had about the same color, but there was much
more russeting.

3. Wagners from Ed. Hissong, Mason Co., where commercial lime-
sulphur and arsenate of lead, 1 to 25 and 1 to 35 were used, showed very
little russeting, with a slight trace of scab. While those sprayed with
Bordeaux, 4:5:50, and arsenate of lead, had a more green color, fruit a
little smaller, and more russeting.

4. Baldwins and Wagners from C. W. Wilde, of Kent Co., sprayed with
four sprays of lime-sulphur, 3:5:50, boiled one hour and 2 Ibs. lead,
were clean, had good finish, color and size and almost no russeting, while
those sprayed with Bordeaux four sprays, 2:5:50, were a little smaller,
color more dull and green and some russet, especially on Wagner.

5. Baldwins from O. 8. Bristol, of Macomb Co., upon which lime-sul-
phur was used exhibited good size and color, with a slight trace of russet-
ing. Whereas, the samples from trees sprayed with Bordeaux were
smaller, more green, and much russeted.

6. Baldwins from David McCann, of Van Buren Co., sprayed four
times with commercial lime-sulphur, 1144 to 50 and 2 Ibs. lead, showed
some russeting, fair color and finish. But the other sample sprayed with
Bordeaux, 3:6:50, and arsenate of lead, four sprays, presented a more
green color and were russeted badly.

7. Baldwins from T. A. Farrand, Eaton Co., treated three times with
commercial lime-sulphur, 1:10:50, 1:25:50, 1:35:50, were of good size and
color and had a trace of russeting, while those treated with bordeaux,
twice 2:4:50, were of good size and color, but had more russeting.

8. Greenings, Wagners and Baldwins from 8S. B. Hartman, of Cal-
houn Co., sprayed four times with limesulphur, 1144 gallons to
50, after blossoming with 2144 Ibs. of lead, were of good size
and color, a little russet, had no scab, and. finish better than
with bordeaux, while the ones sprayed four times with bordeaux, 3:5:50,
214 lbs. of lead, were of good size and color, but finish more dull and
there was more russeting.

It will be noted then, on the whole, that the lime-sulphur as a sum-
mer spray gave the most satisfactory results as regards russeting, color,
and finish, and in some cases apparently size, though this may have been
due to other conditions. The Bordeaux gave more russeting, and a
duller, greener color, lacking the gloss of the lime-sulphur sprayed fruit.
Both were comparatively free from scab. This exhibit presented a good
argument for the use of lime-sulphur as a summer spray for apples.

OPENING SESSION—10 A. M. TUESDAY, DEC. 6.

The meeting was called to order by President Smythe with a few
well-chosen words, followed by invocation by Rev. Diefenbach.

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. 9

INVOCATION.

“Our Gracious Heavenly Father, we come into Thy presence at this
time, and before we take up the duties of this occasion, we desire to
thank Thee for the blessings we enjoy and to acknowledge Thee as the
giver of every perfect gift. We bless Thee for the occasion that has
brought us together this morning, and we do ask that Thy spirit may rest
upon us in a large measure. May we realize that Thou art the one from
whom all good things come, and that in the work in which we are
engaged we are working together with Thee. May we know and appre-
ciate that Thou doest send to us the sunshine and the shower and that all
the blessings which come to us, come from Thy bountiful hand. We ask
Thy blessing upon this Association, upon the president and officers
under him. And we do pray that as we gather here today that the ex-
periences exchanged and the information gained may help us to make
life easier for us and for those who come after us, our children. So, dear
Father, bless us with Thy rich heritage. May we more and more realize
that the great aim of living is that we may bless others—that we may be
helpful to each other. So, Father, we ask that Thou wouldst come very
near to us. Knit our hearts together in the bounds of fraternal love;
and as we go forth from this meeting may it be with the determination
to so profit by all that we hear and learn that our lives will be richer
with blessings in the years to come. And so again we envoke thy blessing
upon this occasion; we ask that thy spirit will be present to guide and
direct, that everything will be done acceptable to Thee. We ask it in
the name of the Father, the Son and the Spirit. Amen.”

President Smythe: The first number of our program, as you will
see, is an address by Mr. Frank A. Wilken on the subject “Results from
Spraying During the Past Season.” It is hardly necessary for me to
throw any bouquets at Mr. Wilken. He is so well known in our terri-
tory and. has accomplished so much by his experiments, that I do not
feel that it is necessary to take time to make any extended remarks in
regard to him and his work. Mr. Wilken.

RESULTS FROM SPRAYING DURING THE PAST SEASON.

(FRANK A. WILKEN, SOUTH HAVEN EXPERIMENT STATION.)

Mr. Chairman, Fellow Fruitgrowers: You know each season brings
us new experiences, experiences that are different and are valuable to
us and will be worth much to us in years to come. Last year I spoke
on “Scale and Scab,” but it turned into a talk on Lime-Sulphur. Our
experiences and our observations so far this year have backed up what I
said then; and now I desire simply to reenforce what I said last
year.

At the station we started out with good intentions. Several tests

10 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

with the various mixtures Lime-Sulphur, Bordeaux, Copper Sulphate,
etc. were started, but the weather got the best of us and our test failed
us on account of lack of fruit. But on the Station grounds proper we
sprayed everything with Lime-Sulphur, and the results were very good.
As you perhaps remember, I spoke of spraying with Lime-Sulphur,
winter strength, one to eleven, just before blossom, and some were in-
clined to take exception to what I said. We carried out the same pro-
gram this year. We used the Commercial Lime-Sulphur one to eleven,
and the home-made at the rate of 15 lbs. sulphur to 8 Ibs. lime and 50
gals. water, and tried it on all the different fruits except the peach, and
at the same time we usually put on Bordeaux, just before blossom. The
results were that in some cases, for instance the pears and the plums
where the blossoms and buds were fully opened, once in a while the blos-
som stem would be burned and the blossom shrivel up. On the apples
T noticed no bad results at all. The last season was rather peculiar; in
the spring when we had our warm weather first and cold weather after-
ward, and there were a great many growers around South Haven whom
I advised to spray quite late with the Lime-Sulphur. None. of them
reported bad results. I think we can arrange to spray our strong solu-
tion of Lime-Sulphur at such a time so that we will not have to spray
again until after the blossoms open. For the spray after the blossom
we use one to 50. This is weaker than many use. Some use down to
one to twenty-five, but we got very good results with the strength we
used. We sprayed just after blossom petals dropped and then again in
ten days and then the last week in July, using the commercial article
one to fifty, and the home-made at five times the winter strength, or at
the rate of 144 lbs. of lime to 8 Ibs. of sulphur and 50 gals. of water,
and our results were very good all the way through. We had but little
scab on apples and the apples were very much better colored than in
other years. I noticed in other places where I have visited various orch-
ards that the trees that had the Lime-Sulphur spraying had better colored
fruit than where the fruit was sprayed with the Bordeaux mixture.
The Lime-Sulphur does not seem to cover the fruit the way the Bor-
deaux does; that is, there is not so heavy a coating, and for that reason
the sun has a better chance to color the fruit. The College has an ex-
hibit of its fruit on the table back of us here which shows the difference
in the color of the fruit sprayed with Bordeaux and Lime-Sulphur.
What brought the Lime-Sulphur as a summer spray to the attention of
the fruit growing world was the fact that there was so much russeting
when the fruit was sprayed with Bordeaux. Many have thought that
this was not a good season to demonstrate the real worth of Lime-Sul-
phur and make a comparison with the Bordeaux mixture because the
weather we have had has been the cause of a lot of fruit russeting. [és-
pecially Baldwins and other varieties of this type, because of the bad
spring, have shown decided russeting. The russeting caused by the
weather is not as deep as that caused by Bordeaux. It is also generally
more scattered than that made by the Bordeaux. In all cases where
trees were sprayed by Bordeaux it was much worse than on trees not
sprayed at all or sprayed by Lime-Sulphur. This shows the difference in
the amount of russeting done by the weather and by Bordeaux. I know
of many cases where fruit growers say themselves that they lost quite a
little money by not using Lime-Sulphur, which, by experience, it bas

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. 11

been shown will effectually eliminate the russeting caused by Bordeaux.

There have been various results this season with regard to the control
of codling moth and many of us have laid our poor results to the use of
arsenate of lead with lime-sulphur. The way I account for the general
poor results this year is not on the account of the use of arsenate of
lead with lime-sulphur but because the spraying was not done at the
right time. I believe that this is going to be an important point wi'h
spraying the codling moth. The Government men doing work at Doug-
las watched the moth this season and found out that it came out three
weeks later. There were several growers in the vicinity who followed
their instructions with regard to the spraying for the moth and got
excellent results. .In several cases both Bordeaux and Lime-Sulphur
were used with arsenate of lead for comparison and in each case the
results in the control of the moth were equally good.

Of course, getting good results with the Lime-Sulphur and Arsenate
of Lead together shows that Lime-Sulphur does not have any bad _ effect
on the Arsenate of Lead if they are used immediately after mixing.
One thing, however, in spraying with the Arsenate of Lead and Lime-
Sulphur, the person should use it as quickly as possible. There is a
chemical action between the two and if the mixture is allowed to stand
over night or for four or five hours there is apt to be a bad effect; but
in ordinary spraying just mix up your solution as you go along—the
Lime-Sulphur and the Arsenate, and you will get very good results.

We use the Arsenate of Lead at the rate of two lbs. to 50 gals. of
water. Most of the fruit growers that I know of have been using it at
that rate and with very good results.

Now regarding the effect of Lime-Sulphur on other fruits: We tried
it on most all kinds of fruits and we found that it gave very satisfactory
results. We have about 150 varieties of apples in bearing and our fruit
was never better colored nor freer from russet and from the scab than
this year.

And we have all the tender varieties. The use of Lime-Sulphur on
plums improved them very much. We use it at the rate of one to fifty
on them. Some varieties that are very susceptible to rot, such as the
Lombard and Victoria were more free from rot than ever before. The
Victoria which is the worst rotter of them all, by using the Lime-Sulphur
about three times after the blossoms at intervals of about three weeks
gave us fruit that we could pack without any rotten spots. Other
years this variety would probably have half of them rot near packing
‘time.

Another advantage in spraying with Lime-Sulphur on plums is that
you can use it later than the Bordeaux, as it does not stain the fruit as
does the Bordeaux, and therefore can spray later. This is quite an im-
portant fact in seasons when the rot is bad. Of course, under
ordinary conditions you would not have to spray later than the usual
time.

Our crops of almost everything else were more or less of a failure
so that we could not get very telling results so far as the spraying was
concerned. We had, however, some Flemish Beauty trees that we were
never able to keep free from the scab until this year, when we used
Lime-Sulphur one to fifty on them, and when I saw that we kept these
Flemish Beauty trees so free from disease and the color of the fruit so

12 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

good and the quality of the product so good, we were more pleased than
I can tell you with the effect of the Lime-Sulphur as a fungicide.

We started out to test the Lime-Sulphur on the peach, comparing
Lime-Sulphur and Bordeaux for the control of the black spot. As the
black spot or scab was not found in any of the trees in the orchard we
had nothing to show comparative results. All we learned was that
Lime- Sulphur at one to fifty did not injure the foliage in the least.

In general I believe that one to forty is a good strength for the sum-
mer spraying of Lime-Sulphur on apples and pears. One to fifty is a good
strength for plums and peaches.

Where a man wants to make his own Lime-Sulphur, I find good results
in making up the following formula: 15 lbs..Sulphur, 8 Ibs. Lime, 50
gals. Water; or 180 lbs. Sulphur, 90 Ibs. Lime for a 50 gal. barrel of
Concentrated Mixture. Some stations recommend 125 Ibs. Sulphur to
50 Ibs. Lime, but I hardly think that is strong enough; but making it
180 lbs. Sulphur to 90 Ibs. Lime and boiling an hour, you will get a
mixture that will do the best work. As to whether it will be chemically
right or not I can not say but I know that the above formula will give
good results when given field tests for either summer or winter spray-
ing. -

I will now leave the matter open for discussion with the hope that
we can all get some good out of it.

DISCUSSION.

Q. Did you notice any damage to the foliage, whether sprayed by
Bordeaux or Lime-Sulphur? Was the foliage of the Lime-Sulphur-
sprayed trees as good as that of the Bordeaux?

Mr. Wilken—There was not very much difference. Sometimes trees
spray ed with Bordeaux have a darker green color. The Bordeaux be-
ing of a bluish tint when put on the green of the apple foliage has %
tendency to make a deeper green. Lime-Sulphur on the other hand being
a yellow transparent color, will leave a yellowish tinge. But if the
spray is washed off in either case the foliage will be the natural color.
I think the Lime-Sulphur will leave a more healthy color than the Bor-
deaux as it has a stimulating effect that the Bordeaux has not.

Q. Do you recommend Sulphur for the mildew and black rot on
grapes?

Mr. Wilken—We have not fully tested the Lime-Sulphur as far as
grapes are concerned. We did not have a very good crop this year.
but I believe that the tests carried on at Lawton showed that it was
valuable for that purpose.

Q. What is the difference in the test between the 180 lb. Sulphur and
90 lbs. Lime and the 125 lbs. Sulphur and 65 lbs. Lime—did you test
the difference between them in your Concentrated Solution?

Mr. Wilken—Do you mean the results?

@. No, the hydrometer test.

Mr. Wilken—I did not use the 125.

Q. I believe our State Board recommends 125 lbs. Sulphur, 65 ie
Lime. In my boiling I use the State Bulletin formula and that is 125
Ibs. Sulphur and 65 Ibs. Lime and mine always tested 30, and this that
we buy, the commercial products, tested 34. I wondered if your 180
Ibs. -did not bring it to your higher test.

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. : 13

Mr. Wilken—There are so many things that influence the test—if you
get it strained well the reading will be different than if not strained
well. Then it will make a difference if the solution is not stirred up
well. I would not put too much dependence on hydrometer tests, for the
home made mixtures but I know that if 180-90 formula is boiled from
an hour to an hour and a quarter you will get good results with it.

Q. What is the cause of the crystallizing of the home Lime-Sulphur
solution and is there any way to prevent it?

Mr. Wilken—When Lime-Sulphur is exposed to the air, it will evap-
orate some and you will have crystalization. We have had no more of
it with our home formula than with the commercial. In several bar-
rels of commercial Lime-Sulphur we found much settling: on the bottom.
This is on account of the exposure to the air.

°Q. What formula do you use, how much lime and how much sulphur?
IT use double the amount of sulphur that I do lime, that is 2 to 1.

Mr. Wilken—You use the same as we do.

Q. Does Lime-Sulphur diluted in hard water act the same as when
diluted in soft water?

Mr. Wilken—I do not think there is any difference.

Q. Do you use yaue home made at the same rate that you use the
manufactured ?

Mr. Wilken—We use the home made winter strength, 15-8-50; for
summer strength we dilute it five times.

Q. Do you “dilute one to eleven same as commercial ?

Mr. Wilken—That depends upon how much water you have left after
you get through boiling. You start with 8 gals. of water for every 50 gal.
(diluted) batch you boil or one gal. of water to every pound of lime
you use. These 8 gals. will boil down to about 6 which will make it
about one to eight. It can be got down to one to eleven by using less
water to start.

Q. You spoke of using the 180 sulphur, 90 lime to 50 gallons of
water. Would you use it at one to eleven?

Mr. Wilken—When you boil it up you use more than 50 gallons of
water to boil up. In making the home made mixture you put a gallon
of water to a pound of lime. You want to get down to 50 gallons of con-
centrated mixture, so you boil down to 50 gallons. You can make it
with more water than that—with 60 or 75 gallons of water. The point
is to keep the right proportion.

Q. By using the hydrometer what per cent would Lime-Sulphur
figure, or test on a hydrometer, the home-made or commercial?

Mr. Wilken—That all depends, the most of the commercial Lime-
Sulphur will register. about thirty-three.

@. The home-made, what about that?

Mr. Wilken—You can vary five or six degrees on that. As I said be-
fore you can get readings of home made Lime- Sulphur that will properly
denote its strength. a home made mixture reading thirty may be as
strong as a commercial preparation reading thirty-four. The difference
in reading may be entirely due to the difference in straining and not to
strength. For commercial preparations the hydrometer gives us some-
what of an idea of their strength, even in such cases it is not an accurate
indication of strength.

A Member—The manufacturer of the chemical article conducts the

14 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

operation in such a way that the strength of the solution is based en-
tirely on the reading of hydrometers. In the manufacture of sulphuric
acid, you buy 60, 52 or 66 degrees. It stands 66 degrees on the hydrom-
eter and all contracts are based on hydrometer reading. We would
never think for one minute of not using the hydrometer at all times all
through the operation. You can take mud and water and it won’t stand
zero although the liquid is zero. The mud will make it stand at a higher
figure. The reading of the hydrometer will be based on clear solution,
and it is very easy to get it to read wrong by holding your wet finger
on the reading, and that extra weight will make it sink down. But
with the top dry, and the temperature somewhere normal, the change in
reading is very slight. If you get your home-made mixture with a lot
of sediment and then take a reading, it will be entirely wrong. That
sediment will make it appear to be stronger than it is. A good deal of
sulphur goes into soluble forms, and it is possible that you can use ten
pounds of sulphur and wind up with one pound. All the rest is gone.

MORE MONEY FOR THH APPLE CROP.

(PROF. H. J. EUSTACE, MICHIGAN AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.)

There are about as many ways of disposing of the apple crops in Mich-
igan as there are of growing it and they all have their advantages and
disadvantages that are worth considering.

To enumerate some of these ways would be to mention the method
of lumping all the fruit in the orchard for a stated sum. A sharp
buyer can size up the yield of an orchard and tell what it is worth to
him and then size up the grower and tell what he will have to give to get
the fruit.

This is what might be called a crude way of disposing of fruit and you
do not get all that it is worth, but it has the advantage of letting the
erower out of a lot of work and when a man has other crops, he may
be justified in selling this way, but after a few experiences, it will gene-
rally be found an unpopular way of selling fruit.

A more common way is when the fruit is sold by the barrel at a stated
price—so much for No. 1s and No. 2s—to include all or any certain
varieties. This deal is modified in many ways, the buyer to furnish the
barrels and do the packing and the grower to do the hauling. The
grower sometimes furnishes the barrel and in some cases, the grower
makes the barrel and sells it to the buyer. An eager buyer is open
to any kind of deal that will give him a desirable crop at a profitable
price. This method is common in New York but probably more so in
Michigan. .It has the advantage of relieving the grower of a lot of work
especially where the deal is so arranged that he only has to haul the
barrels or to do the picking aand hauling and it gives him money at
picking time. It is, however, the same old story of some of the value
he has accumulated going into the hands of another.

Considerable of Michigan fruit is consigned to commission men in large
cities. Results from this method have been various. When fruit has been

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. 15

sent to unreliable and dishonest men, the returns, if any, have been dis-
appointing, but there are some notable instances of where reliable com-
mission men have done very well for men who have stuck by them,
year in and year out, who have packed their fruit honestly and have given
the dealer a chance to work up a reputation for them. The advantages
and disadvantages are similar to the preceding methods. Though the
grower requires more help and working capital and the returns may not
be quite as quick. It is not as common to find a grower who ships his
fruit to one of the cities to be held in cold storage and sold at a favorable
time to dispose of it in Michigan as it is in New York. In New York
state there are many large cold storage houses in the apple belt and this
is a thing that must come for Michigan. This system has advantages that
are well worth taking if the grower has the necessary capital to do it
and if the packing is done so that the fruit does not have to be repacked -
before it is sold.

Whenever a grower is found giving more attention to his fruit and
making the growing of fruit a more specialized business to the exclusion
of general farming, you find he is giving more attention to the dispo-
sition of his crop and is eager to get the most for it, if it does take
more time and trouble.

In any of the ways mentioned, the “middle man,” the “go between,”
is always to be found. True he fills a certain useful place and probably
will always be with us, but it is of interest to see how some of the
progressive Michigan fruit growers have gotten along very well without
him and to their decided advantage financially.

May I call your attention to a few that have come to my notice?

Mr. S. G. Power, Northport, sold his crop of Steel’s Red in 1909 to a
grocer in Detroit for $1.25 per bushel for tree run. The grocer furnished
the packages, sent them to the orchard (which is situated on an interur-
ban road from Detroit) and Mr. Power has only to pick the apples into
the crates and put them on the electric car. He thus saved the expense
of packing, packages and hauling. A_ straight, clean deal, with a
man who retailed them to the eonsumer and satisfaction to both parties.

It is possible for Mr. Henry Smith of Grand Rapids to secure $6.00
per barrel for fruit in a barrel of Jonathans where Mr. J. H. Crane of
Fennville got but $3.25 for his barrel and all. The fruit in both cases
was very fine but Mr. Smith sold direct to the consumer and charged
$2.00 per bushel for the fruit-and in addition, the cost of the barrel.
Mr. Crane sold to a dealer and probably the consumer had to pay more
than $6.00 a barrel for the fruit.

The method of marketing that Mr. David Woodward of Clinton has
worked out for himself is unique and interesting.

Mr. Woodward has an orchard of but five acres, four miles from Clin-
ton and for the past four years has boxed his apples. Sometime during
the fall, he will load a car with boxes of No. 1 and No. 2 and a grade be-
tween No. 2 and cider stock, which he calls “bulk” and ship it to some
medium sized city in Indiana. He would go to the city and work up a
trade. After it as established, it would take care of itself. Another
year he would send a letter to his customers stating what varieties he
would have and what the price would be and asking for the amount
they would want. This year he secured $2.50 a box for No. 1 Steel Red
and Grimes; $2.00 and $1.75 for No. 2 which were also boxed and $1.00

16 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

and $1.25 for the “bulk” stock. His method of packing is simple and
easy and the expense is not much larger than barreling. As the fruit
comes from the orchard, it is placed on the packing house tables and
then sorted by girls into No. 1, No. 2 and “bulk” and cider. The 1 and 2
are placed in boxes lined with white paper, no attempt being made to
make any special pack, between each layer of fruit is placed a paper.
The cover is pressed on with a press and the variety name stamped on
the neat label pasted on the end of the box. The box costs 101% cents,
the paper about one cent and so the package cost is about the same as
a barrel.

Many of you are familiar with the method that Mr. C. W. Wilde of
Grand Rapids disposes of his crop of apples. His farm is six or seven
miles from Grand Rapids. As soon as his fruit is packed, it goes into a cold
storage house on the farm (a convenience more Michigan fruit growers
must have) in bushel crates. During the fall and winter, it is sold in
Grand Rapids to grocers, no packages are lost, nor is any packing done
and the price received is a fancy one for Wilde’s Northern Spys have a
permanent reputation in Grand Rapids groceries. Last year and two
years ago, they brought $2.00 a bushel, no packing or packages. A good
illustration of how a local market can be developed.

‘The case of Dr. W. P. Morgan of Saginaw is of special interest in that
it shows how a beginner can “make good.” Dr. Morgan is a retired
dentist. He selected a neglected orchard a few miles from Saginaw and
appealed to the College for advice in improving it. He was successful,
has a good crop this year and has disposed of it in Saginaw, another
case of working up a local market.

All of his fruit went into bushel boxes and he received $2.50 a box for
No. 1; $2.00 for No. 2, and $1.00 a bushel for the others. It paid well
to box and it paid well to develop the local market.

Messrs. Stoddard & Son of Kalamazoo, store their winter fruit and sell
it out during the season. Last year I had occasion to buy apples for
a few of my neighbors and inquired of the Stoddards of what they had
to sell and the price per barrel. I will quote a part of their letter:

“In reply to your letter regarding apples, will say that we do not
care to quote a shipper’s price as we dispose of all our apples locally.
If you want any at $1.25 per bushel and the cost of the barrel, you
to pay the freight we can supply Baldwins, Greenings and a few Kings.”

Another case of a local market developed to the advantage of a
grower.

These experiences only go to show what can be done under various con-
ditions for among them are to be found experienced fruit growers and
beginners, some located in rural communities and some adjacent to good
sized towns or cities, some in general farming sections and others in
strictly fruit growing regions, but all of them have worked with marked
success, a superior way of selling their crop of apples. These specific
cases are brought to your attention to show methods that are being com-
monly practiced in this State among men we all know who “get more
money for the apple crop.” It is a live question and one that is going to
be livelier in the future when the immense area that has recently been
set out, comes into bearing and progressive fruit growers must give to it
some of their best thought and attention.

4

oie ry Ve Me .
Dd :

We if OA ad

PAs: te

>

apple trees loaded to the ,ground‘in orchard of O.,C. Edwards near Battle Creek.

.
!

Jonathan

Alexander Hamilton

Entered into rest at Bangor, October 1], 19]0. He was an honest man and a pioneer in Michigan horticulture.
His memory is a blessing and should prove an inspiration to all who knew him.

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. Aly

DISCUSSION.

Prof. Eustace—I would like to take two or three minutes and have
Mr. David Woodward, who is eighty-six years young, tell how he picks
and packs apples.

Mr. Woodward—This is unexpected to be called upon to speak off-
handed on the subject of packing apples. Before speaking particularly
on that subject I would just like to say a word in regard to the matter
that was up for discussion this forenoon. First, in regard to pruning: I
do not prune so severely as some, but I give my trees a good thorough
pruning every year. Sometimes it is almost impossible to get the help
IT would like, and have been obliged to take some that did not prove very
satisfactory. Indeed, some of these professional pruners I would shoot
as soon as they come on my place. (Applause). And there are graft-
ers that are no better. My eyesight is getting a little poor, and I cannot
do as well as I could once. I had a neighbor who was doing some
grafting, and I got him to come and do some for me, but he had not
done much till I said, “That is enough—I don’t want any more of that
kind of grafting’”—he put in twice as many grafts as he should, and he
wanted to go up 18 or 20 feet. When the pruning is done, I believe in
thorough spraying, but for some unaccountable reason my spraying this
year, especially on the Canada Red, has not been successful on account
of the rust. I have had some trees that the fruit in it rusted so badly
that there was scarcely an apple that was merchantable. Then perhaps
the very next tree would have no rust at all. Just what is the cause I
can not say. Some say it is the cold weather; others say it is the kind
of spray used, and still others something else. One of the main reasons
why I came to this meeting was to get some light on these subjects, but
so far I have not found out very much.

Now in regard to picking apples. When the time comes, I like a
good crowd. I get if possible fifteen to twenty sorters. The apples
are picked in half-bushel baskets, and are drawn to the packing house
where they are emptied on a table. Then have girls do the sorting, grad-
ing them as fancy, seconds, thirds and fourths, and each goes to a sepa-
rate place. Then the fancy are packed in boxes, with paper between every
layer, and they must be in so as not to shift about. The top and bottom
of the boxes should be sprung a little so as to take up the shrink.

My apples are largely sold before they are picked. There is one
concern that I have been dealing with in Indiana, and usually arranged
for them by the carload. This year he made arrangements for a carload,
but the order was cancelled before the apples were shipped, and I have
that carload of apples still on hand, but that does not bother me, as I
can easily get rid of them around the holidays.

There is one feature of. apple raising that is really a trade of itself, and
that is the marketing of the apples. To work up a good trade and hold
it takes considerable time and some money, and then you must deliver the
goods true to name and of a quality that will prove the same every time,
and when you have established a reputation for handling first class
fruit, and you get the trade started, you will forever have it.

Mr. Smythe—I think Mr. Woodward told us at Kalamazoo that he
had planted an orchard last year, which he expected to live to eat apples
from it. I wish more of us had that kind of spirit.

3

18 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

A Member—I think Mr. Woodward told of a man that was going to
cut a tree and graft it, and live to see it grow over and the tree bear °
fruit. I would like to know how that tree is coming on.

Mr. Woodward—F believe I said at Kalamazoo that a neighbor has a
tree about fifteen inches in diameter, which it was thought could be
cut off and a graft put in down low and a success made of it. I was
very anxious to try it. So I got him to saw it off, but it was a little
late, the bark had begun to tighten up, and I did not have the best
of success. I put in some 22 or 24 grafts, but only about two-thirds of
them grew. I will put in the rest this spring. In my own orchard I had
some limbs eight inches in diameter that I cut off and grafted two years
ago. I said at Kalamazoo that I had taken that kind of a graft and in
four years it had grown over and borne apples. It bore more apples this
year, and it is nearly grown over now. This 15-inch diameter tree I said
over at Kalamazoo I expected to graft last spring, and which I did, I
expect in fifteen years it will grow up and I will be present at the
annual meeting and report. (Applause.)

A Member—I would like to have question No. 13 answered: ‘Who is.
growing successfully the King David and Delicious apples in Michigan ?”

A. I have a neighbor who has some Delicious, but the apples seem
rather small.

A Member—I have quite a good sized block of King David apples but
from my experience with them for several years I would advise going
slow. It is liable to be water-cored if the season is rainy. The Delicious
is a good apple, and where the soil is right and other conditions favor-
able it will do all right.

Mr. Woodward—lI had twenty trees of each, and they are both very
successful growers. There will be a tendency to water-core in the King
David, especially in rainy seasons.

A Member—In 1901 I was in Arkansas working, and visited the orig-
inal tree of the King David apple, and I have a top-graft in my orchard
from that tree seven years old. It is a very fine growing apple, not as large
as the western apple, but in putting them away for winter use, I find
them water-cored, and none of them remained in perfect condition after
January.

@. Where were these apples grown?

AY vat. banrens:

A Member—They are both new apples. I have seen them grown in
fifteen different states. King David, so far as I have observed, in Nor-
thern Michigan, Colorado, Wyoming, California, Washington, Oregon and
up in the Canadian Provinces, gives good promise; is about the same
size and color in Northern Michigan as it is in the west, ripening a little
earlier with them, along with the Jonathan, so that it is not a good
winter apple in the west.

The Delicious, so far as I know, has not from the time it was first
introduced, proved satisfactory. The first two or three years they were
very uniform in size, but later they proved to be not uniform in size.
There would be a few nice large applies that would run 28 to the box,
but three-fourths of them would vary ever so much in size and quality,
being rough in appearance and undesirable as a marketable product. The
Colorado people, especially the large orchard people, are grafting them

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. 19

all over. They are a fairly good apple for eating, all right for home
use, but not a satisfactory apple for commercial purposes.

Mr. Farrand—We can not in Michigan begin to supply the demand
for Northern Spies, Steele’s Reds, and types of apples of this class, that
we know what they are and what they will produce, why do we want to
grow something that we do not know what is, and that will only be an
experiment at most? (Applause).

Mr. W How shall we know what are good apples if we do not
experiment? Someone had to experiment before we got our standard
varieties. So I would suggest that we plant just a few of these new
varieties, and try them out. If they do not turn out well, we will not
lose much, and if they do, we have gained a point. This is the way I am
doing. (Applause).

Mr. Farrand—There may be better apples than those named, but we
don’t know of them. I would rather plant two that I know are all right,
than to take my chances on an untried and unknown variety.

Mr. Woodward—But if one of mine happens to be good, I will have
enough to let you have some. (Applause).

A Member—I would like to ask what new apples you are testing?

Mr. Wilken—At the Station we haven’t anything very new. We are
so crowded with the old trees that we do not have time to do much ex-
perimenting. We have the Delicious and one apple of the King David
type. The other apples that are doing well with us are the Aikin, a dark
red, medium sized apple, no good until after Christmas. The Fulton,
a fall apple, like the Spy, a little flatter. Springdale is another apple,
a good winter apple, excellent keeper, dull in color. The Spencer is a
pretty good apple, of the newer kind. Then of the Duchess type we have
the Milwaukee, and one or two other varieties.

Mr. Smythe—Do you think these varieties so superior that they do
not need to be tested out?

A> No, sir.

@. What-about the Ontario?

A. Our Ontario apples are in a poor place, and they have not shown
up with the other varieties, but personally I prefer to set the Wagners in
place of the Ontario.

@. Anyone else had any experience with this variety?

A. Member—I have raised Ontarios, but I would not set any more.

A Member—I have some Ontarios, but I did not get a crop of apples
from them this year.

What is your experience when you do have a crop?

A. It is an excellent cooking apple.

Q. What season?

A. Fall and winter. They come in the same as the Wagner. “

@. Would you advise setting them?

A. UNO; Sit:

Oes. I would like Q. No. 9 answered: “Are we planting too many
Duchess apples? Can Maiden Blush be substituted ?”

Mr. Farrand—At the present time we haven’t set too many Duchess,
providing the stock is good. The Maiden Blush has been a drug on the
market until now.

Mr. Howard—As to the first part of the question, I would say that
we are not, that is, if the stock is first class. The Maiden Blush is a

20 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

good apple, and at the present time and for some time past, very few of
them have been set.

Q. Of which would you set the more?

A. The Duchess.

Q. How about the Chenango Strawberry?

A. I got $3.50 per box, and I understood that the buyer had to
pay $4.

Mr. Smythe—As I remember, there were 80 apples in the box, and
for this you received $3.50. I wish we could all sell our apples that
way.

2. Are they productive?

A. They are with us. And we have trees 25 and 30 years old.

Q. At what times does the Strawberry apple begin to bear?

A. At about 10-years old.

@. Has anyone set the trees as young trees?

A. Yes, I have had some experience, but you should go carefully in
setting, as they are very tender, and won’t stand shipping very well,
especially in warm weather.

A Member—My experience with the Str awberry is that they bear quite
young, grow rapidly. They will mature to a given size more rapidly
than any tree I know of. They are very tender and delicate, -and in
harvesting, they should be picked about twice a week in order to get
fruit of the right quality and proper color. And where the fruit is in
prime condition, it will bring a good price.

A Member-—I would like to know if the Chenango and the Strawberry
Pippin are the same. I had good results from them after I began to take
good care of them, and spray with lime-sulphur. But they are very
tender, and when ripe have to be picked two or three times a week. I
get fair prices for them—indeed, very satisfactory.

Mr. Ballard—The Strawberry Pippin and Chenango are practically
the same, and as set by my father and uncle forty-five years ago, have
been a very profitable apple, although’ they are very tender, and more
subject to disease than the Duchess. But if we spray properly there is
not much trouble. It is an apple that scabs and is subject to rot. We
have to spray pretty carefully on that account. We get better prices for
them than for the Duchess, the very top of the market.

Mr. Wilde—I would like to say that the Chenango Strawberry is do-
ing well with us, when properly sprayed, trimmed and taken care of.
In its prime it is a good seller, but it is an apple that when neglected
you will hardly know what it is. It has one fault—it is a bad scabber,
hard to ship. These apples are like some people,—very good, but not
without their faults. I would not advise planting very many of them,
unless you have a market where you can dispose of them. Do not ship
them in barrels. When the trees are overloaded, the fruit is of a poor
quality.

Q. Don’t you think the spraying tells better on the Strawberry Pip-
pin—the results show better than on some other varieties?

A. It tells very quickly; indeed if you did not spray, you could not
tell what it was.

Chairman—That is true of all apples, is it not?

Mr. Kelley—I beg to say that I think you are on the wrong line alto-
gether. The Chenango and the Strawberry Pippin are two different trees,

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. 21

but not two different apples. The Strawberry Pippin is a small slow-
growing tree, and is often taken for the Chenango Strawberry, but the
trees are different. The real Strawberry Pippin is a very hard apple to
grow. This I have found out by a number of years’ growing of it. It has
- a tender skin, but in good condition commands the highest market price.
I have made a real success with the Strawberry Pippin, while in some of
the adjoining orchards, the Chenango Strawberry was a total failure.
It is also known as Sherwood’s Favorite.

Q. What is its shape?

A. Like the Gillflower.

The Chairman—The Chenango that I spoke of is long like the black
Gillflower.

Q. What is the shape of the Strawberry Pippin?

A. Almost the same—can not tell the difference only as to size and
color.

President Smythe—The next topic on the program is by Prof. Waite,
but as it is impossible for him to be here at this hour, we will let Mv.
Farrand occupy the hour which is the same hour he would have to-
morrow. He will talk upon the subject of “Pear Culture.” He is too
well known to need any introduction to this audience.

‘PEAR CULTURE.

BY T. A, FARRAND.

Ladies and Gentlemen, Fellow Fruit Growers—I am very sorry that
the topic of the hour is to be changed, because I think this is an im-
portant one, one that is of vital interest to every fruit grower. How-
ever, I will do the best I can.

In taking up the topic of Pear Culture, I do not know as I have any-
thing new to offer beyond what you have heard before. I do believe
there is a great field yet for the planting of more pear orchards, but of
course there is one serious drawback which will always remain with us.
In taking up the subject of Pear Culture the first consideration would
be soil and the best location for the pear. My experience and obser-
vation have lead me to prefer a heavier soil for pears, as I believe that
better results can be secured there than on light soils. Then along with
that, would come the question of variety. This is a point that has been
fought over and over again. While I believe that the great standard
pear is the Bartlett, there are other pears that can be planted with
profit.

Among these I might name the Anjou, Clapp’s Favorite, Kieffer, ete.
You will hear derogatory remarks made of this last variety; so I will
not say that you shall plant any more than you would say what I
should plant. That is a question that each individual must decide for
himself, taking into question his location, soil, market, etc., but we all

bo
bo

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

must concede the one point and that is that the Bartlett is the stand-
ard.

With many the Kieffer is a profitable pear. It is the least susceptible
to blight of any other variety, but you know its characteristics as well
as I do. So far as I am concerned personally, I would not plant a Kieffer
pear and yet as I said they have been very profitable to many.

The same can be said of some other varieties of fruit; for instance,
the Ben Davis apple is one. that I would not plant, yet it has been very
profitable to many, and is in favor with quite a few in this section of
the country. So in selecting your varieties of pears, you should decide
for yourself, those varieties which you like the best and which will prove
the most satisfactory to you.

There is the Duchess pear if you prefer it. There are those who pre-
fer the Dwarf variety, or, this variety on Dwarf stock, and this is always
something that you must decide for yourself. Personally, I prefer the
standard.

Now, as to the treatment and cultural methods. The culture of the
pear is always a question on which there is a great deal of diversity of
opinion. Shall it be the higher culture methods, or shall it be the op-
posite? Then there comes in the question of blight, for as you know, this
question of blight is the one great serious drawback in the cultivation of
pears.

I have seen whole orchards go out with pear blight. Others succeed
in holding them and keeping the pears by very thorough work in keep-
ing the blight under control. I do not think there is anything in the line
of a remedy for pear blight, only the cutting-out system, by watching
very carefully and keeping this infection from your orchard. But I will
tell you that it requires very close watching. If you can get around this
question of blight in your orchards you need have no question but what
they will prove very profitable.

There is less tendency to plant pear orchards now than other kinds of
fruit. We do know that in some sections of the country, especially in
central and southern part of Indiana, they cannot grow anything but
the Kieffer. The blight there is so bad upon the Bartlett and other va-
rieties of that class that they can not grow them there. However,
wherever the Bartlett can be grown, it will always be a profitable ee
ment.

I believe in the heading-in system. I have always practiced it in my
own orchards. Some think that by heavy fertilization and heavy prun-
ing, you induce a condition that causes pear blight. Indeed I have seen
some conditions that would lead me to believe that this is so.

So far as cultivation is concerned I have seen orchards well cultivated
with no more blight than those not cultivated. I think the tendency is
toward seeding the orchard with the idea of stopping its spread. I
think I should cultivate a pear orchard just the same as an apple orchard
where I could do so; that is, I would give it the same cultivation. The
whole system is summed up in this, produce the very finest pears that
you can.

Spraying must be done as with everything else. Your trees are liable
to be attacked by the leaf blight and other pests common to it, and you
should always spray in anticipation of these pests, even though none for
the moment show themselves,

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. 23

Then of course the application of fertilizers of different kinds must
be considered. I know of pear growers who are in it for commercial
purposes and would not allow stable manure to be placed in their or-
chards, preferring to use potash, etc. That are not strong in nitrogen
which would induce a strong sappy growth that would induce blight
conditions.

Many: are here who have had experience in pear growing and are rich
in knowledge as to the effects of various fertilizers as well : as conversant
with all other phases of the subject, and I shall be more than pleased to
hear these experiences, believing that out of them we can gain valuable
information of great value to us all.

In summing up the matter I would say that the one great thing is to
be able to keep the pest ravages under control. Many have neglected
this and have lost their trees. Others by exercising care and diligence
on this point have made great success. I believe in pruning a pear tree
and heading it in; giving it cultivation and with the cultivation a lib-
eral use of fertilizers. Use your own judgment as to what your orchard
really needs to bring you the best results and remember that at all times
the thing we are after is the production of the very best fruits which
it is possible to raise.

I will leave the subject with you, trusting that the discussion that
will follow will bring out the queries that are in the minds of the mem-
bers of this association.

,

DISCUSSION.

Q. Do you consider it a paying proposition to work the Kieffer pear
on a Bartlett?

Mr. Farrand—I have had no experience. Personally I have heard the
remark made that the Keifer was so much stronger in growth that the
union would not be a good one. .

A Member—I have erafted the Keifer pears to some Bartletts, and f
have never seen a finer looking tree than that is today.

Mr. Bassett—We tried the same thing on a number of varieties and
our objection to it is, that it makes a bad union, fear when the trees
come into full bearing they will break at the union. It makes a big knob-
looking affair. We erafted the Kieffer to six or eight different varie-
ties. Prof. Eustace saw the trees and will bear me out.

A Member—How long have they been grafted?

Ans.—Six years.

Q. Has there been any break down yet?

_A. They have shown a weakness.

Q. Did they have any pears on?

A. Yes, some. In grafting the Kieffer we should leave a part of the
old wood standing so as to take care of the extra sap. This is a caution
that an old grafter gave me. The large amount of sap that the Kieffer
carries, the scions will not take care of. The union seems, for some
reason, to allow a leakage of sap.

Q. Why I ask this question is because that one-third of my Kieffers
I grafted to the Bartletts and so far it looks as though it has been very
successful. The Bartlett scion made a wonderful growth, fully as much
as any part of the Kieffer tree itself, I have scions that made a growth

24 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
of four feet and it looks now as though the union is good and will be al-
most perfect.

Mr. Farrand—Although I never had any experience in budding or
grafting pears, I don’t see why it would make any difference, whether
the new growth came from a bud or from a scion.

Mr. Eustace—I was very much interested in these trees that Mr. Bas-
sett tested. They did not look promising at all. The union was a great
coarse affair and when they get a good load of fruit I know the tension
will be very great and there will be trouble. It is the opinion of many
that Kieffer stock is a poor one on which to graft. I know, however, that
there are a great many Kieffer trees that have been planted in Michigan
with the intention of working them over to Bartletts and the result will
be watched with interest.

Mr. Smythe—I have a neighbor who tried budding, but I believe he
turned it down.

A Member—I grafted some Lawrence and some Kieffer, the Kieffers are
the best, better than what I put on the Lawrence.

Q. What did you graft on the Kieffer?

A. . Lawrence.

@. How did they come out?

A. The Kieffer did the better of the two.

Q. What about the union?

Ans.—It is strong, though bungling.

Mr. Farrand—While everything looks as en it would be all right
now, have any of the trees broken down with crop?

Member’s answer—I did have some that broke down but they broke
above the union and not at the union.

A Member—lI have had a little experience in grafting different varie-
ties on Kieffers. I was abroad three years ago and brought back some
stock with me. This I grafted on the Kieffer but the craft did all right,
although as yet, they have not borne fruit.

Mr. experience with foreign fruit is that it is so very
poor that it w shite grow good on any pear. (Laughter.)

A Member—I would like to ask Mr. Bassett what.age his Kieffer was
when grafted.

Mr. Bassett—About four years.

Q. I would like to ask why it is that we haven’t had as much blight
during the last three or four years as previously.

A Member—I think that we have had more, at least in our section.

Mr. Smythe—I would like to hear from Mr. Fritz on this question of
blight.

Mr. Fritz—I do not know of any other way to keep the blight out
than to cut it out, and I go through my orchards and look very carefully
for every evidence of blight, and where I see it, cr even suspect it, I cut
the affected part out and am careful to cut it far enough below the ap--
pearance of the blight to insure absolutely that it is all cut out.

Mr. Smythe—I wish that fruit growers did things as thoroughly
you do.

Mr. Farrand—I would like to ask Mr. Sherwood what varieties he
would plant, if he should plant another orchard.

Mr. Sherwood—lI lost eighty per cent of my Bartletts, attributed to
excessive trimming and over fertilization, but I go below St. Joe on the

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. 25

lake shore and I see there, old orchards that have been pruned and thor-
oughly cultivated, twelve to twenty-five years old, without any vacancies
in the orchard, and I do not know what to say.

A Member—lI have been raising pears for some time and have had more
or less trouble with blight. I have adopted the practice of looking very
close to the wood in March and every limb that has any discoloration
in it, I cut out very low, the same as Mr. Fritz, and since I adopted this
plan I have had little or no trouble, so I think the way to secure control
of the blight is to nip it before it develops, and the way to do this is to
cut out every particle of it, and do the work thoroughly.

A Member—Four years ago when I was in Colorado, they were cutting
the blight out and binding the wound over with petroleum. I had a
small orchard of pears, Clapps and Bartletts, and I have had more or
less trouble with the blight. Since then I have used clear kerosene oil
as an application wherever I cut off a limb and I find that for some cause
or other,—whether the kerosene has anything to do with it I do not
know—but it seemed to work well with me.

A Member—We have not had very much blight in our pears but we
have had much of it in our apples. We came to the conclusion that the
spreading of it was due to our not sterilizing our instruments with which
we did the cutting. Corrosive sublimate as a means of sterilization has
been advocated; but we used straight commercial lime sulphur and al-
ways dip either our knife, hand-shears or long pruning hook into this
solution every time we use any of them. We had some Sutton Beauty
apples, same which last year we lost entirely through blight, and would
have lost this year but we think we now have the disease under control
by adopting the principle of sterilization of our instruments, which we
have never done before. In other words, now we sterilize, whereas be-
fore we did not. ;

Mr. Smythe—I would like to ask if anybody else has used kerosene or
has tried any other disinfectant.

A Member—I have used kerosene on my knife.

Q. I would like to have question number 20 answered. It is, ‘‘Do
Bartlett pear trees blight any more when well cultivated than when kept
in sod?”

Mr. Farrand—I do not think there is any definite reliable informa-
tion that can be given on this point, but I think the general tendency
of information has been that very intense cultivation, and possibly the
other methods with it, heavy pruning and strong fertilization, would
induce such a growth as to make the tree susceptible to blight. And then
acting on this theory, I have known of parties who have seeded their or-
chard down to check their growth and consequently check the blight,
and in.some instances, at least, it has looked as though it helped to do
it. But, on the other hand, I know of orchards that have been thor-
oughly cultivated and highly fertilized but with only the ordinary meth-
ods of prevention of insect pests, have shown no signs of blight. The fact
is that in some years and in some orchards the blight does not seem
to appear, or if it does show itself it is easily controled while in other
orchards it will stay right there year after year in spite of the best eradi-
cative measures that the owner can give. Mr. Sherwood’s orchard I
have seen often and he was troubled greatly with the blight. He fertil-
ized very heavily and we laid it to that; but still I am not sure that is it.

26 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Q. Does not the season have something to do with the blight? A
year ago this summer we had much blight in our young orchard. We
cut it out when the trees were dormant. It seems to me that the blight
appeared one hundred to one, last year to what it did this year. I think
heavy pruning has a tendency to cause pear blight, so I would not top-
graft any more pears. I have lost three-fourths of all the pears I have top-
erafted within three or four years after I did it. Personally I would
not advise any one to top-graft a pear orchard, on account of the blight
taking them then or a few years afterwards.

Mr. Farrand—I may say one thing I have observed and it brings up
the problem of pollenization in connection with fruit. Some say that
the Duchess pear is not susceptible to blight, but in an instance that I
know of in every one of the blossoms you could see where the blight had
definitely entered these blossoms and I think it spreads in this way.
There is a great chance to spread infection through the blossom. I laid
it to the bees w orking on some infected branch and then coming to these
trees and infecting them in that way. This observation is made after
I have watched the matter very closely and this is the only logical con-—
clusion I could come to in regard to the blight in that instance, the leaf
spurs did not have a_ particle of it but every blossom spur did.

A Member—Always when you cut a limb off for blight, you will find
sap will come out and when it does you can almost always find bees
on it. The theory was largely, in putting the keresone on there, that
the bees would not work on there until it got seared over, until the
Sap quit coming out of the wound. There must be some cause for the
blight spreading. Mr. Farrand has spoken of bees and I am inclined
to ‘think that his theory is correct.

Mr. Smythe—In putting kerosene on that stub did it heal eventually?

A. I could not see any bad effects, one-half of the tree was gone
and the other half matured the pears and the part that we put kerosene
on healed over and it has borne ever since. The theory was that the
kerosene made it so obnoxious to the bees that they would not want to
light on there, but would stay away, and so the poison was not carried
from one tree to another.

Mr. Welch—I have been listening with much interest to this discus-
sion. It seems to me that these terms, cultivation, excessive cultivation,
are misleading. I have a neighbor who I notice gave his peach orchard
good cultivation in October, the season was wrong and the results were
not favorable. I had a young pear orchard 7 or 8 years old which has
made an excessive growth every year, from 3 to 5 feet at a time. I had
a theory that the early cultivation of the pear orchard would be a pre-
ventive of the blight—that it would leave very little room for the blight.
I also have another opinion that I believe will work out as the cause
of excessive blight, that is, I question whether our summer spraying
may not be an advantage in preventing the blight. This orchard I have
I haven’t given it a summer spraying of lime-sulphur, but it has been
fairly well cultivated and what has been done was done early and the
trees made a great growth. I would not say that this is a sure preventative
of blight, or that it is a preventive at all, but it seemed to work well in
this particular case.

Q. I would like to know what to do with the blight. Perhaps this
has been answered before, but I have just come into the hall.

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. 27

Mr. Smythe—Mr. Fritz, will you please tell your experience.

Mr. Fritz—Well, I just cut it out whenever it occurs and I have been
able to control it for years. I have had no damage from the blight now
for six or seven or eight years. I cultivate very thoroughly and quit the
first week in July. I use no fertilizer to amount to anything except
bone meal and potash. When I cut the blight out I burn it, and as I
said before, have been able to control it for a long time.

Q. When you cut out the blight do you paint it over with anything?

Mr. Fritz—No, sir.

Q. Do you disinfect your tools?

Mr. Fritz—No, sir; I do not think it necessary. I cut eighteen inches
below the infected part and so do not think it necessary to sterilize my
instruments.

Q. Have your pears been heavy bearers? ;

Mr. Fritz—Yes, for the most part. I have 4,000 trees and a great
many of them produce from three to five barrels a year. The Bartlett
is the best bearer. My success has been very gratifying to me. I average.
a profit of about $150 per acre above all expenses.

Q. What do you spray with?

Mr. Fritz—Only the Bordeaux mixture, as a rule, for three or four
years. I have sprayed with lime-sulphur a little before the buds come
out—that is for the scale, but for the most part I have used only
Bordeaux.

Q@. How many times do you spray?

Mr. Fritz—Three times.

Q. When?

Mr. Fritz—Before the buds are out and immediately after the blossom
falls and then about ten or twelve days after that.

Q. Have you ever had to spray for the codling moth?

Mr. Fritz—No, however, this last year I have had some worms but
they have not bothered me to any extent.

Q. Why do you think you have worms?

Mr. Fritz—I suppose they come the same as any worms.

Q. What is the nature of your soil?

Mr. Fritz—Clay soil.

A Member—I would like to ask if these trees are not heavily in bear-
ing at the present time, I have an idea that the whole trouble with pear
blight is not with trees after they come into bearing but before. I
would like to ask Mr. Sherwood this question.

Mr. Sherwood—I am quite sure that trees that are bearing do not
have so much tendency to blight as those that are younger. It is up to
the time that the trees are four or five or possibly six years old that
blight is a greater danger to the orchard. Mr. Fritz is not that so?

Mr. Fritz—Yes, sir, I think it is.

Mr. Smythe—Mr. Fritz began pear raising as a novice but has kept at
it until now he has become a real expert and an authority on the sub-
ject.

A Member—That has been my experience in raising pears. The blight
does not trouble the tree so very much after it is in bearing.

Mr. Smythe—The fruit takes what the blight would.

Q. Will Mr. Fritz give us his method of trimming?

Mr. Fritz—lI used to prune a little too much, but of late, I only take

28 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. .

out the water sprouts and keep them down and do not trim the main tree
very much. Of course this I cannot do myself very much, in my orchard
and am obliged to have it done. I may say, however, that I do not be-
lieve in severe pruning.

Mr. Smythe—It is not always necessary that a man who owns his
orchard, do all the pruning; some one else can do it for him.

Mr. Fritz—I used to be better on the board of trade than in a pear
orchard. (Laughter ).

Q. I would like to ask Mr. Fritz how long he cultivates. Does he
cultivate for a while and then stop?

Mr. Fritz—I cultivate right along until the first week in July. That
brings us out long enough so as to stand the drought. I have noticed
a little in my orchard this spring. I plowed it, worked it, for quite a
while and finally seeded it. Every thing was all right until it got very
dry. Then I saw that the blight had started in that orchard. It went
into the orchard that was not worked.

Q. What do you think started it, or what was the cause of its spread-
ing.

Mr. Fritz—I think it was cultivating the trees for a time, and then
stopping and vice versa. Any sudden change will cause it. -

A Member-—I do not think Mr. Fritz plows his orchard.

Mr. Fritz—I use the Dise harrow and the Acme harrow; I never plow.

Q. Do you seed the orchard down?

Mr. Fritz—Generally the weeds take it in July.

Q. How early do you begin to cultivate your orchard?

A. Just as soon as I can get on to it.

A Member—I have some pear trees that have been in bearing for
twenty years, in sod. Two years ago I began working that orchard,
since which time they have all died.

Q. Did you work the orchard all the time?

A. I worked it until July.

A Member—I: would like to hear from Mr. Farnsworth.

Mr. Farnsworth—Well I may say that my experience has been quite
similar to those that have been given. I have planted every variety I
could find. The heavier soil is the best adapted to pear culture, and I
only plant the Bartlett. I have only had one limb blighted during the
last four or five years. I cultivate until about the time of blossom. I
have found very little danger from pear blight until blossom time. Some
of my orchard I have cultivated and some I have in sod and mulch, but
IT am like Mr. Welch, in my experience that since using lime-sulphur
I have had little or no blight. Before that time I lost hundreds of
trees. My method of pruning formally was to cut back the tops and es-
pecially of the Kiefers to keep them from growing too high. I am not
planting any more Kiefers now, as I find the Bartlett much more profit-
able, however, I may say that where they are planted with other variet-
ies I have not found that they bear so well.

Q. How often do you spray with lime-sulphur? :

Mr. Farnsworth—Once when dormant, once just before blossom, then
after that about twelve days or two weeks.

Q. What strength do you use?

Mr. Farnsworth—Lime-sulphur one to forty on the pear.

Q. How much arsenate of lead?

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. 29

Mr. Farnsworth—Two and one-half pounds. °

A Member—I want to say this in reference to Mr. Farnsworth’s or-
chard: I was down there this summer and I noticed there were no ne-
glected orchards anywhere near his place, so after he controlled the first
codling moth, he had no other to contend with, so one spraying would
protect.

Q. What do you think of the Worden-Seckel pear?

A. I do not know anything about it; but Mr. Wilkin has had some
experience.

Mr. Smythe—What do you say Mr. Wilkin?

Mr. Wilken—It has not borne very much since I have been there. It
is a little larger than the Seckel, but I do not think it is any improve-
ment on it. I think I would rather set Seckel than Worden-Seckel.

Q. I would like to ask if he had no serious results in using lime-
sulphur and arsenate of lead on pears this year. I used one to forty and
it burned my leaves.

A. Not to any extent although we used one to fifty for the most part.

Q. Why I asked the question is, that there seems to be a difference
of opinion and experience in the use of Jlime-sulphur at varying
strengths. One man used it one to thirty and had very little damage.
Others used it at one to forty and have trouble like myself, and others
did not have trouble.

Mr. Farrand-——Do you use any arsenate of lead?

A. Yes, I use two and one-half pounds to fifty gallons of water.

Mr. Farrand—Maybe it came from the lack of agitation.

A Member—I would like to know any further results from Mr. Chat-
field, if we are being led along this channel of lead-sulphur.

A. The experience I had, was on apples, where we drew out the
material from the barn, without agitating the barrel, and we did not
have an agitator in our tank and as the result, where we commenced
the machine in operation we lost a great many leaves, but as we went
down the rows farther with the rest of that spray we saw no damage,
so I rather think that this damage of Mr. Chatfield’s was one of a local
nature. But so far as spraying with lime-sulphur I can well afford to
lose all the apples off a dozen trees, for what I would gain by the pres-
ence of lime-sulphur on the trees.

Q. What variety or varieties did Mr. Chatfield have?

A. Kieffers.

A Member—lI have used lime-sulphur one to thirty-three and there was
no ill effects at all.

Mr. Wilken—We had some experience. We burned some leaves of
plums but the trouble was, the barrel was not stirred up as much as it
should be and so the first that came out was too strong. We used one
to fifty and still it burned, but we laid it to lack of agitation. Agita-
tion is very important when you take the mixture out of the barrel, either
_ the commercial or the home made. If you do not, the latter part of the
barrel will be more weak and. possibly not strong enough to be effectual.

A Member—It must have been the arsenate of lead, for last spring we
used one to eleven just before the blossom opened and no harm was
shown on our Kiefer pear trees.

Mr. Wilken—We have used this for two years as above given, with

30 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

practically no harmful results, but conditions may differ so that what
would be all right early in the season would be harmful later.

Q. I would like to ask as to the advisability of planting Kieffer pears
for fillers for a young apple orchard.

A. I have an or¢hard with the trees placed forty feet apart and
Kieffer pears in the center.

Q. What is your object in planting them in this way?

A. The Kieffer pears would bring money before the apple crop. Then
IT could cut them out and the whole ground would be given up to the
apple. I also have peaches in that same orchard.

Mr. Smythe—I would like to ask Mr. Sherwood what he is planting as
fillers in his apple orchard.

Mr. Sherwood—I always plant fillers and I use pears and plums—
mostly Kieffer pears. I had an experience with Duchess apples that
I would like to relate. I set an orchard with the trees a rod apart and
set out one row of Burbanks, then one row of Kieffers and a row of
Abundance, then a row of Bartletts. Then I put in every other square
in the center a Duchess apple. I was told to do this by Mr. Morrell.
He had large experience and I felt that his advice could be relied upon.
I was told by one who had had experience that my trees were ahead of
his trees planted the old way by two years, so I feel that I was reason-
ably successful. I would never set an orchard without setting fillers.

Q. Why not use apples as fillers. We have Duchess, Jonathan, etc.,
so when we spray, we can spray all together.

Mr. Woodard—lI prefer to grow corn instead of trees. So far as I
am concerned, I am done with filling in with trees.

Q. I would like to ask Mr. Fritz how long he plants corn?

A. For four or five years until the trees take the ground themselves.

Mr. Hale—I am pleased to know that I am not the only one in the
county with filled in orchards. Two years ago I filled in with plums,
Kieffers, and some Duchess apples. The plums are gone but we are not.
far away from getting the Kieffer before the apples are in bearing.

Q. I wish some one would tell the cause of the late pears russeting
last fall.

A. Warm weather in March and cold weather in April.

THE PEOPLE’S PLAY GROUNDS.

HON. CHAS. W. GARFIELD, GRAND RAPIDS.

I feel, Mr. Chairman, in discussing the topic which is on the program
opposite my name that I am taking some liberties in injecting into a
severely practical program a bit of sentiment. The only excuse for it
is that the most real thing in the world after all is sentiment, and when
we sum up what there is in the world, it consists of labor, recreation and
affection. All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. All play and
no work makes Jack a real shirk. Love is the greatest thing in the
world. It is very easy for me to eliminate the work proposition because
that is what you have all been talking about in the most severe terms

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. 31

from the beginning of this convention, and you will continue to do so
until the end. I would like to talk about love as the ruling sentiment
of the world and the danger that menaces the American home, which is
the unit of our civilization, when love grows cold or is buried by com-
mercialism. But that is another subject. So I hope you will bear with
me for a little while as I chat with you about play.

My first experience with things in this world was living in a log house
just a few steps from the Menominee River, by a rambling path through
the woods. That was my playground for ten years. I knew the names
of the trees; I knew the peculiar things that grew in certain localities
and under certain trees. I knew where the wild egg plum was; I knew
where the best thorn apples grew; I knew where to dig for angle Worms;
I knew the curves in the stream where the fishing was, and it knew the
extreme pleasure of sitting on the bank of the river and dangling my
feet in the water. I was not much of a philosopher—a child is rarely
that—but I was an observer, as all children are observers, and because
this is so they are entitled to the best that we can give them in the way
of places to see things and enjoy them.

I have forgotten most of the things that happened in the school room
during those five years—the last of the ten; I remember one teacher
in particular above all the others, and she was the one who took us
to the woods. I do not remember very much of what she taught in the
school room, but I do remember many things she taught me outside of
the school in that playground along the river.

We came to Michigan when I was 10 years old, and a little way from
_ my home was Plaster Creek, a small stream perhaps twenty miles long.
That stream was my playground during the next six or eight years and
with my companions, who had similar tastes, we traversed that creek
bottom. We knew the individuality of a oveat many trees, the location
particularly of the sycamore that had been eaten out by decay and pro-
vided a safe retreat for us on every occasion when it rained. We knew
the deep hole which was afterward turned into a swimming place in
Summer and skating rink in winter; we knew the kinds of fish that
made their home in that creek. We even had a boat and paddled up the
stream for miles and enjoyed each summer the beauties of that most
delightful natural playground.

The Menominee River watershed for miles and miles was covered with
a beautiful growth of timber in those early days, with all the delightful
accompaniments of the woods; the banks of this river are now as bare
as your hand. The farms run close down to the border of the stream;
there is no waste land. The farmers could not afford to leave a single
tree along the border of the river, and the playground that was my
delight is no more. This playground should have been preserved for one
hundred times as many children who live near that border today. There
is absolutely. nothing that will take its place in the child’s heart.

The second stream, Plaster Creek, that gave me this joy in abundance
so many beautiful days in the year has almost nothing now in the way
of tree growth from its source to its confluence with Grand River, and
instead of being the beautiful evenflowing stream through the year, as
in my childhood, it is now a most fitful affair, full to the brim and run-
ning over at times, yet most of the year it is only a trickling rill that a
boy can easily vault over without wetting his feet. When I was a boy

32 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

we could traverse it with our home-made boats; now only chips and toy
boats can be floated except at rare occasions. The playground is gone.
Where there was one child then to enjoy that playground there are now
eight thousand children who ought to have a playground like this, but
a near sighted utilitarianism has snatched it away. We have stolen
their rightful heritage from them, and when you are discussing so
splendidly today the methods of getting a living in horticulture and
securing a competence for old age, I would have you think for a moment
at what a sacrifice some of us are acquiring what we call betterments
through our labor while we are forgetful of the children’s playgrounds
and the children’s rights in play.

! went to the Agricultural College afterward and there was a play-
ground at the college. In those days we didn’t know very much about
that kind of play which is now so important—hbaseball games, football
games, and those things—but our play was in Number Seven, a beauti-
ful piece of native woodland along the Cedar River. There is where we
derived, as college students, the keenest enjoyment. Number Seven, that
beautiful riverside forest, was sacrificed some years after in the interest
of having a more symmetrical farm on two sides of the lane. But it
was a sacrifice with no commensurate benefits and it would be the envy
of every student who attends the school now if he could know the beauti-
ful times we boys had in that grand piece of woodland. Then, following
my school days in the country and before my college course, I was a
country school teacher. My first school was ten miles from home, and
I particularly recall the peculiar individuality given those school prem-
ises by the playground. This attribute ought to give individuality to
every school in the Nation. We have been spending millions of dollars
in devices to place our scholars inside under the most unsanitary con-
ditions and have been forgetful of that outside playground in which they
can get the equally important physical development which should be the
accompaniment of that brain power for which we arrange a system of
education.

My first school had as its distinguishing characteristic a playground
which was eighty acres of virgin timber across the road from the school
building. I did not know very much about teaching things inside of
the schoolhouse. I was only 17 years old and most of my pupils were
as old as I, but I did, from my education in former playgrounds, know
something of the woods; of the beauty and variety and grandeur of the
woods; of the education that the woods can give to any child, and from
that time until this I have rarely passed a year when some one of those
scholars has not said to me: “What splendid times we used to have in
those woods.” They have forgotten much of the arithmetic, the algebra,
the grammar and the rhetoric but recall with vividness the details of the
playground. Through that education which I was able to give them in
connection with woods life I furnished those thirty boys and girls. some-
thing that stays with them and will stay with them clear to the end, and
will be helpful in appreciating that, as our friend from Ohio so well
said, “This is God’s world.” It seems to me from my own experience as
a student and as a school teacher that we must not be forgetful of this
kind of recreation and educational environment in connection with the
development of our boys and girls, which should give them some definite
knowledge of the attractive features of this world outside of the school

Mr. and Mrs. Chas. W. Wilde, Rural 2, Grand Rapids.

‘apeys 1oy safdevur pavy [NyAnvag ay} aoxy “AjUNOD Adade7T ‘quowyy avau ‘wary yay | TXL,, “(OSM “S “O Jo 2ouapisay

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. 33

room and teach them to appreciate the evolution of a balanced character
in connection with the preparation for usefulness and happiness in this
life.

A little later, a short distance south of my own home, in which I have
lived most of my life, three miles away and six miles from the city, was
a little plot of pine upon eighty acres of wood land. It was the last rem-
nant of a splendid pine forest which stood upon the southern border of
Grand Rapids when I was a child, and because there were only a few
of these trees and all the pine woods exhausted, and because of the nobil-
ity of these individual specimens of the white pine, it became a favorite
place, a playground for a large number of people in our city, and the
Allen woods were known to almost every citizen of Grand Rapids. On
all the holidays and on Sundays when the weather was good and the peo-
ple could get out they took the opportunity to go to these pine woods
and sit beneath the wide-spreading branches, admire the great clean
boles, listen to the soughing of the winds through the evergreen tops
and study with ecstacy the natural concomitants of this virgin timber,

Mr. Allen owned it, and because of the rapid growth of the city and the
high price of lumber he said he was sorely tempted to cut off these trees.
When I found this was true I went to him and said, “Mr. Allen, do you
intend to cut off these pine trees?” His reply was, “Surely I have been
greatly tempted to do so.” Then I said to him, “Will you not resist the
temptation?” After considering the matter he replied with emphasis, “I
will resist and those pine trees shall never be cut while I live because I
appreciate the value of that little piece of land to the whole commuity
of Grand Rapids. I will not commit vandalism for a money considera--
tion.” Mr. Allen died and in less than two years the heirs eliminated
that beautiful piece of pine woods because $10,000 was too great a
temptation, and the whole eighty acres were swept away. as far as their
value to the city of Grand Rapids for a recreation ground was concerned.

Now, my friends, I want to ask you, was that $10,000 a drop in the
bucket as compared with the real value of that land to our city? Sup-
pose that little piece of land had been allowed to stand there until those
trees should fall in decay? What a heritage it would have been to our
city. Was it not a playground worth considering in connection with the
growth of our city and the development of the best type of citizenship?
But we neglected the opportunity. Most cities are neglecting such op-
portunities; most people are thoughtless of their responsibility in con-
nection with saving the play places in the world for the children and for
the grown-ups also.

There is a beautiful book which some of you have read and enjoyed,
and if you have not read it, you should. It is written by Henry Van
Dyke and is entitled, “Little Rivers,” in which he speaks of the marvels
of the sea as affecting the sensibilities of mankind; the wonderful impres-
sions that the great mountains make upon the human mind, and then, in
an eloquent manner, he exploits the fact that there is nothing after all
quite so satisfactory to the human heart as the delights that accompany
the lines of a little river. So it seems to me, in the interests of those who
shall come after us, we should preserve the natural beauties of the lit-
tle rivers here and there for the benefit of all the people for all time. You
who love to take a hunting trip and put your gun upon your shoulder
and traverse our North country know that the greatest assets in that

st)

34 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Northern region are the beautiful streams and their environments. Can
we afford to sw eep this playg eround out of existence, so that the people
will lose the splendid enjoyment that so many of them are now getting?

When you talk about utilitarianism, that you can not afford to keep
the timber on the land because it is worth so many dollars for wheat and
corn, or for orchard and vineyard planting, I say to myself and to you,
that as great as is this estimated value, you can not compute in money
how much greater would be the value of much of this land in genuine sat-
isfaction to the human soul if preserved in all its sylvan beauty for the

recreation of the congested population which will surely need it in the
centuries to come. So it seems to me we should broaden our angle of
vision.and comprehend in it something beyond the mere acquirement of
a living. Scenic pleasures, it seems to me, are of great importance to
the human race, and it is a satisfaction to all of us who are interested in
things of this character to know that the National Government is saving
here and there over our country reservations to remain forever in the
interests of the play of the people, the recreation of American citizens.
All hail to the government that recognizes this important factor con-
nected with American life.

Perhaps you will remember that at one time it was a question whether
certain parts of these reservations ought not to be utilized for what was
termed more practical purposes than recreation. There was a tempta-
tion to reduce the beauty, utilize the water power and thus diminish the
relightful scenic features. I am glad that Yellowstone Park is as big
as itis. It is going to bea permanent playground for all the people, and
the marvelous Yosemite Valley is also safe. We are glad that these
splendid trees, the oldest living things in the world, are going to be saved
for all the people instead of being converted into lumber that will sim-
ply line the pockets of a few. It seems to me that therein is a recognition
of the unparalleled value of the great natural features of our country
and the preservation of them in spite of the selfish encroachments of indi-
viduals and corporations who only see power in a waterfall to run ma-
chinery and lumber, laths and shingles in the great trees. Just as I am
thinking and talking to you about the grand values of that wonderful
people’s. playground, the Yosemite, my eye catches the smile on the face
of my Scotch friend from the Michigan Agricultural College and I am
reminded of an incident connected with this marvel of nature. There is
in connection with it a volume in which all the visitors are supposed to
write their names and put down below any word of appreciation that
occurs to them, and in that book are some wonderful pieces of poetry
and prose expressing the exalted condition of the human mind while
viewing the stupendous illustration of God’s handiwork. After writing
his name one will say, “The most glorious thing in the world; over there
is God.” Another will say, “Nothing can compare with this mighty il-
lustration of the wonderful power of ‘the Creator,” and so on. A Scotch-
man once visited this region and, as you know, a Scotchman can not be-
lieve there is anything quite as good as his own native land, and so
after signing his name, this particular Scotchman wrote just above it,
“Rather remarkable—a good deal like Scotland, only not quite so con-
densed.”

The saving of Niagara Falls in all its gradeur and beauty has been
placed plainly before the American people in connection with the utili-

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. 35

zation of the water for commercial purposes. While we can recognize
the importance of the conservation of power in the great streams of
this country, it has seemed to the broader men and women of this coun-
try that we could afford to conserve this water in its grand demonstra-
tion of power for the hearts of the American people rather than. their
pocketbooks.

The White Mountains—the lumberman has tried his level best
through the securing of rights in that marvelous piece of scenic beauty
to raze to the ground and thus destroy the distinctive characteristics
which make them really the most valuable thing New Hampshire owns.
All hail again to this spirit which has been sufficiently dominant in state
affairs in that commonwealth which asserted itself and said, “We will
save the best for all the people and we will not turn this beautiful region
into a barren waste in the interest of a few men who seek riches.’ The
conservation, it seems to me, that we must talk more about is the con-
servation of the natural playground of the world, and the conservation
that we should consider in our own State of Michigan is the saving of
the beautiful features of our North country that are treasures of in-
estimable value to so many people. If we must take the more sordid
view and measure values by material income, we will then preserve the
natural beauty of our Northern landscapes because of the large revenue
that accrues to the state from the people who do value the forests
and the waters and spend their money freely in the enjoyment of these
ereat natural playgrounds. So if we are not willing to save it for any
other purpose, do so on utilitarian grounds.

What about the great playground of the world, Switzerland? People
from all sections go there to enjoy the scenic beauties of the most im-
portant playground on earth. Vast numbers of people in crossing the
continent always take in this country as a part of their trip. The values
of this wonderfully: gorgeous and most marvelous scenery in this moun-
tain republic have been sung by people for centuries. It is no wonder
that we find so very few Swiss scattered over all this earth. They are
in the midst of scenic splendor which makes so strong an appeal that
they cannot leave. When they do go away and remain for a time from
their native land the one cry that fills their hearts is, “Give me back
my Switzerland, my own, my dear, my native land.” We love to think
of the sentiment that lies at the foundation of the patriotism of the
people in that Swiss republic which leads them to admire, utilize and
glorify the natural beauties of their country.

And now will you let me pass for a moment to a few of the practical
things I desire to talk to you about? They are.things that touch me
most of all in connection with my everyday work and thought—the
things connected with the city playground. There is no question but
what in recent years there has been sweeping overt our country a mighty
wave interest in this playground question. We think of it now in con-
nection with congested population. We also think of it in connection
with every home, because we recognize in our minds and hearts, in the
development of the highest type of American citizenship, the value of
play. There is a philosophy in play. There is a philosophy behind foot-
ball and baseball which really explains the relationship of those games
to the development of a well-rounded fighting character. We know this
world is a fighting ground against all the various forms of evil and we

36 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

want to develop at least the masculine element sufficiently to take care
of the elements of destruction that are going on in our midst.

The evolution of the playground movement has been rapid within the
last ten years. It will be more rapid in the next ten, twenty or thirty
vears, especially as the centers of population become more congested and
there is seen the crying demand for an outlet for the exuberance of spir- -
its which is the accompaniment of childhood growth. It is emphasized
when these congested centers begin to grate upon the nerves of the peo-
ple who are responsible for child life and its environments. Those who
are interested in the moral development of boys and girls in the cities
and who regard it as vital that these boys and girls shall grow up to
the best kind of citizens, recognize that they have been wrong; they have
been wicked; they have been senseless in connection with the removal of
all open spaces where the children had a chance to play and covering
them: with wood and brick and stone until the children have no place to
go for recreation except in the streets; then the policemen, in the inter-
ests of preserving life, drive them from this last resort. I think it is only
a question of a few years at most when at any expense we shall have
playgrounds established in the congested neighborhoods of every city
so that the children will have a chance to play.

Bear with me in a simple illustration from my own city, which I will
briefly relate as an incident showing our great and immediate need:
There is a little region on the west side of our river in Grand Rapids
that furnishes the largest number of delinquents in our Juvenile Court.
One day the Judge was faced by twenty-three boys for committing van-
dalism in connection with the right of way of the Grand Rapids &
Indiana Railroad. The Judge was astonished to see that bunch of boys.
For the most part they were very decent looking chaps. As soon as he
took in the situation he dismissed the officer, then he closed the door and
said, ‘Boys, we are all alone here now, and I want you to tell me what
is the matter. What are you twenty-three boys here before me for? You
have certainly committed the crime with which vou are charged—there
is no question about that for I have the evidence. I know the facts and
I know your names. Now, why did you do it? Come, be frank now and
tell me the honest truth about the matter.” Then one after another of
those boys stepped forward and began to talk. ‘Judge, you see we hain’t
got no place to play. If we go to play in one place, then the cop drives
us off, and finally we got out and went where we were bein’ watched in
our play, because it’s fun to take some chances—fun to see the cops run
after us and we get away and hide from him. And then you know,
Judge, when we scooted away we found a box car and we got into it,
and when we were in that box car we saw something that interested us
and we just looked into it and it was something we liked and,, Judge, we
took it; that’s all there is of it.”

“Boys, if we will furnish you a playground will you try to be decent
and clean up and be good?” And they were all ready to make the prom-
ise. “Well,” said the Judge, “we will see what we can do,” and without
saying more he dismissed the boys and asked them upon their honor to
come back on a certain day and hour. In the meantime the Judge scur-
ried around to see if there was not some place which could be secured as
a playground for these youngsters, and he found it. Then when the boys
came back to see him at the appointed time he was ready for them and

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. 37

said, “Boys, I have you fitted out for a playground now.” The boys
were all antercated: yes, deeply interested. Then the Judge gave them a
good fatherly talk and said, “I am not going to commit you to jail; I
am not going to send you: to the work house, but I am going to let you
go back and try it over again, believing that when you have a good place
for a playground, where you will not be molested, you will do the right
and square thing.”

Well, that playground was secured and it has been used to the very
best advantage. These boys, the very ones who were up before the
Judgé, are among those who use it, and a better lot of boys it would be
hard to find; and in months since that time there has not been a single
boy brought into the court from that locality.

Is not that playground worth something in the maintenance of law and
order? Has it not a large value in the making of good citizens? Surely
we must reckon with it in the development of human character since
we recognize it as one of the chief elements in the reduction of crime.

We have accomplished a great deal in the way of playgrounds in some
cities in this United States, and it is because we have interested the wom-
en in connection with their club life to investigate along these lines, and
when they become imbued with the real benefits to accrue from play-
grounds they are not slow to take hold of the matter and act. Some-
thing good and great is coming out of the study which the women are
carrying: on, because they are mothers of the boys, and I welcome with
a ereat deal of joy the results of this investigation, the results of the
methods that shall be developed in the interest of child life for the re-
duction of crime. And I welcome also the men and women who will
give their own lives to the development of this thought in American
growth. Conservation of forest is good; conservation of water is all
right; but the conservation of human minds and hearts is far greater.
We are reaching the viewpoint which establishes in our purposes the fact
that the greatest of all problems in conservation is the proper salvation
of the child.

We talk in connection with play of duty of happiness; that is, the re-
sponsibility, the obligation we have to ourselves and to give to others the
happiness that every human being should have as a legacy. If we pur-
sue this line of thought and endeavor to weave it into our activities we
shall above all other things demonstrate not the duty of happiness but
the happiness of duty.

“Straight is the line of duty,
Curved is the line of beauty.
Follow the one and thou shalt see
The second ever following thee.”

38 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

MY EXPERIENCE WITH APPLES.

(MISS GRACE TAYLOR, DOUGLAS. )

“As ‘one swallow does not make a summer,’ neither does one apple
crop make an authority on apple culture, but the experience is as fol-
lows:

Our orchard consists of about six acres which were planted in 1875-8,
and one and one-half acres surrounding the house, planted several years
earlier. The apple orchard proper was set alternately with peach trees
in a light sandy soil, the soil usually considered more suited to peach
trees than for apple culture. It is located directly on the Lake Michigan
bluff, but is protected from the southwest, west and north winds by a
windbreak of evergreen and forest trees.

This orchard received the usual cultivation given such plats up to
the time when the peach trees succumbed to old age, being some years
more and some years less.

Upon fruiting, a large number of the trees were found to be our old
friend “Uncle Ben,” living under an alias, and in the years 94 to 798, many
were top grafted to more desirable kinds. The principal varieties now
are Duchess and Maiden Blush for early, Wagners, Greening, Jonathan,
Hubbardson, Baldwin and Ben Davis.

The last of the peach stumps were pulled in 1906, having been left there
longer than was best for the apple trees. For two or three seasons pre-
vious to this, cultivation had been late and limited, so that, in the fall
of 1906, after maturing a heavy crop of fruit, a majority of the trees
presented a most unhealthy appearance, the tops being covered with dead
twigs. It was clear something had to be done to save the trees, if indeed
they could be saved. We commenced giving them liberal quantities of
stable manure, more thorough cultivation, and sowed rye each season as
a cover crop. Fortunately this soil can be worked, wet or dry, and when
long continued rains prevented working heavier soil early in the spring,
this orchard was tackled greatly to its benefit.

The habit of the orchard has been to produce a heavy crop alternate
years. Ags the season of 1910 was to be an “apple year,” at blossoming
time it gave every promise of a full crop. The abnormally warm March
had forced vegetation far ahead of schedule time, but near the lake it
is always held back from three to eight days behind the blossoming time
farther away from the water. Thus those frosts of early April caught
us before the blossoms had opened to any great extent. The cool weather
following kept them back, and the blossoming season lasted fully three
weeks; a condition often said to be prophetic of a light crop of fruit.

The cold spell of April 18 to 23, when the mercury played hide and
seek with the freezing point, convinced all hands that early and contin-
uous cultivation, in order to force growth quickly, was all that would
save this year’s crop of apples. The rye was now a thick growth, from
ten to twelve inches high, and the orchards were all plowed by the tenth
of May. From the middle of May until the middle of August the or-
chard was dragged about once a week, besides being hoed around the

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. 39

trees by hand four times. The second week in August vetch and rye
~ were sowed for a cover crop, the vetch being gone over with a cutaway,
and the rye harrowed in. This made twelve times with the drag, and
once with the cutaway, that that piece of ground had been harrowed—
do you wonder it groaned and bestirred itself?

As to spraying. Records of the purchase of copper sulphate, lime and
nozzles date back as far as 1894, which would indicate that spraying
operations commenced on the farm about that time. But they were ir-
regular and some seasons they were omitted entirely, when other farm
work pressed.

In the spring of 1909 I purchased a small one-horse power spraying
outfit, and that has done our work these two seasons. While its work
has pleased me, I am now convinced that a larger engine can do the
work easier and with less wear than one of this size.

In spite of the short time there was this year, after winter left and be-
fore growth started, all the orchards were sprayed with the lime-sulphur,
1 to 10, by the second of April.

Just before the blossoms opened, commencing April 16, we sprayed
with Bordeaux, using the 3-4-50 formula, without poison.

With a blossoming season a month long it was worse than a Chinese
puzzle this year to determine just when the blossoms dropped, but on
May 18 we struck an average and began spraying to fill the calyx eups
for codling moth, using seven pounds of arsenate of lead to 150 gallons of
lime-sulphur solution, 1-30 strength.

This spray had been very thoroughly applied, and as other work press-
ed, the spray outfit was stored away to remain until July. At this time
we were warned by Mr. R. W. Braucher, in charge of the U. S. depart-
ment of Agriculture experiments in Douglas, that the codling moths
were hatching later this year than usual, and we must spray the week
of June 20 if we would catch it. Accordingly the engine was again
started, and an application of arsenate of lead and water given. We
planned to use the arenate of lead in the 1 to 30 lime-sulphur solution,
but the supply of lime-sulphur gave out when only part of the trees were
covered. We noticed no material difference between these and the others
when handling the mature fruit.

The last application was made the fourth week in July, arsenate of
lead solution alone, and there was still spray on the apples when picked
for market in October.

Now as to results: Out of 44 barrels of Duchess there was one bushel
thrown out as culls, and of these six apples were wormy.

Right here I would add that this season’s work has convinced me that
if we pretend to spray at all we must spray at the proper time or half
the benefits are lost. Among the trees planted near the house are a
number of Northern Spies, and this variety blossoms later than the oth-
ers. These trees were sprayed six days later than those in the orchard
proper. Result: The same gang that put up fifty to sixty barrels of the bet-
ter fruit at harvesting time, packed only twenty-one barrels from these
trees. Note the difference in expense of handling, as well as loss of fruit
from imperfections.

_ From 225 trees that bore apples this year, we harvested 900 barrels of
fruit, one Baldwin tree yielding 14 barrels.

40 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
MICHIGAN AT THE CHICAGO LAND SHOW.

Why go to Washington, Oregon, Montana or Colorado to raise apples?

That is the question that thousands of people are asking whe attended
the great land show in Chicago and inspected Michigan’s wonderful dis-
play of Northern Spies, Baldwins, Greenings, Jonathans and other vari-
eties of apples almost without number.

Michigan was certainly “there with the goods” when it came to making
a show of agricultural and horticultural products that is unrivaled in
diversity and in general excellence.

The Wolverine state was represented at the land show by a lusty and
industrious bunch of hustlers representing respectively the original fruit
belt, the Western Development association and the Northwestern Mich-
igan Development association. Thousands of people thronged the at-
tractive displays made by the three Michigan organizations and it is
now stated that practically everybody was stricken with the “back to
the land fever” with Michigan as the objective point.

Michigan, iong famous as a marvelous fruit state, is preparing to make
even better use of its advantages along this line. Both the Western
Michigan and Northeastern Michigan associations are doing everything
in their power to induce prospective fruit growers to locate somewhere
within the state’s confines. They stand ready to furnish the necessary
information about the kind of crops that can best be raised and where
excellent farming lands are obtainable.

While there is a broad awakening interest in general farming, the
question of apple culture easily holds first rank and an unusually large
number of people are making efforts to secure a good producing orchard
and thus be free and independent of the daily grind of the city office.

A special incentive toward intensive and scientific farming are the
many Alladin tales that have of late been sent out from the various sec-
tions of Michigan. Well cultivated and handled apple orchards in the
northern part of the state are yielding profits from $200 to $500 an
acre, While cherries, raspberries, strawberries and similar small fruits
frequently show a net profit of $1,000 an acre. All of which shows that
aman with ten to twenty acres of land is on easy street. ‘

The most interesting feature of the growth of the apple culture is the
fact that in the lower part of Michigan, where the apple orchards have
been practically abandoned for years, except as a run lot for pigs and a
storage place for discarded hay racks and other litter, an era of reclama-
tion has set in. Many of these orchards, counted as worthless, have dur-
ing the past year or two been properly fertilized and cultivated. The
old trees have been sprayed, all the dead timber cut out and as a result
a neat profit is returned on the labor and investment.

That brains count in the working of a farm as well as in the conduct
of commercial or manufacturing enterprises is manifested by a tale re-
cently recounted of a Chicago business man, who was forced to leave
the city on account of ill health. He came to Michigan to rusticate.

He was stricken with the apple culture fever and after looking around
for a time found an abandoned orchard in the southern part of Allegan
county. He leased this orchard for $100 a year, the lease running three

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. 41

years with an option to renew for five more, no damage to be done to
the property.

That was back in 1908.

The Chicagoan got busy. He began to improve the trees. In 1909 he
quit even, but this fall he sold over $1,000 worth of apples off this self-
same orchard, and it is rumored that the farmer went out behind his
barn and kicked himself several times in sheer desperation. He would
like to have that contract set aside, but there is no chance.

In Branch and Calhoun counties several abandoned apple orchards
have been picked up and rejuvenated with the result that they are now
profitable. The good work is spreading.

MARKET RIGHT AT HAND.

Hon. C. E. Monroe of South Haven summed up the whole matter of
Michigan’s ability to retain first place as a fruit state when he said:
“Michigan apple growers have the market right at hand for their pro-
duct. Michigan apples have the flavor.

“When you have a thing to sell a profitable market is of the first im-
portance.

‘When you eat an apple it is the flavor or taste that appeals to you.
Color, or bloom may count, but you can’t eat that. For those reasons I
believe that Michigan is and always will be the ideal fruit state of the
Union.”

DISCUSSION.

Q. I would like to have Miss Taylor tell us about pruning.

Miss Taylor—Where do you want me to begin?

Q. The general system by which you prune.

A. We do not prune much on the apples; our apples have been
pruned years before; and there was very little pruning done in the or
chard because it was not thought it was in need of it.

Q. Do you do any thinning of your apples?

‘A. The apples set very full, but there were so many that dropped off
at the time of our June drop that I thought that nature was going to take
care of them. My York Imperials were not thinned in this way so as
that the thinning was of much value. Otherwise the trees thinned them-
selves this year.

Q. Do you think the York Imperial a good apple?

A. If they are not too full on the tree they will bear all right. Our
orchard has borne too heavily on alternative years. We will have to
thin on these alternate years. When they bear too heavily they are
small in size.

Q. How about the quality?

A. The quality is good. It is a late keeper. Of course you know that
when you don’t have other apples, some apples which we would not con-
sider as the best, we relish and call pretty good. They are not ready to
eat at this time of the year but are all right late in the spring.

Q. Are they about the same quality as the Ben Davis?

A. A little better.

42 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Q. Do you think there would be any danger of injury to an old apple
tree trimmed any time in the winter?

A. We are doing a little experimenting on this point and have trim-
med them in the winter, but not when the wood is frozen.

Q. I would like to ask Miss McIsaac if she does any _ trim-
ming in the winter?

A. I trim all through the winter when the tree is not frozen.

A Member—The other day I heard that Miss McIsaae was so indus:
trious that she would prune every day when the wind would not blow
her out of the tree.

Miss McIsaac—I would be more likely to spill out. (Laughter).

Q. What stress do you lay on wind breaks? ;

Miss Taylor—I prefer a wind break.

Q. Would you want them on a peach orchard?

A. We have them on our peach orchard.

Q. The idea is that we have to have the wind to keep off the frost,
but perhaps the elevation has something to do with it.

A. We have found wind breaks of great advantage to us, not perhaps
this year on account of frost but there is very seldom a fall on the lake
shore that we do not have a heavy frost before the apples are ready to
pick and our orchard has often held its fruit when neighboring orchards
suffer injury by the dropping of the fruit because of the wind. Some of
our neighbors have felt and we have occasionally felt that possibly there
might not be enough circulation of air, but with the right spraying we
do not think it would make much difference.

@. So many are interested in the matter of help that I would like to
inquire if Miss Taylor has found trouble in getting help to carry out her
ideas? Can you depend on the help you are able to secure?

A. I have had no trouble.

Miss MacIsaac—Have you had trouble with the male help you have
had to have. (Laughter) .

A. I haven’t had very much. (Applause).

Q. I would like to ask Miss Taylor if she does her own work or if
she hires it done?

A. Shall I say both?

Chairman—I would like to ask what should be done with two hundred
Ben Davis in a two thousand apple orchard? Should they be grafted
when growing better than any other of the apples.

A. We are re-grafting our Ben Davis.

Q. With the present prices of apples and conditions as they are
would it pay to do that?

A. Possibly our experience might help a little. We have sold our ap-
ples and have always had to take a reduced price for the orchard when
we sold as an orchard because there were so many Ben Davis apples in
the orchard. And that has convinced us that if we can change our
orchards to different varieties it would be better.

A Member—Some years Ben Davis will bear when others will not.

A. Yes that is so. Of course I have’ not been able to take into ac-
count every little item of cost, and charge up the interest against it.
Some things you have to take a collection of years in order to get.

A Member—I would like to ask Miss Taylor how she disposed of her
crop of apples this year,

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. 43

A. We sold by the barrel; we did the packing and barreling and
delivered them to a firm in Indiana.

Q. How much would the entire crop bring?

A. About $32.50.

A Member—I understood that you sprayed the first time with diamond
sulphur before the leaves were out; second time with bordeaux; third
time with lime sulphur diluted, and then next time with arsenate of lead
and the next time with arsenate of lead.

A. Yes that is right.

@. I would like to ask whether it would be advisable to take an old
run-down orchard and commence at the present time spraying for the
scale?

Mr. Farrand—Yes, begin any time. Right now would be all right,
when the foliage is off. I cannot see how we can spray an apple tree to
very good effect for the scale when the foliage is hanging. If the foliage
is all off and you have your pruning done, do it now. Generally speak-
ing when it is cold weather you have so much trouble with your nozzles
and other parts of your spraying apparatus that you do not gain much.
It is a matter of time. As far as value of spraying is concerned, now
will do the work as well as any other time.

Mr. Smythe—If you didn’t spray before you might get so discouraged
that you wouldn’t go at it in the spring.

Mr. Farrand—There may be something in that.

A Member—I would like to ask Miss Taylor if she has any russeting
of apples back of a wind break ?

: ss Taylor—Do you mean russeting from the cold or whatever it may
e?

Member—What I want to know is, does the protection from wind
breaks do any good? In other words do you think that the protection
from a wind break has anything to do with preventing russeting?

Miss Taylor—We have had a few apples that showed a kind of rust
and it was supposed to be from the cold weather which we had.

Q. Did you see any difference where the trees were exposed to the
wind and cold than right near this wind break?

Miss Taylor—The whole orchard is protected so I could not tell.

A Member—I have seen some orchards where there was a wind break
that protected them from the north east and seemingly the apples were
not so badly russeted there as where they were more exposed. In other
places there did not seem to be any differences and I was wondering
whether a protection of that kind really did help us.

Miss Taylor—Of course as far as my experience is concerned I could
not say for certain.

A Member—Miss Taylor laid stress on rye as a cover crop. Why not
fees eae vetch and get the value of the nitrogen that it gathers from the
air?

A. We are using that now. We are using sand vetch in the peach or-
‘chard but have not had it in this particular orchard until this fall.

Q. Do you grade your apples or straight-pack ?

A. We grade as demanded.

Q. What was the relative for No. 1’s and No. 2’s?

A, There was no difference; they were all packed together and we

44 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

received the same price for both. Remember that number two was a per-
fect apple except for size.

A Member—I would like to have an answer to Question No. 6: “What
are the best combinations of cover crops?”

A. I use vetch alone, not in combinations.

@. How is vetch on heavy lands?

Mr. Smythe—Search me, I don’t know; I haven’t any heavy land.

Q. How would field peas do with cover crop?

A. We have put in hogs, fed them down, and find them a complete
cover crop grown through May and June.

A Member—lI have tried oats and vetch this year and have found the
oats to make a very good combination.

Mr. Smythe—We must not get confused
crop is one that stays all through.

A Member—I would not want any crop growing when fruit trees were
maturing their fruit.

Q. How early should the vetch be sown to be successful for a good
cover crop?

Mr. Hilton—You can sow vetches any time after the first of July.

@. How late would they be successful?

A. That depends upon the season. Last year we sowed the 7th of
November and they came up and while they did not do anything as a
winter cover they grew well this last spring. We have had a fair cover
given by vetches sown on the 20th of October, but they did not do as well
this year. As a usual thing they will make a fair growth if sown as late
as the middle of September. There is no crop that we have tried that
will do as well sown over as lone a period as winter vetches.

Q. Have you had any experience with them on clay?

A. Not on true clay, but on a very heavy loam, a loam that has a
stiff blue clay only a few inches below. I will bring down a sample
plant that grew on that kind of land last year. I dug the plant last
June.

Mr. Roe—I took a trip last summer for the purpose of examining
orchards in western Michigan and covered 500 miles through the fruit
section and visited a great many of the leading growers of western
Michigan, and I found that the one cover that has given the best satis-
faction—and it was proved to be so from the crops of fruit—was rye
and vetch. I notice this more marked in Mr. Sessions’ orchard, and he
had been using it for a number of years. So all along up the line where-
ever it had been tried the results had been very satisfactory.

Chairman—For my own part I prefer either oats or barley to rye.

Mr. Smythe—That is my experience.

Chairman—My reason for this preference is that the vetches will al-
ways make a marvelous growth in the spring after very earliest oppor-
tunity. The oats and the barley make a good lusty growth in the fall
which the vetches do not do. The rye will not make the growth in the
fall that oats or barley do. Another thing, if for any reason the cul-
tivation is delayed a little in the spring you will not be troubled with a
a lot of hard straw for the season because the barley and oats are done
with their business in the fall.

Q. What proportion do you use.

A, For a bushel of oats or barley we use from twenty to thirty pounds

oats is a catch crop—a cover

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. 45

of vetch seed, depending on how good the seed is and how much other
stuff there is in it.

A Member-—I am much of the same opinion as Mr. Hilton in regard
to cover crop—I prefer barley. Of the three, rye, oats and barley, I think
barley is the best. I am not so sure but what the spring rye is very
good. I tried it this year for the first time. The fall rye did not
stand up as it should, but the spring rye grew up rank and headed
out fine this fall. That would be out of the way for the vetch in the
spring.

A Member—Vetch with us has not been so satisfactory on clay. We
have spots on side hills where there was considerable red clay and the
vetches have not set unless there was a lot of humus on the clay—then
the vetch is alright. In regard to the rye and oats—you come to an
apple orchard and you do not want oats there at harvest time for the
dew will make it so you will be wading around in water, because it
will not dry out.

Q. Why will not Mammoth clover do alright?

Mr. Smythe—I think it would be alright provided you can get a
stand. Our people here in this vicinity have found it difficult to get a
stand. Of course there is not so large a per cent of nitrogen in Mam-
moth clover as in vetch, and the vetch seed being so much larger, it
stands the drouth better than the clover seed. If it once germinates it
will grow.

ANNUAL REPORT OF SECRETARY BASSETT.

I am glad to be able to announce that the Michigan State Horti-
cultural ‘Society now has the largest membership in its history—over
300 life members, 600 annual members and over 1050 auxiliary mem-
bers, a total of over 2,000 members. Interest in Michigan horticulture
never was so active and progressive and the educational work now laid
out by the Executive Board must bring results that will be very grati-
fying to the members as well as profitable to the State.

During the past year your Secretary has organized eight new auxil-
iary societies, with a total charter member ship of nearly 1,000. He
has made 24 visits to different fruit sections in Michigan and has as-
sisted in four horticultural meetings in other states. No state society
with which I am acquainted is attempting more for the good of its
members than is our own and if all would preach our mission of “More
and Better Fruit in Michigan” we would soon awaken an interest that
would accomplish more for our State than can be expected from any
Similar enterprise now before our people. Not but a few of the people
know what the State Society is doing and it is the duty of every
present member to urge all to enlist under its banner.

In regard to our co-operative buying plan, I submit that it cannot
well be carried on without running up against occasional snags, and we
have had a lot of them the past year. However, we have learned much
from our experience which we hope will be of much benefit to us in the
future, which will assist in perfecting our plan so that we will be able
to do better work, and save the growers a large sum of money.

While I am not able to give you a direct report on the amount of
business transacted by our Association during the past year, as that is a
matter which is still unsettled, I can state in a general way that, as near

46 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

as I can figure it, we have saved the growers of this Society not less than
$13,000 the past year. When we take into consideration that a great
many people in the state of Michigan purchase goods outside of the So-
ciety, and because of our co-operative efforts, the price is greatly low-
ered, so that other firms who handle these products are obliged to come
to our prices in order to sell their goods, you can see something of what
this co-operative plan has been in the way of a benefit to our fruit grow-
ers, who have to purchase spraying materials and fertilizing products.
I say frankly, that I believe we have reason to be grateful for the way
in which this is working out.

There is a plan at the present time, but which is not yet completed,
for this Society to have issued each month from the Secretary’s office, a
Bulletin in the nature of an official organ. It should contain much of in-
formation from the Secretary’s office concerning co-operative plans,
crop reports, prospects for the future, etc. We certainly should have
such an organ; in fact, we have needed it for a long time, and now it is
almost imperative. I believe that the plan laid out by the Board for
this publication can be carried to completion, if we can arrange to have
it entered for delivery through the mails at second class rates. The
state of Michigan .can be greatly benefited by having such a medium.
It is not the idea that one man will do all the writing, but copy will
be furnished by the members from all parts of the state. This publica-
tion must be your organ, and if it is attempted, you must send it items
of news that will mean something and which will be of interest te the
members.

One other matter that I wish to urge. Many of you have nice orchard
_scenes which show and prove something, that we want to impress upon

the public at large. We want pictures of these but we don’t care for
them merely as pictures. I don’t want any pictures unless they have an
educational value. Send these pictures to the Secretary and on the back
of each picture indicate from whom it is sent, place, and what it repre-
sents. I have received more than one picture that didn’t have a single
thing on it, so it was impossible to tell from whom the picture came,
or what it represented and therefore was worthless.

During the past year we have lost some members by death. I desire
especially that our life membership. be corrected to date and I wish
that you would look through our life membership list and tell me of any
deaths that do not appear, and if the friends can send me a biographical
sketch of that person’s life I will see that it is incorporated in the an-
nual report, so that our members may know of the good deeds of those
who have passed from us. We want to keep their good example before
the public and I hope you will furnish me with any information regard-
ing the passing away of our life members, or for that matter of any
of our members who have been helpful.

Two members to whom I wish to call your attention are Mr. Edward
Hawley and Mr. Alexander Hamilton.

Edward Hawley was born in Paterson, New Jersey, Sept. 20th, 1836.

He was educated in the public schools of Brooklyn and there learned
the trade of machinist and draftsman, at which trade he worked for
a number of years. In the early sixties he came to Michigan with his
family and settled on a farm at Burr Oak. Later in 1868 he moved to
Ganges, Allegan county, where he began to raise fruit. For the rest of

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. 47

his life he was very active in the industry, being interested in the
nursery business as well as raising the fruit. He became interested in
this society at an early date and, while he did not often take part in
the discussions, he quite regularly attended its meetings and was very
much interested in its work. He counted some of his best friends among
its members. His regard for those men who aided and are building up
the horticultural science of today was very high and his faith in the
future of Michigan’s fruit growing was unbounded. He died at Fenn-
ville in February of this year. :

Mr. Hamilton passed away during last October. He was.a man that
I have always held in very high esteem and I was glad to count him as
a personal friend, as his example was one worthy of emulation. He
was, from my very first knowledge of horticulture in Michigan, held up
to me as an honest nurseryman and I know that there are many in
this audience to testify to the honesty and integrity of Alexander Ham-
ilton. Certainly if an honest man is the noblest work of God, Alexander
Hamilton was one of the noblest works of the Creator.

On motion, duly seconded, the report of the Secretary was unanimously
adopted.

President Smythe—I believe there is a resolution before the House,
introduced last year, the purpose of which is to change the annual
membership fee from fifty cents to one dollar. We cannot change the
constitution of our Society without giving a year’s notice. This notice
was given last year by Mr. Hale, and would have to be acted upon at this
meeting.

Mr. Hale—I gave notice last year that I would at this meeting,
make a motion to change the constitution bearing on the annual mem-
bership, making the annual dues one dollar a year instead of fifty cents.
Now, ladies and gentlemen, during the past years things have changed.
We are not now in the day of cheap fruit and low prices for other farm
products that we used to have. Everything is higher now than it was
then, and it seems to me that it would only be in keeping with the
times to advance the membership fee. Even one dollar is but very little
for the amount of good we receive through the agency of the Michigan
. State Horticultural Society, and therefore I now make a motion to
change the fee so that the annual membership will be one dollar a
member.

A Member—lI second the motion.

Chairman—You have heard the resolution and the second. Are there
any remarks?

Mr. Keasey—In consideration of the fact that we are not yet out of
the gloom of the past few years, and in consideration of the fact that we
have many, many people, who today are not in attendance because of
the lack of that little fifty cents; and in view of the fact that many here
have sacrificed to be here at this splendid convention so as to be with us,
it seems to me that this time is a little premature for raising this price.
There is a better day coming for Michigan, when the one dollar can
be more -easily raised than now, so I am in favor of leaving the price
as it now is. : .

Mr. Welch—I think the move is a good one, and we can easily afford
the extra fifty cents. We are asking our Secretary to do a large amount
of work in which there is involved considerable expense and much more

48 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

work than would be done by any other man who was not in it for the
real love of the work. And right here I want to say that I don’t be-
lieve that we can find a Secretary with the experience and the ability
that our present Secretary has, who will do the work he is doing simply
for the love of it. There is need of all the money that can be brought
into the organization, and every cent will be wisely expended for the
advancement of the individual members of this Society.

Mr. Fitch—I would like to inquire what effect this would have on
the membership of auxiliary societies.

The Chairman—It does not affect the auxiliary societies.

Mr. Smythe—I appreciate very much what Mr. Keasey said. We had
fifteen hundred dollars from the state. The state got poor and cut us
down to a thousand, and we only have a thousand dollars a year to
run this society and besides the little that comes from the Lyon Mem-
orial Fund. It costs something to run a meeting like this. Our Secre-
tary has to have a nominal sum—he is satisfied or he would not hold
the office, but I must say that I think he ought to have much more for
the work he does, so I do not feel, in view of the fact that we have so
little to do with, that we should hesitate to raise our price to one dol-
lar. Certainly fifty cents, or one dollar even is very insignificant in com-
parison with the results that come to every fruit grower through the
efforts of the Horticultural Association of this State.

Mr. Friday—I agree that some of us have been pretty poor for several
years past, but as I understand it, this raise in price will not take effect
until next year, and as I believe we are going to have in Michigan
this coming year the most abundant crop of fruit ever raised, I for
one am in favor of the raise. (Applause).

Mr. Gleason—I would like to ask the last speaker who seems to be
something of a prophet, what assurance there is that we are to have
a better crop next year than in previous years.

Mr. Friday—If we do not have something good to look forward to
in the future it would be pretty hard for us, for hope is the only thing
we have left in Michigan to buoy up the possibility of our fruit growers
and all the prospects seem to indicate that our hopes will be realized.

Mr. Gleason—It seems to me that if it can be shown that the Society
needs more money to carry it on successfully, then perhaps it is all
right to raise the fee, but if this can not be shown I do not think it
necessary,

Mr. Smythe—We certainly need it.

Mr. Bassett—You know we are talking about going before the Legis-
lature to ask for an appropriation and we are up against a pretty
hard proposition, for this work cannot be done without funds. We
were as you know, cut from $1500 to $1000 and the Attorney General
ruled at that time that we were not even entitled to the $1000, and we
would not have had it if his ruling had been carried out. We asked him
to ask the legislature for a mandamus which would give us a day in
court to present the matter before the supreme court. If we had been
refused a hearing by the legislature we would not have had a day
in court and now I do not know as we are going to get the support
we anticipated for I do not know as our men and women in this Society
will stand by us in the matter. The strongest Society in the United
States today is the New York Society and they do not get one cent

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FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. 49

from the State, and they charge $2.00 and you cannot get into their
front door until you have paid your $2.00. (A voice—‘And it 1s worth
it, too.) As for myself, I do not care for the salary. One dollar is
nothing as compared with what many save on their orders of lime and
sulphur and their products which they purchase from the Society. I
firmly believe that this Society should be on a plane where if we ever
had to go to the people for our support, there will be a ready response.
I believe we could adopt the New York plan. Something that don’t cost
anything isn’t worth anything. It is no more than right that the man
“who receives the benefits of the Society should be willing to pay for
these benefits, but if no charge is made for them and they are had with-
out cost, they are not appreciated as they should be. You go to the
New York Society and the man who puts $2.00 into the treasurer’s hand
says to himself, “T am going after that $2.00 worth and I expect to get
Litegg

And I want to tell you that you never saw a livelier horticultural
meeting in your life than they have there. They do something, and
the results that accrue to the members are very great as compared with
the membership if even though it is $2.00. :

We have here bought on the co-operative plan and all the materials
we have furnished at much cheaper rates than they could be had for
in the regular way. We bought potash last year for $3.00 less than
it cost the company when they supplied it; but if they are so anxious for
our business that they will pay us $3.00 for shipping the goods to us
I think we have the warranty in asking for the advance, and I believe
the society can use the extra money to a very good advantage.

Mr. Hale—I would like to hear from some of these old members. I
have been a member of this Society for twenty-two years and I expect
to continue to be a member as long as I am in the fruit business. During
all this time I have taken an active part in the work and now I want to
say that for what Mr. Bassett is saving for the members of this Society
they could well afford to pay $5.00 a year. I would like to hear from
Mr. Cook, Mr. Garfield and others.

A Member—lI have no desire to clip the wings of these officials. No
efficient mechanic can work without tools. I want it understood that
I am going to follow this Society no matter what the membership rate
may be. I simply want this to appear plain when this question is put
to a vote.

Mr. Garfield—I am proud of the Michigan State Horticultural So-
ciety. Its standing and record are on a par with any other state or
organization of its kind. I do not want to be responsible for the effort
to cheapen this society as compared with other Societies, and
there is no other Society that I know of that has'a mem-
bership fee of less than one dollar. We cheapen the So-
ciety when we have a fee of only fifty cents. Then when it is known
that every fifty cents that is put in comes straight back to us it seems
to me that simply as a matter of investment we cannot afford to pay
less than this amount and I am strongly in favor of the resolution to
raise the price of membership to one dollar.

Mr. Cook—Having had considerable experience in connection with
the inside workings of the Society, I know what it means to be shy of
money with which to carry out the purposes and aims of the Society, so

vi

50 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

I am heartily in favor of raising this fee of one dollar and I shall cer-
tainly attend the Society just the same. The farmer or fruit grower who
will not be willing to pay out a dollar for the benefit that the Society
can be to him, is to be pitied. It is my opinion that we are all the bet-
ter for the Society.

Mr. Fitch—I am of the same opinion as Mr. Cook. It makes me feel
rather small when the members of this State Association are willing
to pay $1.00 to be a member here and I am a member of an auxiliary
Association and entitled to all the privileges, getting the reports and the
papers that are published. I am not only in favor of raising the price of
the membership of the State Association, but if it is necessary, to
serve a year’s notice that a motion will be made to advance the price
of membership in the auxiliary society to $1.00.

Mr. Bassett—You can give notice of that advance if you care to.

Mr. Smythe—I am in favor of raising the price to $0.75 but not to
$1.00.

The Chairman—All that are in favor of Mr. Hale’s motion of raising
the membership of the State Society from $0.50 to $1.00. will signify it
by raising the hand. Contrary the same sign. The ayes have it.

Mr. Welch—One year from today I will make a motion raising the
life membership from $5.00 to $10.00 and increase the dues of auxiliary
societies from 25 cents to 50 cents.

APPLE CULTURE.
(W. W. FARNSWORTH, WATERVILLE, OHIO.)

When I received a program from your secretary, and saw there were
‘two good numbers on a kindred topic, I felt like the old darky who one
day met one of his brethren in a cabin, and in the course of the conversa-
tion fell to discussing good things to eat. Finally a wager was made,
and Dinah was to be the stake-holder, that Sambo could name the
best things for tickling the colored palate. He began with ’possum,
sweet potatoes and water melon and—“Hold on,” said the other, his
under jaw dropping, “Dinah, give him the money, there’s nothing left
for me to say.”

But when I remembered that we all looked at these things from a
different standpoint, and our experiences are different, so I presume
there may be something left for us to discuss. Then, after listening to the
discussion that has already taken place, and noting the variety of opin-
ions and diversity of methods and practice, I thought I might tell my
experience, and together we might talk over these points which we do
not thoroughly understand, or about which there is a difference of
opinion.

The first thing I will mention is the choice of soil. In selecting a
location care should be exercised as regarding drainage, and if it is
not naturally drained, it should be artificially done by tile.

if SUE from the very beginning of my career as a fruit grower to

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. 51

fill the soil with humus by any methods that might be employed to best
advantage with the means at hand.

In the planting of trees I have usually selected varieties that were
hardy, and had a good root system, regardless of top system, using
Northern Spy and Ben Davis, and top-graft from scions of other varie-
ties, and think that by so doing I have gained some in early productive-
ness; and then, too, I know that the varieties that I will have when
I gather the fruit will be right, and true to name; and more, I will have
gained by having all of my varieties on a good hardy root system. Both
of the above mentioned varieties have an excellent root system, and I
think more uniform results can be secured by top-grafting. I presume
you have all noticed a variation in the individuality of some kind of
trees. For instance, one Baldwin will produce better fruit, higher color,
more uniform in size, even in the same soil, than another tree of the
same kind.

I have planted at different distances. I plant about 20 feet apart
each way and use apple trees as fillers. If I plant a variety coming
into late bearing, I would fill in with some other variety that bore at
an earlier date. If I am planting Jonathan, I just as leave use Jona-
thans as fillers as anything else, and the same holds good with some
of the earlier varieties. I am not condemning the use of other trees,
such as plum, peach and pears as fillers, if you want to, but I see no
objection to using apple trees. If your peach trees are properly cared
for, they should last 12 or 15 years, and anybody would see that an apple
tree should bear much sooner than that.

We keep our trees down by pruning. Keep them so that the sun-
light will get to them. This is one of the essentials of fruit growing,
and quite as much as spraying. High-colored fruit comes from the
sunlight getting to it. It is not the crowding of the roots that does
harm, for you can feed these roots and make up to a certain extent, at
least, for the lack of fertility in the soil to support them when too
much crowded, but when you neglect to let sunshine into your trees, then
the fruit is going to suffer in more ways than one.

Our method of cultivation is not so much different than other grow-
ers, and is divided into three distinct periods. First, when the tree
is first planted, we top-graft, yet most writers I believe advocate letting
the trees stand a year before grafting: We plant the trees in the fall
or as early in the spring as possible and then in the spring we graft
with scions cut in the late fall, about the time of the holidays, as soon
as the wood is ripened and we store them in any place where there
is an even temperature. They can be stored in sawdust, moss or sand,
and keep them dormant, as nearly as possible as they were when taken
from the trees. In the spring, wait until the trees you have planted in
the fall or spring, begin to leave out, even until blooming time and then
do your top-grafting. poe ;

We use the old-fashioned cleft graft—we cut the tree off at two feet,
from the ground. These are too small to put in two scions, so we use only
one. The reason for this is that there is not enough force in the tree
to support two. Then instead of leaving a square cut, and letting the
opposite corner from the scion die, we cut off that corner. We have
had excellent results by this method, and I do not think we lose more

52 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

than one per cent of the scions. We use scions, aiming to have one bud
right down in the cleft where it will be waxed over.

For the first two years we either grow vegetables, such as potatoes,
or small fruit, such as strawberries, currants, raspberries, etc. We have
however, given up the plan of growing raspberries, as we doubt the
advisability of it. We now use generally currants or strawberries, al-
ternating occasionally with potatoes. You may know that all this time
I am using every possible opportunity to fill that ground with humus.
When growing strawberries, we plow under the straw used as a cover-
ing, the berry tops, also the potato tops, those all furnishing a certain
amount of humus. So we put in a crop of sand-vetch, put on stable
manure, and this practice we keep up for six, seven or eight years,
varying according to the orchard.

In the second stage, about when the trees begin bearing, take out the
small fruits and begin to put in cover crops. That is one thing that
makes fruit growing so pleasant—it is this that makes it so interesting.
If we had a set of rules that we could lay down and follow, if we could
read from a book just what to do and how to do it, and then feel and
know that everything would come out just right and as you expected,
that delightful uncertainty that is always connected with this industry
would not be experienced. It is this that gives zest to the work. We
can have our plans; we can lay down our rules, but in the practical
application of them we will find that they have to be modified, perhaps
in 24 hours after the plan of action is determined upon.

We work up our orchard just as early in the spring as possible, be-
cause every day the ground les undisturbed, we are losing a great
amount of moisture by evaporation. So we plow our orchard just as
early as possible, and as a rule, work the orchard until the 1st of July.
One of our cover-crops is soy beans and cow peas. Perhaps you may not
get the same results that we do, but you will get good results. We culti-
vate the ground as before stated, until about the 1st of June with har-
rows and discs and cutaway harrow, occasionally following with a
spring tooth harrow. We drill in the soy beans with an ordinary grain
drill, omitting every third row. This makes cultivation possible again,
and this can be kept up until the latter part of July, and by doing
so you can hold the moisture, growing a covercrop that can be used
to add humus and nitrogen to your soil.

If your orchard is so situated that you can keep hogs, you can by
planting an earlier maturing soy bean, grow a good deal of hog feed,
turning the hogs in there. To repeat, my idea is to cultivate the orch-
ard, get a growth as much as possible early in the season, if you want
to grow cover-crop without cultivation, do it when your trees are not
growing, or bearing. This applies to young orchards that are just be-
ginning to bear. Then after the cow peas and the soy beans are done
growing, we have a multitude of plants that can be used. Sometimes
I use turnips as a winter cover-crop. Much of the time I use vetch;
indeed, I have used it for a number of years. We sow it sometimes
during August, while it does not make a very heavy showing, in the
fall, it will make a magnificent growth in the spring; it matures so
much quicker in spring than clover does. There is, however, an objection
that has been urged against this plan, and that is, that the water it draws
out of the ground may be needed by the trees. But the vetch takes as

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. 53

little moisture out of the ground as any other kind of cover-crop, and
it retains a great deal of that mosture, so that the ground that is
growing sand vetch may contain just as much moisture in June and
July, as the ground that is bare, that does’not grow the humus crop.
We sometimes sow clover. I have one young orchard of four or five
hundred Jonathans eight years old that has been manured, and we plow-
ed it early in May, in June sowed red clover, clipped it once or twice, it
grew a good crop, the trees are young, not all the ground being occupied,
so the roots had plenty of room, and an excellent crop of apples was
harvested. Next vear we will let the clover grow and lay on the ground.
In other words, my rule is this: that you can grow a crop of fertility
on the soil, under most conditions better and cheaper than you can draw
it in. I will mulch the trees with that clover next year.

Now we come to the third stage, when the trees have thoroughly occu-
pied the ground, and the limbs begin to spread; then I have found it
better to abandon cultivation and use a mowing machine and scythe and
haul in whatever we have manure, potato tops, etc., and by so doing
add to the humus and yet not cultivate the ground. Perhaps I might
explain that my land is not a heavy soil or a light sand. On some other
soil you would have to modify this treatment.

Another thing I want to speak of in this connection, is the fact that
I believe we have been planting our trees too closely together. It is
partly the result of greed on the part of the nurserymen, and the inex-
perience of the grower. We have all made that mistake. Recently I
went through a cherry orchard and cut out every other tree because I
saw that if they remained in there, the orchard would soon be ruined.
Of course when we plant, we usually do so with the idea and intention
of taking them out when the time came in order to give room, but there
are too many orchards that are altogether too closely planted for their
good. I know that a good many have an idea that an apple orchard does
not bear every year, and ther efore does not need a great deal of feeding;
and there are some pretty good so-called authorities of high standing
in horticultural lines that advocate this idea, but I will have to differ
from them. The men who are growing the best crops for eight or ten
years and for forty years are feeding their orchards. I had a_ block
of Greening on ground that had not been fed. The foliage was light, the
growth small. Then the men began putting on some manure from the
henhouse, also some ashes, and in a short time there was a marked
change in the appearance, the foliage was ranker, and the yield of fruit
was better, showing unmistakably the effects of the feeding.

Another thing that I learned right there was the danger of using an
unbalanced fertilizer. These poultry droppings contain an excess of ni-
trogen.” While the trees bore heavily, where this manure was used too
freely the fruit did not color up. We made note of this, and the first
time we picked a block of Baldwins we took particular note, and then
a week later we picked some more and still they were not colored as they
should be, and to test the matter out, we left a few on as late as we
possibly could but they did not color up very well. It is barely possible
that some ingredient such as phosphoric acid or potash could be used to
neutralize or balance up the excess of nitrogenous element, but I think
hardly possible to do it entirely, for the excessive growth of foliage
caused by the heavy feeding, would interfere with the coloring. With

54 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

the Grimes Golden and the Greening it is not so important, but with the
Jonathans, Spies and other varieties it is, and we should be careful not
to give too much nitrogen, for a poorly colored apple is a poor seller
in the market.

I feed from two to three car-loads of stock every year. I buy a good
deal of oil meal, use clover and corn fodder, and I also reinforce this
manure with phosphoric acid, so as to balance up the stable manure
which is a one-sided fertilizer.

My method is not very different from what has been mentioned here
today with this exception—I think it was Mr. Smythe who said some-
thing about there not being very many orchards around us—by brother
and I have the only orchard right in our vicinity, and we have been
taking care of these orchards right from the start. It is twenty-five
years since we began spraying—I think I was one of the first in the state
to do this work in a systematic manner,—so our orchards have not be-
come infected by the insect troubles to as great an extent as some. My
practice of spraying is quite in common with what has been outlined
here, but as an illustration of what may be done under favorable cir-
cumstances, I will say that I have only sprayed twice for our apples
during the past year. Our first spraying was made for scale, during
dormant condition, about as late as possible with lime and sulphur about
the last thing. We think we get better fungicidal effects by light spray-
ing. Then we spray again as soon as the blossoms fall, doing a good
job. For this spraying we use one to thirty-three, commercial lime and
sulphur with two and one-half pounds arsenate of lead to 50 gallons of
water. The results have been very satisfactory. In this connection I
might mention one little thing that would be of interest, lime-sulphur
and arsenate of lead makes a sticky mixture and we found difficulty in
getting a good stream through the supply hose, so we got two screens so
we could change them when one got clogged, and put the clogged one in
an earthen jar of vinegar to clean it. We use a pressure of 130 to 160
Ibs., and spray with two lines of hose and two large nozzles on each line.
Of course just our modus operandi in each particular case always de-
pend on the conditions of the weather, ete. You will understand that
our orchards are clean.

Then for a number of years we sprayed a second time for the codling
moth. This year, Prof. Green checked over the experiment and he stated
to me that he thought that less than one-half of one per cent of the fruit
was wormy. This meant spraying, and of course the result depends on
how thoroughly you spray.

I spoke of thinning apples. I have been practicing it for a number of
years, I think it pays on most varieties.

Just a word on varieties. When I began planting a commercial or-
chard, we were shipping to Toledo an apple better than the Ben Davis
which had been on the market, and when their flavor and quality were
recognized. there was a ready sale. The Ben Davis had been shipped in
there, and that is what they knew as a commercial apple. The Ben
Davis has a place, but that place is where they cannot grow as good
apples as they can in Michigan, Ohio and western New York. Western
New York, Michigan and Ohio grow the best apples in quality that can
be found anywhere.

So let us not debase our calling by growing something that those fel-

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. 55

lows down in the Ozark Mountains grow, where they can not grow any
thing else. (Applause). I can not call Ben Davis in my trade now.
When I consign the Ben Davis, I get them as far away from my friends
and neighbors as possible, and then they are usually sold as N. Y. Snows
and Winter Pippins.

Mr. Edwards: They are sold in this country as American Beauties.

Mr. Farnsworth, (continuing). Well, they are American, and they are
very fine lookers—but looks deceive. The San Jose scale has not been al-
together an unmitigated curse—there are features about it that make
it a sort of blessing in disguise. It has caused us to look about us and
as we have seen the finé looking specimens come in from the West we
have been led to strive for quality, and in so doing have demonstrated
that we can grow them much cheaper and of better quality, and the
public is fast beginning to find this out. And with a little more pub-
licity, this fact will be so well known that there will be a greater demand
for our first class products than we can supply.

As to varieties that we have been growing, we have given quite a pref-
erence to Jonathans. I would advise growing this apple, as it is a very
safe apple to plant. It has a number of very strong points. It comes
into bearing early; it has a fineness of texture and a delicacy of flavor
that commend it to public, and it usually grows true to type. It is a
beautiful apple, and this is one point in its favor as a seller. The tree
is hardy, productive, and comparatively long-lived. It requires high
culture, however.

Sutton Beauty is another variety that I should like to see generally
introduced. To my fancy they are a better eating apple than the Jon-
athans.

Now a word about spraying materials. I think it was a year ago I
stated at our state meeting in Ohio that I thought I had used my last
gallon of bordeaux. My friends took exception to this, but since that
time they have acknowledged the coin. Now they are satisfied with
lime and sulphur. For a summer spray I use this 1 to 33 on apples; 1 to
40 on cherry and pear and plum. It controls the scab, and does not rust
the fruit. Used in connection with the arsenate of lead it does the work
all right, and gave me the finest color I ever had on fruit. I also found
my plums were absolutely free from rot. I asked my son to count the
plums that had rot on them that he found during the day, and in packing
104 bushels, he found only three plums that were even specked with rot,
and that was from a variety that is notorious for the rot. OF

Now just a word about pruning. My theory is this, that pruning is a
necessary evil. It is necessary because we cannot grow trees without it.
It is an evil, because every limb you cut off weakens the tree, but we
must do it. But I believe we should never cut off a limb without a
reason. We should try to start a head low down, and then avoid un-
necessary pruning after that. The last orchard that I started that is old
enough to bear now, after we got it pruned four years ago, I began to
practice this letting-alone method. Our foreman objected, and I sent
him away to another part of the farm, and I took some of my green
hands and we pruned that orchard in a hurry. We cut off the water
_ Sprouts and crossing limbs, but the side limbs that formed the fruit buds
we let alone. We had orchards this year, five years planted, that bore
fruit on a great many varieties, Rhode Island Greening, Rome Beauties,

— 56 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

McIntosh, Grimes Golden, and after they have borne a few years, and
have formed the fruit-bearing habit, then you can prune them more and
not detract from the bearing habit. I would not sacrifice the symmetry
of a tree, for the first few crops do not amount to very much anyway.
I think we have been pruning our trees too much in many instances.
Fifteen years ago, before my apple orchards were bearing much, I used to
buy fruit in the neighborhood—in one year I bought and packed the
product from 110 orchards, and got considerable experience in handling
the fruit, and one thing that struck me was, that the fruit was cheap,
I was paying a dollar a barrel, but when the grocerymen came to dispose
of it to their customers, it was at a very material advance over what I
paid for it, but on investigation I found that no one made any very big
profit. So I set about devising a scheme to cut out some of this unneces-
sary cost. The result was that when my own orchards came into bearing,
I built a cold-storage of my own. I am so situated that we have good
market facilities. If you have good transportation facilities, a few miles
more or less do not make much difference. And having different variet--
ies, Grimes Golden, Rambo, Sutton Beauty, that class of apples, I did not
have to “work up” a trade—like Topsy, it growed.

A basket of these apples shipped to a friend, and their neighbors
want some like them, and the consequence is, your product is soon easily
disposed of. The first time I introduced them into a place I just took a
sample of them to the grocers, explained our methods, and sent them
packed in 20-lb. baskets, covered, and consigned them by electric car
on order, and there was no difficulty in getting an order for supplying
them.

The next thing is your price. Set vour own price, and then let the
erocer add to that to get his profit, and that will make the selling price.
You see a much better price can be secured by myself, and not have them
exorbitant in price, and then you are master of the situation—you dic-
tate the price.

I advise a cold storage plant where it is possible. No one who has
not had one can appreciate the joy of it. We have one on our place, and
we find it a great help as well as very profitable. We go over our trees,
such varieties as Greenings, Grimes Golden we pick at once, but the
Spies and Rome Beauty, we do not pick at all until they have the color,
and go over the trees several times. Everything is put in storage in
bushel crates. They are hauled right in, and if the weather is warm,
the apples are left to stand in the shade until the next morning earty,
when they are cold, they are placed in storage while the temperature
outside is such ag not to raise the temperature in the house. We sort
them just as ordgryd, and that gives us a little less work at picking time.
and provides something to do when other work is not so plenty in winter.
We find this a very satisfactory way of handling our fruit.

DISCUSSION.

A Member—How late in the fall would you advise planting apple
trees?

Mr. Farnsworth—We have planted trees any time clear up to the win-
ter, till it freezes up, though it would be better a little earlier.

A Member—Do you think that banking up the trees will prevent
freezing?

“J

on

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT.

Mr. Farnsworth—Yes. We bank up around trees as a_ protection
against mice also. : ‘

Q. I would like’to ask if there is any system of pruning that will
control the growth of an apple orchard to the extent that we can keep it
at the desirable height, and not allow the trees to crowd?

Mr. Farnsworth—Do you mean laterally or in height?

AY Both.

Mr. Farnsworth—If you will give your trees plenty of room they wil!
spread more. We cut off the tops of trees to keep them down. T have
never thought but what they should spread out and keep from going up
in height. Our western friends are cutting the side branches off at ends
also.

A Member—lIs there anything better than tar paper that can be used
as a protection from mice?

Mr. Farnsworth—Soapsuds and carbolic acid put around the trees is
excellent and so also is lime and sulphur. Fine wire is often used.

Q. Have you found any cheaper substitute for arsenate of lead?

Mr. Farnsworth—Yes, but it was dearer—in the end. It is arsenate
of soda—but after giving it a trial I have dropped it, as I think that it
injures the foliage. It is not always that which is cheapest in dollars
is cheapest in the end. I feel that arsenate of lead is cheapest in the
long run.

A Member—How far apart would you plant an apple orchard ?

Mr. Farnsworth—That depends on varieties—Yellow Transparent,
Duchess and varieties of this class can be planted closer than others.
The Spy, Baldwin, and Greening when fully grown should be 40 to 45
feet apart. That is the distance I planted mine. It is largely a ques-
tion of varieties and cultivation.

A Member—How close was the cherry orchard that you cut out?

Mr. Farnsworth—It was about 18 feet; 22 to 25 feet is near enough—
depends on varieties. The Montmorency and varieties like this make
rather large trees, and they should be set further apart. You had better
have 50 vigorous trees, with good sunlight, low enough so you will not
_be obliged to use long ladders, and then raise first class fruit, than
more trees to a given area that raise fruit that you will be ashamed of.
of.

Q. If the Rome Beauty does so well in Ohio, would it not do well in
southern Michigan? I understand that it does well in sandy soil.

Mr. Farnsworth—The most that I can say is that it is worth a trial.
One of my intimate friends is a leading grower of it in southern Ohio.
IT am understanding it more every year. You must be careful. Its home
is on the thin hills of southeastern Ohio. If you will come to our an-
nual apple show about the 10th of January, you will see such a display
of these apples that it will dazzle your eyes.

Q. Would it be advisable to thin them out?

Mr. Farnsworth—There is something peculiar about that—we would
have to thin them more here than there. They grow bushy down there.
They are a commercial apple in the southern part of Ohio. Their beauty
and shipping qualities are fine, and as for flavor they are about half-
way between a Baldwin and a Ben Davis. They are only to be recom-
mended on trial in Michigan.

Q. In your ice plant do you have an ice chamber overhead? I would
like a little description of your plant.

58 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Mr. Farnsworth—Our plant will hold between 7,000 and 8,000 bushels
and cost $2,500. The ice plant is located above. In the basement we
have a potato cellar. I am satisfied that it has more than paid for it-
self.

Q. In the planting of an orchard of a thousand trees, what varieties
would you advise setting?

Mr. Farnsworth—I have one orchard in mind that I planted of the
standard varieties, such as Jonathans, etc., forty feet apart, then filled
in the first six rows with Yellow Transparent, six rows of Duchess, then
three rows of Chenango Strawberrys and two rows of Ben Davis, two
rows of Wagner, and since then I have top grafted Ben Davis to Chenan-
go. I planted Greenings and Baldwins and then filled in alternately with
Rome Beauty. By the time the trees between rows have developed I will
find out whether my Rome Beauty will amount to anything. If so I
will take out the Baldwins. That is one advantage of the filler system—
when you have varieties you are uncertain about. I would plant on the
first row, Jonathans, then, on the third, fifth and seventh rows, and in
this way I would have a square that would check forty feet apart each
way. The row in between the Jonathans would be filled in with the
Yellow Transparent. This gives a chance to take out the one in the
center and still have the trees left forty feet apart.

Q. Do you spray the plums just as you do the apples?

Mr. Farnsworth—We spray our plums once before the blossoms open
for scale and scab; we go on the principle that the scale is there whether
it is or not, and then as soon as the blossoms fall we spray again. An-
other point is the effect of the Lime-Sulphur which is somewhat cumula-
tive. You can use the Lime-Sulphur once and arsenate of lead. The
next spray I would use water and arsenate of lead and the third time
over I would use Lime-Sulphur and arsenate of lead. We may thus
spray the plums three or four times after the blossoms, then before the
plums begin to ripen we spray again with lime and sulphur and arsenate
of lead and the result is that we have no rot.

Q. Do you have any trouble with lice?

Mr. Farnsworth—We have had some, but we have kept it down fairly.
well by thorough use of Lime and Sulphur.

Q. Weather conditions in July enter into the question do they not?

Mr. Farnsworth—Yes, this has a great deal to do with it.

Q. What do you know about the Winter Banana Apple and what is
your opinion of it?

Mr. Farnsworth—I have the apple in my orchard and have been
growing it for eight or ten years and my opinion of it can be expressed
by saying that I have not planted any more since the first lot I put out.
I may be mistaken. Sometimes we get opinions that are not correct, but
I don’t like the apple. The flavor is quite like the old fashioned Man-
drake of your boyhood days, and there is not more than one in a hundred
that iS really fit to show.

Mr. Woodard—Have you noticed any difference where the trees are
cultivated and where they grow in the grass?

Mr. Farnsworth—Yes, we have found there is quite a difference where
the trees grow or where they are cultivated. In the grass they seem to
have a better color partly because the cultivation liberates the nitrogen,
of course. Perhaps if we would put in more potash to balance it up it
would be all right.

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. 59

Q. Don’t you get a better color by Lime-Sulphur than Bordeaux?

A. Yes. Last year I ruined a crop by Bordeaux, but this year I used
Lime-Sulphur and it was all right.

Q. I would like to know a little about thinning of trees. How much

you thin, etc?
" Mr. Farnsworth—Of course the question of thinning is a pretty hard
one, for which no definite rule can be laid down. The orchardist who
has been picking apples knows how they bear. My way of thinning is to
go into the orchard with my man, thin myself, just as I want the work
done, and require that they do it that way. You may say to your man,
“Leave the fruit so many inches apart?” -and the chances are they will
not do as you say; but if you will go with them and give them an illus-
tration of just how you want the work done you will get reasonably sat-
isfactory results. We thin our plums, apples, peaches, and pears, and
we finish thinning peaches before picking strawberries if possible. The
sooner you can thin a tree after the June crop drop, the better. The
trees that are thinned later will not bear so large fruit as those that are
thinned earlier in the season. There is some variation in different trees
and the results we get in thinning as above indicated are very satis:
factory.

Q. Do you mix your own Lime-Sulphur for summer spray?

Mr. Farnsworth—My brother and I have one of the best plants in the
state for making the home made article. We have tried both this and the
commercial article, but for the last two or three years we have used the
commercial article entirely.

On the peach I used the self boiled this year, but I shall use the com-
mercial product on the peach next year. I have never used it as yet.
Taking everything into consideration, we are satisfied that the saving of
time and the absolute uniformity we are able to get in the commercial
product than in the home-made, though in point of first money cost it
may be a little higher.

Q. I understand you to say that in planting in fillers, you would not
use Wagners?

Mr. Farnsworth—We have other varieties that do better on my soil.
Side by side Wagners are not bearing so much as the Duchess, Trans-
parent or Jonathan. That may not apply on all soils.

Q. Do you believe in planting a great number of varieties in a com-
mercial orchard?

Mr. Farnsworth—-That is a pertinent question. If you are situated
as I am it is all right. I have good facilities as regards transportation,
nearby market, etc. But for the general farmer and small fruit grower
I don’t believe I would advise it. For years I have been planning to
keep my work going over twelve months. We begin picking the apples:
as soon as possible and by having different varieties that mature at dif-
ferent times the labor of picking and getting on to the market is dis-
tributed over the entire season. Then as a rule growers want several
varieties. Early in the season it is Rambo, Grimes Golden, then Bald-
wins, Spies, etc. We have to have the different varieties in order to meet
this demand.

Q. What have you to say on the matter of wind-brakes?

Mr. Farnsworth—I have wind breaks, but they are around our build-
ings and not around our orchards. I prevented blowing off of fruit by

60 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

planting a row or two of apples like the Ben Davis or Stark on the wind-
ward side and I have no difficulty on that score.

Q. What do you consider would be the best of two trees of equal size,
the Baldwin or Spy; in other words, what dem: md do you have for the
Spy and the Baldwin?

Mr. Farnsworth—I would rather have the Spy than the Baldwin, it
will sell better and yield better. Whenever I find a variety that is unsat-
isfactory I top-work it with Northern Spies.

Q. What is your opinion of the value of Grimes Golden, also of the
McIntosh?

Mr. Farnsworth—lIf I were limited to one variety it would be the
Grimes Golden. If I were limited to two varieties for market I would
add the Jonathan. It is the best apple I grow.

Q. Do you grow the Hubbardson ?

A. Not to any extent.

Q. How deep do you tile down?

A. Three to three and one-half feet.

Q. Do you have any difficulty with their filling up with roots or
freezing ?

A. We have not had any trouble of this kind.

THE ANNUAL BANQUET.

The Michigan State Horticultural Society without its banquet would
not be a Michigan State Horticultural Society. As the years go by it
becomes more and more the one event of the meeting which every member
looks forward to with pleasant anticipation. The annual banquet this
year did not fall behind those of previous years and was truly a flow of
soul and feast not only of reason but of good things to eat as well.

The banquet was held in the Armory which was tastily decorated with
bunting, potted plants, ferns, etc., and the supper was served under the
auspices of the ladies of the Baptist Church. Covers were laid for three
hundred people and at the tap of the bell when the seating was made
every chair was occupied. The meal was a delightfully served three-
course repast, and full justice was done to the good things provided for
the inner man.

Hon. Charles W. Garfield acted in the role of toastmaster, introducing
the various speakers in his inimitable manner. His bright and breezy
sallies of wit and humor greatly pleased the banqueters

On opening, Mr. Garfield related a bit of history in regard to the State
Horticultural Society, saying that it was organized in Grand Rapids
and that city tried for a long time to keep the organization there, but
in 1872 its first meeting was held outside that city, going to Benton Har-
bor, and from that time until this whenever the annual meeting is an-
nounced to be held here all are confident of a good time.

Mr. Rowe was the first speaker, and he began by saying “The apple is
king and the peach its blushing bride.” Michigan, he said, was surely
King Apple’s throne. No apples in the world excel the apples that
come from Michigan in quality and flavor. Mr. Rowe made an earnest
plea for a greater development in horticulture. We are nothing near
where we should be. California appropriates $50,000 for the promotion
of fruit growing; Michigan gives nothing. He advocated stringent laws

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. 61

governing the operations of nurserymen and their sale of tree stock, and
he said that a commissioner should be appointed in every fruit-growing
county. Nothing could be done without cooperation, and the better the
cooperation the more benefit would accrue to the fruit-growers.

Mr. David Woodard was next called upon, being designated as the
“youngest horticulturist” in the hall, being 85 years young. His per-
sonal experience of forty years as a fruit-grower were related tea bright
and breezy manner and he said that he believed that the fruit-growing
future of Michigan had in it possibilities that very few people realized.
So optimistic was he that he declared that when the meeting convened
in 1925 he would be on hand to show an exhibit of fruit from an orchard
he had just set out as seedlings. A rousing tiger cheer from the M. A. C.
students greeted him when he sat down.

Secretary Bassett responded to the toast “What Next.” “For years,”
said Mr. Bassett, “Michigan horticulture has been asleep. Our greatness
as a fruit-producing section has not been known or appreciated
by the outside world as it should be. Indeed, it has not
been understood or appreciated by ourselves, until the western fruit-
growers brought their products and laid them right down at our very
feet did we begin to bestir ourselves. It is our mission to exploit these
great opportunities which lie in stere for Michigan as a fruit state, to
the extent that all the world shall know that Michigan stands at the
head of the fruit-growing states of the union.”

Professor M. B. Waite of Washington, D. C., a government expert,
gave a very interesting and instructive account of what Uncle Sam is
doing for the fruit-growers and the agricultural people in general. The
United States Department of Agriculture is spending $13,000,000 an-
nually for the promotion and investigation of the science of tne soil;
12,000 people are on the pay roll and some 3,000 scientists are engaged
in scientific research, the object of which is to aid the farmer and fruit-
grower.

Mr. Paul Crissey of Geneva, IIl., spoke on the topic, “Who Is It That
Gives the Blast of the Horticultural Bugle—The Newspaper Man.” The
speaker injected into his short address many witty sayings that kept
his audience in a constant state of laughter and closed with an earnest
appeal in favor of the Back-to-the-Soil Movement which he said was the
hope of the future best welfare of the country.

Miss Chittenden of Lansing followed and made one of her character-
istic pleas for women in horticulture. She said that the working women
in the offices and shops of the cities were many of them specially fitted
for many kinds of farm work, especially horticulture, small fruits, flower
raising, gardening, etc.

At this point Mr. Daigneau of Benton Harbor, sang a solo which was
enthusiastically encored.

Mrs. Ballard, wife of the president of the Berrien County Horticult-
ural Society, was called upon by the toastmaster and spoke on the sub-
ject “The Life of a Farmer’s Wife,” declaring that she was not ashamed
that she was the wife of a farmer and wished to enter a pro-
test against the common idea that the life of the wife of the
farmer was a hard one; on the contrary, if it is what it
Should be, it is an ideal one, for unlike the wife of the
business man, the factory man, or the city man in general, the farm-

62 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

er’s wife is close to her husband, she is interested in his work and she
sees the fruit of his toil and rejoices in the success of his efforts.

Mr, J. GQ. France, a student of the Michigan Agricultural College,
spoke of the hopeful future in store for Michigan horticulturists and es-
pecially the possibilities in it for the young man of today who would
prepare himself to follow it intelligently.

Professor Eustace, also of the Agricultural College, gave an interest:
ing talk on “Preaching and Practicing,” bringing out the idea and em-
phasizing it that in order to have our work etfeetive it must be demon-
strated that our theories will work out in practice.

Llon, GO. 7. Monroe of South Haven, responded to the sentiment: “Lights
in Michigan Horticulture Shining over there.” He said in part :;—

“4. OQ. Holmes of Detroit was the secretary of the first State Horti-
cultural Society in the fifties. He was a ready writer and pleasing talk-
er Mo AL Co was fortunate in having his active etforts in its establish
ment, and he was the tirst secretary and had eh: irge of the Horticultural
Department and was an all round assistant, The old ¢ ‘ollege boys read-
ily reeall his genial and helpful companionship. In the seventies this
society appointed him with S. OQ. Knapp of Jackson, who was an active
member of the State Pair Board in its early days, and Judge H. G. Wells
of Kalumasoo, who was prominent in many public and private activities,
a committee to investigate the yellows. They formulated a number of
questions sending them out to many whom they thought would take pains
to answer and received many replies which they briefed in an elaborate
report to the society. Tt is published in the society report of T8783 and
is well worth perusal, not only for the valuable information, but as
showing the amount of work done for the society without pay for time
and expenses,

T. T. Lyon was the founder of the U. S. substation at South Haven,
President of this society for many years, a precise talker and a careful
writer, He had an international reputation and was’ regarded as an
authority on Horticultural matters.

Samuel Puller was the society's first treasurer, a hustler for members
ana a leader in contributing to its financial success.

Prof, Asa W. Slayton was the society's treasurer for a number of years.
He was trusty and faithful and always witty. His most practic al ser-
vices to the society were in asking pertinent questions, stirring up dis-
cussions, and giving terse answers to those put to him.

Benjamin Hathaway was a frequent writer on orchard and farm
topies and the shade and ornamental trees, shrubs and flowers about
his farm and home attested his love for rural life.

William Rowe was a popular and liberal contributor to horticultural
literature. He was the father of Geo. E. Rowe who answered the first
toast, Judge Ramsdell of ‘Traverse City and a cousin of the same name
at South Haven were pioneers in the nursery and orchard production
and gave liberally of their time for the furtherance of fruit growing.

Among the pioneer fruit growers who have passed on, leaving practi-
eal examples of horticultural work and re ee advice were Leyi
Loomis, Harrison Hutchins, W. A. Smith, and A. S. Dyckman. The lat-
ter, because of the large amount of peaches he Bahr earned the title
of “Peach King” of Michigan and held it for several years. Two who
have recently passed on are Edward Hawley and Alexander Hamil-

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. 63

ton, both useful citizens. It is especially fitting that the latter is men-
tioned at this meeting which is held on or near his first purchase in
Michigan in 1864.

One other eminently worthy of mention is the Rey, J. I. Taylor of
Douglas, who was not only a leader in good words and works in his
chosen profession, but has left plenty of evidence that he was a worthy
example and leader in horticulture. Let me simply recall his orchard
and two of his children, W. A. Taylor, practically head of Pomology in
the Department of Agriculture at Washington and Miss Grace Taylor
continuing her father’s work on the farm, as shown by her excellent fruit
contributed to the Land Show at Chicago and here at this meeting.

The lives, words and works of the above horticultural lights are worthy
of thoughtful attention and study, not only for our own instruction and
inspiration, but to transmit them undimmed to those who follow us.”

Mr. Fred A. Hobbs was one of the local speakers and kept the
audience in an almost continuous uproar of laughter by his many witty
sayings, as he gave advice to the fruit-growers present from his stand-
point of a “telephone farmer.”

President Smythe responded to the toast “Lake Michigan.’ In a most
interesting and poetic manner he referred to the beauties of this grand
body of water and the wonderful riches of the peach belt that lay along
its shores.

“Pictures in the Trees and Grass and Flowers,” was the topie of a talk
by Professor Thomas Gunson. After listening to him for ten minutes
we venture to say that many beautiful pictures were made to appear to
the audience from nature that had never come to them before.

Mr. W. W. Farnsworth of Ohio was the last speaker and he gave a very
interesting and helpful talk on the topic, “This is God’s World.”

The entire audience then joined in singing “America” and
dispersed felling that the evening was just another bright spot in
their lives to which they could look back with satisfaction and pleasure.

PROBLEMS IN MAKING OF THE CONCENTRATED LIME-SUL-
PHUR SOLUTION.

(PROF. A. J. PATTEN, AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. )

I want to thank you personally Mr. Chairman, for the flattering in-
troduction that you gave me but I am afraid the audience will feel that
they have had the frosting heretofore and are now getting only the
crust.

The man who undertakes to study the chemistry of lime-sulphur so-
lutions is following the most illusive fantom that ever bewildered the
mind of man. Oftentimes we do not know where we are on this mat-
ter because almost every time we go after this problem, we get dif-
ferent results. We have thought several times in our labo ‘ratory that
we had found something that the other fellows did not know about
this solution and particularly about the chemistry of it, only to find

64 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

out a little later that we were unable to explain the phenomena that
we had discovered the day before.

However, we have carried on some experiments during the past sum-
mer, regarding the making of concentrated lime-sulphur solution and
possibly I have some facts to present to you today that may be of in-
terest.

Now in the making of lime-sulphur solution, we use sulphur and lime,
and boil this up with water. The two things to look after necessarily
is the quality of the sulphur and the quality of the lime which you use.
Although we have not made very extensive analyses of sulphur sam-
ples, yet, I want to say that I have never found a sample of sulphur that
has been adulterated. They have been all pure sulphur. There is this
point to guard against and that is the fineness of the sulphur. If you
have a sulphur that is very coarse grained, and largely granular, it
will not go into solution nearly as rapidly as the very fine flowers or
flour of sulphur. That is quite an important point.

Now in regard to the lime. The lime is what will give you the great-
est trouble in’ making a lime-sulphur solution at home because you may
have lime which is only half lime. There has been passed out to you
by the gentlemen papers on which I have had printed some figures which
were obtained in our laboratory this summer, and the first table which
is given here is the composition of some of.the limes with which we
carried on these investigation. The samples are given here by number
and you will see that the amount of real lime, or calcium oxide, which
is the valuable portion of the lime, varied in these six cases from 57.66 up
to 96.4 per cent, while the magnesia varies from 0.13 up to 41.97 per
cent.

TABLE I.
Sampl Calcium Oxide Magnesium
sample. >. . Oxide.
% %

il eed erat Oe SRN 5 an os 5 eR SRE APNG ES nie PIR PY RRA. MRR eT Ace ee PAA, 0G fe 65.70 Sie ls
a Noahs LR MEE AT ee EEA EER RC Ste Es ede ERE haa ater hho Becich of aoe a 96.40 0.13
SFR tae tac te, RR ae Dr MR Rew a cP aii) tonleria felt cee mers Ke HarbenlPer ete eoLeaee ON eal ne coon ton eNaeey dea 74.70 22.47
AES vancne eatuead kote lo llemcps, Uc weheel erento ras) agesoitio toeestastensiin dette ta cede Maliswats, sMauaWele opal cee 69.22 28.87
ee OE ea ae Bde, = SOR clea 2d FN, ce Ome tel ee atten favbe te eae ereenre er ete 57.66 41.97
Gea ramen eet erache wratieieae eat nertenrcica ois drwewes bus Uiuiee: SresebeksLe“iineys <s ancban acne oem 86.77 10.21

There is of course very much difference in the amount of magnesia
in these samples of lime. Table No. II. gives the composition of the
lime-sulphur solutions made from these six samples of lime and we made
our lime-sulphur solutions in this work in a large tank used by the

WIRE SERETR OW
REMOVABLE FRAME, (

Above is shown a new type of strainer for lime sulphur or other spray materials (designed by Prof. J. P. Stewart,
Experimental Horticulture, State College, Pa.) The liquid enters at “‘A,’’ passes upward through the screen and
is carried where desired through a hose attached to the spigot. The coarse particles thus fall aw-y from the screen
instead of accumulating on it. Any solution remaining with the sediment may be secured by running through it the
water used in the next boiling.

feUo[oD “soig Aepias Jo spawyo1o YRId Wav] 2Y4} Jo 2UO

eR icin ey fn ica san, Fee ti ol AlAs en

oo

-
“Ee Tega

This Alexander apple tree on farm of Frank Smith, near Traverse City, produced a
$60 crop at the rate of $2,400 per acre.

*Pasopsu2 Aj21GUr IUISUd YUM “1IMO} WAOse(d ajqnop ‘ajqeysejJap ‘JUAIUZAUOD B SuIMoYs ‘suay}Yy ‘UBWIJABLY “gq “CS JO Waey UO pasn 1akvAdS 1AMOd

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. 65

Horticultural department in making their lime-sulphur sprays for their
orchard work. So it was made up under normal conditions. The so-
lutions were made up according to two formulas—one was 60 Ibs. of
lime to 125 Ibs. of sulphur and 50 galloas of water. ‘That is the one
designated A in the table. The one designated 1 was made up accord-
ing to the formula 50 Ibs. of lime, 100 Ibs. suiphur and 50 gallons of

water.

TABLE II.
Sample. Total Sulfur. | suifide Sulfur. Calcium Oxide. Denil, Geetees

[ae ae Tae ge ae

1A 18.00 11.40 8.22 18.2

1B 17.58 ve? 7 Ae 17.8 s
. oe 24.61 ao 11.96 Paes

2B 21.08 17-47 rea 22.6 ae
Ee 3A ; 19.96 ce 9.07 cams

3B 20.55 ice ae as 21.2 ie
ay 4A 17.65 a 14.03 ie 8.16 ti Lia oy
Seri ae 13.65 ah 10.98 x 6.36 ee 13.3
Ee 5B 15.54 12.68 ao ee 15.4 ee

6A 20.93 15.93 8.30 21.8

If you examine the figures here in this table you will find that the
amount of sulphur which has gone into solution depends on the amount
of the calcium oxide in the lime used; that is, the lime containing the
largest amount of calcium oxide gave us the largest amount of sulphur
in solution. We have only given the results for total sulphur in solu-
tion and sulphur in sulphide form. Now the sulphide sulphur is the
amount of sulphur which is chemically combined with the lime and is
known as calcium sulphide. The lime also combines with the sulphur,
to form calcium thio-sulphate and calcium-sulphate. But the amount
which goes into solution in these forms is comparatively small so that
the largest amount of the lime and sulphur are combined as calcium
sulphide. If we examine the results in table No. II in connection with
the figures given in table No. I we will find that the sample made from
the lime containing the greatest amount of calcium oxide, has the larg-
est amount of sulphur in solution. For instance the lime sample No.
5 containing 57.66% of calcium oxide gave 13.68% of sulphur in solu-

9

66 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

tion made up according to the formula A and 15.54% according to the
formula B while lime sample No. 2 containing 96.4% calcium oxide
gave 24.61% according to formula A and 21.08% according to formula
3. Also the sample made from the lime containing the greatest amount
of magnesium oxide has the smallest amount of sulphur in solution. In
other words the greater the amount of niagnesium oxide in the lime used
the smaller will be the per cent of sulphur in solution.

Now in order to show just how the magnesium oxide in the lime affects
the strength of the solution we took three samples of lime shown in the
table immediately below where the magnesium oxide varied from 1 up
to 25.5%.

TABLE III. $
Brand. Calcium Oxide. Masts
% | % "I
ik. Teall Use Ih aostasonceodatsssoe sacs be ddose es ay 74.4 92.5
2. Bay Shore Superior..........-.- ; : s : : ae z > vi Aare M : 86.3 10.2
Sis dara ae eee Co. ee late Meme eile ee LS ie :

Solutions were made up using these limes according to the formula,
100 grams lime 200 grams sulphur and 800 grams water. This gives
the same proportions as the 50-100-50 formula and is designated by the
letter A in table IV. In the solutions designated by the letter B the
amount of linie was increased sufficiently so that there should be exactly
100 grams of calcium oxide in each case. The solutions were made in small
quantities in the laboratory and the amount of water was kept con-
stant during the boiling. If you will compare 1B and 2B and 8B where
we used exactly the same amount of calcium oxide, the same amount
of sulphur and the same amount of water you will see that the amount
of sulphur in solution varies only from 18.40 to 18.60%. So when
we can control the conditions and we have exactly the same amount
of calcium oxide and sulphur we can get very closely the same result.

TABLE IV.
Sample. Total Sulfur. Sulfide Sulfur. Calcium Oxide. Density ,ideetces
Le ee mat sta bee epee A (meoG 20.7 oe
1B a .40 ‘ ee a Di ie 23 Ye
i 2A a Pe - 14.28 ae 8.30 ras 21.8 pa

3B 18.60 15.28 8.85

2B 18.42 15.63 8.44 22.1

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. 67

When we buy lime promiscuously upon the market we have no idea
of what we are getting. It may be good lime or it may be poor lime.
We have no way of telling unless we make the manufacturer of the
lime guarantee what it contains and then from that guarantee we can
determine the amount which we must use in order to furnish the proper
amount of calcium oxide.

When we make a solution of lime and sulphur Pncilier we use a
good grade of lime, one containing a high percentage of calcium oxide
or not, we will get more or less of sludge or sediment. Now the ques-
tion comes up, is it necessary to separate the solution from the sludge
when we wish to store it for a period of a few weeks or months before
using. It is often very much more convenient to make up this lime sul-
phur solution in the winter because when the time comes to use it we
want to spray and do it quickly. There are so many other things on
hand in the spring that we do not have as much time to spend in making
this solution as we would like and for this reason many orchards do
not get the benefit of spraying that they should or would if the solution
could have been put on the trees at just the right time. If we can
make this up during the winter and set it aside you see we have that
work out of the way before we begin to spray. The question arose
whether this solution could be stored over the sludge without impairing
its quality so we took this up in our studies last summer. For this
purpose samples of lime sulphur solution containing sediment were
set away for periods varying from 4 to 6 weeks and as a check filtered
samples of the same solution were stored under the same conditions.
The results are given in table V. The analyses designated by the let-
ter A were made on the solution when it was first prepared, those des-
ignated by the letter B represent the solution stored over the sediment
and those designated by the letter C represent the stored, filtered solu-
ions.

68 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

TABLE V.

Senile Time allowed Total sulfur, Sulfide Sulfur. | Calcium Oxide. | Density, degrees
PENNE to stand. %. %. %. Baumé.
1A 0 weeks 18.00 14.32 Sree, 18.2
1B 6 weeks 17.36 14.00 8.12 17.9
1C 7 weeks 16.40 tae 8.13 18.4
2A 0 weeks 17.58 14.04 4295 17.8
2b 6 weeks 16.83 13.63 7.84 17.6
ZAG: 7 weeks 16.62 12.54 8.12 °18.1
3A 0 weeks 24.61 20.00 11.96 25.7
3B 6 weeks 21.05 17.53 10.64 23eil
3C 7 weeks 24 . 3¢ 19.39 11.62 25.8

4A 0 weeks 21.08 Lp ales 10.50 2

4B 5 weeks 20.30 16.26 10.20 21.8
AC 6 weeks ZAZOZ UGys.7All 10.30 1 22.5
5A 0 weeks 19.96 16.22 9.07 20.4
5B 5 weeks 19.33 15.58 9.25 202
6A 0 weeks 20.55 16.35 9.63 PAL Re?
6B 4 weeks 20.59 16.61 9.46 Abel
(he 0 weeks 13.65 10.98 6.36 13.3
7 183 4 weeks V3 ol 10.68 : 6.22 13.0
ae 5 weeks 13.43 10.45 6.40 13.6
8A 0 weeks 15.54 12.68 7.24 H 14.4
8B 4 weeks 15.44 12.65 6.90 15.4
8C 5 weeks L5e03 12.62 7.08 ilsyer/

With two or three exceptions, which are easily explained, there is
very little difference between the filtered and unfilterd solutions after
standing for several weeks, neither do they vary much from the original
solutions. In the first sample, the filtered solution 1C, was found to be
much weaker than the unfiltered, and this is explained by the fact
that the stopper of the bottle containing the solution did not fit tightly,
thus allowing it to be more or less exposed to the air. Samples 3B
and 4B were found to contain less soluble sulfur than the corresponding
filtered solutions, and this is explained by the fact that from each of the
barrels in which these solutions were stored portions were removed
for use by the Horticultural department thus leaving a large air space
over the solutions. These results confirm the conclusions of other ex-
periments, viz: that if the lime-sulphur is to be stored for any length
of time the containers should be filled completely full and stoppered
tightly to exclude all air. .

We may conclude then, from the above experiment, that when the
lime-sulphur solutions are made according to the formula recommended
there is practically no deterioration in the solution when kept in con-
tact with the sediment providing it is stored properly.

Later results have demonstrated that when the lime-sulphur solution

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. 69

is made according to a formula caHing for an excess of lime there
is liable to be a very considerable deterioration in the solution when
kept in contact with the sediment for any length of time, even when
stored properly.

The sediment possesses no insecticidal or fungicidal value although
it is sometimes beneficial in serving as a marker during the spraying op-
eration. In purchasing commercial solutions it would be poor econ-
omy therefore, to buy a solution containing sediment and pay lime-
sulphur prices for the comparatively worthless sludge.

It “has been recommended that lime-sulphur solutions which have
been allowed to cool should be re-heated before using. In order to deter-
mine whether or not there is a distinct advantage in doing this samples
3, 4 and 8 of the above experiment were used. In sample 3 and
8 the excess of sulphur in the sediment was large; in sample 4 the
excess of sulphur was small.

The analyses corresponding to the numbers 5B, 4B and 8B _ repre-
sent the samples that have stood for several weeks in contact with
the sediment. The analyses corresponding to the numbers 5D, 4D and
SD represent portions of the same samples that have been re-heated nearly
to boiling in contact with the sediment.

TaBLE V.
Sample. Total sulfur. Sulfide Sulfur. Calcium Oxide. Density degrees
aumeé,
% % %

3B 21.05 17.55 10.64 20. 1
ay 10) 21 UP fret hee 10.61 23.4
4B 20.3 16.26 10.20 28
4D 20.63 16.59 10.07 22.2
8 B 15.44 12.65 6.90 15.4
8D 15.42 12.32 6.93 isja63

In the first two samples there is a slight increase in total sulphur and
aiso in sulfide sulphur in the samples that have been re-heated but the
increase is so small that we may safely conclude that there is no advantage
to be gained by re-heating the solutions before using. The increase in
soluble sulphur will not pay for the labor and fuel used.

Now these are some of the practical points which we took up in
our studies of the lime-sulphur solutions this summer and as there
are perhaps some questions in the minds of some that have not been
touched upon, I would like for the remainder of the time to be given to
the asking and answering of questions.

I want to say, however, that you can probably ask many questions
which I cannot answer. A man can work over this problem for years
without learning everything there is to be known about it. Everybody
who has attempted to work on the lime-sulphur solution and the chem-
istry of it is still in the dark in regard to a great many points: I
will say, however, before going on, that the results of our experiments

70 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

will be published in Bulletin form and will be sent free to anyone so
those who wish it can have a full discussion of all these tables and
figures.

DISCUSSION.

Q. I would like to ask the correct pronunciation Baumé and define
it. .

Mr. Patten—I am not responsible for the spelling on these sheets.
The word is pronounced as thought it was spelled bo-may. The word
Baumé has reference to the gravity of the solution. Now instead of
using the term specific gravity which shows the ratio between the weight
of a given volume of the solution to an equal volume of water, we
use the term Baumé which expresses this ratio in degrees. Thus a so-
lution that tests 80° Baumé is 30° heavier than water.

Q. What influence has a very low temperature on polysulphides of
lime?

Prof. Patten—I do not think that it has any influence.

Q. Do you think that lime sulphur solution which is made in the
fall will be as good in the spring as freshly made.

Prof. Patten—There will no doubt be some amount of oxidization
taking place and this of course you cannot prevent, but I think it would
be just about as good. I know I have seen the statement that freezing
does not damage lime sulphur solution although I do not think it a good
practice.

Q. Would it freeze?

Prof. Patten—I do not think in this climate it would as it is too con-
centrated.

Q. When a barrel leaks and shows exudation on the outside, is that
lime sulphate?

Prof. Patten—I cannot answer that question because I have never
seen it. I should rather imagine that it was lime sulphate.

@. The average farmer has no hydrometer. What assurance have we
of the commercial lime-sulphur preparation that we buy? Are they
tested as they should be?

A. In answering that I would say that my experience is not very ex-
tensive with commercial sulphur samples although I have analyzed sam-
ples from the Blanchard Company the Rex and the Graselli Companies
and there has been very little difference in all of these. They vary a few
per cent in total sulphur in solution. I have never found one that was
much below 24%.

Q. Most of them suggest that they are over 30%.

Prof. Patten—That is the Baumé reading.

Q. Some firms say there is more sulphur in theirs than others. Is
that true? That argument was made to me the other day by an agent.

Prof. Patten—So far as my experience goes, 26% is about the aver-
age. There is not a very great difference in the amount of sulphur in
solution.

Q. Do you think it would be profitable to buy a hydrometer?
They cost about $1.50 I believe. 3

Prof. Patten—T'o the man who makes his own lime-sulphur solution,
an hydrometer is almost indispensable for it is the only way we have
of felling how much sulphur there is in a solution. Circular No. 10 of

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. 71

the Experiment Station contains a table showing the relation between
the Baumé reading and per cent of sulphur in’solution. Also in obtain-
ing the strength of a solution for determining the amount of dilution,
the hydrometer is almost necessary.

Q. Is that sediment of any value?

Prof. Patten—I think where you use a good grade of lime one con-
taining a very low per cent of magnesia that sediment could be used
a second time to make a second boiling of lime-sulphur. Otherwise it
would be of no practical benefit to the farmer.

@. Don’t you believe that we have reasons to think that the com-
panies use the Baumé instead of giving the chemical tests?

Prof. Patten—I do not know. We have not been able to make very
many analyses of samples of these so that I would not want to say.

@. Are we to understand that sample No. 2 is a Michigan lime or
a Maryland lime?

Prof. Patten—That lime sample No. 2 is a Michigan lime put up by
the Michigan Lime Co. We got hold of it at the college; when we tried
to get some more they told us that they were not burning that lime any-
more; that they burned just for chemical purposes. Whether they burn
this in any great quantities or not I am unable to say. If they have a
stratum, of lime there which will give that analysis right through, they
will have a very great demand for it.

Q. Is that the reason why it was necessary to send to Maryland to
get calcium which compares with that sample No. 2?

Prof. Patten—There are deposits of lime stone in this state which
are very low in magnesia. .The Alpena Lime Co. puts up a grade of
lime which runs less than 1% in magnesia. One sample which we
had showed that.

@. Is hydrated lime equal to the barrel lime?

Prof. Patten—I think the hydrated lime is just as good as the fresh
burned lime for when you use burned lime you do hydrate it. When
you put the water on it, you hydrate it. If you have to ship that lime you
Save some freight as 56 Ibs. of burned lime are equal to 74 Ibs. of hy-
drated lime.

Q. Will an excess of lime added to dilution of commercially boiled
sulphur, let stand any time, deplete its influence for the work assigned.

Prof. Patten—That brings us a point which we have been working
on in the laboratory and it puzzles us. It has been puzzling us. for a
week or so. There are points in connection with it which we are un-
able to understand. If you take a sample of the clear lime-sulphur so-
lution and dilute that up with ordinary well water or tap water, it
immediately becomes cloudy, milkish and the sulphur begins to separ-
ate. There is enough carbonic acid gas in that water and other dis-
solved gases to bring about oxidization and precipitation of some of the
sulphur in that solution. If we take some lime and make a very thin
whitewash and then dilute the lime-sulphur with that whitewash, then
filter that out so that we have a clear solution, that remains clear and
will remain so for a long time and it does not seem to injure its value
for spraying purposes in the least. In fact I am rather inclined to be-
lieve it is a benefit.

Q. Would it not be all right to take up this matter of burned lime

72 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

for this purpose to furnish it to the different farmers? I think it would
be a good idea for the Board to consider.

Prof. Patten—I have had in mind to get hold of all the samples of
lime that are burned and also samples of all the lime that is sold in the
state in any great quantities in order to make an analysis of them.
However, up to the present time we have been unable to take up this
work. I think I shall try to do it before very long so we may be able
to publish the analyses of all the lime samples that are sold in the
state.

Q. How long should the concentrated home made article be cooked
and will too long cooking cause more sludge?

Prof. Patten—Forty to forty-five minutes in our experience seemed
to bring as much sulphur in the solution as you can get by boiling it
for an hour or even for two hours. The longer cooking will not make
any more sludge. It will change the composition of the lime solution
which is already in solution and give you more of the sulphur whieb
is of no practical value for spraying purposes. It will reduce the
amount of sulphur in the form of sulphide and give you a higher
amount of sulphur in the form of sulphite or sulphate.

Q. Then you do think that excessive cooking is detrimental ?

Prof. Patten—Yes, after 45 minutes it is simply a change in the forms
of sulphur which are already in solution.

Q. Did you ever use distilled water and would it make any dif-
ference?

Prof. Patten—No sir.

COMMERCIAL INSECTICIDES AND THEIR CONTROL.

(BY PROF. L. R. TAFT.)

During the last day or two you have been discussing the matter of
spraying for the control of various insects and diseases, and although
the results have as a whole been satisfactory, some have reported that
however thoroughly they sprayed they could not protect their fruit
from attack. In many cases the trouble was undoubtedly due to lack
of thoroughness in spraying, oa perhaps to the use of unsuitable spray-
ing materials, or to doing the spraying at the wrong time, but many
of yeu have probably come to the conclusion that a part of the diffi-
culty at least has come from the fact that the chemicals used had
been adulterated, or were not up to the proper standard.

In the early days of spraying when but one of two materials such
as Paris green and London purple were used, this was often the case,
as the manufacturers taking advantage of the lack of control of legisla-
tion, and the fact that no one was watching them, perpetrated the
most bare-faced frauds, and sold to unsuspecting farmers and fruit
growers Paris green which contained only the merest trace of arsenic
oxide, which resulted in enormous losses to the crops.

Later on, Bordeaux mixture came into use and soon this was on the
market in a ready prepared form and at a price which made the cost if

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. 73

it were diluted as directed but little more than the cost of the bare
chemicals for the making of a home-mixed spray. Analysis showed,
however, that the reason for the low price was that, although it pur-
ported to be of standard strength, it in some cases only had about one-
fourth the amount of copper sulphate required for its effective use,
which of course made it a profitable article for the manufacturer, but
a very expensive one for the fruit grower whose crop might be de-
stroyed, and who would naturally be convinced that there was no
virtue in spraying.

From the very first, most fruit growers have seemed to be averse
to mixing their own spray materials and as a result hundreds of pro-
prietary articles for the destruction of dangerous insects and diseases
have been placed upon the market during the last five years. Many
of them have much merit and are sold at a comparatively narrow mar-
gin so that the grower who only needs a small quantity will often find
it cheaper and more satisfactory to use the prepared articles.

To protect the fruit grower and farmer from fraudulent and worth-
less articles, several of the states have passed laws to control the mani.
facture and sale of spraying materials, and recognizing the need of
such a law in this state the last legislature passed what is known as
the “Insecticide law,” and, although this covered the whole matter,
a second law, worded in almost exactly the same way, for controling
the manufacture and sale of Paris green was passed.

These laws require all manufacturers and dealers in spraying com-
pounds, or in materials that are used for the home-mixing of spraying
materials, to file a statement with the Director of the State Experi-
ment Station, setting forth the name of the brands to be manufactured
or sold, together with the percentages of the essential ingredients there-
in contained, with their chemical combinations, which shall be a guar-
antee to the purchasers of the strength of the articles. The statement
must also contain the net weights or measures of the contents of each
package, and the name and address of the manufacturer. A sample
label must also be filed with and approved by the Director of the Ex-
periment Station, which sets forth the above facts, and a copy of this
label must be placed upon every package sold.

If the statement and label are satisfactory a permit for the manu-
facture and sale of the article within the state will be granted without
charge. Provided such a permit is taken out by a manufacturer it is
not necessary for the dealers to have a permit.

The law also makes it the duty of the State Inspector of Orchards
and Nurseries to collect samples of the different brands of insecticides
and fungicides sold in the state and submit them to the Director of the
Experiment Station, who shall have analyses made and the results are
to be published.

Unfortunately the laws were put through the legislature and went
to the Governor for his signature without being very carefully scrutin-
ized and when too late to have them corrected it was found that no
appropriation had been made for carrying out the provisions regard-
ing collecting and analyzing the samples and publishing the results.
While the work was in the hands of the State Experiment Station its
funds came to it from the general government and all expenditures
are carefully scrutinized by officials from Washington. The same is

74 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. ee

true of the funds of the Agricultural college, and in neither case can
they be used for control work such as this would be.

However, it was felt that it was too important a matter to put over
for two years and as soon as the law went into effect the manufacturers
were called upon to comply with its requirements so far as filing the
statements and sample labels were concerned, and the purchasers of
spraying materials sold since January first, 1910, have been protected
by the labels upon each package, which guarantee the character and
weight or measure of the contents, also by the statement and guaranty
filed with the Director of the State Experiment Station.

So far as is known all manufacturers of spraying materials in Mich-
igan have complied with the law by filing the statement and sample
label and only one case is known to the speaker where changes were
made in the labels so that they did not correspond with the one on
file.

There have been taken out already permits for the sale of eighty-
eight different brands of insecticides or fungicides. Many of these
brands are in the hands of hundreds of dealers scattered over the state
and some of them do not hesitate to order a carload of some article like
lime-sulphur solution at ene time. In fact the use of this article has
become so extensive that some individual growers have purchased it
for their own use in ¢arload lots. When we consider the vast quanti-
ties of some of the other brands that are used it will be seen that it
is a very important matter if the fruit growers and farmers can be as-
sured of obtaining brands that are up to the standard in every respect.
The law, however, cannot protect the purchasers to the full extent, un-
less they find out just what is guaranteed by the label on the packages,
as this is all that the manufacturer can be required to furnish. The
manufacturer can be held responsible if the contents of the packages
are not up to the guarantee, but this can be made one-quarter or less
of the standard strength, and the purchaser cannot secure redress if
the quality of the essential ingredients stated on the label is present.

The only exception is in the case of Paris green, the standard for
which is fixed by our state law at fifty per cent arsenic oxide, of which
not more than four per cent shall be soluble. The National “Insecticide
law of 1910,” which is to go into effect on January first, 1911, also fixes
the standard for arsenate of lead at not less than twelve and one-half
per cent of which not more than seventy-five one-hundredths of one
per cent shall be soluble.

The material which is likely to have by far the most extensive use as
an insecticide as well as a fungicide is limesulphur solution. Some
ten brands will be on sale in Michigan during the coming season and
while the intelligent purchaser will be in'a measure protected by the
present law, which requires the amount of soluble sulphur to show on
the label, the manufacture of this article has progressed sufficiently
far to warrant the fixing of a standard to which all brands must con-
form. The statement is often made that a first class article should
not contain less than 24 and some say 25 per cent of sulphur in solution.
With one exception all of the brands which received permits in Michi-
gan last year guaranteed au least 24 per cent, while several have fixed
the per cent of sulphur at 25 and two will actually guarantee 2514 per
cent of sulphur in solution in their goods.

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. 75

Several firms have put in applications to be allowed a sort of sliding
guarantee, in one case fixing it at 15 to 25 per cent. This of course
would actually guarantee only 15 per cent, and if the use of such a
guarantee and label were allowed, the fact that 25 per cent appeared on
the label, might make it possible for unscrupulous dealers to give un-
suspecting purchasers the impression that they could really expect to
obtain 25 per cent of sulphur in solution, while the guarantee on the
label, “15 to 25 per cent,” would only assure them the minimum amount
mentioned. Not only does it insure to the purchaser that he is getting
the worth of his money if a definite guarantee is given, but the results
are far more likely to be satisfactory.

The manufacture of lime-sulphur solution has reached such a stage
that there should not be a variation of more than one per cent in the
amount of sulphur in solution in the different lots as they are barreled,
and by endeavoring to keep the per cent of sulphur one per cent above
the guarantee, it should be a safe thing for the manufacturer.

The analyses made during the year indicate that fully 90 per cent
of the sulphur in solution is in the form of a sulphide, which is be-
lieved to be the most effectual portion of the solution: It can then be
stated that the value of a given brand will be almost in exact. propor-
tion to the per cent of sulphur it contains, so that a brand containing
26.66 per cent of sulphur is really worth one-third more than a brand
which has but 20.00 per cent of sulphur.

While it was not possible to do very much in the way of making an-
alyses of the many brands of insecticides on the market, as is desir-
able if the full benefit of the law is to be secured, the use of lime-sul-
phur solution has become so general and extensive that arrangements
were made to make at least one analysis of each brand sold in Michigan,
and in every case they were found to be above the guarantee.

‘There are more than a dozen brands of arsenate of lead which have
received permits in Michigan, and practically all of them show more
than 15 per cent of arsenate oxide, with only about one-half per cent
in a soluble form. As this insectitude does not burn the most tender
foliage even when used at the rate of two pounds in fifty gallons of
water, which provides about twice as much arsenic oxide as can be used
with safety in the form of Paris green, the increased efficiency of this
material as an insecticide can be readily seen. Then, too, its superior
adhesive properties, render its effects much more lasting, and for this
reason alone it should be used rather than Paris green.

There are also some ten brands of Bordeaux mixture which have
received permits, but their use is not likely to be very extensive, as
lime-sulphur solution seems likely to take the place of Bordeaux mix-
ture as a summer spray for most classes of fruit. While each package
bears a label which shows the amount of copper sulphate contained in
the mixture, it does not guarantee that it will give the full strength’
Bordeaux when diluted as directed. One of the brands submitted, but
which has not received a permit, would provide less than one pound of
copper suphate in 50 gallons if used as directed.

The tendency of fruit growers to purchase ready prepared spray mix-
tures has led to the placing on the market of a number of brands
which on their very face are frauds, or which are sold at a price ten to
fifty times the cost of the materials, One firm has asked for a permit

76 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

for the sale of an article which is claimed to be “six times as strong
as Paris green as ordinarily used,” but the label and statement submit-
ted only claimed that. it contained one per ‘cent of Paris green, the re-
mainder being air-slacked lime and land plaster. Cost of materials
and labor not over one dollar per hundred; the price at which it is
sold is ten dollars per one hundred pounds.

In the early spring information was furnished to the papers of the
state of an attempt to place upon the market a brand known as ‘‘Bor-
deaux mixture and Paris Green Compound.” The very name “com--
pound” was enough to make one suspicious of it, but when the guar-
antee was filed it merely stated that it contained “the standard amount
of Bordeaux Mixture and Paris green.” This statement did not com-
ply with the law which requires the “percentage of the leading ingre-
dients” and the manufacturers were informed that if it was Bordeaux
mixture they would have to guarantee the amount of copper sulphate
and lime, as well as of arsenic oxide. They then furnished the follow-
ing:

BORDEAUX MIXTURE AND PARIS GREEN COMPOUND.

GUARANTEED ANALYSIS.

Copperssilphate ry. % futon Lt eee oes ees ne at a deaete oN OMe

Ey Grated. Wim 6 Sees. 5 a amet “ah Wat whee ated urns CO Va DEE RCOUE
Uitrammrcine™ IBIMe= cescace ears. ee enous laa Esa ete yieke aa eta ahamaeoe 714 per cent
White Arsenic, %)..7 5 oem Spies (raen ences ss See a OR esas eee 714 per cent

The material was in a powder form and was of a light blue color not
unlike that of Bordeaux powder. As can be seen from the analysis this
would have no value as a fungicide, although the accompanying circu-
lars made high claims for its fungicidal qualities, and were apparently
supported by the very strongest testimonials from parties who claimed
to have used it.

As it was not Bordeaux mixture in any sense of the word a permit
was refused under that name and several shipments which had been
made to retailers were rejected by the consignees.

While it is not likely that very much Paris green will be used upon
fruit trees, there is still a large demand for it for use upon potatoes.
There has been a marked improvement in the different brands on the
market, since insecticide control work was taken up by some of the
eastern states. Formerly it was sometimes found that samples did
not contain more than 10 per cent of arsenic oxide, but out of 500 an-
alyses recently made by the Pennsylvania State Board of Agriculture,
of a dozen or more brands, and including practically all that are on the
market, only one sample fell below the requirement of 50 per cent of
arsenic oxide, and most of them ran from three to five per cent above
the requirement. As practically all of the Paris green used in the
country is manufactured by seven or eight firms, this would indicate
that at the present time there is little fear of its adulteration,

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. 77

Our present insecticide law seems to cover the ground very well but.
in order to have it made effectual some provision should be made for
carrying on the work of collecting the samples and of making the analy-
ses. This should be brought to the attention of the next legislature.

From this year’s experience it would seem that the manufacturers
of the spraying materials that are in most common use have tried to
live up to the requirements of the law and that the brands now on
the market are kept fairly well up to the guarantee. To make the law
of real value, however, every one should inform himself regarding the
nature of the materials he is likely to use and then carefully examine
the labels-and find out just what he may expect to get. By doing this
one can not only make a considerable saving in the first cost of the
materials, but will be able to secure much better protection of his
crops from the attacks of the dangerous insects and diseases.

DISCUSSION,

A Member—I would like to know if a permit has been granted to
anyone to go around selling the sample packages that they call “Blood
Medicine,” to be inserted in the body of a tree at $1.00 per bottle. Per-
sonally I don’t think it is worth anything.

Mr. Taft—When was it done? I have never heard of it.

A. All during fair time.

Mr. Taft—I merely know that they had no permit for its sale.

Q. If the stuff is all right, do you think it would be any good?

A. Some three or four years ago a similar scheme took thousands of
dollars from the pockets of some of the best posted fruit growers of
Michigan, but no benefit to the trees was observed.

A Member—Nearly all of the limes that we have had run from 15 to
35 and 40% of magnesia. I would like to know if we cannot get some
that are less than this, and I would be glad if. you would name what
you consider the best.

Professor Taft—I do not want to advertise the limes of any manu-
facturer, but the two best that we have been able to find in Michigan
are the Sibley and Alpena limes.

A. Member—Do you know where the Michigan Lime Company is sit-
uated? I have understood that their lime contains only 1% of mag-
nesia.

Professor Taft—I never heard of the Michigan Lime Company. I
have with me a number of analyses of different limes, including the
Petoskey, Bay Shore and other brands, and they run from 15 to 19%
The Ohio limes run from 35 to 40%. :

Q. -What did I understand you to say in regard to the Sibley lime?

Professor Taft—The Sibley Lime, made at Sibley near Detroit, is
a good lime, as it has only 1% of magnesia. I understand that some
samples have shown only 44 of 1%. ;

Q. Does the magnesia form a combination with the sulphur, and if
so, what is it? .

Professor Taft—I am not a chemist, but presume the sulphur com-
bines with the magnesia either as a sulphide or as a sulphate.

Q. I would like to have question No. 43 answered. “What legal

protection have we when a neighbor refuses to spray his scale infested
orchards?”

78 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Professor Taft—I would say regarding it that our law requires the
township boards in sections where this disease is known to exist to ap-
point a commission of three who should examine the orchards and if
they find any dangerous insects or diseases, they are to mark the trees
and notify the owners in case of insects to spray them and to cut
them down in case of the Yellows. The inspectors have the authority
to decide what is best in any particular case. If the owner does not
do as ordered, the inspector can procure help and the work can be done
and charged up to him. During the last year I have been in quite a
large number of townships where troubles of this kind were reported,
and I have had little or no difficulty in securing the co-operation of the
local inspectors to look after infested orchards. Of course, public senti-
ment must be back of this effort or it will not amount to very much.
The law is broad enough to cover all cases. Thus far we have applied
it only to insects and diseases dangerous to the life of the trees. The
fruit-growers have in their own hands a safe and sure remedy from
the ordinary insects and diseases that infect trees; and what we want
to strive for is to have sentiment so thoroughly worked up, on the neces-
sity for the proper care of the orchards, that every fruit-grower will
only be too glad to follow any suggestions that may be offered within
reason. So far as the codling moth and curculio is concerned we have
not thought it wise as yet to require general spraying, but I think the
law is broad enough, if sentiment is back of it, to insist on every tree
being sprayed. We have over the state 99 persons who are not fruit-
growers in the strict sense of the word to one who is. While they have
a few trees many of them have not felt that they could afford to go to
the expense and trouble of spraying their trees especially for the cod-
ling moths and other insects of that character. We have not thought
it wise to require a strict enforcement of the law, which might, in
some cases at least, work a hardship to the growers.

Q. Can the board refuse to appoint these inspectors when -the proper
petition is represented or refuse to pay bills for their services?

Professor Taft—The law says that if they do not carry out the re-
quirements and appoint competent inspectors, they can be prosecuted.

Q. Can you enforce a town board to appoint a commission ?

A. I think so. Of course the point is to get sentiment back of the
law, for it is a very difficult thing to get law enforced without senti-
ment back of it. Where we have complaints we have gone to the town-
ship boards and I do not have in mind a place where I have asked that
inspectors be appointed that it has not been done. Our practice has
been where we have appointed inspectors particularly in sections
where the Yellows is just beginning to show and have some one of the
state deputies go there and spend a day with them and show them
the appearance of the disease and tell them of its dangerous char-
acter, what to do, etc.

Q. Can the law compel a man to pull out the stumps?

Professor Taft—The real method of carrying out the requirement is
left with the inspectors. They can have them removed at once or later
on as they think best. However, it ordinarily suffices if we can get
the branches and growing parts lopped down and the stump pulled in
the spring or fall.

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. 79

Q. When does the disease spread, and may it not spread from the
branches cut off and left lying on the ground?

Professor Taft—We do not know. It is thought by many to spread
in the spring. If the trees are cut down in the summery time I do not
think it is necessary to have them burned at once. We do not know
but it is the safest way, and I have always urged that, as soon as pos-
sible, they have these trees burned. No one knows anything about this
disease and hence it is not possible to make any definite statement. One
thing is sure, they should be destroyed as soon as possible, but we can
hold the disease in check if we lop the branches and then later burn
them and then remove the stump.

Q. I would like to ask if, when the township board fails to appoint
a commissioner, or when the inspector on account of public sentiment
fails to qualify or act, is there any state official that will look this mat-
ter up?

Professor Taft—Yes, the state inspector of nurseries can then be
called upon.

Q. Where is the expense paid from?

Professor Taft—Do you mean when the township inspectors refuse
to act?

A. Yes, and you are obliged to make the trip on that account, who
pays your expense, the state or the township?

Professor Taft—The state pays the expense I am to and then it is
assessed against the property by the township board.

Q. Do you use arsenate of lead in paste or powdered form?

Professor Taft—I have used paste. I have had some complaints
about brands that were first used as they did not work up very well.
I think, however, that as now made there is very little trouble about
stirring it up in water.

Q. What pay does a commissioner get?

Prof. Taft—$2.00 a day.

Q. Suppose the township board refuses to pay it?

Prof. Taft—The law says they shall.

A Member—Up in my township I have been Yellows commissioner
for the last fifteen years and my township board has authorized me
to examine every tree and where they were covered with scale to de-
stroy them. When I go into an orchard I never stop until that tree
is cut down. How bad have we gone against the law in this regard?

- Prof. Taft—This is the best way to do, but I think it is always de-
sirable to impress the owner with the need of it and get his consent
and co-operation in the first place. Of course, if nothing is said about
it this is the thing to do. It is best for the owner, and any man who
has trees that are diseased with the Yellows ought to thank the in-
spectors for cutting off the branches, as this would save him much
work.

Q. What should be the time that these inspectors should give to
the owners in which to remove and care for diseased trees?

Prof. Taft—A reasonable time should be given. If the number of
the trees is not too large five days would be long enough, and they
Should be cut down just as soon as possible.

80 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. -

BEE-KEEPING AND HORTICULTURE.

(GEORGE E. HILTON, FREMONT.)

I think I have before written something upon this subject, but the
interests of the bee-keeper and the horticulturist are so mutual “that
I feel a few more thoughts from myself and others will not be burden-
some. .

If we are both successful, we are both enthusiastic. I need not re-
mind any one who plants trees and grows fruits, of the genuine pleas:
ure that thrills the soul when nature responds to his intelligence,
thought, and careful direction. He builds a world in which he him-
self lives. He desires no other intoxicant to insure his happiness.

Horticulture is one of the fine arts, and requires the skill of a mas-
ter. It is just as impossible for the thoughtless, brainless man or
woman to reach the highest round in the ladder in propagating fruit
or carrying on a successful apiary, as it is to appreciate success if
achieved. But, after all man’s skill in planting, after searching the
world over for improved varieties, after propagating, grafting and
hybridizing, he must rely mainly upon nature’s methods of fructifica-
tion. The balmy winds of spring and industrious bees are needed to
fertilize the bloom to insure a harvest of fruit.

For this purpose, there is no question but that the bee is of great
service to the grower of fruits. No other insect appears in such vi ¢
numbers at this very important time in the spring when their agency
is so much needed to fertilize the orchard and small fruits. If the
winds and other insects aside from the bee, were the only means of
carrying the pollen from flower to flower, how often would perfect fer-
tilization fail from too much or too little wind during the brief oppor-
tunity when the bursting buds are sighing for the life giving dust from
the neighboring flowers. Not only has nature provided the honey to —
entice the bee, but the pollen, so essential to the plant (and just as
essential to the bee in furnishing the proper food for its young), is
‘placed in close proximity to the nectar, so that in getting either, the
bee is unwittingly carrying the dust from flower to flower, or working
out the wise plans of providence as relates to plants, and catering to
man’s taste at the same time.

The Creator did not place the drop of nectar in the flower: because it
is needed to perfect either the flower or fruit, but for no other purpose
than to tempt the bee to brush its hairy legs against the anthers, and
carry the golden dust from one flower to another. So the horticulturist
cannot but look upon the bee-keeper as his friend, and certainly the
horticulturist is a friend to the bee and the bee-keeper, and their in-
terests should be mutual.

What then is there to hinder these two vocations from going hand
in hand, since each is helpful to the other? They should at least be on
the very best of terms, as each furnishes inducements for the other to
live and profit thereby. In the past much has been said about bees in-
juring fruit, some fruit growers claiming that bees punctured the ripe

Snow ball under the boughs of a large white pine.

A garden of perennial plants.

Making waste places aitractive. Snap shots on the farm of Mr. and Mrs. Charles W. Wilde, northwest of
Grand Rapids. These beauty spots are fully as satisfactory as are their profitable apple orchards.

Hemlock Hedge on farm of Chas. W. Wilde.

Common Sweet Elder on north side of barn.

!
'

Norway Spruce as a protection to an apple orchard from strong west winds, but
ar enough apart to give good air circulation.

Colorado Blue Spruce, Norway Spruce, Scotch Pine and White Cedars.

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. 81

erapes, suck the juice and destroy the crop. But from the _ physical
structure of the bee this is said to be impossible by the scientific ento-
mologists. It has no jaws like the hornet; it is made to suck, not to
bite, and on close observation and after repeated experiments, it has
been found that where bees were found helping themselves to the ripe
fruits, the skin had been ruptured by the weather or ever ripeness, or
that hornets, wasps or birds, had been the first infringers.

But after the skin had been broken from any cause, if there is a scar-
city of honey, the bees, always anxious to be doing something,
will endeavor to get their share of the plunder. Therefore, as regards
bees injuring fruit, I, as their attorney, shall claim to the jury that
the charge is not proven, and I beliéve that today, the more intelligent
class of horticulturists agree with me.

I feel I cannot dismiss this subject, which to the lover of fruits, flow-
ers and bees, is a genuine source of delight, without quoting a few
lines from “The Planting of the Apple Tree” by that venerable sylvan
poet, our own Bryant, who saw so much of future hope and promise
as he sifted the soft mould about its tiny rootlets:

What plant we in this apple tree?
Sweets for a hundred flowery springs
To load the May wind’s restless wings.
When from, the orchard row he pours
Its fragrance at our open doors,
A world of blossoms for the bee.
: GEO. E. HILTON,
Pres. National Bee-Keeper’s Ass’n.

THERE BEAUTY CROP.

(CITARLES W. WILDE, GRAND RAPIDS.)

There is one crop that the majority of farmers and fruit-growers
have sadly neglected. It is a crop that can be grown with equal pretit
on every farm in this State. It will increase the market value of any
farm; and often gives more real satisfaction and contentment to the
farmer and his family than any other crop. It is a crop that needs
but little room. Oh! ’tis a wonderful crop; for the farmer and his
family can feast upon it every day of the year, and his neighbors and
friends can partake of it as much as they please and the crop will re
main undiminished. I refer to the Beauty crop or the crop for beauty.
When we bought our farm 23 years ago it was like the majority of the
farms in this section. Although we were heavily in debt we managed
to get some evergreen seedlings and other trees and shrubs, with which
to start our beauty crop. In this climate where the deciduous trees
are bare about six months in the year, I believe it is wise to plant plenty:
of evergreens. They are not only beautiful during the winter and early
Spring; but some of the varieties are very beautiful in the summer af-

11

82 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ter they have made a new growth of a few inches. Plant evergreens if
you want the song birds to visit you early in the spring.

The group of evergreens in view No. 1, we planted for three purposes.
First, beauty. Second, to hide from our view certain objects that we
did not want in sight. Third, to protect our trough or tank where we
water our stock; from the northwest winds. View No. 2, shows a row
of Norway Spruce which I planted because I like to see them grow;
and to protect an apple orchard from the west winds; and as it is a
single row planted 20 feet apart it does not check the motion of the
air enough to cause the frost to settle. View No. 5, shows a hemlock
hedge; which makes a background for a part of the front yard and
screens the house and yard from the west winds. It also hides the vege-
table garden from view. View No. 4, shows snow on some evergreens
in our yard. No. 5, is a view of our garden of perennial plants such as
German Iris, Foxgloves, Oriental poppies and = other hardy plants,
View No. 6, shows a Snowball under the boughs of a large White Pine.
View No. 7, shows a common Sweet Elder in blossom. It came up on
the north side of the barn, and most of farmers would have pulled it
out as soon as they saw it, but I let it grow, and I believe it is more
beautiful either in blossom or when loaded with fruit, than many of the
shrubs sold by nurserymen at high prices. What little we have done
has not cost very much money; but I believe it has increased the mar-
ket value of our farm more than one thousand dollars.

SOME PHASES OF NURSERY INSPECTION.
(BY PROF. J. G. SANDERS, UNIV. OF WISCONSIN.)

It is my pleasure as a delegate to bring to you the greetings of the
Wisconsin State Horticultural Society. It has been my privilege to at-
tend recently three horticultural meetings, one in Wisconsin, and one
last Tuesday in Minnesota, and I now have been with you since eleven
o’clock yesterday. I demurred on being appointed the official delegate
from the Wisconsin Society to this place, but the authorities said to
me, “You are the man we want to act in this capacity. You have the
ideas that we want to present not only to our own people but to the
people of Michigan.”

The subject which appears on the program was the one which was
uppermost in my mind at the time of receiving the communication
from your secretary, Mr. Bassett. I am an entomologist by profession
and a horticulturist in a broader sense by instict and love. I have
charge in Wisconsin of the State Nursery and Orchard Inspection;
and have had charge of the work since the first of July. Previous. to
that time I had been partially engaged in this line of work in Ohio
for three years, 1902-4, and was then called to Washington to take up
in part similar work with the United States Department of Agri-
culture.. The government work at Washington is not in certain ways
as satisfactory to my make-up as state work, so I was pleased when
I had an opportunity to come to Wisconsin and take up the state work.

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. 83

The majority of the states in the union now have laws which pro-
vide for Nursery and Orchard Inspection, especially for the former.
The passing of, these laws dates back to the importation of the San
Jose Scale into the Eastern part of this country. It was early recog-
nized that this dangerous pest is carried principally on nursery stock ;
that is the pest is transferred from state to state or from section to
section, on nursery stock although we know that it may be transported
for short distances by wind, human agency or by being carried on birds
or other insects while the scale is in its larval condition. On this ac-
count it was certain that if the San Jose scale was controlled in our
nurseries, its spread over the country would be materially checked. It
has been the experience with most insect pests on their introduction into a
new country that where they became established, providing conditions
were favorable, multiplication was much more rapid than in their
native country. This phenomena is due to various causes, principally
the absence of natural parasites and enemies.

Unfortunately, the laws passed in the various states controlling
nursery inspection vary remarkably, both as to their requirements and
as to the machinery designated for carrying out the requirements. In
some states the nursery inspection is placed in charge of the Econo-
mic Entomologist, in other states with the Horticultural Department,
in other states with the State Entomologist who is not connected with
the State Experiment Station, and finally in some states the work is
carried out at the direction of the State Experiment Station or Agri-
cultural College Officials. It is easy to see that under these varying
conditions we are certain to have extremely variable quality in the work
as carried out. I personally hesitate to accept as perfectly safe the
nursery stock inspected in some of our states on account of the lax
methods in vogue, and likewise on account of the incompetence and
carelessness of the inspectors. Too frequently, inexperienced inspect-
ors are sent out to do this most important work,—young men who have
had but little training in Entomology or Plant Pathology, and who
still worse, do not have the work at heart and do not realize the ex-
treme importance of careful and conscientious inspection.

There are now restrictions in some state laws which prevent the en-
try of nursery stock within its bounds which has not been fumigated.
Other states require no fumigation of stock except where they have
reason to believe that it is infested. While in other states, I am sorry
to say, we have no inspection at all. The United States Bureau of En-
tomology rather recently published a resume of the various require-
ments to be complied with by shippers of nursery stock in the various
states. In glancing over these requirements one is astonished by their
variety and variance.

What is the remedy for this condition of affairs? We hear much in
this day regarding “State’s Rights” in various methods. To a certain
extent it is possible that states have certain rights which should not be
violated or curtailed by the Federal Government, but I believe that the
solution of the Nursery Inspection problem for the United States is in
the obtaining of as nearly uniform inspection laws in the various states
as is possible. I believe that the inspection work in the states should
be under the control of the Secretary of Agriculture, who should grant
certificates to the various nurseries in the various states after thorough

84 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

and effective inspection has been carried out. The character and grade
of the inspection in the various states under this method could be
made more nearly uniform and certainly more satisfactory. By this
method a certificate granted to a certain nursery would be accepted in
all other states without the necessity of resorting to various methods
for complying with the law of that particular state, in which a nur-
sery wishes to ship its stock. No little confusion and trouble results at
the present time in the attempt made by various nurseries to comply
with the State Laws, where the nursery has a business ranging through
a large number of states.

As an instance I would mention the requirement of the Wisconsin
Nursery Inspection Law which demands that nurseries outside the
state doing a retail business within the state of Wisconsin, shall ob-
tain a nursery license by furnishing a duplicate copy of their own state
license and a ten dollar license fee. This plan seems to me to be a
poor arrangement but when you consider that we require the same fee
from our local Wisconsin nurserymen, and that they must comply with
the requirements of the law and strict inspection, it seems no more
than right that outside nurseries shall obtain the same privileges of the
sale by complying with the same requirements.

This idea is not a new one by any means but it has been proposed
and discussed by various bodies—Economic Entomologists and Nur-
serymen, but so far nothing has been done to make our nursery inspec-
tion laws more uniform and it is only by constant and general agita-
tion of this subject, that we can hope to obtain this final result.

Another phase of nursery inspection which to me under the present
arrangements seems very unwieldy and expensive, is the method now
used in inspecting shipments of foreign stock to this country. Under
the present arrangement the various State Inspectors are notified
through the Department of Agriculture by the Customs Officers of the
receipt of shipments of stock consigned to their states. These ship-
ments arrive in all portions of the state and at almost any season of
the year, thus requiring many trips to inspect a comparatively small
amount of stock. You will understand this inspection work is gener-
ally carried on to prevent the possible introduction into any territory
of those terrible pests, the “Gypsy Moth” and the “Brown-tail Moth”
and other dangerous insects and fungus diseases.

It has been proposed and a bill was drafted to the effect that the
Federal Government should jassume the responsjbility of inspecting
these importations at the port of entry, which seems the most reason-
able measure to carry out, and also the most certain method to prevent
the introduction of these pests. This bill was drawn up and presented
to the Committees in the National Congress a couple of years ago but
like many other bills proposed it was ignominiously shelved. It is
generally recognized that the majority of our economic insects of prime
importance in this country are of foreign origin; therefore, it only
seems reasonable that the easiest method to prevent large loss in this
country by insects which are dangerous in their Tanie country and
may be introduced here, is to prevent such introduction by thorough
inspection methods. The great importance of such work is scarcely real-
ized by the average layman, nor is the danger of importing these
serious pests properly appreciated until he has had some ample ex-

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. 85

perience with one of them. For instance, it is reported that when en-
tomologists proposed legislation in the Texas. State Legislature to pre-
vent the growing of cotton for a year or two in that region of Texas
where the cotton-ball weevil had obtained a foot-hold in order that the
progress of the insect might be> checked, the Entomologist and those
proposing such a plan were ridiculed and laughed at, but we feel_cer-
tain that had such measures been adopted millions of dollars would
have been saved to this country in the cotton crop. Had the Federal
Government the power and the money available at that time to imme-
diately take steps for controlling the pests, it is possible that several
‘of our insects which are now recognized as of prime importance could
have been stamped out in their incipiency. Dangerous insects are un-
restricted by state lines in their forward-march and distribution and on
this account it seems that laws and control measures should likewise
be unrestricted by state lines and that the Federal Government should
be empowered to take up immediately the control of any threatening
and dangerous insect pest. Especially should this be true when the
insect is one which is likely to become a national menace.

As a friend and believer in horticulture, may I state that in my opin-
ion, there is no greater pest to horticulture than a dishonest nursery-
man, that will put out stock untrue to name or misrepresents his goods.

I might interpolate here very frankly some experiences which I
have had during the past summer since taking up the Nursery Inspec-
tion work in Wisconsin. Our law requires that all nurseries whether
located within or without our state shall secure a license for the con-
duct of their business in our state. In answer to a large number of
complaints received at the office from fruit growers and farmers in sec-
tions of our state, I took it upon myself to personally investigate the
charges made by these people against a certain nursery firm located in
Illinois. The result of this investigation showed a condition somewhat
as follows:

A man accompanied by three assistants, purporting to be agents of
the Home Nursery Company of Bloomington, Illinois, took large num-
bers of orders in the northeastern part of Wisconsin for two varieties
of cherries known as the “Northwest” and the “Ostheim.” These cher-
ries which we know as inferior sorts, were misrepresented by these
agents in various ways. First, they were claimed to be superior in every
way to the old recognized varieties, the “Montmorency” and the “Karly
Richmond.” Again, they in places guaranteed the people that. these
were the varieties of cherries which were returning such large and val-
uable yields in our well known Sturgeon Bay cherry section. Thirdly:
In some places they represented that their company had handled the
entire cherry output of the Sturgeon Bay region, all of which statements
are distinctly false and misleading.

The plan of sale was something like this: The agent after represent-
ing these two varieties of cherries to be the most valuable which money
could purchase and representing that the trees were all grafted on Rus-
Sian roots, asked the prospective buyer $1.10 per tree. If the buyer
demurred on this price and refused to buy, an agreement was offered
whereby the farmer might secure these valuable trees at the extreme
low rate of $55.00 per hundred, providing he would give to the nursery
company one-half of his 1915 crop. In a great number of cases the buy-

86 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

er jumped at this bait and swallowed it hook and all, including the
barb, for there was a barb connected with the hook. <A printed agree-
ment or contract form was produced, which reads as follows :—

“ AGREEMENT.”

‘“We desire to show our patrons the profits of growing a five acre cherry orchard; by the
latest and most approved method of pollenizing, In order to grow perfect formation
of fruit, we find by experience the only safe way is to grow fruit by pollenizing. There-
fore, the grower has perfect fruit to place on the market at the highest prices and no trouble
is found to sell all he can erow. (This method is endorsed by preserving and canning

companies). .
The trimming of young trees is a most important element in their care and future de-
velopment, and in order to insure perfect trees to our patrons at bearing age, are to be
trimmed and eared for by the Home Nursery Company at such time and in such manner
as said company may deem best, and if said trees are not as represented and should any
of said trees die from any fault of said company within five years after planting of said
orchard, said trees will be replaced, free of charge, by the Home Nursery Company.

At the expiration of said term of years, the purchaser will have an orchard of bearing
trees. The purchaser is to set the trees in accordance with the book of instructions given
him for that purpose by our representative. It is further agreed that the Home Nursery
Company is to buy and pick all fruit of the varieties mentioned on back of this agreement
at market prices. I being the purchaser of this commercial orchard agree to haul this
fruit to the preserving and canning companies, or the nearest railroad station. Upon these

conditions we guarantee prefect success.
“THE HOME NURSERY COMPANY,”

The agreement which must’ be signed by the fruit grower or farmer
and his wife, reads further that he promises to pay to the agent for
order specified a number of dollars in cash on day of delivery. No
countermanding. Notice to be sent day after delivery.

The above agreement means nothing, represents nothing, and guaran-
tees nothing, if you will examine it carefully. A curious part of these
transactions as determined by my investigations, was the fact that in
but few cases had the purchasers read over the agreement, but took
for granted that the agreement contained all of the promises and rep-
resentations of the agent.

Now comes the most curious and interesting part in this whole trans-
action. “The Home Nursery Company, Bloomington, Illinois,” does not
appear in the 1910 Directory of Florists, Nurserymen and Seedmen,
which is issued by the American Florist Company and is the most com-
plete list of its kind in America. A letter written to President Graham
of the Illinois Horticultural Society by Secretary Cranefield of the
Wisconsin Society asking for information concerning this ‘Home
Nursery Company” received the reply the “Home Nursery Com-
pany” does not appear in the City or Telephone Directory
of Bloomington, Illinois. Mr. Graham who lives at Bloomington also
stated that he knew of no such company at Bloomington.

On further investigation my curiosity was still more aroused, and I
wrote two or three letters addressed to the “Home Nursery Co.” at
Bloomington, inquiring as to the organization of their company, loca-
tion of their nursery, ete., from which. I received rather evasive replies,
some letters remaining unanswered. In a later letter I demanded to
know whether the parties which had been representing their company
in our state were bona fide agents, to which they replied in the nega-
tive. Again when the copy of the contract used by these agents bearing

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. _ 87

the name of the “Home Nursery Company of Bloomington, Illinois” in
large type was sent to them, asking whether they had authorized this
contract, they replied in the negative.

You will note that this company when told that they were responsi-
ble under law for the actions and transactions of their agents, denied
that these parties were their agents, although in letters earlier in the
year the company applied to my office for agents’ licenses for these par-
ties representing at that time that they were agents.

In the face of all these facts, it seems to me that the entire business
of this nursery company and its agents or representatives, is carrying
out a policy of misrepresentation which seems to be nothing more or
less than premeditated swindling.

This is a concrete example,—one of several with which we have had
to contend in Wisconsin, and I learn from correspondence that similar
operations are being carried on in other states. What methods of con-
trol can be promulgated for restraining and preventing such nefarious
business in our midst? To my mind no more serious detriment and
harm is thrust upon the Horticultural interests of any state than is
perpetrated by just such dishonest and swindling dealing.

Another class of dishonesty with which we must contend, is the nur-
serymen within our borders who continually persist in substituting
rarieties other than those ordered by customers. In my own state there
are nurserymen who have no scruples in this regard, but carry out meth-
ods of intentional substitution by taking orders for varieties which
they know they have not in stock, intending on delivery to substitute
other varieties without notifying the purchaser. Is there any reason
why a nurseryman should substitute for good varieties in orders which
are adapted to the particular conditions where the trees are intended
to be planted without notifying the customer of his inability to furnish
the ordered varieties any more than there is excuse for a lumberman
to furnish you with pine or hemlock lumber when you had ordered
oak; or for a painter to furnish you blue when you had ordered red
paint; or for a miller to furnish you with cornmeal when you had or-
dered flour? I hold that it is within the scope of proper laws to de-
mand that nurserymen furnish the varieties which have been ordered
and if they are not able to furnish the variety ordered, they should no-
tify the customer so that he may either cancel the order or make his
own substitution of varieties.

Substitution may be all right in the case of small orders. But if
you are in the fruit business and intend to plant large blocks you want
one kind in one block or row. Instead you may have a lot of seedlings
or crab apples mixed among your trees which can not be distinguished.
It is very easy to swindle the farmer and grower, for he cannot dis-
tinguish the varieties until they come into bearing and then he finds
to his sorrow that he doesn’t have what he expected” and disappointment
and loss is the result.

Now what is the remedy? That is not an easy question to answer.
I know what we propose to do in my state. First I want to say that
there are many dealers both in Wisconsin, Michigan and Minnesota, to
whom we furnish a license for the sale of nursery stock and we cannot
tell where they get that nursery stock. What method of control shall
we adopt for these people? I propose to publish a list of the nursery-

88 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

men of the state of Wisconsin, their location, the proprietors of the
nursery, the acreage of stock which they grow. This circular will be
valuable in the state where our people wish to buy of local nurseymen.
I advise the people of my state against the purchase of nursery stock
from agents who come into their territory asking an enormous price for
new varieties which are claimed to be far superior to anything grown
by nurseries in the state, but which in fact may be practically worth-
less; where they represent themselves to be the only people who handle
them and say that they are grafted on Russian roots, ete—such state-
ments as these tend to impress the unwary farmer with the wonderful
stock he is getting, when in fact it may have been grown in some obscure
place in Arkansas and would not at all be fitted for our northern cli-
mate.

There is another point, I am very certain that trees grown in the far
south are not suitable for the north, I would much prefer to take trees
grown in our immediate locality for then we know they will be suited to
our latitude.

For the control of these dishonest dealers I will publish broadcast
the statement warning our people against nursery agents except where
they know the parties. And I cannot understand why it is that farmers
will take the word of these unknown irresponsible agents in preference
to the word of horticulturists in the neighborhood and especially when
they are warned that the stock being offered is not good.

When in doubt about Agricultural matters consult your Experiment
Station.

DISCUSSION.

_ A Member—What spray would you use for this last pest which you
have discovered ?

Prof. Sanders—I have always felt that some tree salesmen and light-
ning-rod men—especially a certain class of them—should have some
kind of spray.

A Member—I would suggest that you give them chloroform. I be-
lieve that is Dr. Osler’s method.

Q. Do you think that these fraud nurseries are injurious to the re-
liable nurseries?

Prof. Sanders—Yes, I think so. The man who is carrying on a
straight-forward business is affected in the public mind, by fraudulent,
dishonest parties. If a man has been swindled once he is fearful about
indulging in other deals, and that is the thought I had in view in pub-
lishing at large a special note regarding these fraudulent nurserymen.

A Member—That is what I want you to acknowledge; I have always
been a straight nurseryman. I think that no man should be permitted
to sell any kind of fruit without the name and address on the basket.
The fact that we are allowed to do this is the reason why we have
swindlers among the fruit growers. I have had men tell me that they
bought a basket of fancy peaches or plums and on the top everything
looked all right while in the bottom there would be fruit of an entire
different character. I don’t know why any grower of fruit should pack
his fruit up in anything he sees fit, any more than a manufacturer would
put up an article that did not comply with the Pure Food Law. You
know the Pure Food Law will not allow the putting up of baking pow-

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. 89

der and placing it upon.the market for sale without it contains on the
label or wrapper the name of the manufacturer, the constituent ingre-
dients of the compound, also where the goods are put up; and I will be
glad when we have a law which will say that we cannot sell anything
in the fruit line on the market without it contains the name and address
of the packer or raiser.

Prof. Sanders—The general trend of legislation is toward branding
everything sold, not only of food, but of spray materials, textiles, all
kinds of clothing. If it is wool you want to know it. The same with
silks. If you only knew how little real silk there is then you would
appreciate this. I doubt if there is ten per cent of the silk on the mar-
ket that is actually spun by the silk worm.

Q. Would not the advertising, and the area and extent of the nur-
sery have a bad effect on a new nursery? I have been planting stock
from a large nursery with very unsatisfactory results. I have lost all
of these trees. This year I have purchased my trees from an agent who
is growing his own nursery stock and heeling in his stock that is left.
I believe that a great many of the trees are fumigated in the root cel-
lars and we have no way of telling whether they are good or not. Our
trees come from all over the country. Is there no way that we can have
any assurance as to whether the trees have been killed by over-fumiga-
tion?

Prof. Sanders—I think there is no way that we can definitely detect”
whether trees have been hurt by over- fumigation. As a matter of fact
a are very few trees killed by fumigation. I will give you a point-

r:—I have seen so many trees prepared for fumigation that were dug
ai and allowed to lay in the sun for hours, or even for a day or two,
before they were fumigated that the chances are ten to one that damage
does not come from over-fumigation. Fumigation at the normal cyan-
ide strength, one ounce of potassium cyanide to each one hundred cubic
feet of space is not liable to do any damage to dormant fruit stock. I
tried four times the normal strength on apple trees in a dormant condi-
tion without injury, but I protec ted the roots from drying after digging.
There is where the injury is done to most of our nursery stock. We
find in tiny little rootlets that are allowed to dry out, the cells become
dry and never regain their normal condition even when put in a damp
cellar.

A Member—I have a question on which I would like the Professor’s
opinion. He mentioned the scale as passing the winter in a semi-dor-
mant condition. What damage is the scale supposed to do during the
winter months?

In answer to that question I will say that the San Jose scale does
very little damage through the winter because it is in a dormant con-
dition, taking but little, if any, nourishment, but as soon as the warm
weather opens up in the spring, and the sap begins to flow, then it be-
gins to feed. Most of our native scales differ from San Jose in that
there i is but one brood annually. The San Jose seale has several genera-
tions a year, perhaps three in. this climate, or four or five or even six
generations further south, and it brings forth living young. ‘That is
where the essential difference lies between the Sel Jose sale and the na-
tive scale.

Q. Is the damage due to the sucking of ie sap or to the putting of
the poison back into the tree?

90 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Prof Sanders—They do not put any poison into the tree.
They have a slight peculiar reddening effect upon the bark of
the tree, but where they get in their work is by pushing their
probosis into the bark and sucking out the sap.

Q. Will the same fumigation for scale destroy root-aphis with which
many roots are affected?

Prof. Sanders—A proportion of the root aphis will be killed but some
may not .be killed. Nor will the eggs of many of our butterfles and
moths be killed by the same fumigation. That has been brought out
very clearly with experiments made for the control of the Gypsy moth
This was introduced into our country on foreign stock in the ege stage.
Nicotine Solution, kerosene emulsion, whale oil soap are good remedies
for plant lice. :

Q. Will dormant spraying kill scurvy bark louse as well as the San
Jose scale?

Prof. Sanders—It will do this to a larger extent than with the oyster
scale louse. It ‘is best to spray late in the spring for both. You can
spray immediately before the leaves unfold, when the buds are swelling.
But you can eradicate oyster scale on trees with the kerosene emulsion
which is effective against any scale insects.

Q. Is the crown gall any sufficient reason for rejection of nursery
stock ?

Prof. Sanders—That is another question that is unsettled. That
question was largely discussed through the afternoon in the Minnesota
meeting and a representative of the Jewel nursery claimed that he
had conducted some extensive experiments in which he found that he
was in position to declare that the crown gall was not dangerous
to a tree. I still am on the doubting side and shall not accept the state-
ment as conclusive proof to that effect. If the tree is diseased in any
way, and that is a disease, | would prefer not to have it in my nur-
sery or orchard. Y

Q. Must we accept it from the nursery ?

Prof. Sanders—I do not believe you have to accept it, at least not
under the Wisconsin laws and I think that most of the state legislatures
have enacted similar’ laws.

Q. Do you favor the fall or the spring in which to spray for the
scale?

Prof. Sanders—I would prefer the spring, because you kill the scale
and you kill many of your fungus diseases at the same time if you
use lime-sulphur solution.

Q. Recently I had to look up the crown gall and found the state-
ment in the bulletins which came from the department of agriculture
and also state bulletins as well that the crown gall would not only kill
the tree but it would inoculate the ground so that it would be im-
possible to make another grow where that crown gall tree had stood.

Prof. Sanders—Statements have been made and repeated in bulletins
to that effect and also to the contrary so there seems to be quite a
divergence of opinion on the subject. I do not, however, think the
crown gall of quite the same nature as the peach yellows. We do
not know the cause of the latter disease although Dr. Erwin Smith
and many others have been working for years and as yet they are un-
able to tell just what the cause is.

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. , of

Prof. Taft—I think we should distinguish between the galls. Many
have had the gall on their peach trees and we have on apple trees two
or three kinds of galls. In some cases the gall, as we call it, is devel-
oped where the grafting was done. In that case I would not care to
use the trees. The instructions we give to our nurserymen is that trees
having galls upon them should be destroyed, and certainly anyone that
purchases trees would be justified in throwing them out and not pay-
ing for them if they had the gall. The peach gall particularly should
be feared and I would not plant peach trees where you have rasp-
berries. I have taken trees which had small gall on the roots and cut-
ting them off we would not suffer anything from them. We cannot,
however, tell just how serious the damage would be and I would rather
discard the tree than use it. So far as Michigan nurseries go, we
publish every year a list of licensed nurseries growing trees in Michi-
gan. We make a distinct list saying who are dealers and who are pur-
chasers either from Michigan nurseries or from other states. We have
a third list giving the various nurseries so that one can from these lists
decide just where he can go to buy his trees. I personally prefer to
purchase from nurserymen but it seems to me that there are many cases
where we have careful dealers who visit the nurseries from whom
they get the nursery stock, making careful and true-to-names selec-
tions and in that case I would be just as sure of getting what I wanted
as if I bought direct from a regular nurseryman. [ven nurseries do
not always raise or grow all the trees they sell, so in that case you
would not always be sure of getting strictly home grown stock from
that particular nurseryman. I will say that so far as the aurserymen
go, where we do not feel that we have any actual control over the hon-
esty of their claims or the validity of their statements we have not
given the matter very serious attention. Where nurserymen are de-
ceiving the public, is sending out letters and letting papers publish
it telling what wonderful virtues are wrapped up in their trees—same
as insecticides. I might say of the San Jose scale, that although we
have published at the experimental station bulletins which are free for
the asking, and which we have sent to the newspapers, and many de-
scriptions and notes have been published, yet there are today places in
Michigan where they never heard of the scale, and in many cases where
orchards are dying with it, yet they do not know what it is; they do
not suspect it to be the scale, However, while this is true in some parts
of Michigan I am glad to say that the scale has been kept pretty well
in the southern part of the state. It is working north slowly but it is
not more than one-half way up the lower peninsula and does not seem
to thrive much above that line. In two cases we have found the scale
in one of the central northern counties, so far north as Cadillac, but
I found that the scale was introduced there by stock that was infested
when it arrived. These trees were destroyed and although we have
been going there two or three years we have failed to find upon exami-
nation, any of the surrounding trees infested, so it seems to me that in
the northern part of the state one can expect to escape any serious in-
jury from insects.

Q. Would it be advisable to get nursery stock from the northern
part of the state rather than at-home?

Prof. Taft—This year there has been 50,000 trees shipped from the

92 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

territory north of Grand Rapids. That would not be if only the three
nurseries north of Grand Rapids were growing trees, and they have
nearly all peach trees. For myself, I like to have trees grown near
home because if they are injured or anything of the kind T don’t hes-
itate to go to their home. It is largely a matter from. the time of dig-
ging until the trees are put in. There is no chance of injury from fu-
migation. I might say right here that some prefer to dip their trees
into an insecticide solution rather than to fumigate, but some times
this is not as good as the other, but proper fumigation will kill the
scale and will not injure the trees.

THE SITE AND SOIL FOR AN ORCHARD.

(0. K. WHITE, FIELD AGENT IN HORTICULTURE FOR M. A. Copy

The success and profitableness of an orchard depends so largely upon
the site and soil that it behooves the prospective fruit grower to give
these features careful consideration before he ventures into the busi-
ness,

The site for an orchard should not be low or level, but should be
more or less rolling and have an elevation somewhat higher than is
common to the vicinity or section. Such a site supplies good air drain-
age. Cold air is heavier than warm air and always sinks to lower
levels, hence low grounds are more subject to frosts and severe winter
freezing. Such disastrous results as occurred at the time of the last Feb-
ruary freeze of 1899 and the October freeze 1906, are still fresh in the
minds of many Michigan fruit growers who had orchards on low, level
lands. Many of the orchards, which had until these times been very
successful, were practically destroyed. Even on higher lands, pocket-
ets must be avoided because cold air settles in them and cannot get out.
It is not necessary that a site be extremely hilly or that the orchard be
located upon high hill.tops. Im many cases it would be better to avoid
hill tops on account of their exposure to winds and their tendency to
severe soil washing. Abrupt hillsides should also be avoided because
of the difficulties encountered in spraying, tillage and harvesting.

The slope and exposure of a site has some bearing upon its desira-
bility for the planting of an orchard. Generally south slope has a light-
er soil and warms earlier in the spring than a northern or eastern ex-
posure. This induces earliness in blossoming and ripening of fruit,
which is sometimes desirable. On the other hand, trees on a southern
exposure are more subject to winter killing and sun scald. Generally,
northern or eastern exposures are preferred by fruit growers because
they usually have strong soils, are more retentive of moisture and are
not so susceptible to winter injury or late spring frosts.

It must be understood that some fruits are hardier than others. The
apricot is so tender that it seldom does well in Michigan. As long as
winters are mild it may do fairly well, but it is almost certain to be
killed by the first severe winter, even though planted on the most favor-
able location. The peach is nearly as tender, while the plum follows

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. 93

very closely. Apples, pears and quinces are not as tender or as. sensi-
tive to extremes of cold as peaches and plums, hence it is not as impera-
tive that they be given such careful consideration in the location of a
site for an orchard. Their blossoming later in the spring is also an-
other point in their favor.

The different fruits require different types of soil, but all do their
best on a strong, deep, well drained soil. Trees cannot thrive upon soils
that are depleted, shallow, or poor in texture, where an impervious
hardpan is near the surface or where they have “wet feet.” Examples
of failures due to these conditions are not uncommon. Stunted trees
or blank spaces in the low spots of an orchard usually indicate poor
soil or poor air drainage or both.

Artificial drainage may sometimes be resorted to in order to make
a location suitable for an orchard but ordinarily such a procedure is
not satisfactory, especially in a commercial orchard. For a home or-
chard, which it is highly desirable to have near the house, artificial
drainage is frequently used to take advantage of a desirable location.

A soil can be too dry for fruit trees. Such is the condition of some
of Michigan’s soil, which is so porous and devoid of humus that it can-
not retain moisture. Trees on such soil invariably lack in vigor, pro-
ductivity and hardiness. In the case of peaches. “Hither extreme of
moisture—excessive wetness or excessive dryness—gives favorable con-
ditions for winter killing. The wet soil is conducive to sappiness in a
tree and also freezes deeply. Severe cold, especially if alternating
with warm weather, or accompanied with dry winds, causes evaporation
of water from the trees, and if the soil be so dry as not to furnish moist-
ure to replace the evaporated water, harmful results ensue.”

The soil that is shallow, devoid of plant food, cannot be expected to
produce an orchard and keep it in vigorous health and productivity.
While plant food can be added to the soil it is a factor which the or-
chardists must not overlook or underestimate, because it is just as neces-
sary that an orchard produce a good strong growth in the first few years
of its existence as after it comes into bearing. Scores of orchards in
Michigan, today, are unhealthy and unproductive simply because they
were planted upon soils deficient in plant food.

Soils best adapted to apples may vary. from a. rich, sandy loam to
a clay loam, while pears prefer a clay loam or a pure clay, provided it
is of a good texture. Plums and cherries usually do best on a medium
loam, and peaches on a soil ranging from a sandy nature to a medium
clay loam. While it is conceded that the nature of a soil may be in-
fluenced greatly and its adaptability to different fruits made possible
to a greater or less extent by the use of lime, manures and commercial
fertilizers, yet it is important to emphasize the wisdom cf selecting a
soil best suited to the fruit that is expected to be raised or to plant
only those fruits best suited to the soil one already has.

94 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

PRIVATE COLD STORAGE HOUSE FOR FRUIT.

Many feel the need of a cold storage on the farm for storing their
fruit, especially apples, so that they can handle the fruit at their leisure
and market it when the prices are right. This is especially desirable
where the grower is located near by a large home market.

Mr. Charles W. Wilde of Kent county is only « few miles from the
large city of Grand Rapids and he has erected such a storage house on
his farm. A full page picture of this building is to be found in this
report. The building is 44 by 102 feet outside measure. The apple stor-
age rooms, four in number are 16 by 24 feet and 20 by 24 feet. An ice
room 20 by 24 feet and 20 feet high, is located at the north end. There
are no windows in the apple rooms and lanterns are used for light.
At the south end is a sorting room 12 by 24 feet. Along side of the
storage rooms are long rooms, each 10 by 102 feet which are used for
temporary storage and, during the winter for storing spray rigs. wagons,
ete. The apple storage-rooms are connected by doors four feet wide
for a truck which will carry 18 crates. The apple storage rooms have
18 feet studding, packed with shavings. The construction of this build-
ing is further described by Mr. Wilde as follows: —

I built the south three rooms of the storage about ten years ago,
using 2x4 studding, 18 feet long, boarding up with 6-inch hemlock floor-
ing and the best 2 ply P. B. building paper and packing the spaces with
shavings, and then set up another set of studding using 60 spikes to
fasten them to the wall, until I had four spaces packed and a wall about
2 feet thick, composed of eight layers of boards and twelve of paper and
four spaces packed with shavings. The floor of the ice rooms over-
head are covered with galvanized iron roofing with a slight pitch to-
wards the center, where a trough catches the drippage. We use to
put about 40 tons of ice overhead of each room in the winter without
any packing around the ice, and it would last until the next winter;
but such a large weight of ice overhead is hard on a building; so we
later built an ice room at the north end 20x24 feet and 20 feet high,
also built a road way for the truck through the ice rooms, so we now
store the ice in that room and truck it overhead the apple rooms as we
need it. In the rooms we built later we used 2x10 studding 18 feet long
and packed with shavings and double boarded inside and out which
answers very well where there is a common storage room all around
the cold storage rooms, as far as we have in our building. The foundation
walls of the cold storage rooms are made of cement and stone and built
high enough so that the 2x12 joice will bring the floor which is 2 inch
hemlock plank on a level with the platform of our low orchard wagon.
Under the floor there is from one to two feet of cobble stone covered
with gravel and cement to keep out the rats and mice and cut off the
ground heat. There is about two foot air space between the cement
floor and the plank floor. We lay the plank about one inch apart, so
the air will circulate and the joists will not rot. The ice rooms are seal-
ed overhead with 6 inch hemlock flooring and covered with
building paper and galvanized iron and the sides are covered in

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. 95

the same way. The spaces between the joists overhead are packed with
shavings and floor laid and two to three feet of shavings are placed on
the attic floor and this attic is ventilated with windows at ends and
seven ventilators 4x4 feet and 6 feet high. It has never frozen in the
apple rooms in winter and when there is ice overhead the temperature
in the rooms in warm weather is about 40° which will keep apples until
spring if they are in good condition when put in. We store all our
apples in crates and our rooms will hold about five thousand crates.
There are no windows in the apple reoms and we use lanterns for
light. We use a truck that will carry 18 crates. For size and arrange-
ment of rooms see diagram. This building cost us about $6,000.00. It
has given good results; but on account of using such a large amount
of lumber it has cost too much. Where gravel is handy I believe ce-
ment blocks or hollow cement walls might be cheaper.

Yours truly,

CHAS. W. WILDE.

GROWING OF CANTALOUPES.
(PAUL ROSE, SOUTH FRANKFORT.)

Mr. President,—Ladies and Gentlemen: I believe this subject is of
great interest to the people of Benton Harbor because it is something
that can re-enforce and support a man who is trying to start some-
thing new as a side line. I may go farther and say that I think it is
the very best thing that one can engage in in a section where the canta-
loupe will grow and flourish and right here I want to say also that I
can see no reason why cantaloupes should not be raised around Benton
Harbor as well as anywhere else and so I hope to hear of a large number
of farmers in this section who will take this up and make a success of it.
Of course there are a good many things to learn as there is of any
new thing but by your own experience and that of those who have made
a success of the work you can succeed all right.

I have had some experience in raising cantaloupes; indeed it has
been a part of my life work in a large and small way and in acreages
varying from a few acres to a large tract and also in different parts of
the United States. California, Texas, Arizona, Tennessee and other
states and as my experience has been varied I am glad to pass it on to
those who are interested.

I have never raised cantaloupes from field planting. I first start them
under glass. I began in this work along back in 1870 and have enlarged
and improved and added new features until now it seems to me that the
limit has been reached in regard to the methods, etc., of growing this
product.

All you want to know is how you can grow cantaloupes so as to make
a success. The first consideration is the soil. You want a level, warm
dry soil, very loose and rich, a good productive land. There are hard
clay lands that will grow good cantaloupes but it is not advisable to

96 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

use it here. In Tennessee, it is used on which to grow cantaloupes and
I have seen them there of a most excellent quality.

I am very particular in the’ selection of my compost . for
the seed bed. All my plants are grown in five inch square boxes. We
tried larger boxes but have gone back to the small ones.

We get our stable manure wherever we can, free from sawdust. It
don’t make any difference how green it is if you can compost it. It is
thoroughly handled over, all sticks and cobs are thrown out. When we
fill the boxes we take this stable manure or rotted compost, and run
it over sieves. We have large sieves 12 ft. long and 21% ft. wide. These
are put on saw horses and the meshes are from one inch to one and one-
half inches, made of telephone wire. You may ask, why do you go to all
that trouble. The reason for it is that we want every plant to look like
every other plant and you cannot get them all alike unless your com-
post is all alike.

These, boxes can be filled weeks before the time needed to plant them.
If weeds come up so much the better. Make a little depression in the
box, say two and one-half or three inches around and cover that over
with sand—not sand really— but wood soil, which should also be run
through the sieve. Cover that over and then plant the seeds in the center
not over 34 of an inch deep. You can plant a dozen seeds if you want
to but if your seed is good, two or three will be sufficient. There are
times when we want a better plant than another and by having several
you can plant a good selection. Sometimes, we put in two layers of com-
post and a light layer of well rotted chicken manure. This has lots
of nitrogen in it and there is a liability that your plants will be burned
so look out for it. The temperature may be 100 to 1385 degrees during
the time until the plant comes up. After they are up then we hoe them
over with crooked knives and cut out all the plants but one. You may
think this is a dangerous practice and you may lose some hills but what
is all this for. It is that you may supply the best trade of the best
people and while you may leave two plants and get a fairly good melon
if you will grow but one plant you will get a better melon, and in
that way one plant will produce you just as much as two plants and of
a much better quality.

In transplanting the land is first laid out. J use stable manure quite
largely and think that it is the best for raising cantaloupes. We open
up rows both ways and throw the manure so that it nearly touches one
way. Then cover it over with a plow that throws a furrow both ways.
That leaves a ridge and you can tell just where your center is to set
your plants. We open it with horse and an 8 in. lister, though where
there are only a few, this work can be done with a hoe. We cutsthe
corners of the boxes and set the plant in its place without disturbing it.
These plants are four to five weeks old and sometimes six weeks old be-
fore put in. Each plant coming into the field should have a runner
six inches long before setting.

We spray these plants in the hot beds with Bordeaux mixture, com-
mon solution. We do that for two reasons, to head off the fungus that
gets on the plant oftentimes, ruining the quality of the cantaloupe;
and for another reason it has a tendency to check the aphis. Then again,
we spray just <s soon as the plants are set out and begin growing. I
want to impress upon you the necessity of spraying to kill the fungus.

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One of the power spraying outfits on the Chas. W. Wilde fruit farm, northwest of
Grand Rapids, working in the pear orchard.

Fruit storage house on the farm of Chas. W. Wilde, northwest of Grand Rapids.

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Oceana County Fruit Exhibit at Michigan State Fair, Detroit, 1910.

Paul Rose Picking Cherries.

South Frankfort, Benzie County, is becoming famous as a cherry producing region. Probably no person has
done more towards securing a favorable reputation fer the region than Paul Rose whose two hundred acre farm is on
the high ground a few miles back from the village.

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FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. 97

This is why many of you get so poor prices for your melons while others
get so much better price. The spraying of plants and trees for fungus
is based upon the principle that it is a good thing to get there before
the fungus does. You will not have any fungus or any aphis if the
copper solution is put on. That is one reason why I have been so suc-
cessful while others have met with failure—I have always been a per-
sistent sprayer.

I have a spraying outfit which is a sort of self acting affair se ar-
ranged that we-can spray three rows at once. We straddle the rows
and are able to spray as much as twenty acres a day. It is a paying
proposition to get a good outfit especially if you are in the business for
profit: My outfit cost me $120.00.

I spray my cantaloupes from three to five times and I consider the
most important spraying of all to be the last one just before we are
ready to pick ripe melons. Cantaloupes begin to depreciate in quality
very rapidly. after they come to maturity because in many cases the
fungus begins to work but this spraying keeps off that fungus and they
do all right.

I use commercial fertilizers when I cannot get stable manure. The
way I do, I have a party who gathers this up for me in the city when-
ever he gets a carload of it he ships it in to me and it costs me $40 per
carload there. I consider this the best money I invest as it yields very
profitable returns. With it I am able to keep my soil in good shape all
the time and we are enabled to grow a high grade of cantaloupe which
bring the very top prices in the market. For seventeen years, I have
been conducting my work along this line and every year has been a bet-
ter year for me and last season I grew more cantaloupes and better
ones, to the acre, than ever before but I want to say quite emphatically
that they. were sprayed.

You must put something back into the soil if you expect to get re-—
turns from it so as soon as my cantaloupes are picked we seed to rye.
Rye I consider is the best thing to plow under, barley and wheat are
very good, but wheat winter kills and I prefer rye as it will stand the
winds and when it gets about eight or twelve inches high I can roll it
under. If you fertilize these lands you will be surprised at the returns
which they will give you back. ;

Now as to varieties; as you know I have been experimenting and have
given several new varieties to the public that are regarded as zood. In
Indiana my work was along this line. I consider the best early melon
next to the Netted Gem variety to be what is called the Rose Gem.
This I can heartily recommend to you as one of the very best early
melons.

We have two types of Netted Gems—one I claim to be the originator
of. I found it first down in the hills of Tennessee and have developed
it until they are now a very beautiful looking melon, and while it is a
little late perhaps a week later than the other, it is a week better. It
is a little thin meated and the hollow is a trifle too large. This has not
been bred out but it stands up and I think it is the best Netted Gem
melon for long distance shipping such as New York and Buffalo. There
is another Netted Gem type which is rust proof. They have started a
variety down at the Indiana experiment station although they did not
originate it. That melon will stand up against rust better than any

13

98 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

variety I have ever seen, but the difficulty is that it grows too large and
in order to ship it you would have to use Jumbo crates.

And that brings me to the matter of packages. Whenever you have
a good fruit, a large share of the looks of it is detracted when it is put
up in poor packages. So the question of packages is one of importance.
When you have nice melons, you are certainly out of date with a bunty
crate. Get the Rockyford crate. That has three slats, 2 in. wide and 14
of an inch thick. Do not get it so thick that it will not bulge and thus
save your melons from getting bruised in transit. The crates should be
stripped when making shipment, i. e., put slats in between the tiers.
I advise my friends at Benton Harbor that if you want some-
thing nice take up this melon business and produce some _ first
class fruit and get it on to a good market and you will find it a very
pleasant and profitable employment. Just now the trade is going to
the red flesh colored melon in cantaloupes and I would advise you to
get in line. There are several varieties of these. I have given to the
public three of them myself. The Osage Gem, Ordway, and Petoskey
are all right. The latter bears my name but I did not give it the name
myself—Vaughn did it. However, it does not stand up so well as some
others and is not so good for long distance shipments although it is all
right for short hauls. Cincinnati is a splendid market for melons.
They are bare of stuff when you want to ship your melons. Do not
dump everything on Chicago.

I like the Hoodoo melon because it is good. I brought that out. I find
that this is the best variety for us up in the north land. I was amused
last summer to see on the markets this melon under the new name of
Hearts of Gold. That is a better name than Hoodoo but I want to tell
you that it almost hoodooed itself before it was gotten where it amounted
to anything. I lost nearly all of the seed and i thought for a time that
it would not amount to anything.

I don’t know but what I have given you enough pointers on raising
cantaloupes and don’t think that I had better s say anymore and so if there
are any questions that you would like to ask I will be pleased to answer
them to the best of my ability.

DISCUSSION.

A Member—I would like to know what size you make your crates.

Mr. Rose—11x12 and 11x12x24. ;

Q. The last melon you mentioned—tell us a little more about it.

Mr. Rose—I suppose you refer to the Hoodoo. Well that is rust proof
in name as well as nature. We have no name for the melon as yet and
don’t know whether we will change it or not. As I said it is a good
melon for northern growth as it is hardy and very productive.

Q. Do you raise rye in the place of vetch in your melons? We sow
vetch and think very well of it.

Mr. Rose-—I tried vetch. It would not get in until after the melon
crop was off and I could not get sufficient growth of it to plow under
so that the plant could take hold of it. What ever you put into the soil,
you want it to be in such a shape that the plant can get hold of it and
it must be in a soluble form. If the vetch grows at all it is so woody
that the crop will not get it. As I said, we tried these vetches but
found it was not any good for us. ;

Q. Where can the seed of the Rose Gem be secured?

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. 99

Mr. Rose—I don’t know. I have some but I am not in the seed busi-
ness. I could furnish a limited amount of seed. I sold it on my canta-
loupe deal and left the gentlemen with some of these varieties on hand.
Perhaps you can get some of it from the experiment station in Indiana.
There is a man by the name of Richard Ready at Decker, Ind., from
whom I think seed can be had. We worked together and he has quite a
quantity of it I think.

_Q. Did you ever have any trouble with plants damping off in the hot
bed?

Mr. Rose—That is all caused by growing your plants too wet—having
too much dampness and not giving your flat frames enough ventilation.
Another thing, if the fungus gets in that will do some damage but we
spray with Bordeaux Mixture which relieves the situation from that
standpoint.

Q. What strength of Bordeaux do you use?

Mr. Rose—The standard 4-6-40.

Q. Have you ever transplanted melons from seed beds into boxes?

Mr. Rose—We do that. You need not have one vacant box in one of
your beds. I have my fellows scatter out some seed and cover them up
and they come up and when we find a vacant box we set them out and
puddle them in and they will grow.

Q. Do you find that plants thus transplanted once are stronger or
weaker than the plant that grows in a box?

Mr. Rose—We have transplanted whole beds and we could see no
difference in the end.

@. Do you think it improves the melon to plant different varieties?

Mr. Rose—We don’t want to mix varieties. I have never allowed dif-
ferent varieties to grow together. A cantaloupe has to be fertilized and
you will fail to get this fertilization unless the insect works. I keep
bees. I- don’t work them for honey. I like to have them around my
cantaloupe field.

@. How do you handle the striped beetle?

Mr. Rose—We kill him whenever we can. They are a peculiar bug.
We see no signs of them today and tomorrow we are full of them. We
had 130 acres—70 acres in one block—south of us was a lot of growers.
The bugs got in on them. Their fields were fairly alive with them. I
stopped every man working and sent to the drug store and got every bit
of sulphur that he had. I got all the turpentine and carbolic acid.
that could be had and this mixture was put on a large quantity of dust
that we collected. Then we got shakers and went over the fields and
shook this stuff over the vines. There was air slacked lime on hand and
we found that when we used this in connection with the other that the
bugs would not stay on thé vines. You cannot drive them against the
wind. but this prompt action on our part had the effect of driving them
away and we had no further trouble while the parties who had the bugs
south of us had to plant all their seed over.

@. I have heard that moth balls would drive them out.

Mr. Rose—I do not think they will.

Q. We are troubled with the vines dying off when they get about
one-third grown; when the little melons are about as big as hen’s
eges. We thought it was due to the ravages of the squash bug.

Mr. Rose—If you have no melon bugs, you will have no melon wilt.
Your melons will appear all right at night but in the morning they are

100 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

wilted down. I planted thirty acres of cantaloupes once and up to that
time had never had any blighting and then these bugs came on and where
they came from I did not know. They stayed with us. I lost nearly all
of these melons. It is the poison of the larvae of the striped beetie
that kills these vines and it is done by depositing it in and around the
vine stems. This is what causes the wilting. Then I believe that the
borers and late fungus get into the sap and they account for some of
the trouble.

@. Have you tried poisoning the bugs?

Mr. Rose—Yes, but it is not a success, although once my brother
saved his by Paris Green and water, I think that lime water would have
been as good. It is however pretty hard to do and you are quite apt to
burn the vines.

Q. Have you used arsenate of lead?

Mr. Rose—No sir.

@. Have you ever tried bug death?

Mr. Rose—Yes in Tennessee, but it is like anything else, they will
leave it. You never kill any bugs with it. We used a powder in Ten-
nessee to head off the lice. The only sure way to head off the melon
aphis is to watch your fields and head them off by Bordeaux spraying.
Then every man in your neighborhood ought to do the same thing. The
aphis must start somewhere and if they don’t have a chance to start
in your neighborhood why you will not be bothered with them. One of
the bumps that Rose got once was the loss of 118 acres with only $500
yield.

@. Have you ever had any trouble with cut worms?

Mr. Rose—We grow plants so large and so strong that the stalk is
so thrifty that the worms do not seem to bother it much.

Q. Have you ever tried bran?

Mr. Rose—No sir I have never tried it but some of my neighbors have.

Q. Have you ever tried Lime sulphur?

A member—I don’t lose one plant in a thousand with yellow bugs,
and I think the caution or suggestion rather, made that you grow strong
plants will be an effectual remedy for cut worms and many other such
pests.

@. I would like to ask the gentleman if he uses the bran with poison
and what success has he had with it.

A. Yes we have used it and found it fairly successful.

@. What proportion do you use?

A. J use about a half a dollar’s worth of sugar. Melt it up until it
is a perfect liquid then put it on the stove and perhaps add more water
and stir it up until I have a real syrup of sweet water. Then take a
bushel of the bran and half a pound of Paris Green and go over my
plants with this mixture about three o’clock ig the afternoon. I take
perhaps one-third of the bran in the entire bushel basket and pour
enough of that syrup over it until it is damp—auntil the bran is a little
wet. Then I work that with my hands right up unti) it is mixed all
through the bran. Then take the Paris Green and sprinkle it over
until it is of a light green color. A good job should be done. Take
this and drop next to the hill and I have been very successful.

A yvoice—Will you please repeat that formula.

Answer—One-half pound of Paris Green to a bushel of bran and one-
half dollar’s worth of cheap brown sugar,

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. 101

Mr. Smythe—Mr. Dustin told me that he did that once and it proved
to be a very good treatment.

Mr. Dustin—I have always made a practice of broadcasting and in
the place of sugar I use molasses—about the same amount and pro-
portion just as the other gentleman mentioned, just so as to have it a
light green.

A member—I plowed 200 Ibs. of salt in to the acre and I did not
have any trouble with the cut worms.

Mr. Smythe—I heard some time ago that in England they use a cal-
cium chemical which they put into the soil as a fine powder either by
plowing and some other way and when it became damp it generated a
gas that killed them in a short time, and the gas did no injury to the
soil. I don’t know whether it is worth repeating but I give it as I
have heard it. The cut worm is becoming a troublesome pest in this
community and especially on the lighter soils.

Q. What kind of hot beds would you advise—the old fashioned or the
roof shaped?

Mr. Rose—It is owing to what you want to use this for. I have al-
ways used the other kind. My brother uses the greenhouse system.
Personally I think we can handle them the other way a little better.
That of course is something for every one to work out for himself.
You must have a good bed and have it tight and in good shape.

Q. I would like to have Mr. Rose give his method of destroying the
aphis.

Mr. Rose—I think I covered that ground. So far as we can we dig
them up and destroy them. These little aphis will work on the roots.
There is a difference in the aphis. You cannot pull up the plant with-
out leaving some aphis but there are hundreds of ants that will do
their part in destroying them.

Q. Did you ever use any of the poison called ophine?

A. No sir.. I may say further that I have been so successful in head-
ing off the aphis and by destroying the few hills and by always being
on guard that I do not consider the aphis any more as a special trouble.

Q. Have you any definite rule for watering plants?

Mr. Rose—I said not to have them too wet. Melon vines are more
often over watered than otherwise.

Q. Is there any difference in the time of day when you do this?

Mr. Rose—We have to water whenever they need it, and I don’t think
it makes any difference what time of day it is done. If we find that
the plants are dry at noon why we put water on them.

Q. Would you use perfectly cold water?

Mr. Rose—We use water right out of the reservoir.

Q. Would you sprinkle the plant?

Mr. Rose—Yes, a common nozzle can be used, good large size. Punch
it full of holes so as to get a long spray.

Q. Have you ever tried cutting the vines?

Mr. Rose—Yes, but it don’t pay. You must have a vine if you want
the fruit and you must have a vine sufficiently long to bear that fruit,
and if you get these vines too short you will find that it will not pay.

Q. What do you consider a good average crop per acre?

Mr. Rose—That depends as to where you are growing your melons.
In Michigan you should get 500 or 600 baskets to the acre. We have
gone away above that.

102 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Q. Do you water your hot beds right after seeding?

Mr. Rose—Yes sir.

Q. Do you use the double glass hot beds?

Mr. Rose—No sir. They get too hot with a double glass and we do
not think they need it. It is all right but unnecessary and too expen-
Sive.

@. Do you use the bottomless boxes?

Mr. Rose—No sir.

@. Have you any trouble with the drouth after the vines have coy-
ered the ground?

Mr. Rose—I had rather see the vines wilt down than to have the rain
come. j

Q. How far apart would you have them?

Mr. Rose—From five to eight feet gives the best success.

CHERRIES AND PEACHES FOR PROFIT.

(PAUL ROSE, SOUTH FRANKFORT. )

Ladies and gentlemen: It looks to me to be a little superfluous to
be called upon to address this intelligent audience upon this subject,
and it seems to me that there has been as much said upon the subject as
is necessary; but as you have asked me to give a little talk on the sub-
ject I will do the best I can.

In talking with some of my friends as to what course they wished me
to pursue, they said, “Just tell us what you have done and how you
have managed to make the success that we know you have had.”

I dislike to refer to myself in a personal way but I will almost be
obliged to do so in order to bring out the points that I wish to em-
phasize. I want to speak a moment upon two-topics before beginning
—I would like to say a word about the russeting of apples when sprayed
by Bordeaux mixture. If you have ever noticed you will see that the
russeting takes place when the days are warm. It is at such a time
that the skin of the apple is very susceptible to the corrosive nature of
this spray. The other point I wish to speak of is the killing of the scale
with lime sulphur and to do this [ believe in fall spraying for the
reason that you will kill the most of this scale at that time and those
that overlap will get an extra dose in the spring and in this way the
pest will be gotten rid of. I have been quite successful in operating in
this manner and just throw out this hint by way of suggestion.

It is true that I have been quite successful in my line of work and
I am glad to give any points or suggestions that will be helpful to my
friends. I chose that northern country. in preference to the Benton
Harbor section because they have been very successful in that end of
the state. I bought a piece of land, high, rolling, hard maple and beech
land and I would like to take you over it to let you see what it looks
like. It is a beauty. I find the location is ideal and it seems peculiarly
adapted to the growing of cherries.

I shall doubtless speak a little at random in this talk but I will try

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. 103

to give you the thoughts as they come to me. As to varieties, the best
early black cherry I think is the Purple Guine. It ripens about the
15th of June—about the first of June with you. There are trees on
my father’s place of this variety that were planted in 1868 and also
trees of the early Richmond that are fully as old that are still bearing
crops. So you see this country is adapted to cherry growing.

I plant these trees about 30 feet apart each way. Some of you may
say that this is too far apart but I would like to know what you are
erowing cherries for—just for the fun of it? Certainly not. You are
erowing cherries—if you are growing them at all, for profit and I want,
to say tht it will pay you to get the very best trees and take proper
care of them so that when they come into bearing you can get the
reputation of having the best fruit, and this means the best price.

After your trees are set out they must be fed. There are hundreds
of acres of fruit Jand that are farmed to death before ever the owner
has put on it a bit of fertilizers. You can’t grow crops continually
and not put something back into the soil. In Michigan you’ must
fertilize and the better and more intelligently you do this, the better the
returns will be. I would like to know what is the use of raising 25
cent potatoes at the expense of $3.00 peaches. I would advise every
young man to plant an orchard. You want an orchard so that you
have something on which to depend in later years.

I have planted the early Purple Guine. It is a quick growing tree
yields quite abundantly and is a good, early cherry. For a_ sweet
cherry I like the Rockport. One tree of this is standing on my father’s
farm that was planted more than forty years ago and it is still a
healthy tree and for all I know it will be bearing for 100 years. This
cherry, while very early, and a good one is liable to crack in rainy
weather and I am not planting any more of them. The next cherry
that comes in line is the Black Tartarian. It is soft and the skin is a
little tender, and has to be packed pretty carefully, in order to reach dis-
tant markets in good shape. Then we have the Royal Ann and the
Napoleon. They are a yellow cherry. We have others in our orchard
which I would not advise planting, among them being the Governor
Wood. We have the Yellow Spanish, but while this has some good
qualities, it is apt to rot and cracks badly, having a hard skin. The
best black cherry is the Schmidt’s Biggareau. This is a late cherry
and the largest I have ever grown. We came within one-sixteenth of an
inch of having the highest record report at Washington.

We pack our cherries in 10 Ib. California boxes and employ girls for
this purpose. These girls many of them have been with us right along
for years and they know just how to do the work. We use from fifty
to seventy-five and sometimes as high as eighty in the packing house
packing these cherries and we have been complimented upon our fine
packing. We can pack these cherries just as well as the western people,
if we only take pains. A man said to me not long ago, concerning some fine
California cherries, “Mr. Rose, do you know that these cherries are
all packed by Chinamen?” Well I would like to see any of those almond
eyed pig-tailed fellows pack cherries any better than our girls can.
These girls will pack a box in 20 minutes. We pay them by the day
and then require them to do first class conscientious work. We have
found that they do much better work when working by the day rather
than by the piece.

104 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Cherries must be packed right. Mrs. Rose has charge of our packing
and she sees. that things are on the square everywhere and right here
I would like to remark that the most successful horticulturists are
those who have good wives. (Applause.) Mrs. Rose won’t let me do
anything in connection with the packing because I would talk with the
girls and so if anything goes wrong she gets the blame for it but I
want to tell you that there isn’t much goes wrong. That is her busi-
ness, and we are right out among the pickers and the packers and see
that everything is done as it should be. In our picking, we take little
girls and boys and put them with some older gentlemen who keep
them together and instructs them just how to pick the cherries and in
this way we are able to get very satisfactory results. |

There are some that cannot tell a good cherry from a bad nor a small
one from a big one, but after our pickers have been under the direction
of experienced people for a time, we can see who it is that does good
work and if we find careless and inattentive onés, we let them go.

These cherries are picked in baskets, with a metal strip around the
bottom which keeps them from coming apart. When the cherries are
brought into the packing house they are emptied on the table before
these girls who are sitting on benches. We try to make it as comfort-
able for our girls as we can. The boxes are 91% in. wide by 20 in. long.
The stems are all packed up until you get to the bottom. Then press
them down carefully and nail the cover on.

The western people use tight boxes, we are discarding the western
tight box and are using the ventilated boxes. It admits the air and the
cherries are shown off to better advantage. Our cherries layer about
ten side by side, and six quarts in a box. Our cherries were at St.
Louis and Buffalo in competition against the western fellows and we
won out with our Schmidt’s Biggareau.

We put our yellow cherries in boxes but not many of them, as they
are not a fancy fruit.

We are very particular about this packing. After rains the cherries
are apt to get little water cracks in them. You might not notice them at
all unless you looked carefully, these should not go into the boxes at
all. You may say that it is a very small crack and will do no damage
but what you say and what will happen are two different things. Don’t
put those cherries in. You will fare better in the end. Of course all
this care makes slow work, and we pay the same price for this that we
do if they work faster. We have orders for checked cherries and can
sell them at a good price. Two or three checked cherries in a box may
not be noticed but it will amount to more than you think for, when it ©
comes to your reputation as a first class fruit dealer. More than once
I have taken a whole box of cherries and put them in the dump be-
cause I knew it was unsafe to send them out on account of the mold
that will form on a cracked cherry.

Some years ago I had a great deal of trouble in getting cherries to
any market in good order but after I took to packing them in ventilated
boxes and thoroughly spraying the orchard I did not have so much
difficulty. I have sprayed the brown rot out of my cherries. I use the
Bordeau mixture to do it with but you must get at it early in the spring.

Chicago takes the most of our best cherries and here we outsold
California side by side 25 cents on a box. A great many of our cherries

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. 105

go to Pittsburg. Detroit is our best market for sour cherries. Cincin-
nati is a good market.

For sour cherries we grow the Montmorency. It is the best sour
cherry we have ever gotten hold of. We are growing two later varieties
the Bing and the Lambert.. These come in after all the other sweet
cherries are gone.

You cannot raise good cherries unless you give the trees plenty of
room. Why do you plant so close and then have to prune and prune and
prune? That will hold true on every thing in the fruit line.

We grow the early Richmond but that is pretty soft and is without
sufficient color to meet the demands of many. However it is a good
bearer and there are many people who will have no other cherry. You
must give life and vitality to the trees, if you want them to grow and
develop as they should. We like the red May Duke. It is a sub-acid
cherry, a good bearer and the fruit is of an excellent quality. We grow
the Louis Phillips which is one of the best cherries but is a shy bearer.
It must be ten or twelve years old before it bears. Then there is the
English Morello cherry. It is sour, dark and takes well on the markets
and brings good prices.

I advise keeping the fruit off the trees until it has size and strength
enough to bear.

Just a word about protection from fungus. You should spray these
cherries after the little cherry is about the size of a green pea or about
half grown and by spraying at this time, you catch the little spores
just before the fungus starts; for this purpose we use Bordeaux.

We have gotten rid of the curculio. We went around under the trees
and picked up the worthless fruit and put them on the hard gravel
road where they are tramped upon and the worms are crushed. We
have no more worms in our orchard.

It has been advocated that we should plow in our orchards. You can
do no plowing in my orchard. I believe in clean cultivation. We begin
with a spring tooth harrow and the ground works up nicely. Follow
this with commercial fertilizers. We use 1,000 pounds of high grade fer-
tilizers to the acre the first time over. We work that land until the
middle of the summer, then we go in with gang harrows—one man and
three horse team will cover 30 acres a day. They go over the ground
one way and the next week they go back over it the other way. That
keeps a fine dust mulch. We have clean culture. Then in the summer
about the middle of July we sow a cover crop and for this we use the
Canada field pea. We also use oats; we do not sow rye. The root system
of bearing fruit trees is right at the top of the ground so I do not think
a plow should ever go into an orchard.

We usually get $1.75 a crate for our sour cherries—sometimes 75
cents more than the general market. You see there is a profit right
there. Our sweet cherries, we calculate $1.00 for a 10 pound box of
cherries. One season we got $2.00 a box for 10 pound boxes. During the
last year my wife kept track of how many Montmorency cherries were
picked from one tree, (one of the largest) and we found that they had
picked 550 pounds, these were contracted at 4 cents a pound. Our
orchard is planted 50 trees to the acre. We have sweet cherry trees
from which we pick 50 boxes. These cherries are the Schmidt’s Big-
gareau.

This has been a somewhat rambling talk on the subject of cherries but

106 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

I hope that some suggestions have been offered that will be of help to
those who are interested.

Now in regard to peaches. I think I have made a greater success of
my peaches than of anything else and it is because I have tried to deal
with them in the same intelligent way that I have with other things
I have raised.

First, I want to say that we have no scale neither have we the yellows
and we have never had any, and more we hope we never will.

As to varieties, we have practically all of the standard varieties, you
have, but I am partial to the Elbertas because it is the product of the
Elberta orchards that the public wants.

I planted my trees from eighteen to twenty feet apart, and the result
we had to climb up to the moon in order to harvest them. We spray the
peaches for the curl leaf in the spring and we handle the peaches much
the same as we do cherries. We fertilize a little later. I just said that
I planted my peaches first eighteen or twenty feet apart, but now I
put them at least 25 feet apart and they would be better 30 feet apart.
I do this so that they can take up food from the soil. It is better to
let nature furnish it than to buy it from the commercial factories. It
is cheaper and better. You can never grow good fruit without plenty
of sunshine. You cannot spray the peach as you do the apple. If
you do there is liability to be a ruination of your trees. Keep your
peaches from among your apples. My observation and our experience
teach us that it is better for both fruits. In caring for our orchard,
which is located on a rolling tract of land, it often happens that on
the little knolls the wind blowing over them will remove the dirt from
around the roots of the trees and the trees will be lable to freeze out
during the winter. To guard against this, we haul in a good deal of
stable manure, and place around the trees for two or three feet and
they are thus protected.

The trees of this particular orchard are very low down and nearly all
- of the fruit can be picked from the ground. We cut them back every
spring and do most of our thinning with the pruning shears. In fer-
tilizinge’ we use 1,000 pounds of 4-8-5 goods; i. e. 4% nitrogen, 8%
phosphoric acid and 5% potash. We really do not need the nitrogen as
we have too much nitrogen in that soil already.

In packing, we tried the Colorado methods of putting our peaches
in 20 pound boxes and wrapping them but we found that it did not pay
and we have quit using that method. We now pack our peaches in
carriers which hold 24 of a bushel and we got at an average of $2.00
per carrier this year, which means $3.00 a bushel for peaches in Chicago.
In Pittsburg, however, we fell down for there they brought only $1.15
net, per carrier.

We have Crawfords, and this year we had a large crop, but we find
they do not meet the demand as well as some others. The Gold Mine
is an excellent peach. They are nearly as large as Elbertas and grow
evenly and are well liked by the trade. The New Prolific of the Green-
ing Bros. & Co. is a good peach although it has a very tender skin and
grows all sizes and a still worse feature is that it is all the season in
ripening. I like a peach that ripens evenly. Two or three pickings is
enough to go over an orchard.

I believe in plenty of fertilization for the peach orchard. I buy stable
manure all I can get and I use it especially in exposed places and on

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. 107

thin land where it needs building up. We should take care of our land
and build it up and when this is done the fertility will be given out to
the fruit trees and you will be amply repaid for your effort and expense.
I think perhaps this is enough on this subject and now I will be glad to
answer any questions that I can.

DISCUSSION.

A member—I would like to know if Mr. Rose has any trouble in his
orchard with trees dying out by rot either. cherry or peach?

Mr. Rose—Yes we lose some cherries from this cause. You can’t tell
by looking at them just what it is that causes it and an examination
does not reveal anything wrong, yet they die. When the tree dies we
just put in another one. We have never lost any peach trees from this
cause.

Q. Do you have any disease among your peach trees?

Mr. Rose—I don’t believe there is a diseased tree in the county and
there are peach trees there that have borne continuously for 51 years.

A member—My idea in saying anything at all about this matter was
prompted by the fact that we have in Van Buren Co. a lot of trouble
along these lines and I wondered if it was elsewhere as well as with us.

Mr. Rose—We have no trouble of this kind with us.

A member—A few miles from you whole orchards rotted out. How do
you account for it?

Mr. Rose—My brother-in-law had a few King apples that are
rotting at the base, which is a characteristic of the King.

A member—It seems to be all prosperity up there with you and no
adversity whatever.

Mr. Rose—Yes sir.

A member—How about the borers?

Mr. Rose—When we first ~‘ent up in that country, there were some
orchards that were troubled .ith borers. We have had no trouble with
the peach borer, but we never let the trees get infected with them.

Q. When do you hunt the borers?

Mr. Rose—In the fall and spring. We mound up our peach trees for
eighteen inches or two feet and this dirt keeps the moth from getting into
the trees. You know they lay their eggs in the soft wood around the
roots and these mounds prevent them from getting in there. ~

A member. I have understood that once in a while you will find
a borer in the trunk of a tree if he cannot get to lay his egg at the root.

Mr. Rose—Yes that could be so but it is not usual.

A member—A man is planting 320 acres of an orchard. He was
advised to plant these 18x60 feet and he planted them. I would like
: to ask what age of trees you would plant.

Mr. Rose—Do not plant one year old trees if you can get two year
old. Buy your sweet cherry trees in the fall and heal them in.

The member—This man put his trees in in the spring and they were
one year old.

Mr. Rose—That. orchard will never amount to anything. Take up
those one year old trees and set them on other ground.

Q. What do you think of the Windsor cherry?

Mr. Rose—The trouble with the Windsor is that it is an over-bearer
and is liable to crack in the summer time. It has a hard firm skin. It

108 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

is liable to check worse than almost any other. variety and it grows
rather too small for 10 pound boxes.

Q. Are you troubled with aphis on cherry trees?

Mr. Rose—No sir not to any extent. It is a matter that can be
handled very easily without any spraying.

Q. How do you do it?

Mr. Rose—Every time you find an aphis you will see that it starts
right at the base of a large limb in new growth in the spring. If you
will go in there early and watch for it, you can break that twig off and
in this way you can head it off.

Q. What do you do with your crops when you don’t plow?

Mr. Rose—We don’t plant anything but what rots in the winter. It
holds the leaves where they are in the winter. The secret of plant
food is bacteria in the soil and anything that will produce that bacteria,
even though it is not of the best in the world, it will give plant food
with the mineral elements necessary to supply the want of the tree.

@. Do you clip your cherries?

Mr. Rose—No sir. Because you are liable to injure them. Every little
while that sharp point will puncture the cherries and the public don’t
want punctured cherries.

Q. Do you advise, on a soil of average fertility, 4-8-5—will this be
sufficient ? Ses

Mr. Rose—Understand me, this formula is whgt I have used myself.
I use a lot of bone meal and so the nitrogen iS’ equalized. When the .
peaches are about the size of butternuts we put 1,000 pounds of this
which costs $30 a ton on the land and I get results from that last appli-
cation of commercial fertilizer than from any other. The fruit was so

“large this year that we could hardly nail the covers down on the carriers.
Word came from Chicago that they wanted five car loads a day of
them. This shows that we can sell thes~ Elbertas and as long as the
trade wants them I am going to furnisi? them. I have never received
a wire or a letter from any source asking me for any other variety of
peaches than Elbertas. I never hear from them again when I tell them
that I cannot furnish Elbertas.

Q. Mr. Hale; tell us what success you have had in fertilizing your
peach orchard.

Mr. Hale—Several years ago, Prof. Waite with several other gentle-
men, fruit growers, from Hart and Shelby visited my orchard looking
for disease. Prof. Waite was advocating fertilizing with some of the
commercial fertilizers and said that the effect was such that it could
be detected in the growth of the tree. His theory was not believed
by some and it was not thought that an orchard using commercial fer-
tilizers and one on which the commercial fertilizers were not used,
furnished sufficient difference so that it could be detected. One of the
gentlemen, thinking that he knew my business, as we had often ex-
changed views, told Mr, Waite that I did not use any of the commercial
fertilizers on that orchard. When Prof. Waite made an examination
he contended that I did. He looked at the foliage and then said, “You
can’t fool me. I know that commercial fertilizers have been used on
this orchard. Then they ran across my foreman and asked him if that
orchard was fertilized. The foreman replied ‘Yes,’ whereupon the
other gentleman asked “What did he use?” but the foreman not being

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. 109

sure of the matter said, “You can easily find out if you go to the barn
and inquire. Prof. Waite was so positive about the matter that he said,
“T can nearly tell just what ingredients and what per cent of phosphoric
acid, etc., was used on this orchard and then he made a memorandum
of the percentage. When they got to the barn and examined it was
found that it was ground bone meal. Then Prof. Waite asked, “Where
is your potash?” It could not be found. “Then he uses ashes.” They
then came down to the packing house and told me the story thinking
that there was a laugh on somebody. I said nothing and then the ques-
tion was put to me, “Honestly, what did you use on that land.” I said,
‘Let me see your guess first. What do you say about this?” He ©
showed me his figures and then I stepped into my office and took down
the card and brand that I used and it was found that ‘the Professor had
“ouessed” it within three per cent. Then he said, “Don’t tell me that
I cannot pick out a fertilized orchard.” Mr. Sessions, who was one of
the gentlemen has an orchard at Shelby and he commenced from that
date fertilizing and it has been a success. I relate this incident to show
you that a commercially fertilized orchard, if properly done will cer-
tainly yield results commensurate with the expense.

Q. What about the two varieties of Elbertas? I remembered some-
thing being said about this last year?

Mr. Rose—Thaf sis “a point of great help to you people here. Mr.
Morrill advised planting early Elbertas.

Q. Do you prune in the summer or when?

Mr. Rose—We prune in the winter some, but in the spring mostly.
We have also pruned in the fall and I cannot see any particular dif-
ference. We prune every year thoroughly.

SPRAY AND PRACTICE OUTLINE FOR FRUIT GROWERS FOR
1911,

BY PROFS. H. J. EUSTACH AND R. H. PETTIT.

FOREWORD.

All fruit trees, bushes and vines are attacked by many insects and
diseases that may destroy the crop entirely or very seriously lessen its
value. Fruit buyers and dealers do not care to buy or handle fruit
from orchards that have not been well sprayed.

Proper, thorough and systematic spraying will protect the tree or bush
and may cause the difference between success and failure in the produc-
tion of a profitable crop.

This outline aims to give methods of control for the more common
insects and diseases only. For pests not included, write to the Depart-
ment of Entomology or the Department of Horticulture, East Lansing,
Mich., as the case may be. Or consult special bulletin 24, “Insects In-
oe to Fruits in Michigan,” and regular bulletin 233, “Insects of the

arden.”

110 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

GENERAL TREATMENT FOR APPLES.

When to Spray.

As late as possible
before buds start.

Just before the blos-
soms open.
Big: 2.

Just after the blos-
soms fall and stamens
wither.

Fig. 1.

Ten days to 2 weeks
after the previous
spraying.

First week in
August.

Too early.

What to Use and What For.

Strong lime-sulphur wash, if San Jose scale is
present. This scale must be destroyed or it will ruin
the trees.

For scurfy-scale’ use lime-sulphur wash as late
as possible before buds swell. °

Bordeaux mixture or dilute lime-sulphur solution
for scab, leaf-spot diseases and canker, with poison
for canker-worm and bud-moth.

The experience of some growers indicates that this
spraying may be omitted if one has been made with
lime-sulphur for San Jose scale, unless canker-wor
is present.

Bordeaux mixture or dilute lime-sulphur solution
for the diseases mentioned before with a poison for
bud-moth, tussock-moth, codling-moth and other in-
sects.

This and the last are the most important single
sprayings. Do not neglect them.

Same mixture for diseases and insects mentioned
above.

Bordeaux mixture, not full strength, or dilute lime-
sulphur solution, and poison, full strength, for the
second generation of codling-moths, except on sum-
mer varieties.

This is an important spraying, especially for late
fall and winter varieties.

See ‘‘When the Coddling-Moth Flies” on later page.

The lesser apple-worm, when present, requires a
spray of poison when standard winter varieties are
from 1 to 14% inches in diameter.

A diluted solution of the boiled lime-sulphur wash
has come into considerable use during the past few
years as a substitute for the bordeaux mixture for
spraying apples. See later page.

Fig. 1.
Just right.

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. 111

GENERAL TREATMENT FOR PEACHES. *

When to Spray.
Harly in the spring,

surely before the buds
swell.

FOR ORCHARDS AFFECTED

When to Spray.

ist time.

2nd time.

3rd time.

What to Use and What For.

Strong lime-sulphur wash for San Jose scale, if
present. This spraying will also answer for the leaf-
curl. If San Jose scale is not present, bordeaux mix-
ture for the leaf curl.

WITH THE BROWN ROT, SCAB, AND CURCULIO. :
What to Use and What For.

About the time the shucks are shedding, spray
with arsenate of lead at rate of 2 pounds to 50 gal-
lons of water.

Two to three weeks later or about one month after
the petals drop, spray with 8-8-50 self-boiled lime-
sulphur and 2 pounds arsenate of lead.

About one month before the fruit ripens, repeat
the above spraying, omitting the poison.

For early varieties the first two sprayings will
probably be sufficient, unless the season is very wet
and the varieties very susceptible to rot.

*This line of treatment and the preparation of tne
self-boiled lime-sulphur mixture are based upon the
recent successful experiments of the Bureau of
Plant Industry of the Department of Agriculture.

112 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

FOR BROWN ROT AND SCAB, WHERE THE CURCULIO IS NOT TROUBLESOME.

When to Spray.

Jst time.

2nd time.

3rd time.

When to Spray.

What to Use and What For.

Two or three weeks after the petals fall, with
8-8-50 self-boiled lime-sulphur.

About three weeks later, repeat previous spraying.

About one month before fruit is expected to ripen,
repeat previous spraying.

FOR SCAB ONLY.
What to Use and What For.

About one month after petals fall, spray with
8-8-50 self-boiled lime-sulphur and again three or
four weeks later.

In applying the self-boiled lime-sulphur mixture,
special care must be taken to keep it well agitated.
The mixture settles rapidly and unless well agitated
it will not be evenly sprayed. With the last spray-
ing use fine nozzles and give the trees a uniform
coating of a mist-like spray.

GENERAL TREATMENT FOR PEARS.

When to Spray.

Same as for apple.

Pear blight.

,

What to Use and What For.

Strong lime-sulphur for San Jose scale, blister-mite
and pear-psylla, .£ present. For scurfy-scale use
lime-sulphur as late as possible before buds open.
Bordeaux mixture with poison as directed for the
apple.

Whenever a blighted branch is found, cut back to
sound wood and burn. ;

Systematic inspections made during fall, winter,
and early spring, a short time before blossoms open,
to remove all “winter hold-over” cases, is very bene-
ficial. -

After each branch is cut, disinfect tool by wiping
with a cloth or sponge moistened with 5% carbolic
acid.

If “slugs” appear, spray with an arsenical, if not
too near ripening of fruit to be dangerous. In case
of early pears, dust with fresh hydrated lime.

GENERAL TREATMENT FOR PLUMS.

When to Spray.

Early in the spring
before growth starts.

Just before buds
swell.

What to Use and What For.

Strong lime-sulphur wash for San Jose scale or
European fruit-scale, if present, the same as for apple.

Bordeaux mixture or self-boiled lime-sulphur mix-
ture for fruit-rot, leaf-spot, and black-knot, with
arsenate of lead for curculio.

E. E. Shaw, Grand Junction, finds a few hundred White Leghorn chickens a good
combination with his fruit growing.

Thinning such a load would make better fruit and lengthen the life of the trees.

~AyUNO) uedal[y ‘drysumo [ oOssé ‘uosuyof Seri JO plveyHno addy arquiyoidg

Immediately after
the blossoms fall.

Ten days or two
weeks later.

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. 113

Bordeaux mixture or self-boiled lime-sulphur mix-
ture for fruit-rot and leaf-spot with arsenate of lead
for curculio. (For the Japanese varieties, dilute the
bordeaux about one-half, or use self-boiled lime-sul-
phur mixture.)

Repeating the previous sprayings will tend to
check the fruit-rot and curculio. This spraying
should be repeated every 10 days or 2 weeks until
there is danger of staining the fruit; stopping at
least a month before picking time.

On varieties especially susceptible to rot, an appli-
cation of weak copper sulphate may be made about
2 weeks before ripening. No poison should be added.
One pound copper sulphate to 150-200 gallons of
water.

Black knot.—At the annual pruning, cut out all
knots.

A careful inspection should be made in the early
spring, and all knots cut out and burned. Cut back
several inches below the knot.

Wild cherry trees harbor the trouble and if near
plum or cherry orchards, should be removed, if pos-
sible.

GENERAL TREATMENT FOR CHERRIES.

When to Spray.

Early in the spring
before growth starts.

Just before the blos-
soms open.

Just after the _ blos-
soms fall.

Ten days to 2 weeks
later.

What to Use and What For.

Strong lime-sulphur wash, if San Jose scale is
present. The same as for apple trees.

Bordeaux mixture or self-boiled lime-sulphur mix-
ture for fruit rot and leaf-spot. This is especially
valuable on English Morellos for leaf-spot.

Bordeaux mixture or self-boiled lime-sulphur mix-
ture for fruit-rot and leaf-spot, with arsenate of lead
for curculio and slug.

Bordeaux mixture or self-boiled lime-sulphur mix-
ture for fruit-rot and leaf-spot. This spraying may
not be necessary, depending upon the susceptibility
of the variety to fruit-rot and the weather conditions
of the season.

The large, black lice may be killed with tobacco
water, if it is applied before the leaves curl too
tightly.

If slugs appear after picking, spray with arsenate
of lead.

114 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

GENERAL TREATMENT FOR GRAPES.

When to Spray.
When the shoots are
about 8 to 10 inches
long.
Just before blooming.
Just as the blossoms

fall.

About 10 days or 2
weeks later.

What to Use and What For.

Bordeaux mixture for black-rot.

Bordeaux mixture for black-rot, with poison for
the grape-berry moth and rose-chafer.

Same as before.

Bordeaux mixture and poison for black-rot and
berry-moth. The need for this spraying depends upon
the weather conditions and the amount of rot preva-
lent in the vineyard. If it is thought advisable to
make later sprayings, some material should be used
that will not stain the fruit.

In vineyards where flea-beetles appear, bordeaux
and a strong arsenical poison just before the buds
burst.

In vineyards where the grape-berry moth is seri-
ous, spray with bordeaux and an arsenical poison
during the middle of July, before the 20th.

For leaf-hoppers (sometimes, but incorrectly, called
“thrip’) tobacco-water or kerosene-emulsion while
the insects are young. (Byrning rubbish late in the
fall will destroy many hibernating leaf-hoppers.)

GENERAL TREATMENT FOR CURRANTS AND GOOSEBERRIES.

When to Spray.

Before growth starts.

Just as the leaves are
expanding, if worms ap-
pear.

What to Use and What For.

Lime-sulphur wash for San Jose scale or European
fruit scale, if present. Cut out and burn wilted and
hollow canes containing borers.

Bordeaux mixture and poison, 144, pound of Paris
green or 2 pounds of arsenate of lead, to 50 gal-
lons. Repeat if worms reappear before fruit is 4
grown, if later, then use pyrethrum or hellebore.

If leaf-bugs or aphids appear, spray with tobacco-
water or kerosene-emulsion while the bugs are red
and wingless, and before leaves become curled.

Gooseberry-mildew. Where this disease is known
to be serious, begin from the time the buds start and
spray with potassium-sulphide, 1 oz. to 2 gallons of
water, and repeat about every 10 days.

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. 115

GENERAL TREATMENT FOR RASPBERRIES, BLACKBERRIES
AND DEWBERRIES..

When to Spray. What to Use and What For.
Orange rust, deter- No method of preventing. Dig the plant as soon
mined by the bright, as discovered and burn.

orange color on the un-
der side of the leaves.

Anthracnose, grayish Cut out and burn all canes after fruiting. Spray-

spots on the canes and ing may check the disease, but may not be profit-
leaves. able. If desirable, make first spraying when new

canes are 6 to 8 inches high, and repeat twice about
2 weeks apart. Do not set diseased young plants.

Cut cut and burn borers in stem, gouty galls, and
tree-cricket eggs.

“Worms” or “slugs.” Spray with an arsenical if fruit is just set, later
use hellebore or pyrethrum.

GENERAL TREATMENT FOR STRAWBERRIES.
When to Spray. What to Use and What For.

Young plantations. Before setting the young plants, pick off all dis-
eased leaves and if root-lice are suspected, dip in
strong tobacco-water. After growth starts spray with
bordeaux, for leaf-spot and poison for leaf-curler, if
present. ;

Fruiting plantations. Spray with bordeaux before blossoming and fre-
peat 10 days or 2 weeks later. After fruiting, mow
and burn over, if plantation is to be fruited again.
If leaf-rollers have been present, spray with an
arsenical after growth has started again, but before
leaves curl.

For strawberry root-lice, see bulletin 244, page 88.

GENERAL TREATMENT FOR POTATOES.

When to Spray. What to Use and What For.

For scab. Soak the uncut tubers for two hours in 30 gal-
lons of water and ore pint of formalin (can be se-
cured of any druggist). This solution can be used
several times. Do°not put treated tubers back into
crates or bags that held scabby potatoes. Make the
treatment only a few days before planting if pos-
sible. Do not plant upon land that has recently
grown crops of scabby potatoes or beets.

116 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

When large quantities of potatoes are to be treated,
formaldehyde gas may be used to advantage as fol-
lows: * “Place seed tubers in bushel crates or shal-
low slat-work bins in a tight room. For each 1,000
cu. ft. of air space in the room, spread 23 ounces of
potassium permanganate evenly over the bottom of
a large, flaring pan or vail placed in the middle of
the room. Pour over this three pints of formalin.
Close room at once and do not open for 24 or 48

hours.”
For blight and Begin spraying with bordeaux mixture and poison
pues. when the “bugs” first appear, or when the plants

are about 8 inches high, and repeat about every 2
weeks as long as the plants are growing. Spray
often in warm, muggy weather; it is not as neces-
sary in dry weather.

Use Bordeaux mixture (6 pounds copper sulphate
and 4 or 5 pounds of lime to 50 gallons of water,
and put in the poison, about 4% pound of Paris green
or 2 pounds of arsenate of lead, or 1 quart of the
stock solution of Kedzie mixture.

PREPARATIONS OF SPRAY MIXTURES.
FUNGICIDES.

DILUTE BOILED LIME SULPHUR SOLUTIONS FOR SUMMER.
SPRAYING OF APPLES.

During the past seasons, tests have been made to determine the com-
parative value of dilute solutions of boiled lime-sulphur and bordeaux
mixtures for spraying apple orchards.

The advantages of the dilute lime-sulphur solutions over bordeaux
mixture were found to be:

(a) That the fruit was not russetted as badly. This was especially
so with Wagener, R. I. Greening, Baldwin, Ben Davis and Hubbardston.

(b) Ease with which the solution was prepared—where a commercial
concentrated brand was used.

(c) Very slight wear on the pump and packing and no trouble with
nozzle clogging, since the solution did not contain any grit, as bordeaux
mixture does.

(d) Appeared to lessen the number of San Jose scales.

Encouraging as the results have been from the use of the diluted iiime-
sulphur solution, it must be remembered that it has not been compared
with bordeaux mixture in Michigan in a season when the apple scab fun-
gus has been serious, and until this has been done, its use must be consid-
ered in the experimental stage and bordeaux not entirely abandoned.

The diluted lime-sulphur solution can be prepared for use in several
ways.

1st. Commercial concentrated lime-sulphur solution can be diluted

*From Bul. 149, Maine Exp. Sta.

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. 117

and used. Test with a Baumé hydrometer (see later page) and dilute as
follows :*

32° Baumé dilute 14 gallons to 50 of water.

29° | Baumé dilute 13 gallons to 50 of water.

If test is ah :
26° | Baumé dilute 2 gallons to 50 of water.

24°
23° Baumé dilute 2} gallons to 50 of water.
99°

2nd. Use home-made concentrated lime-sulphur solution (See later
page). Test each lot with the Baumé hydrometer and for use, dilute as
directed for the commercial concentrated solution.

3rd. To make the dilute solution at any time and in any quantity : Boil-
in a few gallons of water for one hour, twice as many pounds of sulphur
as of lime, strain and dilute with water so there will be 8 pounds of
sulphur to every 100 gallons.

Example: To make 100 gallons of spray solution. boil 8 pounds
of sulphur and 4 pounds of lime as directed.

Poison to Use in Lime-Sulphur Sprays.

The only poison that should be used in the lime-sulnhur sprays is
arsenate of lead. Work this into a thin paste and do not add to the
lime-sulphur solution until just before ready to begin spraying.

SELF-BOILED LIME-SULPHUR MIXTURE.

This mixture has come into prominence in the past few years and
its chief value is that it does not (when properly made) injure peach -
- or plum foliage.

The formula is:

ERDE TOY Nk HUE See Oh Mee lore Anais ae ee ERI ied CA an 8 pounds
UALS EH Sams Pa me epee ae a re AR A PRS era ZF 8 pounds.
NV HLCELT Ge: 4 "CR RE RSTn a a eS or earn et 50 gallons.

The mixture can be prepared better by using thirty-two pounds of
lime, thirty-two pounds of sulphur, and eight or ten gallons of water, and
then diluting to 200 gallons.

Place the lime in a barrel and add enotigh water to almost cover it,
as soon as the slaking begins, add the sulphur, which should be run
through a sieve to break up the lumps.

Stir constantly and add enough water to make a thick paste and
then, gradually, a thin paste. As soon as the lime is well slaked, cold
water should be added to cool the mixture and prevent further cooking.
It is then ready to be strained into the spray tank, diluted up to the
full formula, and used.

Care must be taken not to allow the boiling to proceed too far, if the

1Circular 10 Mich. Agr. Exp. Station.

118 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIBNTY.

mixture remains hot for fifteen or twenty minutes after the slaking is
completed, some sulphur will go into solution and injury to the foliage
may result.

The time of adding the cold water to stop the boiling depends upon
the lime. With a sluggish lime all the heat in it may be needed, while
with limes that become intensely hot, care must be taken not to allow
the boiling to proceed too far.

BORDEAUX MIXTURE.

Bordeaux mixture is the standard spraying mixture used to protect
plants from such fungous diseases as apple and pear scab, grape-rot, leaf
spots, mildews, potato blight, etc. There are but three things used
in its preparation,—water, lime and copper sulphate. The water acts
as a carrier, the lime neutralizes the caustic action of the copper sulphate
and also makes the mixture stick to whatever it is sprayed upon, and
the copper sulphate is the chemical that prevents the growth of the spore
of the disease.

These three substances are combined in various proportions, depend-
ing upon the kind of plant to be treated. For apples, pears, cherries and
plums (except the Japanese varieties) the preparation is usually four
pounds of copper sulphate, with about the same amount of lime, to fifty
gallons of water. Poison is added as needed. The copper sulphate will
readily dissolve in two gallons of hot water, to which should be added
enough water to make twenty-five gallons or one-half barrel. Do not use
an iron or tin vessel to dissolve this in, as the copper sulphate will de-
stroy it, and besides the iron will spoil the bordeaux. A wooden pail
is good. Slake the lime into a thin paste and add water to make twenty-
five gallons. Pour, or let these run together into a third barrel, and the
bordeaux is made. When it is emptied into the spray barrel or tank, it
should be strained through a brass wire strainer to catch any of the
coarse particles.

Whenever it is necessary to use a quantity of the mixture, it is de-
sirable to have the lime and the copper sulphate in “stock solutions.”
A quantity of lime is slaked to a paste and held so by being covered with
water. The copper sulphate, say fifty pounds, is placed in a clean gunny
sack and suspended in a barrel (one with wood hoops is much to be pre-
ferred) containing twenty-five gallons of water. This will dissolve in
about a day. One gallon of this “stock solution’’* is equal to two pounds
of copper sulphate.

A good quick way to combine these three substances is as follows: -
Put the amount of the “stock solution” of copper sulphate required in
a barrel, and add enough water to make 25 gallons, or one-half barrel.
Put about 7 pounds of the lime paste in a barrel and add 25 gallons of
water, making a thin whitewash. Pour, or let these two run together
into a third barrel, or directly into the spray barrel or tank, being sure
to strain. When partly run in, test with ferro-cyanide of potash; to

* Always stir this ‘‘stock solution” before dipping any out, in order that what is used
may be full strength.

+ This chemical can be secured of any druggist. Ten cents worth dissolved in a pint of
water willbe enough for a season. Drop a very little in the bordeaux, if a reddish brown
color appears more lime must be added. If there is no discoloration, there is enough
lime,

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. 119

make sure enough lime has been used. If Paris Green, arsenate of lead,
or any other poison is to be used, make it into a thin paste with a little
water and add it to the bordeaux mixture, which is now ready to be
used.

. INSECTICIDES.
POISONS, FOR INSECTS THAT CHEW.

PARIS GREEN AND LIME.

Always use lime with paris green, it makes the poison stick better,
beside greatly reducing the danger of burning the foliage.

For spraying from a barrel, the writer has found the following method
very useful,—Place from one-quarter to one-half pound of good lump
lime, or unslaked lime, in each of three or four tin pails which will
hold about three quarts or less. Old cans or crocks will answer just
as well. Add enough hot water to slake it into a thin cream or paste.
Now add to each lot, one-quarter pound of Paris green, previously
weighed out, and placed in paper bags, stir while the lime is hot and
allow to stand for some time. Now measure out about forty-four gallons
of water in your spraying barrel, and make a mark that will show
how high it comes in the barrel, add the contents of one tin pail (viz.,
one-quarter of a pound of paris-green and one-half pound of quick-lime
slaked) into the forty-four gallons of water in the barrel. Stir well and
spray. The pails or crocks can be used one at a time and refilled occas-
ionally so that the stock is always on hand ready for use.

KEDZIE MIXTURE (ARSENICAL).

This mixture, originated by the late Dr. R. C. Kedzie, of this station,
is cheap, but it has the disadvantage of lacking a warning color. It
is a good substitute for Paris green, but must be made with care, and
stored in well labeled jugs.

Dr. Kedzie in giving directions for its preparation says: ‘Dissolve
the arsenic by boiling with carbonate of soda, and thus insure complete
solution; which solution can be kept ready to make a spraying solution
whenever needed. To make the material for eight hundred gallons (800)
of spraying mixture, boil two pounds of white arsenic with eight (8)
pounds of sal soda (crystals of carbonate of soda—‘washing soda’—
found in every grocery and drug shop) in two gallons of water. Boil
these materials in any iron pot not used for other purposes. Boil for
fifteen minutes or until the arsenic dissolves, leaving only a small muddy
sediment. Put this solution into a two-gallon jug, cork tightly, and
label ‘Poison,’ stock material for spraying mixture.”

“The spraying mixture can be prepared whenever required, and in
the quantity needed at the time by slaking two pounds of lime, adding
this to forty gallons of water; pour into this a pint of the stock arsenic
solution. Mix by stiring thoroughly and the spraying mixture is ready

120 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

for use. The arsenic in this mixture is equivalent to four ounces of
paris-green.”

“The pot, jug, etc., must never be used for any other purpose after
using it for making this mixture.”

“Tf an additional pound or two of lime be added to the mixture, it
will help to make the application permanent and conspicuous without
in any way interfering with its effects. In using it the extra lime should
be added.”

ARSENATE OF LEAD.

This poison is coming into general use throughout the country, and
has several advantages; it shows where it has been applied; and it does
not easily burn the foliage.

Its action is slower than that of paris-green, but the fact that it
does not readily burn the foliage is an advantage when spraying various
kinds of delicate trees with one mixture. It is used at the rate of from
one to five pounds to fifty gallons of water or bordeaux—or the lime
sulphur sprays.

CONTACT INSECTICIDES, FOR INSECTS THAT SUCK.

KEROSENE EMULSION.

Place two gallons of ordinary kerosene in a warm place, either in
a warm room or in the sun, and allow to become as warm as possible
without danger from fire. Boil one pound of laundry soap or whale-oil
soap in a gallon of soft water until completely dissolved. Remove the
soap solution from the fire, and while still boiling hot, add the kerosene
and agitate vigorously for ten minutes, or until the oil is emulsified, with
a spraying pump by forcing the liquid back into the vessel from which
it was pumped. When the liquid is perfectly emulsified it will appear
creamy in color and will flow evenly down the side of the vessel when
allowed to do so. Care should be taken to completely emulsify the oil
and this is accomplished much more easily when the mixture is hot. This
strong emulsion may now be readily diluted with water and used, or
it may be stored away for future use. When cold it becomes like sour
milk in appearance and should be dissolved in three or four times its
bulk of hot water before diluting with cold water. If the water is at
all hard, “break” it by adding a little sal-soda before putting in the
soap.

Small amounts of this emulsion may be made by using the ingredients
in small quantities but in the same relative proportion. It is used at
the rate of eight or ten parts of water to one part of emulsion.

STRONG LIME-SULPHUR FOR DORMANT TREES AND SHRUBS.

This is a contact insecticide which should be used preferably just be-
fore growth starts, in any case, before the buds swell in the spring. If
used when foilage is on the trees, the foliage will be killed. It is made
in several ways, one of which is as follows:

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. 121

MURTHA PD pe Mey oe seretatsr ay arises sont artis % ote hal ecek eis ietape 20 pounds.
STU CNUs (LACT) oy SiR eect ne ee oa 15 pounds.
IV TCT Oe etOe TN AISE Ms sooo. wea a 2 a neler 50 gallons.

The lime is slaked with a small amount of hot water and the sulphur
is sifted in, fifteen or twenty gallons of hot water is then added, and
the mixture boiled. (It should take three-quarters of an hour or an hour
of good boiling with frequent stirring.) When done the liquid should
be amber colored and fairly clear. Strain, dilute with hot water to
make (up to) 50 gallons, and apply warm, through a coarse nozzle.

If small quantities are required, use an iron kettle to boil it in. If
larger quantities are to be used, live steam is preferable for boiling pur-
poses, either in a tank or in barrels.

Applied just before the buds swell, it coats the branches in such a
way as partially to hinder from settling down, such pests as the oyster-
shell, scurfy scale, some aphids, and others.

HOM@-MADE CONCENTRATED LIME-SULPHUR WASH.

The advantages in using the home-made concentrated lime-sulphur
wash, are that a quantity of it can be cooked in advance and often at
times when the actual work of spraying is not pressing. The great: dis-
advantage about it is that every lot cooked has to be tested with a hy-
drometer, to determine its strength, and then diluted accordingly. Sey-
eral Experiment Stations, especially Pennsylvania’ and New York,” have
made experiments with various ways of preparing this concentrated wash
but as yet no definite way has been found to make it of uniform strength,
or composition. Investigations have been made by the Chemical Divis-
ion of the Michigan Experiment Station in regard to the manufacture
and storage of the lime-sulphur wash and will be published in circular
No. 10. The difficulty of getting a wash of uniform strength, apparently
lies with the lime, which varies in composition and strength. Lime that
contains more than five per cent of magnesium oxide and less than 90
per cent of calcium oxide does not combine in the cooking with the
sulphur in a way to make a good mixture.

JD VEPI YO) Cy Vea CCE AS ak alee Ee pee Sa ancy Mean aot an a ha 60 pounds.
SIM SNM samara tert. ha fret eats Seaeane date Peale Ree os 125 pounds.
RV AECIM erent watchs sare Metawars's Seba ae es <eia es ¥ 50 gallons.

The lime is slaked to a thin paste and the sulphur is sifted in. Boil
for one hour and stir frequently. Water enough should be added so
that there will be fifty gallons at the end of the boiling.

After it is cooked, if not to be used at once, it should be strained into
a barrel which should be air tight, as exposure to the air causes the sul-
dhur compounds to lose their value for spraying purposes. Each lot that
is cooked should be tested with a hydrometer when cooled and diluted
according to the following table when applied:

Stewart, J. P., Penn. Station, Bulletin 92.
"Parrott, P. J., New York Station, Bulietin 320.

122 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Concentrated Lime Sulphur Solution Diluted to Spray for San
Jose Scale.

If Baumé test is 33° dilute 6-14 gallons to 50 gallons.
If Baumé test is 32° dilute 6-14 gallons to 50 gallons.
If Baumé test is 31° dilute 6-34 gallons to 50 gallons.
If Baumé test is 30° dilute 7 gallons to 50 gallons.
If Baumé test is 29° dilute 7-14 gallons to 50 gallons.
If Baumé test is 28° dilute 7-34 gallons to 50 gallons.
If Baumé test is 27° dilute 8-14 gallons to 50 gallons.
If Baumé test is 26° dilute 8-34 gallons to 50 gallons.
If Baumé test is 25° dilute 9 gallons to 50 gallons.
If Baumé test is 24° dilute 9-14 gallons to 50 gallons.
If Baumé test is 23° dilute 9-34 gallons to 50 gallons.
If Baumé test is 22° dilute 10 - gallons to 50 gallons.
If Baumé test is 21° dilute 10-14 gallons to 50 gallons.
If Baumé test is 20° dilute 10-34 gallons to 50 gallons.
If Baumé test is 19° dilute 11-14 gallons to 50 gallons.
If Baumé test is 18° dilute 11-14 gallons to 50 gallons.
If Baumé test is 17° dilute 12 gallons to 50 gallons.

THE BAUME HYDROMETER.

The hydrometer is an instrument used to determine the weight and
density of liquids.. It is made of glass, is about one foot long, with a
graduated scale on the side. It can be purchased from wholesale dealers
in druggists’ supplies, from Bausch & Lomb Optical Co., of Rochester, N.
Y., or Whitall Tatum Co., Philadelphia, Pa. Directions for use should
come with the instrument.

COMMERCIAL CONCENTRATED LIME-SULPHUR WASH.

There are several brands of commercial, concentrated preparations of
lime-sulphur wash on the market. They are now reasonable in price and
when a limited amount of spraying is to be done it may be desirable to
purchase one rather than to go to the trouble of preparing a small quan-
ty at home.

HELLEBORE.

White hellebore is the powdered root of a plant. It kills both by
contact and as an internal poison. It may be applied either dry or in
the form of a liquid. When used dry it should be mixed with three or
four times its weight of flour or of plaster and then dusted on the in-
sects. Applied wet, one pound should be mixed with twenty-five gallons
of water and this liquid applied as a spray.

INSECT POWDER, BUHACH, PYRETHRUM.

This valuable remedy has one drawback, its cost. It is too expensive
for use on a large scale. It kills insects through their breathing pores,

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. : 123

but is harmless to man and beast. It will kill many of the insects of
the garden if dusted on or applied as a spray at the rate of one ounce
to two gallons of water.

Use the powder when it is undesirable to use poison, but never buy
any unless it comes in tightly sealed packages. It loses its strength on
short exposure to the air. An hour will suffice to weaken it. It must
be applied from time to time, as it quickly loses its strength.

TOBACCO.

Tobacco in the form of dust may be obtained of the large manufactur-
ers at a few cents a pound.

It is useful in destroying root-lice, especially woolly-aphis, in young
trees, and in keeping insects from garden truck. For root-aphis, in-
corporate four to six handfulls of tobacco dust into the soil about the
roots and induce a thrifty, healthy growth by using liberal quantities
of nitrate of soda or barnyard manure early in the spring.

A strong infusion or tea made of waste will kill plant lice if sprayed
when they first appear.

HYDRATED LIME.

Finely slaked lime is often useful because of its slight caustic proper-
ties. Against such larvae of saw-flies and beetles as are sticky, for in-
stance those of the cherry-slug and asparagus-beetle, it may be used as
a substitute for poison, if the latter, for some reason is undesirable.

Stone lime may be slaked with a small amount of hot water, using just
enough to turn it to a dry powder. Such slaked lime is as fine as flour
and very soft to the touch, having very little grit. Use a metal pail or
kettle to slake in, as the heat may set fire-to wood. Do not use too much
water, and where possible, use freshly burned lime.

Hydrated lime may be used in making bordeaux-mixture, but it is not
as reliable as good, fresh, lump lime. It is less adhesive, not as strong
(so more should be used) and more expensive. The one advantage is that
it is a little easier to use.

Ground lime for making bordeaux-mixture acts exactly like lump lime,
if fresh, but this is difficult to determine as it is already in a powder.

CAUTIONS.

Do not spray while plants are in bloom. It is prohibited by law, ex-
cept when canker-worm is present, and may destroy bees and other bene-
ficial insects.

Do not dissolve copper sulphate in an iron or tin vessel. It will ruin
the vessel and spoil the spraying solution.

For all spraying solutions containing copper sulphate, the pump must
‘ be brass or porcelain lined.

Wash out pump and entire outfit each time after using.

Use arsenate of lead on stone fruits in preference to other forms of
arsenical poisons. It is less liable to burn the foliage.

Do not spray fruits or plants with poison within a month or more
of the time when they are to be picked.

Keep all “stock solutions” covered to prevent evaporation.

124 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

WHEN THE CODLING-MOTH FLIES.

While the first week in August is a good average time for applying an
arsenical spray for the second generation of the Codling-moth in Michi-
gan, it is well to remember that seasons vary, and that the time set aims
merely at an average. To determine exactly each year just when to get
the highest efficiency out of a spray, for a particular locality, requires
only a few hours of work, providing one can find some neglected apple
trees near at hand.

First of all scrape off all loose bark-flakes from the trunk and limbs
of several trees, thus destroying all the natural places for the hiding
away of the cocoons. The scraping is most easily done while the bark
is soft after a prolonged rain.

Next, make some bands of burlaps six or eight inches broad and three
or four layers thick; place one around the trunk of each prepared tree
and fasten with a headless wire nail driven into the tree so that the
band can easily be removed. Do this in June so that the cloth may be-
come weathered before the time for spinning up. The larvae in searching
for a good place to spin cocoons will find the bands, in the absence of
other protection, and spin cocoons there. |

Occasionally examinations during July will reveal these cocoons
which should be carefully removed by cutting out a small bit of the cloth
to which each is fastened.

Place all these bits of cloth with the cocoons attached in a cage made
of a lantern globe or some other glass cylinder open at top and bottom,
and then tie a bit of mosquito netting over the top to confine the insects
when they come out of the cocoons. If the lantern globe is set on a
little soil in a flower pot and the soil is kept just slightly moist, the
chances of getting the moths out are increased.

Now put the cage thus prepared in a shady place where the sun can-
not strike it to sweat it, and where the rain cannot penetrate. Outside
of protection from rain and sun the conditions should be as near those of
the outside as possible. Keep the soil in the pot just moist and look
for the moths often during late July for they will hide down under the
layers of burlaps and may be overlooked. When you see them in the
cage, then you know that*they are laying eggs in the orchard and the
time to spray is just before the young hatch and go into the fruit, not
afterward. Of course they do not come out all together but string along
over quite a period.

bo
or

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. 1

VARIETY WAGENER.
Sprayed with Lime-Sulphur, Sprayed with Bordeaux Mixture.

VARIETY R. I. GREENING.
Sprayed with Lime-Sulphur. Sprayed with Bordeaux Mixture.

126 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

MY METHOD OF GROWING PEACHES.

(OSCAR W. BRAMAN, GRAND RAPIDS.)

The time is at hand when it is no longer possible to grow fruit with
success without giving it our best attention. This is particularly true
of the peach.

The apple has been exalted to its rightful position as ‘King of all
fruits,’ which position none would dare take from; along side “by side
the apple, wherever you travel up and down this broad land of ours
east or west, north and south, we find King Apples help mate, his blush-
ing bride, the delicate yet beautiful luscious peach, fulfilling her mission
in the horticultural world of providing for her growers the necessities |
and luxuries of life and gladdening the hearts of every home of which
she is a guest in our cities. ;

Therefore let us study her wants and needs, let us give her all the pro-
tection she requires, let us study her habits of life, let us diagnose her
disease so that we may be better able to nourish and protect her, thus
enable her to return to her husbandmen the best she has in store for
those who care for her.

My-methods of caring for the peach are along six different distinct
lines. They are as follows: Location, Pruning, Spraying, Tillage, Fer-
tilization, Thining, Control of Contagious Disease. Let me say right
here, that entire success cannot be secured if any one of them are neglect-
ed or overlooked.

LOCATION OF ORCHARD.

The ideal location must be a high elevation of gradual slope either
west, north, or east, rolling enough a allow the water to.run off and yet
sufficiently level to avoid wi ashing of the soil, as I want to keep this
orchard well cultivated and well fed.

I like a soil varying from a sandy to a clay loam, underlaid with an
open red clay subsoil. Such soil usually has been covered with white
oak and a sprinkling of hickory timber.

PRUNING

In pruning the young peach orchard start right.‘ Grow the trees with
low heads. Form the head with from three to five branches from twenty-
four to thirty-six inches, usually about thirty inches angle. Care should
be taken that no crotches are formed when shaping young trees.

For the first three or four years the pruning should consist in keep-
ing the head fairly open and in a symmetrical form, cutting back the
branches that are making too strong a growth. When the trees are ready
to bear, the heads should be thinned out so as to admit the sunshine and
provide a free circulation of air; this helping the fruit to color and
lessening the injury from fungus diseases. All limbs that are likely
to cross or rub against each other should be cut out. If this rule is ad-~
hered to annually, it will lessen very much severe pruning in after years.

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. 127

SPRAYING.

Owing to the fact that dangerous insects and destructive fungus dis-
eases are on the increase, no orchard operation is more important. or will
do more to keep the trees in health than intelligent and systematic
Spraying. Our peach orchards from the youngest to the oldest are annu-
ally given a thorough spraying of home made fire cooked “Sulphur and
Lime” before the buds open, made as follows: Sixty pounds Sulphur,
40 pounds of lime cooked in 60 gallons of water for thirty to forty min-
utes, afterwards diluted to 200 gallons.

After the fruit sets and the calyx drops off the fruit we spray again
with what is known as the Self-Boiled Sulphur and Lime to which we
add 8 pounds of Arsenate of Lead to 200 gallons of mixture. We add
the Arsenate of Lead to control the ecureulio. I have found the self-
boiled sulphur and lime to be the best and safest fungicide that has yet
been discovered for the peach in controlling the Brown spot and scab,
and also the Brown rot. Have used for three years.

For the Brown rot we make a third spraying about four to six weeks
before the fruit ripens.

Since I commenced using the self-boiled sulphur and lime my orchards
have been practically free from any fungus diseases and causing no
injury to foliage.

Practical results from use of self-cooked Sulphur and Lime: No
scale, curl leaf, no Brown rot, no spots or any scab or any blemishes
of any kind, no injury to leaves. Perfect fruit, larger and higher and
better fruit buds, and better crop prospects for succeeding year.

TILLAGE.

I know of no fruit which responds so quickly to thorough and careful
cultivation as the peach. In fact it is absolutely essential to the grow-
ing of this luscious fruit.

Usually the first two years, some hoed or cultivated crop may be
grown in between the trees, but after the second year it is better to
give the young orchard the entire ground. Cultivation of the bearing
orchard should be commenced by gang plowing, plowing not over three
inches deep. I like to have this work done at least by the middle of May.
We then follow the plow with spring tooth harrow and level down and
also cultivate around the trees both ways with a grape hoe with a harrow
attachment in the place of the hoe, which fits orchard up in elegant con-
dition and eliminates most of the hoeing. We then follow with | a ninety
tooth spike harrow going over the or chard ey ery week until the first to
the fifteenth of August, keeping as near as possible a dust mulch, this
preventing evaporation of moisture as much as possible.

If weather conditions are favorable, we usually conclude our culti-

vation by sowing some cover and catch crops as cloy er, oats, sand vetch,
Cte:

ORCHARD FERTILITY.

The problem of providing and maintaining orchard fertility is one
which should be provided for, and occupy our first attention. In plow-
ing my orchard I like to turn under a good clover sod if possible.
The young peach trees seem to get a much better start if given this ad-

128 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

vantage. One of the best orchards I ever grew was grown on a
grass sod fall-plowed and then given good application of commercial
fertilizer made up of phosphoric acid and nitrogen. As the trees reach
a bearing age I like to occasionally seed down to clover and turn under
the following May. This providing a supply of humus and some
nitrogen.

The soil of the orchard must be kept fat with all of the three essential
elements of plant food, viz: Nitrogen, potash, phosphoric acid. Humus
must first be provided for and then maintained throughout the life of
the orchard. This can best be done by the use of cover crops such as clo-
ver, oats, peas, sand vetch, etc., and an occasional light application of
stable manure. After the trees reach a bearing age, we figure to feed
them the following ration annually: Potash and bone meal, then we
expect the following results annually: Large crops of high grade col-
ored fruit together with a good hardy wood growth with plenty of ma-
tured, hardy fruit buds for the succeeding year’s crops.

THINNING.

The thinning of the fruit is another very important factor in grow-
ing of choice fruits. The peach often sets many times too much fruit,
which necessitates a great deal of labor in the thinning. This work
should begin soon as possible after the husk or calyx drops; commenc-
ing with the earlier varieties first and continuing to thin according as
the varieties ripen.

I know of no other labor in connection with the growing of the peach
which requires so much exercise of our nerve as this work. We are all
inclined to leave too much fruit on our trees, especially during the sea-
sons when the orchards are bearing heavily.

We usually thin to one fruit in a place, running from six to eight
inches apart when trees are heavily laden with fruit; however, if trees
have only partial crop the work consists largely in thinning out the
clusters and inferior fruit if any. This work when systematically per-
formed lessens the amount of the labor required for harvesting, increases
the size and uniformity of our fruit which enables us to get much better
prices.

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES.

I know of no better or opportune time to send a note of warning to
erowers throughout the peach growing sections of our state, relative to
the control and care of contagious diseases which affect the peach, viz:
Yellows and Little Peach.

As far as can be learned, no section of the state is entirely immune
from the ravages of these two deadly diseases. While traveling over
400 miles through the west Michigan fruit belt from Grand Rapids north
along the lake shore to Frankfort and return the past summer, the pres-
ence of both Yellows and Little Peach was everywhere noticed. Up to
the present time no remedy has yet been found to control these two
dreaded diseases. Our methods of controlling these two diseases have
been along the following lines: First see to it that all diseased trees are
taken out and immediately destroyed. We make it a practice of going
over our orchards just before the first picking of each variety and exam-
ining every individual tree from both sides of the trees and every tree

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O. C. Edwards (at top of ladder) cisplaying a King tree on the Battle Creek Sanitarium orchard.

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. 129

which is not strictly healthy is marked by either glazing the tree or bet-
ter still, we tie a strip of white cloth on one of the main branches. After
the picking season is over we go through and pull out root and branch,
everything that is diseased, not allowing a single diseased tree if possible
to again leaf out or blossom. Second pointer, get interested in your
neighbor’s orchard, see to it that he joins hands with you in the eradica-
tion of these diseases. If done iu the right spirit I believe these diseases
can be practically kept in subjection and under control in any fruit sec-
tion. Why not let us as fruit growers of Michigan take on renewed cour-
age and replace the peach back into the front ranks where she belongs,
give back to her her old time prestige. See to it that she has a suitable
place to grow, nourish and cherish her with the right kind of culture,
protect her from the ravages of both insects and diseases, provide her
with plenty of suitable food so that she will develop at her best to do her
bidding in every home wherever she is invited; and I assure you, my
fellow fruit growers, that she will treat you equally cordial. I say
that she will return back to you ten fold. Yea one hundred fold. She
will treat you royally with all the necessities and luxuries of life which
ever you dreamed of.

DISCUSSION.

Q. Do you leave diseased peaches until the end of the season before
taking them out?

Mr. Braman—We usually take them out at the end of the picking
time.

A member—We have been through the disease in Allegan county.
We went to the vigilance that if a single tree in a diseased condition,
even to the extent of a small limb was affected with the yellows, the
whole tree went down. ‘

Mr. Braman—(continuing.) Just as soon, however, as we fall into a
lax habit, then the results are not so satisfactory, at least with us;
and now I should like to know if you really favor these drastic ex-
termination measures, or would you say that it would be all right to
continue these lax methods of harvesting fruit, etc.?

Mr. Braman—It seems to me that the best friends the peaches have
are those who are friendly to exterminating disease wherever it is
found. I think I would see to it that my neighbors got the spirit of clean-
ing up as well as myself, but the only practical way to solve this ques-
tion is to adopt stringent methods and drastic measures.

A Member—I understand that the diseased trees when rubbed against
other trees could not inoculate these. There is a point of difference here.
I have also heard that when diseased trees are rubbed against other
trees there would almost invariably be inoculation. I would like to
know just where the truth lies on this question.

President Smythe—These are questions that Professor Waite is better
prepared to answer and I think it would be well to ask him for informa-
tion on this particular point, when he takes up his topic bearing on
this subject. I think this would be better than for us to try to figure
it out.

Q. I would like to know if it would not be better to burn the tree
right there.

17

130 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Mr. Braman—This is sometimes difficult to do, but I think it is wise_
if possible.

A Member—In our county we are having trees affected with Little
Peach. I would like to know how we can know this, and what are the
first symptoms of the disease?

Mr. Braman—The first symptoms in our locality are dropping of
leaves on the inside of the tree. We had trees that made from three to
four feet growth, that showed no signs of Little Peach, especially in
one orchard until the trees began to get through growing. It started
right in where the growth first began and crept up. You will notice
it in the color of the fruit, and sometimes it will cause a delay in the
ripening of the fruit, and sometimes the fruit will ripen prematurely.
It varies with the season. If the season is dry there will. be delay in
ripening. We have not had a very great deal of trouble with it. The
first two trees I noticed was a number of years ago in a block of Oceanas.
‘I cut them down and have not noticed the disease in that immediate
vicinity now for a number of years. We have not lost many with it.
We did not allow them to run over from one year to another, but burned
them up. One or two trees during one season got neglected until burn-
ing time; they were not burned up and there was some of the disease
that developed right there. The healthy trees were inoculated.

Mr. Smythe—If we used half as much judgment in this matter as
they did when they had the foot and mouth disease, we might accom-
plish something. You know when they are suspected, not a bit of stock
was allowed to be moved through an infected territory until it had
been quarantined a sufficient length of time, so that it was absolutely
all right. This Little Peach and the Yellows is as bad in Berrien county
as anywhere in the state. We have no Yellows Commissioner. Unless
the fruit growers get busy and eradicate the disease it will prove a
very great damage.

~Mr. Hale—I would like to have a little more definite information as
to how I am to know this disease of Little Peach for sure, for I want
to say right here that I think that disease one of the hardest of all dis-
eases to detect. I went to Douglas when Messrs. Waite and Daniels were
carrying on their experiments and examination to learn how to detect
Little Peach. I didn’t know whether I had it or not. We had our meet-
ing there for that purpose. They didn’t have any fruit. They were
going to tell of the particular color and crinkle of the leaf, how to
detect it. I was slow to catch on and somehow I couldn’t get a right
color of the leaf to know when it was that or something else. I picked
more leaves and said I have got it now. Professor comes up and looks
wise: “No,” said he, “That is not just the color,” and then I thought
it was pretty near time for me to get busy. I tried some more experi-
ments and was wrong about every “time. After a time I took a little
branch and inspected it and said: “I haven’t got it here,” but then
the Professor said this: “You have got it, you have got it.’ That was
the joke, but I bring this out to illustrate how difficult it is to detect
that Little Peach. I cannot tell it to this day.

My. Smythe—I have had some experience with Little Peach and it
was the advice of a man who came to us from the department that when
we see on the trees evidence of Little Peach, the best way was to take
no risk and jerk them out.

’

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. 131

@. Is there danger of carrying this infection from one tree to an-
other through pruning tools?

Mr. Braman—I don’t know about this as my experience is very
limited. I would not be surprised if this would be so, but I am sure
you would make no mistake and you would be on the safe side if you
sterilized your tools.

Q. Would it not be wise to do it anyway?

A. Yes, I think it would be a good idea.

A Member—The trouble with most of our commissioners is they mark
what they are certain of and that they know is disease, and they leave
a good many trees that have something wrong with them, and in this
way lots of trees are carried over that should be taken out. It seems
to me that if we could have courage to order them to mark everything
that was suspicious and then replace these trees with good ones, I be-
lieve we would all have lots better orchards.

Mr. Braman—There is a point in this, but not many of us have the
courage to carry out our convictions of what we really feel and know
was for the best.

Mr. Welch—Years ago when we practiced pruning the trees, growers
were careless and part of the peaches on the well side of the tree were
pene and the tree left standing until fall. Those that had preferred
to leave their trees lying on the ground did so and they.were the means
of the disease being spread even after the effort to exterminate it was
made. There is but one safe method and that is never done as it should
be.

A member—I would like to have question number 24 answered. — It
is: What varieties of peaches are most profitable in this section? Are
we setting out too many Elbertas?

Mr. Braman—That depends upon which market you want to cater to.
I have quite a large percentage of my market at Grand Rapids. I have
a large home trade there which requires a succession of varieties—early,
medium and late. For carload lots I cater to the Engles, Elbertas and
Goldmines; the latter one being the best I have. I didn’t think much
of it at first, but after giving it a summer spray it has proved to be
one of the most profitable peaches I have. As to whether we are set-
ting out too many Elbertas, I do not think so. A standard peach like
the Elberta will not be produced in sufficient quantity to glut the
market. In other words, there will always be a demand for it.

Q. What is that Goldmine peach like?

A. It is shaped something like the Crosby. They are good bear-
ers, hardy and set plenty of buds.

A member—Regarding the idea of when this disease is spread, I
would like to know what the experience of the peach-growers here have
been. I have been told by the state officers and others to cut the tree
down and destroy it. Several years before I had any yellows I cut
down an affected tree and dragged that tree across the orchard to the
side to burn it. The next year or perhaps two years after I could
follow the path where I dragged that tree, by Yellows. Now I should
like to know whether the disease was communicated to those other trees
or has it developed since that time. Now I chop the tree over and let
it lay there until I come through in the fall and then clean up. I have
had no more paths.

132 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Mr. Smythe—I have heard tell before of the same thing happening
when an infected tree was hauled through an orchard. That is accord-
ing to the law. It is covered with germs and if the affected parts are left
in the orchard the infection is liable to be carried to other trees.

COMPETITIVE SPEAKING BY M. A. C. STUDENTS.

Mr. Smythe—This morning there is to be a competitive five-minutes’
talk by the boys from the Agricultural College, and the audience is to
judge who is the winning man. In justice to the boys we want you to
listen very carefully so you can render a proper judgment in the matter.

Professor Eustace will assist and it will probably be a little less em- .
barrassing to have someone do this for the boys, with whom they are
personally acquainted.

Professor Eustace—I wish it were possible to introduce every one of
you to every one of these young men, but that is impossible. I am very
anxious for them to know as many of you personally as possible, so
when you meet them around the hall or anywhere it would be appreciated
if you would walk right up to them, tell them who you are, where you
live, what you are doing and give them all the inspiration you can.

You are to be the judge of their effort here, and I trust you will try
as well as you can to keep in mind the different names, appearance of
the men, so that you can vote intelligently.

The first speaker is Mr. U. S. Crane of Fennville and he will speak on
the subject of “Co-operation of Fruit Growers.”

Mr. Crane—Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: I am, perhaps, not
very much at ease in a place like this because I am among men who
have had experience. Nevertheless, I believe there is one thing above all
that we as horticulturists and as fruit growers in Michigan need, and
that is co-operation. I believe we should have co-operation in Michigan
among Michigan horticulturists because we need higher standards of
judging, of sorting our fruits; because we should have a broader field of
market; because we could get better rates and terms from the railroads
and other corporations, if we were united. As an instance of an associa-
tion that is accomplishing these results, let me call your attention to the
Hood River of the northwest. You perhaps know, some of you, more
than I do about the fruit growers’ union in Hood River, but they are ac-
complishing great things for the fruit growers. They are getting often-
times, as you know, as much for a box of apples as we are for a barrel.
This should not be, as we are much nearer to the markets. We should get
more for our apples than we do, and why do we not? Because we do
not sort them as well as they do, and also we cannot enforce a system
of sortage unless we have some organization as they do at Hood River.
They have an association there formed by the fruit growers; they have
a board of five directors and they have a manager which takes care of

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. 133

the business end. The fruit growers simply grow the fruit. When it
is about time to pick the association tells them what to pick, how much
and when. The men go ahead and pick, and sort the fruit. Then the
association sends around five men in a gang to pack the apples. These
men are specialists in their line, and they know how to pack and they do
it right. If the grower has not sorted it properly, they sort it over again
at the grower’s expense. But if the grower has sorted it right, then they
simply pack it and each man as he packs a box of fruit puts his name or
his number in that box, thereby laying himself responsible to the associa-
tion for the quality of sorting and of packing of that box of fruit. I
think this is the best feature, perhaps, of the Hood River association’s
methods and it is the thing we need most here. Besides this they adver-
tise more and get a broader range of markets than we do. And that is
another thing that we should strive for.

The third thing is that they bring the railroads to time. They get
rates from the northwest which are comparable to our rates in Michigan,
which should not be. So I appeal to the horticulturists of Michigan
to adopt a system of co-operation, to pull together instead of pulling
against each other. Thank you. (Applause.)

PRUNING.
BY CHARLES TUBERGEN.

Every owner of fruit trees expects to prune, at least he considers
the advisability of the operation. There is the greatest difference of
opinion as to the merits of particular styles and methods of pruning and
perhaps equal difference as to the effect of the operation on the life and
health of the tree. Some have observed the evil effect in pruning, and
have reasoned that it is injurious, but we must not cite the individual
instances and condemn the practice. We should be far enough advanced
by this day to pass on the merits of the practice as a whole but some still
doubt us.

Pruning is not devitalizing from three sources: Philosophy, plant
physiology and common experience. By devitalizing I mean does it in-
jure a plant to remove part of it, is the entire growth of a plant nec-
essary to its health and longevity?

There is an intense struggle for existence among all organisms. If
one species increases another decreases. They not only compete with
other species but individuals of the same species rival each other for
standing room. The survival of the fittest is continually showing itself.
A. tree is a collection of individual plants, there are no two limbs alike
but are what their condition or position make them to be. The limbs
of an animal are copartners as they each have a certain definite function
to perform. The limbs of a tree rival each other in performing the same
function, the production of leaves, flowers, and buds. All have noticed
the young trees as their struggle to have all their buds produce. It
can never hope to have as many limbs as are buds. During the struggle

134 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

some perish and the remaining are benefited, therefore all the limbs are
not necessary and some may be a detriment to it.

Man wants the fleshy portion of fruit and not the seeds. He must
thin vigorously in order that size and quality may come before number.
People should look into a neglected orchard and see what goes on in
the tree tops.

Plant physiology, it is the common assertion that pruning exhausts
as the cutting off of limbs destroy a given amount of tissue in the
production of which the plant has expended effort. Vitality of a plant
is not fixed but determined by conditions under which it grows, char-
weter of soil and treatment it receives. If a plant is what its environ-
ment makes it, the removal of a portion of it can’t destroy its vitality
unless it is so great as to interfere with the nutrition of the remaining
parts. There is an exact balance between the feeding capacity of the
plant, that % its root system and food supply and the superficial growth
of the plant. The more active and efficient the root the larger the top.
If part of the top is removed there is an endeavor to supply the de-
ficiency by an exceedingly rapid growth. Pruned plants are always
more active than unpruned ones because of the concentration of a some-
what constant food supply into a smaller number of branches. Now,
some will say if it increases growth, why not cut off larger branches?
The vitality will not be touched, but they expose dangerous wounds. Apt
to open the tree so remaining parts scald and borers get in. Spoils the:
symmetry and convenience of the tree also.

Common experience is the strongest proof. What if pruning was
devitalizing, advise a grape grower not to prune. We could not afford
to discontinue it. Gains in size, quality of fruit, ease of cultivation and
spraying are the benefits obtained if pruned as it should be done. It
is useless to speak of pruning as it should not be done. Anything done
wrong is worse than is not done. We should know when, why, and
how to do things before trying them. There is abundant opportunity
for improvement in methods but pruning as it should be performed is
indispensable to successful horticulture.

VALUE OF PRACTICAL KNOWLEDGE OF PLANT DISEASES.

BY B. W. KEITH.

Mr. Chairman, Friends and Members of Horticultural Society:

If the modern fruit grower of today could have existed thirty years
ago with all his modern ideas, improvement and methods, he could
have cared for and harvested his crop at a cost of one-third of what
it costs him at the present stage of fruit growing. Then the protection
of fruit against plant diseases was not so essential as it is today ; apples,
pears, peaches and other fruits blossomed, grew and ripened almost
unmolested. Today, such is not the case. Thousands of dollars are lost
annually in Michigan by the ravages of plant diseases and, as much
if not more, is spent yearly in the prevention of these much dreaded
pests.

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. 135

By referring to the reports of this Society of the early 80’s one can
find questions of the following nature: “What can I do to prevent my
peaches from Scabbing? How can I keep my plums from rotting,’ and
so on. One can see from these that this was the beginning of a period
of improvement along the line of horticulture. Growers were beginning
to awaken to the fact that it was highly necessary to use fungicid: s and
insecticides if success was to be had, an idea which has been spreading
ever since. But although growers were awakened to this fact, they
did not possess an accurate knowledge of the habits of the diseases
and insects which caused the destruction of their crops. Likewise today
growers are deficient in knowledge along the lines, although they
do realize and know that protection is necessary. But after realizing
the necessity of these fungicides and insecticides, the questions which
naturally follow are: How, when and where are these remedies to be
applied? In order to answer these questions, the grower must be
perfectly familiar with the habits of the diseases and insects which
he has to combat. As Dr. Freeman of Minn. says, “Often when cure
is impossible, an intelligent understanding of the conditions and effects
of a disease will often aid in its prevention.” So the possession of an
accurate knowledge of plant diseases and their causes is not only of
a commercial value to the fruit grower both in cure and prevention
but also in making him an intelligent observer. The advantage of such
a condition amongst fruit growers would far surpass the “hit or miss”
method which is practiced so much today. A grower may know all
about fungicides and insecticides, but if he does not know how, when
and where to apply them, his knowledge is worthless. Why is it that
a certain fruit grower up near Ionia received $50,000 for one crop of
apples off a forty acre Spy orchard? Why is it that another man near
Traverse City received $2,000 from a five acre plot and why is it that
our Uncle David Woodard succeeds as he does? Why do all these
growers succeed while others in their immediate neighborhood, fail?
it is simply because these successful growers have an accurate knowledge
of the habits of their enemies and consequently know how to combat
them in an intelligent and businesslike way; in other words they know
their business.

As was stated before, the possession of an accurate knowledge of the
habits of plant diseases and insects makes a man an intelligent observer ; ;
he knows how, when and where to look for his enemies in this plant
and insect world. Therefore, in fact, it is the intelligent, observant
man who excells in fruit production.

SOIL FERTILITY AND BACTERIA.

BY AROA ITANO.

Ladies and Gentlemen: My subject is soil fertility and bacteria. I
wonder if you people ever heard of this great discovery of soil bacteria
regarding the soil fertility. The fact is this: Supposing that you have
here plots A and B. They are equal in the size and quality of soil and

136 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

placed under the same conditions. Now take the soil in plot A and
heat it up to 95 degrees C., leaving plot B alone. Then after that you
sow the seeds and let the plants grow. Then the result you would get is
this that plot A brings two, sometimes three and four times as much as
the crops produced in plot B. This fact was found at the Rothamsted
experiment station in England. At the same time this fact was explained
by one of the members of the experiment station, Dr. A. D..Hall. He
explained it from the bacteriological standpoint and it is very inter-
esting, indeed. Not only from the standpoint of science, but it is im-
portant because it can be applied to the practical work in the green-
house. So I took an interest and put a little time for this subject my-
self. Now I take this opportunity to present to you the importance of
the bacteria regarding the soil fertility and the principle of this heat-
ing method.

As you will know, three things are absolutely necessary for growing
plants: First is the temperature, then the moisture and the plant food.
Now supposing you have the suitable conditions regarding the tempera-
ture and moisture, then the growth of the plants depends upon the
plant food there is in the soil. And no matter how much plant food
you have in the soil, if it is not in such a condition that it can be taken
up easily by plants, then it won’t do any good. As a result of the experi-
ments, we found that without decomposing the organic matter in the
soil, the plants cannot take it up. Without the aid of bacteria, the de-
composition of organic matter does not take place. Therefore, you see
clearly that the bacteria is one of the most important factors regarding
the soil fertility. .

Next I like to present to you very briefly that principle of this heating
method which gives such enormous results. As I mentioned before, the
principle is this: There are 1-20,000,000 of soil bacteria in one gram
of soil and several thousands of protozoa. These protozoa live on the
bacteria. In other words, the protozoa are destroying our great bene-
factors in the soil. If you have a chance to examine under the micro-
scope you can see plainly that these protozoa attacking the bacteria
like the hungry wolves going after food. If you can prevent these bac-
teria from their enemy, the result is we get a good crop. And now by
heating the soil to 95 C. all protozoa are killed while the bacteria can
stand for the heat of 100 C. After the enemies are killed off, the bacte-
ria multiply and decompose the organic matter much better and quickly
and the result is an increase of fertility and we get such enormous crops.
At the conclusion, ladies and gentlemen, I hope you get some idea of
the importance of the bacteria regarding the soil fertility and the prin-
ciple of this heating method and realize the value of the research work.

>

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. 137

COVER CROPS.

BY GEO. W. DEWEY.

Ladies and Gentlemen: The question regarding cover crops in Mich-
igan appears to be one of the liveliest and most vital questions under
discussion as was demonstrated yesterday afternoon when this topic was
up for consideration. There were a multitude of different ideas.

The first and principal reason for cover crops is to establish fertility
in the soil. We have three alternatives for making our soils better;
one is to apply stable manure; another to use commercial fertilizers and
the last is the cover crop. The stable manure is impossible to get in
sufficient quantities to really make it practical. It would be impossible
to get enough stable manure from two states to make a good dressing
for all the orchards in Michigan, therefore that must be ruled out.

Commercial fertilizers of course, do make the trees grow better for
the time being but they do not improve the physical condition of the
soil; it does not put more humus into it; it does not increase its water
holding capacity. Arguing from induction, this leaves the last and most
important one which is the cover crop. The orchard question seems to
be analogous to the boarding house table. You must continually feed
the table in order that the boarders do not become slim and have that
lean and hungry look. So you must also give to the soil of the orchard
something from which the tree may take on that healthy appearance as
indicated by the vigorous green leaves. This fertility is brought about
by using legumes as cover crops. The action of the legumes also when
turned increases the water holding capacity of the soil and not only that
but it increases the humus and prevents the evaporation of moisture
from. the soil.

Another principal reason for cover crops is to harden up the wood.
This will prevent freezing of growing tips and also wards off the at-
tacks of many orchard pests. If cover crops had been universal, it
would have prevented untold losses to those who were growing peaches
four years ago. And it seems to me though all this is theoretical, I
believe that the cover crop would, in this case, if planted in the fall, em-
ploying such crops as oats, barley and spring vetches, it would tend

_ to have the same action on the fruit as does the sod culture; that is,

it would have a tendency to make the fruit more uniform in size and
give it a richer color.

Another particular reason for the cover crop is to conserve the soil
moisture. These cover crops growing late in the fall when the wood
of the trees is being hardened off, ‘would take up this extra moisture
and then in the spring, when turned under, you have turned it back
to the soil and there they lay down in the ground slightly below the
surface, thus breaking off the capillary attraction between the surface
and the sub-soil and bringing the water up to the roots of the trees
but not to the surface so that it will not evaporate into the atmosphere.

I have several samples of cover crops here, taken from the college
orchard Saturday. This is Spring Vetch, planted in August. This was

138 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

grown on a square yard of ground and was planted at the rate of 48
pounds to the acre. This is one of the best cover crops for hardening
the wood, catching the leaves and preventing the freezing of the trees.
You will notice the growth it has made since August Ist and it is con-
tinually growing thus far. It is, however, a delicate plant and will
freeze later on.

This sample here is crimson clover. The seed was sown at the rate
of 20 Ibs’ to the acre. Notice the mat of roots bearing the bacteria
nodules which gathers free nitrogen from the air. You will also notice
the bulk of leaves which when turned over, will provide considerable
humus.”

Here I have a mixture of sand vetch and spring vetch. The sand
vetch is much smaller than the spring vetch but will get in its work
next spring making a mass a foot high and very thick.

This is buckwheat and is sown as a catch crop. It will catch the
leaves and snow during the winter, make a good cover for the soil,
prevent alternate thawing and freezing and will add some humus.

Here is the cow pea. Notice the length of vine. It is a legume and
adds nitrogen to the soil but one trouble with it as a cover crop is that
it grows flat on the soil and will not catch the snow and leaves and is
also killed at the first frost. It makes a desirable cover when used
with oats.

Barley is a fast grower and hardens off the trees in good shape. It
has already gone to seed. It is planted near the first of August and
is now fifteen inches high and stands a good chance of catching and
holding all the snow and leaves that come its way.

This specimen here is mammoth clover. It is not so good as some but
is better than the crimson clover in places where it is very cold. Crim-
son clover is not so hardy as the Mammoth but the Crimson clover
catches. quicker and grows better in the spring, making it more desir-
able than the mammoth in regions where it does not winter kill.

When only a late growing catch crop is desired, a mixture of oats
and peas is recommended; but for a good reliable cover crop for general
orchard. culture in Michigan, a mixture of sand and Spring Vetch bids
well to take first place.

POISON IN LIME-SULPHUR.

BY K. D. VAN WAGENEN.

Friends, Members of the State Horticultural Society: In discussing
_this subject I would like to divide the sprays into three general classes.
First—Fungicides; Second—Insecticides, and Third—Contact with In-
secticides. The first are those sprays which are used for fungi, such as
rot, scab, etc. The second are sprays which by means of poisons will
kill insects—insects which have chewing mouth parts, that is, which
chew the plants upon which they live. They will therefore take the pois-
on into their stomachs and it will have its effect through the digestive
organs. Contact insecticides are those sprays which by external appli-

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. 139

‘ation will kill insects; insects which do not have chewing mouth parts.

The first two are the ones which I wish to consider at this time.

It has long been the practice to use Bordeaux for summer spraying
of fruit, and in combination with this to use some form of an arsenical
poison for the purpose of killing insects which affect the trees during the
summer. The arsenical poisons which are used are Paris Green and Ar-
senate of Lead. Arsenate of Lead sticks to the foliage better and does
not have the burning effect which is so characteristic of Paris Green.

In combining arsenical poisons with lime sulphur sprays, there is one
point which must be considered. There are various forms of arsenical
poison. One of them is arsenate of lead and another is Paris Green and
another is arsenate of soda and another is what is known as ‘Kedzie
Mixture.” The essential quality necessary is that the arsenic must be
in an insoluble form and this one requirement alone will disqualify both
arsenate of soda and ‘Kedzie mixture.” Hence these two forms must
not be used. The reason for insolubility is simply this, when combined
with sulphur, a soluble arsenical compound will react chemically with
the sulphur, forming sulfide of arsenic, which is a heavy precipitate.
Hvidence at hand today goes to show that this reaction destroys both the
fungicidal and insecticidal action of the spray, for sulfide of arsenic is
not known to be either an insecticide or a fungicide. Hence either Paris
Green or Arsenate of Lead must be used in connection with lime-sulphur,
if insects are to be attacked. I wish to call attention to the advantage
of such a lime-sulphur spray over Bordeaux for summer spraying of
apples.

The exhibit at the college which we have here shows the difference in
the effect of russeting by Bordeaux and by lime-sulphur summer sprays
which you have all seen. I therefore wish to bring out this point that
for a summer spray instead of the Bordeaux, a weak lime-sulphur solu-
tion is very much more advisable. And with the lime-sulphur may be
combined an arsenical poison for the purpose of combating insects the
same as with Bordeaux. You have seen the exhibit and have doubtless
noticed how much more marked was the russeting of the fruit when
spray ed with the Bordeaux than when the lime-sulphur spray was used.
So in closing, I wish to leave with you two points, First—that a weak
lime-sulphur spray made according to the ordinary formula and applied
aS a summer spray will not produce anything near like the russeting
effect on the fruit as will Bordeaux and sec ond—that this lime sulphur
may be combined very successfully with an arsenical poison for destruc-
tion of insects.

140 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

HOME FORCING OF VEGETABLES FOR WINTER USE.
BY J. G. FRANCE.

Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen:

I do not believe that anyone who attends the sessions of the State
Horticultural Society and hears such talks as that given by Miss Taylor
about her $3,000 apple crop, or that of Mr. Fritz of his $150 an acre
pear crop, can do so without coming to the conclusion that there is
money in the pursuit of the occupation of Horticulture. Doubtless
this indticement draws some people into the profession, but after having
attended the banquet last night, and hearing the speeches made there,
one cannot but believe that the majority of the people here are engaged
in horticulture because they are in love with their job. If a man is
in love with his job he takes pride in it, and justly. The man who
raises strawberries, for instance, takes pride in having the earliest and
best berries in his neighborhood, and so it is with all horticultural
products. Not only is it a matter of pride for him to boast about to
his neighbor but it is also a matter of personal satisfaction to himself
to have early fruit and fruit of fine quality for his own use. The
subject of my talk is the forcing of vegetables for home use, and it is
ny desire to give you a few facts which if acted upon may make it
possible for you to increase your personal satisfaction in your farm
products by enabling you to not only enjoy the fresh fruits of your
labors during the growing months of the year but also in the dead
of winter, and not force you to depend entirely upon the contents of
the tin can.

When I speak of forcing vegetables I do not wish to be understood
as advocating expensive green houses. This is not at all necessary, for
it is something that can be done by anyone with a very small equip-
ment. Of course greenhouses would be essential if one were going to go
into vegetable forcing as a business but vegetables and some fruits may
be forced in a small way very satisfactorily without their use.

You all know that plants are a lot like people, they can not work
all the time, but must have some rest. People take their rest during
a part of the day and at night. Plants take their rest during a certain
part of the year. There are some plants which grow from seeds and
have their rest during the time they are in the seed condition. There
are other plants which grow for a season and then rest during a part of
the year, and then grow again and produce new crops. In this climate the
winter is the rest period for most plants, and it is upon this fact that
the principles of vegetable forcing rests. If we let a plant rest for a
little while and then wake it by proper conditions we may deceive it
into thinking that it has had its rest out, and it will grow and produce
a crop for us.

The plants which I wish to take up here are very common and among
the easiest ones to force. The first two that I will mention are pieplant
and asparagus. The method of forcing these plants is similar and very

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. 141

simple. During the summer select plants in the field that are strong
and vigorous, in the fall let them stay out until they have been frozen
solidly for about a month, then take the plants up, and put them in
your cellar and let them thaw out. The temperature of the cellar should
be about 50 to 55 degrees. After the plants have thawed and the excess
of moisture used up a little water should be added every two or three
days, just enough to keep the plants moist, but never enough to make
them wet or soggy. The cellar does not need to be very light, but more
light is desirable after the plants become active. Several cuttings may
be made before the roots are exhausted. By taking up only a few
plants at a time a succession may be maintained throughout the winter.
How nice it will be to have these two plants fresh to use when the
good wife says “What shall we have for dinner today,” or how nice to
surprise a friend who drops in to dinner along about New Year’s, with
fresh, crisp asparagus that you grew yourself. Parsley is another
vegetable that may be had in winter, if one has a sunny window. Pots
of this may be grown outdoors during the summer and brought into
the house as the cold weather comes on, and it will grow nicely in a
warm sunny kitchen window, where it will be not only an ornament
but will be found to be much more convenient for use than that which
is buried under a foot of snow out in the garden. If strawberry plants
are potted during the summer while growing in the field, allowed to
freeze the same as pieplant or asparagus, and then brought into the
house and placed in a warm sunny window a nice crop of berries may
be had in the depth of winter. The principle precaution being to select
plants of the staminate or perfect kinds.

To sum up, first, select good plants, strong and vigorous; second,
allow them to get a rest by freezing; third, place in the cellar or sunny
window as the case may be, and give them a little care, and you will
get returns that will be both pleasing and profitable.

APPLE SCAB.

BY F. C. DAYHARSH.

Friends:—The apple scab fungus does more damage to the apple
than any other pest known except the codling moth. The apple scab
fungus you know, to be a greater pest some years than others. If the
spring be cold and wet, the prospect is good for scabby apples. Because
of the conditions under which this fungus appears on many apples, some
people have the idea it is the wet weather that causes the unsightly
fruit instead of a parasitic plant.

The chart I have here will show you the minute organism and its
life history. The single plant we cannot see without the aid of a lens.
The spot on the apple which the buyers and consumers frown upon is
made up of many thousands of these plants. In order to get a crop of
apples free from this pest, it requires a thorough spraying with a well-
made spray. The chart shows a specimen that is free from scab on one

.

142 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

side while the opposite side is very much infected. This indicates to you
that the spraying was not thorough.

Besides making the apple undersized, unequally developed and un-
sightly, it furnishes an opening for other rot producing spores to enter.
A disease following the apple scab that does much damage in New York
is the Pink Rot. Whole crops of apples in Western New York have
been destroyed by this disease. I have not heard of the Pink Rot doing
much damage in Michigan. Michigan buyers decline to buy scabby ap-
ples, not only because of their appearance, but because the fruit won’t
keep well in storage. The Blue Mold is a rot that works on bruised or
scabby apples while in storage. The Blue Mold spores enter the open-
ing made by the scab fungus. Your own experience has taught you that
the sound apple carefully handled keeps the longest every time.

The cross section of diseased leaf on this chart, shows you how the
spores of the apple scab winter over.

You people are working with the Horticulture Department at the
College to determine the relative values of Bordeaux Mixture and lime
and sulphur as a remedy for this disease, so it will be unnecessary at
this time for me to discuss the control of this disease.

SMALL FRUITS.

(BY W. W. FARNSWORTH, OHIO.)

Those of us who have been attending these meetings the last ten or
fifteen years have noticed a great change in the topics that have been
discussed and the interest taken in these topics. I can easily remember
only a few years ago that the discussion of apples would bring out little
or no interest.

One year, some twelve or fifteen years ago I put a question on the pro-
gram, partly for my own instruction: “Will it pay to plant apples on
ground worth 4100 per acre?” After it was discussed the consensus of
opinion was that it would be better to plant our apple orchard on until-
lable land because we were devoting our valuable lands to something
else. When the apple was so regarded, small fruits held their own.

Now we have gone to the other extreme, and the apple rules, and we
are neglecting our small fruits.

The small fruits are valuable because they require a small acreage
and a small capital; and if you are not far from the market they are easi-
ly disposed of and with the aver rage trucker who has more or less of a
family to assist in their care, they become a means of real profit.

This part of the subject has been discussed so I do not care to go into
details but give you a few of the features that appeal to me as being the
most essential.

I will limit my remarks more especially to the strawberry and currant
for the reason that while I have grown blackberries and raspberries in
the past I have not been doing so of late.

As to strawberries I do not think it is necessary to say anything about
the need of humus because it is understood to be one of the foundations

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. 143

of success. In the case of the apple you have from five to fifteen years
in which to build up a good root system, which reaches down and occu-
pies the whole surface of the ground, and there is time for the soil to be
filled with the elements which are to feed these roots as it should be to
produce the requisite fruit, but with strawberries this is different. The
plant that was set out last spring has but one season to grow, comes into
bloom in the middle of May and in a month from that time it has pro-
duced a weight of fruit several times the weight of the original plant.
That plant food must be in such a shape that it can be taken up very
rapidly. Early in the season, during the cooler weather, while the straw-
berry is making its wonderful record, the plant food in the soil does not
become available very rapidly. Nitrification does not take place rap-
idly during the cool weather. While the strawberry is not hard on the
soil, does not take a vast amount of fertilizing elements from the soil,
still, that soil must.be.in such a condition that the plant can take up
the food very rapidly. I have always felt, that a soil that was mellow
and full of humus so that the roots could penetrate freely, and so that
the drouth that is liable to come will not affect the plants, such a one
will yield better results than a soil that was full of plant food but in
poor mechanical condition. I had that illustrated and emphasized on
the crop I raised the past year. About three years ago I bought a piece
of land, thirteen acres of heavy timber. It was cleared off and the
stumps taken off and drained and put into corn the first year. The
following spring, two years ago this spring, we planted it to strawber-
ries. The first crop came last spring. You remember what kind of a
season we had. There were frosts and heavy rains and warm weather
and frosts again, and all around me the neighbors did not have more
than thirty to fifty per cent of a crop. We had to encounter the same
difficulties that they did but in spite of the frosts and all the drawbacks,
we harvested one of the finest crops we ever had and I think it was
because of the large amount of humus ‘in that soil. The plants were
so full of vigor that even after the third lot of blossoms had dropped
off because of the frost, there was still vigor enough to put forth blos-
soms sufficient to produce a very fine lot of berries and they were
enough larger to make for the possible loss because of the frost and
other causes.

We can not all have new ground but we can try to imitate that and
try to put our soil in condition of new ground as nearly as possible.
Strawberries require a great amount of moisture; require a soil that
is moist. However the ground that is naturally wet will stand better
when drained but I do not think it yields quite as good strawberries.
Personally I prefer artificial drainage and that done thoroughly.

One of the best ways to put this soil in condition is to get clover
sod or plow under rye and vetch or cow peas,—anything that will fill
the soil full of humus. Do not plow under a great big crop of vegetable
matter and then proceed to set plants at once. Humus is decayed mat-
ter so without that decayed condition you will not be able to get any
benefits.

Take clover sod and set out the berries the coming season. Begin
applying stable manure early and then plow just before ground freezes.
I like fall plowing for strawberries; the manure that was applied last
fall will have leached down all through the soil; it has become mingled

144 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

with the soil it has caused at the present time a larger growth of clover
sod and soil. By this means you have saved every bit of the fertilizing
value of the manure and you have grown more humus. If that has
not been done, feed up your soil during the coming season by applying
on it as early in the spring as possible stable manure. I am in favor
of early spring planting.

Another method: You can take up the plants early, pinch off the
blossom stems, set in beds, let set for two or three weeks, and after these
plants have been set out and properly cared for, they will throw out
short feeding roots. Then they can be transplanted again during the
summer. That is not the best way, but it will do all right if you are
unavoidably detained because of other work. It is a good plan if you
are sending off for plants and they reach you in bad condition. They
can be put in a bed in this way and they will not be so likely to die.

If you have the ground fall plowed, you can begin to work it in
the spring, cutting with a dise and rolling. The ground for strawberries
should be pretty firm. Will get a better growth and the plants the
first year will fruit better. The ground should be worked down in good
condition so as to make it as firm as possible.

I plant with a machine but I do not think there is much advantage in
using a transplanter except in a dry time although the work can be done
rapidly, setting out a row of plants as fast as a team walks along and
each plant is watered as it is set out.

There are some things that we make a point in doing. We go right
over and pack the round very firmly. One thing, commercial growers
nuderstand and that is never to take plants from : a bed which has born
fruit. The old strawberry bed is so exhausted of its energy by the pro-
duction of a large crop of fruit that the young plants are lacking in
vigor and vitality. This is one mistake which is the cause of more fail-
ures perhaps than most anything else on the part of amateurs. Select
your plants from beds which have never born any fruit. Another thing
in taking up these plants never allow them to dry out. Take up a hand-
ful of plants and cut off the roots. Set them all out with the roots
and if the roots become tangled, you should take pains to straighten
them out and by cutting them off to three or four inches in length,
these roots being near the surface, the ground will start and go to feed-
ing the plants and they will then begin to grow all right.

Begin cultivating the ground as soon as you set the plants. The
strawberry must have moisture and the ground that has been rolled
loses this by evaporation. Also the ground which is of a light sandy
nature, if it is rolled down smooth in the spring, the winds blowing |
over it will blow soil away from some of the plants on higher ground
and cover others on lower ground. We avoid that by cultivating.

The cultivation through the summer consists of hoeing often and
cultivating with a double cultivator. There is nothing like an earth
mulch. This helps to hold the moisture and also to keep down the weeds
especially after the runners have started. It is cheaper to go through
it before it gets very weedy than to let it go longer when you will be
obliged to go through and take out the weeds from among the runners.

Always keep the blossoms cut off from newly set plants. The new
berries do not amount to anything and they are too much of a tax
on the vitality of the newly transplanted plants. You want to save

Ten-year-old Wagener and Jonathan orchard of E. W. Lincoln near Greenville.

A bunch of Battle Creek fruit enthusiasts on their way to the C. E. Young orchard.

The experiment Station grounds at South Haven, Frank A. Wilkin, Supt.

tue

#

‘

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. 145 ©

that energy; we formerly cut off the first runners, but we have aban-
doned that practice; now we let them throw out runners, and when a
damp time comes, these runners are separated out and the young plants
are placed where needed in the row. Let them run along until perhaps
September when there is a moist time and by keeping out the cultivator
for a couple of weeks, the runners have a chance to go across the rows
and then the rolling cutters cut these off, leaving a row fifteen or eight-
een inches wide. In this way, we get a good row system. Then we go
through varieties which form too many plants with hoes which are cut
down to three or three and a half inches wide, shaving crosswise of the
row. We leave a strip across the row and shave off another strip just
deep enough to cut off the crowns of the plants. If you do not cut
deep enough to cut off the plants, continue going a little deeper.

You cannot grow the best crop of some varieties of strawberries, with-
out thinning any more than you can grow first prize corn with a dozen
stalks in a hill. Of course this will depend upon varieties. The War-
field and Dunlap will grow more plants than some others and they are
liable to become weeds. A weed is a plant out of place. When two
strawberry plants are where one only should be then one of the plants
is a weed and should be removed. This is much better done early. Re-
move that robber plant so that the rightful occupant of the ground may
have an unobstructed feeding ground.

We begin mulching along about the middle of November. We do
not wait until the ground freezes up—we began this year about the
middle of November and we are nearly done by this time. We use wheat
straw, oat straw, and sometimes some other material. This question of
mulching is a problem that is quite a puzzle in many localities. Some
use marsh hay. Some have grown mulching materials by sowing corn.
Some sow oats among the plants but I never had faith enough in that
to try it. You know that during August and September it is pretty
dry and a growth of oats or barley is robbing the plants of just so
much moisture which they should really have in building up a good,
strong system so it looks to me as though it was a positive damage to
the plant rather than a help. Some use manure but this is usually
so full of weed seed that it makes a lot of trouble in the spring. You
should cover just deep enough to hide the plant. You can use most
anything for a mulch that will do this.

In order that strawberries prove a profitable crop from a commercial
standpoint you must give attention to the matter of variety which your
market demands. If you cater to a nearby market, you will find that
you will not be very apt to pay much attention to firmness at least not
so much as you will to whether the berries are of a dark or light color.
Some localities require a berry that is a light color while others require
a dark red berry. Under our conditions we grow a great many cherries
so we can not grow late varieties of strawberries. On the other hand,
early varieties with us are not very profitable as a rule because our
markets are filled up with berries from the South, so we naturally take
‘the middle of the road class such as the Highland, Dunlap, Warfield.
Some of our neighbors have other varieties and do well with them. There
is one new variety lately introduced which was originated somewhere
out in Missouri. One year’s experience with them has been very satis-
factory to us. They make an ideal row, are strong hardy plants, fruit

19

146 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

well and have fine stems and leaves and the fruit looks like fancy
Gandy. It is called the Columbia, and it is all right for market or
shipping.

One requisite of a commercial strawberry is firmness so that it can
stand shipment without getting soft. Of course in packing, proper con-
ditions must be observed. I had a little experience last year that I
will relate. During the forepart of the season, the weather was cool
and for a week after, I began picking. We had made arrangements with
a couple of teams to be in readiness in the section where we could get
pickers with directions to bring them if the weather warmed up. Well,
all of a sudden the weather did warm up and the berries began to ripen.
The pickers came on and worked as hard as they could but the following
Monday it was so hot that a third of them were laying in the shade. The
berries were piling up on us. The pickers were not making headway.
We had a large number of plants that the fruit was a little soft and I
thought the thing to do was to plough these under. So I set the teams
to work. It was a hard thing to do and seemed like a great pity but
by this prompt action we were able to pick the rest of the berries and
the results proved the wisdom of the act. If we had hesitated a couple
of days the berries would have been spoiled so by sacrificing a few of
them we saved all the rest. I relate this to emphasize the fact that we
must be prepared for any emergency that may arise. The strawberry
business is not something that you can get started and then go away
on a visit and then expect everything to go on smoothly. You must be
right on hand to attend to all the details and you cannot leave this
to someone else.

We do not sort our berries only as the pickers sort them; we do not
strive fora fancy berry; just a first class genuine article. We do not
attempt to grow by hill culture. G

CURRAN'IS.

Now, as to currants. The currant has been very much neglected. You
will understand the fruit does not do well in the south. You take it
south of central part of Ohio and as a rule it does not succeed. It wants
a cool, moist climate and a rich moist soil. It is the greatest feeder of
any of the small fruits, so feed them heavily. They can be grown in
an orchard. They are a very good financial fruit to grow and they can
he. picked after the cherries have been harvested.

I set one-year plants, six to eight feet apart and I plant in an apple,
plum or pear orchard, but never: in a cherry or peach orchard, for peach
ground is not usually good currant ground. I have a plum orchard
set sixteen feet apart each way which has been planted for fifteen years.
At the time of planting, or rather the next year, I set it out to cur-
rants. These plum trees tops are just touching when well loaded.
Originally I planted currants in the tree row as well as in between the
rows but afterwards we took out the row between the trees and left
those in the tree row and we have always had magnificent crops. I
have been saying these last years. “These currants must come out,” but
when I would see what fine crops we got and what good prices the fruit
would bring, and when I saw that they were not hurting the plums,
I just simply said, ‘We will leave them for another year.”

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. 147

We plant currants either in the fall or early in the spring. While
you can plant a currant in May, you do not get the growth that you
would if planted the fall before or in early spring. They should be
planted rather deep. Cut the tops back to four or five inches. One
very important fact is to get six or seven branches started close to
the ground. An advantage in doing this is after they have borne two
or three crops you can cut out part of the old branches and let the
young ones come in to take their place. When we set them out first, we
cut them back and plant them deep and the first winter you have them
on this heavier ground, plow up to them in the fall and use a cover
crop, such for instance as turnips. Do not plow deeply but keep them
thoroughly cultivated then prune for the first few years and do not let
too many shoots grow. After three or four crops, then begin to thin
out the old wood.

The insect enemies are the currant worm and the borer and a few fun-
eus enemies, but our currants stand right in our plum orchard and get
the same spraying which is given the plums, which will destroy any fun-
gous disease on “the currants and then as soon as the blossom falls,
we spray the plum tree three or four times with lime and sulphur and ar-
senate of lead at intervals of four or five days. Our practice and ex-
perience have been that to prevent curculio we must spray oftener than
usually recommended, and this spoils current worms. Then as soon as
the currants are off, we spray the plums for the prevention of rot, and
this spraying also has its effects on the currant. We have had no
trouble whatever with the current worm, or the scale, or any of the
fungous diseases that used to trouble us. The harvesting of the cur-
rants is the easiest of all matters. We let them go until the cherries
are harvested and then go after them. You don’t have to look after
the clouds as you do with the strawberries. When you go into a currant
patch you don’t care whether it rains or shines. Then the fruit comes
at a time when it is a sort of holiday season in the fruit business and the
returns for your work are fully as satisfactory as from any fruit which
you can grow.

As to the kind of varieties that is largely a matter of the local market.
I have seen sections where the Fay was most prolific but this variety
don’t amount to anything for me however. The Red Cross are very
productive, and of a very good quality, a little mild and light in color.
The Wilder is perhaps the best all round currant of them all; not so
strong as the Victoria or Red Cross, but good color and prolific. I had
patches of them several times where it was utterly impossible to walk
down between the rows when loaded. We just had to commence and
pick the bushes as we came to them. While the Victoria is not a very
large currant,—not so large as the Red Cross—it has a splendid color,
is of good quality, and when properly fed give an abundant yield. And
then it is a late currant and has the advantage of not being attacked
by the borers and brings an excellent price, better than some of the
others on the market. The pruning can be done as a renewal system,—
the old wood being taken out and the new shoots allowed to come up
from the side. Any branches that may ereoP or that may be broken
off should be gotten out of the way.

We begin pruning at any time in the fall and carry it on through
the winter.

148 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

We use stable manure and cover crops as fertilizer. After the first
year or two we quit growing other crops than currants. Then we drill
in two or three rows of soy beans, cultivate them at the same time
that we do the currants and then in the latter part of August or Sep-
tember, we sow in turnips and after the frosts have killed the soy beans
the turnips come on. This cover crop system has been very successful
with us.

One point in closing I may mention that it would be well for you to
guard against danger in planting currants of their roots working up
by freezing during the winter. <A better way is to keep them well
covered with mulch during cold weather the first year or two.

,

DISCUSSION.

A member—Have you ever used commercial fertilizer on strawberries
and if so when and how?

Mr. Farnsworth—I have used it in different ways. As a complete
fertilizer on the plants in summer, after planting, and I have also
experimented with nitrate of soda in the spring. I have never got any
very definite results. I believe that while a good many do use com-
mercial fertilizer and many get excellent results, yet the commercial fer-
tilizers are at some disadvantage with the strawberries more than with
other fruits for the reason that the strawberry demands humus more
than any other fruit and that is where commercial fertilizers are defi-
cient. The claim is made that you get a firmer berry by commercial
fertilizers. In our work, our markets are not very far distant, and we
ship every two hours. Our grocers to whom we ship would rather
pay the three or four cents extra for freight for fast freight and have the
berry reach them fresh from the vines than to wait until they get them
in the ordinary way so we have not had to watch that question of
firmness and I am not able to give very much information on this
question.

Q. Did you ever try hill culture out?

Mr. Farnsworth—No. In order to use that to any advantage, you would
want to have a fancy market. Hill culture is all right, but the great
bulk of the strawberries are grown by the thin matted row system. You
can get a first-class article and more of them in this way and at a less
cost than from the hill system. On the other hand of course there is no
question but what more fancy berries can be raised by the hill method
than otherwise.

Q. How far apart do you set plants?

Mr. Farnsworth—That depends upon the variety and on the soil.
On this new ground, we set out Dunlaps four feet apart each way, which
is plenty close enough.- If we were planting some other varieties on a
thinner soil, we would set them perhaps one foot or eighteen inches
apart. I have rows four feet apart and in the rows eighteen inches.

Q. How do you like the London Market currant?

Mr. Farnsworth—I have heard it recommended by many and I bought
some of them. If I have the genuine London Market, I don’t like it.
Hither I don’t have the venuine article or it is worthless with me.

Q. How much should be expected from an acre of strawberries.

Mr. Farnsworth—Well I never yet got four hundred bushels to the

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. 149

acre. I have grown one hundred fifty to two hundred bushels. If I
got 100 then I am barely satisfied. 150 isa good crop. In carrying on
the business on a large scale there is more or less waste. The man who
gets more than this off from an average acre is the man who has his
own pickers. There is always more or less of a waste. Myself and my
best man are right there on the ground and we look after the matter very
closely and if we are able to get 150 bushels to the acre we think we have
a large crop.

Q. How about a crop of apples. Do these plants take anything away
from their strength?

Mr. Farnsworth—If they bear heavily, you must simply feed for two
crops. You can’t expect that you can get something for nothing.

Q. What kind of soil would you advise?

Mr. Farnsworth—Our soil is a rich chocolate colored loam. For
currant soil, I should like to have the ground plowed to the clay.

Q. What sub-soil ?

Mr. Farnsworth—Clay sub-soil; surface soil is dark sandy loam.

Q. What do you think of mixing the different varieties in straw-
berry culture?

Mr. Farnsworth—A good many varieties will not bear at all alone,
having imperfect blossoms, and many of these such as the Warfield will
not bear alone on account of being of only one sex, but when planted
with Senator Dunlap, will prove to be highly productive.

Q. Do you know anything about the Aroma?

Mr. Farnsworth—Yes, it has been a little weak, liable to winter-kill
and has not proved very hardy. It is superceding the Gandy in some
sections but it is not as successful as the Columbia promises to be with
us.

Q. Have you been troubled with strawberry root rot, etc., leaf
roller, or other disease?

tioned of rotation; we only pick one year. Ordinarily we plant last
spring and pick this coming spring and then plow it under and plant
to potatoes, and these are followed by rye which is turned under in the
spring before it comes to maturity. Our beds are not infested and we
never have any difficulty with root rot or leaf roller; in fact have never
seen them on my place and ordinarily we think it costs more to clean out
an old bed than to grow a new bed.

Q. What do you think of the black currant?

Mr. Farnsworth—That is largely a question of market. If you have
a market that calls for it all right. The same can be said of the white
currant, but there has been very little call for it in our market. Black
currants are profitable in many places and the Crandall is perhaps the
best.

Q. What about sowing mulch in strawberries? Have you tested it?

Mr. Farnsworth—No, sir.

Q. I would like to have question No. 1 answered: “The Wilson
Blackberry is playing out”; what varieties take its place?

Mr. Farnsworth—While I have grown blackberries, I have never
grown the Wilson; have grown mostly the Eldorado.

Q. Do you know anything about the Dwarf?

150 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Mr. Farnsworth—I have a few of them, but it has not borne yet and
I do not know enough of it to express an opinion except by hearsay.

Q. How does the. Eldorado compare with the Mercero E Idorado?

Mr. Farnsworth—Not much difference.

Q.- I would like to ask if you have had any experience with goose-
berries on the market?

Mr. Farnsworth—A few years ago there was a demand at canning
factories and we had a few but I do not know enough about them to
really express intelligent opinion and so would not like to be quoted
as saying just what that was.

Q. I would like to have question No. 30 answered, which is as fol-
lows: ‘How many have had profitable results from the use of commer-
cial fertilizer? Can we afford to buy stockvard manure?”

The Chairman—I would like to have Mr. Friday answer this.

Mr. Friday—Yes, I have had some experience in this and have found
both profitable.

The Chairman—Mr. Hilton have you had any experience?

Mr. Hilton—Yes, sir; and I have not found it unprofitable.

The Chairman—TI would like to have as many of those present here
who have had experience to signify whether you have found it profitable
to use commercial fertilizers—hold up your hands.

The Chairman—I see there are five hands up. Now I would like to
see how many there are who have used commercial fertilizers and didn’t
secure satisfactory results——Not so many.

A member—I would like to have No. 27 answered.

Q. Name a succession of strawberries, early, medium and late for
this section.

The Chairman—Mr. Nichols, would you please answer this?

Mr. Nichols—I don’t know that I could really give an answer to this
question that would be worth very much; but there is the Dunlap and
Warfield and William Belt that are a good midseason berry and the
Gandy for a late one, but for a very early one, I could not give one that
would be satisfactory.

A voice—There is the Brandywine which is a good variety.

Mr. Farnsworth—There is another called the Gibson. It is very fine.
I have not grown it this year.

@. Does anyone know anything about the Aroma.

Mr. Farnsworth—This is a good variety where it will grow.

THE USE OF DILUTE LIME-SULPHUR FOR THE CONTROL OF
APPLE DISEASES.

BY W. M.-SCOTT, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Bordeaux mixture has been the standard fungicide for the control of
apple diseases since spraying apple orchards came into vogue. It has
made profitable apple growing possible where it would otherwise haye
been a failure, and has been the means of untold wealth to the com-
mercial apple growers of the country. It has formed practically the
sole remedy for apple scab, bitter- rot and various apple leaf diseases

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. 151

and has been universally used on grapes, potatoes and other crops. In
recent years, however, there has developed a very serious objection to the
use of Bordeaux mixture as a fungicide on apples, owing to the injurious
effect it produces on both fruit and foliage. The fruit of many varieties
like the Ben Davis and Jonathan becomes russeted and often dwarfed
and distorted from the toxic action of the copper in the Bordeaux. This
injury is produced mainly by the applications made within three or four
weeks after the blossom petals fall, and is especially serious in a wet
spring. Midsummer or late spraying, such as required for bitter-rot,
‘arely russets the fruit, the skin at that time having become tougher and
more resistant. The skin of the young fruit is injured by the copper
and as the apple develops, the injured portions enlarge, resulting in
russet blotches and streaks. In wet seasons the russeting of the fruit is
sometimes so serious as to reduce its market value 25 per cent, or in
some cases even 50 per cent.

The pathologists and apple growers have, therefore, been driven ts
seek a less caustic fungicide and the result has been the development of
various lime-sulphur- preparations. During the past four years the
Bureau of Plant Industry, and some of the experiment stations, have
been conducting experiments with lime-sulphur fungicides and the re-
sults have been such as to warrant the recommendation of dilute lime-
sulphur solution as a substitute for Bordeaux mixture in a large part of
the apple spraying operations.

THE LIME-SULPHUR SPRAYS.

For two or three decades a preparation known as the lime- Se
wash has been used in the dormant season for the control of the San
Jose scale and other scale insects. It has been known for years that the
same spray applied to peach trees in the early spring two or three weeks
before they bloom would prevent -peach leaf-curl, and it is now a com-
mon practice to spray for scale and leaf-curl at the same time, using the
lime-sulphur wash. The lime-sulphur solution, now rapidly coming into
use aS a Summer spray for apples, is only a modification of the old lime-
sulphur wash.

Home-Made Lime-Sulphur Solution—Concentrated lime-sulphur so-
lution to be diluted and used as a summer spray on apples may be pre-
pared as follows: Boil sixteen pounds of sulphur and eight pounds of
lime with about ten gallons of water for forty-five to sixty minutes,
finishing with eight gallons of concentrated solution. Then strain and
dilute it with water to make 200 gallons of spray. This makes four
pounds of sulphur in each fifty gallons of spray, which, in our experi-
ments, has proved to be about the right strength for summer spraying of
apples. It may be made in larger quantities by using 100 pounds of ‘sul-
phur and fifty pounds of lime and boiling them together for forty-five to
sixty minutes, using enough water to finish with fifty gallons of con-
centrated solution. The boiling may be done in a kettle over a fire or in
a barrel or other tank with steam. <A seventy-five gallon feed cooker is
perhaps the most satisfactory equipment. ‘In diluting for summer
spraying two gallons of this solution should be used in fifty gallons of
water. Used at this strength in our experiments it controlled apple
scab, leaf-spot and cedar rust fully as well as Bordeaux mixture, without
seriously injuring the fruit or foliage.

152 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
#

Commercial Lime-Sulphur Solution.—A number of manufacturers are
now placing on the market concentrated lime-sulphur solutions to be
used as a fungicide and an insecticide. Most of these preparations test
32 degrees to 33 degrees on the Baumé hydrometer and contain in solu-
tion about two and one-half to two and three-fourths pounds of sulphur
to each gallon. They are practically the same as the homemade solution,
but are a little more concentrated and therefore require more dilution.
A strength of one and one-half gallons of the solution to fifty gallons
of water gives about four pounds of sulphur in each fifty gallons of
spray and produces the same results as the home-made solution diluted
to contain the same amount of sulphur.

We have experimented with several different brands of these commer-
cial products and have found very little difference in them. All that
were tested gave fairly uniform results and compared favorably with
the home-made solution. It appears, therefore, that, except in the matter
of cost, it makes very little difference whether the preparation is pur-
chased from the factory or made at home. The home-made product is
less expensive, but more troublesome.

RESULTS OF EXPERIMENTS.

Experiments comparing the lime-sulphur preparations with Bordeaux
mixture in the treatment of apple diseases have been conducted by the
Bureau of Plant Industry in Virginia, Michigan, Nebraska, Missouri
and Arkansas. Excepting bitter-rot and blotch all diseases of the fruit
and foliage in all the experiments were as thoroughly controlled by the
lime-sulphur solution as by the Bordeaux mixture. The lime-sulphur pro-
duced very little or no russeting of the fruit and no serious foliage in-
jury, while the Bordeaux injured both fruit and foliage of Ben Davis,

- Jonathan, Yellow Newtown and some other varieties. The lime-sulphur
sprayed fruit was invariably superior in appearance to that sprayed
with Bordeaux.

Experiments for the control of apple scab on Winesap were conducted
in Virginia during 1909 with the following results: On the plots sprayed .
with lime-sulphur solution less than one per cent of the fruit was affected
with scab; on that sprayed with Bordeaux mixture about two per cent
of the fruit was affected; and on the check, or unsprayed plot, thirty per
cent of the fruit was scabby.

During the same year similar experiments were conducted in Michigan
with like results. The scab was held down to four per cent of the crop
by the lime-sulphur solution and to three and one-half per cent by Bor- -
deaux mixture, while eighty per cent of the unsprayed fruit of the same
variety (Wagener) was affected.

Results of experiments conducted in Arkansas by the Department of
Agriculture were not favorable to the lime-sulphur solution in the con-
trol of bitter-rot and apple blotch. These two diseases were checked by
the spray, but not thoroughly controlled. There is, therefore, some
doubt as to the efficiency of the lime-sulphur solution as a remedy for
bitter-rot and blotch.

In both the Virginia and the Michigan experiments the commercial
lime-sulphur solution at a strength of two to fifty slightly scorched the:
leaves, particularly on the terminal shoots; but this did not prove to be

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. 153

serious, and at the end of the season the foliage was in good condition,
the apple leaf-spot having been controlled and the cedar rust held in
check. It was found also that arsenate of lead used with the lime-sul-
phur solution did not result in injury to fruit or foliage and that it
controlled codling moth as thoroughly as when combined with Bordeaux
mixture.

EXPERIMENTS OF 1910.

During the past season further experiments with the lime-sulphur
sprays were conducted near Waynesboro, Va. <A part of the work.was
conducted as a demonstration in co-operation with the Bureau of Ento-
mology. From seventy-five to 200 trees each of Winesap, York Imperial
and Ben Davis were sprayed and ten trees of each variety left unsprayed
as a check. The principal part of the experiment consisted of four plots
treated as follows:

Plot 1—Commercial lime-sulphur solution, one and one-half to fifty,
with two pounds arsenate of lead.

Plot 2—Home-made lime-sulphur solution, two pounds of lime and
four pounds sulphur to fifty gallons of water, with two pounds arsenate
of lead.

Plot 3—Bordeaux mixture, three pounds bluestone and four pounds
lime to fifty gallons water, with two pounds arsenate of lead.

Plot 4—Check, not sprayed.

The Winesaps were sprayed (1) after the cluster buds opened, just
before they bloomed (April 5); (2) as soon as the petals fell (April
19); (8) three to four weeks later (May 17); and (4) nine weeks after
the petals fell (June 26). The Ben Davis and York Imeperial received
only three treatments, the first application given the Winesaps having
been omitted from these varieties, for the reason that in Virginia they
do not suffer seriously from attacks of scab.

Effect on the Foliage—tThe weather was unusually cold and wet dur-
ing April and May and the conditions were favorable for spray injury. .
Toward the end of May, soon after the second spraying of the Ben Davis .
and Yorks, the leaves of these varieties showed considerable spray injury
on all the plots. On the lime-sulphur plots the leaves of the young
shoots were somewhat scorched around the margins, and as a conse-
quence some of them were crooked or curled. A few dead spots appeared
on some of the leaves and at that time it looked as though the injury
might prove serious. It did not progress any further, however, even after
the next application, and the trees soon grew out of it. By midsummer
nearly all evidence of injury had disappeared and during the remainder
of the season the foliage was in excellent condition. In respect to in-
jury there was practically no difference between the home-made and the
commercial lime-sulphur.

Bordeaux mixture caused more injury than either of the lime-sulphur
preparations and this injury increased as the season advanced. The
leaves were more or less spotted with circular brown areas and a consid-
erable percentage of them turned yellow and dropped off. ‘The trees
sprayed with the lime-sulphur solution went through the season with
much better foliage than those sprayed with Bordeaux mixture, demon-
strating the superiority of the former fungicide over the latter in this
respect.

The apple leaf-spot disease was controlled equally well by both fungi-

154 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

cides and about the same was true of cedar rust. The lime-sulphur solu-
tion, however, showed some superiority over Bordeaux in controlling
cedar rust. This oe seems to yield more readily to sul sprays
than to copper spray

Effect on the Trine beee was practically no difference between the
lime-sulphur solution and the Bordeaux mixture in the control of the
diseases that occurred on the fruit. Apple scab, fruit spot and sooty
blotch were controlled equally well by beth fungicides. In the case of
the Ben Davis, particularly, however, there was a decided difference in
the appearance of the fruit sprayed with the two kinds of fungicides.
The fruit sprayed with Bordeaux was russeted considerably, although
very little of it was dwarfed or distorted, as often occurs with Bordeaux
sprayed fruit. The Winesaps were also russeted, but not so much as
the Ben Davis; while the York Imperial showed only a slight roughen-
ing of the skin.

The fruit of all varieties sprayed with the lime-sulphur solution was
almost free from spray russet. The natural russet of the stem end was
enlarged slightly and on some specimens this ran over on to the side of
the apple; but as a rule the fruit was smooth, clean and highly colored.
The high color and general appearances of this fruit would place it ina
grade higher than that sprayed with Bordeaux, which would mean
twenty-five cents to fifty cents a barrel in price.

The Control of Apple Scab.—In order to determine the comparative
efficiency of the sulphur and copper sprays in the control of apple scab,
the fruit from four Winesap trees in each plot and six check trees were
sorted and the results, in terms of percentage of fruit affected vad scab,
are given in the following table:

Table 1.—Lime- sulphur Solution vs. Bordeaux for Apple ie

No. Per cent
of y Spray Mixture Used. to) é
Plat. Seabby Fruit.

1 Commercial lime-sulphur solution (1144 to 50) plus two

poundsvarsenate Of Wedd: 2.e.w oss oa pote ere cae ae 2.2
2 Home-boiled lime-sulphur solution (2-4-50) plus two

Pounds arsemate OL lexd Vc) SAP eres = ote nes, eee G.t
3 Bordeaux mixture (3-4-50) plus two pounds arsenate ;

OL, dead. f.5, We Pale Gave a Maw cereale ve or eaten eae ene rea 6.2
A~ ‘Check, not2sprayved! 205 C2 ci te + = sosietcieuer tore jaterep eee eee 99.8

It will be seen from this table that the home-made lime-sulphur solu-
tion and the Bordeaux mixture both held the scab down to about six
per cent of the crop, while practically all of the unsprayed fruit was
scabby. The plot sprayed with the commercial solution had the lowest
percentage of scabby fruit (2.2), but this was probably due to a differ-
ence in the plots and not in the fungicides. Plot 1 contained medium
sized trees, easily sprayed, while the trees in plots 2 and 3 were large
and rather difficult to spray with the outfit used.

It would seem from these results and those obtained in previous ex-
periments that the efficiency of the lime-sulphur solution as a remedy
for apple scab could no longer be questioned.

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. 155

THE SATISFACTORY EXPERIENCE OF ORCHARDISTS.

A large percentage of the Virginia apple orchards were sprayed with
the lime-sulphur solution during the past season. We personally exam-
ined some of these orchards and have had reports from many of them.
In every case, so far as we have been able to ascertain, the results were
satisfactory, both as to the control of diseases and as to the effect of the
spray on fruit and foliage. In the early part of the season there were
a number of reports of injury to the young leaves, but in no case did
this prove to be serious. In the Yellow Newtown orchards where bitter-
rot is a serious factor the lime-sulphur solution was used in the early
treatment for scab and leaf-spot, and this was followed by applications of
Bordeaux for bitter-rot. This plan was entirely successful, the russeting
of the fruit having been avoided and the bitter-rot disease controlled.

In one orchard, which had been sprayed with the lime-sulphur solu-
tion, a small percentage of the fruit had a sun-burned appearance. Brown
sunken spots from one-half inch to one inch in diameter occurred on the
upper or sunny side of the fruit. This is probably due to the action of
the sulphur in hot, dry weather. The same injury occurred in our experi-
mental plots at Siloam Springs, Arkansas, during 1909, but it does not
promise to be a serious objection to the lime-sulphur sprays. It results
mainly from the late sprayings, and applications made during July and
August might cause considerable damage, especially in hot, dry seasons.

CONCLUSIONS.

The evidence obtained from various experiments conducted by the
United States Department of Agriculture, and several of the experiment
stations, as well as the work of the orchardists, seem to warrant the
following conclusions:

Bordeaux mixture often russets the fruit and injures the foliage of
many varieties of apples and its use in the early part of the season
should, therefore, be avoided as much as possible.

Lime-sulphur solution, diluted so as to contain four pounds of sulphur
in each fifty gallons of spray, is a good substitute for Bordeaux mixture
in the treatment of apple scab and some other diseases, and will not
materially russet the fruit nor injure the foliage. The concentrated so-
lution may be purchased from the factory and diluted at the rate of
one and one-half g gallons to fifty gallons of water, or it may be prepared
at home.

This fungicide will control pote scab, fruit spot, leaf spot and cedar
rust fully as well as Bordeaux mixture, but has not yet proved to be as
satisfactory for bitter-rot. Where it is necessary to spray for this dis-
ease, the early lime-sulphur applications for scab may be followed at the
proper time with Bordeaux for bitter-rot, thus avoiding the russet and
yet controlling the rot.

Arsenate of lead may be safely and successfully used in combination
with the dilute lime-sulphur solution for the control of the codling moth
and other insects.

156 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

WILL ORCHARDING IN MICHIGAN PAY.

(BY BEN NEWHALL, CHICAGO.)

NOTE—Probably no other man is better qualified by reason of long experience and rare good
judgment, to discuss, without bias, the subject of this article, than is Mr. Newhall. Thirty-five years
of his business life was spent at the head of the well-known firm of F. Newhall & Sons, Commiss’ on
Merchants, 131 South Water Street, Chicago, during which time he repeatedly visited orchards in all
parts of the country, from the Atlantic to the Pacific. But esrec’ ‘ally does Mr. Newhall know Michi-
gan. He knowsit asa man knows his native town; has traveled through and seen it, not from
the windows of a swiftly moving train, but on foot, on horseback, and in wagons. His acquaintance
among Michigan orchardists is large: he knows not only those who have been successful in their fruit
growing undertakings, but those who have failed, or made only partial success, as well.

Is the ordinary city man justified in giving up his business and at-
tempting it?

Thousands of city people have bought, either in the last few months
or are now thinking of buying, orchards and farms in all sections of
the country.

So widespread has this movement become that the question becomes
an important one, and not so easy to answer.

Speaking in a general way, the answer depends on four conditions;
first, the bank account; second, the experience; third, the industry; and
f ourth, the ability to secure proper help.

But speaking specifically, a full answer would take an encyclopedia.

It seems simple enough—buy your land, stick in your trees, pick your
crop and count your profits.

Just try it and see. There are more angles to the business and more
conditions to consider than in a mail order business in the city of Chi-
cago.

This great movement toward the country started some years ago
with the orange groves of California and Florida. <A little back-set in
those two sections cooled people’s ardor for a time, but not for long,
and it broke out again toward the apple and peach lands of Washington,
Oregon, etc., and has lately expanded into other western states that de-
pend on irrigation, and has last of all taken in Michigan.

Twenty years ago Michigan was an apple state and raised apples that
were worth while: today she only raises imitations. There are excep-
tions that will be noted later.

In 1896 more really fine apples were sent out of Michigan than have
been raised in the whole irrigated country since they became states.

It was too easy, the raising of orchards in Michigan. Insect enemies
were few, fungus diseases almost unknown, and all a man had to do in
planting an orchard was to select good varieties, plant them with reason-
able care, wait a few years and pick his fine apples.

Today it’s different; insects by millions and new diseases galore.
Every bushel of good apples raised today costs time and effort, and it’s
the same with peaches, cherries, pears, in fact, with all fruits.

Few of the people now rushing to the farms and orchards realize this.
If they did, there would be less haste and fewer disappointments.

The orchard business in Michigan is good enough. There is nothing
better for those who understand it; but so is the stock exchange and the
board of trade for those who understand those lines. For the ordinary

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. 157

city man, professional or otherwise, to attempt to personally plant and
grow a commercial orchard without expert help, is about as hopeless
as for the old time farmer to go into Wall Street.

But as before stated, the business is good—for those who know the
game. There are not to exceed sixty orchards of any size in the State
of Michigan, north of Grand Rapids, that have had expert care from
planting time on. I know nearly all of them, and if there is a single one
of the sixty that has not made handsome returns I don’t know where it
is, and I do know of many from which returns have been phenomenal.

I cannot say as much for the district south of Grand Rapids, for, while
the Fennville District has had some remarkable crops of apples the big
freeze in October, 1905, or 1906 wiped out many good peach orchards and
damaged some others.

On the other hand, I know of hundreds of orchards, many of them in
good location and in good soil, in all parts of Michigan, that for lack of
proper treatment, have made an actual loss to the owner.

Between these two extremes are orchards that have had fair or ordin-
ary care. Such orchards have usually averaged a reasonable, though not
large, yearly profit to the grower.

While no man living can at the planting of an orchard look far enough
into the future to predict what a given orchard may or may not produce
ten years hence, or what prices may be, any one with fair judgment and
long experience as a grower can come pretty near telling what a num-
ber of orchards under given conditions are likely to do on the average,
in a locality with which he is well acquainted.

The following sets of figures are presented, therefore, as being an aver-
age of what might reasonably be expected under the conditions named
in. Western Michigan.

The first column represents probable results on an average of the or
chards which receive expert care from the first, including selections of
the proper location and soil; the second column represents what might
be expected under the wsual average care. Neither column is representa.
tive.of the great number of neglected orchards so common in Michigan
today.

It will be noted that the estimates are made covering four periods,
the first four years (during which there will be almost no return except
from crops planted between the rows) being the first period; the next
three years, which are fair bearing years for cherry and peach trees, but
with slight return from apple trees, the second; the next three (during
which the cherry and peach should bear heavily and the apples lightly)
the third. :

The eleventh, twelfth and thirteenth years (being the years during
which the peach trees will commence to go backward, and being heavy
bearing years for cherry and showing good yields for apples of the right
varieties) constitute the fourth period. .

To those unacquainted with the few high class orchards of this section
of the state, the figures in the first column will look wrong; the picture
of the average uncared for orchard of Michigan is hard to dispel, but to
such I would say these figures are not made by guess work, but by taking
actual average results for the last few years of a certain number of the
good orchards of the section above mentioned ; likewise the second column

158 : STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

figures are an average of results from) the middle class of orchards. There
is no getting away from these facts.

Each one of us can have his own idea as to whether these actual aver-
ages of past yields and prices are safe to count on for the future. They
may not be, and yet they may be exceeded in both respects.

I know of orchards where actual results this past season were far
ahead of these figures, not only on apples, but on cherries and peaches
as well. I have one in mind, a little apple orchard which I bought near
Grand Rapids.

There were six acres of Steel Reds, Spys and Jonathans. The price
paid was high ($4.25 per barrel f. 0. b. for all these varieties; there were
a few trees of odd kinds which I did not buy) but was not a record price
for last season by any means. There were a little over 1000 barrels of
those varieties on about 170 trees. The gross sales at the station, includ-
ing the culls, was $4800.00. The barrels, picking and packing together
cost approximately $750.00, leaving net receipts for the fruit on the
trees of $4050.00, or say $650.00 per acre.

Turning to my estimates, you will see that the highest average on
apples for any period is $72.00 per acre, which gives quite a leeway when
compared with $650.00. True, the price paid for this little orchard was
high, and the yield good, but far from a record in either respect, for yields
of ten barrels per tree and prices of $5.00 per barrel are not uncommon.
So much for apples.

As to peaches, the highest estimate I have made is $165.00 per acre per
year.

One of the largest growers of the state near Frankfort gave me his
figures a short time since, and they showed for last year’s (1909) opera-
tion over $800.00 per acre net on one orchard of Elberta peaches. Con-
siderable leeway there, too, is there not? The same grower has a large
acreage of cherries. He puts them up artistically in western style, and
of course gets prices above the average. His orchard of Montmorency
cherries netted him over $1,000.00 per acre this past year, and his Oxharts
much more. The highest estimate I make is $400.00 per acre on cherries. —

It may be said: “It is not safe to base future expectation on present
day prices.” That’s true enough, and were I going into a large planting
proposition I should base my figures on a vield 50% less than I really
expected, on prices 50% lower and on expenses and original cost of plant
50% higher. If on that basis I could not see a future profit, I would not
start.

It’s the fashion for the trade and the consumer to complain of present
high prices on fruit and to predict lower ones. I always do, and yet,
ten years from now, prices may be higher instead of lower.

Ten years ago, after a heavy crop, it was freely predicted that we would
never again see apples as high as $2.00 per barrel at the shipping station.
Since that time $4.00 has been paid several times for large orchards and
‘in a few instances $5.00, and the average has been nearly $3.00, so pre-
dictions of lower prices may not be fulfilled, and they may be even higher
than now.

Some will say: “You cannot compete against the west,” but that is
a mistake. Michigan can compete with any section, if they will but use
the methods of the west.

We hear wonderful things about the west, and certain isolated orchards

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. 159

have done wonderful things, to my certain knowledge. I know of some
five hundred dollar per acre crops, and a few double that, but I know
of the same in Michigan, and my belief is that while the west has, to date,
averaged earlier crops and better color than Michigan, the well cared for
orchards of Michigan will be doing business long after those of the west
have stopped bearing.

The difference in flavor, in cooking quality, in freight rates and in
cost of land is all largely in favor of Michigan, and my own belief is
that the difference in net returns will average on the same side, for Mich-
igan is waking up.

PROSPECTS TWO 500 ACRE ORCHARDS IN WESTERN MICHIGAN.

The figures in the left hand column are based on returns from actual
orchards in first-class location, with good soil, and that have had expert
carve from the beginning.

The figures in the right hand column are based on ordinary location,
average ‘Soil, and on the or dinary or average care given many Michigan
orchards today.

Original Investment.

aut acresslamd*(eleared jo so: . bn de. tee oe a $21,000 00 $14,000 00
Ten teams, utensils, harness, tools, ete ...... 6,500 00 3,750 00
Packing sheds to be built when orchard starts
OUI Gye Deeb ine DAN Sivas Ee Ean See ee ae EERE 2,000 O00
hed Seam Gh fell CON a Se Areva. ait. a as oe < 1,750 00 750 00
Preesrand. plantings of same: ... 27-5. U. 8,250 00 5,000 00
Aired eA VES ENACTING: er see so Yah s 4. cuore @ eye! vate Oe $39,500 00 $23,500 00

First four years’ operation—lst period—in-
come per year on potatoes, beans, and clover,
STE EMAUGIN YS SAVOTACE food oa 2 bites ole Os 8,500 00 1,400 00
Haependitures per Year,

Work on orchard including clover plantings

on best orchard; $4.50) 23). 6.20% cies ae ee $5,300 00 $1,610 00
Taxes and ins., depreciation, repairs, etc..... 1,250 00 650 00
Overseemme and incidentals’. 1 a... sks. oss 1,500° 00 750 00

Total expenditures per year ............ $8,050 00 $3.010 00
INGE MNCOMIC PenoyedT <2 2a fe. ns wxanls oe 450 00 *1,610 00
Neb INCOMES TOUT MEATS. 5 o4..ie.cb okaeta 1,800 00 *6,440 00
Value of orchard ‘end- four years...) ss bs! 62,500 00 30,000 00
Total assets end four years...:.. 0.5. ..65 tie. 64,500 00 23,560 00
Hess-original investment. 2.2.00... .... 06. 6 $39,500 00 $238,500 00~
NG apEOt toTOUM “VOATS: 3034 o2) Ons 5 atemiead ang $24,800 00 $ 60 00
Emme ED VOAT si... vols c.n aid nel tials 6,200 00 - 15 00

Interest on investment per year ............ 16% 1-15 of 1%

160 . STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIBTY.

Next Three Years’ Operations.

Second period—fifth to seventh year.

Income per year.

1 case cherries per tree $1.25 each per case. .
14, case cherries per tree 75 cts each per case. .
1 bushel peaches per tree $1.00 per bushel...
J4 bushel peaches per tree 60 cts per bushel. .

$25,937 50

20,750 00

$46,687 50

Totals income: per wear oa.c.vacees ee se oye
Hapenditures per Year.

Work on orchard (including clover on_ best
CECA) Pracact ake cs cet iaetis Wedaue een seeeat repthe nae EG $6,000 00
Taxes and Ins., dep., repairs, etc ........5. 1,250 00
Overseeing and incidentals ................ 2,250 00
Total ex penGgstures Per WT... 2.60.0 wees oa. $9,500 00
INGE INCOME: POR Var vcs wish amt oye teeters eee 37,167 00
Net income three, year term .. ..6..0..65 0% ue. $112,561 00
Net income first four year term............ 1,800 00
Total net income Seven years... A254- 2. <a $114,361 00
Value of orchard end seven years ........... $125,000 00
Total assets end seven years ............... $239,361 00
ess original investment 2:2/5¢ .!is Seale cs Ceca 39,500 00
Total net profits for seven years ............ $199,861 00
Average net profit: Per Year... ive acu. cise e-em 28,551 57
Percentage profit on investment ........... 1%

Next Three Years’ Operations.

Third period—eighth to tenth years inclusive.

Income per Year.

Cherries 114 cases per tree $1.25 ............ $38,906 25
Peaches 114 bushel per tree $1.00 .......... 31,125 00
Apples 14 bushel per tree 90 cts............ 6,075 00
Cherries 14 case per tree 75 cts..........-.
Peaches 14 bushel per tree 60 cts...........

otal amcome pers yeari1.2 73 oak we ae $76,106 25

$ 7,781 2

OU

6,225 00
$14,006 25

$1,610 00
650 00
750 00

$3,010 00
10,996 25

$26,548 75
*6,440 00

$26,548 75
$50,000 00

$76,548 75
23,500 00

$53,048 75
7,578 40

32%

$7,781 25
6,225 00

$14,006 25

OO ee net een raring te prety Coty Jape gy may

eS Wy

wi es in, Y, _ &

cs Vine

Plat on the left received nothing while the one on the right received a complete
fertilizer as below.

Experiments in use of Commercial Fertilizers on fruit farm of Edward Hutchins near Fennville.
Applied at the rate of 1,000 pounds of 2-7-10 per acre, except on right
plat the potash was left out.

Experiment on the use of Commercial Fertilizers on Clover in Edward Hutchins’ orchard
near Fennville. One plat given about 1,000 pounds of 2-7-]0 mixed fertilizer
to acre, while other received none.

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT.

Expenditures per Year.

Work on orchard (inc. clover on best or.).... $6,300 00
Taxes, Ins., Depreciation, Repairs, etc. ...... 1,250 00
Overseeing and mcidentals ................. 3,000 00
Total expenditures per year ........... $10,550 00
PSA TC OMIG POR VOAT fh asiclseccs acct nce ae tae 65,556 25
Wet sicome three YOATS 6 coco cece co cc ose 196,668 84
INet_imeome-Ist: Seven: years: 2... 2a. 3 oss 114.861 00
Value of orchard end of ten years .......... 200,000 00
7. Fotal assets.-end: ten "years... 525-4... a 511,029 84
ess Original iBVeEStMeNE -...;-ce -o eg es a ee 39,500 00
Fotalnet protit in’ ten, years: 5... 2)./...5 471,529 84
Average net profit) per year <2 2.0 +% «<1. « 47,162 98
Int. on Invesfment per year’..-......... 122%

Neat Three Years’ Operations.
Fourth period—eleventh to thirteenth years inclusive.

Income per Year.

Cherries 3 cases per tree $1.25 per case .... $77,812 50
Peaches 114 bu. per tree $1.00 per bu....... 31,125 00
Apples 3 bu. per tree 90 cts per bu..:........ 36,450 00

Cherries 14 case per tree 75 cts. per case.....
Peaches 1% bu. per tree 60 cts. per bu. ......
Apples 14 bu. per tree 40 cts. per bu. ......

Total income’ per “year 30225 4 sb... ws $145,387 50

Expenditures per Year—Same Years.

Work on orchards (inc. clover on best or.)... $7,000 00
PIRCs eps Sis. TEpAls, “ELCs vos oc, s-s 5 are 1,250 00
Overseeing and incidentals ................ 3,500 00

Total expenditures per'year ........... $11,750 00
ERIM Ee OMC ADCEGYVOAI" s tec. x eres <onee sais ee tee Jae > 133,637 50
Net income three years ..... See td exgtarng toes Lots 401,012 50
Wet income: first ten years <....... 2.000086. 311,029 84
Value of orchard end fourth term .......... 300,000 00

Total assets fourth term .............$1,012,042 34
Less original investment .....5........005, 39,500 00

Total net proiitis 13 years =... i... $972,542 34
Average net profit per year ................ 74,810 90
inteou-investment, Per Year sos. seve ves as os 195%

21

$2,610
650
1,000

$4,260

9,746
29,238
26.548
60,000

115,787
23,500
92,287

9,228

161

00
00
00

00
25
75
75
00
50
00
50
75

39%

$7,781
6,225
2.700

$16,706 :

$3,000
650
1,250

$4,900
11,806
35,418
55,787
70,000

$161,206
23,500

$137,706

10,593

25
00
00

35

00
00
00

00
25
75
50
00

25
00

25

00

162 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

CHERRY ORCHARDS PROFITS.
RESULTS IN NORTH MANITOU CHERRY ORCHARD 1910.

106 bearing trees

rry or Mazzards not included, being 6614. %
of an acre.

Trees average 1614 ft. apart or at a rate of 160 trees to the acre.

Yield by Varieties.

Average gross Aver ape nee Net sales per | Gross sales
No. of crates sales per crate ue ie acre per acre
crate Chicago ‘clang. | 1-0. bd. Island | f.0.b: Chicago
island
10 trees Farly R. 29 $2.00 $1.75 $779 .00
19 Royal Ann 39 2.02 1.70 510.00
20 Montmorency 86 2.04 tefl 1183 .00
20 Sida Hardy 45 3.15 2.85 1040 .00
37 Blk. Tartarian 197 2.85 2.50 2132.00
106 Total BOG Hs che etree eee eee ene eA eto keteg $1337.00 $1532 .00
Iixpenses per acre picking and crates ‘ $175 .50
Net return f. o. b. Island on the trees 1161.50
Lixpense),per acre picking and crates... 67.5.0 «ee Wee ae eu $ 175 50
Netoreturn f;70. b>. Island- on-thectreesa.)s “nwa see 1,161 50

Best Yield in Orchard.

Seven consecutive trees of Black Tartarian standing together in the
north-west corner of the orchard away from any other cherry trees
yielded 71 cases (besides windfalls and dropped cherries). These 71
cases sold at an average price of $2.85 or approximately $2.50 net f. o. b.
the Island, or at the rate of $4,056.00 per acre net.

North Manitou Island, Michigan.
Ben Newhall.

SPRAYING PEACHES FOR THE CONTROL OF BROWN-ROT,
SCAB, AND CURCULIO.

BY W. M. SCOTT, OF THE BURHAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY, AND A. L. QUAINTANCE,
OF THE BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY.

The peach-growing industry in the United States at the present time
has become a very important one, being second in extent among fruits
only to the cultivation of the apple. According to the 1900 census there
were in the territory east of the Rocky Mountains, which is subject to
the troubles treated in this bulletin, approximately 91,000,000 bearing
peach trees. Since that time the number of bearing trees has increased
by perhaps one-fourth, making a possible total of 113,750,000 trees. Care-

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. 163

ful estimates indicate that the quantity of fruit annually harvested by
peach growers in this territory is not less than 10,000,000 bushels. Thus
the crop for 1910, although an unusually large one, was for the territory
mentioned, probably not less than 12,000,000 bushels, with a gross valu-
ation of about $12,000,000 to $16,000,000.

Although many insects and parasitic fungi occur on the peach, com-
paratively few are of much economic importance. Of the diseases of the
peach, the brown-rot (Sclerotinia fructigena (Pers.) Schrét.) and scab,
or black-spot (Cladosporium carpophilum Thiim.), are responsible for
practically all of the damage to the fruit crop and the insect injury is
limited almost entirely to the attack of one species, the plum curculio
(Conotrachelus nenuphar Herbst.). -

The brown-rot probably causes more loss to peach growers than all
other maladies of the peach combined, with perhaps the exception of
“yellows,” which kills the trees outright. In the South the brown-rot
often causes the destruction of half or even practically all of the crop,
and throughout the territory under consideration the annual shrinkage in
yield is perhaps 25 to 35 per cent of the crop, representing a valuation of
about $3,000,000 to $4,000,000. Although the brown-rot is always present
in the peach orchards of humid sections, causing a rotting of a certain
proportion of the fruit, it becomes notably destructive only under cer-
tain weather conditions, when within a period of 10 days or two weeks
it will spread so rapidly as to result in the destruction of practically the
entire crop. Such disastrous outbreaks are likely to occur during moist,
humid weather as the fruit begins to ripen. The brilliant prospects of
the orchardists are thus within a few days obliterated as if by fire.

The peach scab is the only other destructive disease of the fruit in
the eastern United States, and, while it does not occur in such sudden
and disastrous outbreaks, the sum total of the injuries caused by it are
very important, resulting in a shrinkage in crop values of perhaps
$1,000,000 annually. This disease occurs all over humid America where
the peach is grown and is especially troublesome east of the Allegheny
Mountains. It not only renders much of the fruit unfit for market, but
So mars the appearance of the marketed fruit as to reduce its value.

The plum curculio is of scarcely less importance in its relation to
the successful production of the peach than the diseases above mentioned.
By its punctures of the fruit in feeding and egg laying and the injury
resulting from the larvae, or grubs, within the fruit it brings about a re-
duction in yield of a valuation amounting to perhaps not less than
$3,750,000 annually. The puncturing of the fruit also greatly favors the
brown-rot, and curculio control is a prime essential in preventing losses
from this malady. Although the plum curculio is very generally distrib-
uted eastward of the Rocky Mountains, it is especially abundant in the
Middle and Southern States, During years of full fruit crops its injuries
are less important, simply more or less thinning the fruit; but when the
crop is light little fruit may escape its ravages.

The troubles mentioned have more than kept pace with the develop-
ment of the peach-growing industry, and the cultivation of this crop,
especially in the South, has become more and more hazardous. Practi-
cal means for their control have, therefore, been most urgently needed.
and much attention has been given by investigators of the Department of
Agriculture and of the various agricultural experiment stations to sup

164 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ply this want. While it has been possible by the use of certain sprays,
such as Bordeaux mixture and Paris green, to effectively reduce these
troubles, the sensitiveness of the foliage and fruit of the peach has practi-
cally prevented their employment, and the peach grower has been almost
helpless against them. A spray effective in the control of these troubles
and which at the same time may be used with perfect safety on the trees
and fruit has been the most important requirement to place the industry
on a reasonably secure foundation.

Experiments begun by the Bureau of Plant Industry some three or four
years ago and carried out under varying climatic and other conditions
in different parts of the eastern United States have established beyond
question the effectiveness of the self-boiled lime-sulphur wash for the
control of the fungous troubles mentioned. Earlier experiments by the
Bureau of Entomology had already shown that by the proper use of
arsenate of lead the curculio could be largely controlled, though on ac-
count of danger of foliage injury its use had not been unqualifiedly rec-
ommended. Cooperative experiments between the two bureaus have
Shown that the fungicide and arsenical may be used as a combined spray
with satisfactory results in controlling these troubles and without injury
to the fruit and foliage of the peach. Hence, there is now available a
satisfactory method for the control of these three serious obstacles to
successful peach culture.

In the following pages the brown-rot, peach scab, and curculio are
treated with reference to their occurrence on the peach, and results are
given of experiments and demonstrations in their control conducted
jointly by the Bureau of Plant Industry and the Bureau of Entomology
during 1910. The writers were assisted in this work by E. L. Jenne
and E. W. Scott, of the Bureau of Entomology, and by Leslie Pierce and
G. W. Keitt, of the Bureau of Plant Industry.

BROWN-ROT.—NATURE AND CAUSE OF THP DISEASE.

Brown-rot is a fungous disease which affects the stone fruits, such as
the peach, plum, and cherry, and to a less extent some of the pome fruits,
such as the apple, pear, and quince, producing a so-called rot of the fruit-
and blight of the twigs. It is caused by a fungus known to botanists as
Sclerotinia fructigena (Pers.) Schrét. Brown-rot is the common name
usually applied to the disease, but monilia, the generic name of the im-
perfect stage of the fungus, is often used by some of the older fruit
growers.

The disease appears on the fruit as a small circular brown spot, which
under moist, warm conditions enlarges rapidly, soon involving the entire
fruit in decay. The spots do not usually become sunken, and the —
fruit remains plump until almost entirely decayed. The fungus growing
in the tissues of the fruit breaks through the skin, forming small, grayish
tufts of spore-bearing threads. These tufts, although few on young spots,
soon become so numerous as to give the diseased area a grayish, moldy
appearance, which is responsible for the term “peach mold” sometimes
applied to the disease. The spores which are produced in great abund-
ance by these fungous tufts are blown by the wind and carried by insects
and birds from fruit to fruit, tree to tree, and orchard to orchard. Find-
ing lodgment on the fruit under favorable conditions of temperature

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. 165

and moisture, these spores germinate, producing a fungous growth, which
ramifies and kills the tissues. These dead tissues turn brown, and the
fungus breaks through the surface, producing another crop of spores.
The process is very rapid, only a few days intervening between one gen-
eration of spores and another.

DAMAGE TO THE PEACH.

Although the young fruits soon after the petals are shed may become
affected, as a rule no marked outbreak occurs until the fruit is half
grown or larger, and the greatest destruction is wrought at harvest
time. The fruit crop may reach maturity in perfect condition and
yet be destroyed before it can be picked. Moreover, the fruit may become
affected in transit or after reaching the market. It is no uncommon
experience among peach growers to have a carload of peaches leave the
orchard in apparently good condition and arrive on the market specked
and practically worthless, owing to the brown-rot fungus. Through
handling by pickers and packers some fruit in every package may be-
come contaminated with spores from a few diseased fruits in the or-
chard. Enough moisture usually develops in the car to germinate the
spores, and if the refrigeration is poor the fruit is likely to go down in
partial or total decay before reaching the consumer.

The fungus also attacks the blossoms and extends from these into the
fruit-bearing twigs, often girdling them. In a wet spring the fruit
- crop may thus be materially reduced, although this form of attack is
only occasionally serious. In like manner the fungus may extend from
diseased fruits into the twigs. Following an outbreak of brown-rot on
the fruit, these twig infections may become so severe as to give the
trees a blighted appearance.

WINTER STAGE AND SOURCE OF INFECTION.

The affected fruits largely drop to the ground, although many of them
hang on the trees for months. They become dried and shriveled, and at
this stage are known as brown-rot mummies. The fungus passes the
winter in these mummies, which form the chief source of infection for
‘the new fruit crop. When moistened by spring rains, the mummified
fruits on the trees and on the ground become covered with fruiting tufts
of the fungus, producing countless numbers of spores.

After 18 months, or at the end of the second winter, about the time
peach trees are in bloom, there arise from the mummies on the ground,
partly or entirely covered with soil, fruiting bodies representing the
perfect stage of the fungus. These are dark-brown somewhat bell-
shaped disks, resembling toadstools. In them are produced an abund-
ance of ascospores, which rise in the air and are wafted by the wind.
These, as well as the summer spores (conidia), serve to infect the blos-
soms and young fruits. The propagation of the fungus being thus so
abundantly provided for, it is not surprising that a crop of fruit may
be destroyed without much warning.

INFLUENCE OF THE WEATHER AND INSECTS.

In sections where the brown-rot is prevalent the spores are practi-
cally omnipresent, and only favorable conditions for their germination

166 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

and the rapid growth of the fungus are required to start an outbreak
of the disease. The most important factor is excessive moisture in the
form of rain, which not only favors the production and germination
of the spores and the growth of the fungus, but renders the fruit soft
and watery, and therefore more susceptible to the disease. High tem-
peratures also favor the disease, although the fungus grows readily in
mild summer temperatures. Prolonged cloudy weather with frequent
iight showers is more dangerous than a hard rain followed by clearing.
Warm, muggy weather, when the fruit is maturing, is often disastrous
to the crop. .

Insects, especially the curculio and certain plant bugs, play an im-
portant part in the distribution of the spores and the infection of the
fruit. Although the fungus under favorable conditions is apparently
able to pass readily through the unbroken skin of the fruit, it is greatly
aided by insect abrasions. In the process of feeding and egg laying, the
curculio punctures the skin of the fruit, opening the way for the fungus
and in many cases perhaps actually inserting the spores. This insect
may render spraying for brown-rot partially ineffective by breaking the
sprayed skin of the fruit, thus exposing the flesh to attack. In the
treatment of the disease it is, therefore, important to combine an insecti-
cide with the fungicide so as to destroy the beetles.

TREATMENT.

Experiments conducted by the Bureau of Plant Industry during the
past four years have shown conclusively that this disease can be con-
trolled by the use of self-boiled lime-sulphur mixture.’

PEACH SCAB.—ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF THE DISEASE.

Of the diseases affecting the fruit of the peach, scab is second only
to brown-rot in economic importance; in fact, it is more destructive
than brown-rot in some of the mountain districts. It dwarfs the fruit
and causes premature dropping, thereby reducing the yield; it ruptures
the skin, opening the way for brown-rot attacks; and it mars the ap-
pearance of the fruit, thus lowering the grade and reducing its market
value. The disease is common wherever peaches are grown east of the
Rocky Mountains, scarcely an orchard being entirely free from it. In
some cases, especially in a dry season, only a small percentage of the fruit
may become affected and with only a few small harmless spots, while in
other cases the entire crop may become so badly affected as to be un-
marketable. If the loss in the orchard and the reduction in market
value are both considered, it seems evident that a loss of 10 per cent of
the total value of the peach crop in the eastern United States is caused
by peach scab.

THE NATURE AND CAUSE OF THE DISEASE.

The name commonly applied to this disease is “peach scab,” but it
is also known as “black spot” and “freckles” and in some districts it is
often improperly called “mildew.” It is caused by the fungus Clado-
sporium carpophilum Thiim., which grows in the skin of the fruit, pro-

1Circulars 1 and 27 and Bulletin 174, Bureau of Plant Industry, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture.

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. 167

ducing small, circular dark-brown spots. When numerous, these spots
give the fruit a smutty or blackened appearance and cause the skin to
crack. Fruit badly affected does not reach normal size and often
_drops prematurely.

The fungus also attacks the twigs, producing brown spots, in which’
it passes the winter. These spots are very common in peach orchards,
but they apparently do little damage to the twigs. During the spring
or early summer the fungus growing in the spots produces olive-brown
spores which serve to infect the young peaches. Similar spores are also
produced on the fruit spots.

THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF VARIETIES.

There is a considerable difference in varieties as to their susceptibility
to peach scab. ° In general, the late varieties are much more susceptible
than the early varieties. This is due, in part at least, to the fact that
the fruit of the late-maturing varieties is exposed to infection over a
longer period and the opportunity for the development of the disease is
greater. Of the commercial varieties, the Heath is perhaps the most
susceptible; in fact, the disease has almost prohibited the growing of
this variety except in a small way. The Bilyeu variety is also badly
affected and the disease has restricted its culture to high, well-drained
locations. The Salway, Smock, and most of the other varieties that
ripen after the Elberta usually suffer rather severely from this disease,
while the Elberta may be considered somewhat less affected, although
the crop of this variety often becomes badly diseased. The varieties
that ripen earlier than Elberta are as a rule only slightly or moderately
affected. This is especially true of the Carman, Hiley, Champion, and
Belle. On the other hand, the Mountain Rose and Early Rivers are
quite susceptible to the disease.

TREATMENT.

The development of the self-boiled lime-sulphur mixture asa fungi-
cide has made possible the control of the scab without injury to the
fruit or foliage. The injury produced by this disease may be almost
entirely prevented at a small cost. This has been abundantly dem-
onstrated through experiments conducted by the Bureau of Plant In-
dustry during the past three or four years.

THE PLUM CURCULIO.—WHAT THE CURCULIO IS.

The curculio is a small snout beetle of the family Curculionids, which
contains many species of economic importance. The adult insects vary
somewhat in size, but will average about three-sixteenths of an inch in
length. In the course of its growth the insect passes through
four stages, namely, the egg, larva, pupa, and adult. The larva, or grub,
is the small whitish worm frequently found in ripe peaches, plums, and
cherries and is well known to lovers of these fruits.

There are many common names for this insect, such as the “plum
eurculio,” “plum weevil,” “peach curculio,” “peach worm,” “fruit

1Circulars 1 and 27 and Bulletin 174, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

168 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

weevil,” “little Turk,” “curculio,” etc. The name here used, however, is
perhaps best fixed in literature on economic entomology and has been
adopted for this species by the American Association of Economic En-
tomologists.

The plum curculio is a native American insect and feeds originally, as
it feeds at the present time, on wild plums and other wild fruits, especi-
ally Crataegus. Its injuries were roted as long ago as 1736, and it was
the subject of an extended article published in 1804. Our early horti-
cultural literature abounds with references to its depredations, especi-
ally to plums, which were apparently grown with the greatest difficulty.

So far as is known, the plum curculio is still confined to North
America, ranging from southern Canada south to Florida and Texas
and west to about the one hundredth meridian. It appears to be re-
stricted in its westward spread by the more arid climate of the Great
Plains region. It is probably present throughout its entire area of dis-
tribution, but is especially abundant in the Central and Southern
States.

FOOD PLANTS AND CHARACTER OF INJURY. -

Practically all stone and pome fruits, such as peaches, plums, apri-
cots, nectarines, cherries, apples, pears, etc., are used by the curculio
for feeding and egg-laying purposes. Injury is done by both the adult
and larva. The former punctures the fruit in feeding and in egg lay-
ing, and the grubs live within the fruit and spoil it for market or other
purposes. The character and extent of injury vary with different fruits,
and while the present paper deals with the insect as an enemy of the
peach the statements here made are fairly applicable to other stone fruits,
such as plums, cherries, apricots, and nectarines.

Most of the peaches punctured while sma!l soon fall from the effect of
the injury or on account of the presence of the developing grubs. After
a peach is of some size, about one-third grown, most of the larvee appar-
ently are unable to develop successfully in it, owing to its vigorous
growth. -There is a considerable period, therefore, when the curculio is
able to inflict but little damage to vigorous-growing peaches, though the
fruit may be more or less scarred by the feeding and egg punctures, from
which gum may exude, especially during the moist weather (figs. 4 and 5).
As stated elsewhere, these punctures and the exudation of gum greatly
favor the brown-rot, forming a nidus for spores of the fungus and fur-
nishing an easy point of infection. After the period of rapid growth of
peaches has passed and the ripening process has begun, the curculio larva
is able to develop readily in the fruit and, as the beetles are still oviposit-
ing when early and midsummer varieties are ripening, wormy ripe peaches
are often to be noted at picking time. The loss caused by worminess of
fruit, while often quite important, is perhaps less so than that
resulting from the “stings” which deform and scar the fruit. Wormy
fruit and that which is scarred to any extent ripen prematurely, as a
rule, and in untreated orchards may constitute a considerable proportion
of the crop.

LIFE HISTORY AND HABITS.

How the curculio passes the winter—The curculio passes the winter in
the adult or beetle stage under trash in orchards, along fences, terraces,

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. 169

etc., but especially in woods adjacent to orchards. The beetles come out
of hibernation in the spring at about the blooming period of the peach,
feeding at first upon the buds and foliage and later also upon the fruit.

Occurrence in orchards.—The invasion by the beetles of orchards in
spring and the effect of their abundance of neighborhood woods have been
several times investigated. Much may. be done to reduce their number
by keeping the orchards and surroundings free from trash. Where prac-
ticable, it will be desirable to burn over in early spring woods adjacent
to orchards in order to destroy the beetles hibernating there. Jarring
records of considerable areas of peach orchards have been made which
show the occurrence of the curculio first in large numbers adjacent to
woods, terraces, or other favoring places.

Egg-laying habits.——Peaches are less suitable for the egg-laying pur-
poses of the curculio than smooth-skinned fruits, such as plums, apples,
ete. Observations by Mr. Jenne indicate that the fuzz may be so copious
on young peaches as to prevent the puncturing of the skin by the beetle.
He observed that eggs were frequently deposited at the bottom of a tubu-
lar boring excavated down in the fuzz as far as the skin of the peach,
which was usually scraped somewhat, later resulting in a russet spot on
the fruit. In older fruit, however, the female is able to place her eggs
under the skin in about the usual manner. In ovipositing, a hole is first
excavated through the skin and into the flesh,about as deep as her snout
will reach. Turning around, an egg is inserted by means of the ovipositor.
Once more turning around, the snout is used to push the egg into the
egg cavity and to fill it with bits of surrounding tissue. The next step
is to cut the characteristic crescent slit at one side of the egg cavity,
the excavation extending back under the egg to prevent its being crushed
by the rapid growth of the fruit. Egg and feeding punctures on a newly
set plum are shown in figure 8, much enlarged.

Period of oviposition and atumber of eggs laid—kEgg laying begins as
soon as the young fruit is of sufficient size and may continue for several
months, depending upon the vitality of the individual beetles. Most of
the eggs, however, are laid during the first six or eight weeks after egg
laying begins. ;

At College Park, Md., the greatest number deposited by any one female
was 426 and the minimum 62, with an average of 274.56 eggs for the in-
dividuals under observation. At Youngstown, N. Y., the maximum is
257 and the minimum 72, with an average of 161.75 eggs. At Washing
ton, D. C., under laboratory conditions, a single individual deposited
557 eges, which is the highest of all records thus far obtained for this
insect; the lowest number deposited was 126 and the average for the 4
beetles under observation was 306. At Myrtle, Ga., this range was from
154 as a maximum to a minimum of 1, with an average of 76.44 per in-
dividual. At Siloam Springs, Ark., the records include an unusually
large number of eggs, namely, 4,724, from 29 beetles. These records show
a maximum of 888 and a minimum of 4 eggs, with an average for all pairs
of 162.97 eggs. At Douglas, Mich., the records show.a range from 2Q1
to 25, with an average for the 18 individuals of 78.56 eggs. The final
average number of eggs per female for all localities above mentioned is
144.85, with a range of from 1 to 557. .

There is a general agreement in that the great majority of the eggs
have been placed by the end of eight weeks. Approximately, one-fourth

170 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

of the total eges are deposited during the first two weeks: one-half have
been denosited by the close of the first month; three-fourths within six
weeks: and about 88 per cent of the total within eight weeks after the
oviposition begins.

Time spent in the frwit—Records of the time spent in the fruit -.as
the egg and larva have been determined for manv individuals and in
various localties, including Illinois, District of Columbia, western New
York, Georgia, Arkansas and Michigan.

In all localities the majority of the larvae emerged within three
weeks after the eggs were laid, and, with one exception, emergence had
practically cased by the close of the fourth week.

Time spent in the soil—When full grown the larva deserts the fruit
and burrows below the surface of the soil. Practically none of the
larvee go deeper than 3 inches and the great majority penetrate not
more than 2 inches. A small cell is made where the punal stage is
passed and where transformation to the adult or beetle occurs. Some
days. are spent in the soil by the larva before changing to the pupa,
and the newly formed adult may not emerge for several days or even
weeks. especially if the ground be dry. The effect of a shower, however,
is to bring the new-generation beetles out in numbers.

A large number of observations have also been made on the length
of time spent in the soil by different individuals, including a_ total
of several thousand and from about the same localities as already men-
tioned. All of these observations go to show that comparatively few
insects complete their underground transformations in less than three
weeks from the time of entering the soil as larvee. In from four to five
weeks, however, the great majority of the beetles are out and by the
close of the sixth week emergence has practically ceased.

Time required for transformation from egg to adult.—The average
time spent in the fruit for the numerous localities investigated proved
to be 19.48 days, and the average time spent in the ground was found
to be 30.89 days, giving an average life-cycle period for the insect of 50.27
days.

Complete life-cycle observations were also made on a total of 597 in-
dividuals from many parts of the country, which gave a final average
for the period per individual of 50.71 days, differing only a fraction
of a day from the time determined in an essentially different manner.
Approximately 50 days would therefore appear to be the average life-
cycle period for the plum cureculio for the country as a whole. The
range though, will vary considerably and as actually determined in the
case of the individual records was from 37 to 58.45 days.

Habits of beetles from emergence until hibernation.—After emer-
gence, beetles of the new generation feed upon various fruits and plants
until fall, when they enter hibernation quarters, appearing the follow-
ing spring, as already stated. While there is some evidence to indi-
cate that there may be a small generation in the South, this will be
comparatively insignificant and for practical purposes the insect pro-
duces but one generation annually. The beetles which develop one
summer live over the following winter, ovipositing during the spring
and.summer, and gradually die off, until by early fall practically all
of them have disappeared. The life of the more hardy beetles is thus
seen to be some 12 or 14 months.

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. 171

RESULTS OF SPRAYING EXPERIMENTS AND DEMONSTRATIONS DURING 1910.

During the season of 1910 the same experiments were carried out
as during 1909, which were reported in Circular 120 of the Bureau of
Kintomology and in Bulletin 174 of the Bureau of Plant Industry, and
in addition the recommendations given in these publications were put
in effect on a commercial scale to serve as an object lesson for growers.
During 1909 the experiments made in the Hale orchard at Fort Valley,
Ga., included the treatment of 1,100 Elberta trees for the control of
peach scab, brown-rot, and curculio. The self-boiled lime-sulphur mix-
ture (8-8-50) plus 2 pounds of arsenate of lead was used. .

This combined treatment gave the following results: At picking time
$5.5 per cent of the fruit on the sprayed block was free from brown-rot,
93.5 per cent free from scab, and 72.5 per cent free from curculio. On
the unsprayed block only 87 per cent of the fruit was free from brown-
rot, 1 per cent free from scab, and 2.5 per cent free frony curculio in-
jury. In packing the fruit for market it was found that the yield of
merchantable fruit on the sprayed block was ten times as great as
from the unsprayed block containing the same number of trees.

During the season of 1910 neither the brown-rot nor the plum cur-
culio was so abundant in Georgia as the year previous, and the contrast
between the sprayed and unsprayed blocks was, therefore, not so strik-
ing. Nevertheless, the very satisfactory results obtained fully substan-
tiated the conclusions previously reached as to the value. of spraying.

The work in Georgia was carried out at Fort Valley, Barnesville, and
at Baldwin. At Fort Valley a block of 1,064 nine-year-old Elberta
trees was treated in the orchard of the United Orchard Company. In
addition to numerous experiments planned to show the effect of treat-
_ments at different times and with different mixtures, the demonstration
treatment was put in effect on a block of 848 Elberta trees, a similar
number being left unsprayed for purposes of comparison. The trees
were sprayed (1) as the calyxes were shedding, April 1, with 2 pounds
of arsenate of lead and 3 pounds of lime in each 50 gallons of water,
(2) two to three weeks later, April 19 and 20, with 8-8-50 self-boiled
lime-sulphur and 2 pounds of arsenate of lead; (8) on June 17, about
a month before the fruit ripened, with self-boiled lime-sulphur alone.

In order to determine the effect of the treatments, the fruit at pick-
ing time (July 12 to 15) was gathered from 68 trees in the sprayed
block and from 63 trees in the unsprayed block. This fruit was care-
fully graded into “merchantable” and “culls,” with the results shown
in Table ITI.

TABLE III.—Results of demonstration spraying in the peach orchard of the United Orchard
Company, Fort Valley, Ga., 1910.

Fruit af-
Plat. Yield. ee a Culls. fected with
¥ brown-rot.

Bushels. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent.
GSRIRCCSA STAVE) heretics sentra vic aye ole, nv ele talents © le oh 101 86.2 Wis ¢ 5.3
GSeUReCESEODES Pa Ve )...% «ayers 's giu'h wild, welt utmelele aes 92 54.6 46.4 20.0

It will be noted that from the 68 sprayed trees there was a total yield
of 101 bushels, of which 86.2 per cent was merchantable and 13.7 per

172 ; STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

cent was culls. On the unsprayed block of 63 trees there was a total
yield of 92 bushels of fruit, of which 54.6 per cent was merchantable
and 46.4 per cent was culls, a gain in merchantable fruit due to the
treatment of 31.6 per cent.

EXPERIMENTS IN WEST VIRGINIA, 1910.

In order to demonstrate the control of peach scab and to determine
how much spraying is required on late varieties, an experiment was
conducted in the orchard of L. P. Miller & Bros., at Okonoko, W. Va.,
during 1910. There are about 600 acres of 12-year-old trees in this or-
chard, and it is composed of a large number of varieties beginning with
Southern Early and ending with Bilyeu. Until summer spraying was
undertaken in 1908 the peach scab had been most disastrous to the
crops in this orchard, about one-half of the fruit being lost every year.
Spraying, however, largely overcame the trouble, and in 1910 the loss
was comparatively small, notwithstanding the difficulty of thoroughly
spraying such a large orchard at the proper time.

The spraying experiments were confined to the Elbertas, Salway, and
LGilyeu, and about 500 trees each of these varieties were used. The Bil-
yeu set a good crop, while the crop of Elberta and Salway was only
medium to light, but ample for an experiment. For the most part the
weather was unfavorable for good work. During the time the first and
second applications were being made it was cloudy and showery and the
day following the second application it rained rather hard all day. The
Iilberta trees were sprayed according to the following plan:

Plat 1.—Self-boiled lime-sulphur and arsenate of lead, one month after
petals fell, May 11.

Plat 2.—Self-boiled lime-sulphur with arsenate of lead, one month
after petals fell, and self-boiled lime-sulphur alone, one month later, .
May 11 and June 15.

Plat 3.—Self-boiled lime-sulphur, one month after petals fell and one
month later, May 11 and June 15.

Plat 5.—Self-boiled lime-sulphur six weeks after petals fell and one
month later, May 26 and June 28.

Plat 6—Commercial lime-sulphur, 1 to 100 with arsenate of lead and
lime, one month after petals fell, and with lime only one month later.

Plat 0.—Check; untreated.

At picking time, August 22 to 26, the crop, including windfalls, from
four trees in each sprayed plat and six unsprayed trees was sorted to
determine the percentage of fruit affected with scab and the percentage
of merchantable fruit. The results are shown in Table VII.

TABLE VII.—Results of treatment for peach scab on the Elberta variety, Okonoko, W. Va..

1910.

Fruit :

Fruit badly Mer-

Plats. Total | affected | affected | chant-

fruits. with with able Culls.

scab. scab. fruit.
Number.| Per cent.| Per cent.| Per cent.| Per cent.
NOSE etal s pet aay ie eer e tors (ao) ere ler lets ie ecane ta: oiniehe eusud tee aieee ema 1 322 65.2 31 8(0) 86.1 13.9
De PN Bey erie, Ah col-attava ue are Tol aleve Pola ene aCe Oe ee 1,566 20.9 0.1 95.5 4.5
Te ee Beale ACOs Ore ey ROR Rane MEER REEL EVEN TCO 2,200 20.2 1.4 93.1 6.9
el Fs asec AU cde ee PRIR Ge anaes Le Sllar Os Pea EE EOE eee 1,819 55.8 0.9 93.6 6.4
N epee aA) sete an meee totale cal a at sutirey egoue Rey esas aa eit cee LTE eee 1,924 49.3 it 93.9 6.1
HEC h fa 2c-0 OSES Os fete es hol ia aetna atc epee 2,918 99.6 41.1 Bie 7/ 46.3

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. 173

The third column of the above table shows the percentage of fruit
affected with scab, including fruit so slightly affected that its market
value was not materially reduced, while the fourth column shows
the percentage of badly affected, unmerchantable fruit. The fifth column
shows the percentage of good, merchantable fruit obtained from each
plat, while the sixth column shows the percentage of culls due to scab,
brown-rot, curculio, and other causes.

Plat 1 received only one application, and the results were all that
could be expected in a wet season, such as last spring. Although 65.2
per cent of the fruit was affected with scab, only 3 per cent of it was »
badly affected.

Plats 2 and 3, which were sprayed twice, gave the best results, only
a little more than 20 per cent of the fruit in each being affected with
scab. Most of this scab infection was commercially negligible, the spots
being small and rather inconspicuous. In plat 2 less than 1 per cent
of the fruit was badly affected, and in plat 3 only 1.4 per cent was so
affected. The only difference in the treatment received by these two plats
was the use of arsenate of lead with the self-boiled lime-sulphur in the
first application on plat 2.-This made no difference in the control of
scab. It apparently raised the percentage of merchantable fruit, plat 2
having 95.5 per cent and plat 3 having 93.1 per cent. This difference —
would certainly have been greater had there been more curculio in the
orchard.

The good results obtained from the treatment of these two plats may

be better appreciated by comparing them with the results from the un-
sprayed trees. Practically all (99.6 per cent) of the unsprayed fruit was
affected with scab and 41.1 per cent of it was badly affected. Only 53.7
per cent of the fruit was suitable for market, leaving 46.5 per cent of
culls.
' Plat 5 received the same treatment as plat 3, except that both appli-
cations were delayed two weeks. The results indicate that one month
after the petals fall is a better time to begin spraying for scab than two
weeks later.

Plat 6, which was sprayed with commercial lime-sulphur solution, 1
gallon to 100 gallons of water, had only 1.5 per cent. of fruit badly af-
fected with scab, although 49.3 per cent of it was affected more or less.
These results indicate that the scab can be held in check by a very dilute
solution of the lime-sulphur solution. It burned the foliage considerably
and caused some of the leaves to drop, but the injury almost disappeared
as the season advanced and the fruit matured in good condition.

A similar test was made on the Salway variety, which ripens some
four weeks later than the Elberta. There were four sprayed plats, con-
sisting of about 80 trees each, and 17 trees were left untreated for the
purpose of comparison. The self-boiled lime-sulphur (8-8-50) was used
in each application, and arsenate of lead at the rate of 2 pounds to each
50 gallons was added in the first application only.

On September 22 and 23 the crop from four trees in each plat was
sorted for scab and brown-rot, and the results are shown in Table VIII.
In this case the classification of scabby fruit was made on a commercial
basis; that is, the fruit having only a few small specks of scab, which
did not materially detract from its market value, was not classed as

174 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

scabby. The figures given in the table therefore represent the percent-
age of fruit so badly affected as to have but little value on the market.

TABLE VIIIl.—Results of spraying on the Salway variety in the Miller orchards, Okonoko,
W.

Va., 1910.
_Plat “ Total | Scabby | Rotted
“No. Dates of spraying. fruits. fruit. fruit.

see oe Per cent.\ Per cent.
8 | (1) One month after petals fell, May 12; (2) June Va (3) July 15.. ; ba no
9 | (1) One month after petals fell, May 12; (2) June 17........... 1,599 5.3 1.9
10 | (1) One month after petals fell, May TONG SRC Om ok tclat ee ated pale) Ble 73 6.8
11 | (1) Six weeks after petals fell, May "26; (2) June 28. Some) MLAOGS 5.8 1,0
[2s Check mot ispraived’: seed ceca c. srokols “eres teres Sata cies eunnene ete nota 2,349 87.5 37.6

It will be observed that the results from plat 8, which had three
applications, are about the same as those from plat 9, which had two
applications, the scab and brown-rot having been almost completely con-
trolled in both cases. The results of the treatment of plat 9 are shown
in figures 9 and 11. The superiority of two treatments over one may be
seen by comparing plats 9 and 10. The latter received only one appli-
cation and 27.2 per cent of the fruit became affected with scab, while
only 5.3 per cent of the crop on plat 9 was affected. Plat 11 received
the same treatment as plat 9, except that the applications on plat 11
were delayed two weeks, the object being to determine the best time to
begin the spraying. In this case there was very little difference in the
results from the two plats. Of the fruit from the unsprayed trees, 87.5
per cent was rather badly affected with scab and 37.6 per cent was
affected with brown-rot, as shown in figures 10 and 12. In other words,
the unsprayed crop was almost a total loss.

The Bilyeu variety was given the same treatment as that applied to
Salway and the results were about the same. In this case the fruit
was not sorted and counted, but at picking time comparative notes were
made, attempting to show the estimated percentages of brown-rot and
scab. Fully 50 per cent of the unsprayed fruit was lost on account of
these diseases, wliile there was a loss of only about 5 per cent of the
fruit sprayed twice, although much of it showed some slight spotting
with scab. On the plat sprayed three times the scab» was almost en-
tirely prevented. In most cases three treatments will be necessary for
the best results against scab on late-maturing varieties like the Bilyeu.

EXPERIENCE OF FRUIT GROWERS.

Following the recommendations of the United States Department of
Agriculture, a considerable number of fruit growers have adopted the
combination treatment, and in Georgia during 1910 perhaps not less
than one-fourth of the peach orchards were sprayed for the curculio,
brown-rot, and scab. In connection with the department’s experiments
at Fort Valley, Barnesville, and Baldwin, Ga., an effort was made to
give personal instruction to as many orchardists as possible in order to
start them in the work, and by visits and by correspondence assistance
was rendered to growers in other parts of the State. Thus at Fort Val-
ley the Hale Georgia Orchard Co. sprayed three times its entire bearing

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. 175

orchard of about 100,000 trees. The same schedule of treatments was
also adopted by Mr. W. C. Wright in his orchard of 60,000 trees and
by others in the immediate neighborhood. Also at Marshallville, Ga.,
the treatment was adopted by Mr. S. H. Rumph and other leading
growers, the total number of trees sprayed in this general section aggre-
gating about a million.

At Barnesville, Ga., practically all of the large orchardists used the
combined spray, aggregating not less than 500,000 trees. At Baldwin,
Ga., some of the leading growers sprayed not less than 100,0U0 trees.
Messrs. Stranahan Bros., of Warm Springs, Ga., have been spraying for
the past three years and were among the first large peach orchardists
to adopt the lime-sulphur treatment even before it was out of its experi-
mental stage. Also around Adairsville and at numerous other points in
Georgia spraying was adopted by the leading growers, at least 2,000,000
trees for the State as a whole being sprayed. Considering all of the
Southeastern States it is probable that in this territory 3,000,000 trees
were sprayed during 1910.

Considerable spraying has also been done by peach orchardists in
West Virginia, western Maryland, and Pennsylvania, including a total
of perhaps 1,000,000 trees. The treatment has also been adopted by
some growers in Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas, aggregating about
500,000 trees, making on a conservative estimate a grand total of
4,500,000 to 5,000,000 trees sprayed during 1910 with the self-boiled
lime-sulphur wash and arsenate of lead.

We have been able to personally examine some of these orchards, and
have had reports from many of the orcharists regarding the results of
the treatment. So far as it has been possible to determine the results
have been uniformly satisfactory and the slight injury from the spray
comparatively unimportant. It seems rather remarkable that so many
growers in different parts of the country should be so successful in using
a new treatment for the first time. This may be taken to indicate the
entire practicability of the recommendations.

EFFECT OF SPRAYING ON THE QUALITY OF THE FRUIT.

The good results from the treatment do not end with the control of the
curculio, scab, and brown-rot. The sprayed fruit is as a rule somewhat
larger, much more highly colored, and firmer than unsprayed fruit.
It keeps longer, carries to the market in better condition, and brings
better prices. A carload of Elberta peaches shipped from Baldwin, Ga.,
on July 29 contained 166 crates of sprayed fruit and 324 crates of un-
sprayed fruit. This fruit was sold on the New York market on August
2, the 166 crates of sprayed fruit bringing $2.50 per crate, while the
324 crates of unsprayed fruit brought an average of $1.75 per crate, a
ditterence of 75 cents per crate in favor of the sprayed fruit.

The effect of the treatment is to fairly clean the fruit from disease
and to put it in a more or less sterilized condition, adding greatly to
its keeping quality. This superiority of sprayed as against unsprayed
fruit is one of the marked benefits and has been noted by all growers
who have adopted the treatment.

On July 14 sprayed and unsprayed Elberta fruit in the Hale orchard
at Fort Valley, Ga., was picked and packed for a shipping test, but

176 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

owing to a car shortage was not shipped. There were 64 crates of un-
sprayed fruit and 400 crates of sprayed fruit. This fruit was stacked
out on the ground where it remained in the sun and during occasional
showers of rain until July 18 (4 days) and then 6 crates of each lot
were examined for brown-rot. It was found that 62.7 per cent of the
unsprayed fruit had rotted, while only 8 per cent of the sprayed fruit
ae so affected, showing conclusively the better keeping quality of the
atter.

EFFECT OF THE SELIF-BOILED LIME-SULPHUR WASH ON SCALE INSECTS.

Observations and experiments go to show that, when used as a sum-
mer spray, the effect of the self-boiled lime-sulphur wash on the control
of scale insects which may be present on the trees, especially the San
Jose scale, is important. While to secure the best results in the control
of scale insects it would be desirable to coat the limbs and twigs more
thoroughly than is accomplished in ordinary summer spraying, never-
theless in the course of the work as practiced against the curculio, brown-
rot, and scab noticeable good is accomplished. Although the spray is
not strong enough to kill many of the adult scale insects, it is effective to
an important extent in bringing about the death of the young scales. Ex-
periments made by the Bureau of Entomology in the use of the self-
boiled lime-sulphur wash as a summer spray for the San Jose scale have
shown that two or three applications will result in a marked improve-
ment in the condition of the trees by fall. The effect of the wash is to
prevent the settling of the young scales upon the twigs and branches, so
that by the close of the season the trees are largely free from the in-
sects.

Further observations are necessary to determine just how much bene-
fit will result from these applications in the control of scale insects, but
it seems probable in peach orchards regularly sprayed for the curculio
and for scab and brown-rot that the usual winter treatments for the San
Jose scale may be reduced to perhaps one application every two or three
years. Any observant orchardist should be able to determine for him-
self the necessity for winter treatments, depending upon the abundance
of the scale insects. The lime-sulphur wash is furthermore effective
against numerous other sucking insects, especially plant lice, which may
be present on the trees.

PREPARATION AND USE OF THE SPRAY.

Spraying for the brown-rot, scab, and curculio does not differ in prin-
ciple from the usual spraying practices. It is essential that an efficient
spraying outfit be employed, so that the work may be done expeditiously
and with thoroughness. Where the orchard interest is at all important
it will be desirable to employ a power sprayer, such as a gasoline or com-
pressed-air outfit. Excellent work, however, may be done with the ordi-
nary barrel sprayer, which is suitable for orchards of a few hundred trees.
In applying the spray, all parts of the tree should be reached. This is
especially important in the first application, which is directed principally
against the plum curculio. The purpose should be to coat thoroughly the
foliage, twigs, and young fruit to insure to the fullest extent possible the
poisoning of the beetles. The same precautions as to poisoning the foli-

Two and a quarter acre strawberry patch of C. T. Schmieding, Shelby, Mich. Sold $800
worth of berries to the Hart Canning Factory at 70c per 16-quart crate; also sold
$325 worth of plants. Brandywine and Senator Dunlap varieties.

Two-year-old New Prolific peach trees on farm of C. T. Schmieding, Shelby—600 in the block.

*2ZIS AOJ SABId YIM aiedusod puw adzj s Aog pulf
“yoiywy ‘suay}y ‘, sayovad,, s uBwyepy “q °S Jo aulog “U2ABLY YING ‘playweyD “_ “oay Aq yo[nul pos rspun uMoas savad yapjavg

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. 177

age, fruit, and buds are also essential in making the second application,
as the beetles are still very numerous, feeding and ovipositing freely.
(See Table II.) This is also the most important application for the pre-
vention of scab infection, which is prevented only by thoroughly coating
the young fruits. In subsequent applications the efforts should be di-
rected more to coating the fruit with the spray to protect it from brown-
rot infection, especially as it begins to ripen.

The schedule of applications takes account of the ripening period
of the principal commercial varieties of peaches. Applications made
later than a month or six weeks before picking time are likely to result
in the fruit being more or less spotted with the spray when harvested,
somewhat marring its appearance for market purposes. This danger
can be largely avoided by using nozzles which throw a mist-like spray,
coating the fruit with very fine dots rather than with large blotches.

DIRECTIONS FOR THE PREPARATION OF SELF-BOILED LIME-SULPHUR WASH.

The standard self-boiled lime-sulphur mixture is composed of 8 pounds
of fresh stone lime and 8 pounds of sulphur to 50 gallons of water. In
mild cases of brown-rot and scab a weaker mixture containing 6 pounds
of each ingredient to 50 gallons of water may be used with satisfactory
results. The materials cost so little, however, that one should not
economize in this direction where a valuable fruit crop is at stake. Any
finely powdered sulphur (flowers, flour, or “commercial ground” sul-
phur) may be used in the preparation of the mixture.

In order to secure the best action from the lime, the mixture should
be prepared in rather large quantities, at least enough for 200 gallons
of spray, using 32 pounds of lime and 32 pounds of sulphur. The lime
should be placed in a barrel and enough water (about 6 gallons) poured
on to almost cover it. As soon as the lime begins to slake the sulphur
should be added, after first running it through a sieve to break up the
lumps, if any are present. The mixture should be constantly stirred and
more water (3 or 4 gallons) added as needed to form at first a thick paste
and then gradually a thin paste.. The lime will supply enough heat to
boil the mixture several minutes. As soon as it is well slaked water
should be added to cool the mixture and prevent further cooking. It
is then ready to be strained into the spray tank, diluted and applied.

The stage at which cold water should be poured on to stop the cook-
ing varies with different limes. Some limes are so sluggish in slaking
that it is difficult to obtain enough heat from them to cook the mixture
at all, while other limes become intensely hot on slaking, and care must
be taken not to allow the boiling to proceed too far. If the mixture is
allowed to remain hot for 15 or 20 minutes after the slaking is com-
pleted, the sulphur gradually goes into solution, combining with the lime
to form sulphids, which are injurious to peach foliage. It is therefore
very important, especially with hot lime, to cool the mixture quickly by
adding a few buckets of water as soon as the lumps of lime have slaked
down. The intense heat, violent boiling, and constant stirring result in
a uniform mixture of finely divided sulphur and lime, with only a very
small percentage of the sulphur in solution. It should be strained to
take out the coarse particles of lime, but the sulphur should be carefully
worked through the strainer.

23

178 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

DIRECTIONS FOR USING ARSENATE OF LEAD.

Many experiments have shown that well-made arsenate of lead is
much the safest of all available arsenicals for use on the peach. Arsen-
ate of lead is to be found on the market both as a powder and as a putty-
like paste, which latter must be worked free in water before it is added
to the lime-sulphur mixture. The paste form of the poison is largely
used at the rate of about 2 pounds to each 50 gallons of the lime-sulphur
wash and is added, after it has been well worked free in water, to the
lime-sulphur spray previously prepared. As there are numerous brands
of arsenate of lead upon the market, the grower should be careful to
purchase from reliable firms. A decided change in color will result
when the arsenate of lead is added to the lime-sulphur mixture, due to
certain chemical changes which, in the experience of the writers, do not
injuriously affect the fungicidal and insecticidal properties of the spray
or result in injury to the foliage.

In large spraying operations it will be more convenient to prepare
in advance a stock mixture of arsenate of lead as follows: Place 100
pounds of arsenate of lead in a barrel, with sufficient water to work
into a thin paste, diluting finally with water to exactly 25 gallons.
When thoroughly stirred, “each gallon of the stock solution will thus
contain 4 pounds of arsenate of lead, the amount necessary for 100
gallons of spray. In smaller spraying operations the proper quantity
of arsenate of lead may be weighed out as needed, and thinned with
water. In all cases the arsenate of lead solution ‘should be strained
before or as it is poured into the spray tank. The necessary care should
be exercised to keep the poison out of the reach of domestic and other
animals.

DANGER OF INJURY FROM SPRAYING.

As stated elsewhere in this bulletin, the foliage of the peach is ex-
tremely sensitive to injury from such sprays as Bordeau mixture and
arsenicals, such as Paris green, arsenate of lead, etc. This sensitiveness
has been the sole reason why it has been impracticable to spray peach
orchards with fungicides and insecticides such as Bordeaux mixture or
Paris green, as has for years been the custom in the case of apples,
erapes, and other deciduous fruits.

Of the various arsenicals available for use, well-made arsenate of lead
has proved to be the safest. Shortly after the development of this com-
paratively new insecticide, it was at once extensively experimented with
on peaches by numerous entomologists and it was tried to a limit extent
by peach growers. A single application of arsenate of lead in water did
not result. in injury so important as to prevent its use. However, when
two or three applications were made, as is necessary in the control of
the curculio, serious shot-holing and falling of the leaves and even burn:
ing of the fruit resulted, the ‘latter in extreme cases, falling to the
eround. The use of lime with arsenate of lead lessened the danger of in-
jury considerably, but used even in this way for two or three treatments,
especially under certain weather conditions, resulted in extensive injury
to foliage and fruit.

When it was established that the self-boiled lime-sulphur wash was
an effective fungicide and entirely safe as a spray for the peach, one of
the interesting questions presented was whether arsenate of lead might

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. 179
—

e

be safely used with it to effect a combination spray for both insects and
diseases. While on chemical grounds it appeared that the addition of
arsenate of lead to the self-boiled lime-sulphur mixture would result in
an important decomposition of the spray and greatly add to its probable
injurious character, in practice the combined spray was found to be en-
tirely safe. Observations extending over three seasons have failed to
show any serious injury resulting from the use of this spray, even when
as many as three applications were made. Thus, in the test of numer-
ous brands of arsenate of lead at Barnesville, Ga., during 1910, carried
out by Mr. E. W. Scott, of the Bureau of Entomology, peach trees were
given three thorough applications: (1) With arsenate of lead in lime-
water at the rate of 2 pounds to 50 gallons, and (2) in the self-boiled
lime-sulphur wash used at the same strength. In all cases very serious in-
jury resulted to fruit and foliage on the plats sprayed with the arsenate
of lead in limewater, whereas there was no discernible injury on the plats
treated with arsenate of lead in the self-boiled lime-sulphur wash. It is
not understood why the arsenate of lead apparently loses its injurious
properties when used in the self-boiled lime-sulphur wash, though its
safe employment in this way is most fortunate.

In the schedule of applications only two arsenate of lead treatments
are recommended, as these will measurably control the curculio and a
third treatment would considerably increase the danger of injury.
Where the curculio is very destructive, however, the grower should use
his judgment as to whether a third application of the poison would be
advantageous.

The ettect of the arsenate of lead upon the fruit is to increase its color
notably. This increase in color from two applications in self boiled lime-
sulphur wash improves the appearance of the fruit. Three or even two
applications of the poison alone or in limewater, however, result in a
very excessive reddening, especially on the side exposed to the sun, on
which later may appear brown, sunken spots of variable size, accompanied
with more or less extensive cracking of the skin. This condition of the
fruit is shown in figure 15.

The self-boiled lime-sulphur mixture when properly prepared accord-
ing to directions does not injure the fruit or foliage, but if allowed to re-
main hot in concentrated form before dilution enough sulphur may go
into solution to produce injury to the foliage. Users of this spray should
therefore follow carefully the directions given for its preparation, bear-
ing in mind that a good mechanical mixture of the sulphur and lime
suspended in water and only slightly combined is desired rather than to
dissolve any considerable quantity of the sulphur.

During the application of the spray, it is very important that the mix-
ture be kept well agitated to insure its uniform distribution. As both the
self-boiled lime-sulphur wash and the arsenate of lead quickly settle
when the spray is left undisturbed, an excessive amount may be applied
to some trees, while others receive an insufficient quantity. While most
Spraying equipments are supplied with adequate agitating apparatus, the
orchardist should assure himself that the spray is being properly stirred
in the tank during its application. Under conditions of imperfect agita-
tion and consequent settling, the ingredients of the spray may be applied
so strong that serious injury will result. This has been observed to be
. the case, especially following the employment of compressed-air sprayers
with inefficient agitators.

180 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

COST OF TREATMENT. —

The cost of the combined treatment for the control of brown-rot, scab,
and curculio is insignificant when compared with the resulting benefits,
The trees at Baldwin, Ga., were sprayed with a good hand outfit, and
3 men were able to spray 1,000 trees a day. With labor at 75 cents a
day (the wages paid in that section), arsenate of lead at 10 cents a
pound, sulphur at 214 cents a pound, and lime at $1.10 a barrel, the
cost for three treatments was $27.60 a thousand, or a little less ‘than
3 cents a tree. At Fort Valley, Ga., a gasoline-power Sprayer was used.
The trees there were larger and the water was not so convenient, mak-
ing the cost somewhat higher than at Baldwin. In this case the cost
of three treatments was $32 a thousand, or a little more (than 3 cents a
tree. Where wages are higher the cost will be somewhat greater. For
three treatments, the first with arsenate of lead alone, the second with
self-boiled lime-sulphur and arsenate of lead, and the third with self-
boiled lime-sulphur alone, the cost will range from 3 to 5 cents per tree,
depending upon the labor conditions, the size of the trees, the convenience
of the water supply, and the equipment used. For average-sized 7-year-
old trees, as a rule 1 gallon of spray per tree will be required for each
application. In the first application not quite so much will be required,
owing to scant foliage at that time, while a little more will be required
for the second treatment. The third application should be lighter than
the second, using finer nozzles so as to avoid staining the fruit with |
blotches of lime.

From the experience of the writers it seems safe to conclude that in
most of the peach orchards of the eastern United States an increase per
tree of at least one-half bushel of good merchantable fruit, worth about
50 cents, may be obtained from spraying at a cost of 3 to 5 cents. Spray-
ing, therefore, is the most profitable of all the orchard operations.

SCHEDULE OF APPLICATIONS.

Most of the peach orchards in the eastern half of the United States
should be given the combined treatment for brown-rot, scab, and curculio.
This is particularly true of the southern orchards, where all these
troubles are prevalent. In some of the more northern orchards the
curculio is not very troublesome, but as a rule it will probably pay to
add the arsenate of lead in at least the first lime-sulphur application.

The self-boiled lime-sulphur mixture referred to in the following out-
lines of treatment should be made of a strength of 8 pounds of lime and
8 pounds of sulphur to each 50 gallons of water, and the arsenate of lead
should be used at the rate of 2 pounds to each 50 gallons of the mixture
or of water. When the poison is used in water there should be added
the milk of lime made from slaking 2 to 3 pounds of good stone lime.
When used in the limesulphur mixture additional lime will not be
necessary.

Midseason varieties —The midseason varieties of peaches, such as
Reeves, Belle, Early Crawford, Elberta, Late Crawford, Chairs, Fox, and
Beers Smock, should be sprayed as follows:

(1) With arsenate of lead alone, about 10 days after the petals fall.
or at the time the calyxes are shedding. (Fig. 14.)

(2) With self-boiled lime-sulphur and arsenate of lead, two weeks
later, or four to five weeks after the petals have been shed.

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. 181

(3) With self-boiled lime-sulphur alone, four to five weeks before the
fruit ripens.

Late varieties.—The Salway, Heath, Bilyeu, and varieties with a simi-
lar ripening period should be given the same treatment prescribed for
midseason varieties, with an additional treatment of self-boiled lime-
sulphur alone, to be applied three or four weeks after the second appli-
cation.

Early varieties.—The Greensboro, Carman, Hiley, Mountain. Rose.
and varieties having the same ripening period should receive the first
and second applications prescribed for midseason varieties.

Where the curculio is not particularly bad, as in Connecticut, western
New York, and Michigan, the first treatment, which is for this insect
only, may be omitted. Also for numerous orchards throughout the
Middle States where the insect, especially in the younger orchards, is ~
not yet very troublesome, orcharists should use their judgment as to
whether the first application may be safely omitted. Where peach scab
is the chief trouble, and brown-rot and curculio are of only minor impor-
tance, as may be the case in some of the Allegheny Mountain districts,
satisfactory results may be had from two applications, namely, the first
with self-boiled lime-sulphur and arsenate of lead four to five weeks
after the petals fall, and the second treatment of the above schedule with
self-boiled lime-sulphur alone three to four weeks later. These two treat-
ments; if thoroughly applied, will control the scab and brown-rot,
especially on the early and midseason varieties, and will materially re-
duce curculio injuries. Even one application of the combined spray made
about five weeks after the petals fall would pay well, although this is
recommended only for conditions where it is not feasible to do mote. -

PEACH DISEASES AND RE-ESTABLISHMENT OF YOUNG
ORCHARDS IN MICHIGAN.

PROF. M. B. WAITE, PLANT PATHOLOGIST, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE,
WASHINGTON, D. C.

Many of you know that, in co-operation with Prof. Taft, through his
deputy, Mr. H. G. Welch, we carried out a three years’ test of what is
known as the “extermination” method for getting rid of the “yellows”
and the reduction was fairly successful at the time. Furthermore, I
have told you about the control of the brown rot and black rot by summer
spraying of the peach so that we feel that the old line diseases of the
peach are now fairly controllable—the “yellows” by destruction and the
“yellow spot” or “brown rot” by spraying. It is true that. the “curl
leaf” is a disease of prime importance, but it is under control by spray-
ing and the methods are well known, so the problem that we have to
dispose of and solve is along a little different line.

When it comes to the question of the re-planting of peaches and the
recovery of the peach industry in the state of Michigan, I feel that it
is one of the great horticultural problems of this section, one of the
greatest problems of this country wherever peaches are raised. When

182 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

I first came into the state of Michigan and saw here in Benton Harbor
three large steamers standing ready to take away the tons and tons of
fruit; strings of wagons in these streets; a train of thirty-five cars going
out on the Big Four loaded with this fruit; then at Grand Rapids—at
that time the biggest peach market in the world where 150 car-loads
were being shipped out every day—I say when I remember what I saw
then and note the change that has taken place since then, I cannot help
but emphasize the fact that we are facing a problem here that demands
most serious consideration. '

Now when I come into the state of Michigan and drive through the
peach belt I will sometimes go ten or fifteen miles and hardly see
an orchard in good condition. I was informed a year ago last summer
when I spent a day inspecting the orchards around Grand Rapids, that
there could hardly be found an old peach orchard of ten years before.
You all know the situation in many of the former peach districts.
There are some sections along the lake shore that make a very fine
showing even yet, but it is certainly astonishing the way the peach
orchards have gone out.

Now let us take up this subject. Since I have spent two months or
more among you and having made an annual visit to your peach belt in
connection with Mr. Horace Welch, I almost feel that I am one of you
and so what I am going to say to you this afternoon will be on the
level as one of you.

What are the troubles? Let us get some idea and some relative weight
of these troubles. Here they are as I have been able to think them over.
Perhaps I am a little bit rusty, not having been through all of your
orchards, but it seems to me that first and foremost is the “winter
freeze” injury. That I consider the leading trouble; indeed I almost am
willing to say that it is the cause of more of the trouble in the peach
belts than all other troubles put together.

The next thing that has impressed me is soil poverty, especially humus.
The third problem that I consider of importance is the root fungus dis-
eases. These are very largely associated with the soil poverty, because
on good soils the peach cannot grow these root troubles, but on poor
soils is practically impossible to do otherwise. The fourth thing of im-
portance I consider to be the “black peach aphis.” That is an insect
trouble. Then the fifth is the “yellows.” In some individual districts
that has been the overwhelming trouble at times. It did it here long
before my day. You will remember that it swept the peach orchards
off the map here practically before my time; and it came pretty nearly
doing that as the “little peach” did recently do it in a section of the
peach belt, and especially in some parts of Oceana county. Once when
standing on a hill, I counted nine fires where there were big piles of
peach trees that were being burned. I rather think this is a debatable
question, and I would not be surprised if there would be some dis-
cussion on that point, but the reason why I put it down here so low is
that it has been largely under control.

Poor drainage is another cause of considerable trouble in peach
orchards. Many orchards haye been planted on land not suitable for
peach culture. Corners of the peach orchard have run down into low
lands and once in a while a whole orchard has been located on ground
too poorly drained and the orchard has not thrived, because a peach will

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. 183

not grow in wet soggy soil; in other words, it will not stand “wet feet.”

The seventh factor that I want to take up is dumping ground. The
San Jose killed off trees; the curl leaf. made some trouble; root rot,
which perhaps can be put in that group, have all been instrumental in
doing a lot of damage.

The eighth point is simply pure neglect. Cultivation and fertilization,
pruning and spraying were left out. Ifa man neglects his orchard that
will be a loss to him. I do not however, feel that we should discuss
these particular points because it is to the interest of every individual to
attend to his orchard along these lines. So we will turn our attention to
those injuries that are not so readily avoidable or that require more care-
ful consideration than cultivation and general care of an orchard.

First I want to speak of frosting. Beginning with the great freeze in
1899 we have had a series of misfortunes in this state. I have visited
the Michigan peach orchards and studied them very carefully every year
except this year. That freeze was an awful hard blow on the Michigan
peach growers, but nevertheless they turned in and produced a lot of fruit
afterwards. Indeed, it was remarkable how the trees recovered from
that freeze. Practically every peach tree in the state was more or less
affected—were soggy and hard, had dry rot in the center or something
of the kind. Many trees broke down and old orchards went to pieces
after that. :

Ther there was a hard freeze again in January, 1904, that put many
orchards out of commission. It was felt in New York and New England.
Then we have had another freeze since then that has done more or less
damage. There were a great many dead trees that year and most of
these dead trees were on dry, sandy knolls, particularly where the snow
blew off and here and there in many orchards, individual trees. I noticed
these dead trees because we could hardly figure out why these trees froze
out on the sandy knolls. It was a clear case of winter kill. The ground
was bare and dry. The trees were frozen in their roots. It is the very
thing that Mr. Rose was talking about and I am glad that he has appre.
ciated that problem and has solved it.

What about these dead trees that died on good land in apparently
the same way? When the growers were pulling out these trees, this
curious fact developed—that every one or practically every one that
we examined were attacked by the fungus root rot. They were going —
along all right and bore their crop of fruit, but they were weaker and
when that freeze came they were all too weak to stand it and so went
down. It was such a time as this, and of the same nature, that in Octo-
ber, 1906, struck the peach belt and did so much damage.

Are these things to be expected in the future? We have all kinds of
extremes, so that some year in the distance there may be a freeze in
October, but probably it will not come again for ‘a hundred years. That
is, it would not be expected to occur within our lifetime in any ordinary
peach orchard. Now if a large part of this trouble is frost injury, and
I think this audience will agree with me in the main, that means that
we have a fair show to plant orchards and avoid that sort of a thing in
the future.

You have had an unusual combination of bad seasons for frost and the
chances are that you will not have the same things again and if the aver-
age of weather conditions maintain, you will be free from such occur-

184 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ences for a long period. In the state of Florida, the frost line as indi-
cated by a series of frosts, has moved about fifty miles south, but that
has affected a newer industry than the raising of peaches in Michigan
and while perhaps the frost line has gone down a little lower in Florida
i do not think that we are obliged to move the frost line for the Michigan
peach belt. Some things can be done to make them practically free from
frost. Mr. Rose has told you how he hauls stable manure on to all
exposed places on knolls. If you can get trash of any kind, mowed
weeds, marsh grass, and if possible mulch the trees around the crown
for .a few feet from the tree. Mulch the whole surface of these bare
spots, especially devoid of humus. Whenever possible use cover crops.
This whole question has had due consideration at this meeting and so it
will probably not be profitable to take it up in detail, but in passing I
might say that crimson clover, vetch and rye, even corn, sowed broad-
cast, not only furnish humus but catch the snow and make a good cover-
ing during cold weather. Then there is oats. I have never heard of your
sowing winter oats, but we have such in the South. Winter oats would
grow later in the season. In Virginia they grow oats quite late as a
cover crop. If possible you should get a growth after the middle of
August started on your peach orchard and get just as big a growth as
you can by cold weather. Then supplement that by an artificial applica-
tion of manure. If you cannot get that, then get chips from the chip
piles, bark or anything you can get. I have suggested putting prunings
around the trees. We have winter sun scald and these prunings piled
up around the trees will protect them. This whole question is not
separate from the one of soil poverty. I really believe that a good deal
of the frost injury comes from a poor condition of the ground. You
know you can take new land with a turf of moss and leaves, the forest
trash on it, and the ground will stay unfrozen and you would be able
to plow it when you could not think of plowing in old land. The slight
mulch has acted as a blanket. I suspect a great deal of root winter
killing comes from the fact that the soil is bare from covering. The
barer the soil is, the more subject the trees are to winter killing. Dry
seasons make it worse than when there is plenty of moisture | in the
ground. When you planted out these Michigan peach orchards on new
land, you had all that humus; you had all that material in the soil and
the peach tree delighted in that soil, rich in humus, and prospered and
flourished and suffered much less from winter killing, especially root
winter killing, than on soil nearly worn out.

Unless you use cover crops skillfully, the ground is very apt to be
oe in humus. You can practice rotation of corn and oats and
clover and renew your supply of humus through the clover in the peach
orchard, but unless you can have a cover crop there will be a wearing
cut of the soil and it will become deficient. The remedies for this whole
land poverty is to get on to new lands if you can, but there is in reality
but little land remaining suitable for peach growing that can be pur-
chased. But since this cannot be had the next best thing is to use
cover crops as far as possible.

The next thing, when the land is well covered is the use of commercial
fertilizer. I am a strong advocate of this. One reason why is because
1 took up a lot of abandoned land in the state of Maryland and planted
out 200 acres of orchard and have grown them on commercial fertilizer

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. 185

and stable manure very largely, I have applied eight and ten tons of
stable fertilizer and 1,000 pounds of commercial fertilizer to the acre for
several years. I have seen splendid results from commercial fertilizers.
The problem is not so simple with you perhaps as it is with us. I do
not understand just why, but I judge that this is so from the discussions
that have taken place. But you will see how I recognize, and why I
recognize the value of fertilizers. Those trees to which Mr. Hale re-
ferred in the first place had leaves that were six, eight and ten inches
long instead of four or five inches long and about one inch in width.
I knew that was impossible without nitrogen. When I went up and
saw that fruit I did not find a greenish, sappy, imperfect fruit that
would come from over-nitrogenous fertilizers. I found a large well
colored fruit. That meant phosphoric acid and potash and I, was just
as sure aS I could be. I remember the occurrence very well and I was
glad to have him bring that out. Anyone could have seen that, who
knew the effect of potash and phosphoric acid.

I was also interested in what Mr. Rose had to say about the distances
apart that he planted his peach trees and also the putting of heavy appli-
catons of manure on his peach trees. I planted my trees 12x16. They
were intended to be 24x16. I cut out the 12 foot fillers too soon, and
then had them 16x24. I discovered they were too-thick so I planted
my next block 18x24. In four years, these trees covered the space and
that in spite of heavy pruning. 18x24 feet will answer for five or seven
years, but they get to be too thick after that. The next time I plant
eut an orchard I will set the trees 16x24 with the 16 ft. trees for fillers.

My seven year olds are closing the 24 ft. space. That is what can
be done with fertilizers. We had Elberta peaches this year that looked
like apples, I never sold any of them for less than $1.25 per crate and
from that to $1.50, $1.75 and $2.00. They were sprayed with self-boiled
lime sulphur as well, and right here I want to say that you must ferti-
lize your peach orchards if you want them to grow large. Push the
orchards on land that has been in orchard and it does very much better
if possible to give it a three years’ rest. JI am rather inclined to plant
corn as a part of the scheme, but it is wrong to keep up cultivation and
depleting the land of humus. Haul out some stable manure if possible.
When you plant an orchard just let me give you a trick. Never manure
the little tree on a very poor piece of land. Dig the holes, fill the holes
up with manure and make a little mound. Let that get rotted before
vou plant the tree next spring. When you plant the tree in the spring,
dig out the manure, fill in with the ground that has been manured
and place rough manure on top the ground, but not in the hills. The
next thing is to haul to the young orchard just after it is planted out
stable manure and put one or two shovels full around the trees to be
cultivated in later in the season. Stable manure will give a young
orchard on old peach land a boost that nothing else will do. There are
two or three reasons for this. It is a cure, almost, fromthe tree stand-
point for the Black Rot. Then it will stimulate the root growth so that
it will outgrow the root fungi.

In this connection, I wish to offer just a word of caution. I am advo-
cating now the driving of your peach orchards at high speed, manuring,
fertilizing and getting your old land full of humus. But you must be
careful to stop this within a reasonable time. It will not do to carry

186 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

it too far. Very thorough cultivation early in the season up to August
is what should be given then. Give the tree a chance to reach a complete
dormancy. ‘The reason why I mention this is because it seems to me that
the other side is the weak one as a rule.

One of the great troubles in replanting has been the group of root
parasites which have been attacking the old trees, living on the roots
and yet the trees have carried them and borne fruit in spite of them.
As far as I know that group comprises two or three things. In the first
place fungus that gets on the peach and also on the apple. It rots the
tips of the root fibres and occurs on the seedling. It needs further in-
vestigation. Then again there is a little undescribed fungus which I
thought was the cause of “little peach” but I do not know about ‘this
for sure. Then there is the black peach aphis; indeed it is hard to keep
track of what is going on underground. I have seen enough of these
troubles to be quite sure that a large part of the difficulty of planting
young orchards on old peach land is not in the absence of humus but
the presence of parasites that attack these. There is one place where
an advantage comes in of having a three years’ rest or change—by put-
ting on something on which they cannot live. Then by manuring and
fertilizing the young tree grows so fast that it will outgrow them.

You can grow the tree nearly free from it by manuring the holes but
you can take a tree that is sick, nearly half dead, and recover it with a
bushel or two of stable manure.

DISCUSSION.

Question. I would like to know if there are any trees on peach land
that are mose susceptible to the yellows than others.

Prof. Waite: ‘There may be some slight variations, but they all get
it about the same. In one part of the country, the native seedlings
seem to be resistant, but down in Virginia we found the peach trees from
seedlings that were about the. worst affected of any we ever saw.

Question: What do you say to planting a peach orchard on land that
has to-be drained.

Prof. Waite: I do not think it is advisable to plant peach trees on
land that requires draining. I know that some have done it and it is
perhaps a problem that you can solve better under your particular con-
ditions than anyone else.

In this connection, and before going farther, I wish to say that of the
miscellaneous diseases one of the great problems now is to spray your
fruit trees and grow this fine fruit. It will not pay you to fertilize and
manure and give your trees perfect cultivation if you do not spray.
For, unless you do spray, it will be impossible for you to raise fancy
fruit and unless you can grow this kind of fruit your orchards will not
pay you very much. Your trees should be sprayed during the summer
with self-boiled- lime sulphur. In the matter of fertilizers it is rather
hard for anyone to give a formula that will fit any particular orchards.

Question: You spoke of peaches being as large as apples. How large
were those apples?

Prof. Waite: We picked peaches so large that 54 filled a crate...

A voice: I had peaches that 42 of them filled a half bushel basket.

They ran 66 to the crate and we had still larger peaches than that.

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. 187

Question: Have you used the nitrate of soda to put on separately
and if so would you put it on in the fall or the spring.

Prof. Waite: I would wait until late spring, until after trees are
out in leaf.

Mr. Welch: When we get to diseases I would like to say something.
We have worked together for nine years and have experimented in every
way that any body was able to experiment. We dug up more than 1,000
peach trees and examined the trees from the roots to the top and still
for all that we didn’t known any more afterward than we did before,
but the point I wish to make is that when we started out on this ex-
termination plan, which was to cut out the trees so that they could not
spread from the bloom, we could see some results. It has. been five years
now since we made the last inspection to which Prof. Waite referred in
that territory of six miles square and I have been pretty well over our
state since that time and where the disease exists, where that extermina-
tion work has been carried on, I find that the orchards are in better
shape today than anywhere else in the state where the disease exists.
Our point was when we started out to exterminate this disease by the
method employed we started in with the idea that we didn’t want diseased
blossoms to inoculate healthy blossoms and the results are that our
section is more free from the disease today than any part of the state of
Michigan where they have the disease.

Mr. Hartman: Has it been determined whether the yellows spreads
at some particular stage of the growth of the tree, for instance at blossom
time, or does it spread at any time and also is the disease as virulent
when it first comes into a neighborhood as it is later? It has just come
into our neighborhood and we have started in to clean it up and I would
like to know if it is safe to plant trees under the impression that later
on it will not be so bad as it is at present.

Prof. Waite: I think it is usually more virulent at first. In answer to
the second part*of you question, are the yellows transmitted from the
old cases to the new cases and at what period; we suspect only that it
is done in the spring of the year. In our practice we think the only way
is to have those trees taken out.

Question: On our bare soil I would like to know if you would get
enough results from barnyard manure without adding potash?

Prof. Waite: I hardly think so. You do however, get splendid results
from manure in Michigan and I am basing this statement on the be-
haviour of trees out of Michigan rather than in Michigan. In Maryland
we use stable manure, but with it we use potash and lime as well. The
peach tree demands lime. If the lime is not there it needs to be put
there. Many. of the western orchards have too much of the lime so that
while a moderate application of stable manure may give excellent re-
sults yet I would advise the adding of phosphoric acid and potash as
well.

Question: Prof. Waite spoke of adding nothing but arsenate of lead
to these mixture of lime and sulphur. Have you tried any of these to
know whether they would burn the leaves like arsenate of soda?

Prof. Waite: We tried several of the others—The Kedzie formula,
Arsenate of Lead and Paris Green, and they made trouble.

Question: Will the lime fertilizer for peaches apply to plums as well?

Prof. Waite: JI think so in the main. We are now carrying on ex-

188 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

tensive experiments on apples, in order to get our bearings and we are
not getting results as quickly and easily on our apples as on our peaches.
I think the principles are the same except the peach is the grossest feeder
and responds to the fertilizers a little better. I think that the Japanese
plum would behave much the same and for the same reason.

A member: Forty years ago I had a beautiful four-year-old orchard
which all went out in vellows in less than two years. Scattered here and
there in that orchard were yellow peaches double the size that they
should be at the time. I can remember very distinctly of hearing that
the “yellows” were disseminated through the blossoms and I would like
to know how it could be.

Prof. Waite: We suspect this to be the way it is disseminated, but
we do not know. |

Mr. Welch: Do you have any idea that there is anything in the
ground that might have a tendency to produce the yellows disease.

Mr. Waite: I think not.

Mr. Pugley: How will we know whether a tree needs lime?

Answer: The only way I have of finding that-out is to give it some
and see how-it responds. In Maryland, we assume that the land needs
lime, because the water is soft while here the water is hard and so there
is not so much need of it here. The best way to try it out is to put in a
duplicate strip lime one and not the other. We see it in the cow pea
and cover crops and we can also tell it on the ground by the behaviour
of the weeds, the horse sorrel, etc. You can also tell it on the peach
tree. When the peach tree is green the tree is deficient in lime. There
are three or four different things that show this, one of them being the
rolling of the leaves.

Question: Will the lime correct the acidity of the soil?

Prof. Waite: Yes, sir. I have a suspicion that much of our land
needs lime. -

A member: I would like to ask if there is any difference in lime?
We have been told during the last year that there is no difference. What
will be a fair application to a peach orchard?

Prof. Waite: The lime in different sections of the United States varies
considerably. Dr. Lay found out that while plants needed a certain
amount of magnesia in the soil, they did not want too large a proportion
of magnesia in lime and so a lime with too much magnesia would not
be desirable; and yet, there are peculiar situations in which they might
be a remedy for the soil conditions.

As far as the agricultural lime and stone lime is concerned a good
deal that is said about that is fake. If you want to get lime you send to
the lime company and you get it in lots of lump lime and this can be
applied in two or three different ways. One simple way is to haul it to
ihe field, fill a basket and drop it in piles the proper distance apart.
Some plough furrows the desired distance apart and put it in these fur-
rows. About one ton or 25 bushels to the acre is a good satisfactory -
application and it will last for four or five years. No one likes to apply
too much lime to his land because it burns out the land and causes the
soil germs to grow too rapidly and consume too much of the nitrogen
and is therefor not desirable. . Any good user of lime will follow it
with green manure and cover crops, promptly. Apply lime to the same

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. 189

land on which cover crops are grown. It is associated with the use of
green manures and cover crops.

Question. Will you please explain regarding the shell lime and rock
lime advertised.

Prof. Waite: It is lime that is not fit to sell any other way. I under-
stand that is in a ground form. Shell lime is a good lime. On certain
light sandy loams, they find that the ground lime stone or air slacked
lime is better than caustic lime. Ordinarily the caustic lime on sour
swamp and humus land would be better. Don’t get deceived. When you
take a pound of dry stone lime and allow it to slake with a little moist-
ure, you have two pounds of slaked lime, because it has absorbed the
water and carbonate of lime, so when you buy this kind you are paying
for water as well as lime.

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ANNUAL REPORTS

LOCAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES.

Duchess apple trees on farm of O. E. Gustoff, near Northport. Beans and other hoed crops
are grown between the rows until the trees require the whole ground.

State Dairy and Food Commissioner G. M. Dame inspecting his Flemish Beauty
pear crop in August, 1910, Northport, Mich.

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*VABLY JO 1BpAuGg 2» AajMeLY JO PAvyd1o ‘AyuNOd NeuL[2a7T ‘VUuIWCO ay) Je ysarrey addy

BERRIEN COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

(Auxiliary to the State Society.)

Ralph Ballard,

J. M. Cunningham, -

Charles A. Pratt, — =
George Friday, = =
BK. L. Hall |

L. W. Ruth a
Miss E. MclIsaac

_ _ - -- President,
- ~ -- Vice-President.
= = = = Secretary.
= - - Treasurer.

= — — -- Directors.

MEMBERS FOR 1911.

H. H. Hogue, Sodus, R. 1.

Mrs. H. H. Hogue, ane I veal
E. McIsaac, Benton Harbor, ihe Gb
I. McIsaac, Benton Harbor, R. 4.
L. W. Ruth, Benton Harbor,

G.S. Drake, Benton Harbor, box 1201.

Ralph Ballard, Niles, R. 4.

Henry Pump, Benton Harbor, R. 6.
John Meas, Benton Harbor, tly

I. Barber, Benton Harbor, R. 4.
WALD: Rose, Benton Harbor, R. 4
F. J. Ewald, Benton Harbor, R. 1.
Roy Clark, St. Joseph.

H. A. E. Hessclroth, Benton Harbor, R. 2.

Jacob Friday, Coloma.

W. M. Wissing, St. Joseph, R. 1.
Henry Seel, St. Joseph.

Geo. Friday, Coloma.

I, A. O’Leary, Coloma, R. 3.

C. L. Kelley, Benton Harbor, R. 1.
R. A. Stanton, St. Joseph, R. 1.
N. B. Rector, Sodus.

Irven Spencer, Benton Harbor.
W.G. Newland, Benton Harbor.

Arthur Dickinson, Benton Harbor, R. 4

Cyrus L. Weaver, Niles, R. 6.

~C. A. Pratt, Benton Harbor, R. 4
Geo. Fritz, St. Joseph.

J. M. Cunningham, Benton Harbor.
Sam Hall, Benton Harbor.

T. C. Prillwitz, Sodus.

W. J. Pope, Benton Harbor, R. 1.
Albert Russell, Benton Harbor, Re 1.
CaH: Kendall, Eau Claire, R. 3.

Lyod Carmichal, Benton Harbor, Ryle

Horace Tabor, Eau Claire.
Geo. W. Loomer, Benton Harbor, R.

the

R. O. Woodruff, Benton Harbor, R. 4,

J.T. Beckwith, Benton Harbor.
D, M. Well, Benton Harbor, R, 3,

25

Jacob Antis, Benton Harbor, R. 3.

S. L. Reed, Benton Harbor, R. 4

F. T. Miller, Coloma, R. 2.

A. B. Bishop, Coloma, R. 2.

¥. A. Hobbs, Benton Harbor.

E. 8. Pulsipher, Benton Harbor, R. 1.
W. J. English, 519 N. Linden St., Marshall.
C. P. Gooddell, St. Joseph.

A. L. Dickinson, Benton Harbor, R. 4.
J. G. Wright, Benton Harbor, R. 4.
J. A. Stump, Sodus.

H. E. Brant, Coloma.

L. T. Sutherland, Benton Harbor, R. 6,
N. B. Mosher, Berrien Center, R. 1
Alford Batzback, Watervliet, R. 2

C. E. Hilton, Benton Harbor.

C. H. Hilton, Benton Harbor.

Geo. 8. Port, Coloma.

Aug. Schneider, Benton Harbor, R. 1.
Chas. Cock, Coloma, R. 3.

5S. McCord, Benton Harbor.

Frank Tillstrom, Sodus.

Ben Abels, Coloma, R. 3.

KE. H. Peters, Benton Harbor, R. 3
Frank Ortlepp, Coloma, R. 3.

W. W. Knapp, Watervliet, R. 4.

Geo. E. Pullen, Benton Harbor.

Juan Hess, Benton Harbor, R. 5,
Henry Pollard, Coloma, R. 3.

J. T. Johnson, Watervliet, R. 4.

John Slenker, Coloma, R. 2.

Chas. Hennesey, Watervliet, R, 4,

L. J. Deming, Riverside.

Fred Bishop, Hartford, R. 1.

C. C. Kniebes, Watervliet, R. 4.

R. E. Vernnon, Benton Harbor, R. 5,
H. W. Biastock, Sodus.

Geo. P. Pullen, Berrien Springs.

John O, Brien, Benton Harbor, R. 5,
J, P. Versaw, Sodus,

194 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

BERRIEN COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

MEMBERS For 1911.—Concluded.

William Murphy, Sodus. Wm. Hicks, Benton Harbor, R. 2.
Joseph Richard, Benton Harbor, R. 1. B. J. Earnan, Benton Harbor.

C. H. Mitchel, Benton Harbor, R. 6. Chas. Tibbites, Benton Harbor, 156 Ed-
R. J. Lass, Benton Harbor, wards Ave,

J. W. Reed, Jr., Benton Harbor, R. 4. B. Bartram, Benton Harbor, R, 4.

L. T. Burridge, Benton Harbor. A. K. Thompson, Niles.

J. H. Chamberlain, Benton Harbor, R. 3. C. T. Jones, Benton Harbor, R. 6.

J. E. Remer, Benton Harbor, R. 3. W. J. Davis, Benton Harbor, 193 Ohio St
B. F. Gersonde, Benton Harbor, R. 1. D. L. Ringle, Benton Harbor, R. 4.

F. W. Dunnbar, Benton Harbor, R. 4. C. A. Leland, Benton Harbor, R. 4.
Chester Seel, Benton Harbor, R. 1. George Friday, Coloma.

F. H. Ulbright, Benton Harbor, R. 1. Carl Tabor, Sodus.

Exilda Camfield, Benton Harbor, R. 4. Jacob C. Weber, Watervliet.

J. F. Carter, Benton Harbor. A. F. Sheldon, Riverside.

C. E. Shafer, Benton Harbor, 141 Lake Ave. M. Thar, Riverside.

T. Hagaman, Benton Harbor, R. 1. N. E. Wadsworth, St. Joseph, R. 1.
Chas. Gage, Benton Harbor, R. 4. F. McKee, Benton Harbor, R. 3.

M. Hoffman, St. Joseph, R. 2. L. Camfield, Benton Harbor, R. 4.

PROCEEDINGS FOR 1910.

This society was organized in 1902. The annual meeting was held in Library Hall,
Benton Harbor, November 23, 1909. December 10, 1909, W. M. Scott, of Washington,
D. C., addressed the members on the spraying of peaches and apples with the different
sulphur sprays.

January 26, 1910, M. H. Pugsley, of Paw Paw, gave the members a very interesting
talk on the methods of growing grapes. °

February 10, 1910, S. B. Hartman addressed the members in the forenoon on small
fruits, McFarland of Chicago, gave a short talk on the packing of fruit from the com-
mission merchants’ view. Paul Rose followed with a short talk on fruit growing in north-
ern Michigan.

March 3, 1910, occurred our annual spray meeting “TLime-sulphur’”’ was given by
R. A. Smythe; “Spraying the apple” by Frank Howard.

June 1, 1910, was the final meeting and the condition of the fruit crop was summed up.

SAUGATUCK AND GANGES POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
(Auxiliary to State Society.)

OFFICERS.
Edward Hutchins, Fennville, R. F. D. 1, - - - - President.
Charles B. Welch, Fennville, R. F. D.2, — - - - Secretary.
Horace G. Welch, Fennville, R. F. D. 2, — - - - Treasurer.
Charles E. Bassett
H. H. Goodrich - - - - - — Vice-Presidents.
E. H. House J

MEMBERS.

Wiley, D. W., Douglas. Weed, P. P., Fennville, R. 2.
Dunn, Wm. H., Ganges. House, E. H., East Saugatuck, R. 1.
Atwater, E. H., Ganges. Wark, Edward, Fennville, R. 2.
Davis, Chas., Fennville, R. Eubank, O. V., Fennville, R. 1.
Plummer, Wm. H., Fennville. Cleffy, James, Fennville, R. 1.
Goodrich, H. H., Ganges. Birkholz, Chas., Fennville, R. 2.

Gooding, T. L., Fennville, R. 1. Hayes, John R., Fennville, R. 2.

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. 195

Gaze, Geo. C., Fennville, R. 3. Heinze, Emil, Fennville, R. 2.
Leland, E, P., Fennville, R. 1. Miller, Jesse L., Bravo, R. 2.
Rickert, W. C., Douglas. Roblyer, Chas., Bravo, R. 2.
Taylor, Grace L., Fennville, R. 2. Stevens, A. H., Bravo, R. 2.
Fabun, J. C., Bravo, R. 2. Schrimger, David, Bravo, R. 2.
Paquin, N., Bravo, R. 2. Symons, Chas., Bravo, R, 2.
Tourtellotte, D. D., Glenn. Dorning, J. F., Bravo, R. 2.
Wedge, J. D., Allegan, R. 4. Dailey, Chran, Bravo, R. 2.

Broe, P. H., Fennville, R. 3. Repp, Lewis, Bravo, R. 2.
Herbert, Fred, Douglas. Wells, Henry, Bravo, R. 2.
Tillinghast, Clark, Douglas. Wright, Perry, Bravo, R. 2.
LaDick, Wm., Fennville, R. 1. Wark, Will, South Haven, R. 6.
Funk, J. M., Bravo, R. 2. Clapp, Geo., Glenn.

Chapman, J. G., Fennville, R. 1. Berry, John, Glenn.

Roblyer, Hiram, East Saugatuck, R. 1. Williamson, C. P., Bravo, R. 2.
Hayes, Frank, Saugatuck. Hamlin, W. M., South Haven, R. 2.
Thompson, A., Saugatuck. Wolfgang, L. C., Bravo, R. 2.
Kenter, Vern, Fennville, R. 1. Wadsworth, Jas., Fennville.
Kingsbury, E. E., Fennville, R. 1. Stillson, W. B., Fennville, R. 1.
Rouse, W. E., Fennville, R. 1. Howland, David, Fennville, R. 2.
Kerr, Wm., Douglas. Hoover, A., Fennville, R. 1.
Plummer, F. W., Fennville, R. 1, Munger, R. C., South Haven, R. 2.
Kitchen, M. W., Fennville, R. 1. Weed, Mrs. Will, Fennville, R. 2.
Weightman, C. B., Fennville, R. 1. James, Harvey, Bravo, R. 2.
Cawthorp, F. S., Bravo, R. 2. Plummer, L. E., Fennville, R. 1.
Clausen, H., Douglas. Hilbert, Henry, South Haven, R. 2.
Dreher, Adolph, Fennville, R. 2. Smith, C. S., South Haven, R. 2.
Turrell, W. J., Fennville. Fabun, J. C., Bravo, R. 2.

Kibby, W. J., Fennville, R. 2. Conrad, 8. L., Bravo, R. 2.

Knox, A. R., Fennville, R. 1. Dean, G. D., Fennville, R. 1.
Kingsbury, A. O., Fennville, R. 3. Armstrong, W. H., South Haven, R. 2.

Hirner, John, Fennville, R. 2.
REVIEW OF PAST MEETINGS.

The following resume of the annual address of Hon. D. W. Wiley, President of the
Saugatuck and Ganges Pomological Society, delivered January 5, 1895, presents some
interesting and valuable facts relating to the early history and work of the Society, to-
gether with something of the local conditions of the fruit industry in its early years.

“‘This Society was first organized September 30, 1871, under an act of the State Legis-
lature for the incorporation of societies for the promotion of Pomology, Horticulture and
kindred sciences and arts. It was known for a number of years as the Lake Shore Agri-
cultural and Pomological Society, and continued to do business under this name until
poe time in 1877, when it was changed to that of the Saugatuck and Ganges Pomological
Society.

“Commencing the fall of 1872 the first fair ever held in western Allegan was arranged
for and held in the village of Douglas under the management of the Society.” After
holding these fairs for three years they were discontinued on account of the lack of suit-
able buildings and grounds and other facilities which the Society with its limited means
was unable to provide.

“At the time the Society came into existence fruit growing here in western Allegan
county was but imperfectly understood and in an undeveloped condition. The orchards
of those days were small and largely composed of apples, peaches having received but
little attention. About this time, however, there were a few quite extensive orchards
being planted to peaches. These orchards proved so successful that from that time to
the present the peach has been planted more largely than all the other fruits combined;
and judging from present indications large additions to the already extensive orchards
devoted to this fruit will be made the present season. At the time referred to above the
entire peach crop of this section would not have furnished a full load for one of our steam-
boats. But then, as now, there were those among us who believed the business to be
overdone. From this small beginning this industry has kept on increasing until instead
of a few hundred bushels we are producing and sending to market annually from three
to five million baskets, requiring some four hundred cars and not less than a dozen steam-
boats to transport them to market. Notwithstanding this wonderful increase that has
been going on in the production the demand for fine fruit, well grown and carefully and
honestly put up, has been equal to the supply, and should encourage our peach growers
to put forth greater efforts in meeting this demand. In the development of this vast

196 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

fruit industry this Society has performed an important part and is justly entitled to great
credit for the work done.”

The peach industry continued to increase and the area planted to peach orchards ex-
pand until October 11, 1906, when an unprecedented freeze swept over lower Michigan,
wiping out perhaps ninety per cent of the peach orchards of western Michigan. Prior
to that time, however, the production of apples had engaged the attention of growers,
and old orchards were cared for and renovated, and new orchards planted to this fruit.
Some idea of the extent to which this industry has reached may be gained from the follow-
ing extracts made from the annual report of President Edward Hutchins before the Society
December 18, 1909:

“The fact that the work of this Society has not been without effect is attested by the
fruit shipments of the past season. It is probable that during the season just closed more
fruit and doubtless better fruit, judged by the standard of quality, has been shipped from
western Allegan county than the whole state of Colorado can boast of, notwithstanding
the wide advertising that is being given to that district as a promising fruit-producing
section. While something is due to natural and especially favorable conditions, yet it is
no doubt true that still more is attributable to the intelligence and enterprise of our citi-
zens. * * * It must be remembered that natural conditions alone never
achieved very much of value, humanly speaking. There is a large proportion of Michigan
that is capable of producing just as fine apples as we are accustomed to ship, but not many
places in the state are shipping good apples in quantities.

“The amount of fruit sold in this section the past season is, indeed, enough to gratify
the ambitions of the man of unlimited pride. An early estimate of the value of the apple
crop alone was placed at a quarter of a million dollars, and the size of the crop as it was
finally harvested was far in excess of early estimates, and at that the crop was recognized
as a very short one, less than half a crop. Add to this the large quantity of peaches,
pears, plums, grapes and small fruits and the approximate must run well up to the half
million mark. Surely no line of agricultural pursuit can approach within 25 per cent of
this amount on an equal extent of land. I have asked the agents at all of the shipping
stations in the vicinity for figures showing the total shipments, but this data does not
seem to be compiled by any of them as yet, for I have only received one guess from one
station.”

Speaking on the marketing question in the same report Mr. Hutchins says:

“The great difficulty and weakness of the grower is that he does not know the value of
his products. The market is subject to fluctuations and on a falling market he may re-
fuse a good offer, thinking that on the basis of former prices it is too low, while, on the
other hand, he may accept altogether too low a figure when prices are advancing, as it is
not the buyer’s business to keep him informed when prices rise. One of the best invest-
ments the growers could make would be to employ a good man simply to keep them in-
formed regarding market prices and conditions. In default of such a man many would
reap large profits by spending more time in posting themselves.”

At a meeting held at Grange Hall, January 29, 1910, the Society discussed the subjects
of the home-made diluted, the home-made concentrated and the commercial lime-sulphur
preparations for spraying. Mr. T. L. Gooding, speaking on thefsubject of the home-made
diluted said three years ago he first commenced the use of the lime and sulphur wash.
At that time we thought the San Jose scale was going to put us out of business. About
30 per cent of, his trees had‘seale on—not enough to injure the fruit, but?enough"to show
that we had plenty of scale. Had one tree that was completely covered with the scale
and by the use of the lime and sulphur the scale was completely destroyed. Since using
the lime and sulphur we have found no scale until this fall we found a few, enough to show
that we still have them with us. It seems as though we had an expensive plant (an eight-
horse boiler with two elevated tanks for cooking), as others have had good results from
cooking in kettles, but we feel ours has more than paid its cost and cooking by steam is
very convenient and the preparation easily made and handled. Would not say that the
scale is a blessing in disguise but thinks it has been a benefit to the careful grower.

C. B. Welch had made home-made concentrated lime-sulphur that analysis showed to
be fully as strong as the commercial article on the market last year. It can be easily
prepared with either steam or in a kettle by observing a few requirements and being
thorough in doing the work. It can be made before the spraying season comes on and
effect a big saving both in time and expense. Mr. Welch uses 125 lbs. sulphur, 60 lbs.
lime to 50 gallons of water.

In speaking upon the use of the commercial article, C. E. Bassett, said he was not there
to advocate the use of this spray. We used it last year and will use it again this year,

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. 197

When the scale was first discovered in our orchards we were advised to put up cooking
plants, possibly too large, but I think it paid. One year we depended on getting ours
cooked at a neighboring plant with the result that some days we could not get more than
two loads a day and at a time when the weather was right to put it on. We lost money
waiting for it. The advantage of the commercial article is that it is ready for use at any
time by adding water. Speaking further on the different brands of sulphur. Mr, Bassett
described how sulphur is prepared and said that powdered commercial sulphur 994 per
cent pure, if finely ground, is practically as good as any and costs much less.

A joint meeting of the Saugatuck and Ganges Pomological Society with the Casco and
South Haven society was held at Leisure, February 8, 1910. One of the addresses was
given by Joseph Kelly of South Haven on the care and marketing of apples. Mr. Kelly
has practiced thinning apples and advised it. He uses shears to cut off the fruit. Said
the thinning of apples is not such a stupendous job as one would think, as the work can
be done quite rapidly after a little practice. He would thin torfive or six inches apart,
cutting off the poorer fruits. Mr. Kelly said that thinning protects the trees from severe
storms and encourages annual bearing. Nor is the job so very expensive as much of the
cost is saved in picking and packing the apples, besides getting nearly all No. 1 fruit.
He favors scraping the trunks of the trees with a steel brush rather than with a hoe or
other edged tool, also advises moderate annual pruning. He advocates absolutely straight
packing and putting the grower’s name on both firsts and seconds. In gathering the
fruit only bullets should be picked in bags, and careless picking may injure the succeeding
crop by breaking off the fruit spurs. Michigan apples require no decorating in order to
sell them when they are grown, picked and packed as they should be. _Fennville alone is
being more advertised than the famous Washington district because buyers find up-to-
date growers here with good orchards and they tell others that Fennville has good orchards
We have the best apple state in the union and we should make the most of it.

A largely attended meeting and one of unusual interest was held in Fennville March 5,
1910, the matters treated being spraying appliances and machinery. In opening the
meeting President Edward Hutchins said the interest in this as well as other meetings
shows that there is a horticultural awakening among the fruit growers of this, as well as
other places in‘ Michigan, and it is a source of much gratification to see the interest that is
manifested. Never was the outlook for the fruit grower better and never was there a time
when co-operation in gaining knowledge of methods of growing good fruit, purchasing
supplies and marketing is more necessary. The Society now has the largest paid-up mem-
bership that it has had in several years.

C. EK. Bassett had obtained a large collection of spray nozzles which he displayed and
gave a brief description of each. The Vermoreal is an old nozzle and has been in use for
years. The Bordeaux and the Seneca are practically the same, but made by different
manufacturers. The Cyclone, Lenox and graduated Vermorel are of one style. Of late
we have had introduced a different type of nozzle with steel dises of different capacities
which can be changed for different kinds of materials, and which can be replaced at a
cost of only 60 cents per dozen, thus adding materially to the life of the nozzle. Another
style was one with an angle neck, with which a person can spray at different angles by
turning the spray rod. There are also crooks that may be used with the straight nozzles
and working thus in a similar manner. Still another type of nozzle is the Mistry, which
produces a fine spray.

A number present were using the Friend and liked it very much. The Calla and Bor-
deaux are in use in the large apple trees where a nozzle is required which carries the spray
to a considerable distance.

Speaking on the subject of pumps Edward Hutchins said it is important to get one the
proper size. A mistake was made in the earlier pumps in getting those that were too large
and pumping too much liquid through the relief valve, thus causing unnecessary wear
and trouble with that device. For a power pump a double pump with a 23 inch cylinder
and a four-inch stroke is about right for two men. Another important matter is to get a
pump in which the wearing parts are easily accessible. There is considerable wear to the
plunger packing and cylinder, especially where Bordeaux or other sprays with much lime
are used, and these parts require frequent renewing. Get a pump in which these can be
readily got at.

Geo. W. Griffin gave a very interesting talk on engines. The question of power, he
said, depends on the use that is to be made of the engine. Many want one both for spray-

198 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ing and other purposes, such as cutting fodder, sawing wood, pumping water, grinding
feed, etc. I have a horse and a half gasoline engine that I have used for these purposes
for the last two or three years which has given good satisfaction. The greatest troub!e
with it is there is too much iron in it. It weighs 300 pounds and could as well be made
lighter. A new type of engine is now being made and a 3-horse engine can now be had
which only weighs 160 pounds—such as are in use on twine binders,

Mr. Hamilton said that for hilly ground he has a wagon with axles 18 inches longer than
usual which makes it much safer where using a derrick.

The Society met at the U. S. Government Entomological Laboratory August 10, 1910
and after viewing the work in progress there adjourned to meet in village hall. Much
beta was taken in the work being done by Messrs. Braucher and Hammar who were in
charge. ;

At the adjourned meeting Mr. Hammar extended a cordial invitation to all who were
interested to visit what is known as the ‘“‘bug house”. He expressed his pleasure because
of the appointment of the meeting at the laboratory as it gave those in charge an op-
portunity to become a¢équainted with the people. He said their work is to find out if
possible the troubles of the fruit growers and to find a remedy if possible.

Prof. W. A. Taylor, Assistant Pomologist of the Department of Agriculture at Washing-
ton was present and expressed his pleasure at being able to attend the meeting. He said’
he could well remember when quite small attending a meeting of this Society at the little
old brown school house on the town line and other meetings of the organization, and
thought that the suecess in fruit growing in this section is largely due to the work of the
Saugatuck and Ganges Pomological Society. He said: ‘Since coming to this vicinity I
have seen the rise and decline of a great peach industry. Some of the decline is due to
natural causes and climatie conditions and possibly some of it to our lack of knowledge
in selecting varieties, care of the trees and fertilizing of the land. One thing that is neces-
sary now is the fertilizing of the soil, the proper feeding of the trees. To successfully
grow fruit we need good and early cultivation, just as early in the season as the land will
permit, and clear through the season until a cover crop is sown. I have thought we have
sometimes given too much credit to spraying and not enough to fertilizing. I have known
orchards in some sections to be kept up with commercial fertilizers and cover crops. I
have a preference for farm manure, especially in light soils. In the matter of spraying,
this should be done at the right time. Four or five days difference sometimes makes a
great difference in the profitableness of the orchard.

From an extended observation over a large number of fruit sections I am sure this sec-
tion possesses many more advantages and less disadvantages than any other that I have
known. I very much doubt if any other section has sent out as large a proportion as
western Allegan county. With the exception of possibly one place Fennville shipped the
largest amount of good fruit last year of any place east of the Rocky Mountains.

In speaking of varieties, Prof. Taylor said this is largely an experimental work. Of
those that have been in bearing several years, among apples Red June this year is of good
size. Some years it has been sold as a crab apple. The Jefferson, just ripening, is larger
than the Red June. For fall varieties the Garfield promises to be a good market apple.
The McMahon promises to be of commercial value here. It follows the Dutchess about
as Wealthy does. One question in the minds of fruit growers is the relative value of the
summer and winter varieties. It seems to me that we cannot afford to be without either,
and we want both the early and late flowering varieties as we are more sure in this way of
getting some apples every season. ‘The question of apple growing being overdone was of
more interest twenty-five years ago than now. It seems to me that at no time has the
outlook been brighter for the West Michigan fruit growers than now.

Prof, A. G. Hammer spoke on the insect pests of the fruit grower. He exhibited a
number of different kinds of these, some of which he said were pedigree bugs. Among
the exhibits was the codling moth in its four stages of egg, larva, pupa and moth. In
speaking of the latter insect he said the worm leaves the fruit in the fall and seeks a hiding
place where it passes the winter in the pupal state. In the spring, about the time the
trees are ready to blossom, the moth appears and after feeding a while lays its eggs. ‘The
ege hatches within a week or two and the worms are on hand about the time the trees are
in blossom. It takes a very short time, less than a day, for the worms to enter the fruit.
The young apple has a very fuzzy covering and the worms enter the calyx. The time in
which we can reach the coddling moth with a poison so as to do effective work is very
short.

Continuing, Prof. Hammar, spoke of the habits and work of the curculio. The study
of this insect is his special work at present. He finds it is doing much greater damage
than most of us have thought, Much of the damage, especially of the peach, that has been
attributed to the cold weather is done by the cureulio. From some trees which he has

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. 199

been observing during the summer he found that a good crop of peaches had set, but 75
per cent of the crop had fallen on account of the work of the curculio. Encouraging
results have been had by spraying the peach with arsenate of lead just as the shuck falls,
and again later if necessary. Another remedy is in thorough cultivation of the orchards
up into August. The worm goes into the ground to pass the pupal stage and a very little
disturbance at this time kills it. Prof. Hammar found by experiment where 100 worms
were placed in confinement and allowed to enter the ground that 75 per cent of them were
killed by stirring the soil with a lead pencil. In their natural habits they remain so near
the surface that they are killed by the ordinary harrow. Undoubtedly the curculio is
doing much greater damage than we have thought by puncturing the very young fruit
causing it to drop, and later by providing entrance for the spores of the rot fungus and so
easing decay. Much of what is known as the June drop_may be caused by the_cur-
culio.

INTERMEDIATE VALLEY FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION, INCORPORATED
1909.

(Auxiliary to State Society.)

OFFICERS FOR 1911.

Robert E. Morrow, Central Lake, - - - - - President.
Charles 8. Guile, Bellaire, = = = = = Secretary.
William J. Dewey, Bellaire, — - — = = = Treasurer,
Charles F, Pinnell, Bellaire |

Merritt Hodge, Torch Lake |

F. H. Clarke, Central Lake |

A. E. Sage, Central Lake |

I. G. Fisher, Bellaire |

Elias Burns, Central Lake }

Mrs. A. E. Sage, Central Lake )

Mrs. C. 8. Guile, Bellaire , - - — Program Committee.
Mrs. M. A. Garwood, Central Lake }

= = = _ Executive Committee.

LIST OF MEMBERS JANUARY 1, 1911.

Abbott, R. E., Bellaire. Dewey, Wm. J., Bellaire.
Adams, John, Bellaire. .Dickerson, F. B., Detroit.
Adamson, Henry, Bellaire. Dye, Charles, Central Lake.
Amerson, H. 8., Elk Rapids. Ferguson, Rev. A. T., Traverse City.
Anway, Silas, Central Lake. Ferree, Joe, Bellaire.

Bacon, J. E., Bellaire. Fisher, Isaac, Bellaire.

Bailey, C. L., Mancelona. Flewelling, Simon, Bellaire.
Ball, C. W., Bellaire. Flye, Fred D., Bellaire.

Baker, H. G., Alden. Frank, A. E., Bellaire.

Barber, Almer, Central Lake. Garwood, Mrs. M. A., Central Lake.
Bechtold, F. W., Bellaire. Gizell, Frank, Bellaire.

Bowers, William, Central Lake. Gordon, Lester C., Bellaire.
Bodle, A. T., Bellaire. Gray, E. J., Bellaire.

Burns, Elias, Central Lake. Green, O. E., Bellaire.

Bush, Leonard, Bellaire. Guile, Chas. S., Bellaire.
Cabanis, Geo., Bellaire. Guyer, Theodore, Central Lake.
Cameron, John, Central Lake. Guyer, Thomas, Central Lake.
Chapin, T. N., Bellaire. Harris, E. R., Ellsworth.
Clarke, F. H., Central Lake. Hill, Jerome, Bellaire.
Cleveland, C. L., Bellaire. Hodge, Merritt, Torch Lake.
Covert, Chas. W., Central Lake. Hollenbeck, E. J., Elk Rapids.
Dawson, Sidney, Central Lake. Hemstreet, Frank H., Bellaire.
Dearborn, Charles, Bellaire. Kauffman, Dan, Bellaire.
Densmore, C. E., Bellaire. Kauffman, 8. D., Bellaire.
Derenzy, John, Bellaire. Lammiman, Charles, Bellaire.

Deevy, James, Bellaire. La Count, R. A., Central Lake.

200 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Leavitt, Roswell, Bellaire.
Maltby, E. H., Bellaire.

May, C. E., Bellaire.

Morrow, R. E., Central Lake.
Morrow, G. M., Central Lake.
Montgomery, G. W., Bellaire.
Mosher, Rev. W. P., Bellaire.
Mudge, Grant, Central Lake.
Mudge, Phillip, Central Lake.
Nixon, W. J., Bellaire. ;
Pinnell, Chas., Bellaire.

Sage, O. N., Central Lake.
Scott, C. W., Rapid City.
Severance, F. M., East Jordan.
Slocum, Ralph, Bellaire.
Sowinske, Peter, Bellaire.
Underhill, C. L., Bellaire.
Vaughan, John, Central Lake.
Van Liew, L. G., Bellaire.
Weiffenbach, Chas., Bellaire.
Williams, Peter, Central Lake.
Wilson, G. H., Bellaire.

Wooton, A. B., Bellaire.

Wright, Fred S., Bellaire.

Young, Rev. Thomas, Central Lake.
George Turner, Central Lake.

N. H. Disbrow, Bellaire.

E. D. Muckey, Bellaire.

Potter, E. J., Bellaire.
Putt, C. W., Bellaire.
Richards, H. L., Bellaire.
Richards, W. H., Bellaire.
Rogers, D. L., Bellaire.
Sage, A. E., Central Lake.

The association holds monthly meetings, during the summer months at the homes of
its members; during the winter season in the villages, in the territory covered by the
association. Printed programs are issued at the beginning of the year containing a list
of topies to be discussed and designating the member to take charge at each meeting.

The work of the association has been mainly along the lines of better methods in spray-
ing, pruning, cultivation and care of the orchard. It has conducted a number of field
demonstrations along these lines and has been fortunate in having the assistance and ad-
vice of Professors Taft, White.and Hallagen of the Agricultural College, President Farrand
and Secretary Bassett of the State Society and a number of other practical and successful
fruit growers at its meetings.

Taking its name from the beautiful valley encompassing the Intermediate chain of
inland lakes the association has an ample field for its labors in the years to come. Antrim
county was originally covered with a dense growth of the finest of hardwood timber, the
bulk of it having been but recently lumbered. But a little over 33 per cent of its valuable
agricultural and fruit lands are under cultivation.

Apples and cherries are our leaders in the line of fruit production but berries of all kinds
wild and cultivated, grow in profusion. We have a number of successful and profitable
peach orchards and the acreage set to peaches is each year being extended.

The soil of the county is mainly a gravelly loam, containing the elements necessary
for producing healthy and early bearing trees. Protected by Lake Michigan on the west
and having upwards of seventy miles of inland lakes we rarely have zero weather until
late in January or in February when our lakes freeze over and the ice and snow hold vege-
tation back until danger from frost is over. Our spring seasons are practically two weeks
later than in southern Michigan and our season of killing frosts is correspondingly ex-
tended in the fall. Injury to fruit from spring frosts almost never occurs in the western
part of the county.

- Thus far the serious diseases so troublesome to orchards further south have not affected

us in this county and the association is now looking after the appointment of efficient
commissioners in each township to prevent their introduction. The county is already a
heavy shipper of apples and approximately 150,000 fruit trees were set in the territory
tributary to the valley above mentioned during the past year.

Meetings of the association are held on the last Friday in each month and it is working
to accomplish the purposes for which it was formed, namely ‘The promotion of the in-
terests of horticulture and fruit growing in the county of Antrim and State of Michigan,
by encouraging the raising of fruits and horticultural products and the development and
extension of a market therefor.”

CHAS. S. GUILE,

Secretary.

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. 201

NORTHPORT FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION.
(Auxiliary to State Society.)
Preliminary meetings were held in Northport Town Hall, on August 16, 1909, August
28, 1909, and October 2, 1909. On November 20, 1909, pursuant to call and after legal

notice for three weeks in Northport Leader, a meeting was held to effect permanent organi-
zation. Following officers were elected:

OFFICERS.

C. A. Nelson, - - _ - — - — President.
R. E. Flood, - - - - - - Vice-President.
A. Bentall, - = - = = - - Secretary.
Robert Budd, = = _ - - ~ Treasurer.
R. Probst, one year

C. A. Baumberger, two years

Antoine Bartlett, three years - - - - - Directors,
Irving Ranger, four years :

Isaae Garthe, five years J

. Organized November 20, 1909. Annual meeting, first Wednesday after first Monday
in January. Incorporated, Act 171, Public Acts 1903. Has at present 80 members,
We buy spraying material co-operatively. Also we buy trees in same manner. Have
purchased in the past year nearly ten thousand trees fer our members. During 1910,
we held six public meetings, bringing in ten speakers from outside. Also a public spray-
ing demonstration in charge of expert. Fruit growing has received a great impetus in
our locality. One man is planting sixteen thousand trees this spring, and many smaller
orchards from five to forty acres will be planted. The old orchards are receiving more
attention than ever before, many spraying outfits are being bought and much more prun-
ing, ete., being done than before. Our outlook for rapidly coming to the front as one of
the best fruit growing districts in Michigan is very good indeed. A list of our membership
is found below.

MEMBERS.

Abbott, Robt., Northport. Garthe, 8. C., Northport.

Bordeaux, A., Northport. Gustaff, O. C., Northport.

Bordeaux, J., Northport. Gill, Wm., Northport, R.

Barnes, L. A., Northport. Gorman, W. P., Omena, R.

Barth, Otto, Northport, R. Hills, R. E., Delaware, Ohio.

Brown, Al., Omena, R. Holton, G. N., Northport, R.

Braman & Son, Northport. Johnson, Alfred, Northport, R.

Bartlett, Antoine, Omena, R. Johnson, Adolph, Northport, R.

Baumberger, C. A., Northport. Jackson, John, Northport, R.

Barnes, Dell, Northport. Kehl, Jas., Northport.

Brown, J. D., Northport, R. Kehl, Ed., Northport.

Bentall, A., Northport. Kehl, C. B., Northport.

Barth, Walter, Northport, R. Keyes, S., Omena.

Bartlett, Wm., Northport, R. Leslie, A. M., 201 Main St., Evanston, Ill.

Bartlett, Oscar, Northport, R. Matthews, J. F., Northport.

Birnbaum, J. W., 11205 Superior St., Cleve-Milliken, A. H., Northport.
land, Ohio. Massa, J. A., Northport.

Bowles, J. H., Cody Hotel, Grand Rapids. McMachen, A., Omena, R.
Brown, W. R., 214 Lake Ave., Grand Rapids.Morgan, N. J., Omena.

Bartlett, Amos, Northport. Nelson, C. A., Northport.
Curran, J. M., 153 La Salle St., Chicago, Ill. Nelson, W. P., Northport.
Dame, G. M., Northport. Nelson, Ener, Northport.
Dame, Isa, Northport. Peck, L. R., Northport.
Dinsmore, E. J., Northport, R. Porter, S. W., Northport.
Flood, R. E., Northport. . Putnam, B. J., Northport, R.
Frederickson, A., Northport, R. Probst, R., Northport, R.
Fonda, W. E., 11203 Superior St., Cleve- Purkiss, Thos., Northport, R.
land, Ohio. Putnam, J. D., Omena, R.
Garthe, Isaac, Northport, R. Peterson, Hans, Northport, R.

Garthe, Esten, Northport, R. Ranger, Irving, Northport, R.

202. STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

NORTHPORT FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION.—Conciupep.

MEMBERS. |
Rogers, L., Northport, R. Scott, D. H., Northport.
Smith, L. C., Allegan. Scott, Henry, Northport, R.

Sanders, D. L., Cody Hotel, Grand Rapids. Schroeder, M., Northport.
Sutherland, J. W., Hollister Blk., Lansing. Scott, Ivan, Northport.

Steele, W. F., Northport. Thomas, Robt., Northport, R.
Steele, W. H., Northport. Thomas, J. J., Northport, R.
Stebbins, C. J., Omena, R. Thomas, Wm. J., Northport.
Swatosh, J., Northport, R. Van Holt, John, Omena, R.
Steele, Geo., Omena, R. Voice, Walter, Northport.
Scott, J. E., Omena, R. Wurzburg, P., Northport.
Scott, Hugh, Northport, R. Warnquist, A., Northport, R.

SOUTHERN WASHTENAW HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Organized to encourage the growing of better fruit and more of it. To disseminate the
knowledge of practical horticulture and the best how to combat pests and diseases.

(Auxiliary to State Society.)

OFFICERS.
W. F. Hawxhurst, — - ~ - - — ~ President.
Je Wi Ell - ~ - - - - Vice-President.
B. P. Davenport — — - - = - - Treasurer.
Delos A. Townsend - ~ = = = = Secretary.
F. C. Wells - - - = = - - Prompter.
A. J. Warren |
B. N. Smith |
A. G. Cobb ~ - - - - — Executive board.
Geo. Theurer, Jr. |
Geo. Haney. J

Through the earnest efforts of W. F. Hawxhurst this Society was organized. Pre-
liminary meetings were held on September 19, October 10, and on November 11, 1910.
Prof. L. R. Taft gave us an address on ‘‘Old orchards and how to save them.”

The constitution as reeommended by the State Society was adopted with the changes
suitable to this locality. The name, Southern Washtenaw Horticultural Society. Meet-
ings to be held on the third Monday of each month. Fees, 50 cents per member. Annual
meeting the last regular meeting in each year.

At an adjourned meeting held on January 16, 1911, the above officers were elected.

MEMBERS.
W. F. Hawxhurst, Saline. John Lutz, Saline.
J. W. Hull, Saline. Albert Graf, Saline.
D. A. Townsend, Saline. Geo. Feldkamp, Saline.
B. P. Davenport, Saline. Leonard Josenhans, Milan.
A. J. Warren, Saline. O. C. Wheeler, Saline.
B. N. Smith, Saline. P. H. Rouse, Saline.
A. G. Cobb, Saline. J. H. Boyden, Saline.
W. L. Walling, Saline. Henry Bredernitz, Saline.
Geo. Theurer, Jr., Saline. W. H. Sweet, Saline.
Spencer Rogers, Saline. D. B. Mattison, Saline.
Geo. Haney, Saline. Dr, C. F. Unterkircher, Saline
F. C. Wells, Saline. R. L. Finch, Saline.
Chas. Dietiker, Saline. W. H. Barr, Saline.
James Hoyt, Saline. C. H. Schroen, Saline. |
Wilbur Cornish, Saline. A. M. Humphrey, Saline.
E. E. Russell, Saline. . Chas. Graf, Saline.
Frank Tower, Saline. A. D. Crittenden, Saline.
Eli L. Rodeget, Saline. Rey. D. C. Littlejohn, Saline,

Fred April, Saline.

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. 203

MONTCALM HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
(Auxiliary to State Society.)

OFFICERS.

E. W. Lincoln - — = ~ - - - President.
Wm. James —- = = — — - - Vice-President.
R.M. Beardslee —- - - - - — Secretary-Treasurer.
Oscar C. Miller :

|
J. C. Thompson; -
F.C. Clark J

NEW MEMBERS.

OLD MEMBERS,

D.S. Seaman, Greenville. Geo. Dean.

H. N. Clement, Greenville. Ray Smith.
John Nelson, Greenville, R. 5. J. Bookey.

O. C: Miller, Greenville. P. J. Lohr.

E. W. Ranney, Greenville. E. W. Lincoln.
F. W. Burnette, Morrice. A. J. Snyder.
C. P. Terry, Greenville. Roy Potter.

John Kingen, Greenville.

R. C. Ecker, Greenville.

E. B. Slawson, Greenville.
G. H. King, Greenville, R. 1.

Wm. James.
Lawrence Siple.
E. 8. Rowley.
F.S. Clark.

Directors,

January 6, 1911, the above named officers and directors were elected for the ensuing
ear.
J Meetings have been held about every two weeks throughout the winter in the Grange
hall at Greenville with a good average attendance of members and visitors. All the
branches of fruit growing have been discussed and studied with the greatest of care under
the able direction of E. W. Lincoln.

Up until last year the orchards in this county with only two or three exceptions were
all practically neglected; systematic spraying being unheard of in most localities. About
twenty-five farmers sprayed their treees last year; the work of the Society has probably
induced as many more to take it up this coming season.

On the evening of March 6, we had a Horticultural Rally at the Grange hall. O. K.
White of the Lansing experiment station was the speaker of the evening. The following
day he gave a field demonstration at the fruit farm of E. W. Lincoln. These meetings
were very successful and much interest was shown in all of the work. Plans are now
being made to have another rally during the summer.

The Society was organized February 16, 1910, with 32 members, which has been in-
creased to 52. Seven meetings have been held during the year, all of which have been
interesting and fairly well attended, especially so the field meeting held March 18, led by
O. K. White of Lansing. During the year spraying chemicals to the value of $246.00
have been ordered through the State Society. This in a county where little spraying
was ever done before. ‘The benefits received have been very marked, in fact, the sprayed
orchards were the only ones that bore fruit.

R. M. BEARDSLEE,

Secretary.

204 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

CUSTER FRUIT GROWERS’ SOCIETY.

(Auxiliary to State Horticultural Society, organized January 15, 1910.)

D. W. Leedy - -
F.

E. Bissett — — ~

Wm. L. Harter — —
D. A. Harter — =
J. Thos. Lair — —

Barrett, Geo. H., Custer, R.
Bissett, F. E., Custer, R. 2.
Franz, Chas., Custer, R. 2.
Filley, Randy, Scottville, R. L.
Griffin, Jno. C., Scottville, R. 1.
Harter, D. A., Scottville, R. 1.
Harter, Wm. L., Custer, R. 2.
Hissong, Edw., Custer, R. 2.
Knowles, Ira E., Custer, R. 2.
Kintner, Ezra, Custer, R. 1.
Leedy, D. W., Scottville, R. 1.
Leedy, Jno., Scottville, R. 1.
Lair, J. Thos., Scottville, R. 1.
La Belle, Henry, Scottville, R.§1.
Landis, Rupert, Custer, R. 2
Larr, Geo., Custer, R. 2.
Lehman, Clinton, Scottville, R. 1.
Metcalf, W. E., Custer.

Miller, F. B., Custer, R. 2.
Mohler, Edwin, Scottville, R. 1.
Pratt, Clarence A., Custer, R. 2.
Reene, E. P., Custer, R. 2.}
Resseguie, Custer, R. 2.

Snavely, Scottville, R. 1.
Southworth, L. T., Custer.
Steeley, Henry, Custer, R. 2.

i

Shirkey, Joseph B., Scottville, R. 2.

Slagle, Wm., Custer, R. 2.
Teeter, Geo. W., Scottville, R. 1.
Wood, Oscar, Scottville, R. 1.

Williams, Baxter, Scottville, R. 2.
Wilson, J. Hulbert, Scottville, R. 1.

OFFICERS,

MEMBERS.

Jacob Landis, Freesoil.
Arthur Smith, Custer.

C. E. Mitchell, Custer.

Mrs. D. W. Leedy, Scottville.
Chas. Mathews, Custer.

Mrs. Ella Mathews, Custer.
Mrs. Dona Leedy, Scottville.
Robert Mohler, Scottville.

J. H. Mathews, Custer.

Mrs. J. H. Mathews, Custer.
Wm. H. Saxton, Custer.
Ed. Blocher, Custer.

Chas. Neff, Scottville
Stewart Sproll, Custer.
Perry Teeter, Custer.

J. W. Fager, Custer.

Mrs. F. B. Miller, Custer.

G. V. Greene, Scottville.

G. B. Fleming, Scottville.
Jas. Chisholm, Custer, R.

President,

Vice-President.

Secretary.
Treasurer.
Prompter.

Mrs. Sarah Mohler, Scottville, R. 1.

Mrs. Wm. L. Harter, Custer, R. 2.

Mrs. Ella Harter, Scottville, R. 1.
Mrs. C. Lehman, Scottville, R. 1.
Mrs. Kate Kouftater, Freesoil.
Isaac M. Steeley, Scottville, R. 1.
John Engle, Custer, R. 2.

Joseph Meyette, Custer, R. 2.

D. O. Flory, Custer, R. 2.

Geo. Chisholm, Custer, R.

Fred Royston, Scottville, R. 1.

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. 205

GRAND RIVER VALLEY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

OFFICERS,
J. Pomeroy Munson - = = - - - President.
Mrs. M. E. Campbell = - = = = - - Vice-President.
George Welsh = = = = - — Secretary-Treasurer.
Chas. W. Wilde
Chas. W. Garfield
Wm. N. Cook - ~ - = = ~ Executive board.
George E. Rowe
John B. Martin

The Grand River Valley Horticultural Society was organized in 1874, and monthly
meetings have been held during the past 36 years, usually at the homes of members. It.
is the purpose of this Society, through its discussions and influence, to create and main-
tain an interest in pursuit of the various branches of horticulture. While commercial
ideas and methods are given attention, the emphasis is placed on the influence that the
love of horticulture can be made to exert upon the home life, the betterment of the city
and the attractiveness of the countryside.

In discussing the work of the Society during 1910, Secretary Griffen said in part: “The
society is closing the 36th year of its activities and who can undertake to measure the
mighty influences for good that have gone forth during these years? While most of the
topics discussed during the past year have been of the practical sort, it is significant that
some of the most satisfying afternoons have been spent in following the speakers along
lines of ‘Good Fellowship,’ ‘Optimism,’ ‘Faith,’ ‘Religion,’ and the other topics which
though vital are not supposed to be bread and butter topics in the pursuit of horticulture.
The finer and higher side of living, rather than mere mechanical work in the garden and
field, has received the emphasis.”

The long life and the unmeasureable usefulness of the Society have been due to the
efforts of a band of nature lovers, many of whom have passed into the gardens beyond
our ken in recent years.

Chas. W. Garfield, who still energizes and vitalizes the Society, and has kept the organ-
ization going during its darkest days, writes of its work as follows:

The Grand River Valley Horticultural Society was organized in the city of Grand Rapids
in 1874 and has from the beginning maintained monthly meetings. It has been a very
useful factor in awakening an interest in those attributes of farm and urban home life
which emanate to the realm of horticulture. :

For some years it was purely a fruit growers’ society, and its meetings were held through
the kindness of Mr. 8. L. Fuller in a room adjoining his bank. Afterward the meetings
convened in the office of the county superintendent of the poor in the county building.

Following this period, through the kind offices of Mr. D. P. Clay, a farmers’ club room
was arranged in this building for the use of the horticultural society and like organizations.
After the new court house was built, a room was assigned to the Farmers’ Club and for
years ene meetings convened in this room, A library was established and a museum
started.

We found that the ladies did not attend the meetings in this apartment although pro-
grams were often arranged with reference to securing their assistance, and as a result of
this experience, the society started the plan of holding its meetings at the homes of the
members of the society. ‘hese members were some of them in the city but the majority
of them were located in the country.

The spring, summer and autumn meetings convened in the country and the winter
meetings were held in the city. From the adoption of this plan, the Society took on new
life, as the attendance has always been satisfactory.

At the organization of the Society, there was but one florist who took any interest in
its deliberations and he was also interested in fruit growing, but regularly presented at
the meetings the products from his greenhouse. This gradually led to the consideration
of a broader range of topics and the Society changed from a fruit growers association into
a horticultural society covering the whole field. The kitchen, garden, the greenhouse,
the landscape about the home, the outside flower garden, all to have their full share in the
programs arranged for the various meetings. Gradually the evolution of the Society
led to the consideration of topics more particularly connected with home life, and for some
years, horticulture in its relation to home life, has been the main thought in the arrange-
ment of the annual schedules of topics. The exhibits at the various meetings have con-
curred in this thought.

206 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

For some years the Society has followed the plan of having each meeting in charge of
some member who takes the topies arranged for the program, assigns them to various in-
dividuals and thus there is given to the Society a homogenious arrangement for discus-

sion.
character, many of them.

This has worked admirably and the papers presented have been of the highest literary

The newspapers, from the very beginning of the Society, have given its deliberations a

great deal of space and attention.

mit.

Usually some reporter from the local papers is present
and the full account of the proceedings is published, as far as newspaper space will

per-

During the last few years, most of the prepared papers have been published in the

“Michigan Tradesman,” and thus have been given wide publicity.

For many years in the early history of the Society, it took charge of considerable ex-
hibits of fruit and flowers at the county and state fairs, making itself useful by thus ad-
vertising the horticultural capabilities and the region which it represents.

It has been especially useful in deciding the movements in Grand Rapids logkiee to-

ward the securing of a more beautiful city.

It has initiated some of the plans which have

been carried out and it has always been a close ally of any organization having in view
cleanliness, and beauty as factors in developing the city.

MEMBERS.
J. Pomeroy, R. 4, Grand Rapids. ¢ Franklin Barnhart, Nelson-Matter Co.,
Mrs. M. E. Campbell, R. 5, Grand Rapids. Grand Rapids.

Almond Griffen, 41 Lyon P1., Grand Rapids.

Chas. W. Wilde, R. 2, Grand Rapids.

Chas. W. Garfield, Grand Rapids Savings
Bank.

Wm. N. Cook, 80 LaGrave St., Grand Rapids.

Geo. E. Rowe, Editor Fruit Belt, Grand
Rapids.

John B. Martin, 98 Monroe St., Grand
Rapids.

Thos. E. Graham, 39 W. Bridge St., Grand
Rapids.

Robt. D. Graham, Commercial Savings
Bank, Grand Rapids.

H. O. Braman, R. 4., Grand Rapids.

O. W. Braman, R. 4, Grand Rapids.

Henry Smith, Monroe and Division Sts.,
Grand Rapids. ,

Wm. Molloy, 158. Pine St., Grand Rapids.

Mrs. F. O. Cutter, 55 Thomas St., Grand
Rapids.

Colin H. Graham, R. 13, Grand Rapids.

J. W. Pennell, 1173 S. Division St., Grand
Rapids.

V. B. Gross, Station 2, Grand Rapids.

J.H. Hall, 291 N. Ottawa St., Grand Rapids.

Chas. Hogue, Dutton.

W. K. Morley, 300 Bates St., Grand Rapids.

J. F. Richardson, R. 2, Hudsonville.

W. Willard, R. 2, Grand Rapids.

G. A, Rumsey, 493 8S. Ionia St., Grand
Rapids.

O. R. L. Crozier, 205 N. Lafayette, St.
Grand Rapids.

H. W. Miller, R. 9., Grand Rapids.

H. E. Moseley, 153 Madison Ave., Grand
Rapids.

S. J. Knapp, R. 4, Grand Rapids.

A. Bos, Hudsonville.

Frank pielbon, Grand Rapids National City
Bank.

John Preston, R. 13, Grand Rapids.

F. P. Wilcox, 67 Wonderly block, Grand
Rapids.

Mrs. R. W. Corson, 209 Madison Ave.,
Grand Rapids.

L. T. Wilmarth, 452 Cherry St., Grand
Rapids.

Mrs. W. H. Banks, 376 Grand Ave., Grand
Rapids.

Mrs. E. D. McBain, 285 Crescent Ave.,
Grand Rapids.

Hon, Edwin F. Sweet, M. C., 279 Fulton St.,
Grand Rapids.

L. A. Paine, 279 Crescent Ave., Grand
Rapids.

Lizzie Coryell, 160 Clinton St., Grand Rapids.

Mrs. W. W. McKean, 333 8. Union St., Grand
Rapids.

Mrs. Julis L. Fletcher, 23 S. College Ave.,
Grand Rapids.

Miss -Luecy Ball, 788 Wealthy Ave., Grand
Rapids. hati

L. F. Jones, Jones Seed Co., Grand Rapids.

W. P. Smith, 491 N. Diamond St., Grand
Rapids.

Chas. Lamphear, R. 4, Grand Rapids.

A.S. White Printing Co., Grand Rapids.

L. J. Rindge, 55 Barclay St., Grand Rapids.

W. L. Cukerski, Fulton St. and Valley Ave.,
Grand Rapids.

J. A. Simes, Sparta.

Thos. Wilde, R. 2, Coopersville.

E. A. Stowe, Michigan Tradesman, Grand
Rapids.

Mrs. John Graham, R. 13, Grand Rapids.

C. N. Remington, Jr., 89 Paris Ave., Grand
Rapids.

C.S. Udell, 354 Crescent Ave., Grand Rapids.

W. K. Munson, R. 4, Grand Rapids.

RELIGION IN LOVE OF NATURE.

Paper read at annual meeting of Grand River Valley Horticultural Society held in

December, 1910.

The subject given to me was ‘Religion in love of Nature.”

I believe that a love of

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. 207

nature not only teaches us religion, but that it is also an answer to that much discussed
question of the present time, “How shall we keep the young folks on the farm?”

There is an old saying to the effect, ““Bachelors’ wives and maidens’ children are always
well trained,” and, being an old maid, of course I believe I know how the children can be
kept on the farm. My solution of the difficulty would be to give them a course of nature
study.

We all know that God reveals himself to us in his great out-of-doors. The more we love
the great open, the nearer we are to him.

Life in the country is usually considered uninteresting and monotonous; while, had the
horticulturist eyes to see, and ears to hear, he would find himself surrounded by wonders
on all sides.

The city child is taken into the country to learn botany, geology, zoology, and numer-
ous other oligies. The country child in the midst of these lessons all the time, seldom learn
them unless he come to town to school.

Now I am not looking at this from a stand point of dollars and cents; but from a desire
to rear a child so that he may be equipped to get all the happiness he can out of this world,
all the contentment he can in his environment, and to be a good man. I believe I could
also show you, if I had the time, that this would be a paying proposition from a monetary
point of view.

What I want you to do is this. When your son, and this applies to your daughter as
well, is old enough to read, buy him a few books. Books are so cheap now, the only thing
I know of that has not advanced with other high prices, that there is no reason why a
child should not have a few books, that are all his own. in which he may stamp his name
and which are his sole property. Start his collection by buying him some simply told
story of the formation of the earth, how it is effected by heat and cold, by wind and water,
what changes have taken place and are continually taking place upon its surface. You
will soon find the river, the hill, the meadow and valley have taken on a new aspect to
him. They begin to mean something. He begins to think as he goes about. The walk
after the cows is no longer a task, it is a pleasure.

Get him a book on trees. What is there in nature that is more interesting? Teach
him, how they are almost human, how they need room and light to grow just as people
do, or they become dwarfed and stunted. Let him read how they eat and sleep and
breathe. ou have but to start a child on a subject like this, and he will find so much in
it, that he will go on of his own accord. There are no idle rambling thoughts in the brain
of the boy who is ever on the alert to identify a strange leaf or a bare brown tree trunk.

Then there are the stories of the plants and flowers. They eat, grow, marry and rear
families in our very midst; yet we give them no heed. Call them to the attention of the
boy and he will do the rest.

And last, but not least, do not let the bird life about him escape unnoted. Teach him
the names of these “great commoners.” Train his ear to know their songs and calls, his
eye to recognize at sight. the architect, from the construction of the little nest.

The boy, whose soul has been awakened to the wonders about him, has learned some-
thing to make him happy. If fortune is kind to him, he has an increased joy in the world;
if she does not favor him, he forgets his disappointments in the attractions dame nature
spreads before him. There is no lodgement for sorrow, grief, hate or revenge in the mind
of the boy who sees what is constantly going on about him in the streams, earth, and
sky; who knows the birds, trees and flowers. This boy has a source of happiness and
contentment within himself that no money can buy.

The boy to whom a love of nature has been taught has faith. He has seen and knows
how all things are planned and, he soon believes that he is a part of this great scheme and
must do his best. He has reverence. He is so impressed by the great growing world
about him, so throbbing with life, that he respects all living things. He has love, and it .
is such a love for the open that there is no charm for him but in the wide fields. Prayer
is in his heart at all times for as the poet says:

“He prayeth best, who loveth best,
Both man and bird and beast.”

A boy equiped with a thorough love of God’s beautiful world has a religion on which
may rest any creed to which he belongs.
See that you teach it to him. A. I, HEFFERAN,

>

208 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
LENAWEE COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,
OFFICERS.
C. M. Cone, - - - - - - President.
Stillman W. Beanett, - - — - - Vice-President.
KE. W. Allis, - = = = a = - Secretary.
Chas. H. Randall, — - ~ = - — Treasurer.
H. C. Bradish, we = = = es = = Librarian.

Chas. Poucher
Dr. J. E. Westgate
H. C. Bradish

Jeanette Nickerson = + x 3

Mrs.
Mrs.
Mrs.
Mrs.
Mrs.

Chas. Randall
i. W. Reeder
Hill

Randall r - =
Ransburg

Executive Committee.

Table Committee.

Meetings held at Horticultural Hall, Court House, Second Wednesday of each month.

Organized February 15, 1851.

MEMBERS.

E. W. Allis, lock box 195, Adrian.
W.H. Barrett, Toledo St., Adrian.
Mrs. W. H. Barrett, Toledo St., Adrian.
H. C. Bradish, 12 Chestnut St., Adrian.

Mrs. H. C. Bradish, 12 Chestnut St., Adrian.

S. W. Bennett, Adrian.

Mrs. S. W. Bennett, Adrian.

Mrs. H. A. Brainard, N. Main St., Adrian.
M. T. Cole, Adrian, R.

C. M. Cone, E. Maple Ave., Adrian.

A. Edwards, Adrian, R.

Mrs. A. Edwards, Adrian, R.

Frank Ehinger, Adrian, R.

Mrs. Harry Fee, 8S. Main St., Adrian.

Mrs. Irving Finch, Broad Street, Adrian.
Miss Carrie Gregory, College Ave., Adrian.
Mrs. Wm. Gurin, N. McKenzie Si Adrian.
Benjamin Gurin, N. McKenzie St., ” Adrian.
H. V. C. Hart, Broad St., Adrian.

Mrs ie ©: Hart, Broad St., Adrian.
Mrs. Adelia Hill, Adrian, R., Treat road.
Mrs. R. A. Hood, McKenzie St., Adrian.
Mrs. C. W. Kimball, S. Main St., Adrian.
James H. Kelley, Tabor St., Adrian.

Mrs. James H. Kelley, Tabor St., Adrian.
D. W. Love, St. Joseph St., Adrian.

Mrs. D. W. Love, St. Joseph St., Adrian.
Mrs. Alice Lowe, Adrian.

G. 8. Mann, Finch St., Adrian.

Miss Helen Nickerson, Adrian, R.
Jeanette Nickerson, Adrian, R.

Mrs. Fanny J. Otis, Adrian.

Mrs. Parkhurst, Adrian, R., Treat road.

Chas. Poucher, Park St., Adrian.

Mrs. Chas. Poucher, Park St., Adrian.
Wm. V. Pierce, Adrian.

Mrs. Wm. V. Pierce, Adrian.

Mrs. Jane Pratt, Adrian.

Chas. H. Randall, Park St., Adrian.
Mrs. Chas. H. Randall, Park St., Adrian.
Mrs. E. W. Reeder, Adrian.

Mrs. Louise Barnum Robbins, Adrian.
F. J. Shannon, Adrian, R. 1.

Mrs. F. J. Shannon, Adrian, R. 1.

Miss Nellie Stowe, Adrian.

Adelbert Ward, Adrian, R. south.

Dr. J. E. Westgate, Adrian, R.

Mrs. J. E. Westgate, Adrian, R.

Mrs. Chas. Willbee, Sr., Adrian.

Chas. Willbee, W. Maumee St., Adrian.
Mrs. Chas. Willbee, W. Maumee St., Adrian.
Mrs. L. L. Wray, College Ave., Adrian.
B. O. Corbitt, Palmyra, R.

Mrs. B. O. Corbitt, Palmyra, R.

Harry Moore, Palmyra, R.

L. 8. Johnson, Sand Creek, R. '
Mrs. L. 8S. Johnson, Sand Creek, R. :
W. G. Porter, Sand Creek, R.

Mrs. W. G. Porter, Sand Creek, R.

Fred Bay, Blissfield.

Cicero Kendrick, Blissfield, R.

Mrs. Cicero Kendrick, Blissfield, Ri:

B. E. Niles, Blissfield, Re

James Lane, Holloway.

Mrs, James Lane, Holloway.

Our Society has had twelve meetings, one each month, during the last year.
I will send you the newspaper reports of two of the meetings of which I happen to have

extra copies.
given our Society firm support.

Two Adrian papers copied each report.

ct the papers have always

Many of the leading ladies give us much assistance by

membership and otherwise, and the Adrian’s Woman’s Club suggested the apple question

for the January meeting, “Michigan apples, versus Western apples,

” and voted to attend

our meeting in a body. The day was stormy, but our rooms were well filled.

E. W. ALLIS,
Secretary.

*AjUNO) AVadeT ‘uo AwdU “[OISAG, “G “G JO Wires yy TX, UO ‘OLS, Ul [auaeq w URY) rou a10q yeYyT 291) adde yusiedsuzry Moya x pjo-1w2k-jYy8rq

é.

+

te

>?

»

A low headed cherry tree on A. M. Willobee fruit farm near Old Mission.
Note the ease of picking the fruit.

Cherry harvest on William Gill Tompkins fruit farm near Old Mission—
one of the greatest cherry sections in the world.

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT.

209

SOUTH HAVEN AND CASCO POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
(Organized 1871.)

OFFICERS,
Joseph L, Kelley, -— - - - - - = President.
Miss Kate B. Merritt, — = - - = - Vice-President.
H. E. Merritt, - - - ~ - -- - Secretary.
R. F. Dean, - - - - - - Treasurer.
F, A. Wilken |
Mrs. Amos Tucker } - - -- - — Executive Committee.
Geo. E. Chatfield J

MEMBERS.

J. J. Atherley, 120 Oak St., S. Haven.
M. H. Bixby, 752 Wilson St., S. Haven.
Geo. C. Burk, 8. Haven.

Geo. E. Chatfield, S. Haven, R. 4.

C. C. Chesebro, S. Haven, R. 3.

A. B. Coith, 829 Phillips St., S. Haven.
Mrs. A. B. Coith, 829 Phillips St., S. Haven.
Edgar Dean, Berlamont.

F, J. Dean, Berlamont.

R. F. Dean, S. Haven, R. 3.

A. W. DeRocher, Berlamont.

Grafton E. Flory, 8. Haven, R. 5.

R. E. Gibson, 8. Haven.

B. G. Green, S. Haven, R. 4.

F, A, Gregory, 8. Haven, R. 2.

Mrs, F. A. Gregory, S. Haven, R. 2.
Miss Florence L. Gregory, 8. Haven, R. 2.
Geo. W. Griffin, S. Haven, R. 2.

Harry Hamilton, Bangor.

A. 8. Henderson, S. Haven, R. 1.

C, A. Herriman, 8S. Haven.

S. F. Hill, 223 Huron St., S. Haven.
D, E. Histed, S. Haven, R. 2.

Jas. Hosking, Sr., S. Haven, R. 1.

- Jas. Hosking, Jr., S. Haven, R. 1.

J.C. Hunt, S. Haven, R. 1.

J. W. Johnson, S. Haven.

J.C. Johnston, 8. Haven.

Wm, Jones, 8. Haven.

E. L. Keasey, S. Haven, R. 1.

Joseph L. Kelley, S. Haven, R. 3.
Harry L. Knapp, 8. Haven.

Geo. Lannin, 8. Haven, R. 6.

Paul Lino, S. Haven.

KE. Lovejoy, S. Haven, R. 5.

Ezra W. McCaslin, Bravo.

W. C. Marshall, S. Haven, R. 2.

H. E. Merritt, S. Haven, R. 2.

Miss Kate B. Merritt, S. Haven, R. 2.

E. A. Merson, 507 Phoenix St., 8. Haven.

C. J. Monroe, S. Haven.

C. O. Monroe, 360 Pearl St., S. Haven.

John M. Mott, 405 Erie St., S. Haven.

Geo. Myhan, 203 Dyckman Ave., 8. Haven.

Miss Ruth Myhan, 203 Dyckman Ave., S.
Haven.

W.C. Nichols, S. Haven.

Jas. Nicol, 8. Haven, R. 2.

F. W. Osborn, S. Haven.

F. J. Overton, S. Haven.

Geo. W. Parish, 8. Haven.

Ray Pennell, 8. Haven.

F. A. Pinney, S. Haven.

Geo. L. Rich, S. Haven.

G. W. Robison, 8. Haven, R. 2.

Frank E. Rood, Covert.

Lew Schwaberow, 8. Haven, R. 4.

E. E. Shaw, Grand Junction.

A. G. Spencer, S. Haven.

A. G. Stout, S. Haven, R. 3.

Burton Sweezy, 8. Haven, R. 2.

Amos Tucker, S. Haven.

Mrs. Amos Tucker, 8. Haven.

F, A. Wilken, 802 St. Joseph St., S. Haven.

Mrs. F. A. Wilken, 802 St. Joseph St., 8.
Haven.

Alfred H. Williams, S. Haven, R. 5.

Arthur Wood, 8S. Haven.

The season of 1909-10 was a prosperous one for the South Haven and Casco Pomologi-
cal Society. Thirteen meetings were held, of which four were in the neighboring towns of
Covert, Leisure, Lacota and Bangor, and three were summer picnics.

The annual dinner was a; popular feature

as usual.

The “outside” meetings,ithough a decided innovation, were considered a substantial

success and will be repeated.

The summer meetings were peculiarly enjoyable in that the dry prose of discussion was
varied with something of the poetry of nature and copious illustrations in color.
The first was held with Vice-President Geo. W. Griffin on the North Shore; the second

with Supt. F, A. Wilken at the Experiment
dent Kelley on the South Side.

Station; the third at the farm home of Presi-

Among the visitors at the second summer meeting were President R. A. Smythe and
Secretary C. KE. Bassett of the State Horticultural Society, Prof. H. J. Eustace, M. A. C.,

and R. H. Sherwood of Watervliet.

A feature of this meeting was a brief talk by L. H. Bailey, the venerable father of Prof.

L. H. Bailey of Cornell.

Having enjoyed an uninterrupted existence of forty years, just in the full vigor of man-

27

210 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

hood, with the strength and maturity that. came only from experience, the South Haven
Society looks forward with confidence to a future of even greater activity, of more definite
usefulness, and of wider influence.

SUTTONS BAY FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION.
(Auxiliary to State Society.)

W. M. Payne, = = = — = = _ Secretary.
MEMBERS.

Philip Egeler, Suttons Bay. Geo. Steffens, Suttons Bay.

W. M. Payne, Suttons Bay. Mat Spininkur, Suttons Bay.

J. O. Dunean, Suttons Bay. L. E. Bahle, Suttons Bay.

Wm. Horn, Suttons Bay. Mrs. Anna Reynolds, Suttons Bay.

Claus Alpus, Suttons Bay. Robt. A. Wyley, Suttons Bay.

Henry Kahis, Jr., Suttons Bay. Herman Alpus, Suttons Bay.

Henry Kahis, Sr., Suttons Bay. Henry W. Smith, Jr., Suttons Bay.

Wm. Van Glahn, Suttons Bay. John Deuster, Suttons Bay.

Rev. J. J. Maatleslad, Suttons Bay. John Bremer, Suttons Bay.

Jos. Crocker, Suttons Bay. John Blacken, Suttons Bay.

John M. Curran, Suttons Bay. E. J. Peck, Suttons Bay.

Claus Van Glahn, Suttons Bay. John Smiseth, Suttons Bay.

Frank Weiler, Sutton Bay. William Zeler, Suttons Bay.

Theo. Esch, Suttons Bay. C. L. Joynt, Omena.

Ole Larson, Suttons Bay. S. A. Keyes, Omena.

Henry Egeler, Suttons Bay. Rev. Herman Hyman, Traverse City.

KALAMAZOO COUNTY FRUIT GROWERS’ SOCIETY.
(Auxiliary to State Society.)

OFFICERS.

E. F. Stoddard, - - - - - — — President.

C, E. Campbell, - ~ - - - - Vice-President.

F. W. Bohnet, - - - - - — Secretary-Treasurer.
MEMBERS.

C. Van Zee, Kalamazoo, R. 10. S. H. Hough, Kalamazoo, R. 3.

Fred Meyers, Alamo, R. M. F. Drake, Kalamazoo, R. 9.

Homer Deal, Kalamazoo, R. 9. James G. Walker, Kalamazoo, R. 6.

S. B. Hough, Kalamazoo, R. 3. L. E. Shurley, Kalamazoo, R. 7.

EK. R. Jackson, Plainwell. G. W. Cronkhide, Kalamazoo, R. 7.

Henry Knowles, Kalamazoo, R. 9. C. S. Bender, Kalamazoo, R. 5.

W.H. Dennis, Kalamazoo, R. 5. Anson Rolfe, Kalamazoo, R. 9.

John Reenders, 142 Wall St., Kalamazoo. John Runders, Kalamazoo, 142 Wall St.
Harry Middleton, 204 N. Rose, Kalamazoo. W. T. Vetterlein, Kalamazoo, R. 7.

E. H. Kirklin, Kalamazoo, R. 12. Fred Bohnet, Kalamazoo, R. 9.

Wm. Healy, Bloomingdale. E. F. Stoddard, Kalamazoo, R. 12. |

C. S. Bender, Kalamazoo, R. 5. D. C. Williams, 1816 Asylum Ave., Kalama-

Anson Rolfe, Kalamazoo, R. 9. : z00.

Thomas DeLeew, Kalamazoo, R. 9. Thomas Davis, Kalamazoo, R. 5.

L. E. Campbell, Kalamazoo, R. 9. Wm. Randall, Kalamazoo, R. 10.

Miss E. C. Reynolds, 709 W. Cedar, Kala- A. J. Shakespere, Kalamazoo, R. 5.
mazoo. A. R. Hinga, Kalamazoo, R. 1. .

G. A. Cavanaugh, Kalamazoo, R. 10. C. Van Zee, Kalamazoo, R. 10.

Wallace Deal, Kalamazoo, R. 9. C. S. Bassett, Kalamazoo.

L. H. Stoddard, Kalamazoo, R. 12. L. E. Winterburn, Kalamazoo. R, 10.

E. H. Woodhams, Kalamazoo, box 44.

“FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. 211
BELDING HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
(Auxiliary to State Society.)
John D. Strain, - = a = = = Secretary.
MEMBERS.
E. E. Chickering, Belding. J. D. Strain, Belding.
W. H. Chickering, Belding. Geo. Wooldridge, Belding.
B. A. Chickering, Belding. B. W. McKibbon, Belding.
R. W. Belding, Belding. Benj. Hall, Belding.
KE. L. Carpenter, Belding. Earnest Benton, Belding.
O. A. Nummer, Belding. Fred. Benton, Belding.
M. H. Brown, Belding.
FREMONT HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
(Auxiliary to State Society.)
enw. Miller - = - - - - - Secretary.
MEMBERS,
E. E. Giddings, Fremont. Chas. A. Meteer, Fremont.
Geo. Wilbur, Fremont. Henry Arendsen, Fremont.
Lafe Waters, Fremont. Jas. H. Simpson, Fremont.
Fred. Froelich, Fremont. C. V. Stratton, Fremont.
David Powers, Fremont. H. M. Robinson, Fremont.
Jos. Purcell, Fremont, H. W. Parker, Fremont.
J. W. Wray, Fremont. Carl Kimbell, Fremont.
Geo. R. Warren, Fremont. E. J. Taylor, Fremont.
Jos. Trumbley, Fremont. Ray B. Stuart, Fremont.
Dirk Kolk, Fremont. E. 8. Meade, Fremont.
Duane Darling, Fremont. Wm. Meyers, Fremont.
Chas. Gamble, Fremont. J. B. Odell, Big Rapids.
Chas. E. Emmons, Fremont. Jas. V. Johnson, Big Rapids.
Fred J. Atchison, Fremont. Henry Mathews, Holton.
Stephen Schreur, Fremont. Frank Mathews, Holton.
J. E. Palmer, Fremont. O. F. Marvin, Holton.
O. EK. Shaver, Fremont. Severt Swenson, Holton.
Emmett Eldred, Fremont. Chas. H. Boyd, Reeman.
8. E. Doud, Fremont. C. H. Knowles, Fremont.
IONIA HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
(Auxiliary to State Society.)
Luther E. Hall, - - ~ ~ _ - - President.
MEMBERS,
Herbert F. Foes: Tonia. J. B. Welch, Ionia.
Ernest T. White, Ionia. E. D. Weaver, Ionia.

W. W. Sage, Ionia.

Allen Cameron, Ionia, R. 5.
Perry H. Stebbins, Saranac.

C. C. Luce, Ionia, R. 1.
Thomas F. Martin, Ionia, R. 1.
W.S. Smith, Muir,

ss

Norman A. Tuttle, Ionia.
Finando Hoover, Ionia.
W. W. Bemis, Ionia.

B. E. Goodwin, Ionia.

C. W. Hunter, Fenwick.
F, B, Howard, Ionia.

bo

Lee P. Spaulding, Ionia.
E. E. Branch, Ionia.

H. J. Schilds, Ionia.

G. Webster Moore, Ionia.
H. D. Waldron, Ionia.

Forest P. Trowbridge, Ionia, R. 4.
Herbert L. Smith, Shiloh, R. 21.

Jens Jensen, Orleans, R. 20. 4
Cecil Eavey, Ionia, R. 1.

H. L. Wilson, Ionia, R, ”
John Flater, Ionia.

George F. Stow, Fowler.

C. I. Goodwin, Ionia, R. 2.
N. B. Hayes, Muir.

Frank E. Hall, Ionia, R. 24.
James Steadman, Ionia, R. 4.

Lynn Bamborough, Ionia, R. 8.

George Gott, Ionia, R. 4.
Maurice Yeomans, Ionia, R. 4.
I. J. Brooks, Ionia, R. 4.

D. 8. Waldron, Ionia.

George Hulliberger, Saranac.
M. M. Callen, Ionia.

¥, T. Flanagan, Orleans, R. 20.

G. E. Green, Ionia, R. 8.
Charles Mattison, Ionia.
F. E. Kendall, Ionia.

James Little, Shiloh, 21.

12 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

H. B. Webber, Ionia.
Frank Taft, Ionia.

Fred Bluemly, Ionia.
George Sage, Ionia.

Chas. Stoddard, Ionia.
John Whitmore, Shiloh.
Jens Spennee, Orleans.

J. R. Densmore, Ionia.

J. I, Hazlett, Ionia.

Wm. Robertson, Ionia.
Charles North, Fenwick.
F. A, Little, Shiloh.

I. M. Sloybaugh, Orleans.
Arthur Wilson, Ionia.
Arthur Barrodaile, Ionia.
J. Dibble, Shiloh.

George Conkey, Shiloh.
James A. McCarty, Ionia.
Harry 8. Knapp, Murr.
J. J. Eaves, Ionia.

H. L. Allen, Ionia.

H. M. Brown, Murr.

C. Snow, Ionia.

Charles Harter, Ionia.
Sam. Eavey, Ionia. .

H. R. Bluemly, Butternut.
A. S. Curtis, lonia.

Alvin Hoaple, Ionia.

EATON COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

(Auxiliary to State Society.)

C. M. Hunt, - -
Levi Wilton, =
Frank Ford, - -
F. A. Warner, -

H. H. Van Auken, 1 year }
L. D. Dickinson, 1 year |
John Potter, 2 years |
K. B. Ely, 2 years t
A. W. Hill, 3 years |
W. R. Quantrell, 3 years J

H. H. Van Auken, Charlotte.
Jacob Upright, Charlotte.
W. A. Tanner, Charlotte.

N. L. Smith, Charlotte.
Herbert Williams, Charlotte.
Levi Wilton, Charlotte.

John Potter, Charlotte.

Fred Shepard, Charlotte.
Frank Wythe, Charlotte. ‘

C. M. Hunt, Eaton Rapids.
Frank Ford, Eaton Rapids.
Dwight Backus, Potterville.
L. D. Dickinson, Charlotte, R.
C. V. Roblin, Charlotte.

OFFICERS,

MEMBERS,

Williard Upright, Charlotte.
E. B. Ely, Olivet.

C. H. Wells, Vermontville, R.
E. W. Hill, Vermontville, R.

President.
Vice-President.
Secretary.
Treasurer.

Directors.

F, A. Warner, Vermontville, R. 1.

Frank Field, Charlotte.

W. R. Quantrell, Charlotte.
H. H. Church, Vermontville.
S. B. Todd, Vermontville.

M. W. Sprague, Vermontville.
H. E. Green, Olivet.

Roy Freemire, Vermontville.
Cyrus Gehman, Vermontville,
Benjaman Barnum, Sunfield,

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT.

MASON COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

(Auxiliary to State Society.)

!
I

R. C. Sabin,

D. H. Grout, Ludington.

D. D. Olmstead, Ludington.
Louis Hawley, Ludington.
J. K. Olmstead, Ludington.
Frank Kibbey, Ludington.
Theo, Ervin, Ludington.
Jesse Houk, Ludington.

Phil. Meisenheimer, Ludington.

Wm. Metzler, Ludington.
Oscar E. Hawley, Ludington.
Wm. Fitch, Ludington.

J. C. Cribbs, Ludington.

C. L. Houk, Ludington.
Smith Hawley, Ludington.
C. E..Stewart, Ludington.
R. C. Sabin, Ludington.

R. J. Fitch, Ludington.

L. L. McClatchie, Ludington.
Jas. McDonald, Ludington.
Wm. Myers, Ludington.
Mike Fitch, Ludington.

C. D. Kistler, Ludington.
Jerome Harmon, Ludington.
H. R. Gillette, Ludington.
A. J. Houk,-Ludington.

Jas. Butler, Ludington.

H. O. Bender, Ludington.
C. W. Fitch, Ludington.
Donald Jameson, Ludington.
E, E, Crotser, Ludington.
E, E. Grover, Ludington.
Frank Stearns, Ludington.
Chas. Stearns, Ludington.
W. M. Wadel, Ludington.
EK. Olmstead, Ludington.

N. Reynolds, Ludington.
W. H. Brown, Ludington.
Fred Beebe, Ludington.
Will Kennedy, Ludington.
David Morton, Ludington.
Fred C. Schwass, Ludington.
J. H. Fitch, Ludington.

H. C. Cole, Ludington.

John Burns, Ludington.

Ed. Beebe, Ludington.

John Lockhart, Ludington.
Arthur Morton, Ludington.
Albert Kinney, Ludington.
Geo. Shappee, Ludington.

Clyde Deleavergne, Ludington,
Herbert Gustafson, Ludington,

MEMBERS,

Geo. Beckman, Ludington.
C. E. Kistler, Ludington.
R. J. Hutchinson, Ludington.
A. Thompson, Ludington,
B. J. Toland, Ludington.
Joseph Prevost, Ludington.
R. W. Bronson, Ludington.
O. Albrecht, Ludington.

L. B. Lyon, Ludington.

G. H. Piper, Ludington.
Geo. John, Ludington.

Ed. Parker, Ludington.
Guy Squires, Ludington.

_A. Williams, Ludington.

Wm. Jameson, Ludington.

Henry Meisenheimer, ‘Ludington.

Arthur Sheldon, Ludington.
John Rinbolt, Ludington.

H. D. Stowell, Ludington.
M. H. Hitchcock, Ludington.
E. C. Barber, Ludington.
Amos Boucher, Ludington.
D. H. Morton, Ludington.
W. H. Dean, Ludington.
Frank Buck, Ludington.
Franklin Morrell, Ludington.
J. W. Stull, Ludington.

J. W. Vannortwick, Ludington.
James Bu.ler, Ludington.
Mott Butler, Ludington.
Maurice Butler, Ludington.
Wm. Myers, Ludington.
John Hurley, Ludington.

V. L. Olmstead, Ludington.
Hans Olsen, Ludington.

J. W. Hurley, Ludington.

L. W. Rose & Son, Ludington.
C. Carr, Ludington.

Maurice Butler, Ludington.
H. Pierce, Ludington.

Robt. Wright, Ludington.
Clark Bradshaw, Ludington.
Phil. Cribbs, Ludington.

M. O. Cluchey, Ludington.
Chas. Hansen, Ludington.

213

Secretary.

C. W. Taylor, 167 Dearborn St., Chicago, Il.

Guy W. Hawley, Ludington.
Geo, Beckman, Ludington.
Geo. Cribbs, Ludington.

C. G. Wing, Ludington.

214 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

HESPERIA HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
(Auxiliary to State Society.)

OFFICERS.
Neil McCallum, - - - - = - - President,
O. A. Rowland, _ — = = = = Vice-President.
Archie D, Himebaugh, - - = = — Secretary-Treasurer.
MEMBERS.

Geo. McNeil, Hesperia, R. 2.

F. M. Proctor, Fremont, R.

H. V. Potter, Hesperia, R. 2.

Jay Pinkerton, Hesperia, R. 1.

E. M. Reynolds, Hesperia, R. 2.
Wm. Robertson, Fremont, R.
Geo. K. Seattergood, Hesperia, R. 3.
Jacob Schenbeck, Hesperia, R. 4.
C. C. Stuckey, Hesperia, R. 3.
David Schindler, Hesperia, R. 3.
Ralph Utley, Fremont, R. 6.
Wm. Wachter, Fremont, R. 6.
Geo. Walker, Hesperia, R. 1.

C. V. Walker, Fremont, R. 6.
Bart Woodward, Hesperia, R. 3.
W. B. Winters, Hesperia, R. 4.
David Westbrook, Hesperia, R. 1.
Geo. E. Wilbur, Hesperia, R. 5.
R. Berger, Hesperia, R. 1.

Geo. Van Wingerton, Hesperia, R. 1.
Frank Drake, Hesperia, R. 3.

Neil McCallum, Hesperia.

Wim. Kennedy, Hesperia, R. 3.
Thos. Kennedy, Hesperia, R. 3.
Frank Darlington, Hesperia, R. 4.
H. P. Reickmann, Hesperia, Star route.
D. H. Brake, Fremont, R. 1.

Geo. N. Beisel, Hesperia, R. 5.

H. K. Bush, Hesperia.

John Bird, Hesperia, R. 1.

D. N. Becker, Hesperia, Star route.
James Caldwell, Fremont, R. 6.
A. J. Cochrane, Hesperia, R. 1.
Lincoln Drake, Hesperia,

E. A. Dempsey, Hesperia, R. 2.
Wm. Enderly, Hesperia, R. 3.

D. J. Grouzo, Fremont, R. 6.
Himebaugh, Hesperia, R. 3.

W. A. Host, Hesperia, Star route.
Lew. Johnson, Hesperia, R. 4.
John Mahan, Hesperia.

S. C. Mills, Hesperia, Star route.

ALGONAC HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
(Auxiliary to State Society.)

OFFICERS.
D. Munro, - - - - - - ~ President.
S. Crocker, — - - - ~ - ~ Vice-President.
J. W. Grant, - = = - - - - Secretary.
J. H. Donaldson, - - - = - ~ Treasurer.

MEMBERS.
L. C. Snell. A. M. Smith.
J. W. Grant. Miss Clara Cole.
L. R. Beson. W. E. Bostwick.

Mrs. James Harvey.

J. H. Donaldson.
Charlotte M. Muir.
Charles La Forge.
Samuel Crocker.
W. K. Stewart.

C. C. Mitchell.

D. Munro.

W. G. Hodge.

Mrs. E. F, Linn.

Judge E. B. Hinsdale.

W. R. Hamilton.
John O'Leary.
Folkert Endleman.
F. D. Galton.
George Dennis.
Henry Avers.

G. A. Snook.

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. 215

-

C. R. Champion. C. C. Parker.

James Ames. Mrs. Henry Witherspoon.
Miss E. A. Ames, Morrell Worfolk.

Rev. R. N. Mulholland. Samuel Smith.

Joseph Phelps.

A preliminary meeting was held in the Algonac Town Hall on February 24 and on March
4 a meeting was held to effect a permanent organization, Annual meeting, first Satur-
day in March in each year. Meetings the first Saturday in each month.

Association has at present 35 members,

216 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

LIST OF SECRETARIES OF STATE AND OTHER HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETIES.

Arizona, R. H. Forbes, Tucson.

Alabama, P. F. Williams, Auburn.

Arkansas, Prof. Ernest Walker, Fayetteville.

California, H. H. Lillienthal, San Francisco,

Colorado, Martha A. Shute, Denver.

Connecticut, H. C. C. Miles, Milford.

Delaware, Wesley Webb, Dover.

Florida, E. O. Painter, Jacksonville.

Georgia, J. B. Wright, Caro.

Idaho, Frank F. Pierce, Fayette.

Illinois, W. B. Lloyd, Kinmundy.

Indiana,*C. G. Woodbury, Fayette.

Idaho, W. N. Yost, Meridian.

Iowa, Wesley Greene, Davenport.

Kansas, Walter Wellhouse, Topeka.

Kentucky, W. R. Button, Bedford.

Louisiana, F. H. Burnette, Baton Rouge.

Maine, E. L. White, Bowdoinham.

Maryland, Prof. C. P. Close, College Park.

Massachusetts, William P. Rich, Boston.

Michigan, Charles E. Bassett, Fennville.

Minnesota, A. W. Latham, Minneapolis.

Mississippi, H. E. Blakelee, Jackson.

Missouri, Dr. W. L. Howard, Columbia.

Montana, Prof. M. J. Elrod, Missoula.

Nebraska, C. G. Marshall, Lincoln.

New Hampshire, B. 8. Pickett, Durham.

New Jersey, Howard G. Taylor, Riverton.

New Mexico, J. D. Sena, Santa Fe.

New York, E-; C. Gillett, Penn Yan; John Hall, Rochester.

North Carolina, Prof. W. N. Hutt, West Raleigh.

North Dakota, O. O. Churchill, Agricultural College.

Ohio, H. F. Ballou, Newark.

Oklahoma, J. B. Thoburn, Oklahoma City

Oregon, Frank W. Power, Portland.

Pennsylvania, Chester J. Tyson, Floradale.

Rhode Island, C. W. Smith, Providence.

South Dakota, Prof. N. E. Hansen, Brookings.

Tennessee, Prof. Charles A. Keffer, Knoxville.

Texas, Prof. E. J. Kyle, College Station.

Utah, J. Edward Taylor, Salt Lake City.

Vermont, M.'B. Cummings, Burlington.

Virginia, Walter Whately, Crozet.

Washington, L. M. Brown, Walla Walla.

West Virginia, A. L. Dacy, Morgantown.

Wisconsin, F. Cranefield, Madison.

Wyoming, Aven Nelson, Laramie.

Ontario, P. W Hodgetts, Toronto.

American Association of Nurserymen, President, J. H. Dayton, Painesville, Ohio; Secre-
tary, John Hall, Rochester, N. Y.

American Apple Congress, Clinton L. Oliver, Denver, Colo.

American Association for Advancement of Science, L. O. Howard, Smithsonian Institute,
Washington, D. C.

American Association of Park Superintendents, F. L. Mulford, Harrisburg, Ind.

American Carnation Society, A. J. F. Bauer, Secretary Indianapolis, Ind.

American Civie Association, R. B. Watrous, Washington, D, C,

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. 217

American Federation of Horticultural Societies, Charles E. Bassett, Fennville, Mich.
American Peony Society, C. J. Maloy, Rochester, N. Y.

American Pomological Society, John Craig, Ithaca, N. Y.

American Society of Landscape Architects, Charles D. Lay, New York City, N. Y.
American Rose Society, Benjamin Hammond, Fishkill-on-Hudson, N. Y.

American Seed Trade Association, C. EK. Kendall, Cleveland, Ohio.

Canadian Horticultural Association, Wiliam E. Hall, Montreal.

Chrysanthemum Society of America, C. W. Johnson, Morgan Park, Ill.

Eastern Fruit Growers’ Association, Nat. C. Frame, Martinsburg, Va.
International Apple Shippers’ Association, R. G. Phillips, Rochester, N. Y.
International Society of Arboriculture, J. P. Brown, Connersville, Ind.
Mississippi Valley Apple Growers’ Society, James Handly, Quincy, Ill.

Missouri Valley Horticultural Society, A. V. Wilson, Muncie, Kan.

National Apple Show, Ren H. Rice, Spokane, Wash.

National Council of Horticulture, H. C. Irish, Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Mo.
National Horticultural Congress, Freeman L. Reed, Council Bluffs, Ia.

National Nut Growers’ Association, J. F. Wilson, Poulan, Ga.

Northwestern Fruit Growers’ Association, KE. R. Lake, Corvallis, Ore.

Ornamental Growers’ Association, C. J. Maloy, Rochester, N. Y.

Northern Nut Growers’ Association, Dr. W. C. Deming, Westchester, N. Y.

Society for Horticultural Science, C. P. Close, College Park, Md.

Society of American Florists and Ornamental Horticulturists, John Young, New York.
Western Fruit Jobbers Association, E. B. Branch, Omaha, Neb. ,

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

iw)
pe
(0/9)

OF THE STATE HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY.*

LIFE MEMBERS

*Notre—A Life membership which was formerly $10 is now {5. The fund thus gathered is invested
in good securities and only the interest employed for general purposes. The Secretary desires informa-
tion as to the death or charige of address of any life member. Notice of the death of a member
should be accompanied by a sketch of the life of the deceased one, to ke entered in the records of

the State Society.

Name. P. O. Address, County.
JANG FATED 16 Bat Oye) iin pete orien PPS arcs aes Galesburg..........-..| Kalamazoo.
JG REM TVStel Baspyil 8 [eal Dee 7 aclies bats aa & caeBeg moth Galesburg.) 2s aan Kalamazoo.
PAN Gliny late Gre Gun ae cnt ee eras seta hae ReneS oe BrAVOlL sen et ae Allegan,
AAIEES SIS ah Gethin a ei erg Saetemen. Jeeta ae AGrIa Tie. ieee. ere tear Lenawee,
Allis, Miss Mary C. (Mrs. Beal)........... ACCT ancastin att eee Lenawee.
ENTS) O0e) UES Bana Ee aOR SUE He ea: TowarCiby: sme aries Towa.
PATA es AMACS: 5. st .tic ae Uline aye erases us ele Monroe: 2 at ycr ee Monroe.
Arnold, NEE AA DR Are (Ss eae ee St Se eee 8 LOLA Deen See eee Tonia.
IS Meh is Ung [8b dio oS cecamithe ating om area cise ae cones South Havennr ss: Van Buren.
[Sysvilen a0] Oy 02 tN Deere ane ec Rae ay Ga Cae. Poteet ae New York.
Brailelwanig@). PNCe Dire rt yaa cttge ing ere Rhy Sian a Bridgeman: ¢ ¢.) 25> «|| SBermient
IseMllengel, lettallrolaly 1h, 185 IDE Ah ce oo bon ah oe INGIERSHES era eee ee Berrien.
Barnhart. selerbert.)Raumal lyases eel ee Fremont..............| Newaygo.
Bartram Burr Ruralis sae iete eee Benton Harbor........| Berrien.
Deasetim haa Wich cisco 5 oc clttee Seals e Henmvalle sce evoke Allegan.
Ves Mele pekinese Wee AR RA Aas Dy ole aes Arai VGUSe AU Yor ote Grand Traverse.
Baumann h As, Eourall 13). ci wee plea... Grand Rapids. <.: 3... «| Kent;
Baumann, Archie). c0 his wre + se Sen tees New Richmond........ Allegan.
Beagle Mitre Pectin 3d Mass aay Aatase ora apa! Sk NAGisOnl:,..c2 5 erase. Lenawee.
MC AVS Nit te) See hry is Ls ie MB atk Agricultural College Ingham.
BECK ers oNT eT be. seid wie caer scien Seen wien el then eae trey cae. I Shetty 8 gal ae eet ag
Beckman, Geo. Hy, Rural Sie, 228 anere =: uding tous ce oe rt Mason
Blain, A. W., Supt. Elmwood Cemetery....| Detroit............... Wayne.
IE WG OTRE 24... olsen tke Sane Rare td eee Draverse City. 2. < Grand Traverse.
bracket iG: sBoctieg ie wl ohare sen ne Washing@tonee- ae. ©. eos
Bristol, LO ets Nai, Sate eran ale am Cae ins 3G ae INANE s cdo ob aooesot 6 Lapeer.
BrubakerdC. Se sas eerie een ee ee ISIN eR OIRELS bic o qos Gro oc oc Van Buren.
BriachnersGeorves Wi vice eceten gels slot as Monroest.: . ces ep se Monroe.
BiayanibiC sole eee tet. yar ene gee ee ae ee aa South Haven...... Van Buren.
Blo ckemAteMirarn-tcus stance. ot ccs arte Ta pGer ict pinsen teases Lapeer.
VOM Ve eyes ere. k te Gna Cites 6 S. NOMA Sn Seiten ne: Tonia.
SIELOW Sy GORE eG Mv de aa) els eon ee Saginaw City.........| Saginaw.
CaiemRoberteniweeric: ot. ot sehen <4 ocuae fee WAIAaMOWN Ns on oo 00000 & Nova Scotia.
SOAS PEM MGC OK EC ess Pie acc Selkirk wed ane pb o lllecdvag ued (am Strays cyte eicrat ogen ote el ees ae re a
Chapman eAtistine 3) eee sie fer ae ae > South Rockwood...... Monroe
GhilsonWNathamtel 0c oso, Se eke ss MowermCihy a ere. Dakota
Chilkone Miss Vdajscn wi. Besethel alae. cutee» Tower City s.me% se eae Dakota
Olam emer: dae tered = cus. See ce an eens Jackson eee Jackson.
CIS halt ahd Oa Geet a hate en ee i South Haven.........]} Van Buren.
(UISLITNSE Gt] 6 al te Oe eR ce aera A Fc Hartford. i.c 4.=2 eee Van Buren.
GIGI, Td ge bate Migaarer a Ie fe cen pana ne eee Claremont. ecu ee ee California.
Coals: Ch IRs aioe ait oa meena chet oroiate eoRsn en ere OWOSSO; ence eee Shiawassee.

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. 219
Name. P. O. Address. County.

Cole WE Ne Pts inert es lee eds tea asta he Grand Rapids. .22 229: Kent.
@oopercMiadisomien ss sacle cl er ln* Licey cee Watertown. 222-2 New York.
Cranes Johnie. hv. B.D: Ul ii5 28 2 eae. iRennville,s .. cee ee ae Allegan.
ret wiantly Re OOb ales chiens eats Memon ete MNUTINEEL Si sais! aya ee Macomb.
Cwm, 18, loli oodsdveecodocdodovesn Sle sosssccodpao mddupoo Ohio.
Wavidson: Co MeG COs aac sinc eee hae Rtockwood)..5 > :.2 2: Ohio.
awas Ll Orace Wher Seen ee aricrns Soe er Lapeer... 2214. 0. 2.4) "luapeer
Dany Com: Jighlee octet gin tess to these alta a es iPainesvilles 3:2 on sey Ohio.
Deamilds Jee ol Wabash Avesin.. «ses MICA RO a) tin aee saat Illinois.
Decker, Walter E., Rural 20.............. Orleanistey nee Tonia.
We lsle AWamne’ Ei ees os «spac cet Sayaka eee [ca are ee ie Rs ne alae
Dickerson, Claude C., Route 1............ Vigne Waeece reset Tonia
Dickerson, Geo. E., Stage Route.......... | evans ce ea Tonia
Dieckman, Mrs. Josephine M............. Kast Saginaw......... Saginaw.
WHICH AC. dian soit fees WOE tw os Sheer mas rae Chicago® rn s2- se soa" Illinois.
acc onen Ase hs serows is clas Re Sains sone wise Lie gee, aes catch ao 2 babe Mon [tahoe aa
Dar WV eg tas chat eos cas Sade od EEE Manechesters.. «anime: Washtenaw.
Aowle MMOs a oa/a i oho kad= eS ahesvangtoter stone os Monroceeen aes Monroe.
DrmEMezA VOW 0s 6. 184% 16 xt e e eure Holland .54..255 445 -0.8 Ottawa.
rent ton, Ohad. Oi..2ckewitrey Bis ws x Sot as pees Olam Ge vere se ee Ottawa.
[DCS Tete OS ea ee era Aas East Saginaw......... Saginaw.
TBE ie A ad Gs deh ee A i Pon Se Eaton Rapids......... Eaton.
Edwards, O. C. (sanitarium)............. Battle Creek. 22.2. 5s: Calhoun.
IS Ont spire ale Sere. ou she: sl arse er ene cnepe severe ravietse: Ciby: es jeat-re- Grand Traverse.
Lesa ts bes We, WO a aR ll a atone tapidst. as 1.0. Eaton.
relay Wane Ane. va Rint. Cea ibdie s South Chicago.........| Illinois.
ielos? Misstdenmies Bit ye ee-o2 sa mitts fs Sea agd Maia. y. § goin hie dango heals che ee
Plawerday> hoberte si 5 oe etaginccs sneha Detroitss/. tos syria Wayne.
Breemanss MingweAte ee cee a sini aera ATTA ODS erste Washtenaw.
Herida yaNGOEGE. paca 4, a8. es bales taht ee Colomias 52 shee. Berrien.
Brostabiranksre ek UraliGi ae se ey ote aerate at South Haven.........| Van Buren.
MGMT El Oh AS WV te teeca OE oso ee Oe ee Grand Rapids)... Kent.
Gebhardtmisentonsence ers neous ce oe Pianth 2. ak ies See ee Oceana.
Geddess Wavideeremags.s ores 2 tethers DAGINANY Ss, 55 Ss tame | Saginaw.
Geisler: «Waar bural2) box 92) 5.0.02. sc St. BOSeDH Ae 5,0 Siac nk Berrien.
Getz, Geo. F., Lakewood Farm:.:........ Folland: ci.2 ayes ose te Ottawa.
Gephartaieer Wigan cet ileus saree aetna ERATE en cl on ee ee Oceana.
Gullsomy (MipReaWia Mik 22.05 5 Line acct, ee cee VACKSONL Ae ee Jackson.
Graham pH lwoodsea nen os sete oe cates Grand Rapids......:.. Kent.
Grahame asses Ceol 4a ot ae ees Jonesville: i 3 os1- m9) Hillsdale.
Grant, John F., 2710 Indiana Ave........| Chicago.....:........ Illinois.
Greening. Chamles Bi fo. 5 iyrucus ys reer Monroe: ictadtta fats tera Monroe.
Greening, HL OP 2e at a ERI AORN tiene bart ic WA IY Wayakyorss Side ole tense meet Monroe.
Crrallhiee Wer rr 2 hy Secs et ae ae ete AE Sty, cng ahr oul epee ae
ales Charles He Ruralis 22.3. es ele Grand Riapids..)..). 2%. Kent
ela eANireduky sob. JB) DPA. 25 we eisai Buchanan cee eee Berrien
Jel Irons; HN Seon le ao oo co deo ooo Rerlineee oe oe Kent.
Hall, rap hershi tetris cok ee ee ee eee Ona eta eee Tonia.
Pbatsteau a Mab agerst iia, osu Giaeh en See os Parmine@tons +c: ctra. Oakland
laminin aS eae ee eee. Ae ce tie ere Athens mise cie eh meee Calhoun
awiey, (George As fa). 01 sok Mowe e st NG (geo Ro erro coer Oceana
Hawxhurst, AVIV rye ace nee 8) AT AO IK a ol. ek ee Salinereekk suas eee Ae Washtenaw
rieyedo Nieisee sets ho orb Scrcuieh des Lowa re VIAN Pegs roeeny seks ta Tonia.
Hayden MirseE Arr. a. acts cs ttm a Jaekson << he nae ore Jackson.
iemzes Kidwarde Heh. HDL) 2e sie eee St, Josephscanas ...6 Berrien.
Henser, J. H., 1262 Monadnock Bldg......| Chicago.............. Illinois.
Hinebaugh,; Within. .8 5302 ee ae ak Ottawan nee Illinois.
Hoffman, Mrs. Mary Dickinson........... St, SOSEPMs yer cca 2 Berrien.
[Ekotiman) eM uirale eae a cates an oneal Sti Ose ples: 4740-2 ok Berrien.
erie sree Rural d 52.0002 koe ake 3 Sodusg.c5 eens see Berrien.
Efolunway Geo! Pe: a8... eo. eee oaks SRW eRe. eens Benes Berrien.

-

220 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. A
Name. P. O. Address. County.

Stories OL Gae Jatnudsy llama elusis o noe CO ewe Oxiford= ten ees Oakland.
TRI Nate Led Nye a) Bn ig cameo pated rd cso a Dee Trowell seo ce a ae Kent.
nipebing ehiciward, by. Wl oer oer rena. Rennivalleeeeiee cena Allegan.
Hileeentsenti Us Ne sxe. oh re ei etsy sete ora vic Monroe. 340k Monroe.
IVES OAC: see. custet pos, eee ie mit eres ec. « Monroes fetheaneicen ee Monroe.
JES GER Ra Nahe Soe as otto ser iainir oi Senta ics Buehanan’ 05 ¥ees Berrien.
Jerome, Mrs. David H.......... eae re eee Saginaw City......... Saginaw.
Minmson ee Walliaga. =). <n 0 .\2t n= « aealegcjagers A UISSHNCE a oly mailing mer coe Tuscola.
Kales, Dr. John D., Savings Bank Bldg.....| Chicago............-. Illinois.
Pease eb) liiree 4 «Sink arn oe ioe Poa ae South Glave... gus --ur Van Buren.
TESST TT Raeds 00 Deeg ee a Ay ey aWayele ts te cease ea Berrien.
RelleoesiMerbertis 2 daieas cheese 2 oe ies: ROM. Sein A rcge cee Tonia.
HGeamel ss WinOSee seks Ses, each eye ncaa Leela Gis ss tosn-aee Ge ecers Ottawa.
JEU BY hohe in Cees SID acing ols oui aeaae the Coopersville........... Ottawa.
Kidd, i 1 (eet cae cen rh a ee ooh Rr OMA eee isk See Se eee Tonia.
Msrerley eld: ho eek em re AR ate Benn yille ser rare Allegan.
erempety ol Curl Woes p25 os ae chee es Harmineton.-- - ==) Wayne.
ats anvil vic (SON. ss. ean ete = eo aise SHyWay ee er cade eercte 2: Berrien.
NRE LE AON iS ee so slios oie oro ols ele epee Benton Harbor........ Berrien.
aretce ptt Sys rial gees A ctre ck he Mbeya Sic Joseph. ye ie gee Missouri.
Ladd, TE ORE Sige ee OS Leh OldeMissioneoee eee Grand Traverse.
ILegGay sy ile linign EY, eRe onde oo coe or Suttons Bay.......-..-] Leelanau. ;
Mbermtence alae hipaa Res i sorts sate eyes: Mecano thee te Van Buren.
Levenhagen, Wins okcrsehed es ache eos Gleveland ta naruees rte Ohio.
Meera ina Ble Ott io igs as es eee ee Greenwallemaaoue sre Montcalm.
Neittealmne Mrs: Wyck hoes yet she eaeie se ie dase vee Greenville ase: {ted Montcaln.
Loomis, [BAS 1 BAe es Saat NSU ya eaten catia nr Serra JisteksSonive-.. ob ee eee Jackson.
Wheenibibiny® ALOIS 6] a 58 dso mold aol Boaian 6 Monbrealicesnsecrieiscear Canada.
Maguire, H. W. 7116 Deyo St...:..-.-.-. SACKS OI pie ciate tae a Jackson.
SULDSETTT TS RN 2 OE ate Oy ee cee PR Glenwood here Florida.
MismsInsillWViilltamm cA f0..3 sess vc, so eek ch sei Olds MinSsioneemps eee Grand Traverse.
Marshall,-W. C., 128 So. Sacramento Blvd..| Chicago.............. Illinois.
AYE Soe tee] by 0) SRS cieesietnes cites ara niger: East Saginaw......... Saginaw.
Nason ey Vins: Samal tls sce. cha te a seu a tessa East Saginaw......... | Saginaw.
lst Chie hex NO nee ae Soa tps aes 3 Reverses. 5h RadinetOn. 2.) eae Mason.
viel DvigisonitoR deweayeys) 1D Wis ate k cameo sichRA Ices cantar ||Mars mis ceminthoore iat ata bay Che California,
McGuire, J. Fred, 101 Washington St..... Chicacoer se sccen ee Illinois.
MenNaurhtion tober, Dy... 6 sake en Gon. A fvelsestorattena 4 eabratoroces., oes. Jackson.
Mntibereme nets: Wn yo Peal? So Bettye sie ace GlenvArbors) ances Leelanau.
Miller, [Shige irall ens a Gay 2s ae emer ec Reed ayia ta Northville eae Wayne.
Ny TiLT es ool) et hel PARR oa NL Ogos Ee BBikanouyev-dnyz a0 Sones chee Oakland.
Mitchell, VV SET Cro age carr ae ane Traverse Cit yeers cre Grand Traverse.
Monat, Lawrence, Jr 540 Hawthorne

NEC CRg ea einer Rainy (rr Aye St 2 Berkeley oy. see eter California.
WEOOR SE | ARS toes chibi Sok Oe aeeepee nee SOuomelp nye, 32 koe Van Buren.
Monroe VMirsNiora Ole. 9. oi eee Staats SouthvHavene sneer: Van Buren.
Tot af eg eS CS oie Paisano Prawverse Citys .c°. 9: 2). Grand Traverse.
Wioane a Mirs spaminel (cose scien) ae aero circ Muskepon ce. 1: Muskegon.
Wipes Oeil etek tee tec er luuesitics ¢ atatpeis enn 3 Tansing oceig cet Ingham.
Morsess Miss: Agama sual liye tela )= =). -)cleciic @OldeMission-eee eee Grand Traverse.
MiginTS aud cok piSGIENOY: eye y slits cn oem) oo ae Grand Rapids. ys... Kent.
PUI NCTE NS Sis ci ares ol atte dyece a 8 ayeiets Hiliniive 4. ce ae Genesee.
Netsen Henry Wii ohn. 6 nde oe. Perr eae Tonalin cme cheater. Tonia.
Newhall, Benj., 131 South Water St.......| Chicago.............. Illinois.
Newhall, John, 131 South Water St....... Chicago trie aetty verte Illinois.
Nichols, W. W., Geddes Ave............. ‘Anny ATbormeccnnnanee Washtenaw.
Nicol, Jas., Braeside Fruit Farm.......... South eavenl.)-s9e-t nr Van Buren.
LSUG{S Foy RW OE Monroes <> s..acmes Monroe.
ROCHA SA RMMIEL IVY 04. cr so bee eco wy ehge cage) Muskeson). 3225-4. Muskegon.
OV iier ia [TEN 6 Ps a Howard City..........| Montcalm.

Overton, F. J

Baneors. sce joc art eee

Van Buren.

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. yp At

Name. P. O. Address. County.
PakmGr Wat cc eee an Fe = Sos ne aee allkas kaya tre te see Kalkaska.
Palmer ©homes Wi ci Sse. 02+. 8 Sey: IDEGROUc ts Seow aye ae Wayne.
Pennell, Ray L., Box C...........-.----- Mrawerse: City. oii» ee Grand Traverse.
erny eorten En. cfs mei iano ress. te Mia-Pleasanty..::(00 0.) 0. Isabella.
etry sacOl ls, serie inte Soro es caret Goodison: 2.5..<.%6. 05. Oakland.
ety nh UOMIS 2. a grees fe 9) tots ec mca Spring Lake..........| Ottawa.
Biercey No we arse aes oe ener Mudinetom.. ©.) <1: Mason.
Port, Geo, L., 6439 Greenwood Ave.....-- CHiCa OO ianjenanis's eave: Illinois.
Bosts Werder. ata ey Se Sassi. c eee iwowellec nce Kent.
Liga irl ©. ele ees nae ca an Rare acne meni eeiRe Benton Harbor........ Berrien.
STA Be Vie gh lst ohn Ra oe acer ree Benton Harbor... Berrien.
Prentiss, Judge Wm:....-----+----+-+--- ISLA VOM 1h Sn rata Allegan.
Read, GP, 119 Duane St.-.-...-. 2.2: - INeWwaOrkcrd eect New York.
Re viiol sare Eby ao anette a etre ea secae Monroe.ts Sinn aieeca Monroe.
Reynolds, H.G,. ..25:.4:.--: eae ee Pasadena... .-.....--. Calijornia.
Richmond? Hisense clereac) wie vie cet arin PeniwWwateracn cota Oceana.
Eee ker Hons JU r neta ts 9 eaten Svan ae IROMtAGe ee eee Oakland.
TGF DES CLOW DAp) 8 Oy Bir ie erm Cloverdale. 3. sek Barry.
Roekey, Clyde W.....-..-------+++++--- St Josephs a .s ska era Berrien.
Rogers, A. J., Jr., Hort. Bldg.............| Madison............-. Wisconsin.
EOE gp EGR UNL rs cheer eH seme en eile ol siete ot on South Frankfort....... Benzie.
Owe GeOn teeth LE Sis Se eons Grand Rapids:........ Kent.
ieee Wepre Geen Bie sie kaneis wns Seyret ake WNEtTOI triste acres Wayne.
ERS Glaae a pin, Ais icy ea aoe a ee Aone eRe as a Tonia reece co ee Tonia.
Samuelson, Norman L., 1811 W. Madison..| Chicago.............. Tilinois.
Sin etal (2! Jn 0012s eee pair Oe Renae I TABITION cae netstat het Ingham.
Scales, J.C. & C. R., So. Water St.......-. @iniedam see fe ok Illinois.
Stollen AN neice Sass e me wleeoays Bletcnaidl a oteta ee ic JERK 6 oly ot ame oe Tilinois.
SHOU sad DY siya 1S Bic pean BRIAR gs Ao ee nee New Brunswick.......| New Jerscy.
Seatoukinsn te Ween = sina as sk ate arya Grandiapidsi.. cree Kalkaska.
SVS} Hie] Bgl Uns fata wl lad i Sa A Ia AmmmAnbOnew-ice otis Washtenaw.
Rested el esta Oss Ege tretignian, hee See aus Vy ate A) he TASTIER CIS el eich ca Kalamazoo.
Bermtaiis, ONANISM jabs aici 2 faster als aes o IETS sig ble be tides © 2 oe Oceana.
SERS VE Tabs | 1 Lr a0 eR PES IUSyoh noo Ae ernie b Tonia.
Sivsinialel Wan, WE kao 6 bm omidiae oe code Benton Harbor........| Berrien.
fSUavoa) 0.00 Stes peel Bd aS Sie eae er at None [eLEYS NTC F Ane Mie crete Gore Barry.
Simmons, isd Puc he, DS Pesce tye pe cry. Northville) s ir. 30teace Wayne.
SINT] OS OL! oe Estar a aera hegr tens cin cre Malbournes..!) js 326. Florida.
Rinclain oWinrus foie otter otic qavtnne chan Grand Rapids. <<<)... Kent.
Ie TEZORVIGE ee eer use pena tet ts South Frankfort....... Benzie.
Soutien WilsoneAn. j caves eo. etka South Haven.........| Van Buren.
Smith, Henry, Cor. Monroe and Division...| Grand Rapids......... Kent.
Smith, AFL Mee ocean Wat che Paka teus erates a ene 6 I ayan ish ee asthe le armen Tonia.
Sant on dO are BBs etic = ods la mearar gins Wanonaleen ny nen met: Ontario.
SUopTE LST: 9a TES RAR etre eae A eau ice PACKSOM eee sev ste hoe Jackson.
Smrhie Ne Mreci Qatar oa) oe teas Syne Tonia mitts oes Tonia.
SSantyst Me Eee oreere nie Ser he Pee Se one Benton Harbor........ Berrien.
re diiyo (erm NG tnias Ravi a FHBN aa ce hare agar eae Hiattes 1 ose eckcn Oceana.
SS OONILG Wesel esa tags ais oBr aac nerotecaecnste, alee aioe IETAUTN AO ONigoed eos othe calc Muskegon.
Stennis; eG tan cote ca, Ae eae hen eee Kalamazoo... 4.20, +te- Kalamazoo.
SEA TIS MB oy iy ait ye. oscinet A cea oneakas Chieagorrs iki. us eens. Illinois.
SHEETes aI, oars minis ath on chen dae crane ae ae @axrthase setae een: Indiana.
reyRgirl davis 1d ARGS a AA oor nra oR omeararr Mey ae Monroe tet eee Monroe.
Shembumece den Craven tsp Le. ne ot gee eae INOMrOC 2 aes aes Monroe.
Sherine NNO akin Bete cin Se cast onet ore ene Monroe neato Monroe.
PGES NN cle heeencepicds peice cons A nayee cee IMONTOE i eters or eta ts Monroe.
Scere, Mareeba Mig. f sci ax «Beye WMonnGer ait a ee Monroe,
Bieratolibs Cre Wie beMre VIS ci 2 pacar scape ots olland=., yc tec sece Ottawa.
Hpi t ys Wicate ae cine ds ot ecto 4 cores BHely! aa ate el ssa ects Oceana.
iemternGen. 0) ih ate os: os lnalipedvuha mie See Kalamazoo... 0-225. Kalamazoo.
PREECE Dias sisi a Dees ete ee oes OA or Bapecrans ys te ce Lapeer.

222 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Name. P. O. Address. County.
Thayer, Mrs. Celia....+..---+-..0+.2.0-0: Benton Harbor........| Berrien.
Thayer, Mrs. Dora.....-------+-++++005. Benton Harbor........| Berrien.
Tinie, IER Ia jcpeecen sona5 aonb ocaobDn JACKSON aa \te Giaroe rae Jackson.
fbhompson, TAG 22. =... eperee se. wa Benton Harbor ....| Berrien.
Mhompsons. Was. 4-6-8 ee ca es JatCkSONe, «ne canes oe Jackson.
TLGN ENT Snes [ie epee aeaca ce ear nc iudine tones ee Mason.
Tracy, Vath Vee Le. hare wee ee ota Washington... 4-60-09. POL
Upham, Miss Mary C., Rural 1. iO LGN VESSION ego eate Grand Traverse.
Vaughan, Leonard en 84 Randolph St.. Wiican Oe mere a8 so-mhss Illinois.
Vick, Ae RT! cope ie nant a Ms ec tamts tomer ORNESEEK Ao hs = anti New York.
Vick, Pe en ee ee Rochester New York.
Wilke 18. Coots os Cos oe en ancl oe dae soloe Rochester tec. sch ses ocr New York
Womuklertis Daron se..Gae «ao ke 50 © = nese INeWaonkee eee New York
Ver leNOEt Lie WV) eta sees oliaae tated wel oie sm eye Lapeer ence. wees os Lapeer.
Wagner, G. M. H. & Sons..............-- Chieagoris peo: nes Illinois.
Writes Gilbert:Mo . i. 6 ns ote oe ge len IERNiec cosa cosnce. Van Buren.
\Wallioin, Ibe 1Bses0s00 cco Gmeomos ocean oD Ge AE EVGA ae certo tae eee Lapeer.
Ry enere: PWV UIE Os SOM ee or. eosin ete hn A VENNA crue oe © Muskegon.
Watkins lr Whitney... 6-50... 2-2 Manchester........... Washtenaw.
“AVS HF fae Cte LUM Ds ee A totes emcee Seer avian chesterscriert i Washtenaw.
Webber, Miss Frances H......-.-.------- East Saginaw.....-...-. Saginaw
NVielche@has ge ute k WD. 2p. een ee Bennville ss22c5 2.08 Allegan
Wells, Frank Ds IRs 105 IDE Buon ocleuncste oo Riochesteraewn tee Oakland
Western, John, AVERT COREA BA SN es 0 Wetroitse cao sacs sate Wayne.
White, Oh, aE ee eee es Hast Lansing. . 2.70. Ingham
Whitten, (CAE ee eters Oe rare era eae uee IBrid oman re Berrien
Wihittlessey, Johti.. 2. 0-62. 2.6 6e ese aee DLO Os coco bon odut Berrien.
RWiew, Antoine. oe che ib eons oe soe a iMonroehue shear ao Monroe
Winlae eb homag. ti. sea sete s sek ann om nee Coopersville........... Ottawa
Walde: Chas, oF. D. 22... 2.5. es ne. Grand Rapids......... Kent
Vasyl IAG Js SA Sa ee Pay aS cca South Haven. sos er Van Buren.
YSLLUTS 1a 1S Bg ge Nr ace cot IMonroete cane errioie ane Monroe.
Wittson eATCING 9 -kberss eb 2? 6 ace ene: Beulah cuore oer Benzie.
Wilco wm VaR ot sot ete cays moc ren cuenclcies Bewlahee nice ee ceri Benzie.
Wisndimen@harles Boi. 2% sleet ee howelliess seein: Kent.
WcOmettE PAIN ts cts Sn ni epas Watervliet. ..5ss- 45> Berrien.
Miisaciwande mM AviG cnc. Geode 18) eel - ay Clintons ace eee Lenawee.
“TUG Cl OR ca a ea Burlington: ci eek Towa.
“WF vig ive DLE toi S Dee a a Pr ea PRP coe RPI eR aM VIP ce ah cee ey ctseSuh 2s
Bieri A NN) iste i he Alves atoline ie nr aA = Shelbyville. 3.20.0. Allegan.
De mler a AC erie critters ae ore worn ie ete Saginaw City.........| Saginaw.

HONORARY MEMBERS.

Name. P. O. Address. County
ATT Sy 4 2a) wa) Been nea Washington: 22.27 =: DAG:
AMS WOTEONWep Weeks coe ee usin hi nje oat oe Waterville s nrc ce Ohio,
Miovlor: Miss Gracey. o.e2 o\'o bw se ears ops Dowrlas.c... «3. wanes Allegan.
Saunders "Prot, J.'G jn. es = ABS S es 2 Madis@n iene. ccc nh aves Wisconsin.
JES a Ep ap 104 WE Cee Aesee an oe Olinda ocr aoe Ontario.
be NAGI MUI Ge fe Gane tee Fes sole Olinda hen net «¢ooeee Ontario.
[RDI oyo) a reid OR Aces ebctcarncetor ecueerietcararts cree Leamington .| Ontario.

<

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT.

ANNUAL MEMBERS.

223

Name P. O. Address. County.
File) a1ehy;, \i Clee Slay ais oIeacieac eves cena Rives Junction........ Jackson,
PCa MAYN Tag) age ys cial, ado teie eeese nn e leaete Old "Mission <0. «2215 se. Grand Traverse.
Baird. WoS) 0... horn Ro gavel reine Cacia Brown Gity... 2 022-25: Sanilac.
RRR RAG IAG oe cnn apes uve atin Sock ae CONCOLG Mente osree sek Jackson.
Ballard. Mrs, Ralphs... caus) o.oo eucnur Neg cere: mie ce At oter Berrien.
ipardens Vloyd; Rural 6.0.2 6246.2 olen South Haven..........| Van Buren.
Beal, oR atid bya Ra acer t 7 EN oer cstee Swalita OTee ks. men ete Genesee.
Becker, TD Ik ee era eia ek Be Ne ee StamsRoutes asc. anc Hesperia.
Beem, TiS AT HIN Oe cae eae IR@aAKs pe esas 400% 0o- Newaygo.
IBersel MG Com Ni spk vuitallad penser enc oce ek Blespeniae a ier ee Oceana.
Bercewmumemec uta ls jects o. eagi renee acl lesperigns 262. meteors Oceana.
Bird, J ohn, Pevnalell, pervade sera co: seer east ts ies Menta Aas apenas: Oceana.
Bird, W. F nb es, Lt 5 oe a eee RI a Pe Ann Arbor. . Washtenaw.
RISB Eee CR eR id lke obs n cber = tye Meats nto anor = Sys Custer cre en 3s le vlasone
Bixby, 'M. TE TiPs cece ee eee ern FF a eT yo South Haven: Mee aes eters Van Buren,
lac Olive: Me Ge Geen es sek ead Wearborms «= score 2 ey: Wayne.
EIT VN eect GAA axis cv orsce hones, c50 Gee aL CRC EN he em cokers ile Tuscola.
PSC AN re eI ie: f8 ces cee: «odoh cya oka Ber ene eee Hudsonville...........| Ottawa.
Bouck, Wa nme ena Dit §, See doce ich ws per en Grand Rapids. ........| Kent.
"Houses: (Cire 18M tan ere oe Rage a Areadia, tance soe see Benzie.
Bale. ID Shs Jeibieall I Oe piaschaiow pide Glow oe remonteciae 2 ecceeee Newaygo.
Pybaiacuri MO) a VVE, EVAR Any. Wes Ate os oceans armen Grand Rapids......... Kent.
ER RREICEMP RW (Creve RR ONT cell aes eon pepe ocuye Breckenridge.......... Gratiot.
TETACON SAGA td Bats ct corn ec aa age AR OR RPMI yaiccis se eer tes Jackson.
(BR UIIgeT RN None eee ian ia. tlre o ROP Olinda Waser hs Ontario.
prensa Wr Maes ep soa: «heed nose Bi sap: Games isl eset aabees Allegan.
ie a Has e wee c ti Pie svt er oe Spee INGHOHE raiaislaxe se SER Calhoun.
Bolle Jolin, Romtesl se «tat lo ak sys teehee (WasnGvia® tec. os tacts Muskegon.
PUM He gE tei 2, soaks oer) cus: cle yams. 3 BBN EOR eo. seal aut orate. Van Buren.
LEAD ELC Le WN A (Pai i a OE Hlespenriay. 4.05822 2 toes Oceana.
NES re KetTebeg ge MIMBO hae tect Sieg eettcayoy ey Stevia « asae cakes Pawel wericrs scr 2s: Van Buren,
CaldwellasepruraliGre > 2.1.5) ees a4: HremOntr seme: ae sere Newaygo.
Wampbells Hlerbertiu: >on cai s see se se Berrien Springs....... Berrien.
CanninhtaJdesse Mee luurals Oa acim ae Grand /Rapidsi. 152). Kent.
Capron dc Amioldispric nahin penis 2 oer Maton Rapids...=:.... Eaton.
Carvalld GOs HPA eee Sot. Yoci kc Bees Lo ihavcdo scan eum heer Oe ge: Van Buren.
Shape wupenes. sa-t vaeske cr iar Parma ettces roche e 2 Jackson.
hia pra Wiser chr dees ole char, 8 orale ISAM MOR as oct nre ae ot: Van Buren.
Whathelas Geo ascwsa eee thst dine Su IS EN 55 ockenbe Van Buren.
Gene yp. cick aes we veton a ere oe Rae serene tetas Seottsan cs 5-6 yoo: Kalamazoo.
(Olmeselor@, (Ca (C i aipivall Bise nao gnomo cannons South Haven......... Van Buren.
@hittenden, Miss Vda GU... -.-.2 2 den on « We Se wae. ce een Ingham.
RBterrlte lay lean Bea ie Such os ili tna sat oe WaSSaIS Pee. somaya os Tuscola.
(Chor tscys 1D (ahyyeiael 56% cha ore oie eeeao Cie on eae Cee Beulah ks ere Benzie.
Cochrane) AV. du, NUraldt.. secre once 5 EResperig:. = lee. oh. sale Oceana.
Glee EDS Mae 5 alee sysicha ite ge cts oe egrets » Palmiyrarsasetre.se aah: Lenawee.
Woallingel lie wit oe 5 tee. Se ne Grand Junction. ......| Van Buren.
Converse,» WH, Rural 22) ota eee AUIeNIBtan ftom so swe 3: Kalamazoo.
otine le Gr Aveo ot ag ubesitis Mecw tr s ee oe IMilorGle coterie re Oakland
Wrammpteny Al By ch. 9k e ae rs oan VBSSAT oe ieee wes cece Tuscola
Cross#o hose ehvural ple Box Oeste: Detroit @ighland Far) Wayne
stil ys Wire Fear Aas csi ee ths di oe tones Benton Harbor. . Berrien
Davidson, on (Nii ruuiel Pe oe rerscbere thn ae one Chesapeagkeio:-c2sss Ohio.
Davis, J iB ace AAR is ok Ot aaa a Grand Junction....... Van Buren.
Piavis, Voile toe ses i ek Sete ane ee IPEEPINGOD. = set ra et Gratiot.
FR roarbe are Eo ER UUB A os pig tf oie ¢ cl een natal ehiac South Haven’. :...-..-. Van Buren,
Dean, W. ise 845 LaBell Ave............ Grand Hapids; <<a). =. Kent.
Dempsey, K. "A,, LEO es DHA Oe at Aue arate RCSD OMe cet oo ect Oceana.
Die sii cin OG |: See ra eee ORE ea Hickory Corners....... Barry.
“DING AY Ee ee ee ae een Wnacotaserrivo cts ete: Van Buren.
Je bianie)«0 go yape ote cents Van Buren.

Mawee Ae Wer keural 4:2). . cat he cee ee cise

224 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Name. P. O, Address. County.
ND) Ory here. Doe che ay tetera ean ot eas Rie INREStae cee teha te aren aoe Kalamazoo.
Drake shranke Iurallseme ryt retest: Plespentaniocr. especie Oceana.
Wrake Gr soc hBOx ZO Sas meena ere ce Benton Harbors... Berrien.
Drakes suineulnece ttt teem eres tet t Hesperia sce aussie Oceana,
EEA la acter we eee ease Gregoryin <> ane acme Livingston.
OHM dneésohu ed oadne .oet pee mato 6 ak Benton Harbor........| Berrien.
MOIsOn, DORN MG wn. sate ere Cue eee Grand Rapids.........| Kent.
Pinderly, Witl. e Ural Sn en eee Hesperia. 5 os. ioe. = | Oceana:
Hustace enh Tl duos eco eter eek hy Hast Lansing......... Ingham.
wale eer aWircrvUnelioe aces «inne sorta: Hartiordeencs ieee Van Buren
Bi wa ld sib eee sbuUHal bye... 2/5 fe cs vats «hee Benton Harbor........ Berrien.
RielG GeO arse wer) cea cl lacie tenrs nee Tete Seottvilles: .2.n- os ogee Mason
BERS Us Whestrata ts ote ip acl een oneeere & Almont... .- See ee Lapeer
HreldaisarahMistetalswterns a> Suites. ieee eee Devils Vale x foc eee Lenawee
ancien. “Evurall 4) 02 859 5s5\-4 Seen ee Grand Rapids......... Kent.
ivener sbi Ruralass | 2c: fac oe: ce heshie: oo Sires. voeiaote Ingham
Seta TeMulCe' 2c, 2100 <a tedsc) = Gab iw Syatsya alee Rives Junction........ Jackson
LR CATTS| oy tir aay O10) 1 Ie ae ered Jaeksong,. 52 oRow a oe Jackson.
lor Tle ee EU Ue ODN neste nts.) eh renee nine eee South Haven Van Buren.
TIGSIifei ets oS RGR sae a d Re ERR RCE oo Rape Allegan...) 7'2 ences Allegan.
HOXMATOlD ISIS Re dey seco us eee See Olindaes. eeee Ontario.
Biren tra pA lie mu stese anf) 3 ie oct auch ay eaa ian te ee DeaTrborh sates ne ee Wayne.
Freund, Chas Le Bh iol Se) eames MOORE aR CC SN A St. Joseph. ic. see Berrien.
Fuller, M. Sees ran 21k Xho Cea ie oe ID ARAMIGS 5 GSolo soos = Van Buren.
Garber, Otte ier ae eer nei ena eer eee Hissexville ¢ 5.022 ¢ cee Bay.
George, Fulriers Wise hadecten Smo mere er Hoplcinas at, ctu Allegan.
Geysler, Rramks Hiural As: ¢oo).c ten. sean eae Watervliet. .2.20 5.25.5 Berrien.
AGE SUT sok COND Me ait ion. fre) te) nisl ci eae mee Waterviiet.. a. 20 .cee- Berrien.-
Gibson; John le 157 laGrave S:.\s 2.20. Grand Rapids io +3 Kent.
Girling, Geo., 108 Washington St......... Chicagoy isc te aon Illinois.
Glass, RED MS AE MORES Gr sik 7 hc aN Monmouth: {->.2-<25-% Illinois.
Gleason Haden nice ees cites wet Hartiord.: {ait eden Van Buren.
Godfrey, I. A RRNA oii a Mae Ponta ee cp Onna oe J BE ha odts Wah ea cate tomlin coal 4 Jackson.
Kola ere Wa tNes tee cise. oes cote dkenmietee Whitehall.............} Muskegon.
Gray, A, p HS Tee Ui ies eo nctcle etre Serre eS Traverse City ...... .<: Grand Traverse.
CSET NRE TBARS Nett er a Me eat “Praverse City o: 22%. Grand Traverse.
ROSE EIS ON ERUIT UL Diets ost srs Soe os orate tae Millsdate x.) 22 eae Hillsdale.
Gregg, CVT ree ee ear East Lansing: .-... 2+: Ingham.
Acre a GeO Wiser nagerte coe anc ern een ete South Haven.........| Van Buren.
SRTUMABO ID). rc, SENTINEL, Geis Jectonctoes oa vee Aue Fremont..............| Newaygo.
‘Givitrita uae Beg De ee oon RES art Pe Sry Shellsyisnacnaz asa Oceana.
ity de eos, te, Mati St in). Canes osm Benton Harbor........ Berrien.
Pleebor ular tig ae (och n cake ec commen are Bangoria se. 4 eee Van Buren.
famine satire Ae) oo aie meee Brayossnr tes 25 ote te Allegan.
bauer), Chess ae rid late sett heel rior Munlthe css. scam Jackson.
Piamicend: (Geant. cescihste Soc ley enetes ele LUBY dH ee a aicegPanicd Sante As Jackson.
heen Pai eletital 2). coeie eo sneiaie Saha ie JaCkSane se senate Jackson.
LATHIS DU cbes PUTA Loc ys wi se. run) penta Imlay City... / 2.9) aepeer
ames dOS.5 Gural 8 ois. faa! bo. nele Gee Holanda ee ee cae Ottawa
Hawxhurst, M. M., 95 Kenilworth . Detroit: Sse vege Wayne
Hemingw ay London Purple Co., 133 Front
Be SEDC Diiic ee e ee pTooe Cie iaes Sada News Worle? «eis New York
USTANAN CE, tc H PRUEIOENL Wietene mele «ee aoe Barene) als Holton ssn. ofc2 eee Muskegon
EMER Guche NIST LIN fs aie chee teeara alvin Ce ats eats Twinsburg) ti. eeee hio.
BISTRO yA cise neds wie Sane mens . Povanae Casnovia.. ec Cee Muskegon
Pau ea). ch bradiniees ss GR crease pe Oe Iheamine toner Ontario
Hill, R. “(ELAS oe a A ORE Nh Coldwater 2205.1 Branch
Himebaugh, 1a) Dee |B vcs Ss Wap eee aie ee ate Plesperiai.®.).a5iiateeeee Oceana
Hindman, A. C., 438 Houseman Block. . Grand Rapids......... Kent.
Holben, Edward, ural att eet eae Kent City 27235 eee Kent.
NOUth Haven sneer Van Buren

Hosking, Jas. Jr, ES TAAL eich Me retectn eit pee

——$_———_—_—>

A good crop of Greenings on the Mark Randall farm near Glen Arbor. This orchard is
on a hill that rises 300 feet above Lake Michigan.

Apricot tree in bloom on Frank Smith farm near Traverse City.

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. 29%

Name. P. O. Address, County.
Host, W. A., Star Route...-.-.--------.:- FEISS CTIS 1 2. 20,. org Geeks Oceana.
Hunt, CaN ee okt. foie ole Eaton Rapids.....-.-: Eaton.
Hunt, Ji@, Burgi, 22... 252s cbs yee South Haven.........| Van Buren.
Hunt, 1 ou Rua) oan oe metre pas 2 || Abenior SENOS aloo 9 6 - Eaton.
Hunter, Ls. R \ oR Bae aes nee aap ere ai New Euudsons 2. 2.02.2 Oakland.
Hunziker, ANION ets trcieaccee th toe ens wisi byte: Kenta@itnyeete oe Kent.
Hutchinson, Mare.....-..-.---++--5+5+- iRennyillets-<2ate.. 2: Allegan,
Jacobs, G. E., Rural 18..-.....-....++-+- Spamiarss odksr in se-c.ch: Kent.
Jager, Henry CMSA CAs NT SERIE Ae RS te Woplaser: sri yee < Allegan.
Jelly, "Jota Buta) .6 waren nee eis 7c Grand Rapids...;....- Kent.
Johnson, Hugh Ss J GMa caesar Ry arte Caen AlMONGE eens: cee: Lapeer.
J ohnson, ew, eutale oo sci, 2: 3. oy Hesperia ate sere @ pn bine Oceana.
Johnston, de ce IRGHAD nae Soe MeO ee ool! JeCioloitess oo’ clono oa 6 Allegan.
Toneaske Catalano ens eee Grand Junction....... Van Buren.
Keeler, Don, Rural 2....-..-.---+-+--+-- Parnas ty itrnae ett a Jackson.
Keister elapAe wre Ualll mcs ote 2 eto IBNaVRoI esac aa o 3.8 cue Oren Van Buren.
Kelly, TOR Lei cap as nthe te South Haven.........} Van Buren.
Kempster, W. GC. ... 2-62-2222 -+--- 00205: @oldiwatemaornisas >. oe Branch.
Kennedy Damilessee s 6226 is Sete St. Lows =. <2 Gratiot.
Kettle, Burt, Rurak2....0---- 22.2 16265 Coopersville...........]| Ottawa.
Kettle, Henry ees ete ars co micn ems Coopersville.......-..- Ottawa.
Keys, SUS Oe ara S's ys et oe aden Si Ohms. ceca ae Clinton.
Wane Bay et ae, oe se eo es PATINA eens toe sitet Jackson.
Kingsbury, Albro, Rural 3.........-.--.. Mennvilles.. )2.a% >. +: Allegan.
Bachy yids ke aes mee. pie Seats Maes Covert: acted es ate Van Buren,
Kremsess@.C., Raral Ansara a) asset Wiatenviletan crise or Berrien.
Kneibes, Cas Pe ee oe ince Lan Wiatervleuamcnrla ct ar Berrien.
LaDuke, | Gel Cae ete ore Lene tees CaaS Rate se lcawrencese ieee Van Buren.
Tgetv D ELETUNY (voter thy tays: ferns = OS te mee ot Penmvyalley os «2 - co Allegan.
ea nolten isis peepee dees saminr ree oh: Old Mission... .5 a a- Grand Traverse.
Lawrence, A, P., Rural 2.....-...-..--+-. AMET tions yet ett a Barry.
IDPS et LC Dae ne ea ee ESE OY Sete ast ee) Simic Barry.
Warynencey@ liven Grrr. .sco 4. .cc SF peor IB hitckforibe 85 Meo mia Lenawee.
“LDU REE TES Opie Rk eee ee ene Banconee i ncn hes Van Buren.
Tight Draft Harrow Co,.-....-..+-..+-+. Marshalltown......... Iowa.
dimdsley, (Geom Were ot verter: <05'<- Seen Fs Harbor Springs.....-...| Emmet.
ben Bee Cpa Wt Pe a eee ee caer ce Sear Ment alsa hee Van Buren.
Lymburner, eiepAmey betiralo girs vst a qaae' ee Splits eyes de a8 Kent.
Lyons, John, ti GERMS st oe. coll oe ETIbOM a reas ke in ops Genesee.
Mack, Frank AEN Bang SRO OTA CA Re ee Stanbomeriecterac co case. Montcalm.
Maguire, Roy, Rural 3, Box 49..........- TRC En cle or en oa RE Oakland.
foul POW, sea wi teyene vieja ss ees 2 hee lespeliany 4.4 ai: <1 Oceana.
Marie OMANI eter fon!) ottiac Faraone seks ase owelliees Shs crams: Kent.
[i GDIGS Ta UK Ot We ee ee ee Me a ae a anes Ponies. 5e sce Oakland.
Marsh, Piteliawrence.- i.) cwl ts sie aes LY IP Tas) Ces eee ae Manistee.
Matthews, W. C., Rural 2................ Grand Rapids......... ent.
Maurer, jee Se ep el ee Biranikfor terse oie Benzie
Maynard, Jes Utne pal ears: eyo aee ese st ce Grand) Riapidseeae ar - Kent.
Nike GES tine 3 DE) (s epee teeeat rea Be Sia ciey~ oaeee IPawalawenewce ceca. Van Buren.
Me@asiinm, Hara, Woural 2005-5... cei: IBTAVO este Rew ee Allegan.
MelWean> Riobt., Roural:2. ..22). 56 2. p< neces Southpblaventec geet Van Buren.
MeNeih Geo. viral Diecate «+ -baie sebeneus ELesperiay sc. s re ee Oceana.
Mesa cAC TE. Rana UY a. cece eo ae Battle Creek,........-..| Calhoun.
Mechem Geo Berne os oo daniiene eso oe Bennvaillejos ss... pyar = Adlegan.
Merritt, Hi. E., Rural 2....-.2.-.2..5+5:. South Haven......-.- Van Buren.
MethvenG saeco a ris he oe ee eee TS Holl avo Memeca ta ae enaiee sa Ottawa.
Metras, N. G., 261 Broadway. . eae a) esenton Harbor: 2-).-> |) Berien,
Miller, ‘John R., Soihene Sime: Detroit. aco aout e: Wayne.
Miller, =I A eae eed Bg ane) Seats hed SIN rece CAE Waite antcdeaoon see Newaygo
Miller, rep ieepuu Tal’ 2 20 Circe slo ateiserge spas ee Coloma sho one cer Van Buren
Mills, 's. C.; iSparioutes a mace eee meet Elespetiavya sd ec = Oceana.

29

STATE

HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Name.

P. O. Address.

County.

Mitting,-A., Rural 1 Boxbtan: eee |
Mohney, Chas. E
Maloney, Vere. ayo ic <5 seat ee
Moon, J: Ti.. .Me eh net ateeeeeee re es
Moores; J Hiei a aeons se nae ae

Morgan, Samuel M., 1301 Ashland Block...

Morgan, Dr. W. P
Morrell) Rice one a ese ieksensc nets sake
Morris, J. W., Rural 1, Box 128.....
Mulbys 2G. c iralleO to ceria a scene tee
Munro; H. Anise so i dares See een eee
Norton, S. W., 1420 Ashland Block..:....

lee 1) EIS ay oo VE
Pe CBOE GT fi ese x a Ooh

eee F. D eS Ue ae PRIMES aS Sus"
Petteys, W. F., Rural 21
Pinkerton, Jay, Rural 1
Pitts Wo, Agia te ene cL enciscese oe eee eee
Potter cee: Vie wud 2) eacece he eee
Pratt, Bp Go, oO Churchist. 4.4 4escoe
Pretiyman, ONG hural 4. ree ee
Prine:sHe Oz ural d to. 0esc mises) eae
Procter, be Mere eee eG oe aoe bee ere
Pursley) Maia. y. Bey al kb
Pullen, Geo. P., Rural 1
Pallet Weichert hie scl de sie eee
Purdy, Geo. H

Rambo, LRG) 0 ies eee es ee

Reynolds, HN Rare 2 oe eo ee eee
Reynolds, F. 1 st en eM
Rexqs prays Commer a tana? en ener
Rickenbaugh, D. P
Fob bins, Wi see no ek oe eee
Robertson, Rermyi@s Wwuralio sce cere
Robertson, WV are tye uh on is Re hoe cae
Rocher, Abel dens cee ca Bae eee
Rottier, John, Rural 1
Rouse, F. O
Sanford: Po. pe ne teak ect eee
Scamehorns Je Mets. ge os amie here tee
Seattergood, Geo. K.,
Schenbeck, Jacob, unis... eee
Schindler, David, AR rrAlsGice a2 (2 Ae Ree
Schmeiding, COD 525 2k eo ee
Sarai Barts s ene as hee see ere
OVOP hy el DM Soe yale Macrae NA eRe St TER Reco cc Gee dye
Sherrtianinths Hl ee cn close run esti Cen cree
Sherwood RODE... sec-ae anaes aeons
Siiait ilals AU neyo) ole Dy opytonienaneeieia oa art chp otic
SGM ee OX O09 2% <.c00 ater cua hoe eee
IpEMCET AG Grn seine ates syte.2 cee eae ae
sinless, 15 c) G0, sane on mi eitan aetnchta dc.c 0

Vicksburg.) secs 423

Cheboyran.<:5.:--s2.
Battle Creek. 222254. - |

Lansing 2 A220 4302 tere
Chicaro: 2co ode se eae
Saginaw, W.S........
Central Laken. 3236.5
Hennwalless sass tee
Grand: Rapids.c-4-«- 4
Rockwoods..---.+ +2:
Chicago s,s sew ss ate
IDLING es aie ee Canes

|

espera ya. ee |

IBTIGH ows b AA 4 Goo Ae
Hesperia
ING WAMOl ce eee eer
Scottvilles a a. tiene
Parmar eke

Paw Paw eon ce
Berrien Springs.....-..

Hillsdale ca’ ue wen :

Mason Cit \aeeren tree
IResmangllesoaocs500s0-
Bruidgmantew ieee
Glen Arbor

Hesperian. secre ss
New Richmond.......

Hremontarcsen eee: eee

Berlamonteeeee ee eee

Fremont
Shelbyn- > --Geseseea cs
Hast Lansing»... 2+:
Bloomingdale, -...<--.
Hesperia 226 -r sce eee
Hesperia 2 c'.)... esas wees
espera. & hese oe

South livont: +. /Ga-e
Bast Lansing’... .4 <=>

IDDIC Ac oceee ne Soe
| es) eee ee 1

| Ottawa.

Kalamazoo,
Cheboygan.
Calhoun.
Ingham.
Illinois.
Saginaw.
Antrim.
Allegan.
Kent.
Wayne.
Illinois.
Jackson.
Allegan,
Oakland.
Oan Buren,
Lenawee.
Ingham.
Berrien.

| Kent.

Tonia.
Oceana.

| Benzie.

| Oce: ana,
New York.
vtesen

| Jackson.

| Newaygo.

| Van Buren.
Berrien.
Hillsdale.
Towa.
Allegan.
Berrien.
Leelanau.
Sanilac.
Benzie.
Oceana.
Allegan.
Ohio.
Lenawee.
Van Buren.
Calhoun.
Newaygo.
Van Buren.
Newaygo.
Oceana.
Ingham.
Van Buren.
Oceana.
Oceana.
Oceana.
Oceana.
Berrien.
Van Buren.
Calhoun.
Berrien.
Oakland.
Ingham.
Van Buren.
Jackson.

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT.

227

Name. P. O. Address.
SEPT aviv ls (Ga i Se nn ee IAG ats ee sons oa 2
St, Johns, Lewis E., Rural 2..-........-- Jacksoneer ae see ee
‘Shiossloloisl 1D), 1A, Weevil, Ges so piacodoe KalaniazioOver eae
SRDVGL EGG Gk G Een eet ee or Dem a Rae INGLES se ok 0 cane ke mone
ian GEO ide CLIT i yee esiei eS aia nie Goldwater. i454) 0s2 sures
Binekey, ©. 1©) EuUrala. oc oe ee ae aes oe Elespertay ne 6 5a ss
pUrhity, CRUE Ch. saya meray Geis aeays ito Sth aaa wale peas East Lansing.......-.-
Taylor, Miss Grace, Rural 2.......-..-.-. Btenmivallle se aise anaes
Aleel Ebay ese ee sone thee oe WG AGUA esos aera exes *
Whvsamnay, Henk: oo ba eecehsavogecodas oe INVA os a oeaeS Ot Cane
Thomas, G. H., Rural3..........-.-+--- Shelby 2272-552 4402 40
Min nepran hs SRC on Gra eters Gerceey vee awaits soothe are, = ARhree | Oaksen eee eee
Mirani ne Mite sche Le ates aisles vo 6 sida New Richmond.......
MN OTARIEOT AOS sintacicr cei ata yale Ae Riilessere ce nee eee a4
ree sree outa Stearns aoe lose nine Dawagiae....- 2... = —
Mami aTiss, Oban yom cae es ooh ns se bla ne Old issiOni se au 22:
“Raye i Ce ee ae St» Joseph. 640th es
Tucker, PUTO LS Pines eooes Sint oh Sie tenes fro ae = South Haven... -
Utley, Ralph, Fparal G45 p-13.35 ae 3 se i Hremoute 356): ot ee
WanvNorsdall bred secrecy elie secre Three Rivers....-..-.-
Van Wingerton, Geompivuiralalen eae EIGN po0bos ace sox
Wachter Wan. EvuraltGrr sce se aera Biremonthers cscs
VES Coit 8 I Pe a dean er ets an a ree
WWercernie me ASGINED fay oye t -evtaloee ai ve) esa es 1 BF 810) ace Rone
ker OOM se emi te alors la teraarna pecs Pe spelidies) aca ccar oo
yerlicere CNS EVIITGL Ova... 5 che siow.tseres A Hremoittn,.. ase aoe 2
Walker Geos Baral Viti. 0.5.6 oe oe ee ee espera... .- 26% '0 5650:
Warmer HB) ural 5.5. cc.26 ten. sisi oe es < South Haven... ....2"
Waterman Morris Svcs ac okvscce ca: Aphens sere
Weed eee Rralle2) cn. cccse.0 4d Bras cele eros Hennvillessq-42
ASLO 291 BIE EGA 8? Hennyilet. 22 eae 35
Westbrook David, Furall 1... -52...-5.-: LESPerial 9-4-6)
Wiedmann; Bred; Rural’6i. 22... 02..-.-. Manchester. .:......
Walbur, Geo: By. Wiirall Sooo: ce ee ss - oe eh Hiespenia 4. sss si:
alder: ii Bre euttealy 2r 02 e--. Aurenie ste eee Grand Rapids.......
Wialie: adh (Ola Main St. «2. «2-62 2 = Mt; Pleasant. sc...
BVsliopees Ae Me ee he Saleh ws hase Old Mission:-<........
Pmcnigiic Reet eh fe ee Bangotys. 34. .35.
Winters, Wapeseibura At so, vse yh ec IGE pera eee ee
Woodin, I: Me, Geld aa, ee OWOSSOL Aa. hi ae a 3's
Woodward, Bart, Ben A se Elesperiay. gs. cee === -
Wylie, Orin, ST ee ee eee Shelbys oun es =
“VEE 2 E080 Ac tena ce Rives Junction......

County.

Oakland.
Jackson.
Kalamazoo.
Berrien.
Branch.
Oceana.
Ingham.
Allegan.
Ingham.
Lapeer.
Oceana.
Berrien.
Allegan.
Berrien.
Cass.
Grand Traverse.
Berrien.
Van Buren.
Newaygo.
St. Joseph.
Oceana.
Newaygo.
Lenawee.
Van Buren.
Oceana.
Newaygo.
Oceana,
Van Buren.

Washtenaw.
Oceana.**i
Lent. & EF”
Isabella. “! —
Grand Traverse.
Van Buren.
Oceana.
Shiawassee.
Oceana.
Oceana.
Jackson.

30

+

Se Li

Pi Skee i s* A CE ea ea NN Ae wae
form, os fe Ae a ua th vt ; : 7 nt >, ae ra) a
Orme tS Nee ene x ee Pe OLN ct
c | | aperene a's i
: Se ce, a)

a veh
: Thay wipes. ; : ie Did

Oa a 1
hh Pty pees hs

Ang Mie cs

ak

7 j
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iy. a j 4
) PM 1 ie Ne eel
: oe Pe er : 7 y
ai we ' - r ; :
; . ‘ " aay iy Be i : bby Ru” a ol
i i ve ar eet eT Tihs Lae.
-- : ae . ' , ; 1 f
;
~ tak) ag7
= ay ra ‘i
ose oe
, e. a"
f se
. ( | Sy
» A f i
y ® J
? a +.” ; ;
Sie he reat wedainty Se
dns ¢ ) ;
4, ;
: po
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i] .
L f - i
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1 ” Hs
SUPE te i
. 1 ree 2
; 1
j
i on) i

ie
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7
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i 4
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a
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TAL

INDEX.

A.
Page
AleonaceHorticnltunal) society, annual TEpOLt Ofer. <-t -eesaieieieiel sie see cle wie nie aie ele = 215
Apple crops MOLE MONE Ye LOLHUMC seers cusuetey eye ecereisr cc sone PAlerae yeiatottem steele: item Shehe lsc ehexertehele 14
CON UNS Geeta Eh icyo EOL dG toe eer TORE Ce eect ROO ONG ENA icy Curuci Gar eRORO TRON RONG. C crONOL 50
SCA ee eee area eed ie a satae ci ok cra Ss Cesare hase Le eecN ep nes sae cisco Nereuisnionehsbeae ahelcin eee eres 141
AS DIES satya CX CLECI COMyp LLL fore teete meee eva areere opener noel ane core ye tefa avaretayellolaielatn wiw lola reuse elt (ete keeasnevel ole 38
faeces. Thal yord2sho84 Gieiasio aa tion om Ane ain ere ina co aicen Bane ao Ocin Lolo orcin cit orc ict 17
STOLE Aas (0) toa Cra Seen PCR ROMeRCE DeciEActr ace Orne Oech D aic Oho ao cc ob SHO colo mito atc 110
ATREHALCTOMIEAGMLISE Oldies steelers cians cost occye aus ieee) Cree a Thatta ciepel sus vaecare esieral i ay ereliee esse S20 FS
B.
Ballade sal ue toasty Wyiersacstctece ster -re eicrens saciio che ov eticnere cs cau tneenre: si atauene) a ler oevevskerereushar sores) 61
BEVTUCILE Ln OTATN UCN Rep aewee rattan, saonciersreot ete cent ore Cds et eee ni clita sean aoe ee es ete reuse te alae bas cuarn ake eps evan sone 60
SALTY MUI y AT OMMCL Cleage seers eek Ree Ne rs Pesta Le oa eieThe oe ee eT eT rah os oe glee daataraiiololeer eo eR mie erava ae 122
IBASSehiMMSeeLelaly a anmUalenepOriiOlemrer. + see avecus nose: lehele eevee al cnt Enene) «ele sen eyoiouateel «a eles 45
LCOS OMS ota ichoro akcichc Chard) cachctict chy olen OIC NCE ICL aon Re et, GRR ICI Rita Len en tenor er EM ReNCEoaneD Occ 61
IBSEN DIATE 9) 0/4511 leita ayo choscucng eet Oa hchencicacs No oid Genta Gi ORC ec aC ON eens aren en eis accor 81
IB EEUKEE DIT ELAM GUN OLELCUUE Uren. cectevec crn erst Cero O tern e aie oliclerve chen) Gimeno ey sare erste ch eeeceentersnche 80
Bel ainopierOnticnlgunrale SOGIetyerclcr stercicy neice cre aren clei ietereToues Neu NCR eee rc fo) eleva als hay egerccers= 212
BenOmebland Olea Mmnlla lene ecle Py a iia lesen cyl neue ora ares cx tater ove ufo ellercchtaito enemas coll stasis averse) aoliecare 7
iBermen) County Horticultural Society, annual report of... ......2..-2-.-2-.---+-+- 5. 193
IBELEICSMSPLavAneeOtene, stern Crotanel eo intaicrs cracks Sea eo ee cache bis) aS apdqisisle snag peas pie cava ach i 115
Black Herr eSmpLea bia chUnOLseu ra Auer tent acTaae Miereyaen Cee WA sacmese eta cia) ol Ghats atin le els 11165
BOL Gea Rar LRT Uness sence ene nea aia eye arate sa coe eet PEE et rie ate cnc. wl eter sialohe thee asin. estrus 118
STAT ATER OSCAR ED ADELA Dacia oe ceta tier fecal cna cere arere ctr Gy a eceiecre) olsivol «wig coielci dn cistene Sasiwren ees 126
BLOW LISTOLROl DAC eats orc ieie oor ora cei es eee oie ice oe Poe cty aesal oud Kore oth edie mers caatead earieg, aus 164
C.
Cantaloupes as eLOWwlUe Olsen awe we ica secre we peng cee Soins Ore uae AUN ORS GA can Selto tees 95
Chathelds Geo. winnerot BiG. leratt silver CUp i cee es .aiece eis eee e eh ce Sioniele eet et eepate 7
ChernniestanGanecachesstonnnro tibaenteens acute ary einat aee wev ee a titan ere ot aad a che eden coe teas = 102
ShOTRE NI UMUER (OIC, ing Ant tence ceatuacy ee ne aa CERES rer aces OL ne eeca eeniney cect SE emi MORSE Supe nat CR Oper C 113
Chittenden, Miss, toast by......... Ree beeen ee eM Mid. touttobaehs gy Sich wale roveNe Steers lope Cesena 61
Codling miro nenreswileiimrn ees iar eater: fees eee eae oN ted ae evade sia e.divueen tueele 124
WOLGESTOLASCHNOMSE AOL ean ae ee eetereee Aveo eer Teens eet MCI, 5 <r yea ee he tue pepe te) semen oaee 94
Commpebitive speaking py Me -An©,: studenties. s+ 5:7 cent fn oe nonin e se Bec ees Sere 132
CoopEeratiOnOlMnUtheeTO Wels noes tote tes eas vec aeecreet Rhee SRL a Sree one Meee mua setae 132
GOV CTECLODS Pe eee EARN eet eet cee Ua ae On as eh eee Sd ae EN ere Mares Gousha, Bethel 137
Crisseyee Mire atl omste Diyict werner cen a0 eee ne SA ee tne hae ete Ae cata eV ohev/els eis Sepenees 61
Cranes Ops eeAG Gress) Diya nerc vse rontetere se erect ce eel acu cs see otaa ees Mrs UN Ere weeie) Oueks oi rbeeene eats 132
CUTE UD TOSI Sis: o. deter oherOMERS COO ARS aes sce ARE oer eae aera AG St AR ae |e NER oO As et 167
Ciimrant sys puayanevOb si rveiusetcl cs ose Ghee wae e ian a so DUR Ece mea A te ee eae etic ontae cee eae 114
PE OWE TOL tycn sy aerors ao N ecco tees Oe tL Soe AO ea ee ee Pee Sie ae as oie a verenegen 146
Custer Fruit) Growers? Society, anmital meport Ofs 24-402. ar aa eee ace neces ee 204
D.
DE arsiab MeO sac dnESsibitre.an sen aoe eons si, oe at aes eee Peas orice hRC 41
Dewbenmics#eeneralitreabmentsOlai crate, seo nice a oreae nin se onl A eile Ae cidteisim ales oe 115

232 INDEX.

Page
Deweycs Geos Wis AGGRESS! DY i vet repay havens ened ee totems ter Cte se = fay oiteh sore aneeshatti 137
Diseases Of Peal x. .eus a Woes sos cts, acskave hodstens me cleiaiees scien et emeucneaneseceseie voles | Aneliehet ces Nase ie 128
value of practical*knowledseiol S14. aera c + ar as sete terres ciecia se eee eee 134
K.
Haton County Horticultural Society, annual report) of. 2222s 2 ae ee eee ne eee 213
Wustace: “Prof ysHiT. aGGess; Dygrc eon vocerayewemie crepereaeyauensye or ctet aya Aeon are a eS 14
Spray calendar by > ii. week vaste seeks eliece © ie ahh ae tee et eee ere 109
Ry
Parnsworth Wee Wi, sAG GRESS: Dy; ssc.c arse a a esatelsia us cuane, sie eeeuthsier aaetegeuicuelece chan re eee ne eae 50, 142
Loe had: ) aXe Ras eg oP holier onarwras GM Gomer omarion odomoGaManpounodc opmdp toca) sanlacadooe Ae 21
WertilatyofOrehardssya cg sks ctislcas coens evens ioveyenekete vord <tves ree evo ome merece tee eal ee ae 127
Bertilizerscommercial: Usexofg 2's ces cy yaietoccsss yciave) st searer eed actos hae apse ec ae ee Oe 148
Brances Js Ge PAATESS Dy tia ce vr cca overt renee Mentone as collet corres aah ston ere) bahay ees koe Me yey eRe ae ceo ee eee 140
BremonteHorticultural Society, annual meport.on =. sci cise oneterey eters ice nace eee 212
G.
Garfield.-Homs Chas: Wlectute biyint:s atin acicy sw aneie clan er ere heawarisarae cee tee eee 30
BS POAStIMASTED: rns Siac kein eet ah eras Coates ack ee ene eRe ee tees 60
Gooseberries: SprayiMe Obs ais sccskefs = toes lonsivows or estas arehete en anal el oy ale eilesse robe gst ned c= meee area ot eet 114
Grand River Valley Horticultural Society, annual report of...-.-....;......-.+.+----06 205
(Cie oe aioe ee oe ciuls onboMoS aaeos cob Oe DoottO Cdn bobs OGkemadalcsadac 114
18l,
STEW ORG ates fore we F a eins o.6. aba dele Siioee ae cile, Suey ean ce neie oe eMeEE Oe, eels leltlbenchatey s area oh nets er ees eee 122
Hesperia, Horticulitnalgsocieby, amma arep Out Ofer cats )itaile sila ale iertetel ate etel sie teeta 215
Hilton,:Geor i: vaGdress DY <0 cabs ficisie eaed aces eos inte chine eueteysiere <cie) sige Obs) a Otel opera ieteneaeres 80
I.
Insecticides: commercial andthein Controls. eee eee ee eee eater ee eee eee 72
TMSECE HPO W EL i ii25 ces ee tesegs Shots ais tenn araes chars oman oi seve ‘s iclist oc ints Siete en easy st opig) s, eh cbouarec sileh ayteneke nies, see 122
Intermediate Valley Fruit Growers’ Association, annual report of...................... 199
Jonta-HorticulturalsSociety, annualimeport-of% <3 95 san teen 1) oe i ee ee 212
Ttanos Aroas aGaGnessrby i. cic.c ciscie aetna ckh en tus aels acu scala Tac alve, eicon alae sues tele, Senne a 135
Ke
Kalamazoo County Fruit Growers’ Society, annual report of...................-+--0-6- 211
Kea zie. Mi Rte pes cise arai ay tacit pnts oun es ie teas ten in Ee ae eee ab oneee) cules, Sy ecege Shearer ceed awe et ee 119
Keith, B. W., aid Gress: Dyiccv cyte achscet ce sue Syn a a to syste apcipeapen quence meets oie oe tes ease arenes re ponte 134
KeeTOSEME O1NULST OM 5.5 ee Peace ar wig Phe tote cal d can sa ey Src RPS RSIE Eee eDTa Coe, RS ee 120
L.
Lenawee County Horticultural Society, annual report of.....:..........00.s.+e+s ase 208
Lime-sulphur solution, dilute for apple diseases....... 5 kidta eda @ RARE Aw abby seoeae aie neem eema eae 150
WAST Oi oo esate cer sctaes vo eanern @ v= me teas a, area meeler cteaiteuey ee eee eI ORE Oe 116
POISODNTOMISC MH Sa ie a hs tonsa ieee sweeten wt ke Aan eee aE ee ilalizé
problems im making the concentrated. - - 5. samen ee een 63, 121
Self DOMEM Sy ori alert Sk Se 9 tleudl o Somrend Oh eae ae Me oe tee 117
strong fordormiant #reeSs.4c.c.c-eesd her epic eee eles hore eectat Ce eae 120
Lime-sulphur. versus: BOrGGawinys a2 cis ciers eyesore siose ta. sco syel Gus suai ds viwes Sree eke eee 7, 125
Local horticulturalsocieties sanniall reports! Ofs er ccc else cree ie eke eo icicle te earn ee 191
M.
Mason County Horticultural Society, annual report of...................--0- eee ee euees 213

MontcalmerHorticulturaliSociety, anntial meportiotine sire ie iter yeti eee eee 204

INDEX. 233

N. Page

News] Ben amin papers. Mey ev sitene > ea aieuapeuteel ty cachepote ve uskeaa-eFoltisge lle (ae cue m TS east Fe Moe 156

Northport Fruit Growers’ Association, annual report of.....................-.+25-00-- 201

INTITSEL ys INSPEChiOuy, SOULE UASeSaOlus ar. Vee lace ceathcheleucie. s:sue \ar'nl(s) sic! sp) sveiieya: a iehcliceaneteiietSee-tep ayers 82
O.

@ficersvoestaresHorhiciituraluSocietyes ar aerscseten cies cite ce. @ one ey elev enelia hot ace teivieneveneraiiene esters , 5
Orchard site ana soil sfondi. <p aceite a.coscet cin stares esac) al sein aa alicue sleneaatons MRR wre skerate 92
1 eae
Pari SHETOOM aI GMT Oe Sacer shone steer) cj sete acl nce tence won hie epunaa teccaie.noholiape ttuley suaauata. aneaeMe att Ata lenel Aieueee 119
TERS Nal: AeA OS ty Js eed eat OF: Of) BA] ON aie So eAe GTN icina Bile reer Gin cuca eB root ec ROM eM ENO HRI) Gace AE Mahia Crocpotean’ © 63
Red Chin iSaSes Ofer ret mruk eis telese teeta ceseet ei cite oaener er tenon teen encksceNa, svescysee ray eteneeaie mickey stone 128, 181

SPLAVIN PaOleew istics io cier rer AG yorker teroach vineeca Citortig oy ern Olean Sacer c 12
SCD arrears eee ran eal oS) myc oitapee areyre shins errausj ariar acinfiawah sun ta ouaussteteyeliah. ah evoter-eiteliotrebanarie ea reas witeltore 166
Reachestandk cherries fOr pLotites ws cisus tc siciaer tie ce sehaars| = ey yes) oa latinos fel csrh «| oho sicneve tice She 102
SprayIiMg OLse seis cies as ees: he ct spe icieo cra. aie Chapa one OE eae cia eee ee slaty alate
TIUYV AI EtIVO GROTe ROWAN « retenece: aieva cis elarsicris cy eioas lense rene lofi nice far se peau els wler alles weston. =, ace 126
CAML G ULC rrr seit teeth acs ete ee cri6 lances cane ntrat os large gence ATL ny aes ou tells ein iat auchaus te sefle wee ye canes Sialic on erat eGh orale 21
ZEAL SAD Le Villa oO ler racersrate mg Ke ese eben gic eylcs svreslobot/aitctichamel este eabhianhas tox at Aue) itetfartobistiatiotts, cl snout ousustersxsio aiteus cc 112
RELI P BETO LMG. Eo: SPL ay CaLCMO ar My: hy 5.20 o ce cote lal ov ercususucis suersueteisyarese) eetpienerarcedim ¢ citae e oee'ens 109
Play eeTOUMGS MNES PEODIES 7. catc lence ene ist eieie eo) east cine areas ws cnet farsi bute Gol ata ahe leans sirmmtvemape naeuels Gaibis elt a. 30
PAVIA CUT SUIT O ere Se rteeas Pts ere tme eects eich este aeVereel sila uviceeneviar ela is touch Ms oNG se, vemieraiatenerelate, c acapeiy ihe -Secbe 167
PIUIMS USeLOL ATSematCxOu LEB OVOMS c.5) cans crete crete ct clio. Src Sie cis say se wv ananassae Omi ebeue eiehole steve renee 11
SPV BVA Ea Olurmersremcsentche actor cr aeterer ane, otc er eae he saute etece seins venncnee te hed da ray eseicor Suede eu setagetan eke er ewon eee 112
LeLoVSrofalari ate Weooks Civ hel gui rete. Rewer: chen iene cIECIDic ee ckolererctn one fc IERenE aicira) int ne eee ns 138
Potaroes + eeneralitreatmenmt) LOT ecu esti wecsteolese ok sale woe eer chats ewcreninuter otare re remeile Ghiniedanelte ia auel eiorioes 115
IProlitApuPMiEhioanrOrch angina a sepere rls else ein crercie cicin Onenee wate ease el Shale Cel OURS Laas RE 156
TPAC UUCEN AVES ths 6 ONS cl ater S. ARO RENE oO TSTOIO 4G O EAGER ONCHOLO CICHRONG DOORS LAR ER TERS Inca Tron Rae aaa eee PS 126, 133
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Ghana eT Ce eA ree EU) CLAD) Visver cians cir Shane ee ah ocat olfena resets acs yaaa tara a te ENS erate ai Nota ant cement 162
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Hasphermes*cenerall treatmenteolerms-s tte aacirs comtices crore soe eis tes ue dieed einarcus Gagtere « 115
VOSEh EAU) yd GTESSESmID Visa crcoes va potouer edema Corea) cites eureus rameeeU Ame eens Seetay evel ePal cis aneveacliays Gicvavtieve aise 95, 102
VOW a COME ATOMS iD yijacista aielvetepe oye Caareis meee sco oilers Faces ail eici steve Sens tou eray eats tet cirocdicnay dre aes 60
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Saugatuck and Ganges Pomological Society, annual report of.....................+.0-- 194
Sandenrsyerote de. Go wa Gressi biyn ve eietorarela cisereas enlace meters, ove neeein el cucueiePore ane) entughe Gere: che aROIOIe ee 82
RSGatl GHLIINO CUS cree epee erat clears poe cn lisatSa oPeN Ge aya) Val ol Sarslne, cares moh cea eear atten ar a, Beef ayeps doo oncuayedees cuss cette, aaa alone 176
COGLHAVV SALVE sa) DP ELSUID Van sect auchey sere; sytem ouctie) sx eialte, sive:'eifeltaen pabeetious cite, sia el Ghat a's:cenonbiloovoy sve maeien Rushuaieeueue eae 150, 162
Solstenpilitayy arc acter aes eet aycteier &,rseteionereteuevelonsy te cue (eu cacucciel sone loibssiiowe tase sie eteeuche dene yererare 135
SNAP Seen eee ee ce aan Rare ete) Salis Score eck Ne, ote \tonia saniiny Sond tisiezau slides hemereveuahece 142
Southern Washtenaw Horticultural Society, annual report of....................--.--- 202
South Haven and Casco Pomological Society, annual report of.............-.......-4-- 210
SPLAyROULMMeMOL mnt onOw ela ki srecraern oe see or enors. eee sicfous ier. Sieve heres eles fonder eae Gene Peyehenenentue 109
PAV Pa CaLULOUS ELL ey etme yt orca Fence tomer age Natel Sy cv sve tewrcicisee Gust IN Sua sieeve cine any ete Moe tageete day Mate Cevere cts 123, 178
peaches forbrownTot, scab andscurculioy cise > sects ele lee eee itnene aelrs 162
MESES SLLOM sab NEMA SHISCASOM sree cess 51-1 Neca seen Mateiecs rare eoerctecs datencl miss tenencve iat cenctmtenrens 9
SirawpeLnmesaeeneral brea tIMeNTOle er suscuste, «ele: carcl cre toPotaR aha isl ati eee le is cAMP RID ety taud Fallen Snel Ghlogetreyecs 115
Sutton’s Bay Fruit Growers’ Association, annual report of............-...--2-+-+e0-+ee- 211
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SAU eA oe ACLON ESS! ED ypa ss ee cr tavern etee, Stee ee eerie cel ane Ges esc hOee datrerend Se, ata hth auevepayane at sve ewierenen ale. 4 72
PRaAVOrMAISsy GLACE wp ADEral Vir, ste dsuececesene are secs cl aeynee eecssavte siay-s)ehot cue. slcbswaud et ana ei tph wteregeeA vane asd = 38
BU ENS NYSED Cee carer Meet Srey iro casts tere cTayreme eee moses ra ue Te. She wk vaetns Se este este coral Sve adel sina seins os Sh Ne auiaT aes! okt 128
BMT Ae SINIMON GMAT CS tery viru sacle seuckotatere Geeks suse MEME A over a Cucicrsta te Bylaneue ahedesarei syevionten ie ornare sichwaaus¥s ecas 127
MOD ACCOMS TAMA SCCLILCL OC ania ses icity ninraraie eae oei erste noo abel diet ouaiep sisi aiecere Sued) inraacalcitee a ara ovenclisrerenel 123

Pts Fitce AERO DRS MC ORT ROT ODE aoe ete a saree 133

234 INDEX

VE Page

Valuevor practical knowledgevof plant (Giseadsesir sitar telele ole eels eric reine elie 134

Vane wWagenen isc) fa ddnesssbiymycrer is sacteotenstern clause seiouercee col otiey Senetel de treketekseeesr(e alec ten earns 138

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POSSE YS Sess wes estes aig ee ee et eats fel he ie ca terete a taae ds ere elerspes eenregeiengi 61

ARM oUt Old Ges ob Oe ON dara Gens emowUd > Odo Wao GiNe oO don DOO moto na biinnesine neon macoet aa 92

Wildes Chas sWirspaper iD iyitacicue ic micuterehavesel chatter tete ere remeacasi ke anyeve ateu-eeedon eae ewe al Megane siete 81

Wilkenme aba rik Ae ao els Divireueyet-sersroreycie ey clave cele vaoxeis ley -welio cnet ohedet terete iinet feist wcnateh tenement cite 9, 94

WA lorcdangebba aii sk=hiophindomsaadoee adage sila doocenusonddnkostimes ows douwed and'c 156

Woodard: Dawvidsremianrks "bye cr any ie dere kcnchteueiwetehierciclenceaioteie aemeaerere enor el some leranen terrae 17

BOASES Diyissecoustoreis worake sve eveiteayatens aun teleloietsy se tuc Suede lef ovietsh evaeeactayres see eit) seRcyarenamrene 61

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